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It has been a journey of sorts ever since - undertaken to rediscover the self, redeem faith, redefine music, recreate every beat and most important of all, to rebel. The significance of being a traveller here isthat one ends up being a bohemian as well, "It isn't following but making and even breaking one’s own ideologies, trends, rules, conventions…just the way doing rap in Punjabi helps me establish the meaning of being bohemian. It goes far beyond the literal meaning," asserts Bohemia, the renowned Punjabi rap star from California as he spells out the reason behind his name. He is in town to promote his latest album, Da Rap Star.
If Bohemia's name was the topic of discussion for some time, even his rap partner J Hind's was. With tattoos of Mahatma Gandhi, Subhash Chandra Bose and Shaheed Bhagat Singh on his arm and a name like that, we guessed the strong patriotic streak in him, which he affirms, "Just like any Indian, I love my country too." J Hind feels in the USA, this all helps him to prove how great is India, "These symbols make me feel as the representative of my country, and its history and culture."
Every decision of his life till now proves him to be one, "Choosing Punjabi for the lyrics of my songs helped me express my views better. And choosing rap, a music genre devoid of melody, of any layers that can hide shortcomings in a singer's talent or compositions, helped me be honest and perform my best."
For him definition of rap music is, "A music without pretense, where all that matters is voice and lyrics. A music which is bohemian and, in all senses, is me." Now that's Bohemia!
With this perception, it was natural for him to compose music and pen down lyrics himself. But there was another reason too, "It made me stick to my culture. I don't deny being 'Americanised' but I inherit a background that I cannot forget. Singing desi rap connects me and even people from this subcontinent to their roots." The popularity of his albums, Vich Pardesan De and Paisa Nasha Pyar bears a testimony to the fact.
Of late, among thousands of fans across the world, he found one in Akshay Kumar and vice versa, "He is a great actor and a person for he is the one making efforts to rope in international stars and take Bollywood to people in the West. I was awed by his humility when he requested me to sing for his movie". However, the flicks’ failing at the box office hasn't changed his opinion, "Akshay doesn't believe in adhering to the tested success formulae. He keeps on experimenting with his movies and every experiment does not end up in an invention. With time, things will eventually work out." Having sung rap songs for Akshay's film Chandni Chowk to China, 8X10 Tasveer and a rap number in Priyadarshan's upcoming flick, De Dana Dan, he is all set to do more Bollywood projects.
His life history too reflects a rebel's streak in him, "While in tenth standard when my brother and friends used to play out, I preferred to listen to Kishore Kumar, Mohammed Rafi, learn harmonium and read poetry by Mirza Ghalib", he goes on to recite his favourite couplet, Hazaron khawishen aisi….
Born in Pakistan as David Roger, he moved to the USA when he was 12, thus it was natural for him to get influenced by the western and eastern music genres, "I loved listening to the old Indian music and liked the style of rap music. That formed the genesis of my becoming a music lover." And then the amalgamation happened.
After having achieved a lot, he still aims to remain focused on his ultimate goal, "I will always strive to be original just the way Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was at sufi, Gurdas Mann and Malkit Singh are in Punjabi, Jagjit Singh in ghazals, Lata Mangeshkar in Hindi music and Eminem is in rapping. Wish Bohemia would be the original in desi rap!"
A round of rallies, padyatras and press conferences are not enough for politicians. They need someone who can polish up their image and sell it 'smartly,' such that it is bought by all and sundry. Enter, the public relations (PR) professionals, experts in packaging and marketing.
This time, the politicians have taken a new route to image- building---PR professionals, who can source them with innovative ideas for campaigning, equip them with the facts, spruce up their lifestyle (for a given period) and market them as the most trusted brand. The tricity has a number of PR professionals doing the needful for their netas.
Says P.K. Khurana, who works in coordination with Kehar Singh Koundel, Davesh Moudgil and Dheeraj Jain to give a positive spin to Satya Pal Jain's image. From framing press releases, organising press conferences, to guiding them on what to say, what not to say, what issues to focus on, these people take care of the 'political branding' of the leader.
"In earlier days, a marriage in the family would keep all members on their toes. Now, people hire caterers to facilitate marriage preparations. In the same way, PROs help to make the politicians' work easier, so that they can concentrate on important issues, rather than drafting releases or taking calls," he says.
Now, what does this strategy planning encompass. "It includes a complete media training programme, sending SMSes, direct mails, working on jingles, video and audio CDs, advising them on issues, guiding them on what they should wear, how they need to carry themselves in public and at press conferences," offers Khurana. He explains further, "We have regular brainstorming sessions, where we come up with ideas and then unanimously decide on the feasible ones. This time, we have come up with a slogan: Dil ki suniye, Bhajpa chuniye. In addition to this, we have companies who send regular SMSes on behalf of the party candidate, giving information on anything new on the blog, or sending greetings on a festive occasion."
Of the numerous things that they need to work on, improving the brand image is their main task. Vineet and Navnit Joshi from Trivani Media, who are working for a good number of SAD-BJP candidates, say, "Our work can be defined as a third-party endorsement programme, wherein we take care of umpteen things, in order to promote the positive image of the leader and the party," offers the duo.
They focus and work on the word 'innovation.' We come up with wacky, out-of -the box ways to woo the voters. For instance, we will send a message through kite flying and parachute, wherein leaders will appeal to the public through these props. The two also feel that the role of PR professionals in political brand building is growing. "A well-drafted publicity campaign can do a lot of benefit to the leader," remarks Navnit.
There is no way that politicians can ignore the role of their image builders, for everyone wants to sell an absolutely neat image.
Priyanka, who looks after RJD candidate Haffiz Anwar-Ul-Haq's PR, defines it as a confidence-building exercise. "My job is to work on the strengths of my client, such that the voters take a liking to him," says Priyanka. At the same time, she also feels that the major challenge is to beat old, repetitive ideas. " I have to think differently from the rest, as this will reflect on my leader's image.
What challenges do these professionals face? Narvijay Yadav of Specttrum PR, who is working for the BSP candidate, Harmohan Dhawan, finds getting the 'right media coverage' a challenge.
Bollywood doesn't shy away from experimenting and filmmakers are always game to bring about changes in the industry to yield better results. After multi-starrers and director duos, hiring multiple composers for one movie is the latest trend in filmdom.
Recent releases like Firaaq, Aloo Chaat, Aa Dekhen Zara, Raaz - The Mystery Continues, Golmaal Returns, 8x10 Tasveer and Sikandar among others had multiple composers for their soundtrack.
"There are different situations in a film and each situation demands a different genre of music. The composers today are not as dynamic as yesteryears music directors like Shanker-Jaikishan, S.D. Burman and R.D. Burman. So in order to have different melodies for diverse scenes, different composers are roped in," Mukesh Bhatt, producer of Raaz..., said.
"More composers add different flavours to the album," added Bhatt, who roped in Raju Singh, Sharib Sabri, Toshi Sabri, Gourov Dasgupta and Pranay M. Rijia to create music for his hit thriller.
But Piyush Jha, director of Sikandar, said that bringing in more than one music director for a project doesn't mean that a filmmaker doubts any composer's capability.
"It's not that a composer is not capable of giving good music and that's why you sign more music directors. It is just that like one lyricist has a different thought process and approach from the other, similarly all composers have particular styles as their forte," said Jha, who has earlier made films like The King of Bollywood and Chalo America.
"Also there is no harm to try various composers for your film. Different people bring different inspirations to a film, like all actors bring varied energies to the project. Its a good trend that adds freshness," he added.
While filmmakers rope in more than one composer to give their movie and added flavour, some composers too feel that working with others for the same soundtrack helps in churning out a healthy cocktail of songs.
"Working with other composers for a film definitely helps since everyone gives their ideas and their inputs towards the music of the film. This helps make the soundtrack better," said Uday of composer duo Justin-Uday.
In such an arrangement, is their scope for creative freedom?
"There is no confinement. Everyone knows what to do and works according to that. There is no overlapping," said Sharib, one of the composers of Raaz 2.
Uday also said there was no problem working with other composers. "When you work with others on a film, you get ample creative freedom and breathing space. This is never a problem as such. As long as you are getting the credit of what you have done, there is no problem," he said.
But there are some who don't believe in this concept at all.
"We don't do multiple-composer films. We are willing to be part of only OST (original soundtrack) compilations, where we retain full ownership of our songs," said Vishal Dadlani of composer duo Vishal-Shekhar.
She may no longer be the face of brands like Coca-Cola and Nakshatra diamond jewellery in India, but Aishwarya Rai is still riding high on successful and long-standing international endorsements.
Aishwarya has completed nearly a decade of endorsing Swiss luxury watch brand Longines and international soap Lux. She has also been the brand ambassador of global haircare brand L'Oreal since 2003.
Noted ad-man Prahlad Kakkar says Aishwarya is sought by well-known brands because she is more than just an actor and is often perceived as an ambassador of India.
"Aishwarya was never a big or major endorser of Indian products. She has an impressive list of international brands to her name and that's because she is not just an actor who can be judged on hits and flops, but the fact that she is a representative of the Indian woman and is an ambassador of the country," Kakkar, who made her famous as Sanju in a 1993 TV commercial for Pepsi, told said.
Even representatives of the brands that Aishwarya endorses feel she adds a new dimension to their products.
"Aishwarya has been associated with us since 1999 and it is a big help. Not only in this country but also globally," Charles Villoz, vice president (sales) of Longines International, had earlier said.
"People across the world love Bollywood films and they go housefull. Wherever we have travelled (with Aishwarya) the response has been overwhelming. She is a global face and we would like to continue this association as long as possible," Villoz said.
For Aishwarya, who has made her presence felt internationally through English language films like Bride and Prejudice, Mistress of Spices, Provoked and Pink Panther 2, signing films and endorsements has been a very selective affair.
When she was approached to promote L'Oreal's skin whitening cream, the beauty queen-turned-actor refused as she didn't want to endorse such a product especially in India, where one's skin colour is an issue, said a source close to Aishwarya.
"Whether it is films or endorsements, I am - and have been - very selective about my work. I take up work which suits me and fits in my schedule," Aishwarya had said earlier.
"I don't take projects that I cannot handle because I believe in totally fulfilling the commitments made by me," she added.
Bollywood actor Mallika Sherawat joined the league of Hollywood celebs including Kim Kardashian, Miley Cyrus, Victoris Beckham, David Beckham and Paris Hilton, after a Hollywood milkshake was named after her. Mallika, who visited Millions of Milkshakes in West Hollywood, has been honored with her very own milkshake called the Mallika shake, reports Contactmusic.
The Mallika shake includes blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and chocolate sauce.
To make the shake more appealing, it has been topped with whipped cream.
Actor-director Rohit Roy is all set to step into Amitabh Bachchan's shoes for the Bengali adaptation of 1973 hit film Abhimaan, best remembered for its songs like Teri bindiya re and superlative performances by the Big B and Jaya Bachchan.
"I'm doing a major project called Pa Ma Ga Re Sa, which is a modern musical love story. It will be my first Bengali film and it is special because it is based on Abhimaan. It is basically an adaptation of the film," Rohit said.
"The film has Gauri Karnik, who was seen in Sur before. And former Miss India (Earth) Reshmi Ghosh will be seen as the other woman. It is being directed by Surajit Dhar," he added.
The first schedule of the film has already been shot and Rohit, who has recently stepped in as the host of the third season of TV dance reality show Jhalak Dikkhla Jaa, will soon head to Kolkata to shoot a few more scenes of it.
Rohit has joined Jhalak... midway and is co-hosting the show with TV actor Shweta Tiwari.
"This show is very close to my heart. I watched the first season, hosted the second and now I'm hosting the third mid-way. I think even the producers have grown to like me and I'm really excited to be back on the host's seat," he said.
On the Bollywood front, the actor has a bouquet of films like Mittal Vs Mittal, Apartment and Alibaug in his kitty. And the actor, who had made his first stint with the arclights with popular TV show Swabhimaan, is excited about essaying different roles in each of these movies.
In 'Mittal Vs Mittal, I'm playing an abusive husband to Rituparna Sengupta, in Jagmohan Mundra's Apartment, I'm playing a very jovial, guy-next-door sort of a role and in Alibaug, my role is of a doctor who cheats on his wife. As an actor, I can't draw a line and decide a set kind of roles that I want to do, I have to be diverse and I am enjoying doing it," said Rohit, who also featured in hit film Shootout At Lokhandwala.
Besides this, he is also toying with the idea of scripting his next directorial venture, which will be a remake of Basu Chatterjee's 1981 classic Shaukeen.
Chatterjee's film, about the adventures of three old men in Goa, starred Ashok Kumar, Utpal Dutt and A.K. Hangal, but Rohit's "grand wish list" for the cast of his "glamorous" version of the film includes Rishi Kapoor, Naseeruddin Shah and Boman Irani.
"We are trying to finish the scripting of this mad comedy. Though the idea of the film will be based on Shaukeen, the reason for their adventures would change and the setting would be more glamorous - maybe they would go to Las Vegas instead of Goa.
The only tryst with anything remotely close to 'farming' or need we say 'planting', Gaurav Sahai ever hadwas potted plants at his home. As we know, sooner or later, things you have your heart in, do come to your corner of the world. For Gaurav, it came in the form of a 'satisfying and experimental happening', and he named it Sattva. Before he digs into his 'heart’s calling', he cheerfully gives a low down on the process behind it, in a fast forward mode. "I have lived with this guilt of using too much paper and wood for our lifestyle," says Gaurav, who has enjoyed his share of swanky offices, travel, time- pressed living of the corporate world (He's done his business management from US).
In the series on incidents happening in his life, he happened to read how Mahatma Gandhi managed to provide a self-contained set up through two farms, where people lived in equilibrium with the nature. "Bang on, something I wanted to do," Gaurav puts in.
And without getting into the ifs and buts of the this self- proposition, farming, Gaurav went ahead to plant community trees for a park in Panchkula. From here he graduated to planting just about everything 'organically' on one of his friends farm in Landara. "Now, I know this where my heart was," he flashes a contended smile.
Gaurav and his wife Vandana Babbar grow almost all kinds of seasonal vegetables, winter and summer, pulses, fruits, exotic veggies such as broccoli, cherry tomatoes, celery on the farm. The produce is free from the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Sounds healthy? But, the behind the scene, it was a story of challenges, tough grind, uncertainty and skepticism. "The first season was a beautiful disaster," smiles Gaurav. "What made it so was unskilled labour, absence of good organic produce, pests, weeds, getting a good produce with the minimum use of machines, no labour for home delivery, little information on organic farming on Internet … loads of other things." "I don't peep too much in the future," he offers, "we are still taking each day as it comes." Presently Gaurav, grows the organic stuff on 2 acres of land, which can feed 30 families.
On Sattva? "It's a community of people who want to eat healthy. Anyone who wants to fall in this league can be part of Sattva through [email protected]. Here, we will provide an assortment of organic veggies, fruits, pulses at your doorstep as per your demand and choice, explains Gaurav, who also feels that mandi's do not give the true of the produce to both farmers and buyers. "I can also sell the produce at mandis, but I don't want to do so, because, I want people to know who is growing the organic produce for them. I will also want to know where the stuff is going. And for this, we ask our members and others to come to the farm, see what we are doing, plant seeds, having a good time with kids and go back thinking healthy."
When some heavy-duty medical jargon; epidermis, stratum germinatum trans epidermal water, stratum corneum, microbes, glands etc etc enter the lecture dais, don't automatically believe it's anatomy! Neither a class on immunology nor a thesis presentation on tissue culture. The hospitality industry aspirants at Flying Cats-8, are out to study the basics of grooming-skin and hair care.
"They need to be taught the technical aspect also, like how the formation of skin takes place to help them know better," clears out Esther Kinder, Keune expert, Holland based academy. While the physiotherapist by profession is busy telling students the finer nuances of skin, there's just enough time to catch up with Wasim Ahmed, technical educator, here for the one-day session too. "I'll be teaching them what hairstyles to follow, the problems, how to take care on a regular basis, maintain them, of course followed by the practical," he says. A lot actually goes into deciding that perfect hairstyle, beyond the obvious eyes, ears and aesthetics of the face. "While deciding hairstyle for a person we keep in mind the profession, the personality, over all structure," he says while agreeing, the grooming is not a one-day affair. "Whatever we'll be teaching them, needs to be incorporated. There's a difference between tips and practice, the earlier can be given in a few hours while the latter needs to be continual process," he signs off not before busting 'the myth' amongst Indian women. "Too much of henna is not good, it dries your hair, it's a fixation in this country and not one stop solution to all the problems."
Meanwhile, the students in the adjoining hall are just as they were left- all eyes and ears. This time, they've reached the circular motion in which products need be applied on face. Boys in tow too, with creams on their faces! "When it comes to hair, simplest of shampooing and conditioning is the key to best looking hair," advises Esther. "Have you ever seen a painter at work? He doesn't straightaway start painting, without first working on the base and making the surface ready for coat." The tried tested since granny's era formula of cleansing, toning and moisturising is still going strong. "They are essential and astonishing, apart from this apply rose water twice a day, once in morning and see the difference." Let's see.
Panorama '09, an event at the Government Art Gallery and Museum-10 was all about children with special needs. An initiative to explore and enhance their potential the event consisted of a mélange of events that helped the children to exhibit their creativity and innovation.
An event with a difference, it catered to a special audience and set out to provide a unique experience to the special children, which included the visually impaired, deaf, mute and the underprivileged.
Da Milano, the luxury brand, has launched its luggage collection 2009. Crafted from the finest Italian leather, the luggage collection comprises of leather strolleys, overnight bags, travel handbags, passport cases and toilet bags. An essential wardrobe accessory; this collection of sophisticated travel accessories convey polish, finesse and subtle luxury.
Da Milano's collection of travel luggage and strolleys is immaculately designed and detailed to perfection. The luggage is crafted from smooth textured Italian leather that has a subtle sheen. Fashionable, functional and sturdy, the travel gear is designed with multiple pockets and compartments to store all you're essentials. This enviable collection is a must have for all those who want to flaunt their luggage this holiday season! So whether on a luxury vacation at your favorite ski resort or cruising down the Mediterranean, the collection is an ideal travel companion.
Versatile and unisex, the collection is designed for fashionable men and woman. The collection showcases vibrant spring-summer colours ranging from burgundy, mustard, olive, royal blue, white, grey, beige, black to brown.
Make up moves towards a natural look. The dewy look is in for the younger lot, light tinted moisturizers finding favour, rather than foundation, both for day and night, with less shine for the night. Heavy foundations and shine on the face are definitely out. Look for a matte finish on the skin, if you want to be in. The aim is to project a sheer skin texture.
Eye make-up trends favour less mascara and coloured eye pencils for lining the eyes, like browns, burgundy and purple, with a smudged and smoky look. No harsh lines. Or go for colourful shadow at the lash line. For eye-shadow too, purple tones are becoming popular - like lilac, mauve and purple itself. Full, brushed up eyebrows find favour. Eye make-up is heavier. Eye liner is thicker on upper eye lids and extended outwards and slightly upwards. The eyeliner is thicker in the middle of the eye, like the 70s look. For the lower eyelids, a lighter effect is in, using eyeliner and then smudging it with a little shadow.
Frosted sheen, gloss, or shimmer, stay popular for the lips. Lip liners match the lipstick -no obvious darker outline around lips, as in the past. In other words, the "lip-lined" look is out. Red and shades of red have made a comeback and will stay in vogue in lipsticks. Shades of red, like cherry, rose, plum and red itself are in fashion for the night. Lilac, mauve, soft pinks and rose find favour for the day. Orange is out. For the night, specially gala nights, bright metallic colours and glamorous lips are in. As for nails, pinks will be out and dark colours will be in, like burgundy and chocolate brown.
Mineral make-up has been in during recent times. It is based on loose powder, which does not contain perfume, alcohol, mineral oil, dyes, etc. The texture of mineral make-up is lighter, so it gives the skin a translucent quality, instead of a heavily made up look. The ingredients in mineral make-up are said to have sun-protective benefits too, apart from nourishing the skin. We have used 24 Carat pure gold in our Pot of Gold Foundation, which gives the skin a natural golden glow. Many of the minerals used in mineral make-up, like zinc oxide, are said to have healing benefits too. Gold, for instance, rejuvenates the skin and protects from oxidation damage.
The main trend that is influencing beauty is the view that looking beautiful is not just a matter of make-up, hairstyle or trendy clothes; fitness too plays an important role. Beauty care in coming years will strive for a radiance that comes from sheer good health, with energy, vitality, a slim and supple body and self-confidence. The key to beauty will be "feeling good and looking great."
No flowery words, no jingles, jazzy introduction, impressive preface, catch lines, attention-grabbing gimmicks, nothing doing. When you write for causes, words fall short, inapt, perhaps this anecdote pulled out from the website of one of the NGOs itself might help.
A man, once walking by the beach, sees starfish washed ashore. Fearing they'd die on being exposed to first rays of sunlight, he picks them all up and starts throwing them back into the sea. Another man passing by asks the logic behind his endeavour, 'What difference does it make? There are millions of starfish, how many would you save?' The previous man picks up yet another, takes two steps, flungs the star fish back into the sea and says, 'It makes a difference to this one'.
If you thought that was all we had, here's a dose on the other active social groups that are making a statement with their cause camaraderie. Mitra, a social group from UIET, actively came out to support the recent Earth Hour celebrations. It has been around for long and well, managed funds through a rather fun-way, like tambola games and organising cultural events.
Their name spells it! And puts their purpose and nature beyond obvious. Anyways, Youth United, a student NGO formed in 2006, already brags of 50 active members, 100 volunteers, two chapters; Chandigarh, Delhi with one in Patiala soon to be opened. They don't come without their share of problems, "Frankly speaking, funds are a problem. We have a very hand to mouth existence, but for each event we somehow manage," says Saloni Bajaj, vice president Youth United. Their latest effort, Smiling Future, focuses on kids from underprivileged background.
"In one of the events, we had thousand forms filled from houses in Colony no. 5, talking of several problems. Drugs and education came out to be the biggest one." She adds, "Right now we are focusing on the NGO part of the organisation." Focusing also includes picking up stumbling blocks spread in the way. "Apart from the paucity of funds, there's not much support from the administration. But yes, Chandigarh Police has been very supportive." Why don't you go; add to their list of supporters?
BIMAD- it isn't just some fancy nomenclature for a group of idealistic youngsters. Every alphabet counts; 'because I make a difference' came into being for exactly the same reasons and of course the madness to route out wrong. "We were a group of vella college people, would discuss flaws in society. While everybody wants change, how many themselves be the change," questions Garima Bhayana of U.I.E.T. The student initiative of 8-10 founder members is the newest on the block; registered as late as May last. The non-profit, self funded registered as a Society organisation's not limited to a single cause. "We work on diverse issues, it could be eve-teasing, environment, not wasting water…" she clears the air.
No wonder, the projects take them to schools, colleges, wherever, but the 1800 strong volunteer team's not been a smooth sailing. "Funds are a problem, at the end of the day you need fuel to run your car. We do not have dearth of ideas, but even after running there's been no sponsors," apprises Jaskaran Singh Arora, 3rd year U.I.E.T student, founder member, and the mind who came up with the name. He recalls, "Once we had to put stickers, 'Please switch off the tap, it doesn't take long' above taps at public places, but we did not get permission from the MC on the grounds of defacement."
In the meantime, the guys have things in place to ensure continuity, "When we got together, we made sure a lot of first year people joined us, so by the time we pass out and they get to take the reins." Live long!
Not that there weren't tree plantations drive, 'don't waste water' kinda campaigns happening earlier, but the need to improve environment with a 360 degree approach catalyzed the dawn of Environment Saviors. "We wanted to do something about the environment, same time not restrict our activities and take a holistic approach to problems," says Brhamesh Alipuria, from UIET. "We took up Earth Hour project wherein we publicised on the net, spread awareness about the issue, involved media." The eight-member organisation though has not been formally launched but is open to volunteers. "Our exams are on, so our next project's going to be on paper management," he adds.
Here's a student initiative that started on the concept of think global, act local and giving a meaning to it. AIESEC, an entirely student managed organisation, has amalgamated corporate and social responsibility into one. "We have diversified our work into three core areas- corporate development, public development and education," says Akkriti Bhatt, vice president, communications and information management. Their burning issues? "We have undertaken various projects like Genesis and ASK in HIV AIDS programme, Footprints for child rights, Pragati in rural and community development, Project Conserve on environmental issues. Our corporate projects include Eureka and Pheonix," she adds. To fight global issues, they send volunteers to work with NGO's in various countries through our exchange programme. The age of the organisation almost similar to age of its current oldest member, say 23, it cashes on the most powerful resource ever- youth. Like most of them, money doesn't look like a problem. "We partner over 3000 organisations globally that includes names like UNESCO, WHO, ABN AMRO. We send interns and volunteers through our exchange programme to work with corporates, NGO's and schools across 91 countries," says Akkriti. Joining them are the inspired young souls with a passion for serving from 850 universities around the globe. The local chapter has around 60 people in Chandigarh and 14 local committees across India. From street activities to organising auction dinners, these guys sure know how to brand their cause. And it's not all work and no play. The general body meetings over coffee or a cool resort in Shimla mean fun too. "It's important to keep our youthful energies inspired," says our young comrade.
Started in 2007, this organisation is more or less one-man army. The goal was to associate young people with the idea of democracy, "We want them to know that they have an option when it comes to running the country and that option is them," says Anurag Chauhan, professional advocate and the founder member of the organisation. The core work highlights the loopholes in the system, be it then Panjab University, remember last year's illegal felling of trees in PU, this man went to jail in protest, or the creating a political awareness. "People should first know their rights and then demand their fulfillment," he says. He describes the Indian mindset through these words, "We want a Bhagat Singh to be born again, but in our neighbour's house and not ours," he says. "We have no right to criticize policies when we ourselves are not doing anything about them. "It's not easy to wake people up, though," he adds. "It needs a lot of inspiration, time and manpower and money too." so just like the inspiration and the spirit, money too is self generated, through events and campaigns. "The day we stop escaping from issues, I would think we have broken the ice." His has a straight funda of believing in one's effort and not depending on others to change the world for you. "People think you are mad, and one wants to get mad with you, so they don't want to be a part of the process. But the day we start escaping form issues, we will break the ice between us and the change," he says. His future plans include a 24/7 public helpline that will bail you out from the red tapist culture. Amen!
We know them as the determined bunch that changed the face of Student Center, the heart of all the campus activity. Their weapon, a broomstick, and their passion to 'clean up' things and the society, inspired many and made a breakthrough by changing mindsets. But just when things looked inspired enough, Sankalp suddenly made the disappearing act. Wonder why? "Well, when we started three years back, we were a group of freshers, hoping to make a difference. But then for while now our studies have taken priority," says Nitin, founder member of Sankalp. But their hibernation doesn't mean that social service has taken a backseat. " We are planning to get back together once our academic pressure gets over," he adds.
Have a heart, got the will.
Think and take your pick.
Security and night food street (once again in news for all the wrong reasons) don't seem to gel very well. But this while, it was a parking clash amongst the gang of guys. We ask city youngsters, do they feel secure at the night food street? What can be done to prevent any untoward incident?
I've been there only twice and it was a good experience. About this particular clash I'm not aware. But yes, the place does not come without its share of problems. It's very congested and they should make it more open. All the clashes and security problems mainly arise because there are a lot of drunkards loitering about the place. It should be banned for those sloshed out.
I’ve been to food street, but never been there after seven or eight at night. When it comes to safety and security, nothing is safe, one needs to be careful themselves, moreover it all depends on the situation. The fact, that a lot of young college goers who are out merry making and at times, out of control is a major factor. Besides there should be cameras, PCR vans moving about to keep mischievous elements at bay.
Shagun Sharma, Political science student, Panjab University.
It's more of student crowd at the night food street, from the university and the nearby DAV College. Moreover, around night there are drunkards dotting the area. The nature and location of the place are such that one should expect troubles. We all know, it’s not the decent demure sorts who are likely to be found there, the straight simple crowd tucks up in the bed by nine. The reveller gang goes out of control, many a times. There ought to be more PCR vans or an active beat box nearby. | 2019-04-22T22:46:05Z | https://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090422/ttlife1.htm |
I began my fourth medical mission trip to Dar es Salaam just before the New Years 2016. Having a number of home renovation projects finally finished, the travel was a welcome relief. The travel to Dar is made more easily with subsidized airlines (Emirates or Etihad) which are reasonably priced as well as a plane fleet that is in good shape. There is an overnight in Dubai that provides one night of combating jet lag on the way , with a convenient continuation flight to Tanzania.
I arrived in Dar the following day and met Dr Craig Lubbock, who is also retired Kaiser surgeon and had been on the trip in October 2014. The house in which we stay is the Kalenga House, a UCSF-sponsored house with rooms for 8, a common kitchen, and convenient proximity to the Muhimbili Hospital, the largest teaching hospital in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is a bit like being in something between a dormitory and a fraternity house. Cooking duty is shared, but there are those with culinary skills and then me.
The first weekend was dedicated to combating jet lag, getting the house provisioned for the month, and making initial contact with our Tanzanian colleagues with whom we will be working the next several weeks. There is a new Pediatric Surgery colleague, Dr. Henry Lau, a retired Johns Hopkins surgeon who is spending the year under the aegis of the US Peace Corps performing Peds Surgery at Muhimbili. He provides some consistency to the exchanges and efforts to pitch in assisting with the care at Muhimbili. He has taken a great interest in teaching the Tanzanian surgery residents basic surgical skills of knit tying, suturing, and some of the "craft" of surgery. One of the hazards of spending a year in any one place is you inherently feel much more ownership for both the problems as well as responsibility for solutions. Inherent in any medical mission is "doing your best with what you are able in the allotted time..." .
There are advantages and disadvantages to almost any effort to help.
Our first day at the hospital (Monday) began early 6:45 am with a trek adjacent to the Baptist Chapel which finishes the morning service with a singing round by the parishioners snaking out of the chapel. The harmony was angelic and contrasted with the stillness of the hospital grounds. During the day, the hospital campus is over-run with humanity , but in the morning hours the corridors are empty and the gardens quiet.
We begin with rounds in the Intensive Care with the Chairman of Surgery, Dr. Ali Mwanga. This is a six bed ICU with the sickest of the sick, most on ventilators, and either trauma cases or patients with surgical complications. It is evident that the Muhimbili staff dedication and commitment to getting these ill patients better is exemplary. Intensive Care Units are complex and getting some of the patient data is difficult to sort out in the bedside records. The patients can't be weighed every day which is an accurate proxy to fluid balance and some of the decisions are made with gestalt and not data, but this is not necessarily bad. The strain occurs in this limited resource environment, when all six beds are filled and a new case is contemplated. The safety net of an empty ICU bed isn't always available and patients can suffer with the lack of resources.
One of the systems improvement that has been introduced for the Surgery Department is a Morbidity and Mortality Conference, the standard forum for discussing complications due to lapses in care or unavoidable circumstances. The Residents presented several cases where this ICU bed shortage had led to delays in necessary operations (in patients with worsening intraabdomininal infections). This was referred to as a "System Problem". Those bad outcomes due to bad judgement or bad decisions were called "negligence". The stark candor is both alarming and enlightening as now there has been a tangible increase in everyone's awareness (and responsibility) to improving care.
This level of frank discussion was impressive and has already led to good decisions and discussions from the younger surgeons.
One brief note about the improvement of the hospital grounds. The hospital campus four years ago was like an abandoned movie set. The hospital wards were concrete barracks. There would be areas of used medical equipment, almost like randomly occurring "equipment graveyards " of old white iron beds, stainless steel, broken furniture, etc. This happened in a society where almost nothing is ever thrown away, but rather re-utilized in a lower tech manner.
There hospital, through government jobs programs newly introduced by the Prime Minister, are now several different categories of workers that are improving the physical plant. There are security guards, both male and female, who circulate on all the corridors outside and provide a feeling of safety. There are people assigned to raking leaves and picking up trash on all the gardens and public spaces. There are construction projects throughout the campus with rich red soil being dug by hand in several different areas. Many of the gardens have been finished and are now like a public park. The plumeria trees are in bloom and the fragrance of jasmine, is pleasant. One no longer gets the feeling of crumbling desperation that we has three years ago.
That feeling of thriving culture disappears when one enters the wards, where the patients are cared for. There would be 50 patients in a room otherwise designed for 30 patients. The walls which would usually house three beds in parallel, were now housing one bed, one patient on floor, then bed, floor, bed, floor and so on. There were also patients in the corridors. There is no patient privacy.
Walking across the campus, I came across an extremely idealistic medical student who was going into Internal Medicine. She was proud that MUHAS was the most difficult medical school to gain entrance as well as the most difficult to stay enrolled and succeed. She was optimistic and happy with her decision, which was not based on reimbursement potential, something that she thought motivated her fellow students. She was grateful to meet a happy retired surgeon who shared her same idealism.
Again on this trip, the engagement of random passers-by with solid eye contact is alarming at first, then very reassuring. "Mambo Poa" is the standard "How are you?" And their response can be many variations of "fine" ("Poa,poa", "Poa" , "Nzuri "). It certainly makes the walks more enjoyable.
Week #2 began in a different way. There is a religious complex at Muhimbili consisting of a mosque on one side of the cross campus walkway, and two back-to -back chapels on the other (one Catholic, the other Baptist). I decided to visit the 6 am service at the Baptist chapel. The chapel is open air in the sense that equatorial Tanzania is temperate enough, there are permanent square cut-outs in the cinder walls that allow the signing or amplified preaching to be heard well away from the church. There were about 30 attendees, a preacher and a man on the keyboard. The roughly 40 minute service was punctuated by preaching (in Swahili, and I would not want to be on the receiving end of whatever he was preaching against), singing, and praying. The singing was to me, most remarkable: it was strong, in unassigned three to four part harmony, and absolutely uninhibited. It was what I had heard the week before. There were a few "low alto" women who were inspired. They could not have been more welcoming. Then on to Rounds.
The Patients family at Muhimbili.
One of the the striking features in all the rounds of patients we have seen in this profoundly resource-constrained country, are the obvious lack of many basic elements that we associate (read as "take for granted") with good patient care. Many of these are startlingly absent at Muhimbili. These can be as basic as provision of food, bedclothes, liquids, and some basic elements of hygiene. There are a range of levels of service here-granted some wards are provisioned well. But the public wards are absolute bare bones. I mention this as an observation, not a criticism; much, if not all, of the shortfall in provision of these basic human needs are provided by families. From kangas (colorful fabric coverings that provide coverage and privacy for the patients) to drinks, food, dressings, and transportation needs, all are provided uniformly, unquestioning, and cheerfully by family members. I saw this time and again in the outpatient clinic, where an oft elderly family member would require wheelchair, assistance and assistance with the most basic needs, and there would be one or perhaps two attentive sons taking on this burden without hesitation. And this is in an environment with none of the aids for the disabled that are the law in the US, and which we take for granted.
The most dramatic of these occurs with the seasonal cleaning of the wards, where all patients are evacuated into the streets, parking areas, and parks for several hours while the wards are scrubbed. It is disarming to see the entire ward census out under tents being tended to by some nurses in a partnership with the family membership nothing were out of the ordinary. This couldn't occur without the family.
Muhimbili recycling in the OR. Worldwide recycling is at a worldwide popularity and Tanzania takes this to a level unimaginable anywhere else. OR chairs have a variety of different looks, based on varying states of disrepair, causing one to question "What is a chair?" Is it one without a back, how about a seat and back with no legs, how about just the seat resting on a stool? All of these are in use throughout the Operating Theatre. How about gowns? How much of the gown has to be lost before it is not usable? One tie, two ties, all the ties? These can be replaced with gauze strips (not designed for re-use) or plastic strips that have to be torn to be removed, then retied with the next use. Where does this stop? But you have to cut a hole in the gown. How many holes are too many?
One obvious issue that I have not addressed in prior blogs is how is the suggestion for change is received by the surgeons and is progress inevitable. We have experienced this directly with the two groups with whom we interact. Firm 1 is the group associated with MUHAS (Muhimbili University Hospital and Allied Sciences) populated with motivated surgeons who are open to suggestions, who have added multiple operations to their repertoire the last few years and have adopted many of the patient care habits that Bill Schecter has been modeling through his five years of service. Firm 2 is comprised of the Muhimbili National Hospital surgeons. There are many excellent surgeons , but a few of the older surgeons are somewhat rigid in their practice as well as uninterested in any suggestion of surgical alternatives for care. The issue of tiers of quality in surgical care is not new and peer pressure is probably the strongest motivator for change. In a truncated volunteer experience where time and cases are limited, it tends to be discouraging.
Patient privacy is paramount and sacred in the United States. There is a semblance of some privacy in Muhimbili, but the very public nature of "ward medicine" make this difficult. Exams are considered private for all ages and both sexes. This is not an easy task in public wards that are over crowded, but small mobile privacy screens that roll up and down between beds can afford this for patients, at least to the degree that they will accept exams that are essential. The outpatient clinic is different with shared exam rooms by two senior doctors each with a desk but separated by only a few feet. So simultaneously , there are two patients, each with family, each giving an oral history. There is a shared exam table with a small privacy screen and a small sink, has to be enough to get the necessary exams done. The exam is concluded, and the patient leaving is asked to call out the next patient's name to the throng outside. The waiting room is an inside courtyard with dozens of benches along the walls lining the courtyard. The next patient moves into the room and the process continues.
In years past, Muhimbili had been "paper based" in their record keeping but have now moved to computerized records. This would seemingly be great progress for a country in the pursuit of improving care. The infrastructure has not kept up, however, and the computers lose power every ten to 15 minutes. They have to be rebooted, and the record keeping takes twice as long. No one complains.
When we arrived at Muhimbili in October 2014, we were perplexed about how they decide what to call us or refer to their own colleagues. They called Bill Schecter "Prof" as a sign of respect. They referred to me as "Dr. Grey" and called Craig Lubbock " Dr. Craig" - no explanation, no reason for this difference. During this trip, it became evident that there was this inconsistency even within their own ranks. They would refer to each other by either the use of their first, middle, or last name only, about a third of each, and not refer to any as " Doctor". Today the explanation. Their society chooses to take the simplest name - either the first name, middle, or the last name - and that becomes their name to all employees and patients. "Bosco " is the name of reference of John Bosco Ngendahayo ; "Kitembo" is the reference name of Kitembo Salum. They take the easiest name of the three and that becomes the reference name for all. Makes sense. Mystery solved.
Things have gone well the first three weeks at Muhimbili National Hospital in the Upanga District of Dar es Salaam. We have been working for three weeks and participated, assisted, or performed many operations. There have been the range of reactions to this experience from highs to lows, depending on the circumstances and the outcome, sometimes both in the same day.
First a point of clarification of how we got here. The retired Chief of Surgery of San Francisco General Hospital, Bill Schecter , began this program with the premise of having a cadre of surgeons spend a month at a time, helping with operations, making rounds, giving advice, and overall providing examples of how surgery is practiced in the US. The adage, "You can't solve a problem that someone doesn't know he has" comes into play. Bill visited many facilities in Africa and Muhimbili had interesting cases, some interested staff, and a pre-existing relationship with University of California, San Francisco. The Dean at UCSF had spent time in Dar and had actually helped sponsor a donated building to the medical center. So here we are and we have provided about 20 months over the last four years for MNH.
One of the challenges, frustrations, and satisfactions of a volunteer is you can give advice but they don't have to take it. One quick example: bronchoscopy or looking down the airways into the lungs. This is performed on awake patients, after proper anesthesia. I observed/assisted two different surgeons do this. Their standard anesthesia is spraying the mouth, nose and airways with novocaine-like substance to numb the threat and windpipe. Their technique for accomplishing this is somewhat like waterboarding, where the patient is flooded with anesthetic, temporarily can't breathe, and experiences something like drowning. It is difficult to watch. This is easily avoided by administering the anesthetic with the patient sitting; the patient controls when and how much anesthetic you use. The first surgeon kept doing the "drowning" technique, over and over, despite suggestions, despite the patients' discomfort. No change with any suggestion. The second surgeon heard the rationale for sitting the patient, performed it once under observation , and then never had the patients lie down again. What determined the difference of adaption to change was not clear to me, but progress is often not linear.
One of the more disturbing aspects of the month was seeing patients who had either minor problems that had been neglected, or worse, minor problems who had horrific solutions recommended by a local relative or doctor. The worst I saw was a 46 year old diabetic man who had injured his left knee. I don't exactly know the magnitude or specifics of his injury, but the solution was to pour scalding hot water on his entire leg. Not only did this not help his leg, he developed third degree burns on his thighs. He sought no care. By the time he came to the Emergency Room, he had a gangrenous leg and gas in his muscle up to the thigh. An emergency amputation at the hip was performed and he died in about six hours. No therapy is better than some ill advised treatments.
One of the differences between approaches to patient managements is that we have been surprised how busy/overworked the surgeons are. This frantic pace tends to preclude them from doing all the necessary evaluations pre-operatively. They might not have all the information necessary to completely manage a patient's problem. One example of this was a woman with bowel troubles who was evaluated with a CT scan of her abdomen. It was abnormal and she was scheduled for abdominal exploration. When she was wheeled in the room and the blankets removed, she was noted to have a left thigh mass the size of a volleyball.
The surgeons were surprised. Apparently no one had examined the patient before. This was eventually taken care of but it was an odd sequence of events.
The surgical scrubs at Muhimbili are an experience. There is a sewing room where all the scrubs are hand sewn. Ordinarily, surgical scrubs come in a few sizes, are made of cotton, and have pockets for storage. They are extremely easy to put on. The sewing room has received some very durable new material that is more like tent canvas. It is hot. It is undersized do that removing them may involve the Jaws of Life. They have a loop of cordon that is difficult to tie. They may fall down if the cordon knot loosens while walking. The pockets may have holes in them so that they are a decoy pocket. But the older versions are thinner, cooler and do the trick. We ended up wearing a shirt that we had brought and washing at home every day.
Surgical gowns are typically fitted to put on easily, have tapered sleeves and gathered wrists for ease of gloving, and are impervious to blood. The MNH surgical gowns have evolved into a different experience. They are of varying age, some new, some old, and are porous cotton fabric. Surgeons wear plastic "butcher's apron" underneath to prevent blood strike through (penetration). They are taped in the back to keep them closed. The sleeves are straight and have no wrist gathering. Donning gloves with these are a challenge, as nurses and surgeons glove themselves. Maintaining sterile technique is tricky, but thankfully absolute sterility here has not been the necessity, such as was the case during the Ebola epidemic. The infection rate is extremely low so what is done seems to work.
One curious aspect of the conduct of operations is the virtual total absence of expensive disposables during surgery. Things such as drains, catheters, sterile covers for cautery, etc. are all absent. These are replaced with lower budget common items. The disposable glove, in addition to being a glove, can be used as a drain, a bovie cover, a collection container, a specimen bag for laparoscopy, a bag for generating positive airway pressure during convalescence. There are probably many more uses. The disposable Anesthesia in a typical hospital closet can be massive, but here it is a few drawers of IVs, a few buckets of IV solution, and some intubation equipment and medications. They have learned to do without.
Unfortunately, one of he visiting surgical interns had a low risk needlestick during what might have been an HIV exposed patient. We inquired if the hospital had a "Post-Exposure Prophyllaxis" or PEP protocol for such an occurrence. (The Intern had inquired and was not able to get information).
Me: "Do you have a PEP protocol?"
Me: " It would be nice to have it on the wall in the Operating Theatre ".
Him: " I think it is here or there."
Me: "I don't see it here."
Him" So it must be there!"
Me: "Yes, I think so."
There is a new vendor between our front gate and the hospital entrance: a farm to table vegetable and fruit vendor. He had a metal display rack, and had beautiful Roma tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, lettuce, cilantro, pineapples, mangoes, and two types of avocados. We have made a fantastic salad from his array of offerings that would make any Four Seasons Hotel chef proud. All for about 4000 Tanzanian shillings or two dollars. A game changer for a mid-day break from the hospital.
It has been a privilege to work this month at Muhimbili National Hospital. | 2019-04-23T02:20:14Z | https://www.agct.info/2017 |
Robyn’s cochlear implant allows the autonomy she needs to travel around Europe and America.
Last month, our own Robyn Carter celebrated a big anniversary – two decades with a cochlear implant! Back in February of 1993, she was the eighth person in New Zealand to undergo cochlear implant surgery. Over the years, she has become a committed activist for late-deafened people in several organizations including the SayWhatClub.
In addition to her involvement with SWC Robyn developed a global focus group in Facebook after becoming dissatisfied with the lack of support for people with cochlear implants in Facebook. Her group is called Cochlear Implant Experiences (CIE) and its membership grew to over seven hundred within a couple years. When she is not on line, Robyn works hard in New Zealand advocating for captioned television. She is a true trail-blazer.
Robyn is also a dear friend, who I met in person when we shared a room at a SayWhatClub Convention. Without her encouragement and support, I am not sure I would have a cochlear implant today. I am pleased and honored to be conducting an online interview of my fearless, outspoken, determined friend, Robyn Carter, for our SayWhatClub blog. Let us begin.
Kim: First off, let me congratulate you on twenty years with a cochlear implant, Robyn. When did your hearing loss start, and where or how did you first hear about cochlear implants?
Robyn: I was born with a mild hearing loss which wasn’t picked up until I was at school. I remember the hearing tester in the school going, “Are you sure? Are you sure?” and everyone giggling. Then, I was made to stay behind, and I was retested at the end. I received my first hearing aid when I was 10, and about this same time, my hearing started deteriorating. My hearing gradually deteriorated over the next 20 years. When I was 31, in 1993, I lost the last vestiges of it. Cochlear Implants were new then. There were only 7 adults in New Zealand with them, so it was rather scary. Fortunately, I had met with one other person who had one who loved hers, and this made me decide to go ahead.
Kim: So, you were the eighth person in New Zealand to have cochlear implant surgery! When you investigated this “new” technology, what did doctors tell you about it? Were they certain it would work for you, or was there still a large degree of uncertainty back in 1993?
Robyn: I didn’t really look into it – I had no choice but to have it, as I was having a major operation in my other ear, which had a high chance of losing the tiny bit of hearing left. So they said I needed the implant before they did the operation, as they didn’t want to destroy any hearing whatsoever until the implant was up and going and they knew it was working. The doctor who was looking after me thought it would work really well with me and he was right. There was not much uncertainty – just excitement and new hope that I remember.
Kim: That is wonderful! You have had a few cochlear implant surgeries by now – one on each ear and a re-implantation. Is that right? I bet you have seen a lot of changes in CI surgery over the years, as well as modifications of the device and technology. Can you discuss some of the differences between 1993 and today, some of the changes you have experienced?
Robyn: No – I’ve only ever had one ear implanted, but I’ve had 3 implants now on the same ear, the original and two re-implantations.
Kim: Thank you. That actually clears up some confusion for me. I understand now that the other surgery rendered you completely deaf on the UN-implanted side in 1993 around the same time you got your first cochlear implant. So what exactly happened on your implant side? Why have you needed three CI’s?
Robyn: I was originally implanted with the N22 implant in 1993. One month after I was implanted, a small improvement was carried out on the electrode arrays to stop a particular problem from arising. Unfortunately, I was already implanted so there was always a chance that my electrode array could be problematic. However, there was no need to worry – what will be will be – and I got fifteen years of near normal hearing with my old N22 before it did fail.
In 2007, I woke up one day, and I could hardly hear anything. When I did hear something, it was painful. Took myself off to the implant centre only to have all my electrodes bar 5 switched off. Amazingly, I could still hear, just things were very quiet. Implant failures in New Zealand were just about unheard of, so no one could really believe anything was wrong, particularly when the test that I was given to see if the implant was working came back as negative. “The implant was perfectly fine.” I knew it wasn’t.
So it was nearly a year before I was re-implanted, while I went through a whole barrage of tests and frustrations. It was decided to implant my other ear, but first they checked it that was possible. I ended up having an EABR (Electrical Auditory Brainstem Response) under general anaesthetic, and it was found that my other ear was totally dead and totally non implantable.
Finally, in 2008 I was re-implanted – this time with an N24 and Freedom Processor. The surgery scar should have been a lot smaller, as when I was first implanted in 1993, the incision was a huge C shape over half my head. Unfortunately for me, the surgeons had to keep to the original C shape to make sure they didn’t damage any nerve endings. However the time spent in hospital was much less – only 24 hours really, compared to 4 days back in 1993.
Kim: Wow! What a difference! Four days compared to twenty-four hours!
Robyn: I was switched on, with the new processor and initially it seemed hopeful that things would be good. But things never really improved beyond the first day. In fact, they got worse. I attended the SWC Philadelphia Convention and really couldn’t hear much because the implant was giving me a lot of grief with Non Auditory Stimulation.
Kim: I remember that. You coped amazingly well. I don’t think anyone realized how much trouble you were having with your implant at that time. I thought you simply needed a new map. Since people often need map tweaks with new implants it didn’t seem like you were having major difficulties, especially since you lip read so well. You went to New York after Philly, and then on to California. Big trip!
Robyn: I remember being in San Francisco and having to turn the implant off in the bus as it was so uncomfortable. When I got home, it was back to the implant centre and once again a few more electrodes got turned off. A few days later, and a week after that, still more. At this stage I burst into tears and asked for an x-ray, remembering a post somewhere on the internet about electrodes migrating out of the cochlea and wondering if it was happening to me. One x-ray later it was confirmed that this indeed was what had happened.
I had to wait for nearly another year before I was re-implanted once again in 2009. This time, the “switch on” was much better and I could hear much better, but still wasn’t perfect. It took about 2.5 years before I started hearing almost as good as the original implant. While with this one I get around 100% open set sentences in quiet, I have never done well in background noise like I did with the N22.
Kim: One hundred percent is incredible! I do not even hear that well being bimodal with a hearing aid on one side and CI on the other. What was your mapping process like compared to today?
Robyn: The mapping experience between models has much improved. The N22 was always needing mapping – sometimes every few months, certainly after each cold I got. With this implant, I’ve noticed it much more stable, and only needs to be mapped approximately once a year.
Kim: That is interesting about the instability of the N22 compared to the N24. How has the technology changed between your current model, the N24 and Freedom processor and your first model, the N22?
Robyn: With this new implant, I can also hold more than one programme that I can switch to, and from in different situations. The old N22 only had two – normal and a switch for background noise. However, I find I never change programmes. I’m so used to only having had one in the old implant, I feel it’s unnecessary with this one – so just leave the programmes alone and use just the one setting. The biggest improvement between the two is the fact I have a Behind the Ear model. For thirteen years I wore a body worn processor which I HATED. It was such a relief to be upgraded to a BTE about three years before my implant failed. I feel much more normal having a BTE – I always felt like I was really disabled wearing a body worn processor. Silly I know, but that’s just how I felt.
Kim: I know what you mean about wearing a BTE versus a body worn processor. I have both, but I much prefer my BTE as I find it more convenient to change programs on my BTE Harmony than my body worn Neptune. I imagine the “medical beige” cord snaking up your neck seemed pretty conspicuous back in 1993. Nowadays, processors come in designer colors and everyone is plugged into ipods or some other device. No one notices a cord snaking around your entire body. A couple times while wearing my Neptune in the pool people have asked if it keeps track of my workout and calories burned. I wish it did!
The initial “turn on” appointment can be a disappointing experience for many cochlear implantees. What did voices sound like when your first cochlear implant was initially turned on?
Robyn: When my cochlear implant was turned on for the first time in 1993, it sounded like Donald Duck underwater. I thought it was awful. I was still in hospital at the time awaiting surgery, and was really exhausted at the end of the first day so went to sleep early. The next morning, I woke up, sat up, and looked at the bedside cabinet. There was my trusty hearing aid that I was used to, and the $50k cochlear implant side by side. I reached over for the hearing aid. Put it on. I didn’t want the difficulty of hearing with the implant. Then I felt guilty, and took the hearing aid off and put the implant back on. Switched it on.
About 5 minutes later, the doctors turned up on their rounds. They had lots of questions about the implant. The first was, “How does my voice sound?” I was confused. From the night before to now, somehow it had ‘normalised’ while I was asleep. I said it sounded normal. Then he asked me, “How does your voice sound?” Like it always has, I replied. I was simply amazed. Then I asked him what was the bell ringing, which I had never heard before, and where was the phone ringing coming from, which I had never heard the whole time I had been in hospital.
So after a mere 12 hours, the brain had switched over. I went on to have an extremely successful hearing experience with the N22.
Kim: That is truly amazing, Robyn! During the past fifteen months I have to say that the work our own brains do while adjusting to digital sound has been the most fascinating for me.
Many cochlear implant recipients experience a “WOW” moment after their turn on. Do you have a favorite hearing story that still moves you?
Robyn: Nothing that moves me, but one that makes me laugh. Shortly after getting home with my new implant, my daughter had gone to bed, and I was alone in the lounge. I heard footsteps outside,and I thought I had prowlers. Then, I turned off all the lights and was looking outside trying to see them. Couldn’t see a thing. I noticed the footsteps were ‘louder’ when I was in the kitchen, so was peering out the kitchen window when something caught my eye. The kitchen tap. . . WAS DRIPPING .. . And right in time of the “footsteps!” Mystery solved! When I told my mother, her dry comment was that now I can hear the taps dripping and save water– would I be able to ‘hear’ when the lights were left on, so I could then save power!!!
Kim: HAHA! It is funny about the everyday sounds we find out we’ve been missing after getting the implant. I had no idea my microwave beeped, for example.
Nowadays the CI companies have their own websites with rehabilitation exercises designed to improve speech understanding and phone use. I have been to Cochlear‘s site and to the Advanced Bionics site. What was the suggested rehab method like back in 1993? When did the rehabilitation websites go up?
Robyn: Rehabilitation? What is that? Back in 1993, I was switched on. Given my box full of equipment, and sent out in the big wide world to make sense of it all. We had no rehab whatsoever, no testing, nothing. Just a switch on and off we went. A few years down the track at mappings I started being tested, and as they got more info, the testing got to be sophisticated, so they could compare results. To be honest, I’ve never looked at the websites for rehabilitation, because 20 years down the track, I don’t really need it. I suspect the websites are only recent though.
Kim: I know from personal experience that you are an “expert” lip reader (in my opinion anyway), and also you know a bit of New Zealand sign language. It seems you were well prepared for a life of silence before you got the cochlear implant. How has the cochlear implant changed your life?
Robyn: The biggest impact the Cochlear Implant gave me was the ability to keep up with my peers in business meetings. I finally got taken seriously when they realised I DID have an opinion. This in turn gave me salary and responsibility increases, until I was managing the department just a few years later. Up until the implant failed the first time in 2007, I was taking this huge increase in hearing for granted. Because I was having no problems, I thought the problems the Deaf community faced had disappeared. When I went back to profoundly deaf again, while waiting for re-implantation, I was actually surprised to learn that education and attitudes towards deafness had stayed the same. I’ve made it a personal agenda that I will NEVER take my hearing for granted again, and will fight for those that can’t fight for themselves.
Kim: In America, there has been some negative backlash against cochlear implantation among a small minority in the Deaf Culture community. This seems to be changing slowly over time. Is it the same in New Zealand? Have attitudes toward cochlear implants changed over the past twenty years at all that you have noticed or personally experienced?
Robyn: It was the same a long time ago – but the Deaf Community here in NZ have seen that those with implants don’t necessarily reject Deaf Culture, so there’s a much better acceptance rate. There are still the odd few that don’t want children to be implanted, but the emphasis has now become more that children should still learn sign language if they are implanted. I tend to agree with that. I’ve seen instances where children have been implanted, and haven’t done as well as they should.
There could be a myriad of reasons for this, but the fact remains they would have been better off to have had another language in them to fall back on. Getting language into children should be a priority. Sign is a language that could be used to explain what the children are hearing through their implants. Naturally, if the implant is successful, they won’t need to carry on with sign and will eventually drop it, however there will always be those that need it.
Kim: I agree totally. I’m glad New Zealanders take a more balanced approach to sign language.
Tell us about some of your other advocacy work in New Zealand. For example I know you are involved in promoting captioned television there. How do you think having a cochlear implant has facilitated a more successful campaign for captions? Or has it?
Robyn: I don’t think the Cochlear Implant as such has facilitated a more successful campaign for captions. I still need captions even though I’m implanted, and we lack them in New Zealand. So I just put my hand up for the fight. Our success largely comes about because we have a passionate core group of people who want this as much as me, and we are so adamant that is what we need, that some of the broadcasters just gave in and supplied it. However, we are still a long way behind in terms of good access so there’s still a lot of work to do.
Kim: In addition to the advocacy for NZ captions, being on the SayWhatClub’s Social Media Committee as an adviser and administrator of their new SWC Gen-Y page in Facebook for people ages 18 – 40, you also started your own international Facebook focus group a couple years ago to support people with cochlear implants. Your CIE Facebook group is nearing 800 members worldwide. I would guess you have a pretty good pulse on the cochlear implant community. In your opinion what are some of the most pressing issues and concerns for people with cochlear implants globally?
Robyn: I think the issues differ from country to country. In the USA it seems the main issue is to get coverage from medical insurance companies. In other countries such as the UK and New Zealand, the issue is of bilateral implantation – only one implant is covered by the Government, the other you have to privately fund, which puts a second implant out of reach for many. The good thing about Cochlear Implant Experiences, is that there will always be one person on there that can answer a question for those that have a query and I see a good lot of support given.
Robyn, I am extremely impressed by your open sentence scores. Actually I’m in awe, especially knowing that some of your electrodes have been turned off. Do you think your earlier decision and success rate with the cochlear implant in 1993 had a positive impact on your current success with the cochlear implant? In other words, if you had waited ten years or so to get it, do you think your chance of success would have been just as good?
Robyn: I believe my success would be just as good even if I had waited 10 years. I am good at puzzles, which helps with lipreading, and filling in the blanks. I’m sure that having the experience of my first implant stood me in good stead for my latest one. My brain took a bit of time to work it all out, but it was still fast.
Kim: With something like 250,000 plus people wearing cochlear implants world wide, it is hardly the pioneering technology it was back in 1993. Still – many deaf people today, including myself back in 2011, struggle with fear and indecision when faced with the prospect of getting a cochlear implant. I’ve seen it estimated that a mere five percent of those who would qualify for a cochlear implant actually ever get one. Is there anything you would like to say to someone considering a cochlear implant today?
Robyn: The one bit of advice I can give is – don’t wait until you can no longer hear, there is absolutely no need to struggle to hear in this day and age. If you are eligible for a Cochlear Implant, grab that chance and run with it – you will not regret it.
Kim: What do you see for the future of cochlear implant technology, or what kinds of improvements would you like to see?
Robyn: I’d like to be battery free. I hate it when mid-sentence my battery runs out. Usually always on the phone to a complete stranger! I would love it if they could somehow have a long lasting battery like they do with the pacemakers. Even if I had to nod my head up and down occasionally to charge it up would be preferential to running out all the time.
Kim: Every deaf person is more than just a set of ears. Can you tell us a little more about yourself– your hobbies, travels, anything?
Robyn: I’m a passionate photographer which I am positive my deafness enhances as I’m very visual. I love traveling and am about to go and visit my daughter in Amsterdam for the second time in 22 days and 6 hours. Not that I’m counting! I love catching up with other SWCers when I do travel, and really enjoyed meeting everyone at the Philadelphia Convention a number of years ago. I do a lot of volunteer work – not only on the SWC and Cochlear Implant Experiences, but also for the local camera club. It keeps me out of mischief!
Kim: Thank you Robyn for the interview! With your experience, passion and talent the SayWhatClub is very lucky to count you among its members. Congratulations again on your twenty years of hearing! May your next twenty be even better! I hope someday they develop that battery free, head-rockin’ CI you’ve thought about. Great idea!
The SayWhatClub in no way endorses specific cochlear implant brands or products. While we recognize cochlear implantation as a viable option for many, we understand it is not always feasible, possible or desirable. We respect and promote individual choice.
Fantastic and exciting twenty years Robyn. Unlike the U.S. do people have to be put on waiting lists for an implant in New Zealand these days? And does insurance cover the costs?
Kim, I loved learning more about Robyn and her CI experience. I’m so excited to get to meet Robyn in person for the first time!! She’s traveling in Europe this spring and will stop in Munich for a few days and we’ll sightsee together. Robyn and I have talked online and have gotten to know each other a little bit. I’m sure I’ll like her even more in person, as that has been the case with other SWCers I’ve met face to face.
Joining SWC opened up the world for me, but it also made it smaller, as I’ve gotten to know people from all around the world. | 2019-04-25T14:01:17Z | https://www.saywhatclub.org/cochlear-implant-history/ |
Stillbirth and perinatal death are associated with psychological, social and economic costs for parents. These may affect pregnancies after stillbirth and perinatal death, which already confer increased risk of obstetric complications. A previous stillbirth or perinatal death profoundly alters the experience of pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period for mothers and their families. Routine antenatal care is not able to meet these additional medical and psychological needs. Although the experience of care varies, women value continuity of care within specialised services which acknowledge the co-existence of positive and negative emotions, allow women and their families to form positive coping strategies and provide reassurance through assessment of fetal wellbeing. Access to specific interventions may reduce the risk of some obstetric complications. This article presents evidence to guide care providers when caring for women in pregnancies after stillbirth or perinatal death, and describes a specialist service currently providing such care in the UK.
Stillbirth describes the death of a child before birth; the definition of stillbirth as opposed to miscarriage (which usually describes an earlier pregnancy loss) varies between (and in some cases within) countries. In the UK, stillbirth is defined as a child born with no signs of life after 24 weeks’ gestation (Stillbirth Definition Act, 1992). Applying a later definition of 28 weeks’ gestation, it is estimated there are 2.6 million stillbirths worldwide per year, 98% of which occur in low and middle-income countries (Lawn et al., 2016). In the UK, there are over 3,000 stillbirths per year, and the UK ranks 24th out of 49 high-income countries (HICs), indicating that improvements are required to reduce the rate of stillbirth (Flenady et al., 2016). The term perinatal death is sometimes used interchangeably with stillbirth, but in the UK context, this term describes babies who are stillborn or who die in the first week of life. Perinatal deaths are sometimes grouped together because of the similarities in parents’ experiences when a baby dies before or shortly after birth. There are approximately 4,000 perinatal deaths in the UK per year, an approximate frequency of one in 200 births (Manktelow et al., 2015). Therefore, it is highly likely that care providers will encounter a significant number of families who have experienced a perinatal death either following the death or in subsequent pregnancies. This article focuses on care in pregnancies following perinatal death.
Stillbirth and perinatal deaths have considerable psychological, social and economic impact for parents (Heazell et al., 2016). In a series of UK studies (Redshaw & Henderson 2015; Redshaw et al., 2014; Evans et al., 2012), 35% of bereaved mothers and 13% of bereaved partners reported four or more negative psychological symptoms nine months after the birth, over three times greater than after a livebirth, when 8–13% of mothers and 3% of fathers report depressive symptoms at a similar time point. A failure to acknowledge the impact of the death of parents’ baby can lead to disenfranchised grief, which refers to grief that is not legitimised or accepted by health professionals, family, or society. This grief may be compounded by social isolation and a lack of peer support, as parents report stigma associated with the death of a baby (Heazell et al., 2016). Importantly, the psychological impact of stillbirth and perinatal death extends into future pregnancies and beyond, with effects observed in parent-child interactions.
In comparison to descriptions of the psychological and social effect of stillbirth, there are few studies of the economic impact. One recent cost of illness study found that the average health and social care costs per stillbirth were £4,191 (Campbell et al., 2018). Additionally, funeral-related costs were £559, and workplace absence (for parents and healthcare professionals) was estimated to cost £3,829 per stillbirth (Campbell et al., 2018). An earlier exploration of healthcare costs associated with stillbirth found that a significant proportion of the cost was associated with provision of additional care in a subsequent pregnancy (Mistry et al., 2013). The profound psychological and economic impact of stillbirth or perinatal death on subsequent pregnancies has prompted increased research and attention in this area, and an international consensus statement on care in pregnancies after stillbirth has recently been published (Ladhani et al., 2018).
Pregnancy following stillbirth or perinatal death has increased risks of adverse biomedical and psychosocial outcomes. In the Lamont et al. (2015) systematic review and meta-analysis of 16 studies including 3,412,079 pregnancies, stillbirth occurred in 2.5% of women with a previous history of stillbirth, compared to in 0.4% of women whose previous pregnancy resulted in a livebirth, equating to a 4.8-fold increased risk of stillbirth. This compares to established risk factors such as smoking (~2x increased risk), obesity (1.7x increased risk) and diabetes (~3x increased risk) (Heazell et al., 2018). A smaller study from the Grampian region of Scotland found that a history of stillbirth in the first pregnancy also increased the risk of other pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia (by 3x), placental abruption (by 9.4x), low birth weight (by 2.8x) and prematurity (by 2.8x) (Black et al., 2008). Consequently, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2011) recommends obstetric-led care and birth for the majority of women pregnant after perinatal loss, due to the increased risk of recurrence of perinatal death or related complications. However, there are currently no specific guidelines regarding the management of pregnancy after perinatal death from other professional organisations (e.g. Royal College of Midwives, Institute of Health Visiting). The aim of obstetric care in these pregnancies is to institute preventative treatment (where possible) and increased frequency of antenatal surveillance to detect complications earlier in order that birth may be appropriately timed.
In addition to the biomedical complications, parents’ experience of pregnancy after stillbirth or perinatal death is profoundly altered. A meta-synthesis (Mills et al., 2014) of fourteen qualitative studies described three main themes relating to parents’ experiences of subsequent pregnancy: co-existence of emotions, helpful and unhelpful coping activities, and seeking reassurance through interactions. Parents describe being happy to be pregnant again, but fearful of having another stillbirth or perinatal death, with women doubting their ability to have a healthy child. These feelings could isolate parents from friends and family, who may incorrectly assume that a subsequent pregnancy would help bereaved parents to ‘get over’ the death of a previous baby.
One coping strategy parents reported was delaying attachment to the baby, to reduce the emotional investment in case the baby died. Another coping mechanism was to exert more control in the pregnancy, by being more assertive with health professionals (fathers in particular increased their involvement in pregnancies after perinatal death). This exertion of control may be evident in seeking interactions with care providers. Parents did gain some reassurance from ultrasound scanning, but scans were often preceded by high levels of anxiety, as fetal death in their previous pregnancy was likely confirmed by an ultrasound scan. Further, feelings of relief following scans were often short-lived. Mills et al. (2014) noted that normal antenatal findings provided limited reassurance but that additional support was highly valued, as was continuity of care provider. The findings of this meta-synthesis suggest that routine antenatal care is unable to meet the additional needs of parents in pregnancy/ies after perinatal death.
Between 50% and 66% of parents conceive again within a year of the death of their baby (Wojcieszek et al., 2018; Mills et al., 2016). An international internet-based study (Wojcieszek et al., 2018) of 2,716 parents from 40 high and middle-income countries found that the majority of respondents were offered additional antenatal appointments and ultrasound scans (67% and 70% respectively). However, there was less access to psychological support, with only 10% of respondents reporting additional visits to a counsellor. Importantly, only about half of respondents felt that the care they received was consistently respectful and of high-quality. In a survey of 547 women who had a pregnancy after a perinatal death in the UK, 75% were offered additional ultrasound scans, and 80% were seen by a consultant obstetrician (Mills et al., 2016). Nevertheless, 20% of respondents preferred to have been seen more often. Importantly, the majority of women sought care through maternity health professionals, their GP, or other health services in addition to their planned antenatal care, which suggests that the planned care did not fully meet their needs (Mills et al., 2016).
• perception of standard vs. specialist care.
Sensitive communication included the use of the previous baby’s name, awareness of the specific history and acknowledgement of the stress parents experience in pregnancies after loss. Parents valued continuity of carer, as this removed the need for them to repeat their story to each new member of staff and limited insensitive communications (e.g. asking, ‘Is this your first baby?’) Parents also valued the opportunity to develop trusting relationships with staff, which is particularly important if the preceding perinatal death resulted from sub-optimal care and adversely affected parents’ trust in health care staff. Parents noted that having a history of stillbirth or perinatal death excluded them from standard antenatal education, as they didn’t wish to discuss their history with other parents, and/or were concerned that the content of classes would not be appropriate for them. Several respondents would have liked more targeted antenatal education and emphasis on preparation for the birth (Mills et al., 2016). Some parents valued the opportunity to meet other parents with similar experiences through a pregnancy peer support group, and some reported using online resources (e.g. https://pregnancyafterlosssupport.com/).
A Cochrane review (Wojcieszek et al., 2018a) of care during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth to improve outcome highlighted the paucity of evidence from randomised controlled trials to guide clinical management. This review included data from 10 randomised controlled trials including a combined total of only 222 women. Therefore, the review was unable to determine whether the interventions evaluated were of any benefit or harm to women and their babies. The evidence assessed related only to pharmacological interventions to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes. Importantly, there were no studies of psychological or support interventions to improve outcomes for women or assessment of long-term outcomes for mothers and babies. Therefore, care in these pregnancies is currently informed by observational data as outlined above and information from existing services.
Based on the limited data available, care that is provided in the context of previous loss, where providers are aware of and understand parents’ history, and have specific experience/expertise in providing such care, appears to provide significant comfort to parents (Cote-Arsenault et al., 2014; Caelli et al., 2002). Specialist services for pregnancies after loss incorporate many of these elements of care and have been well received among parents (Meredith et al., 2017). However, there are few such specialist services. To address this need, we established a specialist antenatal service (Rainbow Clinic) at our tertiary maternity unit in 2013 and have now seen over 700 families. The structure of the service was initially based on the data reviewed here and has been refined using quality improvement methods, such as a questionnaire to record parents’ experiences, with the aim of continually developing the service.
A typical patient journey through a subsequent pregnancy under the care of the Rainbow Clinic is shown in Figure 1.
From a medical perspective, women who have a history of stillbirth should be referred for consultant-led care and a plan of care made with the mother in early pregnancy. Care should be individualised depending upon the cause of stillbirth; efforts should be made to obtain the results of any investigations to ensure appropriate treatment can be commenced. Care in subsequent pregnancies should also include screening for established risk factors such as smoking and gestational diabetes. As women who have had a stillbirth are at increased risk of giving birth to a small for gestational age (SGA) infant, they should have ultrasound measurements of fetal biometry on multiple occasions. Serial fetal biometry is more useful than a single measurement of fetal size, as the growth velocity plotted on a growth chart has the best detection rate for SGA and fetal growth restriction. However, care providers should remember that, as stated earlier, ultrasound scans often prompt high anxiety and the reassurance they provide is usually temporary.
Of the interventions assessed in the Cochrane Review (Wojcieszek et al., 2018a), and drawing on the broader evidence base, antiplatelet agents appear to be the most promising medical therapy for women in a pregnancy after stillbirth, depending on the cause and other relevant clinical factors. Meta-analyses suggest that among women at risk of pre-eclampsia, low dose aspirin (LDA), usually 75-150mg per day, commencing at or prior to 16 weeks’ gestation, reduces the risk of pre-eclampsia and other adverse outcomes including growth restriction, preterm birth, and perinatal death (Roberge et al., 2013; Bujold et al., 2010). Consequently, LDA, commenced early in pregnancy, is recommended during pregnancies after stillbirth for women at risk of placental insufficiency (Ladhani et al., 2018). There is some indication that low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) may reduce the risk of placenta-mediated complications among women with a history of placental abruption (Rodger et al., 2016), but further evaluation is needed. For women who have recurrent pregnancy loss and antiphospholipid antibodies, unfractionated heparin (UFH) combined with aspirin may increase rates of livebirth when compared to aspirin alone (Ziakas et al., 2010). Importantly, the possible differential effects of LMWH and UFH for the treatment of antiphospholipid antibodies are not clearly understood and require further research (Duffett & Rodger, 2015).
When evaluating the Rainbow Clinic, a word cloud formed from the free-text responses to the patient experience questionnaire highlighted key aspects of care for parents (Figure 2).
From a psychological perspective, parents should be cared for by a small team of experienced professionals who provide focussed support (Meredith et al., 2017; Mills et al., 2016). In particular, parents report that the use of a sticker to highlight their previous history to other members of the maternity care team is helpful. Eighty-three per cent of respondents to a survey of women attending Rainbow Clinic suggested the sticker helped to prevent staff from making mistakes, such as not knowing that their last baby had died. Where possible, care should be planned with parents to increase their sense of control, with the timing of appointments individualised for parents’ circumstances. For example, when a baby has died at a specific point in a previous pregnancy, some parents will benefit from an additional scan and support around that time, whereas others would prefer not to have a scan at that point unless it is clinically indicated.
Qualitative data suggest peer-support may be beneficial in pregnancies following perinatal death (Cote-Arsenault & Freije, 2004; Caelli et al., 2002) and may play a crucial role in providing flexible and responsive psychosocial support alongside specialist medical care, though formal evaluation is needed.
Parents may benefit from making specific plans regarding the birth of their baby including the mode and timing of birth, and regarding details such as the location (e.g. avoiding birthing rooms where a previous baby has died). Our experience is that the majority of parents accept the offer of a birth plan, usually drawn up with the specialist clinic midwife at 36 weeks’ gestation. The plan is typed and filed at the front of the hospital notes in order to reduce anxiety and aid staff in understanding parents’ needs at the birth. A tour of the birth unit is offered, accompanied by the midwife known to the family. Familiarising the parents with the birth environment and introducing staff helps to relieve anxiety especially if the previous place of birth was at another maternity unit. This level of communication often requires additional time in appointments which needs to be considered when planning care. In the event of an elective caesarean section, plans can be made for families to utilise a pager system in order to avoid difficult conversations with other parents whilst awaiting surgery. This system enables parents to leave the department and to return when the theatre team is ready. Patient feedback has also led to education and support being given to the theatre team to improve understanding of the needs of parents at birth after loss.
The timing and mode of birth in pregnancies after perinatal death has received limited study. An audit (Cote-Arsenault & Freije, 2004) concerning elective induction of labour has been conducted in South Africa among 134 expectant women with a previous unexplained or unexplored stillbirth. This study found that, among the 92 women who developed no obvious indication for birth prior to 39 weeks’ gestation, approximately half experienced a spontaneous labour following planned induction between 39 and 40 weeks’ gestation, and all 92 women gave birth to a healthy baby with no major neonatal complications. Women’s decision about timing and mode of birth are often influenced by the timing of their initial perinatal death. For example, mothers who have experienced an intrapartum-related death may opt for a planned caesarean birth to avoid labour.
There has been comparatively little focus on women’s postnatal mental health following a healthy birth subsequent to a perinatal death. Gravensteen et al. (2018) found that anxiety and depression in a cohort of Norwegian mothers were increased during pregnancy, decreased six to eighteen months after the birth of a live-born baby and increased again 36 months postpartum. Two other studies have noted that a previous perinatal death is a risk factor for postnatal depression (Nelson et al., 2016; Blackmore et al., 2011). For some mothers, the birth of a health baby can re-awaken the sense of loss that their other baby died. Therefore, it is important for the team providing antenatal care to ensure appropriate referrals to the health visiting service are in place prior to birth and parents are given the option to delay discharge from the community midwifery service in the postnatal period. Care providers should be aware of this increased incidence of psychological disorders and involve relevant perinatal mental health care services, particularly when there are other risk factors for postnatal depression.
A previous stillbirth or perinatal death profoundly alters the experience of pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period for mothers and their families. Data suggest that routine antenatal care does not meet parents’ additional medical and psychological needs. Parents value continuity of care and specialist care. They value staff accessibility and availability, and flexibility and regularity of appointments (Meredith et al., 2017). Care providers should consider how best to provide care which addresses these needs.
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Wojcieszek, A.M., Shepherd, E., Middleton, P., Lassi, Z.S., Wilson, T. et al. (2018a) Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD012203.
Ziakas, P.D., Pavlou M., Voulgarelis, M. (2010) Heparin treatment in antiphospholipid syndrome with recurrent pregnancy loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 115(6), 1256-1262. | 2019-04-22T06:23:42Z | https://ijbpe.com/index.php/news/466-care-in-pregnancies-after-stillbirth-and-perinatal-death |
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From the Illustrated London News, May 28, 1887.
Two Atlantic steam-ships of the White Star Line, the Celtic and the Britannic, came into collision off New York, on Thursday week. Both were damaged; but got into New York harbour. Six or seven passengers of the Britannic were killed, and nearly twenty injured.
From the Illustrated London News, June 11, 1887.
A disaster which occurred at sea on the 19th ult., off the American coast, was briefly mentioned a fortnight ago. Two mail steam-ships of the White Star Line, the Celtic and the Britannic, came into collision three hundred miles east of Sandy Hook. The Britannic was struck on the port side aft. The boats were at once lowered, and were filled with the women and children from the cabin and steerage, though several men forced themselves into the boats. Meanwhile, an examination of the ship proved that, though badly damaged, she was not likely to founder. Such boats as were within hail were therefore recalled, and their occupants taken back on board. Those in the other boats had gone on board the Celtic. A pad was made to cover the hole in the Britannic's side, in order to stop the leak and enable the vessel to return to New York. Accounts of the disaster state that as soon as the collision occurred a panic commenced on board, and an indiscriminate rush was made for the boats. The captain of the Britannic, however, interposed with a pistol in his hand, preventing the men preceding the women and children, and order was restored. After the Britannic's boats had been recalled to the ship, and the passengers again taken on board, the Celtic and Britannic agreed to keep together during the night, showing electric lights, and firing minute-guns, so as not to lose one another. Early next morning, the Wilson line steamer Marengo and the Inman steamer British Queen hove in sight, and all four vessels proceeded in company to Sandy Hook, at the entrance to New York Harbour. A fog prevailed at the time of the collision which occurred at about six in the evening. A roll-call showed that four of the Britannic's steerage passengers were killed, and thirteen injured mostly on deck. It appears that the Celtic struck once, then rebounded and struck again. No one from either steamer was drowned. The dead were sewn up in sacking and buried at sea. A passenger on board the Britannic, Mr. George Allen Rudd, who is an American artist, has arrived in England by the Arizona, going on a professional tour to Meran, in the Tyrol. He has furnished the sketches from which our Illustrations of the steam-ship disaster are obtained.
A collision between the great steamers the Britannic and the Celtic, both of the White Star Line, occurred about 350 miles east of Sandy Hook in a thick fog Thursday afternoon about 5:25 o'clock. The Celtic was coming to New-York and the Britannic was on the second day of her journey to Liverpool. The Celtic struck the Britannic three times on the side, cutting a big hole in her beneath the water line and inflicting other serious damage to both vessels. Probably six steerage passengers on the Britannic were killed instantly by the falling bars and plates of iron. Others are known to have been swept overboard and drowned. Careful investigation shows that certainly 12 lives, perhaps more, were lost, and that 20 or more persons were injured.
The company's officers have not given accurate and full information. Purser Musgrove, of the Britannic, the only officer of either vessel in the city last evening, made an indefinite statement. Some of the Britannic's passengers were transferred to the Celtic after the collision, while it was thought that the Britannic would founder. The two vessels lay to until midnight on Thursday, and then came on to the bar, escorted by the Marengo and the British Queen. They anchored there at 1 o'clock yesterday morning. At 9 o'clock the Britannic's passengers were brought back to New-York by the Fletcher. They arrived at noon. Those of the Britannic who had been transferred to the Celtic were brought to the city by the Fletcher late last evening. The Celtic will remain down in the Bay until the weather will permit her to come up or her passengers to be transferred.
The Celtic had about 870 cabin and steerage passengers on board. The Britannic carried some 450 passengers. The weather was foggy at the time and the sea calm. The Britannic's fog bell had been kept ringing all the afternoon, but her speed had been kept at a high rate. The Celtic was not sighted until the moment before the collision, although her bell had been heard. The Britannic, under command of Capt. Hamilton Perry, was kept straight on in her course. The Celtic appeared on the port side of the Britannic and when she saw her, reversed her engines, but it was too late.
Approaching in an oblique direction the Celtic struck the Britannic a slanting blow, almost at right angles, a few feet further aft. The prow of the Celtic crashed through the railing, breaking into the cabin and cutting a hole in the Britannic below the water line. Her nose entered the Britannic's side fully 10 feet. The steerage passengers were gathered there, and six of them were killed outright by the crash of the Celtic's prow and by falling pieces of iron. Twelve were seriously injured.
The Britannic was still moving, and, as she drew off from the Celtic, the Celtic was shunted to one side, only to advance a third time on the Britannic, a few feet further on, and ripping open her side for a distance of 20. Then the Celtic shot behind the Britannic and stopped about 80 rods off on her port side.
Every one thought the Britannic was sinking, and Capt. Perry ordered the boats lowered. Some of the men tried to enter the lifeboats, and a party of 15 firemen got in a launch and started for the Celtic. The Captain drew his pistol and threatened to shoot any of the crew who would repeat the act. Some of the women and children were then transferred to the Celtic, and when it was discovered that there was no immediate danger, the panic was allayed and the vessels lay to. The Captains of the two steamers consulted together, and, lying motionless about five hours, the weather cleared a little, and in company the two disabled steamers journeyed slowly toward New-York.
Before the sun rose the next morning the solemn service fo the burial of the dead at sea was read, and the six killed passengers were dropped overboard to their graves at the bottom of the ocean. The steamships Marengo, of the Wilson Line, and the British Queen, both bound for this port, overtook the Celtic and Britannic Friday, the day after the accident, and accompanied them toward Sandy Hook. The passengers were in consternation all the time, and went about with life preservers bound fast to their bodies.
The Etruria sighted the slow-going steamers on her way to New-York Saturday, and hurried into port with news that the Celtic was disabled and that the Britannic was towing her into port. J. [letter blank]ruce Ismay, agent of the White Star Line, started with a tug about midnight Saturday to send the Britannic back on her journey to Liverpool and bring the Celtic to New-York with the tug. When he learned the truth he hastened back to the city and sent the tug Fletcher down to the bar, where the injured steamships arrived about 1 o'clock yesterday morning. She brought to New-York all the passengers that had been left on the Britannic. They arrived with their baggage at the White Star docks, at the foot of West Tenth-street, yesterday about noon. The injured were taken to hospitals and the rest of the travelers went to various hotels. The Fletcher went down again at 2:30 P.M. from quarantine to bring off the Celtic's passengers and those from the Britannic who were on board of her. When she got to West Bank the fog was so dense and the sea so heavy that it was deemed best to return to Quarantine and wait until the weather was clearer. Another trip was made later and the remainder of the Britannic's passengers were landed here about 9 o'clock last evening.
Deputy Health Officer Smith, who went down to the Celtic last night, examined the cabin passengers and immigrants, and gave Capt. Irving permission to bring the vessel up to the city without stopping at Quarantine. The Celtic will probably cross the bar at high tide this morning.
The steamships British Queen and Marengo, which stood by the disabled steamers after the collision, both reached Quarantine last evening. The Marengo arrived in time to pass the Health Officer, but the British Queen anchored in the Narrows.
"On Thursday, 19th May, 1887, at 5:25 P.M., weather calm, sea smooth, fog at intervals, the steamship Celtic collided with the steamship Britannic, striking her on the port side aft, and doing considerable damage. The boats were lowered and filled with women and children from cabin and steerage in a very orderly and expeditious manner. It is to their shame that several men forced themselves into the boats. Meanwhile an examination was made and the damage to the ship ascertained, and finding that the ship was not likely to founder, an order was given recalling such boats as were within hail and the occupants received back on board the Britannic. The others had boarded the Celtic. We made a pad and covered the hole in the ship's side to stop the leak and returned toward New-York, having arranged with the Celtic to keep company.
"The saddest and most deplorable phase is that several steerage passengers, who were lying about aft, were killed and several others injured. Both vessels, accompanied by the steamships Marengo and British Queen, arrived at the Bar at 1 A.M., 22d inst., Sunday."
"The Britannic left her wharf in New-York at exactly her scheduled time Wednesday, and passed Sandy Hook at about 4 P.M. She had made at noon of the following day a distance of 280 miles. All went well, notwithstanding the prevalence of a fog of considerable density from 11 P.M. of Wednesday, making the use of the fog horn necessary during the whole time. The rate of speed and this state of things generally continued until 5:45 on Thursday, when suddenly the fog lifted a little, revealing the steamship Celtic at a distance of possibly an eighth of a mile coming from the north-northeast toward us on her return trip from Liverpool. The danger signals were instantly sounded by both ships.
"But on came the Celtic, bearing down upon and apparently threatening to strike us amidships and at nearly right angles to our course like a great ship of war determined to run down and sink her enemy. There was a screech of the steamers' whistles, a cry of horror from the witnessing passengers, a sharp crsh, and two great iron consort ships of the White Star Line were in partial wreck, with the screams of agony from dying and wounded and of horror from the imperiled crowds of passengers. Words are powerless to describe the sceen. Fortunately for all concerned, the blow, instead of being perpendicular to the line of the Britannic was at an angle of about 25, thus not cutting the vessel in two, and instead of being amidships the crash began on a line in the rear of the engine and wheel house. Thus the instantaneous and utter disabling and sinking of the tow ships was avoided, as also the wholesale loss of life incident thereto. As it was the loss of life and property were small in comparison with the alarming peril.
"After personal inquiry made on both of the succeeding days in the steerage department, wehre all the casualties occurred, I believe the list of death embraces not more than 12 persons, including two children, and the list of wounded less than 20, and most of the wounds were not severe. The two children and one woman were horribly mangled, and must have died instantly. Several men were knocked into the water, one of whom was rescued, and six were said to be still missing yesterday afternoon, and were believed by their associates in the steerage to have been drowned. Among the few severely wounded was an old man who lost both legs, a woman who lost a limb, and a man an eye. All the casualties were confined to the Britannic.
"The Celtic lost the main part of her bow, her anchor, and her forward compartment. On the Britannic the wreck began on the port side, aft the engine room, making a great hole in the side, thus freely admitting the water into the next compartment, the one containing the baggage of the steerage passengers, and extended a distance aft of about 180 feet, embracing the side works, boats, and other fixtures of that side above the hull, until the extreme rear end of the ship was reached. The heavy iron plates, rails, beams, posts, bolts, and other fixtures had been bent, broken, torn asunder, and massed in piles or scattered as the bow of the Celtic crashed into us. Indeed the whole side of the vessel above the hull along the track of the wreck was a complete ruin.
"Although the opinion was nearly, if not quite, universal that the Britannic would soon go down, and great excitement and panic instantly prevailed, the behavior of the passengers generally was considerate and most commendable. The officers soon sent proper persons to investigate the ship's condition; others to lower the seven unwrecked boats and convey the passengers as rapidly as possible to the already loaded Celtic, which appeared to have sustained no other injuries than those I have just mentioned, and which, since the collision, had laid by not far distant in order to render any assistance possible. By the time five boatloads were safely transferred Capt. Perry, of the Britannic, found there was no immediate danger to the remaining passengers, and ordered their transfer to the other ship to stop. Conference was held with the Captain of the Celtic and the conclusion was reached that, while both vessels were seriously injured, neither was wholly disabled, and that, under all the circumstances, it would be best to head both for New-York, obtaining such assistance as might be possible from such passing vessels as might be met. Both Captains promised to keep within short hailing distance. The great opening in the hull of the Britannic was closed by barricades of mattresses and canvas coverings let down from the ship and held in place by immense chains and ropes, so drawn as to protect and strengthen the portions of the vessels exposed by the collision. Temporary provision was made for the wounded and for passengers driven from their quarters by the disaster. It was nearly midnight before the vessels were able to start for New-York.
"Early Friday forenoon the British steamship Marengo, plying as a freight boat between Hull and New-York, hove in sight to the southward, and was hailed by the Britannic with signals of distress. She immediately came up, and her Captain agreed to stand by us. Soon afterward the British Queen, of the Inman Line, came up and also consented to accompany us. These arrangements were made because, while our ship was in no danger of sinking in a quiet sea, if a gale were to arise the peril would be very great. The Captain informed us while we were assembled in the saloon that there was no further danger if the sea remained quiet, and in case of a storm he could transfer us to the other vessels in two hours, while our ship would not sink under four hours. The four steamers, therefore, steamed along in company toward New-York at the rate of about six or seven miles an hour, arriving off Sandy Hook a little after midnight. When the Britannic's Captain ordered the men to lower the boats," Dr. Depuy said, "several of the firemen left their posts and jumped into one of the boats, crowding out the ladies who wee waiting to be lowered. They rowed hurriedly to the Celtic, but later on, when they found that the Britannic was not going to sink at once, they returned. As they crept up the side of the Britannic, with same showing in their faces, the Captain greeted them with the simple comment, "Shame on your!" and they disappeared in the engine room. When the first orders to lower the boats were given there was some confusion among the crew. This was probably caused by the loss of some of the boats, which broke up the regular assignments of men to each boat. The disorder was, however, speedily corrected, although the Captain had to flourish his largest revolver in the faces of a lot of the steerage passengers, who had made a rush for the boats, and some of whom had already got into them.
"One young steerage passenger, who was on his way to Ireland to bring back a bride, seized one of the lines dangling over the side of the ship. Before he could reach the boat the rope was cut by one of the petty officers, and the bridegroom-elect dropped into the sea. He was fished out by passengers and the steerage cook."
"We left New-York Wednesday about 2:30 P.M. The weather was fair up to dark, and next morning came clear and bright. The Britannic made a good run until noon Thursday, when the fog came down upon us. Our bell was started ringing, and well it might be kept going, because you could not distinguish a ship at times tow furlongs off, and even some moments a single furlong off. The fog grew thicker as the day wore on. We heard the bell of some passing steamer on our left, but did not learn who she was. When 5 o'clock came we were about 370 miles from New-York City and still going at what seemed full speed. I was standing on the larboard side, midway, on the upper deck, looking forward. The other cabin passengers were grouped mostly on the upper deck forward. The 250 steerage people were aft.
"It was just a little before dinner time and presently, as we were all lounging easily about, we heard the sound of an approaching vessel. I heard its horn or bell and hurried over to the port side, where it appeared to come from. I leaned over the rail but saw nothing. A minute passed and then, looming up in the fog, rose the prow of a big ship. It was the Celtic, and it seemed as if she would strike us right on the engine rooms and break the steamer in two. But I think she reversed her engines, for she did not seem to be coming on as fast as we were going ahead. Her course was such that, if she had been going faster, she might have crossed our prow and we would have just scraped her stern. If she had been six seconds slower or faster the collision might have been escaped. If she had been going just a second faster she would have hit us in the engine rooms and that would have been destruction.
"When the Celtic came right up to us she seemed to swerve a little and the first blow was received right behind the engine rooms. There was a severe shock felt and a scene of tremendous excitement followed. The women shrieked and some fainted. The children clung to their mothers with blanched faces and the men trembled with fear. I think the Celtic hit us just two feet behind the engine rooms, and immediately after the blow the Celtic recoiled and instantly came on us again. We passed on, and as the Celtic came upon the Britannic the second time she advanced more bluntly, and, indeed, almost so as to make a very obtuse angle. Her prow ran into the Britannic fully 10 feet it seemed, breaking the railing into bits and reaching over into the cabin. Besides, a big hole was stove into our vessel below her water line and immediately the sea rushed in and then the ship sank, so that she was two feet lower in her after portion than she was before.
"A panic seized the passengers. The noise of the collision, the snapping of iron bars and bolts and the crushing of woodwork was appalling, and then above the sounds of wreck and out of the fearful mist rose hoarse commands and curses, and far worse than all the piercing shrieks of the dying and the moans of the injured. It was an awful thing to see and a terrible thing to hear. There was confusing and dismay.
"A moment passed and again we were struck. Not a soul on board at that minute could seem to dare to hope for life. The Celtic seemed worse than a ship simply running into us. Twice her immense weight had been launched on us, and now a third time, like a fighting torpedo ram, she pushed her iron nose right on to our stern. There was a sound of ripping and the Britannic's side far back to the stern was stripped of its plates for fully 20 feet. It was a time to think of one's past and to count the moments before eternity. Soon the Britannic seemed still once more, and off to our larboard we could distinguish the dim outline of the Celtic, who had gone around by our stern and passed off to the other side. She seemed to stop there, and we too lay quite a little distance off.
"Capt. Perry, I understand, gave orders to leave the Britannic. At any rate, the boats that hadn't been damaged-for three of the life launches had been smashed in the second collision-were lowered. The passengers watched them eagerly. All had fastened life preservers around their waists and some of the men pushed themselves forward madly to the front. Some of the men-though they are not worthy of the name-piled down into the first boats launched. A lot of firemen, (I think there were 20, though perhaps there were not more than 15,) jumped into a boat and pulled off to the Celtic. The Captain saw them and was angry. He whipped out his pistol and, pointing it in a menacing way, declared that the women and the children must have the first chance and that he would shoot the first man who would be brutal enough to get in a boat ahead of the women.
"Five boat loads of passengers wee shipped to the Celtic. Another, the last that reached the Celtic, was seen to turn back. Then we wee frightened again, for we at once imagined that the Celtic had begin to sink and that they were going to send the people over to us. But our fear turned into slight rejoicing when we learned that an examination had been made that there were good grounds to believe that the Britannic would not sink. But we could not be sure really of anything, because the pumps wee going and we knew that one compartment was all filled. Still the engines wee not injured, and the Captain and the crew seemed to know what they were about and appeared extremely anxious to look out for the people in their care. In all the helter skelter they behaved remarkably well, so far as I was able to see. The cowardly firemen, I learned afterward, who crowded into one boat and went to the Celtic did not belong to the Britannic's regular crew.
"Well, after the heat of the confusion had passed-and it was a pretty hot time for an hour I can assure you-we had some chance to learn about still further horrors. It was not a comforting thing to learn that some of the steerage passengers who had been lounging about the deck abaft midships had been killed by the second crash. We did not get then, or at any subsequent time, any official statement about the loss of life, but it was pretty well understood all around that at least six persons were knocked out of life and that 12 were injured. I believe that three men, one woman, and one little girl were killed almost instantly. Besides these the leg of a child was found, and no one of the injured has been discovered to whom the leg belongs and no body has been picked up yet which the leg will fit. So thee are six dead at least. The injured included one man who had two legs broken, a woman with her hip smashed, and some children who were hurt in various ways. They and the dead all had passage in the steerage. The deaths and injuries were caused by the falling pieces of iron and the flying bolts and splinters of wood.
"We lay still after the collision. What was taking place on the Celtic, and what had occurred there, and how the Celtic had fared were things that we knew nothing about. Outside of mere curiosity and suspense, our feelings, of course, were intensely painful, and in addition, some of the passengers taken to the Celtic-some 60 in all-had friends or relatives aboard the Britannic. This intensified the anguish of those on the Britannic, and it is not strange that emotion overcame many of the women, and that the men felt queer. But there were some who went about calming the fears of the faint hearted, and a slight feeling of confidence came to those on board as the night came on. Still the slightest noise would startle the nervous, and on the whole it was exciting and awful.
"About 7 o'clock the Captain of the Celtic came on board and conferred with Capt. Perry. They talked the whole thing over and concluded that there was no immediate danger, and that the best thing to do would be to remain near one another and, if possible, return later to New-York. About 12 o'clock Thursday night, some seven hours after the accident, we put our engines going slowly, with our prows turned toward Sandy Hook. Our speed was not greater than six or seven knots an hour. We kept well together, and though the fact that the vessels could move relieved the passengers a little, still there were not many who slept well on the Britannic that night.
"After most of the people had gone to their cabins and before morning came the officers decided to bury the dead. It was a grim and solemn ceremony. Few of the passengers were on deck. Something of a service was held, but it was not long, and one by one the five bodies and the unknown leg were lifted over the rail and dropped with a solemn splash into the ocean. A burial at sea is impressive at all times, but this burial, after what had taken place and under the circumstances, was deeply and intensely impressive.
"About 7 o'clock Friday morning the Marengo, of the Wilson Line, overtook us. The day had dawned almost gloriously it seemed, and we who had 12 hours before felt that we had seen the sun for the last time, thanked heaven that once more our eyes looked upon the sky. The Marengo was sighted by our ship perhaps before she saw us, and by flag signals our condition was explained to her. When she came up and said that she was bound for New-York and would go along with us a great load was lifted from the hearts of all on board. It inspired confidence, and as the ship's watches were rung it seemed after all as if we could call our lives our own and that we had much to be thankful for. That afternoon we saw what we thought was a German vessel, but she refused to help us or answer our signals satisfactorily. In the evening-Friday-about 6 o'clock, we hailed another passing ship. It was the British Queen, and she, too, was bound for New-York. She slowed up and came on with us. All this made us feel better, and that night we got some sleep. Still there were few who did not have life preservers about them. Several other vessels passed us, but we did not need their services. A pilot in a sailboat came up, too, to take us in the harbor.
"The Eturia passed us, too, Saturday and brought on in advance to New-York the story of the mishap, or, at any rate, a part of it. I wasn't up at the time the White Star agent came on board from New-York, but I imagine he got here some time early Sunday morning before daylight. At any rate he went away and ordered a tug sent down to take off the Britannic's people. We were informed of her coming and there were many who felt mighty glad when they knew there was going to be a chance to leave the injured ship. We reached the bar about 1 o'clock Sunday morning and remained there. The Fletcher came alongside about 8 o'clock, and it took about an hour to fill her up with our baggage and then get on board. At 9 o'clock we started, and about noon we got to the White Star dock. Of course the 60 or so of our passengers who were transferred to the Celtic did not come up with us on the Fletcher. There was a great deal of grumbling among the passengers on account of the accident and the delay it will cause them. So far no arrangement has been made with us as to any compensation for our damages or as to how we shall get passage to Liverpool. But I suppose the company will do what is proper.
"The Britannic is rather badly damaged, on the whole. The débris, when it was cleared off, showed that the shocks were indeed terrific. The big hole that was made in the Britannic's side would have let in enough water to sink us if the ship had not been built in compartments. When it was possible to get at it, they stuffed mattresses and sails into it and tried to pad it so as to stop the leaking, but it didn't seem to do much good. Some of the passengers carried off broken nuts and twisted pieces of bolts that had been broken like reeds. They took them as mementoes of the accident."
"As the Celtic closely approached the Britannic the passengers began to cheer and wave handkerchiefs. Suddenly the cry was heard that she would strike us, and men, women, and children, mostly steerage passengers, made a rush to get away and many were thrown down. A terrible crash followed, the Celtic scooping away boats and bulwarks from the quarter deck right up to the stern, iron two inches thick being torn as if of paper, and even one of the wrought iron davits, four inches in diameter, was riven in twain as if of wood. Many of the passengers had not time to get away, and when the mischief was done several bodies, some of them terribly mutilated, lay among the wreckage. Several passengers were seen with bleeding heads, and others were limping about. Women and children were screeching, and one woman was crying out to be released from the weight of iron framework which held her down. I assisted to get her out. She was badly bruised, but no bones were broken.
"The Captain of the Britannic immediately gave orders for the boast to be lowered, and the Celtic, with part of her prow carried away, was standing by and was also sending off boats to our assistance. The boast at the stern of the Brittannic[sic] were difficult to launch, some woodwork upon which one of them rested having to be knocked away before she could be released. One of the life rafts had been injured in the collision, but an attempt was made to get the other free. An axe had to be used in this case also to cut away obstructions. Meanwhile, and after about 150 passengers had been transferred to the Celtic, it was considered by the officers of the Britannic that there was in immediate danger, the doors of the water-tight compartments having been closed.
"A hole, however, about three feet in diameter had been made in the side of the Britannic a few feet aft the engine room and partly below the water line. This hole allowed the water to get into the compartment occupied by the steerage passengers, and which also contained their baggage. This large space was soon filled with water up level with the second deck, and the poor passengers, not having time to secure anything, suffered great inconvenience. A large quantity of water appeared also to have penetrated hold No. 5, causing the ship's stern to sink six or eight feet. The assurance that there was no danger put the passengers in better spirits. Still the unfortunate male steerage passengers, who had been 'drowned out,' had literally no where to lay their heads. Some of them at last went into the married men's quarters and slept on seats or on the floor, and others, with life belts for pillows, stretched themselves on the deck, and thus spent three nights. I should mention here that there was great difficulty in getting the life belts at the time of the collision, none of the passengers appearing to know where they were kept. Eventually they were directed to the steerage, and here, behind the single women's berths, and right at the stern the life belts were stowed away.
"The passengers on board the Britannic wee remarkably self-possessed. The men not only assisted in lowering the boats, but attended to the wounded. Among the wounded was a man named Fowler, who was going to Ireland, and he begged not to be left on board to be drowned. He had a broken thigh. A man named Burke, a miner from Scranton, Penn., received serious injuries to his side and had his body badly bruised. Another man had his head badly cut, and many had contusions or cuts. One of those most seriously hurt was young Robinson, whose little sister was killed. The mother was taking these two children from their home at Fall River to Stockport, England, for a couple of months, and she had a return ticket. Just before the collision the little girl went on deck to look for her brother, and there was caught in the wreckage. The mother was horrified at seeing the mutilated remains of the child, but had the presence of mind to drag from under a mass of wreckage her little boy. He was dreadfully cut about the face, and his body was much bruised. One of the men who was killed was called Tremberth. His wife could not realize that he was dead. She moaned and cried continually. She had no money, and a steerage passenger made a collection for her among the saloon passengers, getting about $26.
"While we were being transferred to the city on the William Fletcher one incident almost caused a panic. Her engines were suddenly stopped and the fog whistle sounded vigorously and prolonged. The cause of this was the appearance of a big steamer, which appeared to be steering directly down upon us. With great promptitude and coolness the wheelman of the Fletcher avoided a disaster, and the passengers, who were rushing to one side of the boat, were soon assured of their safety."
"I am afraid that I can only give you a very tame account of it. Yet it is an experience that I will not forget. I think it was about 5 o'clock last Thursday. My wife and I were in our stateroom-the Captain's room on the hurricane deck-when I noticed several of the passengers rush past our door, talking in an excited manner. I told my wife that something unusual was going on, and went out on deck. In the meantime, and, indeed, for some time past, our whistles had been blowing-no, not blowing, but shrieking, and making to my ears a terrific noise. I noticed off our bows a big steamer coming toward and at right angles to us. I warned my wife that there might be a collision and went aft. The Captain gave (as I afterward learned) orders to put on all steam.
"I was standing about amidships. The Celtic came swiftly on and, swerving a little toward our bows, struck us with fearful force a short distance back from the engine room. That was a terrible moment. A big hole was made in the side. Our rail was torn and sliced as neatly as could be. It curled up forward, and in its path killed four men and wounded others. One of our water compartments immediately filled. For a while there was great excitement. Then the order was given to lower the boats. Some men lost their heads and started to crowd the boats. Then came the stern order to let the women and children first get in. All the officers of the Britannic were remarkably cool and at their posts."
"Yes," added Mrs. Huntington, "and all the women on board acted bravely, and not one of them fainted."
"Well," continued Mr. Huntington, "after a while something like quiet was restored. The débris was cleared away and the dead and wounded were looked after. Many passengers were transferred to the Celtic. The next day we met and signaled an outgoing Hamburg Line steamer, but she passed on. We signaled a Wilson Line steamer, which came to our assistance, and later the British Queen joined us. On Saturday the Etruria was sighted. I could see her with the naked eye. We showed distress signals, but they were either not seen or else disregarded, for she, too, passed on. At last we reached home and were landed.
"I must not finish, however, without complimenting the officers of the Britannic for their coolness and excellent behavior. I think that when I return to Europe I will go on the Britannic. As to which ship was responsible for the accident I cannot say. Both had been blowing their whistles for some time before the collision. The ship that deserves the blame, however, it is safe to say, is the one that was out of her course."
The Story From The Celtic.
The Celtic, Capt. Irving, left Queenstown May 12, with 104 cabin and 765 steerage passengers. The afternoon of Thursday, May 19, she was 350 miles east of Sandy Hook and was picking her way through a dense fog. The fog whistle was kept sounding constantly, and the steamer was going at half speed. Through the mist came the blasts of another steamer's whistle, and at 5:20 P.M., as the Celtic shot out of a bank of fog, the Britannic loomed up, pursuing a course that would take her across the bows of the west bound steamer.
The Celtic's engines were reversed, but the vessels were too close together before they saw one another to avoid the collision. The Celtic, with her speed somewhat diminished, struck her sister ship just aft of the mizzenmast, on the port side, and ground and bumped her way along the Britannic's side. It was a glancing blow, but it tore away the Celtic's stem. No one was upon her forward whale back at the time and no one on board of the vessel was injured. The shock was not very great, but for a few minutes the scene on board the big steamer was such as would naturally follow any accident at sea. Men and women had but one thought-to save their lives. A panic was ready to break out, but it did not, for the efforts of Capt. Irving and his officers, who worked nobly, and the fact that the steamer seemed in no likelihood of sinking, were effective. It was a very pale crowd of passengers on the decks, but it was not one that seemed likely to lose its head and make a mad dash for the boats. The forward bulkhead seemed to be in no danger of yielding and everybody's spirits rose as the minutes passed. At all events, the Celtic was in no immediate peril of going to the bottom. They were recovering from their alarm when the transfer of the passengers from the Britannic began. The first and most important question for those on the Celtic was, Would the forward bulkhead withstand the strain put upon it! But it held, and the Celtic soon forged ahead in safety.
"I found," said one of the Britannic's passengers who trusted his fate to the Celtic and reached the city late last night, "that the collision had produced a good deal of havoc forward on the Celtic. The blow had knocked in 10 or 12 feet of the plates to the water line. Some of the plates had been bent short across-that is, into a right angle by the force of the collision. They formed a sort of fence across the hole in the bow, and for some reason or other the fact was a consolation to us, for it seemed as though even the broken plates were doing their best to keep us from harm."
Mrs. B.B. Reath, of Philadelphia, was another of the transferred passengers. She said last night that she had found the people on the Celtic pretty well out of their panic by the time she reached their ship. Mr. Worth, another passenger, said that the shock of the collision was not very great on board the Celtic. For a time there was something of a panic, but it was quickly stopped. Nobody being injured the people were more easily reassured.
Of the Britannic's representatives on the Celtic more than 40 were steerage passengers. The cabin passengers were taken care of as well as could be expected under the circumstances, but the steerage contingent had to get along as best it could. There was nothing to do but take what was given them, however, and that by no means came up to their ideas of what was necessary. They complain that they were not given a sufficiency of food and that they had to sleep on beds which were mere planks. But they all lived through it.
The Celtic reached the Bar at 12:45 A.M. yesterday. A tug visited her and took off her mails early in the day. The Fletcher went down the bay in the afternoon to take off her passengers, but it was not until 6 o'clock that she got alongside. There was a fog at the time and enough sea on to render the work of disembarking the passengers difficult. As a result, the Celtic's people elected to stay by her for the night.
The cabin passengers of the Celtic are the following: A.E. Alderson, G.B. Bernard, E.S. Barker, Mr. and Mrs. W.L. Bishop, Miss J.C. Chapman, the Rev. W.E. Clarke and family, William A. Cadbury, R.M. Clark, James Chapman, W.A. Deakin, Hugh England, Henry Goodman, Dr. Guerin, A.D. Hill, Mrs. A.S. Hill, T. Harwood, L. Iveson, F.B.S. Jarvis, William Jones, Mr. and Mrs. G.J. Jones, Miss M. Marriage, J.T. McCollam, J.B. Manby, R.S. McPhail, William McLaren, Mr. and Mrs. W.N. Potter, Norman Rayner, C.E. Reay, J.A. Richardson, John Smith, Miss V.F. Sands, H. Altman, Mr. Shearman, Mrs. Spring, Miss G. Spring, John Temple and family, Miss S. Tumley, A.W. Turner, Miss Waterbury, Wallace Whitlock, the Rev. J. Williams, and I. Hamilton.
How many lives were lost cannot be accurately stated until the roster is called for both ships. The Rev. Dr. Depuy, on careful investigation, is certain that 12 were killed and that 20 were injured. Purser Musgrove, in his official statement, covers the number with the word "several." A physician who made a close search thinks that seven bodies wee buried, and feels sure that others were drowned and lost int eh confusion.
ROBINSON, _____, a girl, aged 13, of Fall River, Mass., bound for Stockport, England.
TRENHIRTH, John G., a miner, from Morris County, N.J., bound for Ireland, with his wife.
LAWLER, William, aged 65, single, from St. Louis, dislocated hip.
BURKE, Patrick, aged 47, married, from Wilkesbarre, Penn., fracture of one rib and right leg.
ROBINSON, George, boy, 14 years old, and brother of the girl who was killed, was sitting near her when the collision occurred. Both were at work cleaning some vegetables. Young Robinson suffered a compound fracture of the right arm and a scalp would. He was with his mother at a West-street hotel last night.
HOLLAND, Mark, of Youngstown, Ohio, had a finger cut off by a broken plate. He was thrown down and bruised and his clothes torn.
VAUGN, Annie, New-York, suffering from shock and exposure.
WILLAMS, Jane, of Fall River, arm bruised and sprained badly.
NOONEY, Rose, of New-York, hurt about the face and back.
At all the lodging houses were people more or less bruised, but they did not count their hurts as serious in the joy of getting back on land.
There were three Sisters of the Order of St. John the Baptist on board the Britannic. When the collision was imminent they remained on deck cool and collected. As soon as the crashes came they moved about among the frightened people, and, by assuring word and smiling countenance, kept them from plunging overboard in their paroxysm of fear. When the trembling steerage passengers saw the dismembered bodies of some of their own number staining the deck with blood they descended into the steerage, and while others of the cabin people were scurrying to and fro to gather portable baggage and embark in the boats, these women of the church, forgetful of their own safety, heroically addressed the inmates of the steerage and calmed their excitement.
An Englishman who stood about 20 feet from the point where the Celtic cut into the Britannic was very cool. He looked at the prow of the attacking steamer and calmly said: "She will evidently give us a deuce of a dig, but I cannot say just where." His face was as unruffled as if he were telling some one the time of day.
There were some amusing incidents among the many scenes of terror and despair. A young man approached Capt. Perry, of the Britannic, as the Captain was about to send word to the Celtic to have some of his passengers returned to the Britannic. He said: "Captain, my wife's over there, and we haven't been married a week, either." The Captain arranged for their reunion.
An emigrant weighing about 250 pounds, who had been refused admission to one of the boats, made a jump for it just as it was shoving off. He struck the water a few feet from the stern of the launch, and a line was thrown him there and he was drawn alongside. Two brawny sailors reached for him and tried to life him into the boat, but his garments weren't strong, and they parted, and in his struggles they were almost all torn off. All efforts to get him on board failed until a rope was fastened around a belt the fellow had around his waist under his clothes, and with a rope tied to that the Britannic's sailors towed him around the stern to one side.
Among the cabin passengers of the Britannic wee José M. Miyares and his wife, of Cuba. The Señor tried his utmost to induce his wife to take the last place in one of the boats. She stubbornly refused and threw herself into her husband's arms exclaiming: "No, I will die here with you, if needs be."
Resolved, That we would record our deep sense of gratitude to Almighty God for the merciful deliverance vouchsafed to us in our late circumstances of extreme peril. We are pleased to have this opportunity of testifying our entire confidence in Capt. Irving, the commander of the Celtic, believing that he did all that was possible to prevent the collision, and, after this had occurred, by his able seamanship and presence of mind he saved his steamer and the lives of all on board. Captain Irving's courage and coolness in time of danger had the effect of at once allaying fears and stopping any panic which might have arisen among the thousand people on the ship.
We would therefore ask Capt. Irving to accept this expression of our appreciation of his noble conduct and of his unvarying courtesy and attention to both his own passengers and those from the Britannic.
To the chief engineer, Mr. Hugh Currie, and his staff our tanks are especially due for their skillful and successful efforts to protect the broken stem of the Celtic, to erect a temporary bulkhead, and also to secure the watertight compartments; to Mr. Clarke and the other officers of the ship for so ably seconding Capt. Irving, and to the purser, Mr. Durbridge; Dr. Fenwick, and Chief Steward May for their unremitting attention and care of the large accession to the passengers.
We feel greater confidence in the White Star Line when we know that after such a terrific collision both the Celtic and Britannic are able to steam to New-York, as, unless the vessels had been of enormous strength and their compartments and watertight doors thoroughly efficient, the consequences might have been much more serious. The commodore of the line, Capt. Perry, also deserves our thanks for keeping the steamers British Queen and Marengo, and thus doing everything possible to secure safety and inspire the passengers with confidence. | 2019-04-24T19:45:28Z | http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Wrecks/brit&celtic.shtml |
King Philip's War, sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, or Metacom's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–78. The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, known to the English as "King Philip". Major Benjamin Church emerged as the Puritan hero of the war; it was his company of Puritan rangers and Native American allies that finally hunted down and killed King Philip on August 12, 1676. The war continued in northern New England (primarily in Maine at the New England and Acadia border) until a treaty was signed at Casco Bay in April 1678.
The war was the single greatest calamity to occur in seventeenth-century Puritan New England. In the space of little more than a year, twelve of the region's towns were destroyed and many more damaged, the colony's economy was all but ruined, and much of its population was killed, including one-tenth of all men available for military service. More than half of New England's towns were attacked by Native American warriors.
Plymouth, Massachusetts, was established in 1620 with significant early help from local Native Americans, particularly Squanto and Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoag tribe. Subsequent colonists founded Salem, Boston, and many small towns around Massachusetts Bay between 1628 and 1640, at a time of increased English immigration. With a wave of immigration, and their building of towns such as Windsor, Connecticut (est. 1633), Hartford, Connecticut (est. 1636), Springfield, Massachusetts (est. 1636), Northampton, Massachusetts (est. 1654) and Providence, Rhode Island (est. 1636), the colonists progressively encroached on the traditional territories of the several Algonquian-speaking tribes in the region. Prior to King Philip's War, tensions fluctuated between tribes of Native Americans and the colonists, but relations were generally peaceful.
Twenty thousand colonists settled in New England during the Great Migration. Colonial officials of the Rhode Island, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and the New Haven colonies each developed separate relations with the Wampanoag, Nipmuck, Narragansett, Mohegan, Pequot, and other tribes of New England, whose territories historically had differing boundaries. Many of the neighboring tribes had been traditional competitors and enemies. As the colonial population increased, the New Englanders expanded their settlements along the region's coastal plain and up the Connecticut River valley. By 1675 they had established a few small towns in the interior between Boston and the Connecticut River settlements.
Throughout the Northeast, the Native Americans had suffered severe population losses as a result of pandemics of smallpox, spotted fever, typhoid, and measles, infectious diseases carried by European fishermen, starting in about 1618, two years before the first colony at Plymouth had been settled. Shifting alliances among the different Algonquian peoples, represented by leaders such as Massasoit, Sassacus, Uncas and Ninigret, and the colonial polities negotiated a troubled peace for several decades.
For almost half a century after the colonists' arrival, Massasoit of the Wampanoag had maintained an uneasy alliance with the English to benefit from their trade goods and as a counter-weight to his tribe's traditional enemies, the Pequot, Narragansett, and the Mohegan. Massasoit had to accept colonial incursion into Wampanoag territory as well as English political interference with his tribe. Maintaining good relations with the English became increasingly difficult, as the English colonists continued pressuring the Indians to sell land.
Metacomet, called "King Philip" by the English, became sachem of the Pokanoket and Grand Sachem of the Wampanoag Confederacy after the death in 1662 of his older brother, the Grand Sachem Wamsutta (called "Alexander" by the English). The latter had succeeded their father Massasoit (d. 1661) as chief. Well known to the English before his ascension as paramount chief to the Wampanoag, Metacomet distrusted the colonists. Wamsutta had been visiting the Marshfield home of Josiah Winslow, the governor of the Plymouth Colony, for peaceful negotiations, and became ill after being given a "portion of working physic" by a Doctor Fuller.
The colonists had put in place laws making it illegal to do commerce with the Wampanoags. When the Plymouth colonists found out that Wamsutta had sold a parcel of land to Roger Williams, Josiah Winslow, the governor of the Plymouth Colony, had Wamsutta arrested even though Wampanoags that lived outside of colonist jurisdiction were not accountable to Plymouth Colony laws. Wamsutta's wife, Weetamoe, attempted to bring the chief back to Pokanoket. However, on the Taunton River the party saw that the end was near, and after beaching their canoes, Alexander died under an oak tree within viewing distance of Mount Hope.
Metacomet began negotiating with the other Algonquian tribes against the Plymouth Colony soon after the deaths of his father Massasoit and his brother Wamsutta. His action was a reaction to the colonists' refusal to stop buying land and establishment of new settlements, combined with Wamsutta / Alexander's suspicious death.
The white population of New England totaled about 80,000 people. They lived in 110 towns, of which 64 were in the Massachusetts Colony, which then included the southwestern portion of the present state of Maine. The towns had about 16,000 men of military age who were almost all part of the militia—universal training was prevalent in all colonial New England towns. Many towns had built strong garrison houses for defense, and others had stockades enclosing most of the houses. All of these were strengthened as the war progressed. Some poorly populated towns without enough men to defend them were abandoned. Each town had local militias, based on all eligible men, who had to supply their own arms. Only those who were too old, too young, disabled, or clergy were excused from military service. The militias were usually only minimally trained and initially did relatively poorly against the warring Indians until more effective training and tactics could be devised. Joint forces of militia volunteers and volunteer Indian allies were found to be the most effective. The officers were usually elected by popular vote of the militia members. The Indian allies of the colonists—the Mohegans and Praying Indians—numbered about 1,000, with about 200 warriors.
By 1676, the regional Native American population had decreased to about 10,000 Indians (exact numbers are unavailable), largely because of epidemics. These included about 4,000 Narragansett of western Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut; 2,400 Nipmuck of central and western Massachusetts; and 2,400 combined in the Massachusett and Pawtucket tribes, living about Massachusetts Bay and extending northwest to Maine. The Wampanoag and Pokanoket of Plymouth and eastern Rhode Island are thought to have numbered fewer than 1,000. About one in four were considered to be warriors. By then the Indians had almost universally adopted steel knives, tomahawks, and flintlock muskets as their weapons of choice. The various tribes had no common government. They had distinct cultures and often warred among themselves. Despite different cultures they each spoke a version of the Algonquian language family.
John Sassamon, a Native American Christian convert ("Praying Indian") and early Harvard graduate, translator, and adviser to Metacomet, was a figure in the outbreak of the war. He told the governor of Plymouth Colony that Metacomet was intending to gather allies for Native American attacks on widely dispersed colonial settlements.
King Philip was brought before a public court to answer to the rumors, and after the court officials admitted they had no proof, they warned him that any other rumors—baseless or otherwise—would result in their confiscating Wampanoag land and guns. Not long after, Sassamon was murdered and his body was found in the ice-covered Assawompset Pond. Historians disagree on the reasons for his death, and Jill Lepore notes that most relate to his role as "cultural mediator," negotiating with both sides and no longer belonging to either.
On the testimony of a Native American, the Plymouth Colony officials arrested three Wampanoag, who included one of Metacomet's counselors. A jury, among whom were six Indian elders, convicted the men of Sassamon's murder. The men were executed by hanging on June 8, 1675 (O.S.), at Plymouth. Some Wampanoag believed that both the trial and the court's sentence infringed on Wampanoag sovereignty.
In response to the trial and executions, on June 20, 1675 (O.S.) a band of Pokanoket, possibly without Metacomet's approval, attacked several isolated homesteads in the small Plymouth colony settlement of Swansea. Laying siege to the town, they destroyed it five days later and killed several people. On June 27, 1675 (O.S.) (July 7, 1675 New style date; See Old Style and New Style dates), a full eclipse of the moon occurred in the New England area. Various tribes in New England looked at it as a good omen for attacking the colonists. Officials from the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies responded quickly to the attacks on Swansea; on June 28 they sent a punitive military expedition that destroyed the Wampanoag town at Mount Hope (modern Bristol, Rhode Island).
The war quickly spread, and soon involved the Podunk and Nipmuck tribes. During the summer of 1675, the Native Americans attacked at Middleborough and Dartmouth (July 8), Mendon (July 14), Brookfield (August 2), and Lancaster (August 9). In early September they attacked Deerfield, Hadley, and Northfield (possibly giving rise to the Angel of Hadley legend).
The New England Confederation, comprising the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, New Haven Colony and Connecticut Colony, declared war on the Native Americans on September 9, 1675. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, settled mostly by Puritan dissidents, tried to remain mostly neutral, but like the Narragansett they were dragged inexorably into the conflict. The next colonial expedition was to recover crops from abandoned fields along the Connecticut River for the coming winter and included almost 100 farmers/militia plus teamsters to drive the wagons. They were ambushed, with about 50 colonists being killed, in the Battle of Bloody Brook (near Hadley, Massachusetts) on September 18, 1675.
The next attack was organized on October 5, 1675, on the Connecticut River's largest settlement at the time, Springfield, Massachusetts. During the attack, nearly all of Springfield's buildings were burned to the ground, including the town's grist mill. Most of the Springfielders who escaped unharmed took cover at the house of Miles Morgan, a resident who had constructed one of Springfield's few fortified blockhouses. An Indian servant who worked for Morgan managed to escape and later alerted the Massachusetts Bay troops under the command of Major Samuel Appleton, who broke through to Springfield and drove off the attackers. Morgan's sons were famous Indian fighters in the territory. The Indians in battle killed his son, Peletiah, in 1675. Springfielders later honored Miles Morgan with a large statue in Court Square.
On November 2, Plymouth Colony governor Josiah Winslow led a combined force of colonial militia against the Narragansett tribe. The Narragansett had not been directly involved in the war, but they had sheltered many of the Wampanoag women and children. Several of their warriors were reported in several Indian raiding parties. The colonists distrusted the tribe and did not understand the various alliances. As the colonial forces went through Rhode Island, they found and burned several Indian towns which had been abandoned by the Narragansett, who had retreated to a massive fort in a frozen swamp. The cold weather in December froze the swamp so it was relatively easy to traverse. Led by an Indian guide, on a very cold December 16, 1675, the colonial force found the Narragansett fort near present-day South Kingstown, Rhode Island. A combined force of Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Connecticut militia numbering about 1,000 men, including about 150 Pequots and Mohican Indian allies, attacked the Indian fort. The fierce battle that followed is known as the Great Swamp Fight. It is believed that the militia killed about 300 Narragansett (exact figures are unavailable). The militia burned the fort (occupying over 5 acres (20,000 m2) of land) and destroyed most of the tribe's winter stores.
Most of the Narragansett warriors and their families escaped into the frozen swamp. Facing a winter with little food and shelter, the entire surviving Narragansett tribe was forced out of quasi-neutrality and joined the fight. The colonists lost many of their officers in this assault: about 70 of their men were killed and nearly 150 more wounded. Lacking supplies for an extended campaign the rest of the colonial assembled forces returned to their homes. The nearby towns in Rhode Island provided care for the wounded until they could return to their homes.
Throughout the winter of 1675–76, Native Americans attacked and destroyed more frontier settlements in their effort to expel the English colonists. Attacks were made at Andover, Bridgewater, Chelmsford, Groton, Lancaster, Marlborough, Medfield, Medford, Millis, Portland, Providence, Rehoboth, Scituate, Seekonk, Simsbury, Sudbury, Suffield, Warwick, Weymouth, and Wrentham, including what is modern-day Plainville. The famous account written and published by Mary Rowlandson after the war gives a colonial captive's perspective on the conflict.
The spring of 1676 marked the high point for the combined tribes when, on March 12, they attacked Plymouth Plantation. Though the town withstood the assault, the natives had demonstrated their ability to penetrate deep into colonial territory. They attacked three more settlements: Longmeadow (near Springfield), Marlborough, and Simsbury were attacked two weeks later. They killed Captain Pierce and a company of Massachusetts soldiers between Pawtucket and the Blackstone's settlement. Several colonial men were allegedly tortured and buried at Nine Men's Misery in $4, as part of the Native Americans' ritual treatment of enemies. The natives burned the abandoned capital of Providence to the ground on March 29. At the same time, a small band of Native Americans infiltrated and burned part of Springfield while the militia was away.
The tide of war slowly began to turn in the colonists' favor later in the spring of 1676, as it became a war of attrition; both sides were determined to eliminate the other. The Native Americans had succeeded in driving the colonists back into their larger towns, but the Indians' supplies, particularly in powder and lead, nearly always sufficient for only a season or so, were running out. The few hundred colonists of Rhode Island became an island colony for a time as their capital at Providence was sacked and burned and the colonists were driven back to Newport and Portsmouth on Aquidneck Island. The Connecticut River towns with their thousands of acres of cultivated crop land, known as the bread basket of New England, had to manage their crops by limiting their crop lands and working in large armed groups for self-protection.:20 Towns such as Springfield, Hatfield, Hadley and Northampton, Massachusetts, fortified their towns, reinforced their militias and held their ground, though attacked several times. The small towns of Northfield and Deerfield, Massachusetts, and several other small towns, were abandoned as the surviving settlers retreated to the larger towns. The towns of the Connecticut colony escaped largely unharmed in the war, although more than 100 Connecticut militia died in their support of the other colonies.
The New England colonists used their own or adjacent towns' supplies and were re-supplied by sea from wherever they could buy additional supplies. The Indians had no such resources. The English government was headed then by Charles II (1630–1685), who had been restored to power as the English king (under Parliamentary oversight) after the Restoration of 1660. His father, Charles I, had been captured and executed in the English Civil War (1642–1651) by the Puritan-led Parliamentarian government of Oliver Cromwell. King Charles II had little interest in supporting the Puritans of New England and did not. The potential supporters in the Colony of Virginia were involved in Bacon's Rebellion (1676) and could not (or would not) help the New England settlers. The settlers in New York had just permanently taken the cities and territory there from the Dutch in the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1674) and were in the process of setting up an English settlement controlled by an anti-Puritan government. They offered no support for the mostly Puritan New Englanders. The New France government of this period were Catholic and rabidly anti-English, and were sponsoring on and off support for Indian tribes attacking the English settlements.
The war ultimately cost the New England colonists over £100,000—a significant amount of money at a time when most families earned less than £20 per year. Self-imposed taxes were raised to cover its costs. Over 600 colonial men, women and children were killed, and twelve towns were totally destroyed with many more damaged. Despite this, the New England colonists eventually emerged victorious. The Native Americans lost many more people—mostly to disease. They died, dispersed out of New England or were put on a form of early reservations. Some of them slowly integrated into colonial society. They never recovered their former power in New England. The hope of many colonists to integrate Indian and colonial societies was largely abandoned, as the war and its excesses bred bitter resentment on both sides.
The Wampanoag and Narragansett hopes for supplies of powder and lead from the French in Canada were not met, except for some small amounts of ammunition obtained from the French in Maine. The colonists allied themselves with the Mohegan and Pequot tribes in Connecticut as well as several Indian groups that had mostly converted to Christianity, the Praying Indians, in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. King Philip and his Indian allies found their forces continually harassed by combined groups of colonists and their Indian allies. In January 1675/76 (see Old Style and New Style dates for dating then), Philip traveled westward to Mohawk territory in what is now New York, seeking, but failing to secure, an alliance with the Iroquois. Reportedly, Philip's supporters attacked a group of Mohawks and tried to get the blame put on the colonists—Indians and colonists used virtually the same weapons then. Unfortunately for Philip, one of the attacked group survived and the Mohawks were infuriated. The New York Mohawks—an Iroquois tribe, traditional enemies of many of the warring tribes—proceeded to raid isolated groups of Native Americans in Massachusetts, scattering and killing many. Traditional Indian crop-growing areas and fishing places in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut were continually attacked by roving New England patrols of combined Colonials and their Native American allies. When found, any Indian crops were destroyed. The Indian tribes had poor luck finding any place to grow enough food or harvest enough migrating fish for the coming winter. Many of the warring Native American tribes drifted north into Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont and Canada. Some drifted west into New York and points farther west to avoid their traditional enemies, the Iroquois.
By April 1676 the Narragansett were defeated and their chief, Canonchet, was killed. On May 18, 1676, Captain William Turner of the Massachusetts Militia and a group of about 150 militia volunteers (mostly minimally trained farmers) attacked a large fishing camp of Native Americans at Peskeopscut on the Connecticut River (now called Turners Falls, Massachusetts). The colonists claimed they killed 100–200 Native Americans in retaliation for earlier Indian attacks against Deerfield and other colonist settlements and the colonial losses in the Battle of Bloody Brook. Turner and nearly 40 of the militia were killed during the return from the falls. With the help of their long-time allies the Mohegans, the colonists defeated an attack at Hadley on June 12, 1676, and scattered most of the Indian survivors into New Hampshire and points farther north. Later that month, a force of 250 Native Americans was routed near Marlborough, Massachusetts. Other forces, often a combined force of colonial volunteers and their Indian allies, continued to attack, kill, capture or disperse bands of Narragansett, Nipmuc, Wampanough, etc. as they tried to plant crops or return to their traditional locations. The colonists granted amnesty to Native Americans from the tribes who surrendered or were captured and showed they had not participated in the conflict. The captured Indian participants whom they knew had participated in attacks on the many settlements were hanged or shipped off to slavery in Bermuda.
Philip's allies began to desert him. By early July, over 400 had surrendered to the colonists, and Philip took refuge in the Assowamset Swamp, below Providence, close to where the war had started. The colonists formed raiding parties of Native Americans and militia. They were allowed to keep the possessions of warring Indians and received a bounty on all captives. Philip was ultimately killed by one of these teams when he was tracked down by colony-allied Native Americans led by Captain Benjamin Church and Captain Josiah Standish of the Plymouth Colony militia at Mt. Hope, Rhode Island. Philip was shot and killed by an Indian named John Alderman on August 12, 1676. Philip was beheaded, then drawn and quartered (a traditional treatment of criminals in this era). His head was displayed in Plymouth for twenty years. The war was nearly over except for a few attacks in Maine that lasted until 1677.
The war in the south largely ended with Metacomet's death. Over 600 colonists and 3,000 Native Americans had died, including several hundred native captives who were tried and executed; others were enslaved and sold in Bermuda. The majority of the fatalities for both Native Americans and the New England colonials resulted from disease, which was typical of all wars in this era. Native Americans enslaved and transported to Bermuda included Metacom's son (and, according to Bermudian tradition, his wife). Numerous Bermudians today claim ancestry from the Native American exiles. Members of the sachem's extended family were placed for safekeeping among colonists in Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut. Other survivors joined western and northern tribes and refugee communities as captives or tribal members. On occasion, some of the Indian refugees returned to southern New England. The Narragansett, Wampanoag, Podunk, Nipmuck, and several smaller bands were virtually eliminated as organized bands, while even the Mohegan were greatly weakened.
Sir Edmund Andros, appointed by James II as governor of New York, negotiated a treaty with some of the northern Indian bands in Maine on April 12, 1678, as he tried to establish his New York-based royal power structure in Maine's fishing industry. Andros was arrested and sent back to England at the start of the Glorious Revolution in 1689. In this revolution, James II (1633–1701, reigning 1685-1688), a Catholic and younger brother to Charles II, and a strong believer in the Divine right of kings, was forced to flee to France in 1688 by the Protestant Parliamentarian forces. James II's appointments to the various colonial governors were replaced.
King Philip's Pennacook ally early made a separate peace with the colonists as the result of battles that are sometimes identified as part of King Philip's War. Native families were granted one peck of corn annually as compensation for lost lands. They fled north. This did not necessarily spare them from the ravages of war and the tribe lost members and eventually its identity as the result of the ensuing war.
For a time, King Philip's War seriously damaged the mostly second- and third-generation English colonists' prospects in New England. But with their successful governments and towns, low death rate, and their extraordinary population growth rate of about 3% a year (doubling every 25 years), they repaired all the damage, replaced their losses, rebuilt the destroyed towns, and continued to establish new towns within a few years.
The colonists' successful defense of New England with their own resources brought them to the attention of the British royal government. Before King Philip's War, the colonies had been generally ignored, considered uninteresting and poor English outposts. The English authorities soon tried to exploit the colonies and their resources for the authorities' own gain—beginning with the revocation of the charter of Massachusetts Bay in 1684 (enforced 1686). At the same time, an Anglican church was established in Boston in 1686, ending the Puritan monopoly on religion in Massachusetts. The legend of Connecticut's Charter Oak stems from the belief that a cavity within the tree was used in late 1687 as a hiding place for the colony's charter as Andros tried unsuccessfully to revoke its charter and take over the militia. In 1690, Plymouth's charter was not renewed; its residents were forced to join the Massachusetts government. The equally small colony of Rhode Island, with its largely Puritan dissident settlers, maintained its charter—mainly as a counterweight and irritant to Massachusetts. The Massachusetts General Court (the main elected legislative and judicial body in Massachusetts) was brought under nominal British government control, but all members except the Royal Governor and a few of his deputies continued to be elected in the various towns, as was their practice over the prior 40 years. The "top" of the government was nominally under British government control, but the vast majority in the government continued on as before with elected local and representative legislative and judicial bodies. Only land-owning males could vote for most officials, but their suffrage was both wider and more universal than in nearly all other countries of this era.
Nearly all layers of government and church life (except in Rhode Island) remained "Puritan", and only a few of the so-called "upper crust" joined the British government-sponsored Anglican church. Most New Englanders continued to live in self-governing and mostly self-sufficient towns, and attended the "Puritan" Congregational or dissident churches that they had already set up by 1690. As the population increased, new towns, complete with their own churches, militias, etc. were nearly all established by the sons and daughters of the original settlers; they were in nearly all cases modeled after the original settlements. Few people lived outside of an established town. The many trials and tribulations between the British crown and British Parliament for the next 100 years made self-government not only desirable but relatively easy to continue in New England. The squabbles that the New Englanders had with the British government would eventually lead to Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill by 1775, a century and four generations later. When the British were forced to evacuate Boston in 1776, only a few thousand of the more than 700,000 New Englanders of the time went with them.
King Philip's War joined the Powhatan wars of 1610–14, 1622–32 and 1644–46 in Virginia, the Pequot War of 1637 in Connecticut, the Dutch-Indian war of 1643 along the Hudson River and the Iroquois Beaver Wars of 1650 in a list of ongoing uprisings and conflicts between various Native American tribes and the French, Dutch, and English colonial settlements of Canada, New York, and New England.
The military defeat of the Native Americans meant that most of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island land was nearly completely open to colonial settlement. Localized conflict continued for decades in Maine, New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts. In response to King Philip's War, which stemmed from New England expansion onto native land, the five Indian tribes in the region of Acadia created the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France to stop the New England expansion. During the next 74 years, six colonial wars between New France and New England, along with their respective native allies, took place, starting with King William's War in 1689. (See the French and Indian Wars, Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War.) The conflict was over the border between New England and Acadia, which New France defined as the Kennebec River in southern Maine. In response to King Philip's War and King William's War (1689–97), many colonists from northeastern Maine and Massachusetts temporarily relocated to larger towns in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to avoid Wabanaki Indian raids.
In the fourteen months of King Philip's War in 1675-1676, Plymouth Colony lost close to eight percent of its English adult male population to Indian warfare or other causes associated with the war. Indian losses were much greater, with about 2,000 men killed or who died of injuries in the war, more than 3,000 dying of sickness or starvation, and another 1,000 Indians sold into slavery and transported to other areas, such as the Caribbean. About 2,000 Indians escaped to other tribes to the north or west; they joined continued Indian attacks from those bases well into the next century. Historians estimate that, as a result of King Philip's War, the Indian population of southern New England was reduced by about 60 to 80 percent.
The war escalated from a local conflict to involve most of southern New England and reached to other east coast areas as well. The war killed nearly as high a percentage of the Indian population as the plagues of 1616-19, which had decimated the area and turned whole villages into places of death and desolation.
The colonists won in King Philip's War not by greater military power, but due to their ability to outlast the Native Americans. The English suffered many military defeats and lost thousands of men, but in the end they won due to material support for the war from England.
Descendants of the Mayflower Pilgrims and later emigrants called upon the might of Britain to not only help defeat the native peoples of New England, but to work to rid the land of its aboriginal people. Before the war, the native peoples of New England made up almost 30 percent of the regional population, but by 1680, five years after the war began, the native population had dropped to less than 15 percent.
But, in the end, the English also lost much financially. The settlers incurred an enormous tax burden to mostly repay Britain for war assistance; it held back the economy of the entire region for many years to come.
Despite the losses for Native Americans, the English colonists were unable to stop forever the threat of Indian attacks. By causing such high losses, they unbalanced relations between colonists and Indians in New England. In the past, English colonists living on the still-wild frontier of the northeast could depend on local Indian friends to help them against enemies, but after the war, the colonists had only enemies among the Indians. Well into the next century, settlers throughout the region were at risk for Indian attacks. Hundreds more colonial men, women and children were killed in such raids.
Eventually the Puritan colonies found they could no longer defend themselves against continuing Indian violence, which the French particularly used in their conflicts with England. The colonists asked for military and governmental assistance from Britain. Within twenty years of King Philip's War, King James II had appointed a royal governor for the New England colonies and in 1692, Plymouth Colony became a part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
↑ America’s Guardian Myths, op-ed by Susan Faludi, September 7, 2007. New York Times. Accessed September 6, 2007.
↑ Lepore, Jill. The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. Note: King Philip "was also known as Metacom, or Pometacom. King Philip may well have been a name that he adopted, as it was common for Natives to take other names. King Philip had on several occasions signed as such and has been referred to by other natives by that name."
↑ Philip Gould. "Reinventing Benjamin Church: Virtue, Citizenship and the History of King Philip's War in Early National America." Journal of the Early Republic, No. 16, Winter 1996. p. 647.
↑ Schultz, Eric B.; Michael J. Touglas (2000). King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict. W.W. Norton and Co.. Note: According to a combined estimate of loss of life, based on sources from the Department of Defense, the Bureau of Census, and the work of colonial historian Francis Jennings, 600 out of the about 80,000 English colonists (1.5%) and 3,000 out of 10,000 Native Americans (30%) lost their lives due to the war.
↑ "Epidemics and Pandemics in the U.S."
↑ Exact numbers of Indian allies are unavailable but about 200 warriors are mentioned in different dispatches implying a total population of about 800-1,000.
↑ Philbrick, Nathaniel (2006 title=Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War). New York: Penguin. p. 221.
↑ Lepore, Jill (1998). The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity. New York: Alfred Knopf. pp. 10. http://books.google.com/books/about/The_name_of_war.html?id=NcJ6PXii2y0C.
↑ Phelps, Noah Amherst (1845). History of Simsbury, Granby, and Canton; from 1642 To 1845. Hartford: Press of Case, Tiffany and Burnham.
↑ "Worlds rejoined". Cape Cod online. http://www.capecodonline.com/special/tribeslink/worldsrejoined13.htm. .
↑ Spady, James O'Neil. "As if in a Great Darkness: Native American Refugees of the Middle Connecticut River Valley in the Aftermath of King Phillip's War: 1677–1697," Historical Journal of Massachusetts, Vol. 23, no. 2 (Summer, 1995), 183–97.
↑ Swope, Cynthia, "Chief Opechancanough of the Powhatan Confederacy"
Eliot, John, ”Indian Dialogues”: A Study in Cultural Interaction eds. James P. Rhonda and Henry W. Bowden (Greenwood Press, 1980).
______. Relation of the Troubles Which Have Happened in New England by Reason of the Indians There, from the Year 1614 to the Year 1675 (Kessinger Publishing, 2003).
______. The History of King Philip's War by the Rev. Increase Mather, D.D.; also, a history of the same war, by the Rev. Cotton Mather, D.D.; to which are added an introduction and notes, by Samuel G. Drake(Boston: Samuel G. Drake, 1862).
______. "Diary", March 1675–December 1676: Together with extracts from another diary by him, 1674–1687 /With introductions and notes, by Samuel A. Green (Cambridge, MA: J. Wilson, [1675–76] 1900).
Belmonte, Laura. "Edward Randolph, the Causes and Results of King Philip's War (1675)"
Cogley, Richard A. John Eliot's Mission to the Indians before King Philip's War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
Schultz, Eric B. and Michael J. Touglas, King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict.' New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2000.
"Edward Randolph on the Causes of the King Philip's War (1685)", rootsweb.com. | 2019-04-24T15:59:20Z | https://military.wikia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War |
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3. Where is the best place to buy the Sonicare DiamondClean?
There is no one best place to buy the Philips Sonicare DiamondClean electric toothbrush.
Shop around to find the best price and buy from a retailer you are happy to shop with — we have included a live price comparison below and it’s always worth checking out eBay too.
We typically suggest Amazon as they are often very competitively priced and swift to deliver across the USA.
With a price point at least $30 more than Oral-B’s flagship toothbrush the DiamondClean has to offer something special.
For some time the DiamondClean was the flagship brush for Sonicare until they recently introduced the DiamondClean Smart.
Despite this it is still a very capable and arguably commands the premium price, but it perhaps does not represent the best buy.
There are a few different versions of the DiamondClean, so I want to clear a few things up.
The DiamondClean and the Wireless Charging Edition are the same brush but with a different box contents.
The DiamondClean Smart is an updated, more capable version of the DiamondClean with extra features and a different box contents.
The DiamondClean Classic was a new version launched in mid-2018 — we have explained it in more detail below.
Which version are we reviewing in this post?
In this review I am looking at the ‘DiamondClean’.
The box contents is the same, but the different colours has a knock on effect on the colour of the travel case and brush head supplied.
The Wireless Charging Edition is essentially the same as the DiamondClean, but instead of coming with a premium travel case and charging glass it comes with a Qi charging plate and a deluxe travel case/pouch.
Available in Black colour only, the charging plate charges the brush twice as quick as the charging glass and can also accommodate and charge Qi enabled smartphones. Examples include the Apple iPhone 8, Samsung Galaxy S6, S7 and S8.
The wireless charging edition does not allow the brush to be charged in the case.
The Classic is for the most part the same as the DiamondClean reviewed in this article, but there are a few slight differences.
The newer DiamondClean Classic comes with a new premium travel case.
Sadly, whilst this new case looks and feels a bit more premium the ability to charge the brush in the case is no longer offered.
The DiamondClean Classic brush comes with just 1 x DiamondClean brush head included. The older model reviewed here, comes with 3 heads (1 x AdaptiveClean, 1 x DiamondClean and 1 x InterCare).
The new model does come with a glass charging stand just like the older model, but it does too come with a smaller plastic attachment that fits to the charging base. When fitted it provides a smaller and more durable fitting option that takes up a little less space and holds the brush perfectly upright, rather at an angle as is required with the charging glass.
The recommended retail price has dropped from $219.99 to $199.99.
You can view the DiamondClean Classic here on Amazon.
Here are what I consider to be the main plus and minus points for the Sonicare DiamondClean.
Design – 5 different appealing colour options, this looks every bit as premium as it should for the price. Makes other brushes look dull.
5 cleaning modes – Whilst most generally stick to just one cleaning mode, ‘Clean’ this brush caters for different user needs with 5 useful and distinctly different modes.
Brush heads – 3 different brush heads in the box which gives a bit more value to the whole package and helps make better use of the cleaning modes.
Design – A few tactically placed grips would have been nice.
Bluetooth – Not for everyone, but on a premium brush is it too great an omission?
Travel case power connection – MiniUSB, the charging port of choice on the travel case is dated. At worst this should be MicroUSB or even the new and even more future proofed USB Type-C.
Pressure sensor – No way of alerting you if brushing too hard.
Never would I suggest that styling is something that is forgotten about when it comes to creating an electric toothbrush, but from my experience a large proportion is about function, which is of course most important.
I have criticised some brands like Colgate for producing well rather dull looking brushes. Functionally great but just a bit plain.
Thankfully the DiamondClean brings the sparkle back.
Quality has always been top notch from Sonicare and the DiamondClean continues that trend.
The sleek and stylish handle fits comfortably in the hand and is available in 5 colour options. White, Black, Pink, Rose Gold or Amethyst, you decide what you like.
Unlike the Oral-B Pro 7000 or Genius Pro 8000 where the Black coloured handle is contrasted by a White coloured brush head, here we have more appropriate coloured brush heads. White, Rose Gold and Pink handle come with White heads, whilst the Black and Amethyst come with Black. Much more aesthetically pleasing..
Smooth to the touch there are no lights or unsightly icons or buttons on the DiamondClean brush handle. In fact I would argue that Sonicare have almost gone too minimal.
Whilst the handles have more of a matte finish to them, it would be nice to have a few more grips, even if it did affect the design slightly. It is not that the handle is particularly slippery, but there is not quite the same confidence when in hand as there might be with those handles with more rubber grips/contoured contact points.
Towards the top of the brush handle on the front, is the Sonicare logo in a grey colour.
Below this is the power button, which has a depression that the thumb fits comfortably into. It is not easy to accidentally press this, but does not take too much force to activate. You could argue this too is sort of a gripping point on the handle as the thumb falls into the concave shape of the button.
There is a green power icon on the button to indicate that it is this, but that icon is not backlit.
Under the power buttons are the names of the cleaning modes and the battery status icon.
However these modes are really only visible when the brush is running.
They are lit with a white light.
With the power off you can hardly see these names in the handle at all. This setup adds to the minimalist design.
Many other models have no way of distinguishing the cleaning mode at all or others have them printed on the handle, often with an accompanying LED for that mode.
To access the different modes, you need to power on the brush and then press the power button again, possibly multiple times, to access the cleaning mode required.
To use the Sensitive mode you would then need to press the power button once to turn it on. A second time to get to the White more and a third time to reach the Sensitive mode.
I find this a bit of a faff. You have to remember how many presses you need as trying to manipulate the handle whilst in the mouth to see the icon and change the mode when the brush is powered on is awkward, even if you are in front of a mirror.
Add to this is the fact that you can’t clearly see the list of modes on the handle until the brush is on.
So, if I rarely switch to sensitive mode and I can’t remember what position it is, I need to power the brush on to get it to light up and potentially cycle through the modes to find the right one, before turning it off and running through the process again this time in my mouth with toothpaste on the brush head.
This whole debacle is perhaps worsened, if like many, you share a brush handle with a partner for example. You constantly need to check and maybe cycle through the modes. It is a bit of a sticky situation because the variety of modes make the brush more appealing to share between users but also makes it more awkward potentially.
In fairness to Sonicare, most of us don’t change modes all that often and the brush will remember the last cleaning mode used, if the brush automatically powers off at the end of the cleaning cycle. So next time you power on the same mode will be selected.
But, a separate button to change the mode would be nice, particularly if it can be done prior to turning the brush on. A $30 no name electric toothbrush manufactured in China offers this!
As it happens, this has been solved with the DiamondClean Smart.
The DiamondClean can actually deliver up to 62,000 brush movements per minute to the teeth. Try doing that manually!
Here is a bit more detail on each of the 5 cleaning modes. We cover them more thoroughly in our post Sonicare Brushing Modes Explained.
Deep Clean – Provides an invigorating deep massage to deliver an exceptionally clean experience. Lasts for 3 minutes.
Below the cleaning mode icons on the brush handle is that of the battery indicator that usually lights up Green, but will flash Yellow if the remaining power is particularly low.
Built into the brush handle itself, the non removable battery offers up to 3 weeks battery life, but more on that later.
On the base of the brush is a silver plate. This is the inductive charging panel. There is no recess for a prong to charge the brush, like there are with many other models.
Just sit this brush in the charging glass provided or in the case and the charge is transferred through this plate.
At the very top of the brush handle is the metal prong to which the interchangeable brush heads attach. The motor inside the brush handle feeds the power and sonic movements through this piece of metal up inside the brush head which in turn moves the bristles to clean the teeth and gums.
Personally, I prefer the clean offered by Oral-B brushes, it is not quite as soft as Sonicare.
Studies have shown both to be very effective, particularly if you are moving from a manual brush. The DiamondClean will give significant improvements to your oral health, removing more plaque and bacteria and making your teeth and gums healthier.
Provided in the box are 3 different styles of brush head. These are of course essential to the process of brushing your teeth.
Therese are just some of a larger range of different brush head styles that can be used on Sonicare brushes. The different styles of heads can be purchased separately in different pack sizes and different colours to match in with your brush.
The heads are easily replaced, pull off and push on. Remember to change them every 3 months, sooner if the bristles are worn of the reminder bristles have faded.
Not familiar with reminder bristles? Blue coloured bristles which over a typical 3 month period will fade from a relatively strong Blue to White colour. If they turn white, replace the head.
What is perhaps misunderstood by many, as it is not always that well explained is that using an electric toothbrush requires a different technique to cleaning the teeth compared to a manual one.
The Sonicare instruction book included in the box does explain this pretty well. Therefore, if you decide the DiamondClean is for you, be sure to consult the manual and learn the right way to brush. This is as important as the brush itself and often something not known by those moving to an electric toothbrush.
With first time users in mind, ‘Easy-start’ helps ease you into using an electric toothbrush.
The Easy-start feature gradually increases the sonic power over the first 14 brushing sessions.
As you will have seen the shortest cleaning mode available on this brush is 2 minutes in length. 2 minutes is the minimum recommended time for brushing your teeth. You should do this twice a day. Preferably morning and night.
Despite 2 minutes being a relatively short period of time, few do clean for that long and to help you ensure you do Sonicare have built into the handle a timer and quadpacer.
4 quadrant to the mouth they are, top right, top left, bottom right and bottom left. If each are given 30 seconds attention, it results in the brush at 2 minutes, automatically turning itself off and your mouth hopefully fresh and clean.
2 features that are in my opinion missing, are a pressure sensor and Bluetooth connectivity.
As the name implies a sensor detect if too much pressure is applied during cleaning. As a consequence a light is illuminated to alert you. You can then reduce this so as not to do damage to the teeth.
Now the second feature I believe they are missing is Bluetooth connectivity. It can be argued quite convincingly that this is a gimmick and not needed, but what’s the harm in including it? Its use then becomes optional.
If you have missed this whole Bluetooth in a toothbrush thing then allow me to briefly explain.
Some brush handles include this and via an app available from the relevant app stores, your smartphone communicates with the brush. It can show you in real time, cleaning time, mode and performance and then logs this for future reference.
For years we have done without the need for such, but as millennials adopt electric toothbrushes this is a logical addition.
Sonicare have actually overall probably done a better job of implementing it that Oral-B have, yet Oral-B have built it into a lot more models than Philips.
Given this brush is competing with the Genius Pro 8000 it is an omission that will favour Oral-B.
BUT, 2017 has seen the introduction of the DiamondClean Smart that addresses both of these issues. This model is however still hampered by the lack of such.
With 21 days of battery life, this slim profiled brush handle is really quite impressive. Provided are two different charging solutions.
The first is a glass charging stand and the other is a travel case. I explain more about each of these in the ‘Battery’ section of the review below.
A neat addition, I particularly like the travel case.
A very rigid case, it is hinged on the longer edge with a soft touch material coating over the harder inner shell. This provides excellent protection to the brush handle and up to 2 brush heads. It looks smarts and is one of the best cases I have seen and handled.
It is not small, but then again you do not expect it to be. The case closes magnetically too, which is a nice touch. It is easy to open again, the magnets are not too strong!
The brush can be charged in the case which is great and it can be connected to mains power or a USB socket on your computer. It is a shame unlike a smartphone Sonicare stuck with a dated connector, more on that below too.
Some users share a brush handle with family members or a partner for convenience and to extend the value. Given the various cleaning modes and specialised heads, it would be nice to include or have available some form of brush head storage compartment to allow storage. Third party options do exist but brands like Oral-B include such as standard.
So, overall it is pretty good going for the DiamondClean, a few negatives but most important is the clean offered and it does well here.
Just how much battery life you need in an electric toothbrush is a question there is no right or wrong answer too.
Many feel battery life is not all that important, whilst others do.
In fact our survey of over 1000 readers found that just 17% felt long battery life to be important, other factors were rated higher.
Personally, I really like the idea of an electric toothbrush that can last 2 weeks, the sort of time period I might go away on a vacation for, without needing to take the charger.
However, many others think the battery life can be short as more often than not the brush is left on or near to its charging stand when not in use anyway.
Either way, if the brush has a good battery life that has to be a bonus right?
Well the DiamondClean delivers a bonus and then some with over 3 weeks life from the built in Lithium-Ion battery.
The battery is not user removable and when having been charged fully you can get 84 minutes of brushing time from it. This is based on 1 user brushing their teeth twice a day for 2 minutes each time on the standard ‘Clean’ mode.
I cannot fault this at all.
Even the best Oral-B models currently last 12 days, the DiamondClean is offering basically double this, without doubling the size of the brush handle.
In part what does help is the automatic power off facility. It might be small but I think it helps eek out those extra few minutes life from the battery.
Some modes like deep clean last longer and thus consume more power and will reduce the usage time At worst 2 weeks battery life is to be expected. That is still a couple of days better than Oral-B brushes.
In the instances where you do need to charge the brush you have 2 options.
Supplied is a glass charging stand and a travel case that allows the brush to be charged whilst inside.
The charging glass is made up of 2 pieces. A plastic plate that the power cord is wired into and the glass that sits on top.
The plate sits on a worktop and connects to a 2 pin US mains socket, but does have support for 100-220v, meaning it is perfectly possible to take this with you travelling, but you might need a plug adapter.
Not plastic, the actual glass that sits on the top is a chunky and weighty piece that looks much like a glass you may have a slow/stiff drink from.
Branded with the Sonicare logo, the brush sits at a slight angle in the glass and not upright like you might expect.
Despite no charging prong fitting into the base of the brush, it still manages to charge the brush though, it does so wirelessly.
Without doubt it looks stylish and fits in with the aesthetics of the DiamondClean brush itself.
The whole setup does take up a bit of space though on a worktop.
Taking up to 24 hours to charge the brush fully, if you battery is low and you want a quick top up, you are going to need to leave it for 30-60 minutes really to give a bit of change in the handle.
One of the more novel and desirable elements to this brush is the premium travel case that allows the brush to be charged inside it. This is great for those that travel frequently as you don’t need to take the charging glass.
The battery icon on the brush handle will flash Green until fully charged.
A rapid Yellow flashing icon indicates that the battery is low and that you have fewer than 3 uses left.
Until the DiamondClean Smart came along, this was for a long time the most premium and expensive Sonicare model.
The suggested retail price is $220 and even with the new model available, the average selling price remains relatively stable at $180-190 — we have included a live price comparison here.
It is certainly ‘about right’ based on the price of Sonicare’s cheaper and less feature rich models.
However, the Genius Pro 8000 from Oral-B is at least $30 cheaper and offers technically more, making the current selling price is a bit of a bitter pill to swallow.
Sonicare do and always have commanded a bit of a premium. Rarely are their brushes designed to be the cheapest; and on handling and using them you often realise why.
It is the small touches that make Sonicare brushes more appealing and perhaps more enjoyable to use long term.
But, when many of us consider a toothbrush, even an electric one to be more of a necessary purchase than a luxury one, do the better looks and more impressive charging case really justify the spend?
With the typical life of an electric brush being 3-5 years, here at Electric Teeth we price them over this period to work out an approximate cost of ownership.
The DiamondClean works out at approximately $278 or $0.25 per day to own.
At $8 per replacement brush head these too are more expensive than the competition.
The Oral-B Genius Pro 8000 is about $0.20 per day or $215.
To get extra value from the brush, particularly the DiamondClean without Bluetooth would be to share the handle (change the brush heads) with a partner or someone else in the same home as you. This way you reduce the overall cost, but retain the benefits.
Whilst I wish not to focus on the new DiamondClean Smart, compared to the DiamondClean I think it is probably the better buy overall.
It works out at $308 to own or $0.28 per day, so a little more expensive but you do gain a little more. It addresses what I believe are a couple of the DiamondClean shortcomings, and what’s an extra $20 when spending this much?
Make sure you get the 9500 Series DiamondClean Smart, don’t get he 9300. Minor but important differences.
Price and what I perceive to be good value will be different to you. All things considered pay a price you are happy to pay.
Tried and tested are Sonicare products, the DiamondClean is made to some of the highest standards and the feedback we receive is generally very positive.
Being an electrical product with moving parts there will inevitably be the chance of some units falling, but should this happen you are backed by a 2 year warranty.
We go hands on with all brushes we test and the DiamondClean is no exception.
There are no immediate cause for concern in what we have seen and experienced with this brush.
It looks and feels solid and generally well built and have being using it as a daily brush within our team for well over a year with no issues to report.
If there was one thing to really pick up on it is the detachable MicroUSB cable that is used to charge the brush in the case. It is easy to lose because you don’t need it all that frequently. On the other hand, it is a common cable type and could be easily replaced if required.
Do be aware that the Sonicare DiamondClean is water resistant so it can get wet and be wiped down with water but it is not waterproof so where possible avoid prolonged exposure to water to avoid doing damage. Philips explicitly state in the user manual that it should not be used in the shower or bath. Perhaps more caution than anything, but best not test it!
The likelihood of the DiamondClean being a bad brush with lots of flaws were very very small.
There really are few criticisms that I have over this brush and what it offers.
It cleans well, it offers a good battery life and a pretty decent box contents including a travel case that allows the brush to be charged inside it.
However, the DiamondClean does lack when it comes to connectivity options that Oral-B’s equivalent offers, for a lesser price.
But, Sonicare have a new model out, the DiamondClean Smart that addresses this lack of connectivity and builds the charging cable into the case rather than it being detachable.
Based on the current pricing, a few extra dollars spent on the newer DiamondClean Smart 9500 model is well worth it, trust me on that.
It is not all about connectivity, and for some this might be a feature too far.
If Bluetooth is not important to you but quality and options are then take a look at the 6100.
Is the Sonicare DiamondClean an oscillating brush?
How many brushing modes does the Sonicare DiamondClean have?
This brush offers 5 different cleaning modes. Press the power button to switch the brush on, then again to be taken to the next cleaning modes available.
The DiamondClean comes provided with one AdaptiveClean, DiamondClean and InterCare brush head. Sonicare do have a range of alternative brush heads that are compatible including, ProResults, ProResults Gum Health, Sensitive and Sensitive that can be purchased as alternatives to those included in the box.
Does the Sonicare DiamondClean have Bluetooth?
Does the Sonicare DiamondClean have sound connectivity?
Does the Sonicare DiamondClean come with a warranty & how long is it?
Does the DiamondClean have a built in timer?
Can I use the Sonicare DiamondClean in the shower?
Yes. The DiamondClean comes with a hard travel case that holds the brush and up to 2 brush heads.
Do you own or have you used the Philips Sonicare DiamondClean? | 2019-04-26T05:44:38Z | https://www.electricteeth.com/philips-sonicare-diamondclean-review/ |
Fix Can't open 22 on Linksys router??
Can't open 22 on Linksys router??
Preferred Solution: Can't open 22 on Linksys router??
Answer: Can't open 22 on Linksys router??
I presently have a Linksys WRT54G2 V1. I've been looking at the WRT160N to purchase & use as my main router. I'd like to wirelessly bridge the WRT160N to the WRT54G2 & have that as a repeater so that my signal is boosted, and my parents laptop wireless connection doesn't go all low & dragging when they're at the other end of the house. Is it possible & if so, can someone point me in the right direction as to procedure & configuration? Thank you.
I don't believe you will be able to do this "out of the box", look at third party firmware like dd-wrt. Never used it myself but I've read it works fine.
It may be easier to run a cable to the second router and set them up with the same SSID and security.
You won't get "true" roaming but when one signal is dropped the wireless unit will pick up the other automatically.... or one could simply manually change from one to the other depending where they are in the house and which signal is stronger.
Question: Connect linksys router to another linksys router over wifi?
I've got a wrt54g wireless router that my modem is connected to, as well as my computers. I also have another wireless linksys router, wrt350n, which has draft N. I want this second router to connect to the first router over wifi, and have the ability to send out internet via the 4 ethernet ports on the back. letting me connect wired ethernet devices on the other end of the house. i don't know if its a wireless access point, access point, bridge that I'm trying to go for?
would this guide do the job?
Hating this so far -- I'm going to be calling Linksys to see if I can get a replacement for the card assuming I don't get an answer here.
The connection quality of the WMP600N is horrible. My laptop gets a full 54MBps G link from the same room with its internal Intel WiFi link. So does my fiancee's Lenovo S10 netbook. The 600N gets 1, maybe 2 bars, and the resulting link is both slow and unreliable. It drops regularly, and when it doesn't drop there are lag spikes.
What is going on here? I've tried N at the 2.4Ghz, 5Ghz, and mixed bands (with no G clients), tried putting the G clients on their own radio and leaving the 600N on the 5Ghz radio. Nothing. Connection quality, reliability, and speed all remain horrible.
I've read reviews (after buying the card -- very unlike me) and they're all terrible. Is this just dreadful hardware? It's their top, top end consumer wireless card. The only consumer dual-band card they offer, so far as I know. What's going on here?
I had one for a while and it gave me good signal quality and decent connection rate but the throughput was still super low. My laptop could achieve over 800 MBps over wireless (intel 5100 AGN), while the card could only do 200Mbps.
It perplexes me to this day and I haven't had the time to really figure it out yet.
I need some serious help. I have computer A hard wired to LInksys WRT54G router and computer B hard wired to Linksys WAP54G access point. Computer B uses Win 7 as its operating system. I cannot figure out for the life of me how to get the access point to find the network. Can anyone please advise? Thanks.
Question: Linksys N-Router/Linksys Wireless-G PCI Adapter incompatibility?
I have tried everything. I recently moved out of the parents house and into my new house and upgraded to an N-Router from a G-Router. Now before my PC even starts up it crashes with the blue screen of death. I've isolated the problem to have something to do with the compatibility between my Linksys WRT160N Wireless-N router and my Linksys WMP54G Wireless-G PCI adapter. When I take the computer back to my parents house it works and connects fine to the old network. If I unplug the antenna from the PCI adapter the PC works (no internet.) If I disconnect the power supply from N-Router the PC works fine (no internet.) But if I put the antenna back in or plug the N-router back in it immediately goes from being fine to the blue screen of death. Can anyone help?
Answer:Linksys N-Router/Linksys Wireless-G PCI Adapter incompatibility?
I should mention that I can use the internet fine with my laptop and iPod touch.
I also bought the Linksys Range Plus Network usb Adapter. I ran the cd on my new computer and got lost when it stated to input my ssid and webkey. I now stopped and have no clue.
Also-this may be a stupid question...but does that little brown usb thing go to my old computer? I also don't want to hook it all up unsecure. I am getting confused. I'm no computer wizard. Just an old broad still thinkin' she can do pull through this nonense.
Question: Linksys router with non-Linksys wireless card?
Will a Linksys WRT54G router transmit to a Sceptre 802.11b PCMCIA card?
I know it supports both 802.11g and 802.11b... but what about a different brand? To two cards at the same time?
Answer:Linksys router with non-Linksys wireless card?
If the card it truely 802.11b compliant, then brand does not matter.
Two cards at the same time? You mean have two+ people using one access point? If so, yes.
Question: Linksys 4-port router + Linksys 4-port wireless router = work together?
Customer has a Linksys 4-port router, loaded full. Customer buys laptop. Customer wants laptop to be wireless.
Being that the customer already has his 4-port router full, I'd like to get him an access point that has wired ports on it as well. So my question is, can I use 2 routers on the same network? I'd assuem there's be all kinds of headaches with the addressing.
Also, we have DHCP turned off, as I have each computer assigning it's own IP address.
If anyone knows of an 8-port wired with wireless, please let me know.
Answer:Linksys 4-port router + Linksys 4-port wireless router = work together?
You can buy another 4 port router with wireless, and just configure it to by an access point only.
I have one of the early Linksys 802.11b routers. I have used it for many years now, and it works great. Recently I purchased a Linksys WRT54G or whatever the Linksys 802.11g router is. The 802.11g router was better for some stuff (802.11b would drop xbox live connections if two xbox 360s were online at the same time. The 802.11g allows both xbox 360s to play online at the same time). However, the internet access (i.e. browsing web sites on my network's computers) was excruciatingly slow. The 802.11b would immediately load pages (as it should...). The 802.11g would take 5-10 seconds longer to actually request the page it appears. In other words, once the page was coming in, it was fast. However, when you click on a link or open a new site in a browser, it would take a minimum of 5-10 seconds longer to start bringing up the page. Sometimes it would take what seems 20-30 seconds longer to start bringing up the page. What is really confusing is this is with the hard-wired Cat 5e network... This occured when I was connected to the wired network.
Any ideas why this was the case? It didn't seem the router was defective, since it worked fine for xbox live and browsing... it was just reeeallly slow for opening pages.
So I have AT&T DSL. I bought a Netgear N300 ADSL2+ Modem/WiFi Router that is compatible with my service.
Previously with this Modem/Router it would constantly drop the wireless connection for the Wii I have that was used to stream Netflix.
So recently I bought a Linksys E2500 Router so I could be able to use the Wii, along with 3 other desktops, 1 laptop, and 3 phones.
I recently got qwest DSL and I configured my Wireless to work and accept my wireless MAC Address, but when I plug it into the WAN slot in the Linksys router it doesn't work. I went to linksys site and did their configuration which is changing the router LAN IP to 192.168.0.1, then power cycling, but this doesn't help. I cannot access the internet still. Both the modem/router and the router are operating DHCP, but if I disable the modem/router, I cannot access the wireless function, and if I disable the DHCP on my Linksys router, I cannot obtain an IP from the modem router via the linksys router.
I just got a Zonet Broadband Switch Router (product model ZSR0104C).
I can ping the router but nothing else.
No errata on installation or any pertinent info.
Looked up Qwest specifications for Router set up... nothing helpful there.
Question: How can I hook Netgear router to linksys router to booster on the roof?
I own a business that offers free Wi-Fi to customers. Originally I had the blue linksys wireless G router hooked up to the booster on the roof. At another location, I just got a Netgear wireless N router, and that worked way better than the linksys. So I got another Netgear router, and installed it in the first location- but I'd like to hook it up to the booster. The guy at Fry's said that the Netgear router will not hookup to the booster- I'd have to hook the Netgear to the linksys, disable something on the linksys, and then the linksys to the booster.
So, my question is, how do I do that?
I want the Actiontec router to do all the DHCP/DNS/NAT and have the Linksys router to simply relay all the communications wirelessly between it and the Actiontec. I'm working my way through Networking for Dummies but this specific setup isn't expressly covered in the book or in the manuals for these devices. Any help is much appreciated.
I don't think that will work with the standard software. There is a site www.dd-wrt.com that has a project to load a linux os into the Linksys box to make it a repeater. It may be worth checking out.
My new home has is pre-wired and uses a UStec TP-IPR8 Router (<http://www.ustecnet.com/tech/tpipr8.html>) to share my broadband connection with every room in the house and provide a home networking environment.
I want to add my Linksys WAP54G Wireless Router (<http://www.linksys.com/products/product.asp?grid=33&scid=35&prid=575>) onto the network so that I can connect wirelessly too.
Can anyone help me out with the appropriate settings for the Linksys and/or the TP-IPR8 so that I can accomplish my goal??? They don't seem to want to cooperate for me!
First Step: Plug a computer to the Wireless Router, change the IP address of the wireless router so that it's in the same subnet as the main Router (the one that is connected to the Internet Modem); give it an IP that doesn�t conflict with the main router's base IP address, or the DHCP server range. This will ensure that you can reach the admin server of the old router from any LAN machine, and that the Wireless Clients IPs are assigned correctly.
Second Step: Switch Off the DHCP on the Wireless Cable/DSL Router.
Plug the Wireless Router to the main Router. Regular Port to Regular Port, using crossover cable (or straight patch if one port is an Uplink or auto-sensing).
The WAN input of the Wireless Router should stay open, do not connect any thing to the WAN input of the secondary router.
My network needs to connect to 6 wired PCs and 1 wireless PC.
Right now the Linksys 4 port router connects to the ADSL modem and 4 PCs -and I want to add a new Belkin wireless router to provide a wireless LAN access and have 2 add'l LAN ports.
Therefore, can I, and how do I configure the devices, so that the ADSL modem would go into the Linksys router; the Linksys would provide LAN connection to 3 PCs and the 4th port would go to the input of the Belkin router, which in term would provide wireless access and 3 more LAN ports?
XP wired connection to a just installed Linksys Wireless WRT54GS. As witnessed by this plea, the wired connection works. Try to add a wireless device and the Linksys EasyLink Advisor (LELA) tells me I need to establish a wired connection to the router. It can't find the router. God this makes me mad. My first attempt at a wireless setup at home and here we are. Anyway, how can I make this work? Just bought a Dell laptop that has wireless capability but this dumb thing won't let me set it up. What's the solution? E-Mail and web work fine through the wired connection. Thanks.
Hi I'm looking to buy a router, and i'm torn between the following Two routers. Linksys WAG54G Wireless 4-Port ADSL Router Netgear DG834GT 108Mbps ADSL router I've read quite a few reviews for and against these two routers so i'd be grateful any advice in making the right choice. It will be for Two pc's connected to NTL 1mb broadband. Thanks to all that reply.
although if I had to choose one over the other I would probably opt for the Netgear - it looks nicer, if nothing else.
HiI'm looking to buy a router, and i'm torn between the following Two routers.Linksys WAG54G Wireless 4-Port ADSL RouterNetgear DG834GT 108Mbps ADSL routerI've read quite a few reviews for and against these two routers so i'd be grateful any advice in making the right choice.It will be for Two pc's connected to NTL 1mb broadband.Thanks to all that reply.
Hi, this would probably be better answered in the Network Forum - above.Cheers.
My home network use to consist of 3 comps all running XP Pro and a Vonage router. With the addition of a 4th comp, I have had to use a port on the back of the RTP 300 for one comp. The four others ( 3 comps and the Vonage router )are connected to my Linksys WRT54GL. and I have no problems sharing files and printers. The one comp connected to the Vonage router will not allow file sharing or show up in Network Connections although it has no trouble accessing the net. Is there a setting in the Linksys router that I have to change to allow this one comp to share? I can't access the RTP 300 to make changes as it is locked. I have made sure all the comps are using the same work group and all file and printer settings are set the same on all comps. Any help would be appreciated.
Question: What to buy Linksys Router (E4200-CA) or D-Link Router (DIR-825)?
I'm looking for some opinions on Linksys Max Performance Wireless N Dual Band Router (E4200-CA) and D-Link Xtreme Wireless N Router (DIR-825).
These are the 2 I've narrowed it down to, I just don't know which one to get.
I'll be mostly using it for wireless online gaming on 3 pc/laptop simultaneously. but it will all so be use for wifi on about 3 other small devices, wired on 1 pc and 1 xbox.
any help or opinion on either one would be appreciated.
I can't ping from the 192.168.50.0/24 network on Cisco Router 1. The router is connected with network 192.168.1.0 to a linksys router.
I also can't ping from the linksys router to a IP address that is connected to the cisco router.
Who are you sharing RIP traffic with on .50-.54? Because you're not sharing any route information with your Linksys router?
Do you have a static route from the Linksys router pointing to the Cisco router at 192.168.1.2 to reach networks .50 to .54?
We just had DSL brought to the house. We have three computers to use with the internet. We had satelite with the Linksys (WRT54G) wireless router. Now we have the DSL. The problem I am having is getting the wireless router to work with the DSL router. The DSL router is a Siemens SpeedStream 5890 (Bridge Router). I believe it is also the modem. The phone line goes directly to the router. I can get intenet if I plug into one of the ports on the back (there are 4 (5) of them).
One of the computers is directly hooked up to the 5890. My laptop is currently hooked up too, although, I would like to be able to use the wireless so I can get on the internet anywhere in the house.
When I hook up the Linksys to the 5890, the internet light comes on, on the front of the Linksys, but when I try to use the internet through the Linksys, I get nothing. My laptop and the another computer see the wireless and can even connect to it, but there is no internet.
If the Linksys's WAN had any configuration other than "dynamic connection" to work with your previous service, you will need to change that.
c. configure the Linksys as a switch and wireless access point.
JohnWill's procedure for configuring a secondary router as a switch and, optionally, wireless access point follows.
We ordered a Westell wireless modem/router, 20 port switch and a static IP from our provider. I setup everything in the network closet and I can connect to the wireless signal as long as I am in range. Unfortunately our conference rooms are not in range of the network closet.
My boss suggested we use a spare Linksys wireless router to boost the range of the wireless signal. So i activiated a jack in one of the conference rooms that is centrally located. When I plug into this jack I can connect to the internet etc etc. As soon as I connect the Linksys router I can no longer connect.
I am not sure how to setup the Linksys to work with this connection. Is this even possible? Is it a problem to have two routers on the same connection? Can the Linksys act as a wireless access point?
Question: 2wire modem/router to a Linksys router?
i recently received a 2wire 2701HG-B Gateway Modem/Wireless Router from a friend to replace my old AT&T modem for my DSL, but i found that the wireless connectivity and set up was a little off. (dmz not properly working, lose of signal at times) i want to use the modem portion of the 2wire for the internet but i want to use my Linksys WRT54GS v.5 Wireless Router for my wireless/LAN needs.
is this possible? if so any help would be greatly appreciated, thanks in advance.
Answer:2wire modem/router to a Linksys router?
2nd Router, 3rd Router, etc... : All Linksys Routers (Trying to set-up).
I have cable internet and currently Netgear is connected with the cable modem and is supplying internet perfectly. However, I purchased additional Linksys routers and would like to configure them to work with Netgear Router, I have a static IP from the ISP.
BTW: All Routers are wireless as well. Awaiting your reply.
a. "Bridge" the modem/router to make it operate as a modem only. If you have (A)DSL this will probably mean that you have to configure the WAN section of the Linksys for PPPoE and your account/password.
b. Change the IP subset for the LAN on one router (e.g., to 192.168.3.x).
c. JohnWill's procedure (Aug. 30, 2008) for configuring a secondary router as a switch and, optionally, wireless access point follows.
I am trying to network my router with the installed apartment network at my school.
I am in a 4 bedroom apartment with access to internet. The landlord has internet coming in and then connecting to a Etherfast� Cable/DSL Router BEFSR8 behind a locked box which i have admin access too. My 4 bedroom apartment has various ethernet jacks in all the rooms.In my room I have my WRT54GL router connected to a jack.
Do I need my WRT54GL in Router or Gateway operating mode?
Attached is a diagram of my network.
I've been hijacked from this IP. I do not use Linksys as my ISP. Here is the link to this setup http://ui.linksys.com/BEFSX41/1.52.... I cannot make any changes. Please help ?
Not quite sure I follow your post, what you mean...Your link doesn't work.Have you reset your router (usually effected by inserting a paper clip into a wee hole on the back plate, and pressing for a few sconds. This resets mostrouters to as delivered, so you have to reconfigure it agresh.Ideally leave your router off for a few hours as well - before ressting it. Hopefully this will stimulate your isp servers to delegate a new/different ip address to your account which may also help.Also run a few cleaner apps; malwarebytes, adwcleaner, JRT (Junkware Removal Tool) - which installs to the desktop from where you run it). These are all free and safe to use. Install them using manual/custom option NOT automatic; and uncheck any prechecked boxes other than the one for utility itself - thus avoiding all manner of uneanted stuff that will otherwise be installed as well (a lot of it a true PIA to eradicate).
Question: Using Linksys Router with a Netgear router?
I have a new VoIP service, and because of that, I use a Linksys Broadband RT31P2 router, included with the service. The computer which is connected to this router works perfectly fine, and so does the phone. Everything works fine, but I now want that router (Linksys) to provide wireless access to a laptop.
The problem is that the laptop is not picking up a signal from the router, and the router configuration page has no option to "send" a signal for wireless connection. I am starting to think that the Linksys Broadband RT31P2 router is not meant for wireless access, or it would have this option, and make a mention of wireless access.
I also have a Netgear WGR614v4 router, and wondering if there's something I should do with this router. I thought of connecting the Netgear router to Linksys using an Ethernet cable. Therefore, the Linksys router would be the main router, and I'd use the Netgear router as some sort of a secondary router that would give a wireless signal to the laptop. I also tried it the other way around, having the Linksys router connect to the Netgear router.
Answer:Using Linksys Router with a Netgear router?
That linksys router isn't a wireless router. I've never tried hooking up two routers in serial so I can't help you there, but linksys does have a wireless router that supports VoIP that would eliminate the two router problem. The linksys model number is WRT54GP2.
Question: $60 WRT54G linksys router to $600 router, Anybody tried?
Answer:$60 WRT54G linksys router to $600 router, Anybody tried?
Well I don't know where the hell the $600 comes from, but I've done it. There are plenty of great third-party firmwares for the wrt54g.
I have a wireless network setup and I was going to use the WEP security but I can't figure out how to use it.
I set my Passphrase: to "senna" and then selected "generate" and it gave me 4 different keys. I clicked save changes.
Now I can't connect wirelessly. When I scan for an available network it sees it but it will not let me connect to it. I thought it would prompt me to enter a password or somehting but it didn't. How do I get this to work?
I'm having a bit of trouble with a Linksys router I recently purchased. It's a WRT54G. According to the software that came with the router, my laptop can access the router, but not the internet. But the computer I have that connects to the internet via Ethernet (through the same router) can access the internet.
How can I configure the router so my laptop can access the Internet via the router too?
Just turn on the laptop and make sure the wireless card is enabled and on then let it find your router. Also make sure the router's wireless transmitter is on. There is a setting on the router's setup page to turn it on or off.
I recently bought a laptop and a linksys g router for a family member. I am dissappointed in the range of the router. I bought the longer antennae's for the router to possibly extend the range but cannot figure out how to remove the small antennae's that are on the router. I had a b router before and was able to just unscrew the old ones and screw the larger ones on without a problem. Any ideas are appreciated. I still have the b router with the longer antennaes. Could I just plug this in about 50 feet away from the g router and have it pick up the r router's signal so the laptop can pick up a signal farther away from the router? Just wondering.
Well, if the antennas are removable, they'll have a place to grip to unscrew them, it's fairly obvious. Some routers don't have removable antennas. Have you tried changing channels on the router? I doubt the 802.11b router is going to help in that scenario. Exactly how far are you trying to go, and what kind of obstructions do you have? If you're considering the second router at 50 feet, it sounds like you're going quite a distance.
I recently bought a Netgear(WG111T) 108mbps wireless usb 2.0 adapter and a linksys wireless-G 54mbps broadband router(WRT54G) for my desktop computer and laptop so both can go wireless at the same time via cable modem. They both cannot connect to the internet when hooked up to the router I tryed configuring it but it still does not work. Sometimes the desktop works and the laptop does not and vice versa. They both show connected to the router but not to the internet.
Just to add to this:When I have the PC hardwired to the router I get a decent IP address with my wireless connection. When I don't have it hardwired and I only have wireless enabled, the IP for the wireless connection is not available, ie. all 0's.Food for thought?
I am trying to repair a network connection through a wireless linksys router. It will not fully repair the connection because it canot "clear the DNS cache"
Does anyone know what this means or how to fix it?
Let us know if it helps....the HOSTS file itself could be your problem. It's fixable.
I have 2 computers, networked and connected to ntl cable via a linksys router. It all works superbly and I am really pleased with my setup.One thing puzzles me though....How do I know that the hardware firewall is working?With the zone alarm software one, it is possible to check, either by constant alerts, or by looking at the log, just how many possible incursions have been thwarted. How can I tell if my routers firewall is doing the job for which Im paying it?Itis definitely enabled in the setup utility.Thanks for any advice.
Have installed a linksys router. My laptop is working ok, but for some reason I cannot get a INTERNET connection on my PC. I am running on windows xp. It appears to connect to the wrong IP address.
You haven't mentioned how the PC connects to the router - "wirelessly" or by network cable?The connection to the router should get its IP address automatically by DHCP from the router, but with a WiFi adapter this will only happen once you have "connected" to the wireless network. If the adapter cannot access the router to get its IP address, Windows will allocate an address in the "169.254.x.x" range which won't let you connect the LAN or the internet.
I just got the Linksys BEFSR41 and got everything set up. I thought everything was working fine until i tried to play some online games. Whenever I play UT2K4 or couterstrike or i am assuming anything online, I get major lag. In ut2k4 it will seem to loose my connection for about 10 seconds and I wont be able to shoot my weapon and everything will look like it's running in place and then it will skip ahead and everything will be fine again. It happens about every 5 minutes or so. In cs i will actually lose my connection but in ut2k4 it will just seem like i have an outrageous ping for about 5-10 seconds and then will recover back to normal. I can surf the web and talk online without any problems. From a web browser/aim standpoint it seems everything is fine, until i try playing games online. Any ideas as to what my problem might be or what a first step is that I could try to fix the problem.
Try flashing the newest firmware. Strange, I use a WRT54g with nothing special set and none of my game experience those problems. Could also be a faulty unit as you don't need to forward any ports to connect to a server, only if your hosting.
i hjave a question about my Linksys router wireless-g broadband 2.4GHz speedbooster here the question how far do they work up to. Like can i take it to my friends house and will the internet still work. So how far will this router work up too.
Hello guys. I'm in desperate need of help or I'll be forced to buy a new router. I have the Linksys BEFSR41 ver.4.3 encase you need it. Anyways. I was messing around with the port forwarding and other **** for my router because I've been trying to hook it up for my 360. However after I saved the settings my router doesn't work anymore. It says something about not being able to obtain a IP address. I tried holding the button down for 30 seconds and nothing happened. I heard a orange light would come on telling me the router was resetting. No orange light after 60 seconds. So now I can't get access to the internet when my router is hooked up.
I have to run the cord from my cable modem to the back of my PC directly. And when my router is hooked up it wont even let me access my router page to restore factory settings that way! I'm in dire need of help guys. I don't know what to do. Any help would DEFINITELY be appreciated. Thanks.
I just bought my first laptop (Toshiba A665-S6095, 16", Core i5). I have Comcast HSI, so only have a cable modem, no router. My daughter has a 6-yr.-old Linksys W11S4PC11 router that she is willing to give me, but I'm hesitant about using it because of its age -- would probably be very slow. I notice that it is still sold on Amazon and probably other places, but only supports 801.11B wireless speeds. I know very little about wireless specs, but understand the max speed of that protocol is only 11Mbps. I'm getting 21Mbps from my current Motorola Surfboard modem, so my guess is I'd be very disappointed with the speed of this old router. Am I right or wrong?
Question: Linksys Router...still need help!!!!!!!!!!!!
I still can't get any security for the Wireless connection on this Router. I have tried everything...set up is o.k. Internet connections o.k. Wireless o.k. on Laptop but not security enabled...Just don't have any more ideas of where to go next. I have typed the i.p. address in as told but just getting an error page..i.p. 192.168.1.1. this gives me nothing. Even been on the Linksys Help Web pages but still no joy.Until I can get a security padlock on the wireless connection I am unwilling to log in on the laptop.Anyone any more suggestions as to what I can do.Chrisann..
Yesterday we changed from Cable tv and cable modem to dish network and wireless broadband. My router worked just fine prior to the installation but now only one computer can be online at a time.
I have called tech support and of course it's the router problem according to them. They are telling me that some numbers in the router need to be changed but nobody can explain to me how to do that. We went to the Linksys website and their live support feature and this guy was talking greek and both hubby and myself were totally confused when he finished what he was positive was going to fix the problem.
We have even unplugged the router, turned off both computers, waited five minutes then turned the router back on and then booted up the computers which is supposed to reset the router and may have done so but it didn't fix the net access problem for us.
I would appreciate any help at all with this problem.
My problem is that my wireless router Linksys 2.4 ghz BEFW11S4 has stopped working. I swapped out a cable modem from Comcast, and now the router will not allow my computer online. It comes up as working in the bottom righthand corner with excellent reception, but it will not allow me on the internet.
I called Tech Support and they wanted to charge me 30 dollars to reset the router to the modem. I have tried their online help, but the internet stops working on the second step, modem to router to computer. Please let me know if there is anything I can do.
I'm having trouble conecting my second computer to the internet through my linksys wireless router. I have it wirelessly connected to my laptop but i want to connect it to my second computer usinging a phone line through one of the extra ports in the back. On my second computer it says it's connected with it but i cant get onto the internet, it's the same old "this page cannot be displayed" message. Please tell me what i'm doing wrong i've tried everything i can think of but nothing works.
You can't use a phone line!!! It may look similar, but it's not the same at all. You need an RJ-45 CAT5 ethernet cable. You can get them at any computer store, Wal-Mart,l Radio Shack, etc. That will help you solve your problem.
I am struggling with connecting a Linksys Wireless-G router, model WRT54GS, with an AOL high speed cable modem. I have tried using the Linksys set-up CD and the on-line instructions neither of which will allow the modem to talk to the router. I am running a windows XP system. If I try to connect to AOL I get a cannot find internet error message. The router appears to be working but it will not talk to the modem.
Based on this article - http://www.winplanet.com/article/2331-.htm - you have two choices: get a decent ISP, or a different router.
I still can't connect to the server(desktop) from my notebook (viewer).. but I can do it the opposite way.. server(notebook) to desktop (viewer).
I have an old school linksys router. Works fine. So here's my new problem. I use the router in one room and I have a direct connection to a desk top from the router.
Well, I need to use another desk top in the next room. I bought a RangePlus Wireless Network USB to try to connect the desktop wirelessly. It works but I only get a 11.0 Mbps connection.
Crazy thing is that I get a faster connection on my Wii thats further away! I turn it off when I try to connect wirelessly on the desk top but to no avail.
Am I doing something wrong? Is there anything I can buy (besides a new desktop) to improve my connection speed?
What model of Linksys router and wireless card do you have?
I have an etherfast wirelass access cable router with 4 port switch, and an on q 1x11 basic telecom module (HUB). Now the problem inherently lies in which port of the hub to plug the uplink wire into, which comes from the router. The choices are: wide are network (in and out ports (2 ports)) and network bridge (1 port). Now im not a professional at all i just happen to know a good bit about computers, not networks. So anyway i have the linksys router set up with the cable to that i can receive a signal but in the computer, i put an ethernet cable from the local jack in the room and put it in the network port of the computer and nothing. so any info or any directions to find info would be appreciated. linksys and onq have not ben much help by the way.
Re-explain your setup 'cause I'm not following you and it is very confusing.
I'm gathering that you have a Linksys Wireless Router with a integrated four port switch, a cable modem and a "1x11 basic telecom module (HUB)". Is that right? Before we go any further, what is the "1x11 basic telecom module (HUB)" and why do you need it?
Explain this and then we can go further.
Question: Please help me with my Linksys router!!!!
I bought a router today at circuit city and I am having trouble installing it. I have everything plugged in correctly, but the router is not recognizing the connection between the computer and the router. The LED will not light up in port 1, where I have the ethernet cord plugged into.
I have also tried connection and reconnecting in about every combination possible. Any help is appreciated.
Hello everyone, I have a big question regarding a LInksys router (BEFSR41).
I bought the router a couple of weeks ago. I also download the Logview from linksys. Well today I notice that I had a tone of ip address hitting port 80.
Well I type in the Ip address that they were trying to get into. Well I found out it was my IP address.
Right when I entered the ip address in my browser it asked me for a user name and password. I also notice it had my model number of the linksys router plus some other ones.
Well I entered my password that I assign it. Well it was my config setting for my router.
How do I hide this or shut it down so no one on the net can get to this? I'm afraid that someone might run some kind of script or a brut force to get into my rounter.
Any kind of help would be good.
Were these addresses in the outbound or the inbound window of LogView?
I bought a Wii Lan adaptor to use with my Linksys BEFSR41 wired router. I followed instructions but when I try to get into the settings menu I get an error screen "You tried to access the address marc:EU/EU/ENG/index01.html which is currently unavailable.It gives this message even when the Lan adaptor is not connected.Any ideas what is happening. I am a Wii novice!!
I have the linksys cable dsl router with 4 port switch model # BEFSR41 and i need to know how to port foward 4000.
24 hour, free tech support. they will walk you right through it.
I have a linksys router The model number is WRT160N. I recently got highspeed throught centrylink. I try to pull up the linksys router but it wont come up I tried 191.168.1.1 Nothing comes up. I have tried all I can think of everything linksys sites has to offer, Now I can pull up the centrylink modem. But I need to get into the linksys. My internet speeds are slow at times like on dial up. I have Win XP. Please help me!
Question: Help with linksys router.
I have a linksys router model # BEFW11S4V4. The problem I have is that it locks up. But here is the weird part it only locks up when I try to stream video. And not just any video only wmv and realplayer. Sometimes it doesn't lock up though and other times it locks up after the streaming is complete. This started happing when I updated my routers firmware to the latest version. I am all out of ideas and any help would be greatly appreciated.
I'm having the exact same problem! I too have a Linksys BEFW11S4 Ver 4. I'm running Firmware Version 1.52.02.
Question: anyone know how to put a fan on a linksys router?
anyone ever done this mod? if ever you have some pics can you pls post it.
Does anyone know how to find the passkey for a linksys router model, wrt160n v3.
this is starting to piss me off now, but I would like to know what is happening with my router. I run Azureus almost 24/7 and sometimes, the router will just crash/stop working, and I will get no connection. the activity lights stay on saying there is activity, and my modem lights stay on, but all the computers on the router have all their IPs changed from their local IP (normally 192.168.1.***) to an internet IP.
And the only way I seem to be able to fix this is having to reset the router, I mean a real good reset.
Any Ideas on what is happening? getting too hot from too much activity? a timeout? a general crash? stop error?
Any Ideas on how to fix this? any help would be appreaciated on this subject.
Now, here is something else that is very different, sometimes when I am running Azureus, and my PC goes into Hibernation, and I bring it out of it, NO CONNECTION. what so ever. the only thing I can connect to is my router to configure stuff. I mess around with my connection on my PC, I try to renew my IP, which switches from local IP to internet, and it wont renew, as though it has stopped responding to the internet. I know the usuals on getting a broken connection to work.
Just on the router problem, I would say cooling is the number one problem. The linksys 54g router I have works like a champ for the most part, but does bog down sometimes. Try keeping it well ventilated and see if that helps.
Not sure about the hibernation problem.
Oh, and BitComet has treated me wonderfully. Give it a try.
a while back, and never really got around to setting it up.
I just recently purchased a new pc and with it a BEFSR41 V.3 Linksys router. I successfully hooked up all hardware and ran the router configurator and everything seems to work O.K. eg. I can share files between the 2 PC's and they can both access the internet at the same time, etc. etc. However, I am new to using a router, so when we tried to play one of our games together we were unsuccessful. With every game we tried to! Both computers are running Windows XP, they are quite similar in specs. We could not connect when we chose to play LAN, Internet or ZoneMatch on one game in particular(which gives the message on the second pc that it can not connect to server).The main computer can create games but can not join any and the second pc can not do either. Heroes of Might and Magic for eg. - when you try to create it gives the message "DirectPlay failed when attempting to open a listening connection." and when you try to join the message is "Host enumeration failed You need to install the selected protocol"
I am a student working on my A+ certification. I have no networking experience so I am a little lost and trying to figure out how to set up my little home network. I collected the parts as I could so I realize what I am trying to attempt may not be the optimum configuration but money being tight I would like to see if I can make what I have work. It would be good practice for me in my studies.
Here's what I have and what I want to accomplish. I have 1 desktop and 1 laptop. Both run XP. My laptop has a netgear wireless card as well as a integrated network card. I have a satellite connection to the internet via Wildblue. Between the PCs and the satellite modem is a Linksys wired router with a four port switch part number BEFSR41 ver. 4.3. I also have Linksys wireless access point part number WAP11.
I have the desktop and laptop connected to the router via cat5 cables and it works great. But I don't have the mobility around my house that I want. So I want to install the WAP11 so that I can connect to my network from anywhere in my house without dragging a cable around. I also have a frequent house guest to my house who has a wireless card in his notebook to be able to access my network when he comes to visit.
You have the right idea. In order to configure the WAP you will need a USB Male A to Male B to configure it. Also check the link below on Linksys website for a Manual.
Note: You will need to select the version of the router you are using.
I recently moved to a new location with a dsl modem and transferred my macbook and lynksis router E1000 v2. I would appreciate any tips regarding configuration to the new isp. Thanks.
make and model of the modem - is it a router modem ?
Okay - I am replacing my simple home wireless router Linksys WRT54G to a wired only Cisco 2500 series router.
I need to get ready for CCNA and feel that having and setting up my own LAN with this router can't hurt.
Where in the Linksys config would I tell the router to just work as an AP and not a router? If this is even possible?
You can sorta follow this using the two routers. It might take you a bit of work.
Question: How do I setup a WRT54G behind another WRT54G?
During this article, the two routers will be referred to as the First router (the main router), and the Second router (the router that you are connecting to the first). The information assumes that both routers are Linksys WRT54G routers both with default factory settings to start; however, if you are familiar with the steps, they can apply to other routers and other manufacturer routers as well. Please contact the appropriate manufacturer for assistance.
Note: Having a “Dual Router Network” can potentially cause unexpected problems during the troubleshooting process if you were to ever have a problem. Be sure to record any settings that are changed during this setup process. Settings that are changed are summarized at the end of this article.
With the Second Router powered on, and nothing plugged into any of its network ports, hold in the Reset button on the unit for about 30 seconds.
Connect a computer (it does not matter which one) into one of the numbered ports on the back of the Second Router, then restart or turn on that computer.
Do you have Cable or DSL internet service?
Are you getting an IP address from the router?
C-If DSL internet service, youll have to enter the DSL username and PW into the router config pages.
i have recently been having some bandwidth issues and it came to be that my old Linksys BEFSR41 router is getting spotty. So i went out a bought a new BEFSR41 v4 router. My speeds were flying and i was almost happy till i see that my connection keeps dropping. It reconnects fairly quickly but i keep getting breaks in my transfers and general connection. Can't have this like this... I've had the router in place for all of one day and its already driving me nuts!
I think i need to return this piece of sheite and pick up something better.
I am considering getting the D-Link DGL-4100 which is $130 at compusa and $109 at newegg.
Have you explored the possibility that the modem is the item that may be causing issues?
If you provided us with a model...might be able to help you better.
have older router that software supports up to XP but trying to get it to work with vista.
Disk with router will not run on vista computer.
Is there any way to get this working or do I need new router?
I have a Linksys Router. I need to adjust it so that I can invite friends and host games on Battle.net in Warcraft. The Linksys site has the answer but the link isn't working that they tell you to go to. I think it is called Head-to-Head configuration. Please help! It is basically a problem connecting to other computers over a game server I think.
You need to find out what ports the game runs on, then find out how to enable port forwarding on your router. You need to know the internal address of the computer hosting, usually 192.168.1.101 or something and forward the needed port ranges to that IP address.
I'm not certain if the router is my problem but for last yr. or more I was able to access a shop online site with no problem. Over the weekend we had to change from our old Linksys router to the new wireless Linksys 4 port router and since I cannot access that website.
I am still able to access everything else except that site. I have checked with our Internet provider and they see no reason for my problem, I have called the site's Customer Service desk and they state they are still getting orders from my city, Las Vegas but I cannot get online.
As I said I am able to get into my bank online site, our very secure Military sites and other shopping sites I have dealt with just not this one site.
Any help or direction you can give me would be so appreciated.
Cleared your browser cache (deleted Temporary Internet Files in IE) recently? Try that first.
Okay, everything works fine until I try and set up port forwarding. When I do this, I get an intermittent connection.
Linksys tech support has no clue how to fix this, so I'm hoping someone here does.
It's got to be the new firmware, because I had an older model of this same exact router and I was able to do it no problem.
I have a Linksys Wireless G Gateway router model WAG 200G, which has developed an intermittent problem whereby it drops the DSL connection, I understand that this is a problem with this particular router, which is now discontinued.I am looking at replacing it with another Linksys Wireless G Gateway router model WAG 54GS.Has anyone any comments wich may help me make my mind up. My ISP is Virgin.net (not cable).
I had a Linksys for about 3 years - had a few problems and now use a Belkin N+ that (I think) has a life guarantee.
I have a Linksys router with two computers hook to it directly. I would like to set up limit for bandwidth. I have charter for my internet provider.
You need to buy a lot more expensive router if you want bandwidth limiting. There are software solutions, give http://www.netlimiter.com/ a look and see if it'll do the job for you.
I have a Linksys WRT120N Router that is pretty new. Recently everything has been fine except about once everyday i lose wireless connection on my laptop, Xbox 360, and iPod touch. The two computers that are connected via Ethernet do not lose internet connection however. The only way i have found to get the connection back is to unplug the router and wait a little while then plug it back in. Is there anything i can do to fix this because i am tired of unplugging my router everyday.
Please do not duplicate your Post, you will get assistance here in Networking Forums.
My linksys BEFW11S4 wont let me access any thing except AOL. The parental controls are disabled should hey be enabled. I cant update windows or go on winmx.
What model wireless router ?(is G 4 the model?).
Did you get an install CD with it?
Have you visited the manufacturer's website and downloaded a manual, if you don't already have one?
How far are you from your ISP? What Broadband plan? ADSL, ADSL 2+, Cable?
Be careful with expressing speeds. Some say KB/s, kB/s, kbps. I guess you are trying to indicate KB/s. 30KB/s (=30 kB/s) is seriously slow as you know.
Check out the manual and CD, and maybe re-install again.
Come back if things don't improve and I will post some Broadband test sites.
The " Internet " light on my 802.11b router won't come on. Get a signal on laptop, but can't get on the net. Guess it died huh?
Question: Linksys Router Need Help!
Hello, I have a Linksys BEFSR41v2 reouter, I been having problem with it. I have two computers connected with it. Usually after 10 hours it will loss connection, so I have to replug again but still have the same problem. | 2019-04-21T23:02:40Z | http://postthreads.org/support/3015035/Can-t-open-22-on-Linksys-router.html |
The Board recognises its responsibility for the proper management of the Company and is committed to maintaining a high standard of corporate governance. The Directors recognize the importance of sound corporate governance commensurate with the size and nature of the Company and the interests of its Shareholders.
The Corporate Governance Code does not apply to companies quoted on AIM and there is no formal alternative for AIM companies. The Quoted Companies Alliance has published a set of corporate governance guidelines for AIM companies, which include a code of best practice comprising principles intended as a minimum standard, and recommendations for reporting corporate governance matters. The Directors have adopted the QCA Corporate Governance Guidelines for Smaller Quoted Companies and the compliance with the principles is set out in the table below.
The Board currently comprises two executive Directors (being the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer) and three non-executive Directors (including the Chairman). Mr. David Knox, Mr. Majid Shafiq and Mr. Richard Ames (these being the three non-executive Directors) are, in the opinion of the Board, independent in character and judgment.
The Board’s decision making process is not dominated by any one individual or group of individuals. None of the Directors have any potential conflicts of interest between their duties to the Company and their private interests and/or duties owed to third parties.
The composition of the Board will be reviewed regularly and strengthened as appropriate in response to the Company’s changing requirements. Appropriate training and an induction programme will be undertaken in respect of all Directors on appointment and subsequently as necessary, taking into account existing qualifications and experience. The Board intends to have monthly Board meetings, including physical meetings at least four times a year, which also shall include an annual strategy day. At these meetings, the Board will review the Company’s long-term strategic direction and financial plans. All necessary information will be supplied to the Directors on a timely basis to enable them to discharge their duties effectively. Certain matters are reserved for consideration by the Board whilst other matters are delegated to Board committees.
The Board is responsible for leading and controlling the Company and, in particular, for formulating, reviewing and approving the Company’s strategy and budget.
The role of the audit committee is to assist the Board in discharging its responsibilities with regard to monitoring the integrity of the Company’s financial reporting, to review the Company’s internal control and risk management systems, to monitor the effectiveness of the Company’s external and internal audit function and to oversee the relationship with the Company’s external auditors.
The audit committee focuses particularly on compliance with legal requirements, accounting standards and the AIM Rules and ensures that an effective system of internal financial control is maintained.
The audit committee is chaired by Mr. Shafiq and the other member is Mr. Knox. The audit committee will meet at least three times a year with further meetings as required. The Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer, other Directors and representatives from the finance function may also attend and speak at meetings of the audit committee. No members of the audit committee have links with the Company’s external auditors.
The primary purposes of the corporate governance committee are to develop and recommend to the Board guidelines, policies and procedures relating to corporate governance; identify individuals qualified to become Board members; recommend to the Board director nominees for election to the Board; recommend to the Board committee composition and appointments; evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the Board and committees of the Board; and, review and make recommendations to the Board on non-employee director compensation.
The CG committee will meet at least twice a year or as otherwise required. The CG committee is chaired by Mr. Knox and the other member is Mr. Shafiq. The Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer and other Directors may also attend and speak at meetings of the CG committee.
The reserves committee assists the Board in monitoring and reviewing the appointment of an independent engineering firm retained by the Company to report on the quantity and the value of the Company’s oil and gas reserves. The reserves committee reviews the procedures by which the Company provides information to the independent engineering firm to be used as the basis of evaluation and audit, ensuring disclosure complies with applicable laws and regulations, and is also responsible for matters relating to the preparation and public disclosure of estimates of the Company’s reserves. In addition, the reserves committee monitors the Company’s joint venture partners to ensure policies and procedures are in place to minimize environmental, occupational health and safety and other risks such that damage to or deterioration of asset value is mitigated.
The reserves committee will meet at least twice a year. The reserves committee is chaired by Mr. Ames and the other member is Mr. Shafiq. The Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer and other Directors may also attend and speak at meetings of the reserves committee.
The role of the remuneration committee is to determine and agree with the Board the broad policy for executive and senior employee remuneration, as well as for setting the specific remuneration packages (including pension rights and any compensation payments of all executive Directors and the Chairman) and recommending and monitoring the remuneration of the senior employees.
In accordance with the remuneration committee’s terms of reference, no Director shall participate in discussions relating to or vote on his own terms and conditions of remuneration. Non-executive Directors’ fees will be determined by the Board and the Chairman’s fees will be determined by the Board.
The remuneration committee will meet at least twice a year and as otherwise required. The remuneration committee is chaired by Mr. Ames and the other member is Mr. Shafiq. The Chief Executive Officer, the Chief Financial Officer and other Directors may also attend and speak at meetings of the remuneration committee.
The Directors intend to comply, and to procure compliance, with Rule 21 of the AIM Rules relating to dealings in the Company’s securities by the Directors and other applicable employees. The Company has adopted a share dealing code for Directors’ and applicable employees’ dealings appropriate for a company whose shares are admitted to trading on AIM and will take all reasonable steps to ensure compliance by the Directors and any relevant employees.
1. Establish a strategy and business model which prompt long-term value for shareholders The board must be able to express a shared view of the company’s purpose, business model and strategy. It should go beyond the simple description of assets and corporate structures and set out how the company intends to deliver shareholder value in the medium to long-term.
The strategy and business operations of the Company are set out in the Strategic Report on pages 6 to 7 of the Company’s 2017 Annual Report.
The Company’s strategy and business model and amendments thereto, are developed by the Chief Executive Officer and his senior management team and approved by the Board. The management team, led by the Chief Executive Officer, is responsible for implementing the strategy and managing the business at an operational level.
The Company’s overall strategic objective is to develop high quality oil & gas assets where cycle, situation or geography offer disproportionate opportunity.
The Company core asset is the Liberator oil field discovered by well 13/23d-8 located in Licence P1987, Block 13/23d in which the Company has a 100% operated interest. The Company immediately commenced development work on its core asset upon acquisition. This work had several components: progression of the technical definition of the Liberator Project including studies for a tie-in (with associated commercial arrangements) to the nearby producing Blake and Ross facilities operated by Repsol Sinopec Resources UK Limited, pre-ordering of long lead items required for the drilling of two development wells, and advancement of a Field Development Plan with the Oil and Gas Authority.
In the fourth quarter of 2017, following further technical and commercial progress on the Liberator field, the Company commissioned AGR TRACS International Limited as a Competent Person to provide an updated Reserves Report over Liberator. In summary, the Reserves Report reclassified the 2C Resources to 2P Reserves and increased the recoverable volume to 11.7MMboe. The pre-tax net present value, discounted at 10%, is now US$328 million.
In the second quarter of 2018 the Company announced it had been awarded its sole 30th Offshore Licensing Round application target, Block 13/23c (123 km2), on a 100% interest basis. Block 13/23c contains a material extension of the Liberator field, referred to by the Company as Liberator West, with further prospectivity identified by the Company outside the Liberator trend.
The award delivers a significant increase in the Company’s combined Reserve & Resource Base, now totalling an independently verified 80MMBO.
The Company’s strategy is to focus on the development of discoveries located close to existing infrastructure and the exploitation of producing fields, whilst maintaining limited exploration exposure.
The Company operates in an inherently high risk and heavily regulated sector and this is reflected in the principal risks and uncertainties set out on pages 6 and 7 and 12 of the Company’s 2017 Annual Report.
In executing the Company’s strategy and operational plans, management will typically confront a range of day-to-day challenges associated with these key risks and uncertainties and will seek to deploy the identified mitigation steps to manage these risks as they manifest themselves.
The Company seeks to maintain a regular dialogue with both existing and potential new shareholders in order to communicate the Company’s strategy and progress and to understand the needs and expectations of shareholders.
Beyond the Annual General Meeting, the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and, where appropriate, other members of the senior management team meet regularly with investors and analysts to provide them with updates on the Company’s business and to obtain feedback regarding the market’s expectations of the Company.
The Company’s investor relations activities encompass dialogue with both institutional and private investors. The Company also presents at private investor events, providing an opportunity for those investors to meet with representatives from the Company in a more informal setting.
Where matters that relate to the company’s impact on society, the communities within which it operates, or the environment have the potential to affect the company’s ability to deliver shareholder value over the medium to long-term, then those matters must be integrated into the company’s strategy and business model. Feedback is an essential part of all control mechanisms. Systems need to be in place to solicit, consider and act on feedback from all stakeholder groups.
The Company is aware of its corporate social responsibilities and the need to maintain effective working relationships across a range of stakeholder groups. These include the Company’s employees, suppliers, and regulatory authorities.
The Company’s operations and working methodologies take account of the need to balance the needs of all of these stakeholder groups while maintaining focus on the Board’s primary responsibility to promote the success of the Company for the benefit of its members as a whole.
The Company endeavours to take account of feedback received from stakeholders, making amendments to working arrangements and operational plans where appropriate and where such amendments are consistent with the Company’s longer-term strategy.
The Company takes due account of any impact that its activities may have on the environment and seeks to minimise this impact wherever possible. Through the various procedures and systems it operates, the Company ensures full compliance with health and safety and environmental legislation relevant to its activities.
A summary of the principal risks and uncertainties facing the Company, as well as mitigating actions, are set out on pages 6 and 7 of the Company’s 2017 Annual Report.
A comprehensive budgeting process is completed once a year and is reviewed and approved by the Board. The Company’s results, compared with the budget, are reported to the Board on a bi-monthly basis.
The senior management team meets weekly to consider new risks and opportunities presented to the Company, making recommendations to the Board and/or Audit Committee as appropriate.
5. Maintain the board as a well-functioning, balanced team led by the chair The board members have a collective responsibility and legal obligation to promote the interests of the company and are collectively responsible for defining corporate governance arrangements. Ultimate responsibility for the quality of, and approach to, corporate governance lies with the chair of the board. The board (and any committees) should be provided with high quality information in a timely manner to facilitate proper assessment of the matters requiring a decision or insight.
The board should have an appropriate balance between executive and non-executive directors and should have at least two independent non-executive directors. Independence is a board judgement. The board should be supported by committees (e.g. audit, remuneration, nomination) that have the necessary skills and knowledge to discharge their duties and responsibilities effectively. Directors must commit the time necessary to fulfil their roles.
i3 Energy plc’s Board currently comprises 3 Non-executive Directors and 2 Executive Directors.
All of the Directors were subject to election by shareholders at the first Annual General Meeting after their appointment to the Board and will continue to seek re-election every year.
The Board is responsible to the shareholders for the proper management of the Company and meets at minimum of 6 times per year to set the overall direction and strategy of the Company and to review operational and financial performance and to advise on management appointments. All key operational and investment decisions are subject to Board approval.
During the year all Board members attended every meeting and all committee members attended each of the appropriate committee meetings.
Non-executive Directors receive their fees in the form of a basic cash fee. The Non-executive Directors also participate in the Company’s Share Option Scheme. To avoid any incentive effect that may influence the Non-executive Directors’ independence, these share options vest over five years on a performance basis.
The option grants concerned are not deemed to be significant, either for any individual Non-executive Director or in aggregate. The current remuneration structure for the Board’s Non-executive Directors is deemed to be proportionate and was subject to a shareholder consultation process prior to its implementation.
The board should not be dominated by one person or a group of people. Strong personal bonds can be important but can also divide a board. As companies evolve, the mix of skills and experience required on the board will change, and board composition will need to evolve to reflect this change.
The Board considers that all of the Non-executive Directors are of sufficient competence and calibre to add strength and objectivity to its activities and bring considerable experience in the development, operation and finance of oil and gas assets.
The Board regularly reviews the composition of the Board to ensure that it has the necessary breadth and depth of skills to support the ongoing development of the Company.
The Chairman, in conjunction with the Company Secretary, ensures that the Directors’ knowledge is kept up to date on key issues and developments pertaining to the Group, its operational environment and to the Directors’ responsibilities as members of the Board.
During the course of the year, Directors received updates from the Company Secretary and various external advisers on a number of corporate governance matters.
7. Evaluate board performance based on clear and relevant objectives, seeking continuous improvement The board should regularly review the effectiveness of its performance as a unit, as well as that of its committees and the individual directors. The board performance review may be carried out internally or, ideally, externally facilitated from time to time.
The review should identify development or mentoring needs of individual directors or the wider senior management team. It is healthy for membership of the board to be periodically refreshed. Succession planning is a vital task for boards. No member of the board should become indispensable.
The Board has a process for evaluation of its own performance, that of its committees and individual Directors, including the Chairman.
This process is conducted biennially and will take place in August 2018. The Board may use the services of an independent third party organisation to manage the evaluation process, analyse the results and report back to the Board for subsequent follow-up.
Evaluation criteria will include Controls and Procedures, Strategic Aims, Entrepreneurial Leadership and Communications and Relationships.
The culture should be visible in every aspect of the business, including recruitment, nominations, training and engagement. The performance and reward system should endorse the desired ethical behaviours across all levels of the company. The corporate culture should be recognisable throughout the disclosures in the annual report, website and any other statements issued by the company.
The Board seeks to maintain the highest standards of integrity and probity in the conduct of the Company’s operations.
These values are enshrined in the written policies and working practices adopted by all employees in the Company. An open culture is encouraged within the Company, with regular communications to staff regarding progress and staff feedback regularly sought.
The Executive Committee regularly monitors the Company’s cultural environment and seeks to address any concerns than may arise, escalating these to Board level as necessary.
The Company is committed to providing a safe environment for its staff and all other parties for which the Company has a legal or moral responsibility in this area.
The Company has a Health, Safety and Environmental Manager who monitors, reviews and make decisions concerning health and safety matters. The Company’s health and safety policies and procedures are enshrined in the Company’s documented quality systems, which encompass all aspects of the Company’s day-to-day operations.
The Board has overall responsibility for promoting the success of the Company.
The Executive Directors have day-to-day responsibility for the operational management of the Company’s activities. The Non-executive Directors are responsible for bringing independent and objective judgment to Board decisions.
There is a clear separation of the roles of Chief Executive Officer and Non-executive Chairman. The Chairman is responsible for overseeing the running of the Board, ensuring that no individual or group dominates the Board’s decision-making and ensuring the Non-executive Directors are properly briefed on matters.
The Chairman has overall responsibility for corporate governance matters in the Company and chairs the Nominations and Corporate Governance Committee.
The Chief Executive Officer has the responsibility for implementing the strategy of the Board and managing the day-to-day business activities of the Company. The Company Secretary is responsible for ensuring that Board procedures are followed and applicable rules and regulations are complied with.
The Board has established an Audit Committee, Corporate Governance Committee, Reserves Committee and Remuneration Committee with formally delegated duties and responsibilities.
Mr. Majid Shafiq chairs the Audit Committee, Mr. David Knox chairs the Corporate Governance Committee, Mr. Richard Ames chairs the Reserves Committee and Remuneration Committee.
The Audit Committee meets at a minimum of twice a year and has responsibility for, amongst other things, planning and reviewing the annual report and accounts and interim statements involving, where appropriate, the external auditors. The Committee also approves external auditors’ fees and ensures the auditors’ independence as well as focusing on compliance with legal requirements and accounting standards. It is also responsible for ensuring that an effective system of internal control is maintained. The ultimate responsibility for reviewing and approving the annual financial statements and interim statements remains with the Board.
The Corporate Governance Committee, which meets as required, but at least once a year, has responsibility for reviewing the size and composition of the Board, the appointment of replacement or additional Directors, the monitoring of compliance with applicable laws, regulations and corporate governance guidance and making appropriate recommendations to the Board.
The Reserves Committee, which meets as required, but a least twice a year, has the responsibility of assisting the Board in monitoring and reviewing the appointment of an independent engineering firm retained by the Company to report on the quantity and the value of the Company’s oil and gas reserves and resources.
environmental, occupational health and safety and other risks such that damage to or deterioration of asset value is mitigated.
The Corporate Governance Report which discusses the above committees and details their responsibilities is set out on pages 14 – 16 of the Company’s 2017 Annual Report.
The Directors believe that the above disclosures constitute sufficient disclosure to meet the QCA Code’s requirement and consequently, a separate Committee Reports are not presented in the Company’s Annual Report.
The terms of reference of the above Committees are set out in the Company’s Corporate Governance Memorandum, which is regularly updated and can be found above.
The Corporate Governance Memorandum also contains a schedule of matters specifically reserved for Board decision or approval and sets out the Company’s share dealing code and its public interest disclosure (“whistle-blowing”) policy and procedures.
The Company places a high priority on regular communications with its various stakeholder groups and aims to ensure that all communications concerning the Company’s activities are clear, fair and accurate. The Company’s website is regularly up-dated and users can register to be alerted when announcements or details of presentations and events are posted onto the website. | 2019-04-24T14:40:45Z | https://i3.energy/investor-relations/corporate-governance/ |
The Jackson’s chameleon, Trioceros jacksonii ssp., is perhaps the most well-known member of the Chamaeleonidae. Although there are other species of chameleons with three annulated horns, this small- to medium-sized chameleon has remained the most frequently encountered of them in the pet trade for at least the last twenty years. As well, many a fledgling chameleon-keeper first became interested in this fascinating family of lizards upon first being introduced to the Jackson’s chameleon. Its manageable size, usually calm demeanor, adaptability to captive diets, relative hardiness, dinosaur-looks, and stunning beauty have all contributed to make it one of the most-kept species of chameleon, perhaps third only to the very common veiled (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis).
Male Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus. Photo by Christopher Anderson.
While many beginning chamaeleophiles are encouraged to begin with a captive-hatched specimen of the two most popular species, keepers with little to no experience with chameleons can be just as successful with Jackson’s. When I first became interested in keeping chameleons, captive-hatched specimens of any species were few and far between. Regardless, the horns of the chameleons from East Africa looked the most exotic and, as the reproduction of a live-bearing chameleon species seemed easier than incubating eggs, Jackson’s were chosen as the introductory species. Despite warnings from my employer at the pet shop that chameleons were a “waste of money” and “sure to be dead in three months,” the little pair of T. j. xantholophus adapted well to my beginner’s mistakes and thrived. With that first pair came some very important lessons. The first is the importance of beginning with healthy animals. Although I would learn that lesson later, I now attribute much of my initial success to receiving the pair as young adults in prime health. The second was learning to “do my homework.” After purchasing the two chameleon books and flipping through other reptile books at work, networking and speaking with people from the local herpetological society, and preparing myself mentally, I set up their cages. Finally, the importance of monitoring animals daily for normal activity and health cannot be understated. Although the cues may be slight, changes in behavior may indicate a problem that needs addressing and a proactive attitude with chameleons is always ideal.
The Jackson’s chameleon was originally described by the Belgian-British naturalist George Boulenger in 1896. Boulenger named the species in honor of the collector of the museum specimen used for his description.
Three subspecies of Jackson’s chameleon are currently recognized although conversations on internet message boards have suggested the possibility that new subspecies may be described in the near future from work being conducted on populations showing different variations. The natural range of the Jackson’s chameleon is in the East African nations of the Republic of Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania, although the largest of the three subspecies was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands where it is now firmly established. The smallest of the currently recognized subspecies, the Mount Meru or Dwarf Jackson’s chameleon (T. j. merumontanus), is found only in Tanzania while the two larger are natives of Kenya.
Sleeping male Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii. Photo by Christopher Anderson.
The most commonly seen species of Jackson’s chameleon in captivity in the U.S. is the Mt. Kenya Jackson’s, T. j. xantholophus. This largest of subspecies was introduced into the wild of Hawai’i by a pet store owner trying to rehydrate a shipment of chameleons that did not travel well several decades ago. That small founding population reproduced successfully over many generations and has since spread to several of the larger islands in Hawai’i with man’s help. These Hawaiian populations are now the source for most of the Jackson’s chameleons sold in North America. Males of T. j. xantholophus attain the largest size of the three subspecies, up to 14 inches in total length. They have three well-developed, annulated horns while the females of this subspecies usually lack horns although occasional individuals may have just a tiny stub on the rostrum.
Female Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus. Photo by Christopher Anderson.
The nominate subspecies, T. j. jacksonii, has the widest natural range but is, perhaps ironically, the most rare and under-represented subspecies in herpetoculture. Males have three very robust, annulated horns and females, even from within the same population, may have either one rostral or all three horns (although they are not as strongly developed as in males). Coloration in males may vary by individual with some being uniformly dark green and others, often referred to as the unrecognized T. j. “willegensis,” have striking aqua blue heads and a bright yellow, rectangular-shaped marking that covers much of their flanks. Females are generally a lighter shade of green than the other two subspecies however exceptionally light or even red T. j. xantholophus females are not uncommon. The spacing and number of dorsal crest spines is intermediate between those of the larger and smaller subspecies, also. Body size of the nominate form is also intermediate with males attaining 8 to 10 inches total length.
Male Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii. Photo by Kent Manchen.
Female Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii. Photo by Kent Manchen.
Sleeping female Trioceors jacksonii jacksonii. Photo by Christopher Anderson.
As stated earlier, the Mt. Meru Dwarf Jackson’s Chameleon is the smallest member of the species with males topping out at a maximum of 7 or 8 inches. In addition to their smaller size, males of T. j. merumontanus may be differentiated from their larger cousins by the extensive yellow on their heads, particularly around the base of the horns and face. The body color is often either a darker green than the other subspecies or a very attractive blue-green that is also unique. Although the face may be yellow or olive green, the eyelids are often that blue-green color, as well. The cone-shaped spines of the dorsal crest are the most widely-spaced of the three subspecies although recognizing the differences in this feature may be difficult to see at first. The horns of this subspecies seem to be the least robust and imported males arriving with broken horns are not uncommon. Females of T. j. merumontanus may be identified by their diminutive size and the presence of a single, poorly-developed, rostral horn.
Male Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus. Photo by Christopher Anderson.
Female Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus. Photo by Christopher Anderson.
Although Jackson’s chameleons are typically considered a montane species that should be kept similarly to other chameleons from high-altitude rainforests, it has been my experience that the two Kenyan subspecies do best when kept in a sort of hybrid manner. While they most certainly need and benefit from higher water intake and humidity than lowland species, they are highly heliophilic. Having said that, it is important to remember that their threshold for high temperatures is lower than that for the more commonly kept lowland species. However, seeing very dark-colored adults lateral basking in full sun on days in the low- to mid-80 degrees Fahrenheit is very common. The Tanzanian subspecies, T. j. merumontanus, seems to prefer cooler temperatures. For this, a lower wattage bulb should be used for heat as well as more distant placement of the basking spot(s).
Female Trioceros jacksonii merumontanus. Photo by Chris Anderson.
Indoor cage lighting should consist of a UVA/UVB bulb and a standard incandescent bulb for heat. The UVA/UVB bulb reproduces light spectrums that are both physiologically and psychologically beneficial to Jackson’s chameleons. While the UVB is necessary for synthesis of Vitamin D3, a necessary chemical for the proper processing of dietary calcium, the UVA may also promote more normal behaviors in indoor animals, including breeding.
Cage furnishings should provide enough coverage for the chameleon to adequately hide itself from outside view. Like most chameleon cages, a combination of sturdy, cut branches and hardy, indoor plants that can take lower levels of light and lots of water works best. Schefflera arboricola has proven particularly well-suited for Jackson’s chameleon cages over time. Position live leaves and stems away from the basking light to avoid accidentally burning them. This will also allow the keeper to witness the Jackson’s interesting lateral basking behavior in which they turn their darkest colors and position one vertically-flattened side toward the heat source.
Female Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii hiding in the foliage of her enclosure. Photo by Kent Manchen.
All Jackson’s chameleon subspecies come from areas with high humidity and rainfall. As a result, these two characteristics of the simulated natural environment for this species cannot be overlooked without detriment to the animals’ health. Several daily mistings of the cage will be required to keep humidity high (being sure to provide enough airflow for the cage to dry out between misting,) as will a water delivery method that ensures the animals consistently drink their fill. This can be accomplished by a number of methods. The easiest method is to install an automated misting system that is programmed to run for several cycles per day. I prefer to mist in the mornings and evenings as the temperatures begin to cool down. While more misting sessions per day may be added, allowing each the time for water to collect and “rain” on the animals enough to stimulate them to drink their fill twice a day is sufficient. Of course, acclimating imported Jackson’s chameleons should involve particular attention to hydration and I like to water them excessively during the first month in their new homes. Another method of water delivery for those so-inclined is hand-misting. The first pair of Jackson’s chameleons in the my care learned very quickly that water came from the spray bottle used to wet the plants in their cages. After a short time they would both take water directly from the bottle. The first step is to stimulate them to drink with a normal cage misting. Once they are drinking from leaves or even from lightly spraying their face and lips, they will stick the tongue out of the mouth far enough to just spray or drop a little bit of water onto it. Take care not to give too much water at a time. If they don’t become alarmed by something, this can usually be continued until they have their fill, allowing the keeper to have a very good sense of how much water they really are drinking.
Male Trioceros jacksonii xantholophus feeding on silkworms. Photo by Christopher Anderson.
In general, Jackson’s chameleons are not very picky about diet and accept a wide range of invertebrate prey. Although crickets can be used as an easily gut-loaded staple, these chameleons relish worms such as superworms, wax worms, silkworms, and hornworms. Jackson’s chameleon is also one of the chameleon species that absolutely loves eating small garden snails and slugs. Snails should be small enough to still have very thin, relatively fragile shells to avoid injury. All wild prey must be collected from pesticide-free areas.
When sexually mature, most healthy male Jackson’s chameleons will launch into a fascinating ritual of side to side head-bobs and jerking movements upon sight of a female. If the female is unreceptive to his advances she will turn a very dark, mottled pattern, curl her tail up, face a laterally-flattened side toward him, and violently rock from side to side on her branch with open mouth. If the male continues to advance, he will likely be grabbed by one of his horns, only to have his head shaken while she is rocking side to side. Receptive females will remain their normal, at-rest colors and allow him to approach and mount. Copulation lasts roughly 10 to 20 minutes. Like other chameleon species, the pair may be kept together until the female starts showing unreceptive behaviors, such as described above.
Pair of Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii breeding. Photo by Kent Manchen.
While most chameleons lay eggs, all members of the genus Bradypodion and a few members of the East African Trioceros are ovoviviparous, or give live birth. Gestation in ovoviviparous chameleons may vary with environmental temperatures and birth of Jackson’s chameleons may occur from 7 to 10 months after copulation, although much shorter periods have been recorded. Gravid females should be housed individually in cages with small enough screen to prevent neonates from escaping. Also, the developing embryos add physical stress to females and the nutrition and calcium content of captive diets should be especially important to keepers during gestation.
When it comes time to give birth the females will do so within their plants. The young are born enclosed in thin membranes which stick to stems and leaves rather than allowing the babies to fall to the ground. Once they are up and walking around they are virtually miniature adults and may be moved into their own neonate housing. Many species of live-bearing Trioceros are known to have difficult to raise babies and Jackson’s are no exception. Unfortunately, many people have initial success with babies living for several months only to have the heartbreak of watching them perish, seemingly for no reason. When speaking with other keepers about raising baby Jackson’s, the best results usually seem to be from keeping the neonates in all-screen enclosures, kept outdoors. As this is not possible in all climates, similar caging that emphasizes a high amount of air flow and bright light while also providing the necessary humidity and hydration is the ideal.
Neonate Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii. Photo by Christopher Anderson.
The small size of neonate chameleons limits the keeper’s food choices but one week old crickets and fruit flies are readily available and relished by the babies. When deciding how much to feed, the young should have constant access to feeder insects throughout the day without having more than just a couple left over after lights-out each night.
As the young continue to grow, I find it best to separate the males into individual enclosures as they begin to mature from their drab baby colors to their more vibrant adult colors. This will help to prevent most of the intraspecies aggression as well as unplanned reproductions between siblings.
Juvenile female Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii. Photo by Kent Manchen.
Jackson’s chameleons can be one of the most entertaining and interesting chameleon species to keep. Their obvious physical attributes and adaptability to a captive lifestyle make them worthy candidates for new and seasoned chameleon keepers alike. While it is easy to see the attraction that many have towards this little gem of the chameleon world, be warned: for many people Jackson’s chameleons end up being a gateway into a much larger chameleon addiction!
Necas, P. (2004). Chameleons: Nature’s Hidden Jewels. 2nd Edition. Chimaira Buchhandelsgesellschaft, Germany.
Kent Manchen worked at a reptile-heavy pet store at age sixteen where he was introduced to many species, including chameleons. As a result, he has been keeping chameleons since 1991 and to date has worked with 28 species of Chamaeleoninae and 2 of Brookesiinae. He is currently focusing on keeping a few, favorite species, including Trioceros jacksonii jacksonii, T.deremensis, T. pfefferi, and Furcifer pardalis. In addition to keeping chameleons, he recently successfully reproduced green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) for the first time. He is currently working as an archaeologist while completing his Master's degree at San Diego State University. Currently, Kent is an Assistant Editor of the Chameleons! Online E-Zine and can be emailed at [email protected]. | 2019-04-18T12:43:14Z | http://chameleonnews.com/10JulManchen.html |
Across the nation, fire departments are adopting the 48/96 work schedule, in which firefighters work 48 consecutive hours with the following 96 hours off. Our study objective was to explain and quantify the impact of switching from the Kelly schedule to the 48/96 schedule by measuring changes in sleep, feelings of daytime function, as well as perceptions of professional and personal well-being for American firefighters. Sleep diaries and self-reported surveys were administered to firefighters at an urban fire department. Sleep diaries measuring the number of hours slept and feelings of refreshment were compared one month before and four months after implementation of the 48/96 schedule. The self-reported surveys measured sleepiness levels via the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Secondary study objectives included changes in professional and personal well-being time for personal schedules, satisfaction, and health habits before and after the 48/96 schedule was implemented. The 59 firefighters included in the study reported an increase in sleep on-shift after the new schedule implementation (5.8 to 6.6 hours/night, p < 0.001). Participants also reported increased feelings of refreshment on days off (p < 0.001) and decreased daytime sleepiness (p < 0.001). We also found a general trend of improved perceptions of satisfaction, less shift interference with personal schedules and decreased feelings of burnout. American firefighters appeared to benefit from a 48/96 schedule, with short-term improvements in sleep patterns, feelings of burnout, and time for personal schedules.
The 48/96 schedule, a six-day rotation in which firefighters work 48 consecutive hours followed by 96 hours off, has been widely adopted by American fire departments over the past decade, increasingly supplanting the previously widespread Kelly schedule. The trend toward the 48/96 schedule has resulted in an increased occurrence of four consecutive days off, providing positive externalities such as allowing more full weekends at home, reducing commute days, providing fewer transitions between shifts, and simplifying the scheduling process. On the other hand, the 48 hour on-shift requires firefighters to work a double shift, potentially necessitating 48 consecutive hours of work without sleep, as well as requiring firefighters to be away from families and personal responsibilities for 48 hours.
The impact of work schedules on sleep quality or well-being has rarely been studied in this population. One study reported increases in discipline measures, use of sick leave, traffic and collisions, as well as a slower turn out time, for firefighters on the 48/96 schedule compared with the Kelly schedule. (6) There were more injuries, however, for those working on the Kelly schedule. (6) A review of work schedules noted that of 65 fire departments across the United States that trialed the 48/96 schedule for one year, no departments reverted to previous schedules during or after the year trial period, (7) suggesting that the 48/96 schedule may positively impact firefighters’ personal and professional well being.
Our study aims to explain and quantify the impact of switching from the Kelly schedule to the 48/96 schedule by measuring sleep quality and daytime function, measured by hours of sleep obtained, number of sleep interruptions, time to fall asleep, and feelings of refreshment and daytime sleepiness, reported by firefighters employed by a large, urban fire department. Secondary outcomes of interest included changes in professional and personal well-being, measured as feelings of burnout, time for personal schedules, job satisfaction and health habits. The study was conducted to provide evidence to support a partner fire department’s decision to continue the 48/96 schedule, as well as to add to the limited body of knowledge on this topic.
This pre-post study utilized sleep diaries and self-reported surveys to measure firefighters’ sleep quality, daytime function and personal and professional well-being before the adoption of the 48/96 schedule, December 2005, and after the schedule change, April 2006. The study was conducted in partnership with an American College of Surgeons verified Level I Trauma Center, and a large urban fire department that also provides Emergency Medical Services. The hospital’s Institutional Review Board provided ethical approval of the project. After a brief assembly about the study in December 2005, all personnel (269 members) of the fire department were subsequently sent surveys, sleep diaries, and consent forms in the mail. Responses were submitted on paper and returned to the study coordinator through mail. Consent forms were provided with all surveys, although participants were also invited to complete the form anonymously without signing a consent form. Surveys and consent forms were returned to the Trauma Research Director via prepaid, return envelopes. Data were maintained in a password-protected database.
Sleep diaries were completed after waking each morning for one week before and after implementation of the 48/96 schedule. The printed form contained five questions and was estimated to take less than five minutes to complete per day. In the diaries, participants estimated the amount of time it took to fall asleep, the hours of sleep obtained, the number of sleep interruptions (awakenings) experienced, feelings of refreshment reported on a three-point scale ranging from “fatigued” to “very refreshed,” and whether participants were on or off shift the previous night. All sleep diary questions were developed by our research team.
Perceptions of burnout were measured by questions taken from the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), a tool developed in 2005 to gauge the general degree of respondents’ physical and emotional exhaustion; the tool has been validated among a variety of population. (10-13) Our study applied the six-question client burnout construct, which measured the degree of fatigue and exhaustion that participants perceive is due to working with clients. Each question was measured on a five-point scale, in which four indicated the highest degree of burnout. (11) In accordance to the scale, responses were then converted to points on a 0 to 100 scale, in which a response of zero (“To a very low degree”) was scored as zero, and four (“To a very high degree”) was scored as 100.
Questions gauging available time for personal schedules, satisfaction and health habits were designed by the research team and measured by a five-point likert scale, a seven-point likert scale and open-ended questions, respectively.
Our primary outcome of interest was change in sleep quality, measured by hours of sleep obtained, number of sleep interruptions, the time required to fall asleep, and perceptions of daytime function, as measured by a scale of refreshment and scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, pre and post implementation of the 48/96 schedule. Secondary objectives included changes in professional and personal well-being, measured as changes in perceived interruptions in personal schedules due to work schedules, satisfaction, feelings of burnout, and health habits.
Only matched responses to sleep diaries and self-reported surveys were incorporated in the study. Hours of sleep, number of interruptions, and the ESS scores were analyzed using paired sample t-tests to compare change in sleep quality before and after the shift implementation. The results of nominal scales, including the refreshment scale and secondary variables of interest, were described pre and post schedule implementation. There were few missing values; we did not substitute any missing values, thus, the total number of responses varies per question. Analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 21, Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Of 269 firefighters sent sleep diaries and surveys, a total of 109 and 98 returned sleep diaries (41% and 36% response rate) and 160 and 106 returned surveys (60% and 41% response rate) in December and April, respectively. Of the sleep diaries, 94% and 76% of the total participants signed a consent form in December and April, respectively; 76% and 74% of total participants chose to sign the consent for the self-reported surveys in December and April, respectively. Fifty-nine participants (22.8%) completed all surveys and sleep diaries and signed a consent form, and were thereby included in the analysis. There was no significant difference between respondents in the final analysis and all respondents (included those with incomplete datasets); demographic characteristics of participants and the total population are presented in table 1.
There was a significant increase in mean hours of on-shift nightly sleep, from 5.8 v. 6.6 hours, after the schedule change (p<0.001). The average number of hours slept per night during off-shift days was similar before and after the new shift was implemented (7.2 v. 7.3 hours, p=0.12). After stratifying the sleep diary results between the first and second 24 hours on-shift, participants slept 26 minutes less during the second 24 hours (p=0.06) (table 2).
There was a significant decrease in mean scores of daytime sleepiness, as measured by the ESS, from 8.9 to 8.0 (p < 0.001). Ten participants’ (16.9%) scores reflected a change from abnormal (≥11) to normal (≤10) levels of sleepiness on the ESS scale; seven participants (11.9%) switched from normal to abnormal levels of sleepiness during the same period. Over half of participants (33 participants, 55.9%) consistently scored within the normal range of sleepiness on the ESS scale, and nine (15.2%) consistently scored within the abnormal range of sleepiness.
For both periods of being on and off shift, there was a considerable improvement in feelings of being refreshed after the 48/96 schedule implementation. During on days, there was a significant improvement in feelings of being refreshed after the 48/96 schedule implementation (p<0.05). Participants felt more fatigued, however, the second half of the 48-hour shift than the first 24 hours of the shift (p<0.05). Participants reported a significant improvement in feeling more refreshed on their off days post implementation (p<0.001).
There were no changes in the number of sleep interruptions before and after implementation of the 48/96 schedule (table 2).
We did not observe any significant changes in the average amount of time to fall asleep pre and post implementation. There was also no appreciable change in time to sleep between the first and second half of the on-shift during the 48/96 shift (table 2).
There was a general trend towards reduced burnout after implementation of the new schedule. Specifically, participants were less likely to rate the following perceptions “To a very high degree” or “To a high degree” after implementation: Feeling they gave more than they were getting back when working with patients (19% v. 9%, respectively); Feeling tired working with patients (5% v. 3%); Feeling frustration when working with patients (2% v. 0%); Feeling energy drain when working with patients (5% v. 3%). There was no change in reports of participants wondering how long they could continue working with patients (7% for both).
After implementation, we observed a decrease in the proportion of participants that felt the shift interfered with responsibilities. Specifically, there was a decrease in perceptions that the work schedule interfered with performing household activities such as grocery shopping or looking after children (19% v. 5%, respectively), participating in leisure activities such as sports or hobbies (16% v. 3%), or performing non household activities such as going to doctor or bank (7% v. 2%).
There was an increase in participants that felt the advantages of the current work schedule outweighed the disadvantages after implementation of the 48/96 schedule (78% v. 88%, respectively). We did not observe a large shift in questions measuring job satisfaction, including questions regarding satisfaction with the respondents’ job, line of work, or perceptions of colleagues’ satisfaction with their job or line of work. Additionally, there was not a large shift in responses regarding the frequency of thinking about quitting or the perceived difficulty working with patients. The majority of respondents (84.7%) indicated a question gauging spousal support with their work schedule was not applicable.
We found no significant changes in health habits before versus after implementation of the 48/96 schedule. The number of cigarettes smoked per week was unchanged; only one participant reported smoking cigarettes throughout the study. The consumption of alcoholic beverages per week remained unchanged (3.6 both pre and post implementation). The consumption of caffeinated beverages per day also remained constant (2.5 v. 2.2 drinks per day).
American firefighters provide around-the-clock emergency services, necessitating long, uninterrupted work shifts. We found the switch from the Kelly schedule to the 48/96 schedule, led to favorable improvements in sleep, including an increase of hours slept, a small but statistically significant reduction in daytime sleepiness, and an increase in feelings of refreshment. We also observed improved scores for secondary objectives of interest, such as feelings of burnout, time for personal schedules and perceptions of satisfaction with the work schedule. The use of alcohol, caffeinated beverages, the number of cigarettes and perceptions of general job satisfaction did not change after the new schedule was implemented.
Our secondary objective of professional and personal well being perceptions demonstrated an overall trend towards improvement, specifically time for personal schedules and reduced feelings of burnout. These results are in conflict with studies that found long, sporadic work shifts led to difficulty in personal relationships among firefighters, (19) although notably there has not been a similar study examining the effect of the 48/96 schedule, specifically, on personal relationships.
Of note, health habits did not change after implementation of the new schedule. The prevalence of smoking tobacco was lower than other studies of firefighters (only one firefighter in our study reported to smoke cigarettes), although prevalence of smokeless tobacco, which has been found to more common among firefighters than the general population, (20) was not collected. On average, 3.6 alcoholic drinks were consumed per week in our study; this was also lower than other recent epidemiological studies assessing the use of alcohol among American firefighters. (20,21) Lastly, there was a marginal reduction of caffeinated beverage consumption, from 2.5 to 2.2. The numbers remained moderate, demonstrating a continued healthy level of caffeinated beverages through the study.
There are several limitations. First, we had a small sample size, restricting our ability to generalize our findings. As the study allowed participants to either sign a consent form or remain anonymous, we could not match all of the surveys pre and post implementation. We had a lower rate of firefighters choosing to sign consent forms in the surveys gauging personal opinions, which may reflect some apprehension about sharing opinions about the shift or their positions. Our results, however, were similar to an unpublished grey paper which included analysis of all respondents in our study population. (22) In our study, we did not include reasons for waking during the night, thus we could not attribute the cause of an awakening as due to a sleep disturbance or due to answering an emergency call. Notably, the fire department received a similar number of calls in December and July (2,997 and 2,898, respectively), and did not expect a large fluctuation in April, but it is not possible to tell the timing of the calls. In any self-reported study, responder bias must be listed as a limitation that may restrict the accuracy of a response. Further, the study period was only one week long, thus we were not able to capture to firefighters’ experience throughout the 9 day Kelly shift.
Obesity and heart disease is greatly prevalent within American firefighters, and cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of duty-related death for firefighters. (23) Future studies should examine how shift schedules impact rates of exercise and food choices. Additionally, future studies may wish to utilize a web-based survey application to improve response rates and reduce the time spent sending surveys and diaries in the mail. We would also recommend future studies examine perceptions of safety, including the perception of driving while on shift as well as commuting home after the shift has ended, and include reasons for awakenings. These topics may further contribute to the limited body of knowledge about the impact of work schedules on sleep and satisfaction for firefighters.
There are few studies that measure the impact of work schedules for firefighters in the United States, and few, if any, publications comparing quality and perceptions of daytime function before and after new shift implementation. Our study provides evidence that participants improved sleep quality and daytime function after switching to the 48/96 schedule from the Kelly schedule. It also improves professional and personal well-being may improve after implementation of the new work schedule. It is our expectation that these findings can be used to guide fire departments across the country in policy debates over work schedules.
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants versus total population.
Table 2. Sleep measurements for the Kelly Schedule and the 48/69 Schedule.
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The word θεος (theos) means God, but although that may seem like an open-and-shut case it really isn't. In fact, our word θεος (theos) is fantastically complicated. To start with, it also covers humans (John 10:34) and even what seems to be the devil (2 Corinthians 4:4). There's clearly more to the word θεος (theos) than simply offering a kind of genus for the Creator to be classified as. In the New Testament, this noun occurs 1340 times; see full concordance. Let's have a look at this mysterious word.
Our word stems from a time when every detail of human existence was permeated with theology (in the broadest sense of the word), easily up to the modern levels of pervasion of the entertainment and health industries combined. And additionally, back then our word theos was understood in the etymological context of what it represented. It was a word that clearly came out of a verbal neighborhood that included everyday verbs and adjectives that all had to do with what theos meant. In other words: back then, even if you could find someone with absolutely no knowledge of theology, the word for God still actually meant something. It was a word like "shopper" that upon its inception was immediately and by everybody understood to describe a person who had something to do with a shop (whether a workshop or a place of retail), and which only after much usage attained the meaning of someone who purchases something in a shop rather than the proprietor of one (the verb "to shop" meant being a shopkeeper for about a hundred years, until the late 18th century when it came to mean to buy something).
Today, on the other hand, the word "God" is a technical term, which only means something to people who know something about theology (in its broadest sense). Its etymology is obscure, and its inherent meaning isn't clear at all. In that regard, the term "God" is like the term "item nr. 15" that means only something if you also have the IKEA assembly instructions that show what "item nr 15" might be and how it fits the furniture you're trying to assemble. The whole big screaming deal about theology these days is that there's no real consensus about what sort of furniture we're trying to assemble. In fact, much friction between theological models is exactly that: a difference in opinion about what theology is, rather than what and who God is.
Adherents to school A figure that the world is a stage and all must play a part. In this model all creatures are like stars that happen to hang in empty space; take away the stars and the empty space remains, and if nobody does anything then nothing gets done. Competition is thus everything and the stronger guy is better than the weaker guy. The invisible forces that so obviously run the world (collectively known as theoi; whether seen as inanimate or living) must hence work the same way, and this in turn leads to belief in a pantheon of theoi that compete among each other as much as men do.
School B, on the other hand, believes that the actors are not on the stage but bring about the stage because collectively they are the stage. School B is all about unity, no matter how complex, because unity drives complexity. School B understands that the diversity of all human culture is due to its unity, just like the diversity of the biosphere is due to its unity, just like the unity of the singularity from whence the entire expanding universe came was never compromised. In this model, all things, including stars, come with the space in which they sit — take away the stars and you'll also lose the space. And even when nobody would do anything, the whole of the unity still progresses, hence altering the communal stage and forcing the actors do react.
School B does not believe in multiplicity and competition but in unity and diversity. Where school A believes in a stationary universe, school B believes in an inherently progressing universe. To school A, we're all players in a grand casino; while some might amass a fortune, most lose everything and the house always wins. To school B we're all rowers on a boat whose rudder is controlled by natural progression. We will either, at some point, arrive at the only possible dock available, or succumb to lack of cooperation and die half way the great passage.
School A will try to address the much remote deity and entice Him (Her/Them) to do something He is evidently not doing on his own (the secular branch of school A speaks optimistically of "harnessing the forces of nature"). School A knows better than even the deity and sets out to change the deity, or at least His mind. To them the deity is a big horse that pulls the cart of existence to wherever they instruct the deity to lumber. School B sees the deity indeed separate but not remote, indeed not part of creation but intimately involved with it (the way the second dimension of a two-dimensional plane touches a one-dimensional line in its every point while still remaining separate from it). To them the deity continues to form the universe and leads it like an attractor toward a mirror image of Himself, rather the way DNA replicates. Their prayers don't try to change the deity's mind but their own (Matthew 6:10). They want to become like God, not the other way around (Psalm 25:4).
To school B, God is YHWH and is not simply One because there is no other or because He his stronger than the others: He is the Oneness of the whole. He is not simply the pantheistic whole, but the Oneness of the whole. This Oneness was there before the whole began, and will be there when the whole achieves completion. That is how Jesus could say the He and the Father are One (John 10:30) and that He is in the Father and the Father is in Him (John 14:10), while at the same time all believers are in Jesus and Jesus is in them (John 14:20) and all believers must be one just like He and the Father are one (John 17:21-22). It's also the reason why in the last century scientists have become convinced that all forces of nature are in fact one (called the Grand Unified Force), which at lower energy levels breaches like an unfolding umbrella into the familiar four fundamental forces Gravity, Electromagnetism, and the Strong and Weak Nuclear Forces, without losing their consistency. But physicists know what school B knows, namely that a breach of symmetry does not entail a breach of unity.
The natural laws by which the universe was created and upon which creation, including mankind, was designed to operate, is in the Bible known as the Word of God; a living and communicating being (John 1:3, Genesis 15:1, John 1:14). Understanding how the universe works leads to a kind of liberation that frees the individual (John 8:32) and brings about a human society in which the Creator is an essential element. This is the reason why both the Father and Jesus blatantly call theoi the people "to whom the Word of God came" (Psalm 82:6, John 10:34-35). You are what you know, after all.
All this has certainly nothing to do with church buildings or marble statues or religions of any sort (Revelation 21:22). In fact, the heroes of both the Old and the New Testaments have much more in common with post-Renaissance scientists (1 Kings 4:33-34) than with post-Renaissance clergy, and unanimously abhorred religious regalia and ritualistic vanity. The Roman imperial machine required its subjects to pay homage to the deified state and its Caesar, and true truth-seekers didn't feel like doing so. This is why they were executed in droves and this is also why the first century Roman historian Cassius Dio could define atheism as "a charge on which many others who drifted into Jewish ways were condemned" (Hist.67.14).
The Grand Unified Theory is commonly envisioned as a united cluster of smaller but immutable man-made theories, precisely identical to the pantheon of marble representations of the theoi of the school A models. School B, on the other hand, has since time immemorial tried to make clear that no marble image (εικον, eikon) could ever represent anything remotely connected to any kind of world-governing natural force (Exodus 20:3-5, Acts 17:29). If you would want to represent the Creator, or the divine unity of all governing forces of nature (Colossians 1:17-18, Isaiah 9:6), you'd have to come up with something very much alive (Colossians 1:15, Hebrews 1:3). That is why Jesus Christ is presented as He in whom are hidden the treasure (thesauros, see below) of all knowledge and wisdom (Colossians 2:3, see Romans 1:20 and Hosea 4:6).
Furthermore, the government of the Word of God is not a government by some unapproachable emperor in an ivory tower far away, but from the same laws to which atoms listen (Deuteronomy 30:14, Jeremiah 31:33, Romans 2:15). It's the very set of rules by which we exist in the first place that will then govern our whole society, and it will feel the same as being entirely free. The authors of the New Testament where part of a revolution in theology, of people who called the Creator by such intimate and near equal terms as mister (kurios) and even father.
In the pagan world, the invisible world of the divine was thought to consist of many interacting θεοι (theoi), and one of those sub-currents of the greater river would be called a θεος (theos). In the Judaic world view the singular word theos came to denote not just one individual but the living oneness of all lifeless and living theoi ("as indeed there are many theoi" — 1 Corinthians 8:5). This same principle of the one-and-the-many sits in the Hebrew word for God, namely אלהים (elohim), which is a plural word just like theoi but used grammatically in a singular way. From this plural word came the singular אלה (eloah) in much the same way as the singular word theos came from the plural theoi. But in the Bible the words theos and eloah are equivalent to the whole pagan pantheon, not just one element of that pantheon.
This original plural word theoi probably came from (and means the same as) the plural of the noun θετης (thetes), which is "one who sets/places". This word does not occur in the New Testament but in Cratylus, Plato uses this word in the sense of giving a name, that is: a formal identity (Crat.389, see Genesis 2:19, Isaiah 43:1, and Revelation 2:17 via Isaiah 62:2). This noun θετης (thetes) in turn comes from the ubiquitous verb τιθημι (tithemi), meaning to place or set — basically what a chess player would do with chess pieces (Matthew 5:15, 1 Corinthians 12:18, Acts 1:7: "what the Father has set"). The first person single future form of this verb is θησω (theso), meaning "I will set", and it's the root of words like θεσαυρος (thesauros), meaning treasure (Matthew 6:20, Colossians 2:3) and νουθετεω (noutheteo), literally meaning to mind-set but used in the sense of to warn or admonish (Acts 20:31, Romans 15:14).
Equally intriguing are the visual similarities between our word θεος, its feminine counterpart θεα (thea, meaning Goddess) and the verb θαομαι (theaomai), meaning to wonder, and its derived middle deponent verb θεαομαι (theaomai), meaning to behold or contemplate intently (John 8:10, Matthew 6:1). From the latter verb comes the familiar noun θεατρον (theatron), or theatre (Acts 19:29). From the primary verb θαομαι (thaomai) also comes the noun θαυμα (thauma), meaning wonder or admiration (Revelation 17:6) and its associated verb θαυμαζω (thaumazo), meaning to wonder (Matthew 8:10, Luke 7:9).
From our secondary verb θεαομαι (theaomai) comes the noun θεωρος (theoros), literally meaning an observer or observed one. This extra-Biblical word became used to denote an envoy sent to divine kings or to oracles or to show up at functions in stead of someone represented. From this noun in turn comes the familiar verb θεωρεω (theoreo), meaning to gaze intently in order to get all the details (Mark 15:47, Luke 14:29), and from that verb comes the even more familiar noun θεωρια (theoria), meaning a viewing or sight (Luke 23:48). Quite fittingly, this noun is the origin of our English word "theory" or — dare we say it? — "goddery". Theory is literally god-business.
Together with the preposition α (a), meaning without: the familiar adjective αθεος (atheos), meaning atheist(ic). In the Bible it occurs only in Ephesians 2:12, where it describes the condition of being without Christ. Our modern world sports this word as a symbol of scientific reason (versus the "faith" it purports to oppose) but originally this word was properly on a par with αλογια (alogia), without reason (Acts 25:27, Jude 1:10).
The feminine version of θεος (theos), namely θεα (thea), obviously meaning Goddess. This word occurs only in Acts 19:27, 19:35 and 19:37 where it describes Artemis of Ephesus.
The adjective θειος (theios), which means godly in the sense of something pertaining to God: an essential quality of the divine. In Greek literature this adjective appears all over the place — sometimes as substantive denoting the divine in general; sometimes as a superhuman quality ascribed to human heroes; sometimes to describe the acts of the Gods — but in the New Testament only in Acts 17:29, 2 Peter 1:3 and 1:4.
The noun θειοτης (theiotes), meaning divinity or rather "divineness" to distinguish it from the previous word. In the classics this word is used sporadically; sometimes to denote piety and sometimes as title of the Roman emperor. In the New Testament this word occurs in Romans 1:20 only.
Together with the verb διδασκω (didasko), meaning to teach: the adjective θεοδιδακτος (theodidaktos), meaning taught by God (1 Thessalonians 4:9 only, but also see John 6:45). This concept comes from Isaiah 53:4 where the prophet says "And all your sons will be taught of (or will teach about) YHWH and great will be the peace of your sons".
The verb θεομαχεω (theomacheo), meaning to fight with God (Acts 23:9 only).
Together with the verb πνεω (pneo), meaning to blow or to inspire: the contended adjective θεοπνευστος (theopneustos), meaning god-breathed or divinely inspired. This mind-boggling act is demonstrated a few times in the Bible (Genesis 2:7, John 20:22) but this adjective occurs only in 2 Timothy 3:16, where Paul writes that all writing is god-breathed. With this he obviously means all writing — such as the extra-Biblical legend of Jannes and Jambres, which he mentions a few verses prior — and not only so-called sacred writings, let alone the Bible the way we have it simply because much of it hadn't been produced at the time of Paul's writing. In other words: if you can convey the gospel by referring to Shakespeare, Star Trek or Masha and the Bear, by all means don't hold back.
Paul probably also not so much referred to what was written about but rather the very miracle of the existence of script itself. In order for a writing system to exist, an incredible level of cooperation and convention across a vast region must be in place. Prior to this happening, folks of extraordinary vision and powers of persuasion have to travel extensively and somehow convince people of the benefit of this convention before it can be demonstrated.
Writing allowed information to be permanently stored in and retrieved without degradation from a medium other than a forgetful and perishable human brain, which made the Psalmist exclaim: "You will not allow Your Holy One [the Word] to undergo decay" (Psalm 16:10). Writing boosted the levels of science and whatever knowledge was once available only to specialized priests, writing made available to everybody (Exodus 19:6). Love believes all things (1 Corinthians 13:7), but you can't believe what you don't know about. The ancients rightly understood writing to be divine and a catalyst for world-wide love.
The noun θεοσεβεια (theosebia), meaning reverence of God or godliness (1 Timothy 2:10 only).
Together with the otherwise unused verb στυγεω (stugeo), meaning to hate, but in the emphatic sense of showing hate rather than just feeling it; active hate: the adjective θεοστυγης (theostuges), meaning god-hated (hated by god). In the classics this word denoted someone whose misdeeds were expected to generate divine hate; something like our term "god forsaken" but stronger. In the New Testament this word occurs only once, in Romans 1:30, where, for some reason, every major translation interprets it the other way around: hater(s) of God.
The noun θεοτης (theotes), meaning deity or divinity. This incredible word occurs only once in the New Testament, in Colossians 2:9, where Paul submits that the fullness of the θεοτης (theotes) dwells in Christ in bodily form.
Together with the adjective φιλος (philos) beloved or friend: the adjective φιλοθεος (philotheos), meaning god-friendly or god-loving (2 Timothy 3:4 only). This word is the reversed of the name Theophilus, which belonged to the man to whom the gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts were dedicated. | 2019-04-19T21:20:55Z | http://www.abarim-publications.com/DictionaryG/th/th-e-o-sfin.html |
What are We Feeding Fido, and Why?
My journey into the world of dog food ingredients began when my two-year-old mutts, Olive and Dexi, embarked on a hunger strike of sorts. They’d circle around their food bowls a foot away, sniffing all the while, only to walk away in protest before getting close enough to really get a good look. It felt as though they thought I might be trying to poison them, or at least pull a fast one of some sort.
I served what I thought were top-tier kibble and wet foods, never skimping on price and offering plenty of variety to avert boredom. I changed commercial foods numerous times, trying every ilk of so-called natural lines marketed as organic, grain-free and the like, yet still my offerings were snubbed. I’ll never know if they actually conspired to get my attention, but get my attention they did when they’d go two days without eating a bite, ostensibly giving in only when hunger forced them to.
I became convinced Olive and Dexi were rejecting the meals based on odor, inspiring my 3-part investigation into dog foods: first, to understand the canine sense of smell; second, to master commercial dog food labeling; and third, to discern what canine diet might really be best. I’ve concluded that the answer to the latter might not be as simple as one would wish.
What we know about dogs’ ability to smell is beautifully summarized in a 2012 NOVA scienceNOW on-line article. It seems dogs might possess the most highly developed odor detection system on the planet, according to researchers at Florida State University’s Sensory Research Institute. A dog’s sense of smell is 10,000 to 100,000 times more acute than that of humans. An analogy applied to vision would be that something a human could just make out a half a mile away would still be visible to dogs at 5,000 or maybe even 50,000 miles.
A well-controlled canine study published in 2006 documented discrimination of odors diluted to as low as 1-2 parts per trillion. This explains some dogs’ outdoor tracking skill and ability to detect early cancers in the breath and urine of humans. Dogs have about 50 times more olfactory receptors in their noses than humans, plus the part of the canine brain that processes olfactory information is proportionately 40 times larger. Furthermore, canine noses are designed such that about 12% of inhaled air is diverted to an elaborate olfactory apparatus in the back of the nose with a convoluted surface area lined with smell receptors.
Whereas humans can’t take in new smells when exhaling because they inhale and exhale through the same aperture, dogs exhale from a separate side slit in each nostril , allowing them to separate breathing and sniffing functions. Consequently, they can sniff for odors continuously across many breathing cycles. They can also locate odors in space better than humans because they can tell which nostril carried the odor. What’s more, dogs possess an organ on the floor of their nasal passage which humans lack, called Jacobson’s organ, designed to detect pheromones that communicate sexual status, like readiness to mate.
Learning about dogs’ astounding olfactory capabilities led me to wonder what might be lurking in even top-brand commercial dog foods which were failing Olive’s and Dexi’s smell tests.
Although the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Food and Drug Administration do play roles in overseeing pet food regulations, standards for pet foods are actually set by a non-profit organization (Association of American Feed Control Officials, or AAFCO) which does not, however, regulate, test or certify pet foods in any way. Rather, AAFCO defines what pet food ingredients are allowed and sets standards for healthy products and package labeling. Individual states then apply AAFCO’s standards to set their own laws and regulations and insure that pet food manufacturers are in compliance.
Understanding the nuts and bolts of AAFCO standards for labeling pet food goes a long way to empower pet owners to make informed choices about the dizzying array of products on market shelves. What follows is for dog food products, but the same applies to cat foods.
For starters, the product’s name alone conveys valuable information about the contents. The rules go like this. Only when “100%” or “All” is in product name, as in 100% Beef or All Turkey, is there only one ingredient, save water and preservatives. Or, when the name is simple and unfettered, like Beef Dog Food, there is assurance that the named ingredient accounts for at least 95% of total dry weight (or 70% if the water is included). If that simple name identifies two ingredients, as in Beef and Liver Dog Food, then the first named ingredient must outweigh the second, and both must still account for 95% of dry weight.
Modifiers added to product names which suggest better taste or nutrition – like dinner, feast, platter, entre, stew, or recipe – actually have no official definitions but do nevertheless convey useful information. Whenever a modifier is added (as in Beef Dinner or Salmon and Tuna Recipe), then only 25% of the final product need derive from the named ingredient(s) and the main ingredient might not even appear in the product name. When two ingredients are named, the first must outweigh the second, but the two together can still account for just 25% of total product. So it’s easy to see how a Beef and Potato Stew, for example, could be as little as 13% beef.
If the name instead uses the word with, as in Dog Food with Salmon, the named component need make up only 3%. Contrast this with Salmon Dog Food which should be 95% salmon. Watch also for the words flavor or flavored, as in Fish Flavored: There is no minimum content required for the mentioned ingredient. So Chicken Flavored Dog Food might contain no chicken meat at all, just something that imparts a chicken flavor, like chicken broth or chicken by-products (see sidebar for definitions).
The Complete and Balanced label is one of a handful that has specific meaning. A pet food qualifies as complete and balanced in one of two ways. For one, a product can meet a profile(s) for essential nutrients established by AAFCO for specific life stages, namely for puppies, pregnant/lactating females, adult maintenance (which permits lower amounts of certain nutrients), or all life stages. In addition to specifying appropriate levels of protein, fat and fiber, the profiles set required ranges for 34 amino acids, minerals and vitamins.
Alternatively, a product can qualify as complete and balanced through feeding trials, targeting one or more life stages, in which dogs are fed only the test diet and water. A veterinarian evaluates general health at the trial’s start and finish. This method has been targeted for criticism on multiple counts. For starters, just eight dogs are required in a trial, and only six (75%) need pass. Necropsy is performed only on dogs that died. The adult maintenance trial is longest, 26 weeks, during which a 15% drop in body weight is deemed acceptable. Any mixture of breeds is allowed, so there is no allowance that the nutritional needs of, say, a working herd dog might differ from that of a lap pooch, except by calories. Laboratory testing is limited to a 3 or 4-component blood analysis at the end screening for only anemia and protein malnourishment (and, for adult maintenance, liver and bone disease).
Labels on all complete and balanced products must state how the standard was met. My non-scientific survey found the nutrient analysis method to be far more common, probably because feeding trials are costlier. However, many products labeled complete and balanced weren’t tested directly because, once a lead member of a product family has passed, other products in the same family qualify too. Any food not meeting the complete and balanced standard must indicate that the item is intended for intermittent or supplemental feeding, though snacks, treats and supplements are exempt.
Be aware that the additional healthful-sounding claims “perfect,” “scientific” and “100% nutritious” are just redundant to complete and balanced, but similar-sounding others, like “premium” or “holistic,” are meaningless. However, AAFCO specifies that “natural” denotes made without chemically synthesized ingredients, except for vitamins and minerals. And, an “organic” claim is meaningful when you see the “USDA Organic” seal: Though official organic standards for pet foods are still being developed, the seal assures that National Organic Program standards for human foods have been met, which exclude ingredients genetically engineered, irradiated, or grown with synthetic fertilizers/pesticides or sewage sludge.
The basic rule for reading the list of INGREDIENTS is straightforward: All ingredients must be listed and in order of decreasing weight as they went into manufacturing. Under the heading GUARANTEED ANALYSIS are the minimum percentages of crude protein and crude fat and the maximum percentages of crude fiber and moisture, though manufacturers can opt there to highlight other additions, like omega-3 fatty acids or glucosamine. The descriptor “crude” is confusing, as it says nothing about the extent to which a nutrient can be utilized (i.e. digestibility). Crude protein reflects just the amount of nitrogen present (only proteins contain nitrogen). It’s critical to appreciate that a protein’s digestibility varies with the source. See Protein Digestibility sidebar, with egg whites assigned a reference value of 1.0.
Which parts of animals (or plants) humans eat is culturally-based. There is no legal definition of the terms human-grade or human-edible, though federal regulations specify how foods have to be manufactured, packed and held to be deemed human-edible. Conventional pet foods are deemed “feed grade” based on the ingredients or how they were manufactured. A pet food would not be human-edible unless every ingredient met federal rules (including manufactured in a human food processing plant), so a product containing USDA-inspected human-edible chicken plus poultry meal, which is not human-grade, would not be human-grade. Though companies marketing pet foods made with all human-grade ingredients have surfaced, even then the label indicates that the food is not intended for human consumption.
Born Free USA, an animal advocacy non-profit, put out a factual breakdown of “What’s Really in Pet Food” in 2007. It explains how the animal protein in most pet foods derives from the 50% of the animal carcass that’s left once the lean muscle, tongue and tripe are carved away for human consumption, leaving heads, feet, bones, blood, internal organs, etc. Thus pet foods are largely by-products of the human meat, poultry and fishing industries. Though it’s true that better brands of pet foods might not use by-products, the meat that is listed in the first ingredient(s) is still primarily leftover scraps. “Chicken,” for example, will not likely include the expensive breast meat but, because bones are allowed, likely includes the spine and ribs with the small amount of meat left attached.
Official AAFCO definitions of common animal and fish ingredients are given in the Table below. Though not itemized, plant products are also often by-products of the human food system. Broken rice kernels, for example, are diverted to pet foods in the form of brewer’s rice. Be mindful that animal/fish ingredients identified as “by-products” are non-rendered whereas those named “meals” are. Rendering converts otherwise waste animal products into usable products through extended cooking which removes water and fats/oils and kills pathogens. In describing rendering, Born Free USA asserts that so-called “4D” animals (dead, dying, diseased, disabled) “are still legitimate ingredients for pet food.” A spokesperson for the Pet Food Institute, representing U.S. pet food manufacturers, confirmed that the decision to incorporate 4D animals or not is up to manufacturers.
Though many people frown at learning what is allowed in pet foods, there are obvious environmental arguments for utilizing what the industry dubs “co-products,” i.e. the portions of animals or plants which humans elect not to eat. Diverting co-products to pet foods increases the sustainability of both pet and human diets as fewer resources need be inputted, and co-products would otherwise have to be landfilled or incinerated. Furthermore, the products of rendering capture seven times as much carbon dioxide as is released during rendering, according to the National Renderers Association.
Any discussion of the natural diet for dogs begins with acknowledgement that all dog breeds are descended from the gray wolf, an apex predator. Gray wolves prefer to hunt large hoofed mammals, like elk, deer, moose, caribou and sheep, though they will supplement with smaller prey like rabbits, beavers, rodents, fish, waterfowl and even small reptiles and amphibians. They are also known to eat livestock, carrion and garbage. Even dogs are not off limits.
Wolves store fat well so can go days and even a few weeks without feeding, but do gorge heavily when the opportunity arises. Also, their intestines are shorter than in humans, but food remains in the stomach longer so they feel full longer. Wolves are omnivorous in that they feed to a lesser extent on available plant materials, including berries, pears, apples, melons, and a range of grains and grasses, according to Russian mammal researchers.
Renown wolf behavior expert L. David Mech at the University of Minnesota reports that wolves usually consume the internal organs of animals first – heart, liver, lung, stomach, kidneys, glands and spleen – before moving on to muscle meat. I mention this in that commercial dog foods generally market their products highlighting any muscle meat contribution. Obviously, wolves have no trouble eating raw animal parts and no doubt routinely ingest fur and plenty of bone.
The domestic dog is one of many subspecies of gray wolf. This means that dogs can theoretically mate with gray wolves and produce viable offspring, and in fact there has been successful captive breeding producing wolf-dog hybrids.
Exactly how and when domestication of dogs began is still subject to debate, though there is consensus that it dates back at least 10,000 years when wolves were drawn to permanent human settlements to feed on waste dumps. Over many generations, natural selection would have favored animals less fearful of humans who, in turn, came to appreciate that wolves could provide sanitation and an alarm to other intruders. The scores of contemporary dog breeds, however, is the result of selective breeding over the last few centuries, not natural selection.
The lineage from gray wolf to domesticated dog has produced enthusiasm among some dog owners for return to an “ancestral” diet resembling that of gray wolves. An ancestral diet is touted as being significantly higher in protein and fats and lower in carbohydrates than conventional commercial dog foods. Consequently, there are wet and dry commercial brands now marketed as better approximating an ancestral diet. Some enthusiasts go so far as to recommend all raw components, and indeed there are many frozen and freeze-dried raw canine diets on the market, typically containing organ meats and ground bone in addition to muscle meat.
However, as pointed out by John Bradshaw of the University of Bristol who studies human-animal interactions, we know little of the extent to which the biology of dogs has been modified by thousands of years of domestication. We do know, however, that hunting behavior has undergone significant change, as feral dogs subsist largely by scavenging rather than by hunting. Dogs also have smaller teeth, skulls and brains than wolves of similar body size.
This first of its kind DNA study underscores that identifying a natural diet for contemporary dogs is not as simple as harking back to what their ancestor ate. What’s more, recent insights into a non-gene form of inheritance, called epigenetic inheritance, are bound to add another layer of complexity. An organism’s epigenome refers to a chemical apparatus that sits atop the DNA and regulates if and when genes get expressed. The epigenome is not fixed for life, but can change as a result of environmental influences, like chemical exposures. Furthermore, modifications to the epigenome are sometimes passed on to future generations without any change to the genes. Scientists are just now glimpsing how gene expression in laboratory animals is subject to epigenetic modification by the innumerable chemicals in industrialized society. The point here is that, because of selective breeding and industrial chemical exposure, the question of what constitutes the natural diet for dogs might no longer be meaningful.
An anthropomorphized canine diet, in which dog food is evaluated through the lens of appeal to humans, has also gained in recent popularity. The diet roughly boils down to “don’t serve Fido anything you wouldn’t eat,” so all ingredients are suitable for human consumption. From the standpoint that canine domestication occurred in the context of scavenging from human waste dumps and table scraps, serving dogs some human-edible foods sounds deserving of merit. Already some dog foods marketed as human-edible actually undergo human taste tests. Perhaps this diet will gain in momentum as we understand more fully how dogs’ biology has diverged from wolves’. I personally have wondered if historical adaptation to human foods explains why my dogs reject raw vegetables but willingly scarf the same ones served al dente. Certainly one plus of anthropomorphizing canine food (assuming highly processed human foods are not on the menu) is that our dogs would be spared industrial scraps of questionable quality. However, the environmental burden of feeding dogs would obviously increase.
Absorbing all the above, I’ve settled on a rather eclectic diet which is passing muster with both Olive and Dexi. It’s part ancestral, part commercial and admittedly anthropomorphized. Also, I hope it doesn’t rate too badly from an environmental perspective, though all dogs unavoidably leave an environmental “paw print.” Here’s my thinking, which I offer up most humbly, making no claims on knowing what diet is ideal for anyone’s dog (even veterinarians don’t agree). I respect that what people feed their pets is a personal a decision and realize that not all pet owners are situated to spend what I do on feeding dogs.
I offer meals twice daily but no longer fret when Olive or Dexi skip a meal, knowing wolves don’t need to eat daily. Whenever possible, all constituents are organic to avoid industrial chemicals. For the main ingredient, I purchase plain, human-edible chicken, beef or turkey, pre-cooked because I eat a vegetarian diet and don’t want to risk introducing bacteria from raw meat into my kitchen. I’m also not willing to risk that my dog(s) might be among the minority that are less resistant to foodborne bacterial infections. I never buy fish because I don’t want to contribute to the collapse of ocean fisheries, plus meat protein is more digestible anyway than fish protein. On purely emotional grounds I also avoid lamb, veal, duck and pork. I admit to not really having tried organ meats as relished by wolves, strictly because of the yuck factor.
Because I feel unqualified to approximate AAFCO’s nutrient profile by anything concocted on my own, I often add some “complete and balanced” high-protein kibble (free of by-products and by-product meals) and sometimes a canine vitamin/mineral supplement. Though my dogs don’t seem partial to canned dog foods in general, I steer clear of canned items primarily to avoid the endocrine-disrupting chemical BPA (bisphenol-A) in the resin lining which can contaminate the contents. I have discovered, however, a canned sweet potatoes or pumpkin for dogs that is BPA liner free.
By the way, even though Olive and Dexi seem content with their current banquet, I have not given them complete veto power over what I serve, as I suspect they would happily gorge on heavily processed human junk foods and chocolate (which is toxic to dogs), if allowed. However, I remain vigilant to their behavioral reactions to their meals and committed to fine-tuning their diet further as I learn more about how domestication has impacted dogs’ biology and dietary needs.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, February 26th, 2014 at 6:44 am and is filed under diet, health, sustainable living, waste, wildlife. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
2 Responses to What are We Feeding Fido, and Why?
I love all the research you’ve done. It sounds similar to my quest 6 years ago to find the best and most plastic-free way to feed my cats. We ended up settling on a homemade meal of ground turkey (my husband cooks it — I do am a vegetarian), baked sweet potatoes, and a supplement powder called Balance IT. Cats need far less plant food than dogs. In fact, they are obligate carnivores. Our cats loved the canned Instinct brand cat food we used to buy them, but I felt terrible about the BPA in the cans and all the packaging waste. It’s nice to feel like we know exactly what’s going into their bodies.
Steve as always thoughtful and well researched.
I guess what saddens me is that while the dogs get fed gourmet our VETS go hungry and alone on the streets and nobody is writing about their plight. | 2019-04-25T14:37:03Z | https://sarahmosko.wordpress.com/2014/02/26/what-are-we-feeding-fido-and-why/ |
Are you addicted to home renovation shows?
Does the idea of flipping a house give you excited tingles? Well, you're in luck.
Today, we're going to walk you through how to realistically (emphasis on realistic) start flipping houses.
Don't worry, we're going to keep your budget and beginner knowledge in mind.
So, what are you waiting for? Grab your safety glasses and let's get to work!
Not sure what we mean by flipping a house? It's okay, you'd be surprised by how many people get this wrong.
Flipping a house means purchasing a property for the purpose of selling it again.
It's important to note that when flipping a house, most people don't live it in, that would be considered renovations or updating.
When flipping you're either selling the home within a few months after buying or you're fixing it and then selling it.
Why fix it up just to sell it you ask? Well, keep reading.
Why would someone purchase a home, to fix it up, not live in it, and then sell it right away?
Well, there are actually a ton of reasons why thousands of people do this across the United States.
Yes, we know this may seem like a cop out but people really do think flipping houses is fun.
For those of you with a creative mind and like to use your hands, chances are you'll love flipping houses as a hobby.
There are so many aspects to flipping a house such as the selling, marketing, renovation, redecorating and so on that there's something for everyone to get excited about.
Flipping houses is a straight up business.
As much as we love to watch those HGTV shows (more on that below), some people flip houses for a living.
If you've recently tried to buy a home in a popular area you know how hard they are to compete with!
HGTV has turned us all into interior design aficionados and their renovation and flipping shows are just as addicting.
Maybe you've thought about having your own show one day or maybe you just enjoy a big overhaul.
Either way, a love for HGTV design and renovation shows has pushed many an investor into the real estate world.
Ready for some truth tea, sis?
The real benefits to flipping houses are below. Hint: one of them is about making a lot of money.
One of the reasons people invest in real estate is because it can be so lucrative.
Finding the right house, in the right location, for the right price (more on all of this later) usually means a big paycheck.
According to Lendedu.com the average profit in the United States for house flippers is around $29,342. Not a bad chunk of change at all as long as you didn't spend too much to purchase it.
In some cases, that number is on the low end. It all depends on your location and the improvements you make to the property.
Even if you come out of your first house flipping experience with no profit you'll have gained experienced.
It may sound corny but once you've flipped a house you'll have all of that insider experience to take with you.
Not only can you use this knowledge for future renovation projects on your own home but you'll have a much easier time buying property once you know exactly what to assess and what it'll take to fix it up.
Dollar, dollar, bill; yeah. If you want to start flipping houses you'll need some cash.
The reason we say cash is because unless you can purchase the house outright, we don't recommend you flip it.
Not only will you have an easier time closing with cash but you'll beat out a lot of competition and getting it for a much better deal.
It's important to fully assess a property before purchasing it (more on this down below).
You don't want to buy a house for $130,000, spend over $30,000 (again, out of pocket), and only sell it for $185,000.
After closing costs and interest, you'll be left with a heartbreaking profit of somewhere around $750 for months and months of work.
Make a budget, make a budget, oh, and you know what else?
We're not kidding when we say a budget can save your profit margins.
to download their free spreadsheet to estimate repairs, rehab deals, and more.
Don't you dare start a renovation project without the proper safety protection and supplies.
While we can't tell you everything you'll need to renovate your entire house, we can give you an idea of the basics.
When you're flipping a house, chances are you're knocking down walls, and open up ceilings.
Anytime you're doing renovation you should be wearing a mask of some kind.
Not only could you be breathing in tons of dust but you could be breathing in asbestos and mold that you don't even know about.
Luckily even some of the most heavy duty respirator masks aren't that expensive.
Along the same lines as a respirator is a hard hat.
Hard hats, like respirator masks, aren't that expensive at all and are a great thing to have during any renovation project.
Because you never know where things might be structurally unsound, molding, and more a hard hat is an easy choice especially when they're under $10.
A tarp is something that will almost always come in hand no matter what type of renovation project you're doing.
Tarps can cover furniture, collect debris, be used to transport garbage, cover a slick area, and more.
Pick a tarp up from your local Home Depot and you won't be disappointed you had one.
Before we teach you any more about how to start flipping houses we want you to stop and think.
There are so major things you'll want to consider before learning any more.
Take a look at these three considerations below before starting your new house flipping business or hobby.
Are You Doing the Dirty Work?
There is a healthy mix of people using contractors to do their dirty work and doing it themselves.
Doing the work on your own can be time-consuming but much less expensive than paying for a contractor and laborers. However, you also don't want to try to sell a poorly renovated home.
If you're on the fence, take a look at the property and see what you can do yourself and what you'll need to hire out for.
Whatever makes the most sense for your house, your situation, and your budget spreadsheet.
One of the harder parts of learning how to start flipping houses is learning how to sell them once you're done.
Half of the problem with selling is that people lack imagination and want to see a beautifully staged home that has been painted and finished.
If colors and patterns aren't your things, consider hiring an interior designer or contractor to help you out!
Didn't think you'd have to buy furniture to flip a house? Think again.
Like we mentioned above, people want a staged house which means you better have some stylish furniture.
Spend some time making it look nice and you'll likely end up with much higher bids when you go to sell.
So, you've gotten this far; now, how do you make your first pick?
Well, that depends on a few, very important, factors.
When you go visit your first potential flip house you'll want to thoroughly assess its current state.
We know that may seem like a given but we're not just talking about a basic walkthrough here.
Notice how the foundation slopes, knock on walls, run every faucet you find. Don't be afraid of being a little too nosey.
After all, this is your investment on the line!
One of the biggest pieces of advice we can impart on you is to know the difference between a fixer-upper and a lost cause.
Have you heard of the old real estate lesson location, location, location?
As I'm sure you could guess, it has to do with the location of your house.
Think about how much a hole in the wall apartment costs in New York. Where your house is located will greatly influence the price.
Our recommendations? Never buy the best house on the block and always buy the cheapest house in the most expensive neighborhood.
Sometimes, when you're flipping a home you have to know when it's time to give up.
While we're not advocating for giving up we're just saying sometimes a $20,000 asbestos removal fee isn't always worth losing $20,000 in profit.
If you're not the decisive type or maybe you don't know when to give up, keep these three things in mind.
Flipping houses is a lot of work even if you're not the one doing any of the dirty work.
If a house you're working on keeps having problem after problem after problem...you have to know when to throw in the towel.
This, again, is why a budget sheet is so helpful. If you're losing profit; it's time to stop.
It can be easy to get excited when thinking about a property but the key is to remain realistic.
If you start to think up, or worse, actually start acting on over the top plans you could hinder your ability to actually flip and sell the house altogether.
What we mean is, don't add a pool to a 1,000 square foot home in Waukesha, Wisconsin that's selling for $100,0000. You're just not going to make your money back.
Make smart renovation decisions based on the location, climate, and price point of the property to ensure a successful flip.
Maybe you're less concerned about going over budget and maybe you're more interested in the experience than the process.
Either way, you have to start your budget sheet estimating what you think the home's value will be when you're done.
The general rule of thumb is to not spend more money than the property itself is worth.
That may seem like a given but once you start putting together all of the numbers to fully renovate a new kitchen, bathroom, and do painting, landscaping, appliances, etc...Let's just face it, things aren't getting any cheaper.
Now that you've learned the ins and outs of how to start flipping houses you can get going!
Not sure where to even start? Well, that's okay, we've got you covered.
Below are some of the best renovations projects to start when flipping a house. These three projects will give you the most bang for your buck without a ton of work.
Sometimes all the outside or inside of a house needs is a little facelift.
One of the easiest, most inexpensive, ways to give a home a facelift is to give it a fresh coat of paint.
You'll be amazed to see how much paint can transform a home and how much people are willing to pay for something now that it's merely a different color.
Flooring may seem like an expensive investment but in the grand scheme of things, it's really not.
Carpeting, wood, faux wood, laminate, tiles, and more all add significant value and character to a home.
You'll likely be surprised at how affordable flooring can be and how much of a difference it can make.
Buying a house is more than just buying the structure sitting on top of the land. You're buying the land around it too which means you have to think about landscaping.
With a few simple landscaping techniques, you can have people thinking your home is worth much more than it really is.
After all, in the real estate world, perceived value is literally everything.
One of the easiest and least expensive ways to update the landscaping of a home is to edge the yard.
Yards can be edged in a number of ways and no matter which one you choose it will be an improvement over nothing at all.
If you don't have a green thumb, then head out to your local Home Depot and pick up some living, potted, plants.
Plants, trees, and flowers outdoors are what people want to see when they come to buy.
That being said, people really only want to see mature plants so make sure they're regularly cared for during your renovation process.
A house with pathway lights sells for a higher price than without pathway lights.
We can't unlock the secrets to the human psyche but we can tell you that for the cost of less than $200 you might be able to increase the value of your home by thousands.
Worth a couple solar, stick in the ground, pathway lights from Amazon, huh? We think so too.
So, you're ready to get started on your first flip, how long to do think it'll take?
Well, that all depends on the project and the number of renovations in front of you.
What we can tell you is that most flip projects take months to complete.
A great tip we learned from a contractor is that for every $80,000 you plan to spend, add four to six weeks of time to your schedule.
That being said, that's with an entire crew of people.
If it's just you and your significant other, plan on a lot more time than that.
Uh oh's, and whoopsies happen all the time when people first learn how to start flipping houses.
That being said, those same whoopsies happen to seasoned professionals and contractors alike.
Don't be surprised if you hear from your team that a pipe burst and soaked the new wood floor you just installed.
Accidents happen and it's a good idea to give yourself plenty of buffer room in your schedule, before selling, in case anything catastrophic happens.
No, we're not getting religious on you, just legal.
An act of God is a common phrase used for insurance claims for whoopsies beyond our control.
It's important to note that all of these are beyond our control. For example, a faulty wire fire or a rotting tree falling isn't beyond our control.
Want to avoid the mistakes that will cost you big? Then listen up.
Here are two of our biggest pieces of advice that we can give beginners learning how to start flipping houses.
While winging it can work in some regards it's not ideal when it comes to learning how to start filling houses.
If you don't know how to wire in a new light switch or fix the plumbing, don't mess with it.
Sometimes making a mistake while winging something can cost more than hiring a professional in the first place.
Do your research, practice, and if you're uncomfortable, you can call many services and contractors for some help!
Too many people start projects thinking “I'll make money as we go along; it won't be a problem.” This is the easiest way to get yourself into a pickle.
After all, you don't want to have to sell the house as is, or worse, keep paying the mortgage for it while you're waiting for the funds to renovate again.
Don't think you can bypass staging just because you have a little more flipping knowledge.
Honestly, you just aren't going to get away with making a great profit without great staging.
So, in lew of that, we've put together a list of must-do's when staging your first flip!
Clutter can be the enemy to a big payoff.
We all want to remove the clutter in our own homes so why would we want to see that when looking for a new one?
Like we learned above, most people are not visionaries meaning they can't picture how great the space will be unless you physically show them through staging.
Another thing we can't stress enough about staging your first flip is to keep it clean!
We have no doubt there was an incredible whirlwind in there before you had your first showing just make sure you keep it that way!
It's not uncommon for some flippers to show their house during the final stages of renovations that can be hidden during the process.
Just make sure the place is free of dust, dirt, debris, and garbage!
It may sound funny but the smell of your home has a huge impact on the buyer.
This is why so many real estate agents bake cookies for showings. You want it to smell like a home, not like a dusty construction project.
Don't be afraid to open the windows and get a bit of fresh air moving before your first tour!
So, you've soaked up all of the knowledge here and you're ready for more?
Below you'll find a list of some of our favorite, additional, resources for beginners wants to learn how to start flipping houses.
Check them out and become the real estate expert you were born to be!
Want to talk to like-minded people who are also flipping or thinking about flipping houses?
Forums are the old school way to connect with others and a great way to pick up new tips on your renovation journey.
Are you done with reading for the day? We don't blame you.
Do you love watching tv shows about home renovation projects? Then you'll love all of the shows available on flipping houses.
Because flipping houses has become more and more popular there are a ton of new shows on HGTV that you can watch to become inspired.
Check your local listings for the following shows or if you're lucky you can find a few free to stream episodes on the HGTV website!
If you're in more of the design space of mind, you're going to love coming up with inspiration for your flip's interior.
To help you on your way we've included some of our favorite, most modern designs.
Don't flip out...but we've come to an end.
Hopefully you feel like you have a better grasp on all things house flipping for beginners.
Just remember to do your homework, plan, and, say it with me, MAKE A BUDGET!
We believe in you and your flipping dreams.
Now grab your mask and safety glasses and get to work! | 2019-04-22T14:38:08Z | https://www.explodedhome.com/how-to-start-flipping-houses/ |
Contributed by the Applied Mechanics Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Manuscript received June 13, 2016; final manuscript received August 23, 2016; published online September 9, 2016. Assoc. Editor: Kyung-Suk Kim.
A wide range of engineered and natural composites exhibit a layered architecture whereby individual building blocks are assembled layer by layer using cohesive interfaces. We present a novel mechanism for evolving acoustic band gap structure in a model system of these composites through patterning the microstructure in a way that triggers nonplanar interfacial deformations between the layers as they are stretched. Through the controlled deformation and growth of interlayer channels under macroscopic tension, we observe the emergence of multiple wide band gaps due to Bragg diffraction and local resonance. We describe these phenomena in details for three example microstructures and discuss the implications of our approach for harnessing controlled deformation in modulating band gap properties of composite materials.
Layered composites are frequently found as building blocks of tough biological structures [1–4]. Among those, bone is a typical example exhibiting remarkable combination of stiffness and toughness . The basic building block of bone at the microscale is the mineralized collagen fibril (MCF) in which the soft collagen matrix is reinforced by stiff hydrated calcium phosphates . The MCFs are glued together using interfaces of noncollagenous proteins with sacrificial bonds and hidden length to form a layered structure [7–10]. Another example of a layered structure is seashell nacre which endows dramatic improvement of stiffness and toughness compared to its constituent phases independently . The enhancement of toughness in those biological materials is partially attributed to wavy surfaces and cohesive interaction along the interfaces between bulk materials [12–14]. These interfaces are sacrificial in the sense that they represent weak spots where energy gets dissipated by progressive accumulation of damage while the rest of the composite remains intact and elastic. The naturally optimized properties of stiffness, strength, and toughness, suggest that there is a link between geometric patterning, sacrificial interfaces, and improved mechanical performance. More recently, it has also been hypothesized that the origin of these improved properties, in a composite like bone, for example, may be linked to the ability of generating multiple band gaps .
Composite materials with periodic microstructure are capable of generating a band gap structure through which elastic and acoustic wave propagation may be controlled [16–20]. Waves with frequencies falling into the band gap are barred by the periodic structure. The band gap phenomenon in composite material is caused by to two mechanisms: Bragg diffraction and local resonance [21,22]. The Bragg diffraction occurs when the elastic wavelength is comparable to the periodicity of the microstructure. The position and the width of the band gap may be controlled by careful design of the microstructure materials [23–26]. Moreover, mechanically triggered large deformation and instability-induced interfacial wrinkling [28,29] are found of capacity to tune the evolution of band gap profile. Local resonance happens when the phases of composite material have strong elastic properties contrast. Banded frequencies caused by local resonance are generally lower than those caused by Bragg diffraction and may exist even in the absence of periodicity and symmetry [21,31]. Designing such band gap structures enables the application of wave filtering, wave guiding, acoustic mirrors and vibration isolators [32–38].
We showed in an earlier paper that a bone-inspired composite, with patterned heterogeneity, exhibits the capacity of generating tunable corrugation under externally applied concentric tension . By stacking 1D fibers, with the designed microstructure, to form layered composites, these corrugations collectively lead to the formation of interlayer channels with shapes and sizes tunable by the level of stretch (Fig. 1). In this paper, we demonstrate an application of harnessing this design in evolving the elastic band gap structure in these composites. A unique feature of our design is the dynamic evolution of the structural composition as a function of stretch and inclusion distribution. In particular, an additional phase, namely voided channels, gradually emerge (disappear) with increasing (decreasing) stretch despite being absent at zero stretch.
We consider layered composites made up of stacks of fibrils that are glued along their longer dimension as shown in Fig. 1. We choose fibril thickness h=30 μm, length of inclusion Li=75 μm, inclusion thickness t=7.5 μm, inclusion spacing S=40 μm, and inclusion eccentricity from center line of fibril c=4.5μm . Three examples of inclusion patterns are discussed: (a) nonstaggered aligned inclusions (Fig. 1(a)), (b) staggered identical inclusions (Fig. 1(b)), and (c) staggered symmetric inclusions (Fig. 1(c)). An extensive analysis of the effect of geometry and material properties on the response of these composites under longitudinal (along x-axis in Fig. 1) stretch are reported in our previous paper . In general, the corrugation amplitude increases with the stiffness of inclusion and its eccentricity from the local tension axis.
The unit cell is discretized using eight-node bi-quadrilateral elements (Q8). We run the basic stretch analysis and band gap calculations in an in-house matlab code for finite-deformation elasticity. The dynamic wave propagation verification simulation is run by the commercial finite-element software abaqus. The two phases are modeled using Neo-Hookean hyperelastic material model. The silicon inclusion has Young's modulus of Ei=170 GPa, Poisson's ratio νi=0.064, and density ρi=2300 kg/m3. The matrix material is modeled as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with initial Young's modulus of Em=750 kPa, Poisson's ratio of 0.495, and density ρm=1000 kg/m3. This combination of materials were used in our previous experiment . Reduced integration is applied for quadrature and the nonlinear problem is solved with full Newton Raphson method. Elastic band structure calculations are executed for a unit cell in the deformed configuration, and thus, the dimensions of the Brillouin zone are updated accordingly with Craig–Bampton mode decomposition, and Bloch boundary conditions are then applied . The formulas for finite element method (FEM) and block wave calculations are summarized in the Appendix.
The interaction between two composite fibrils is simulated by a traction–separation law with equivalent Young's modulus of Ecoh=1 kPa, Poisson's ratio νcoh=0.495, and initial thickness tcoh=1μm. Then, we have equivalent normal stiffness Kn=Ecohtop/tcoh and shear stiffness Ks=Ecohtop/[2tcoh(1+νcoh)], where top is the out-of-plane thickness of fibril. In this paper, we use the bilinear law (Eq. (A7)) for simplicity but the qualitative nature of the results depends weakly on the specific form and properties of the cohesive law. To investigate the influence of the interfaces, the responses of both monolithic (i.e., no interfaces) and layered systems (with interfaces) under uniaxial stretch along x-axis in Fig. 1 are simulated and compared.
Three monolithic composites with inclusions are modeled and served as reference groups for comparisons. Unlike the layered system there are no interfaces in the monolithic case. The monolithic nature of matrix material stiffens the overall composite response. The Bloch wave analysis reveals that no elastic band-structure behavior is found except in case (c) where a narrow band gap of width 0.008 MHz appears near 0.26 MHz (Fig. 2).
The introduction of interfaces enables more complex deformation patterns and richer elastic band gap structure. In the case of the nonstaggered inclusion pattern (case a), the fibrils shrink in the transverse direction, within the region of pure PDMS, more than in the regions where the silicon inclusions exist. In cases (b) and (c), corrugation develops due to the eccentricity of inclusions. Channels, of different shapes and orientations, form as stretch level increases because of different stacking patterns. All three cases show deformed wavy surface under uniaxial stretch along x-axis in Fig. 1, and this alters the dispersion property of unit cell.
Unlike in the monolithic cases, the layered composites have band gaps at the undeformed state and are able to develop richer behavior after stretch.
Case (a) Composite With Nonstaggered Inclusions.
Figure 3(a) reveals that there exist multiple wide elastic band gaps at zero strain. As stretch increases, some of the smaller bandgaps disappear and other bandgaps become even wider (Fig. 4(a)). To understand the origin of the band gaps in this case, it is illuminating to analyze the eigenmode deformation. For that purpose, selected eigenmodes are plotted to the right of the dispersion curves. Most of these eigenmodes suggest that the deformation is mainly concentrated within soft matrix material representing a local resonance behavior. Few exceptions exist. For example modes D, F, and D’ show distributed deformations where the inclusions also vibrate due to Brag scattering. While in mode F’ the deformation is localized in the matrix but the influence of the channel is apparent: the deformation is concentrated close to the channel tips. Furthermore, the dispersion lines along the vertical propagation direction Y−Γ are almost flat signifying very low group velocities. This is due to the existence of the horizontal cohesive interfaces with low stiffness values that slow down wave propagation across them. Finally, eigenmodes of the composite in this inclusion pattern keep their general shape as stretch grows but the corresponding eigenfrequencies change.
Case (b) Composite With Identical Staggered Inclusions.
Figure 3(b) shows examples of the band gap structure in this case. Fewer band gaps exist compared to case (a) and they mostly arise due to local resonance in the PDMS matrix. Once again, the effect of channel development is apparent where deformations are banded parallel and normal to their locations. Furthermore, the dispersion relations are altered significantly by deformation, unlike in case (a). This is primarily due to the complex growth of the interfacial channels.
Case (c) Composite With Symmetrically Staggered Inclusions.
Figure 3(c) shows examples of the band gap structure in this case. Unlike the previous cases, no band gaps develop at zero strain. Also the dispersion lines along the vertical propagation direction Y−Γ are not as flat as in cases (a) and (b) above. This is attributed to the development of contact between the layers upon bending. The composite is thus continuous through contact region and waves may propagate across the horizontal interfaces at the speed allowed by the matrix material. We also note that the eigenmode analysis reveals that the deformation at the boundaries of the band gap is localized near the nonplanar features of the channels, signifying the influence of the complex evolution of the interfacial separation.
The band gap evolution as a function of stretch is shown in Fig. 4. As previously discussed, multiple band gaps develop as stretch level increases. The composite with nonstaggered inclusions (case (a)), shows multiple wide band gaps above 0.13 MHz at all levels of stretch. For case (b), four clusters of band gaps initially exists near frequencies 0.16, 0.23, 0.33, and 0.35 MHz, respectively. As stretch increases, the band gap near 0.16 MHz becomes wider and moves to higher frequency while the other three close. Near stretch levels of 1.15 and 1.17, two band gaps open at frequency 0.26 and 0.28 MHz, respectively, but they are generally smaller than the lower frequency band gap. For case (c), a band gap appears after stretch of 1.05 near 0.2 MHz and opens up to width of 0.04 MHz as the stretch level increases.
The opening and closure of band gaps as a function of deformation may be explained as follows. Due to the hyperelastic nature of the matrix material, the matrix material undergoes stiffness softening as stretch grows. Stiffness changes nonuniformly among the bulk constituents with stretch since the matrix experiences the most changes while the silicon inclusion remains almost linear elastic with constant stiffness. The variability of the band gap width is due to the competition between stiffness changes as the hyperelastic material is changed and the evolving geometry due to the nonuniform deformation of the interfaces which lead to complex channel shapes and scattering response.
As a verification of band gap behavior, we examine the transmission plots for the composite with staggered inclusion pattern (case (b)) as an example. Nine unit cells are connected together in the longitudinal direction, and periodic boundary condition is applied to the upper and lower boundaries of those cells to create a semifinite composite system. We connect one end of the composite system to infinite elements to absorb waves and apply stretch and vibration at the other end. The finite-element analysis proceeds as follows. We first stretch the composite to the required level. Then, we apply a small amplitude vibration (less than 1% of the stretch amplitude) at the stretched end. We compute the transmission ratio as the ratio of the vibration amplitude at the interface of the composite with the infinite elements to the applied vibration amplitude at the stretched end. Two scenarios are presented in Fig. 5, one at stretch of 1.10 where no band gap has shown up between 0.2 MHz and 0.3 MHz, and one at stretch of 1.30, where there are two band gaps near 0.26 MHz and 0.28 MHz. From Fig. 5(b), we may observe that for both stretch levels, shear waves are attenuated above 0.25 MHz. However, for the longitudinal waves (Fig. 5(a)), the attenuation is most noticeable below 0.24 MHz and above 0.29 MHz for the stretch level of 1.10 but it is coincident with the band gap region at stretch level of 1.30. That is, while longitudinal and shear waves may each attenuate at frequencies outside the band gap, it is only within the band gap that the amplitudes of both types of waves are significantly reduced simultaneously.
We have numerically demonstrated the capability of modulating band gap structure in soft composites using sacrificial interfaces. While several approaches have been used previously to achieve this purpose, including designing of hierarchical composite structure [23,37], triggered instabilities in monolithic periodic material [27,42], and instability-induced interfacial wrinkling [28,29], this is the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that sacrificial interfaces with controlled damage behavior is used to tune the band gap behavior.
The introduction of interfaces to a monolithic composite enriches the deformability of the system and provides a mean to create and alter the band gap structure. The interfacial deformation along composite fibrils is controlled by the inclusion pattern. Nonstaggered (case a) and staggered symmetrical (case c) inclusion patterns result in the formation of parallel horizontal array of holes in aligned and staggered manners, respectively, while the staggered inclusion pattern (case b) leads to oblique orientation of holes. In all cases, the composite geometry is evolving gradually. The layered nature of the composite makes the group velocity of vertical wave approach zero in case (a) and (b). In case (c), the contact between the fibrils promote relatively faster group velocities.
The eigenmodes of unit cell indicate that the band gap evolution in our system is facilitated by both Bragg diffraction and local resonance. The interfacial channels represent a new periodic inclusion of degrading stiffness and irregular boundary geometry. The periodicity of the channels provides additional diffraction paths for wave propagations. Moreover, wave reflection and refraction at the channel/matrix interface is opposite in polarity to wave dynamics at the matrix/stiffer inclusion interface (channel stiffness < matrix stiffness < inclusion stiffness) and this contribute to local resonance.
In the current study, the composite is elastic throughout the deformation, and damage is only localized to the interfaces between fibrils. With the use of self-healing interfaces [43,44], the phenomena we are describing here are completely reversible. Furthermore, even if the interface remains damaged, the channels nucleate and grow to complex irregular shapes that interfere with the wave propagation and cause more complex behavior and possibly more frequency band gaps than composites with regular holes or cuts [42,45,46].
In general, band gaps of the composite fibril system shows rich and controllable band gap behavior than the monolithic composite where no band gap shows up even with the same inclusion pattern as the layered composite (except for a tiny band gap in case (c)). It is the interaction between the inclusion pattern and the sacrificial interfaces which manipulate wave diffraction and interference leading to the creation of multiple frequency band gaps. For the cases considered in this paper, we show that the band gaps exist at initial stretch-free state and can be modulated through stretch level. Multiple wide band gaps are observed in nonstaggered inclusion pattern (case a) making it very efficient for wave attenuation. For the other two cases, band gap are also wide but not as rich as the case (a). For all three cases, the introduction of interfaces and deformation-caused stiffness redistribution plays essential roles in the evolution of these band gaps.
Future extension of this study will involve investigation of further applications and optimization of the tunable band gap structure. For example, the emergence of multiple band gaps under large stretch may have applications in wave filtering, sound isolation, and vibration damping. Furthermore, the width of the band gaps may be maximized through topology optimization so that the tunable band gaps, observed in the current study, may extend over wider regions of frequencies. Finally, the connection between band gap structure and the effective toughness of the composite material is a topic that requires further exploration. In particular, it may be possible, through careful designing of the inclusion pattern and sacrificial interfaces, to be able to control crack nucleation and propagation by varying the band gap structure in the composite as a function of deformation.
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation through Grant No. CMMI-1435920 and UIUC Start-up funds.
where I is the identity matrix, and its Jacobian is J=det(F).
where I¯1=I1/J2/3 making it more convenient for nearly incompressible materials, μ and K are the shear modulus and bulk modulus of the material, respectively.
Cohesive Interaction for the Layered Composite.
where Tn,s, Kn,s, δn,s is the normal or tangent traction, stiffness, and separation, respectively. δ is the magnitude of total separation given by δ=δn2+δs2. δc and δf determine the damage initialization and complete failure, respectively (Fig. 6).
Figure 7 shows the effect of varying the cohesive interface equivalent Young's modulus on the band gap profile of the composite with the nonstaggered inclusion pattern (Case a) at a stretch-free state. In this case of zero elongation, since the cohesive material remains intact along the whole interface, the band gap profile is only affected by the elastic normal and shear stiffness of the layer and not its softening response. The results in Fig. 7 suggest that the band gap width decreases as the equivalent Young's modulus of the cohesive interface increases The dispersion lines plot converges to the monolithic composite case (Fig. 2(a)) as the modulus increases. Indeed, when Ecoh is infinitely large (which is equivalent to imposing a rigid constraint between the two points on the opposite side of the interface), we will get exactly the same result in Fig. 2(a) where interface no longer exists.
in absence of body force, where σ is the Cauchy stress, and ρ is the density which varies for different material in composite.
where U(X) is a complex valued function of X.
where L is the vector connecting equivalent points in periodic structure, k is the wave vector contain the information of wavelength and direction.
which is satisfied by applying the constrain of displacement under FEM discretization.
It is suggested in the literature that the band gap information may be obtained by surfing only the points along boundaries of this zone . While this is not rigorously proven, we adopt the same procedure in the current paper (Fig 8).
The matrices K and M are the tangent stiffness and mass matrices generated from the standard finite-element nonlinear analysis at different stretch level. The displacement constrain of Eq. (A12) should be applied to both K and M before solving the eigenvalue problem. Mode decomposition can then be used to accelerate the computation process .
Maldovan, M. , and Thomas, E. L. , 2008, Periodic Materials and Interference Lithography, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, New York.
Bower, A. F. , “ Constitutive Laws—3.5 Hyperelasticity,” Applied Mechanics of Solids, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Chap. 3.
Brillouin, L. , 1953, Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures; Electric Filters and Crystal Lattices, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY.
Representative assembly of (a) composite with nonstaggered aligned inclusion pattern, (b) composite with staggered identical inclusion pattern, and (c) composite with staggered symmetric inclusion pattern (cohesive interfaces do not exist in monolithic models). The corresponding unit cells are shown to the right, while the deformed shapes of the composite under uniaxial stretch along x-axis in Fig. 1 are shown below the undeformed ones. Overall dimensions are marked in the unit cell in Fig. 1(a). Inclusion dimensions and spacing are the same in all cases.
Chen Q, Elbanna A. Modulating Elastic Band Gap Structure in Layered Soft Composites Using Sacrificial Interfaces. ASME. J. Appl. Mech. 2016;83(11):111009-111009-8. doi:10.1115/1.4034537. | 2019-04-19T06:35:45Z | https://appliedmechanics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2547053 |
Discussion in 'General Issues and Discussion Forum' started by NewsBot, Jul 14, 2007.
Supervised exercise therapy for intermittent claudication in a community-based setting is as effective as clinic-based.
J Vasc Surg. 2007 Jun;45(6):1192-6.
Bendermacher BL, Willigendael EM, Nicolaï SP, Kruidenier LM, Welten RJ, Hendriks E, Prins MH, Teijink JA, de Bie RA.
OBJECTIVE: This cohort study was conducted to determine the effect on walking distances of supervised exercise therapy provided in a community-based setting.
METHODS: The study included all consecutive patients presenting at the vascular outpatient clinic with intermittent claudication, diagnosed by a resting ankle brachial index<0.9, who had no previous peripheral vascular intervention for peripheral arterial disease, no major amputation, and sufficient command of the Dutch language. The exclusion criterion was the inability to walk the baseline treadmill test for a minimum of 10 m. The intervention was a supervised exercise therapy in a community-based setting. A progressive treadmill test at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months of follow-up measured initial claudication distance and absolute claudication distance. Changes were calculated using the mean percentages of change.
RESULTS: From January through October 2005, 93 consecutive patients with claudication were eligible. Overall, 37 patients discontinued the supervised exercise therapy program. Eleven stopped because of intercurrent diseases, whereas for 10, supervised exercise therapy did not lead to adequate improvement and they underwent a vascular intervention. Three patients quit the program, stating that they were satisfied with the regained walking distance and did not require further supervised exercise therapy. Ten patients were not motivated sufficiently to continue the program, and in three patients, a lack of adequate insurance coverage was the reason for dropping out. Data for 56 patients were used and showed a mean percentage increase in initial claudication distance of 187% after 3 months and 240% after 6 months. The mean percentage of the absolute claudication distance increased 142% after 3 months and 191% after 6 months.
CONCLUSION: Supervised exercise therapy in a community-based setting is a promising approach to providing conservative treatment for patients with intermittent claudication.
An exercise regimen can help with this because collateral circulation is formed.
Exercise performance in patients with peripheral arterial disease who have different types of exertional leg pain.
Gardner AW, Montgomery PS, Afaq A.
J Vasc Surg. 2007 Jul;46(1):79-86.
OBJECTIVE: This study compared the exercise performance of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) who have different types of exertional leg pain.
METHODS: Patients with PAD were classified into one of four groups according to the San Diego Claudication Questionnaire: intermittent claudication (n = 406), atypical exertional leg pain causing patients to stop (n = 125), atypical exertional leg pain in which patients were able to continue walking (n = 81), and leg pain on exertion and rest (n = 103). Patients were assessed on the primary outcome measures of ankle-brachial index (ABI), treadmill exercise measures, and ischemic window.
RESULTS: All patients experienced leg pain consistent with intermittent claudication during a standardized treadmill test. The mean (+/- SD) initial claudication distance (ICD) was similar (P = .642) among patients with intermittent claudication (168 +/- 160 meters), atypical exertional leg pain causing patients to stop (157 +/- 130 meters), atypical exertional leg pain in which patients were able to continue walking (180 +/- 149 meters), and leg pain on exertion and rest (151 +/- 136 meters). The absolute claudication distance (ACD) was similar (P = .648) in the four respective groups (382 +/- 232, 378 +/- 237, 400 +/- 245, and 369 +/- 236 meters). Similarly, the ischemic window, expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) after treadmill exercise, was similar (P = .863) in these groups (189 +/- 137, 208 +/- 183, 193 +/- 143, and 199 +/- 119 AUC).
CONCLUSION: PAD patients with different types of exertional leg pain, all limited by intermittent claudication during a standardized treadmill test, were remarkably similar in ICD, ACD, and ischemic window. Thus, the presence of ambulatory symptoms should be of primary clinical concern in evaluating PAD patients regardless of whether they are consistent with classic intermittent claudication.
Supervised exercise training for intermittent claudication: lasting benefit at three years.
Ratliff DA, Puttick M, Libertiny G, Hicks RC, Earby LE, Richards T.
Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007 Sep;34(3):322-6.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the long-term outcome of supervised exercise training for intermittent claudication.
METHODS: A prospective study was undertaken of all patients referred to a single centre with intermittent claudication (>46 m). Patients underwent supervised exercise training twice weekly for 10 weeks, with regular follow-up to 3 years. Actual Claudication Distance (ACD), Maximum Walking Distance (MWD) and ankle-brachial pressure indices (ABPI) were measured.
RESULTS: In 202 patients the initial median ACD and MWD were 112 m and 197 m. Following exercise therapy both the median ACD and MWD increased to 266 m and 477 m at three months, increases of 237% and 242% respectively (p<0.001). At three years the median ACD and MWD were 250 m and 372 m, increases of 223% and 188% respectively (p<0.001). There was no significant change in ACD or MWD at 3 months compared to 1, 2 or 3 years. ABPI remained unchanged throughout.
CONCLUSIONS: Supervised exercise training has long term benefit in patients with intermittent claudication. Results seen at 12 weeks are sustained at three years.
Effects of a long-term exercise program on lower limb mobility, physiological responses, walking performance, and physical activity levels in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
Crowther RG, Spinks WL, Leicht AS, Sangla K, Quigley F, Golledge J.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a 12-month exercise program on lower limb mobility (temporal-spatial gait parameters and gait kinematics), walking performance, peak physiological responses, and physical activity levels in individuals with symptoms of intermittent claudication due to peripheral arterial disease (PAD-IC).
METHODS: Participants (n = 21) with an appropriate history of PAD-IC, ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI) <0.9 in at least one leg and a positive Edinburgh claudication questionnaire response were prospectively recruited. Participants were randomly allocated to either a control PAD-IC group (CPAD-IC) (n = 11) that received standard medical therapy and a treatment PAD-IC group (TPAD-IC) (n = 10), which also took part in a 12-month supervised exercise program. A further group of participants (n = 11) free of PAD (ABI >0.9) and who were non-regular exercisers were recruited from the community to act as age and mass matched controls (CON). Lower limb mobility was determined via two-dimensional video motion analysis. A graded treadmill test was used to assess walking performance and peak physiological responses to exercise. Physical activity levels were measured via a 7-day pedometer recording. Differences between groups were analyzed via repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).
RESULTS: The 12-month supervised exercise program had no significant effect on lower limb mobility, peak physiological responses, or physical activity levels in TPAD-IC compared with CPAD-IC participants. However, the TPAD-IC participants demonstrated significantly greater walking performance (171% improvement in pain free walking time and 120% improvement in maximal walking time compared with baseline).
CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm that a 12-month supervised exercise program will result in improved walking performance, but does not have an impact on lower limb mobility, peak physiological responses, or physical activity levels of PAD-IC patients.
Claudication secondary to peripheral arterial disease leads to reduced mobility, limited physical functioning, and poor health outcomes. Disease severity can be assessed with quantitative clinical methods and qualitative self-perceived measures of quality of life. Limited data exist to document the degree to which quantitative and qualitative measures correlate. The current study provides data on the relationship between quantitative and qualitative measures of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease.
This descriptive case series was set in an academic vascular surgery unit and biomechanics laboratory. The subjects were symptomatic patients with peripheral arterial disease patients presenting with claudication. The quantitative evaluation outcome measures included measurement of ankle-brachial index, initial claudication distance, absolute claudication distance, and self-selected treadmill pace. Qualitative measurements included the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey. Spearman rank correlations were performed to determine the relationship between each quantitative and qualitative measure and also between the WIQ and SF-36.
Included were 48 patients (age, 62 ± 9.6 years; weight, 83.0 ± 15.4 kg) with claudication (ABI, 0.50 ± 0.20). Of the four WIQ subscales, the ankle-brachial index correlated with distance (r = 0.29) and speed (r = 0.32); and initial claudication distance and absolute claudication distance correlated with pain (r = 0.40 and 0.43, respectively), distance (r = 0.35 and 0.41, respectively), and speed (r = 0.39 and 0.39 respectively). Of the eight SF-36 subscales, no correlation was found for the ankle-brachial index, initial claudication distance correlated with Bodily Pain (r = 0.46) and Social Functioning (r = 0.30), and absolute claudication time correlated with Physical Function (r = 0.31) and Energy (r = 0.30). The results of both questionnaires showed reduced functional status in claudicating patients.
Initial and absolute claudication distances and WIQ pain, speed, and distance subscales are the measures that correlated the best with the ambulatory limitation of patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. These results suggest the WIQ is the most specific questionnaire for documenting the qualitative deficits of the patient with claudication while providing strong relationships with the quantitative measures of arterial disease. Future studies of claudication patients should include both quantitative and qualitative assessments to adequately assess disease severity and functional status in peripheral arterial disease patients.
Watson L, Ellis B, Leng GC.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD000990.
BACKGROUND: Exercise programmes are a relatively inexpensive, low-risk option compared with other more invasive therapies for leg pain on walking (intermittent claudication (IC)).
OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of exercise programmes on IC, particularly in respect of reduction of symptoms on walking and improvement in quality of life.
SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group searched their Specialised Register (last search February 2008) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 1.
SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of exercise regimens in people with IC due to peripheral arterial disease.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality.
MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-two trials met the inclusion criteria involving a total of 1200 participants with stable leg pain. Follow-up period was from two weeks to two years. There was some variation in the exercise regimens used, all recommended at least two sessions weekly of mostly supervised exercise. All trials used a treadmill walking test for one of the outcome measures. Quality of the included trials was good, though the majority of trials were small with 20 to 49 participants. Fourteen trials compared exercise with usual care or placebo; patients with various medical conditions or other pre-existing limitations to their exercise capacity were generally excluded.Compared with usual care or placebo, exercise significantly improved maximal walking time: mean difference (MD) 5.12 minutes (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.51 to 5.72 with an overall improvement in walking ability of approximately 50% to 200%; exercise did not affect the ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) (MD -0.01, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.04). Walking distances were also significantly improved: pain-free walking distance MD 82.19 metres (95% CI 71.73 to 92.65) and maximum walking distance MD 113.20 metres (95% CI 94.96 to 131.43). Improvements were seen for up to two years. The effect of exercise compared with placebo or usual care was inconclusive on mortality, amputation and peak exercise calf blood flow due to limited data.Evidence was generally limited for exercise compared with surgical intervention, angioplasty, antiplatelet therapy, pentoxifylline, iloprost and pneumatic foot and calf compression due to small numbers of trials and participants. Angioplasty may produce greater improvements than exercise in the short term but this effect may not be sustained.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Exercise programmes were of significant benefit compared with placebo or usual care in improving walking time and distance in selected patients with leg pain from IC.
I have to ask " is it worth the effort"? statistically significant but is it realy clinically significant?
All the cited studies show improvement in walking distance post supervised exercise for a period of time. statistical percentages of 120% - 190% improvement are quoted, which didn't include those who dropped out fo various reasons. These figures appear significant but are they?
If the the average distance of painfree walking or distance to point where the subject had to stop and rest was say 500 metres then 20% improvement only = 600mtrs. a 90% improvement = 950mtrs. However most of these studies seem to indicate a much lower baseline than 500mtrs and overal improvement appear to be around the 100mtr mark ie 100mtrs further then 12 months ago.
Would thid be a significant improvement to the patient after 12 months of painful therapy?
J Physiol 2008 586: 5983-5998.
This study evaluated whether -adrenergic activation contributes to collateral circuit vascular resistance in the hindlimb following acute unilateral occlusion of the femoral artery in rats. Blood pressures (BPs) were measured above (caudal artery) and below (distal femoral artery) the collateral circuit. Arterial BPs were reduced (15–35 mmHg) with individual (prazosin, rauwolscine) or combined (phentolamine) -receptor inhibition. Blood flows (BFs) were measured using microspheres before and after inhibition during the same treadmill speed. 1 inhibition increased blood flow by 40% to active muscles that were not affected by femoral occlusion, whereas collateral-dependent BFs to the calf muscles were reduced by 29 ± 8.4% (P < 0.05), due to a decrease in muscle conductance with no change in collateral circuit conductance. 2 inhibition decreased both collateral circuit (39 ± 6.0%; P < 0.05) and calf muscle conductance (36 ± 7.3%; P < 0.05), probably due to residual 1 activation, since renal BF was markedly reduced with rauwolscine. Most importantly, inhibiting 2 receptors in the presence of 1 inhibition increased (43 ± 12%; P < 0.05) collateral circuit conductance. Similarly, non-selective inhibition with phentolamine increased collateral conductance (242 ± 59%; P < 0.05). We interpret these findings to indicate that both 1- and 2-receptor activation can influence collateral circuit resistance in vivo during the high flow demands caused by exercise. Furthermore, we observed a reduced maximal conductances of active muscles that were ischaemic. Our findings imply that in the presence of excessive sympathetic activation, which can occur in the condition of intermittent claudication during exertion, an exaggerated vasoconstriction of the existing collateral circuit and active muscle will occur.
You probably know that poor diet and lack of exercise can lead to dangerous deposits of fatty plaques in arteries. But it is not just the heart that is affected – blood flow can be blocked to the legs too, leading to pain when walking, immobility and even in extreme cases, amputation.
Approximately 20% of us will suffer from this peripheral artery disease (PAD) once we are 65 or over, and with risk factors including smoking, diabetes, obesity and high blood pressure it is on the rise. Surgical intervention can sometimes help, but the prognosis is not good.
Encouragingly, new research by Ronald Terjung et al. published in The Journal of Physiology shows that regular, moderate exercise can go a long way to relieving the symptoms of PAD, and by some unexpected mechanisms.
When a major artery in the leg becomes blocked, the body naturally seeks another route for the blood to pass through by expanding and multiplying the surrounding smaller blood vessels in the area, called collateral blood flow.
The researchers studied rats with a blocked femoral artery and found that collateral blood flow was much more effective in restoring normal muscle function in rats that were put on regular exercise training.
The collateral vessels themselves were larger and less prone to constriction – a problem exacerbated with PAD – than in sedentary animals. Surprisingly, the function of blood vessels ‘downstream’ of the blockage also changed, making them more efficient.
The authors predict that a suitable exercise programme would delay the onset of pain and increase mobility for people suffering with PAD.
“Our findings raise the potential that new collateral vessels, that can develop in patients with PAD who are physically active, will function effectively to help minimize the consequences of the original vascular obstruction.” commented Dr Terjung.
Plantar flexion: an effective training for peripheral arterial disease.
Wang E, Hoff J, Loe H, Kaehler N, Helgerud J.
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008 Nov;104(4):749-56.
This study examined whether a training intervention likely to elicit adaptations in the leg could result in reduced leg pain and increased whole body physical capacity. Twenty-seven peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients were randomized to either an individual leg plantar flexion training group (TG) training 4 x 4 min intervals at 80% of maximal work rate three times per week for 8 weeks or a control group. The TG significantly increased plantar flexion peak oxygen uptake and power output by 23.5 and 43.9%, respectively. Treadmill peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) significantly increased 12.3% in the TG and was associated with a significant increased time to exhaustion of 20.0% when treadmill walking. Eleven of 14 patients no longer reported leg pain limitations at VO(2peak). No differences in cardiac output measured at VO(2peak), or walking economy were observed. Plantar flexion training was effective in increasing VO(2peak) and walking performance, and may be a useful strategy in treatment of PAD.
Effects of exercise training on calf tissue oxygenation in men with intermittent claudication.
Figoni SF, Kunkel CF, Scremin AM, Asher A, Banks NL, Rivera A, Tin JK, Cohen B.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of exercise training on calf tissue oxygenation in men with peripheral arterial disease and intermittent calf claudication.
DESIGN: This pilot study was prospective and longitudinal and used a one-group, pretest-posttest design. SETTING: Tertiary care medical center for veterans. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen male veterans (mean age 69 years) with Fontaine stage IIa peripheral arterial disease and classic intermittent claudication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Before and after intervention, participants performed graded treadmill exercise tests while medial calf tissue oxygenation (StO(2), % oxyhemoglobin saturation) was monitored continuously with near-infrared spectroscopy. INTERVENTION: The intervention consisted of a 3-month exercise training program involving 3 sessions per week at the clinic (treadmill walking, calf ergometry) and 2 sessions per week at home (free walking, standing heel raises).
RESULTS: After completion of the intervention, participants significantly increased their maximal treadmill exercise time from 7.19 to 11.27 minutes. Mean exercise StO(2) decreased from 29% to 19% saturation, StO(2) x time area increased from 421%.min to 730%.min StO(2) nadir, and StO(2) recovery time did not change significantly.
Strength training increases walking tolerance in intermittent claudication patients: randomized trial.
Ritti-Dias RM, Wolosker N, de Moraes Forjaz CL, Carvalho CR, Cucato GG, Leão PP, de Fátima Nunes Marucci M.
J Vasc Surg. 2010 Jan;51(1):89-95.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of strength training (ST) in walking capacity in patients with intermittent claudication (IC) compared with walking training (WT) effects.
METHODS: Thirty patients with IC were randomized into ST and WT. Both groups trained twice a week for 12 weeks at the same rate of perceived exertion. ST consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions of whole body exercises. WT consisted of 15 bouts of 2-minute walking. Before and after the training program walking capacity, peak VO(2), VO(2) at the first stage of treadmill test, ankle brachial index, ischemic window, and knee extension strength were measured.
RESULTS: ST improved initial claudication distance (358 +/- 224 vs 504 +/- 276 meters; P < .01), total walking distance (618 +/- 282 to 775 +/- 334 meters; P < .01), VO(2) at the first stage of treadmill test (9.7 +/- 2.6 vs 8.1 +/- 1.7 mL.kg(-1).minute; P < .01), ischemic window (0.81 +/- 1.16 vs 0.43 +/- 0.47 mm Hg minute meters(-1); P = .04), and knee extension strength (19 +/- 9 vs 21 +/- 8 kg and 21 +/- 9 vs 23 +/- 9; P < .01). Strength increases correlated with the increase in initial claudication distance (r = 0.64; P = .01) and with the decrease in VO(2) measured at the first stage of the treadmill test (r = -0.52; P = .04 and r = -0.55; P = .03). Adaptations following ST were similar to the ones observed after WT; however, patients reported lower pain during ST than WT (P < .01).
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Walking versus alternative exercise prescription as treatment for intermittent claudication.
Parmenter BJ, Raymond J, Dinnen P, Singh MA.
There is a subset of older adults with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) who are unable to complete current walking exercise therapy guidelines due to the severity of claudication, presence of foot pathology, arthritis and/or other co-morbidities. Our aim was to therefore systematically review the evidence for the effectiveness of all forms of exercise on claudication in PAD, and subsequently compare walking to alternative modes.
An electronic search of the literature was performed from earliest record until March 2011 using a variety of electronic databases. To be included trials must have been a randomized controlled trial of an exercise intervention for adults with intermittent claudication and have reported at least one claudication parameter such as initial (ICT/D) and/or absolute claudication time or distance (ACT/D) measured via a treadmill protocol. Assessment of study quality was performed using a modified version of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database Scale (PEDro). Mean difference and relative effect sizes (ESs) were calculated and adjusted via Hedges' bias-corrected for small sample sizes.
Thirty-six trials reported on walking distance in PAD: 32 aerobic (including 20 walking); 4 progressive resistance training (PRT) or graduated weight lifting exercise. In total 1644 subjects (73% male) were studied (1183 underwent exercise training); with few over 75. Most modes and intensities of exercise, irrespective of pain level, significantly improved walking capability (ACD/T Relative ES range 0.5-3.53). However, overall quality of the trials was only modest with on average 6 of the 11 PEDro quality criteria being present (mean 5.8±1.3), and on average sample sizes were small (mean 44±51).
Modes of aerobic exercise other than walking appear equally beneficial for claudication and the benefits of PRT and upper body exercise appear promising, but little data are published on these modalities. Additional studies of high quality are required to validate these alternative prescriptions and their efficacy relative to walking.
iT HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS THAT EXERCISE BENEFITS THOSE WITH iNTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION. THE REAL QUESTION IS HOW TO MOTIVATE PEOPLE WITH im TO DO MORE EXERCISE????
Though being physically active has associated with a healthier ankle-brachial index (ABI) in observational studies, ABI usually does not change with exercise training in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). Less is known about the effect of exercise training on ABI in patients without PAD but at high risk due to the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
Participants (n=140) with uncomplicated T2DM, and without known cardiovascular disease or PAD, aged 40-65 years, were randomized to supervised aerobic and resistance training 3 times per week for 6 months or to a usual care control group. ABI was measured before and after the intervention.
Baseline ABI was 1.02±0.02 in exercisers and 1.03±0.01 in controls (p=0.57). At 6 months, exercisers vs. controls improved ABI by 0.04±0.02 vs. -0.03±0.02 (p=0.001). This change was driven by an increase in ankle pressures (p<0.01) with no change in brachial pressures (p=0.747). In subgroup analysis, ABI increased in exercisers vs. controls among those with baseline ABI<1.0 (0.14±0.03 vs. 0.02±0.02, p=0.004), but not in those with a baseline ABI≥1.0 (p=0.085). The prevalence of ABI between 1.0-1.3 increased from 63% to 78% in exercisers and decreased from 62% to 53% in controls. Increased ABI correlated with decreased HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but the effect of exercise on ABI change remained significant after adjustment for these changes (β=0.061, p=0.004).
These data suggest a possible role for exercise training in the prevention or delay of PAD in T2DM, particularly among those starting with an ABI <1.0.
For millions of Americans, simply walking to the mailbox can cause unbearable leg pain as muscles scream for more blood and oxygen.
It's called peripheral arterial disease and, ironically, one of the best ways to alleviate it is by regularly walking to that point of pain. However, researchers hope a noninvasive measure of oxygen levels in leg muscles will put patients on the road to improvement without the severe discomfort.
The idea is to push to the point of often intolerable pain then rest so the blood requirements of the muscles decrease, said Dr. Jonathan Murrow, cardiologist and faculty member at the Georgia Regents University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership in Athens.
"It's been shown that if you do this over and over again three times a week for an hour per session, that by the end of 12 weeks you will be able to walk twice as far as you did when you started," said Murrow, who also is a partner in the Athens Cardiology Group. "However, if you just tell somebody to do that, many simply won't."
He's principal investigator on a new American Heart Association-funded study to determine if a sophisticated light sensor that distinguishes which red blood cells are carrying oxygen and which aren't, can also signal when patients have pushed far enough before pain hits.
"We want to find a better way to use exercise as medicine for these patients," said Murrow, who is working with colleagues at UGA and Emory University to directly compare results from the old and new approaches in about 100 patients. "We want to help them to continue to enjoy what they like to do. If that's going grocery shopping without a motorized cart, that is what we want them to do."
They also want to understand more about why their approach does – or doesn't – help, so over the 12-week course will measure blood levels of progenitor cells as well as vascular endothelial growth factor that can aid growth of new blood vessels with exercise. New vessels don't cure the disease but typically give patients greater pain-free exercise tolerance.
They also are looking at the function and number of mitochondria, a sort of cell powerhouse that converts oxygen into cell fuel. "Mitochondrial function is not normal in people who have arterial disease, and we want to know if it gets better with a training program," Murrow said.
"We know arterial disease is a problem with the supply, and we are trying to see whether increasing the number of working mitochondria in the muscle helps improve the supply-demand mismatch," he said.
If the new light measure method works, the scientists want to determine if it can be used easily in a physician's office without all the research support. They'd also like to develop an app that could work anywhere.
Methods using the light sensor were developed by Dr. Kevin K. McCully, a physiologist in UGA's Department of Kinesiology, to measure oxygen levels in the exercising muscles as well as the number of working mitochondria. It's similar to the red glowing pulse oximeter placed on hospital patients' fingertips to measure oxygen saturation but McCully's system uses more powerful spectroscopy light that can permeate denser tissue like a leg muscle.
About 8 million Americans have peripheral arterial disease, according to the American Heart Association. It shares risk factors with other major cardiovascular problems such as heart disease and stroke, including diabetes, smoking, age, inactivity, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Surgical and pharmacological treatments produce mixed results and have side effects, Murrow said.
Lane R, Ellis B, Watson L, Leng GC.
Exercise programmes are a relatively inexpensive, low-risk option compared with other more invasive therapies for leg pain on walking (intermittent claudication (IC)). This is an update of a review first published in 1998.
The prime objective of this review was to determine whether an exercise programme in people with intermittent claudication was effective in alleviating symptoms and increasing walking treadmill distances and walking times. Secondary objectives were to determine whether exercise was effective in preventing deterioration of underlying disease, reducing cardiovascular events and improving quality of life.
For this update the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group Trials Search Co-ordinator searched the Specialised Register (last searched September 2013) and CENTRAL (2013, Issue 8).
Randomised controlled trials of an exercise regimen versus control or versus medical therapy in people with IC due to peripheral arterial disease. Any exercise programme or regimen used in the treatment of intermittent claudication was included, such as walking, skipping and running. Inclusion of trials was not affected by the duration, frequency or intensity of the exercise programme. Outcome measures collected included treadmill walking distance (time to onset of pain or pain-free walking distance and maximum walking time or maximal walking distance), ankle brachial index (ABI), quality of life, morbidity or amputation; if none of these were reported the trial was not included in this review.
Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality.
Eleven additional studies were included in this update making a total of 30 trials which met the inclusion criteria, involving a total of 1816 participants with stable leg pain. The follow-up period ranged from two weeks to two years. The types of exercise varied from strength training to polestriding and upper or lower limb exercises; generally supervised sessions were at least twice a week. Most trials used a treadmill walking test for one of the outcome measures. Quality of the included trials was moderate, mainly due to an absence of relevant information. The majority of trials were small with 20 to 49 participants. Twenty trials compared exercise with usual care or placebo, the remainder of the trials compared exercise to medication (pentoxifylline, iloprost, antiplatelet agents and vitamin E) or pneumatic calf compression; people with various medical conditions or other pre-existing limitations to their exercise capacity were generally excluded.Overall, when taking the first time point reported in each of the studies, exercise significantly improved maximal walking time when compared with usual care or placebo: mean difference (MD) 4.51 minutes (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.11 to 5.92) with an overall improvement in walking ability of approximately 50% to 200%. Walking distances were also significantly improved: pain-free walking distance MD 82.29 metres (95% CI 71.86 to 92.72) and maximum walking distance MD 108.99 metres (95% CI 38.20 to 179.78). Improvements were seen for up to two years, and subgroup analyses were performed at three, six and 12 months where possible. Exercise did not improve the ABI (MD 0.05, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.09). The effect of exercise, when compared with placebo or usual care, was inconclusive on mortality, amputation and peak exercise calf blood flow due to limited data. No data were given on non-fatal cardiovascular events.Quality of life measured using the Short Form (SF)-36 was reported at three and six months. At three months, physical function, vitality and role physical all significantly improved with exercise, however this was a limited finding as this measure was only reported in two trials. At six months five trials reported outcomes of a significantly improved physical summary score and mental summary score secondary to exercise. Only two trials reported improvements in other domains, physical function and general health.Evidence was generally limited for exercise compared with antiplatelet therapy, pentoxifylline, iloprost, vitamin E and pneumatic foot and calf compression due to small numbers of trials and participants.
Exercise programmes are of significant benefit compared with placebo or usual care in improving walking time and distance in people with leg pain from IC who were considered to be fit for exercise intervention.
Background: Research has highlighted that sedentary behaviour is independently related to indicators of chronic disease. It has been suggested that breaking up sedentary time can be beneficial in offsetting the damage caused by prolonged sitting. Patients with Stage II Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) experience leg pain when walking. This can be alleviated by rest and so they are more likely to engage in long sitting periods.
Methods: Observational analysis of a case and control group was performed using 19 PAD patients (84% male, aged 62.9±8.8 years) from a vascular outpatient clinic and 22 controls with no history of vascular disease (77% male, aged 62.3±9.3 years) from the surrounding area. Data were collected for 7 days using a motion sensor (ActivPAL), daily activity diary, and a questionnaire. Functional ability was assessed using a 6-minute walk test and 30 second chair stand test. Vascular health was measured using Ankle Brachial Index and health status was recorded using a Peripheral Artery Questionnaire.
Results: ActivPAL mean daily activity time (1.46±.43 vs. 1.92±1.59 h; p=0.007) and mean number of steps/day (6801±2518 vs. 9357±3452; p=0.009) were significantly lower among cases than controls. ActivPAL mean daily sedentary time (9.59±1.74 vs. 9.51±1.77 h) was similar across cases and controls. Self-reported sedentary time via questionnaire was significantly lower among cases than controls (5.01±2.62 vs. 8.78±4.28 h; p=0.029). Sedentary patterns were similar, with the exception of morning time patterns which were longer in duration among cases. Mean number of breaks in sedentary time per day were lower (51.7±12.6 vs. 54.6±15) and the average duration of breaks were shorter (7.83±2.86 vs. 8.32±4.35 min) among cases than controls, but differences between the groups were not statistically significant. Mean scores from both functional ability tests (chair repetitions and walking test) were significantly lower among PAD patients (cases) than controls (p=0.003 and p=0.000, respectively).
Conclusion: Lower activity time among cases may be due to reduced functional ability as a result of their condition. Objectively measured sedentary time was not different between groups but subjective data suggested higher sedentary time in the control group.
Establish a govt funded thingy that they have to sign in to a gym to get $ for going a certain amount of times per week, to the gym.
The govt could save $ by motivating ppl to go to the gym.
•True cadence and step accumulation outcomes are not the same.
•Stepping was spread across the same number of mins/d for those with IC as controls.
•People with intermittent claudication (IC) take fewer high cadences steps than matched controls.
•To avoid ambiguity, ‘cadence’ must be reserved for ‘true cadence’: stepping rate during stepping.
•‘Step accumulation’ should be used to describe discontinuous stepping within set time periods.
‘True cadence’ is the rate of stepping during the period of stepping. ‘Step accumulation’ is the steps within an epoch of time (e.g. 1 min). These terms have been used interchangeably in the literature. These outcomes are compared within a population with intermittent claudication (IC). Multiday, 24hr stepping activity of those with IC (30) and controls (30) was measured objectively using the activPAL physical activity monitor. ‘True cadence’ and ‘step accumulation’ outcomes were calculated. Those with IC took fewer steps/d 6,531 ± 2,712 than controls 8692 ± 2945 (P = 0.003). However, these steps were taken within approximately the same number of minute epochs (IC 301 ± 100mins/d; controls 300 ± 70mins/d, P = 0.894) with only slightly lower true cadence (IC 69(IQ 66,72)steps/min; controls 72(IQ 68,76)steps/min, P = 0.026), giving substantially lower step accumulation (IC 22(IQ 19,24)steps/min; controls 30(IQ 23,34)steps/min) (P < 0.001). However, the true cadence of stepping within the blocks of the 1, 5, 20, 30 and 60 minutes with the maximum number of steps accumulated was lower for those with IC than controls (P < 0.05). Those with IC took 1300 steps fewer per day above a true cadence of 90steps/min. True cadence and step accumulation outcomes were radically different for the outcomes examined. ‘True cadence’ and ‘step accumulation’ were not equivalent in those with IC or controls. The measurement of true cadence in the population of people with IC provides information about their stepping rate during the time they are stepping. True cadence should be used to correctly describe the rate of stepping as performed.
Improved Walking Claudication Distance with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation: An Old Treatment with a New Indication in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease.
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether 45 mins of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation before exercise could delay pain onset and increase walking distance in peripheral artery disease patients.
Design: After a baseline assessment of the walking velocity that led to pain after 300 m, 15 peripheral artery disease patients underwent four exercise sessions in a random order. The patients had a 45-min transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation session with different experimental conditions: 80 Hz, 10 Hz, sham (presence of electrodes without stimulation), or control with no electrodes, immediately followed by five walking bouts on a treadmill until pain occurred. The patients were allowed to rest for 10 mins between each bout and had no feedback concerning the walking distance achieved.
Results: Total walking distance was significantly different between T10, T80, sham, and control (P < 0.0003). No difference was observed between T10 and T80, but T10 was different from sham and control. Sham, T10, and T80 were all different from control (P < 0.001). There was no difference between each condition for heart rate and blood pressure.
Conclusions: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation immediately before walking can delay pain onset and increase walking distance in patients with class II peripheral artery disease, with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation of 10 Hz being the most effective.
Intensive Walking Exercise for Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Lyu X, Li S, Peng S, Cai H, Liu G, Ran X.
Supervised treadmill exercise is the recommended therapy for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients with intermittent claudication (IC). However, most PAD patients do not exhibit the typical symptom of IC. The objective of the current study was to explore the efficacy and safety of intensive walking exercise in PAD patients with and without IC.
Databases of Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Randomized controlled trials comparing the effect ofintensive walking exercise with usual care control in patients with PAD were included for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Eighteen trials with 1200 patients were eligible for this analysis. Compared with usual care control, intensive walking exercise couldsignificantly improve the maximal walking distance ( MWD ), pain-free walking distance (PFWD) and 6-minute walking distance (6-MWD) in patients with PAD (P < 0.00001 for all). Subgroup analyses indicated that lesserimprovement of MWD was observed in subgroup with more diabetes patients, and subgroup with better baseline walking ability was associated with greater improvement in walking performance. In addition, similar improvement in walking performance was observed between different exercise length and modality. No significant difference was found in adverse events between the two groups (RR = 0.84, 95%CI = [0.51, 1.39], P = 0.50).
Regardless of exercise length and modality, regularly intensive walking exercise improves walking ability in PAD patients more than usual care control. Presence of diabetes may attenuate the improvement of walking performance in patients with PAD following exercise.
Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is equal in men and women. However, women seem to suffer more from the burden of disease. Current studies on gender-related outcomes following supervised exercise therapy (SET) for intermittent claudication (IC) yield conflicting results.
A follow-up analysis was performed on data from the 2010 Exercise Therapy in Peripheral Arterial Disease (EXITPAD) study, a multicenter randomized controlled trial including IC patients receiving SET or a walking advice. The SET program was supervised by physiotherapists and included interval-based treadmill walking approximating maximal pain combined with activities such as cycling and rowing. Patients usually started with three 30-minute sessions a week. Training frequency was adapted during the following year on the basis of individual needs. The primary outcome was gender differences regarding the change in absolute claudication distance (ACD) after SET. ACD was defined as the number of meters that a patient had covered just before he or she was forced to stop walking because of intolerable pain. Secondary outcomes were gender differences in change of functional walking distance, quality of life, and walking (dis)ability after SET. Walking distances were obtained by standardized treadmill testing according to the Gardner-Skinner protocol. Quality of life was measured by the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, and walking (dis)ability was determined by the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ). Measurements were performed at baseline and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Only patients who met the 12-month follow-up measure were included in the analysis.
A total of 113 men and 56 women were available for analysis. At baseline, groups were similar in terms of clinical characteristics and ACD walking distances (men, 250 meters; women, 270 meters; P = .45). ACD improved for both sexes. However, ACD increase was significantly lower for women than for men during the first 3 months of SET (Δ 280 meters for men vs Δ 220 meters for women; P = .04). Moreover, absolute walking distance was significantly shorter for women compared with men after 1 year (565 meters vs 660 meters; P = .032). Women also reported less on several WIQ subdomains, although total WIQ score was similar (0.69 for men vs 0.61 for women; P = .592). No differences in quality of life after SET were observed.
Women with IC benefit less during the first 3 months of SET and have lower absolute walking distances after 12 months of follow-up compared with men. More research is needed to determine whether gender-based IC treatment strategies are required.
Objectives: The extent to which gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon properties contribute to the impaired walking endurance of claudicants is not known.
Methods: Ultrasound images quantified muscle architecture of the lateral and medial gastrocnemius (GL and GM) and were combined with dynamometry during plantarflexor contractions to calculate tendon stress, strain, stiffness, the Young modulus, and hysteresis. Key parameters were entered into multiple regression models to explain walking endurance.
Results: Worse disease severity was significantly associated with longer fascicle: tendon length ratios (GL R = -0.789 and GM R = -0.828) and increased tendon hysteresis (R = -0.740). Walking endurance could be explained by GL and GM pennation angle, maximum tendon force, tendon hysteresis, and disease severity (R2 = ∼0.6).
Conclusions: Peripheral arterial disease was associated with functionally important changes in muscle and tendon properties, including the utilization of stored elastic energy. Interventions known to target these characteristics should be adopted as a means to improve walking endurance.
A PhD student from our School of Health Sciences is looking for volunteers to take part in a new research study that aims to help people who suffer from poor blood circulation to walk without pain.
The walking distance for people with poor blood circulation, termed peripheral arterial disease, in their legs can be limited because of aching pains felt around the calf muscles, and occasionally thighs. This is caused by a low supply of blood and oxygen to certain muscles, intermitted claudication.
This study aims to better understand why an act as simple as walking can become so painful for those affected. The results of this study will be incorporated in the design of a new rocker sole shoe that specifically reduces this pain. A rocker sole shoe is a type of footwear used to take on part of the work normally carried out by a person’s calf muscles, making this an appropriate style of shoe to use.
The study itself will include examining the differences between those who experience pain whilst walking and those who don’t and investigating how modified shoes could help ease the pain. It is hoped the new shoe will help people with poor blood circulation to walk further distances, improve blood supply to the legs and feet, and help to reduce the risk of future pain.
PHD student Effy Evangelopoulou, who will be leading the study, says: “This research study hopes to improve the uncomfortable experience many people, suffering from poor blood circulation, currently endure when walking short or long distances.
Lane R, Harwood A, Watson L, Leng GC.
Exercise programmes are a relatively inexpensive, low-risk option compared with other, more invasive therapies for treatment of leg pain on walking (intermittent claudication (IC)). This is the fourth update of a review first published in 1998.
Our goal was to determine whether an exercise programme was effective in alleviating symptoms and increasing walking treadmill distances and walking times in people with intermittent claudication. Secondary objectives were to determine whether exercise was effective in preventing deterioration of underlying disease, reducing cardiovascular events, and improving quality of life.
For this update, the Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Specialised Register (last searched 15 November 2016) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 10) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online, along with trials registries.
Randomised controlled trials of an exercise regimen versus control or versus medical therapy for people with IC due to peripheral arterial disease (PAD). We included any exercise programme or regimen used for treatment of IC, such as walking, skipping, and running. Inclusion of trials was not affected by duration, frequency, or intensity of the exercise programme. Outcome measures collected included treadmill walking distance (time to onset of pain or pain-free walking distance and maximum walking time or maximum walking distance), ankle brachial index (ABI), quality of life, morbidity, or amputation; if none of these was reported, we did not include the trial in this review.
For this update (2017), RAL and AH selected trials and extracted data independently. We assessed study quality by using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. We analysed continuous data by determining mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and dichotomous data by determining risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs. We pooled data using a fixed-effect model unless we identified significant heterogeneity, in which case we used a random-effects model. We used the GRADE approach to assess the overall quality of evidence supporting the outcomes assessed in this review.
We included two new studies in this update and identified additional publications for previously included studies, bringing the total number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria to 32, and involving a total of 1835 participants with stable leg pain. The follow-up period ranged from two weeks to two years. Types of exercise varied from strength training to polestriding and upper or lower limb exercises; supervised sessions were generally held at least twice a week. Most trials used a treadmill walking test for one of the primary outcome measures. The methodological quality of included trials was moderate, mainly owing to absence of relevant information. Most trials were small and included 20 to 49 participants. Twenty-seven trials compared exercise versus usual care or placebo, and the five remaining trials compared exercise versus medication (pentoxifylline, iloprost, antiplatelet agents, and vitamin E) or pneumatic calf compression; we generally excluded people with various medical conditions or other pre-existing limitations to their exercise capacity.Meta-analysis from nine studies with 391 participants showed overall improvement in pain-free walking distance in the exercise group compared with the no exercise group (MD 82.11 m, 95% CI 71.73 to 92.48, P < 0.00001, high-quality evidence). Data also showed benefit from exercise in improved maximum walking distance (MD 120.36 m, 95% CI 50.79 to 189.92, P < 0.0007, high-quality evidence), as revealed by pooling data from 10 studies with 500 participants. Improvements were seen for up to two years.Exercise did not improve the ABI (MD 0.04, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.08, 13 trials, 570 participants, moderate-quality evidence). Limited data were available for the outcomes of mortality and amputation; trials provided no evidence of an effect of exercise, when compared with placebo or usual care, on mortality (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.39 to 2.17, 5 trials, 540 participants, moderate-quality evidence) or amputation (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.01 to 4.15, 1 trial, 177 participants, low-quality evidence).Researchers measured quality of life using Short Form (SF)-36 at three and six months. At three months, the domains 'physical function', 'vitality', and 'role physical' improved with exercise; however this was a limited finding, as it was reported by only two trials. At six months, meta-analysis showed improvement in 'physical summary score' (MD 2.15, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.04, P = 0.02, 5 trials, 429 participants, moderate-quality evidence) and in 'mental summary score' (MD 3.76, 95% CI 2.70 to 4.82, P < 0.01, 4 trials, 343 participants, moderate-quality evidence) secondary to exercise. Two trials reported the remaining domains of the SF-36. Data showed improvements secondary to exercise in 'physical function' and 'general health'. The other domains - 'role physical', 'bodily pain', 'vitality', 'social', 'role emotional', and 'mental health' - did not show improvement at six months.Evidence was generally limited in trials comparing exercise versus antiplatelet therapy, pentoxifylline, iloprost, vitamin E, and pneumatic foot and calf compression owing to small numbers of trials and participants.Review authors used GRADE to assess the evidence presented in this review and determined that quality was moderate to high. Although results showed significant heterogeneity between trials, populations and outcomes were comparable overall, with findings relevant to the claudicant population. Results were pooled for large sample sizes - over 300 participants for most outcomes - using reproducible methods.
High-quality evidence shows that exercise programmes provided important benefit compared with placebo or usual care in improving both pain-free and maximum walking distance in people with leg pain from IC who were considered to be fit for exercise intervention. Exercise did not improve ABI, and we found no evidence of an effect of exercise on amputation or mortality. Exercise may improve quality of life when compared with placebo or usual care. As time has progressed, the trials undertaken have begun to include exercise versus exercise or other modalities; therefore we can include fewer of the new trials in this update.
The role of psychopathology in perceiving, reporting and treating intermittent claudication. A systematic review.
To review the association between mental health and intermittent claudication (IC) perception, reporting and treatment in subjects with peripheral artery disease (PAD).Literature searches of experimental and observational studies published up until 1.02.2016 were conducted using the following electronic databases: Medline/PubMed and Embase. The selection criteria for the studies included a population of patients diagnosed with peripheral artery disease who reported symptoms of intermittent claudication and were assessed for any psychopathological states (depression, anxiety, mood and personality disorders), which in turn were analysed with regard to the following: IC severity, symptom perception and reporting, patients' quality of life, treatment compliance and its effectiveness. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Collaboration's tool and the Newcastle Ottawa Scales. The strength of recommendations was graded according to GRADE system.The literature search identified 1598 citations, of which 13 studies with varying risk of bias were included in the review. Depression, anxiety, and personality types were described in more than 800 patients with peripheral arterial disease who suffered from intermittent claudication. With regard to IC perception and reporting, individuals with higher levels of depression had lower levels of pain acceptance, were more dissatisfied with their function and control over function and had a poorer quality of life. In the case of the type D personality, the results were not consistent. Studies assessing the influence of psychopathology on IC severity and treatment also showed discrepant results. Some studies indicated no differences between type D and non-type D patients with regard to the ankle brachial index (ABI) as well as pain free (PFWD) and maximal walking distances (MWD). On the other hand, others revealed that type D and depressed patients terminated 6MWT prematurely due to the onset of symptoms and experienced a greater annual decline in 6-minute walk distance, fast walking velocity and short physical performance battery. With regard to treatment adherence, patients with no mental problems made the best recoveries. Hostility, aggressiveness and affect-liability were the greatest obstacles to compliance.Mental disorders might influence the way in which the symptoms of the disease are reported, coped with, and treated. However, the results of the review preclude recommending a routine psychological examination as one of basic diagnostic procedures in patients with peripheral artery disease suffering from IC.
Objective Resistance training (RT) improves walking ability in persons with peripheral artery disease. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of RT on peripheral artery disease (as measured by walking ability).
Design We included RCTs that investigated the effect of RT on treadmill and/or 6 min walk (6-MWT) distances. RT intensity was assessed according to the American College of Sports Medicine guidelines by 1 repetition maximum or rating of perceived exertion. Standardised mean (SMD) and mean differences (MD) were calculated using a random-effects inverse variance model. Heterogeneity and bias were assessed using RevMan V.5.3. Meta-regression and meta-analysis of variance were performed as moderator analyses.
Data sources Databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cinahl and Google Scholar) were searched until July 2018.
Results Fifteen trials isolated RT; 7 trials compared RT with aerobic exercise. We analysed 826 patients (n=363 completing RT), with a mean age of 67.1±3.8 years. Training ranged from low-high intensity, 2–7 times per week for 17±7 weeks, with a mix of upper, lower or whole body training. Overall RT significantly improved constant load treadmill claudication onset (COD) (SMD 0.66 [0.40, 0.93], p<0.00001) and total walking distance (WD) (SMD 0.51 [0.23, 0.79], p=0.0003), progressive treadmill COD (SMD 0.56 [0.00, 1.13], p=0.05) and total WD (SMD 0.45 [0.08, 0.83], p=0.02), and 6-MWT COD (MD 82.23 m [40.91, 123.54], p<0.0001). Intensity played a role in improvement, with high-intensity training yielding the greatest improvement (p=0.02).
Conclusions RT clinically improved treadmill and flat ground walking ability in persons with peripheral artery disease. Higher intensity training was associated with better outcomes. Our study makes a case for clinicians to include high-intensity lower body RT in the treatment of peripheral artery disease. | 2019-04-24T16:08:58Z | http://podiatryarena.com/index.php?threads/exercise-for-intermittent-claudication.4169/ |
Main The Handbook of Technical Analysis + Test Bank: The Practitioner’s Comprehensive Guide to Technical..
Technical analysis is a fascinating field of study. It is as much science as it is art. Its main strength is that a lot of it is visual, giving practitioners a better feel of the underlying dynamics of the markets. We shall also be looking at the various challenges to technical analysis, their resolution, and how technical analysis affects trading in general. The classification of technical approaches, market participants, and various markets will also be discussed in detail.
It is generally accepted that human beings are born with certain instincts, tempered and molded by evolution via the passing of time. Every human being strives and seeks to fulfill these powerful instinctive forces.
This powerful instinct to survive is the main driving force in life for striving to make a profit. But in order to make a profit to ensure continued survival, there must be a positive change in the actual or perceived value of something that we own. This change in value of some variable may be anything that will allow us to profit from change. One very popular and convenient variable of change is price. We can participate in this price change by satisfying a very simple mechanical rule that will ensure profitability every single time, which is to always buy when prices are low and sell when they are higher, popularly referred to as the buy low, sell high principle. See Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 The Mechanics of Profiting from a Change.
Unfortunately, in order to satisfy this simple rule of guaranteed profitability, we need to be able to do more of one thing, which is to be able to determine the direction of price ahead of time in order to know exactly when to buy low and subsequently sell higher. Hence, it is not only the mechanical action of buying low and selling high that counts, but also the timing of the action itself that is critical. This introduces an element of chance or probability into an otherwise fairly straightforward mechanical venture. Profitability therefore requires effective and efficient action in two dimensions, that is, price and time. Traders and analysts keep track of this action using a two-dimensional visualization tool, that is, a price-time chart, which tracks price on the vertical axis and time on horizontal axis.
In short, the ability to forecast or predict price or market action in a reasonably accurate fashion represents one of the skills that may be critical for longer-term success as a professional trader or analyst.
For Identification: It identifies and describes past and present price action. It serves as a historical record of what has transpired in the markets. It provides a descriptive representation of market action. This allows the market practitioner to observe how the market has performed in the past, which includes its average volatility over a specified period; its highest and lowest historical price extremes; the common areas of consolidation, average duration, and price excursion of trends; the amount of liquidity and participation in the markets; the average degree and frequency of price gapping; the impact of various monetary economic announcements on price, and so on. This information is especially critical prior to any investment or trading decision.
For Forecasting: Once a particular price or market action is identified, the practitioner may now use this information to interpret what the data actually means before inferring future price action. This inference about potential price action is wholly based on the assumption that price patterns are repetitive to some reasonable degree and therefore may be used as a basis for price predictions.
Figure 1.2 Three Approaches to Price Forecasting.
One way to gauge the potential price of a stock is by analyzing the company’s performance via its financial statements and accounts in order to determine its intrinsic value or the worth of the security in light of all its holdings, debt, earnings, dividends, income and balance sheet activity, cash flow, and so on. This accounting information is normally represented in ratio form, as in price to earnings (P/E), price to earnings growth (PEG), price to book, price to sales, and debt to equity ratios, to name but a few.
The logic is that a strongly performing company should continue to perform well into the future and garner more demand from investors excited to participate in the expected capital gains derived from the stock’s price and appreciating dividend yields. The price of a stock is expected to rise if there are sufficient buyers, signifying a demand for it. Conversely, the price of a stock is expected to decline if there are sufficient sellers, signifying an oversupply in the stock. Demand is potentially generated if the current stock price is below its estimated intrinsic value, that is, it is currently undervalued or underpriced, whereas supply is created if the current stock price is above its estimated intrinsic value, that is, it is currently overvalued or overpriced. See Figures 1.3 and 1.4 for illustrations of using intrinsic value to forecast potential stock price movements.
Figure 1.3 Price Forecasting Based on Intrinsic Value of a Stock.
Figure 1.4 Price Forecasting Based on Intrinsic Value of a Stock.
There are various ways to determine the degree of over- or undervaluation in a stock, some of which include comparing P/E and earnings per share (EPS) ratios or investigating to what extent a stock is trading at a premium or discount in relation to its net current asset value, debt, and other fundamentals. Fundamental analysis helps provide indications as to which stocks to buy based on prior company performance, that is, over the last accounting period. Some investors resort to more active asset-allocation methods to try to time the market for a suitable stock to buy into or get out of, rather than just relying on the traditional buy-and-hold strategy. They resort to studying broad market factors and sector-rotation models in order to buy into the best fundamentally performing stocks within a strengthening industry or sector. This method is popularly termed the top-down approach to investing. A bottom-up approach relies more on a specific company’s fundamental performance. A buy-and-hold strategy in today’s volatile markets may not represent the most effective way of maximizing returns while minimizing potential risks. As a result, many fundamentalists frequently look to various asset pricing and modern portfolio models like the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to try to achieve the best balance between risk and expected returns over a risk-free rate (along what is called the efficient frontier).
One of the problems with fundamental analysis is the credibility, reliability, and accuracy of the accounting practices and financial reporting, which is susceptible to manipulation and false or fraudulent reporting. There are various unscrupulous ways to dress up a poorly performing company or financial institution. A simple Internet search will reveal numerous past and ongoing investigations related to such practices. The other problem is the delay in the financial reporting of a company’s current financial state in the market. By the time the next audited report is completed and published, the information is already outdated. It does not furnish timely information to act upon, especially in volatile market environments, and, as a result, does not directly account or adjust for current or sudden developments in the market environment. Nevertheless, fundamental analysis does give valuable information about specific securities and their performances. Its main weakness is its inability to provide clear and specific short-term price levels for traders to act on. Therefore, fundamental information is better suited to longer-term investment decisions, as opposed to short-term market participation, where short-term price fluctuations and precise market timing may be of lesser importance.
Fundamental data, on a broader scale, accounts for the overall underlying economic performance of the markets. Supply and demand reacts to the economic data released at regular intervals, which include interest rate announcements and central bank monetary policy and intervention. One example of how supply and demand in the markets are affected by such factors is the Swiss National Bank’s (SNB) decision to maintain a 1.2000 ceiling on the foreign exchanges rate of the EURCHF, with respect to the Swiss Franc. This creates a technical demand for the Euro (and a corresponding supply in the CHF) around the 1.2000 exchange-rate level. Many traders have acted and are still acting on this policy decision to their advantage, buying every time the rate approaches 1.2000, with stops placed at a reasonable distance below this threshold. The integrity of this artificial ceiling remains intact as long as the SNB stands steadfast by their policy decision to uphold the ceiling at all costs. See Figure 1.5.
Figure 1.5 SNB Policy Impacting on the Value of the CHF.
It behooves the analyst and investor to examine the actual decision-making process involved with investing in a stock based on intrinsic value. While it does provide an indication, with all else being equal, of the integrity of a certain stock relative to the universe of stocks available, there is a disruptive behavioral component that affects this process. It is not just the calculated or estimated intrinsic value that is an important element but also the general perception or future expectation of this value that plays an arguably greater and more significant role in determining the actual share price of a stock. This may explain why shares prices do not always reflect the actual value of a stock. This disagreement between price and value is the result of divergence between the actual intrinsic value and perceived or projected value.
Generally, information may be gleaned from various public sources such as newspaper reports, magazines, online bulletins, and so on, upon which market participants may then formulate an opinion about the market, making their own predictions about potential market action. Unfortunately, such publicly available information usually has little merit when used for forecasting purposes, as those more privy to non-public material information would have already moved the markets substantially, leaving only an inconsequential amount of action for latecomers to profit from, at the very most. This is where technical analysts have the unfair advantage of observing the markets moving on the charts and immediately taking action, regardless of the cause or reasons why such action exists. They are only interested in the effects such activity has on price. Technical analysts typically do not wait for news to be public knowledge prior to taking action or making a forecast based on a significant price breakout.
The use of non-public material information potentially affords insiders substantial financial gain from such knowledge, as the release of critical or highly sensitive company information may cause a substantial change in the company’s stock price. Hence it is no great feat to be able to forecast potential market direction based on such prior knowledge, especially if the non-public material information is highly significant or headline worthy. Needless to say, insider trading is illegal in the equity markets. But the possibility will always exist that it can occur and in fact has on many occasions. Unfortunately, in unregulated over-the-counter (OTC) markets, nothing stops brokers from front running large client orders, which is just another form of insider trading.
Technical analysis is essentially the identification and forecasting of potential market behavior based largely on the action and dynamics of the market itself. The action and dynamics of the market is best captured via price, volume, and open interest action. The charts provide a visual description of what has transpired in the markets and technical analysts use this past information to infer potential future price action, based on the assumption that price patterns tend to repeat or behave in a reasonably reliable and predictable manner. Let us turn our attention to some popular definitions of technical analysis.
The following definition of technical analysis tells us that charting is the main tool used to forecast potential future price action.
Technical analysis is the study of market action, primarily through the use of charts, for the purpose of forecasting future price trends.
The next definition of technical analysis tells us that the charting of past information is used to forecast future price action.
Technical analysis is the science of recording, usually in graphic form, the actual history of trading . . . then deducing from that pictured history the probable future trend.
Notice that the last two definitions specifically refer to the forecasting of trend action.
It is interesting at this point to draw a parallel here with information used in fundamental analysis. Technical analysis is often criticized for the use of past information as a basis for forecasting future price action, relying on the notion that certain price behaviors tend to repeat. Unfortunately virtually all forms of forecasting are based on the use of prior or past information, which certainly includes statistical-, fundamental-, and behavior-based forecasting. Companies employ accounting data from the most recent and even past quarters as a basis for gauging the current value of a stock. In statistics, regression-line analysis requires the sampling of past data in order to predict probable future values. Even in behavioral finance, the quantitative measure of the market participant’s past actions form the basis for predicting future behavior.
The following definition of technical analysis tells us that it is the study of pure market action and not the fundamentals of the instrument itself.
It refers to the study of the action of the market itself as opposed to the study of the goods in which the market deals.
This next definition of technical analysis tells us that it is a form of art, and its purpose is to identify a trend reversal as early as possible.
The art of technical analysis, for it is an art, is to identify a trend reversal at a relatively early stage and ride on that trend until the weight of the evidence shows or proves that the trend has reversed.
The following definition is most relevant in the formulation of trading strategies. It reminds the market participants that nothing is certain and we must weigh our risk and returns.
Technical analysis deals in probabilities, never in certainties.
The next statement gives a behavioral reason as to why technical analysis works.
Technical analysis is based on the assumption that people will continue to make the same mistakes they have made in the past.
This definition by Pring stresses and underscores the point that there is a real reason and explanation as to why past price patterns tend to repeat. The tendency of price to repeat past patterns is mainly attributed to market participants repeating the same behavior. Although it is not impossible with sufficient and continuous conscious effort and strength of will, human beings rarely change their basic behavior, temperament, and deep-rooted biases, especially in relation to their emotional response to fear, greed, hope, anger, and regret when participating in the markets.
The following statement about technical analysis explains its effectiveness in timing early entries and exits.
Market price tends to lead the known fundamentals. . . . Market price acts as a leading indicator of the fundamentals.
This definition by Murphy highlights a very important assumption in technical analysis, which is that price is a reflection of all known information acted upon in the markets. It is the sum of all market participants’ trading and investment actions and decisions, including current and future expectations of market action. It also reflects the overall psychology, biases, and beliefs of all market participants. Therefore, the technical analysts believe that the charts tell the whole story and that everything that can or is expected to impact price has already been discounted. This assumption forms the very basis of technical analysis, and without it, technical analysis would be rendered completely pointless.
Listed below are the some of the strengths of each approach with respect to timing the markets.
Of all the data that technical analysts employ, price is the most important, followed closely by volume action. Price itself is comprised of an opening, high, low, and closing price, normally referred to as OHLC data. OHLC data normally refers to the daily opening, high, low, and closing prices, but it may be used to denote the OHLC of any bar interval, from 1-minute bars right up to the monthly and yearly bars.
Technical analysis may be categorized into four distinct branches, that is, classical, statistical, sentiment, and behavioral analysis. Regardless of which branch is employed, all analysis is eventually interpreted via the various behavioral traits, filters, and biases unique to each analyst. Behavioral traits include both the psychological and emotional elements. See Figure 1.6.
Figure 1.6 The Four Branches of Technical Analysis.
Classical technical analysis involves the use of the conventional bar, chart, and Japanese candlestick patterns, oscillator and overlay indicators, as well as market breadth, relative strength, and cycle analysis. Statistical analysis is more quantitative, as opposed to the more qualitative nature of classical technical analysis. It studies the dispersion, central tendencies, skewness, volatility, regression analysis, hypothesis testing, correlation, covariance, and so on. Sentiment analysis is concerned with the psychology of market participants, which includes their emotions and level of optimism or pessimism in the markets. It studies professional and public opinion via polls and questionnaires, trading and investment decisions via flow of funds in the markets, as well as the positions taken by large institutions and hedgers. Finally, behavioral analysis studies the way market participants react to news, profit and losses, the actions of other market participants, and with their own psychological and emotional biases, preferences, and expectations.
The type of technical studies employed also depends on the approach taken by traders and analysts with respect to their personal preferences and biases regarding the action of price in the markets. Basically, traders either adopt a contrarian or a momentum-seeking type approach. Being more contrarian in their approach implies that they do not usually expect the price to traverse large distances. In fact they are constantly on the lookout for impending reversals in the markets. In essence, they expect price to be more mean reverting, returning to an average price or balance between supply and demand. Those that adopt the mean-reverting approach prefer to employ technical studies that help pinpoint levels of overbought and oversold activity, which includes divergence analysis, regression analysis, moving average bands, and Bollinger bands. They prefer to trade consolidations rather than trend action. They normally buy at support and short at resistance. Limit entry orders are their preferred mode of order entry. Conversely, being more momentum seeking in their approach implies that they usually expect the price to traverse large distances and for trends to continue to remain intact. They are constantly on the lookout for continuation type breakouts in the markets. In short, they expect price to be more non–mean reverting, where demand creates further demand and supply creates further supply, both driven by a powerful positive-feedback cycle. Those that adopt the non–mean reverting approach prefer to employ technical studies that help pinpoint breakout or trend continuation activity, which includes chart pattern breakouts, moving average breakouts, Darvas Box breakouts, and Donchian channel breakouts. They prefer to trade trends rather than ranging action. They normally short at the breach of support and long at breach of resistance. Stop entry orders are their preferred mode of entry into the markets. See Figure 1.7.
Figure 1.7 Mean Reverting versus Non–Mean Reverting Approaches.
It is applicable across all markets, instruments, and timeframes, where price patterns, oscillators, and overlay indicators are all treated in exactly the same manner. No new learning is required in order to trade new markets or timeframes, unlike in fundamental analysis where the analyst must be conversant with the specifics of each stock or market.
There is no need to study the fundamentals of the markets traded or analyzed in order to apply technical analysis, since technical analysts believe that all information that impacts or potentially may impact the stock or market is already reflected in the price on the charts.
Technical analysis provides a clear visual representation of the behavior of the markets, unlike in fundamental analysis where most of the data is in numerical form.
It provides timely and precise entry and exit price levels, preceded by technical signals indicating potential bullishness or bearishness. It has the ability to also pinpoint potential time of entry via time projection techniques not available to fundamentalists. Fundamental analysis does not provide the exact price or time of entry.
It makes the gauging of market risk much easier to visualize. Volatility is more obvious on the charts than it is in numerical form.
The concerted effort of market participants acting on significantly clear and obvious price triggers in the markets helps create the reaction required for a more reliable trade. This is the consequence of the self-fulfilling prophecy.
It is subjective in its interpretation. A certain price pattern may be perceived in numerous ways. Since every bullish interpretation has an equal and opposite bearish interpretation, all analysis is susceptible to the possibility of interpretational ambiguity. Unfortunately, all manners of interpretation, regardless of the underlying analysis employed—be it fundamental, statistical, or behavioral—are equally subjective in content and form.
A basic assumption of technical analysis is that price behavior tends to repeat, making it possible to forecast potential future price action. Unfortunately this tendency to repeat may be disrupted by unexpected volatility in the markets caused by geopolitical, economic, or other factors. Popular price patterns may also be distorted by new forms of trade execution that may impact market action, like automated, algorithmic, or high-frequency program trading where trades are initiated in the markets based on non-classical patterns. This interferes with the repeatability of classic chart patterns.
Charts provide a historical record of price action. It takes practice and experience to be able to identify classical patterns in price. Though this skill can be mastered with enough practice, the art of inferring or forecasting future price action based on past prices is much more difficult to master. The practitioner needs to be intimately familiar with the behavior of price at various timeframes and in different markets. Although classical patterns may be applied equally across all markets and timeframes equally, there is still an element of uniqueness associated with each market action and timeframe.
It is argued that all market action is essentially a random walk process, and as such applying technical analysis is pointless as all chart patterns arise out of pure chance and are of no significance in the markets. One must remember that if this is the case, then all forms of analysis are ineffective, whether fundamental, statistical, or behavioral. Since the market is primarily driven by perception, we know that the random-walk process is not a true representation of market action, since market participants react in very specific and predictable ways. Though there is always some element of randomness in the markets caused by the uncoordinated actions of a large number of market participants, one can always observe the uncanny accuracy with which price tests and reacts at a psychologically significant barriers or prices. It is hard to believe that price action is the result of random acts of buying and selling by market participants where the participants are totally unencumbered by cost, biases, psychology, or emotion.
The strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) argues that since the markets discount all information, price would have already adjusted to the new information and any attempt to profit from such information would be futile. This would render the technical analysis of price action pointless, with the only form of market participation being passive investment. But such efficiency would require that all market participants react instantaneously to all new information in a rational manner. This in itself presents an insurmountable challenge to EMH. The truth is that no system comprising disparate parts in physical reality reacts instantaneously with perfect coordination. Hence it is fairly safe to assume that although absolute market efficiency is not attainable, the market does continually adjust to new information, but at a much lower and less-efficient rate of data discounting. Therefore, technical analysis remains a valid form of market investigation until the markets attain a state of absolute and perfect efficiency.
Another argument against technical analysis is the idea of the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (SFP). Proponents of the concept contend that prices react to technical signals not because the signals themselves are important or significant, but rather because of the concerted effort of market participants acting on those signals that make it work. This may in fact be advantageous to the market participants. The trick is in knowing which technical signals would be supported by a large concerted action. The logical answer would be to select only the most significantly clear and obvious technical signals and triggers. Of course, one can further argue that such signals, if they appear to be reliable indicators of support and resistance, would begin to attract an increasing number of traders as time passes. This would eventually lead to traders vying with each other for the best and most cost-effective fills. What seems initially like the concerted action of all market participants now turns into competition with each other. Getting late fills would be costly as well as reduce or wipe out any potential for profit. This naturally results in traders attempting to preempt each other for the best fills. Traders start vying for progressively earlier entries as price approaches the targeted entry levels, leading finally to entries that are too distant from the original entry levels, increasing risk and reducing any potential profits. This disruptive feedback cycle eventually erodes the reliability of the signals, as price fails to react at the expected technical levels. Price finally begins to react reliably again at the expected technical levels as traders stop preempting each other and abandon or disregard the strategy that produced the signals. The process repeats. Therefore, SFP may result in technical signals evolving in a kind of six-stage duty cycle, where the effects of SFP may be advantageous and desirable to traders in the early stages but eventually result in forcing traders into untenable positions. See Figure 1.8.
Figure 1.8 The Idealized Six-Stage Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Cycle.
As with most forms of analysis, technical analysis has both objective and subjective aspects associated with its application. It is objective insofar as the charts represent a historical record of price and market action. But it is subjective when the technical analyst attempts to analyze the data.
Analyzing price and market action is ultimately subjective because all analysis is interpreted through various behavioral traits, filters, and biases unique to each analyst or observer. Behavioral traits include both the psychological and emotional elements. As a consequence, each analyst will possess a slightly different perception of the market and its possible future behavior.
What is the most appropriate form of technical analysis that should be applied to a particular chart?
What is the most appropriate choice of indicators to apply to a particular chart?
These are the usual questions that plague novices. The following charts depict the various popular forms of analysis that can be applied to a basic chart of price action. The following examples are by no means exhaustive. Figure 1.9 starts off with a plain chart devoid of any form of analysis.
Figure 1.9 A Simple Price Chart.
The next chart, Figure 1.10, shows the application of basic trendline analysis on the same chart, tracking the flow of price action in the market.
Figure 1.10 Trendline Analysis on the Same Chart.
In Figure 1.11, moving average analysis is now employed to track the same flow of price action and to provide potential points of entry as the market rises and falls.
Figure 1.11 Moving Average Analysis on the Same Chart.
Figure 1.12 depicts the application of chart pattern analysis to track and forecast the shorter-term bullish and bearish movements in price.
Figure 1.12 Chart Pattern Analysis on the Same Chart.
Figure 1.13 is an example of applying two forms of technical analysis, that is, linear regression analysis and divergence analysis to track and forecast potential market tops and bottoms. Notice that the market top coincided perfectly with the upper band of the linear regression line, with an early bearish signal seen in the form of standard bearish divergence on the commodity channel index (CCI) indicator.
Figure 1.13 Linear Regression and Divergence Analysis on the Same Chart.
Figure 1.14 is an example of applying a couple of additional forms of analysis to the basic linear regression band. In this chart, price action analysis is used in conjunction with volume analysis to forecast a potential top in the market, evidenced by the preceding parabolic move in price that is coupled by a blow-off.
Figure 1.14 Linear Regression and Volume Analysis on the Same Chart.
In Figure 1.15, volatility band, volume, and overextension analysis are all employed to seek out potential reversals in the market. We observe that price exceeds the upper volatility band, which may potentially be an early indication of price exhaustion, especially since it is accompanied by a significant volume spike. The moving average convergence-divergence (MACD) indicator is also seen to be residing at historically overbought levels, which is another potentially bearish indication.
Figure 1.15 Volatility Band, Volume, and Overextension Analysis on the Same Chart.
As we can see from just a few forms of analysis presented in the preceding charts, there are many ways to view the action of the markets, depending on the context of the analysis employed. For example, if the analyst is more interested in viewing and understanding the action of price within the context of over-reaction or price exhaustion in the markets, he or she may opt to apply technical studies that track levels or areas of potential over-reaction or price exhaustion. Technical studies that tract such behavior include linear regression bands, Bollinger bands, moving average percentage bands, Keltner and Starc bands, areas of prior support and resistance, and so on. Alternatively, if the analyst is more interested in viewing and understanding the action of price within the context of market momentum, he or she may instead opt to apply breakout analysis of chart patterns, trendlines, moving averages, and so on. As long as the reason for using a particular form of analysis is clear, there should be no confusion as to what the studies are indicating.
The mathematical construction of each oscillator or indicator is different.
Each oscillator or indicator tracks a different time horizon.
Two identical oscillators may issue inconsistent readings due to missing data on one of the charting platforms.
Two identical oscillators may also issue inconsistent readings due to variations in the accuracy, quality, and type of data available on different charting platforms.
For example, applying an oscillator that uses price, volume, and open interest as part of its calculation will yield inconsistent readings should one of the data be unavailable on the charting platform. The analysts may not be aware of the missing data and struggle to make sense of the inconsistency. The accuracy of the data is also of paramount importance for effective analysis of price and market action. Dropouts in the data as well as the inclusion or exclusion of non-trading days will cause inconsistent readings between charting platforms. There may also be variations in the oscillator readings should volume be replaced with tick volume, sometime also referred to as transaction volume. Tick volume tracks the number of transactions over a specified time interval, irrespective of the size of the transactions.
It is also important to note that conflicting signals may not always be in fact conflicting. As pointed out, the time horizons over which each signal is applied may be different. In Figure 1.16 we observe that the CCI readings over the range of prices are markedly different. The 20-period CCI indicates a slightly overbought market whereas the 100-period CCI suggests that prices are slightly oversold. There is in fact no real conflict between the two apparently opposing signals. The indicators are merely pointing out that prices are slightly overbought or overextended in the short term, but over the longer term, prices are in fact slightly oversold, that is, relatively cheap. Therefore, instead of viewing the signals as opposing or contradictory, the astute trader immediately realizes that the most advantageous point for initiating a long entry would be when prices are cheap both in the long and short term. This is easily identified on the charts by looking for oversold readings on both the 20- and 100-period CCI within the area of consolidation, as indicated at Point 1. Therefore, the trader may decide to go long once price penetrates the high of the candlestick indicated on the chart. In this example, we see conflicting signals actually complementing each other and affording the trader an advantageous entry at relatively low prices.
Figure 1.16 Conflicting Signals on the Daily Alcoa Inc Chart.
The important point to remember is that any form of analysis may be employed, as long as the analyst is intimately familiar with the peculiarities associated with each form of analysis. It is better to be conversant with one form of analysis than to employ a slew of technical approaches without fully grasping the intricacies of each approach. This leads to confusion and ineffective analysis. It must be noted that combining technical studies will frequently result in both confirmatory and contradictory signals as we have seen, with many of the signals being also complementary as well. Only add studies once the first form of analysis is fully mastered. The practitioner must always remember that no form of analysis is always perfectly representative of the market, and it is inevitable that different forms of analysis will many times lead to conflicting signals.
As mentioned, interpretation and inference of potential future price action based on historical price behavior is essentially an exercise in subjectivity. Each analyst will interpret and infer future price action according to his or her own experience, knowledge, objectives, beliefs, expectations, predilections, emotional makeup, psychological biases, and interests.
The identification of price patterns may also present some challenge to the novice practitioner. Occasionally, the markets will conveniently trace out various price patterns that may cause some confusion. Refer to Figure 1.17.
Figure 1.17 Conflicting Chart Pattern Signals.
In this example, we see two chart patterns indicating potentially contradictory signals. The ascending triangle is regarded as a bullish indication, while the complex head and shoulders formation is potentially bearish. Therefore, as price starts to contract, forming a symmetrical triangle, an analyst may be somewhat perplexed at the conflicting signals, being unable to provide or issue a clear forecast as to whether the market is indeed potentially bullish or bearish.
One way to resolve this apparent conflict is to first identify the size of each pattern. The sentiment associated with larger patterns or formations will take precedence over that of smaller formations. These larger formations are more representative of the longer-term sentiment whereas the smaller formations are more indicative of short-term sentiment. Hence in our example, the bullish sentiment associated with the ascending triangle takes precedence over the bearish sentiment associated with the complex head and shoulders formation. Therefore, until price breaches the complex head and shoulders neckline, the entire formation may be regarded as a potentially bullish pattern. Following this simple rule helps reduce some of the subjectivity involved in reading price and chart formations.
Figure 1.18 depicts an idealized scenario where all the chart formations are potentially bearish.
Figure 1.18 Chart Pattern with Complementary Signals.
There is no conflict in sentiment between these formations as they are all in perfect agreement. The smaller formations act as additional evidence and add to the overall bearish sentiment. There is also a lesser amount of subjectivity involved when reading the sentiment associated with formations that are in perfect agreement. Nevertheless, it should be noted that although such formations may appear somewhat more straightforward with respect to inferring potential future price direction, any upside breakout of the larger descending triangle may well precipitate a vigorous and rapid rally in prices due to the unexpected nature of such a move. Traders must exercise caution especially when shorting such a formation as prices can quickly explode to the upside, caused by an avalanche of short covering.
This element of subjectivity with respect to interpretation and inference is not merely confined to applications in technical analysis. In fact, every form of analysis involves a certain amount of subjectivity and arbitrariness when it comes to its interpretation. For example, let us assume that the price of oil has risen significantly. This event in itself can be interpreted in two different ways. One fundamentalist may strongly believe that this rise in oil prices will impact the markets adversely as it will raise the underlying cost of commodities, whereas another fundamentalist may strongly believe that the rise in oil prices is a direct result of market demand, a bullish scenario indicating a healthy and growing economy. In another example, a technical analyst may strongly believe that an overbought oscillator reading is a clear indication that the trend is strong with further continuation expected in price, whereas another technical analyst may strongly believe that the overbought signal is a clear indication that the market may be already overextended and therefore expects a reversal in trend. The beginner quickly realizes, after some reflection, that for every bullish interpretation, there exists an equal and opposite bearish interpretation. This is one of the main reasons why forecasting is regarded as largely subjective.
Human bias is another factor that adds to the degree of subjectivity when attempting to interpret technical signals. Chartists will many times ignore signals that conflict with their preconceived ideas of where the markets ought to be at any one time. They only select oscillators and indicator signals that support their analysis of the market. For example, a chartist uses three oscillators, the MACD, relative strength index (RSI), and stochastics. The chartist has a bullish view of the markets and believes that it is about to break to the upside. All of the oscillators have bullish readings except for stochastics. The chartist ignores the stochastics signal because it does not agree with his or her view of the markets. On a subsequent occasion, it is MACD that is not in agreement with the chartist’s view, and only the signals from the other two oscillators are heeded. This is known as selective perception. See Figure 1.19.
Figure 1.19 Selective Perception and Conflicting Oscillator Signals.
Selective perception adds to the subjectivity of the forecast, as there is no fixed point of reference or basis for making decisions based on evidence. Choosing only signals that agree with one’s view will lead to biased and erroneous interpretations and unfounded forecasts. In fact, it is when there are discrepancies in the signals that the chartist gains the most information from the markets, as it may be an indication that there could well be some form of underlying weakness in the markets.
Identifying, interpreting, and inferring market action are not the only areas where subjectivity plays a significant role. The determination of the exact points of entry to and exit from the market is also subjective at the most fundamental level of observation. What appears to be essentially objective is also built on a foundation of subjectivity. An example will help illustrate the point. Refer to Figure 1.20.
Figure 1.20 Example of Subjective Objectivity.
Assume that a chartist is interested in identifying a market top via a trendline penetration. The chartist locates two significant troughs in an existing uptrend and draws a line connecting the two troughs, projecting that line into the future. Price eventually makes a top in the market and subsequently declines and penetrates the uptrend line, signifying the formation of a market top. This seems to be a totally objective exercise since the uptrend line and the point of penetration were clearly marked and recorded on the charts. Unfortunately, the objectivity ends here. Although each act of identifying the trend reversal was purely objective, the variables upon which the process of identification is based is determined subjectively by each chartist, according to their goals, biases, experience, and preferences. Another chartist could well have drawn a steeper trendline and declared that the penetration of this new trendline marks the true point of reversal in the market. As you can see, although each act of identifying the exact point of reversal is strictly objective in itself, the existence of alternative trendlines introduces an element of subjectivity as to which trendline penetration is the definitive indicator or signifier of the trend reversal. We can find another example of this subjective objectivity. Automated or program trading is usually regarded as a purely objective mode of trading where all the rules of engagement with the market are fully codified and mechanically executed. This removes all subjectivity with respect to the entries and exits. Just as in our previous example, the point of penetration of each trendline was also purely objective. However, should the automated trading software allow for some parameter adjustments, this instantly introduces an element of subjectivity as to which parameter adjustments are the definitive settings for a profitable trading campaign. Therefore, no matter how objective each individual act is, once the possibility of alternative acts exists, the issue of subjectivity arises. In a sense, each determination is individually objective, but collectively subjective.
At which point after the breakout do I initiate an entry into the market?
What is a reasonable amount of price penetration required before an entry is initiated?
Do I wait for the penetration bar to close first or do I initiate an entry at some arbitrary point during an intraday violation of the trendline?
What if the penetration bar closes too far away from the original trendline breach?
How would I know if the violation is merely a false breakout?
Should I allow for a larger penetration before initiating an entry in order to filter out potential false breakouts? If so, how much larger a penetration is required to filter out such breakouts?
The answers to all of these questions really depend on the objectives of the trader and what he or she is attempting to achieve. There are essentially two ways of initiating an entry at the breakout of some price barrier. The first is to initiate an entry at some arbitrary point just after a breakout. The other is to initiate a trade based on some fixed rules of entry and exits. See Figure 1.21.
Figure 1.21 Subjectivity in the Rules of Engagement.
Subjectivity arises not because the rules of engagement are unclear, but rather because of the number of choices available. Hence, each trader will select the rules of entry and exit that suit their personality, risk capacity, or familiarity with a certain mode of engagement. A trader could initiate a trade once price moves a certain distance away from the breakout, or once the penetration bar closes. Traders may even choose to enter the market after a certain amount of time has elapsed from a breakout. Figure 1.21 lists three main types of filters that traders frequently use to initiate an entry. Price, time, and algorithmic filters will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 5.
Summarizing, even if the rules for identification, interpretation, and inference are rigidly codified, the very fact that we have choice renders the entire analysis subjective from the ground up. Hence the argument that technical analysis is subjective in fact represents a general comment on all forms of analysis. It is not unique to technical analysis!
Here is a little exercise in subjectivity associated with pattern recognition. See Figure 1.22. Without looking at Figure 1.23, try to see if you can figure out the trend changes by drawing simple trendlines. After you have finished, refer to Figure 1.23 to see if you have drawn the same trendlines as indicated on the chart.
Figure 1.22 A Basic 4-Hourly Bar Chart of USDCAD.
Figure 1.23 Trendline Analysis on the 4-Hourly USDCAD Bar Chart.
There will most likely be a difference in the points chosen in drawing the trendlines. The very fact that you can draw alternate trendlines introduces an element of subjectivity in identification, interpretation, and forecasting.
Now go back to Figure 1.22 and try to identify some chart patterns (if you know some). After you have finished, turn to Figure 1.24 to see if you have drawn the same patterns.
Figure 1.24 Chart Pattern Analysis on the 4-Hourly USDCAD Bar Chart.
Were there differences in the chart patterns drawn? Do not worry if there are differences. It is merely a consequence of subjectivity.
Here is another example based on the same USDCAD chart. Were you aware of the subtle angular symmetries in the USDCAD? See Figure 1.25. Analysts also pay attention to the angles of ascent and descent in the markets. A novice may not be able to clearly identify chart patterns, trendlines, or angular patterns at the very beginning. But with enough practice, the pattern-recognition abilities will gradually improve, becoming more obvious as the skill in reading charts improves. As a consequence, the amount of subjectivity associated with identifying patterns will gradually diminish.
Figure 1.25 Angular Symmetries on the 4-Hourly USDCAD Bar Chart.
Refer to Figure 1.26. Here is the same chart of the USDCAD again. But this time, we see the underlying beauty and symmetry of price, tempered and forged by the expectation, psychology, biases, and emotions of all market participants. To a trained eye, a simple chart of price action is as beautiful as any work of art. For technical analysis is, in itself, an art.
Figure 1.26 Underlying Market Symmetry on the 4-Hourly USDCAD Bar Chart.
Technical analysis is based on a few fundamental assumptions. The first assumption is that market action, which includes price action, reflects all known information in the markets. The market discounts everything except acts of God.
Market action is representative of the collective trading and investment decisions of all market participants, which directs the flow of supply and demand in the markets.
This implies that the technical analyst need only refer to the charting of market action, since all known information and expectation about such information has already been discounted by the markets. The actual cause or underlying reason driving demand or supply is irrelevant, as it is only the effect of such action that really matters, that is, prices rising or falling.
Some detractors of technical analysis contend that the assumption that all information is absorbed or discounted by the market is flawed. They argue that, with the exception of illegal insider trading, price cannot possibly discount an unexpectedly large block purchase of shares in the market before it occurs. The detractors are in fact perfectly correct in their contention, except for the fact that the markets do not actually discount unknown information or unexpected events. The market can only react to what is known or expected, which includes insider activity. It does not react to what is unknown or unexpected. Although insider information is nonpublic, it is still considered to be known information, since the action of insider buying and selling impacts market action and as such represents information in the markets.
It may be more realistic to think of the market as in a continuous process of assimilating and adjusting to new market information, rather than an unrealistic full-blown discounting of all information instantaneously.
What Are the Markets Really Discounting?
In reality, the market discounts all of the above. Regardless of what the markets are discounting, be it quantifiable or otherwise, the end result is that price and markets action will ultimately reflect the collective expectation of all participants.
Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) states that for a market to efficiently discount and reflect all information perfectly, all of its participants must act on all information in the same rational manner instantaneously. Does this definition of EMH also apply the basic assumption in technical analysis that the market discounts everything?
Detractors of EMH contend that the act of discounting everything is not realistic or is largely impossible. They argue that the problem lies in the action taken by the participants. Not all participants will react to the same event or information in the same way, and in fact, some participants may act on it in a contrary fashion, that is, shorting the market rather than going long. They also argue that not all of the participants will react at the same time. Some will take preemptive action or act in anticipation of the event while other participants will act during the actual receipt of the information. There will also be participants who may react long after the information is released. Hence, trying to achieve a certain level of coordinated action for efficient discounting will be virtually impossible.
The detractors of EMH also contend that for the markets to discount all information effectively, all participants must have access to that information and must act on it. The market will otherwise be unable to discount or reflect all information effectively. This requirement itself presents a difficult challenge. They argue that it is virtually impossible to get all of its participants to act on all of the information. It is also unrealistic to expect all participants to have access to that information, and even if they do, we cannot expect the participants to be standing by at all times in readiness to act on such information. They further argue that information is never free. It is unrealistic to expect that all participants are able to afford the information, let alone all information.
There is a very subtle difference between efficient discounting in EMH and basic market discounting in technical analysis. As far as market discounting in technical analysis is concerned, there is no requirement of perfect efficiency except for the requirement that it discounts everything that becomes known to it, which includes the sum total of all actions taken by its participants, be it in a timely or untimely, rational or irrational fashion. Market action itself represents the ultimate truth and is a direct consequence of the market discounting all information known to it, regardless of whether the information is perfectly efficient or otherwise. The market continues to discount all information and expectations of such information as and when it unfolds and becomes known to the market. The term efficiency therefore, as far it applies to the basic assumption in technical analysis, refers to very act of discounting all information as it becomes known to the market, regardless of the type, quality, or speed at which it receives the information. For the technical analyst, price is (always) king and represents the ultimate truth in the market. The markets are never wrong. All market action is considered perfect and efficient under the basic premises of technical analysis. Hence, we see that the term efficient does not carry the same meaning or implications as in the case of EMH. In EMH, efficient has a very specific meaning.
EMH requires new information in order for prices to change. Bullish news will cause prices to rise and bearish news will drive prices down. Acting rationally means that all participants will make the same logical decision based on the new information received. Instantaneously means acting or responding immediately to new information. Therefore, for the market to efficiently discount or reflect all information, all of its participants must act on all of the information in the same manner instantaneously. See Figure 1.27.
Figure 1.27 Efficient Market Adjusting to New Information.
EMH contends that since the markets are efficient, there is no point in employing technical analysis, as prices would have already adjusted to the new information and the analyst would have no way of forecasting future action without such information. The reality is that there is discounting in the markets, but it is in no way perfectly efficient. In other words, the markets are at best semi efficient. This is because it is impossible to have all market participants acting instantaneously and rationally. It is a physical and logistical impossibility in the physical world. A simple “handclap” test will prove the point. If a large group of participants was asked to clap in response to a specific single event like the ring of a bell, we would find that there is little chance of observing a perfectly coordinated handclap across the group once such an event occurred.
Even if the market participants were to act rationally and all make the same logical decisions based on the new information, they may not be able to act on the information instantaneously. They may have received delayed information or were not standing by in readiness to act on the information when it arrived. They may also find it physically impossible to act on all information, especially when information streams in continuously in very quick succession. They may also be unable to afford the cost of such information. As such, the discounting of new information will take place at a slower rate, with a semi-efficient market adjusting gradually to the new information as market participants compete with each other for the best fills. See Figure 1.28.
Figure 1.28 A Semi-Efficient Market Gradually Adjusting to New Information.
Figure 1.29 is a 5-min chart of the EURUSD depicting the markets adjusting to new information, in this case the nonfarm payroll and unemployment report. Notice how prices swing back and forth as traders compete with each other in light of the new information. Price finally makes a top at the 61.8 percent Fibonacci projection (projecting AB from Point C) level and begins consolidating.
Figure 1.29 A Semi-Efficient Market Gradually Adjusting to New Information.
The Weak Form: The weak form of EMH suggests that all current prices have already been fully discounted and, as such, reflect all past price information. Therefore, they cannot impact future prices. The application of technical analysis is therefore pointless and meaningless.
The Semi-Strong Form: The semi-strong form of EMH suggests that all information, once public, is of little use as price would have already adjusted to the new information making the use of such information unprofitable and pointless. Market participants would have little opportunity to take advantage of such information. This implies that even fundamental analysis is pointless and meaningless.
The Strong Form: The strong form of EMH suggests that all information, regardless of whether public or private, would have been already fully reflected in the current price. Consequently, all forms of analysis and forecasting are pointless and meaningless.
All information is already incorporated into the current price. This would mean that there is no way whatsoever to forecast future action, and prices are as likely to go up as they are to go down. This renders all form of analysis and forecasting pointless and meaningless. Random walk is in a way related to EMH, insofar as current price represents the current state of all information. In random walk, prices do not adjust to any new information, unlike in EMH. Its motion is purely random or stochastic.
So, are the markets following a random walk? As we already know, the markets are driven by perception and expectation and not by random acts of buying and selling. It is totally inconceivable that all participants invest in the markets in a purely random fashion, completely unencumbered by cost, emotions, psychology, and biases. As we already know, market participants tend to react in a highly predictable manner time and time again. It is the author’s opinion that random walk is simply not a true representation of everyday market action. See Figure 1.30.
Figure 1.30 Random Walk, EMH, and Their Implications.
In the real world, markets overreact and there is insider activity. With insiders buying and selling, prices adjust to reflect this information. See Figure 1.31. Once the new bullish or bearish information is released, the insiders would in fact be liquidating positions in profit, selling off the shares to the public.
Figure 1.31 Insider Activity Impacting Market Action.
Figure 1.32 shows the market overreacting to new information. We see the insiders accumulating shares prior to the release of the new information. The public joins in after the information is published. Public participation begins to increase as more participants join in the now obvious rally in prices. This contributes to the herding behavior that finally causes the market to overreact to the new information. This is exactly what the insiders are hoping for, in order to extract the greatest amount of profit. Eventually a top is formed as the market runs out of buyers and/or money to invest. The activity subsides only to repeat again.
Figure 1.32 Markets Overreacting to New Information.
One interesting question that many novices ask is whether the market is discounting price or value. In fact, a more fundamental question to ask would be whether price represents value. If it does, then how do we explain a stock valued at $10 rising to a price of $30 in the absence of any significant changes in its fundamentals?
In reality, market action is merely the collective expectations of all its participants. What we are really trading is expectation. It has not very much to do with absolute intrinsic value, but rather its expected value. In short, current price is the result of expectations about future price and value.
The second assumption or premise of technical analysis is that market behavior has a tendency to repeat itself. This means that past price and chart patterns will provide a reasonable basis for forecasting potential future behavior. The underlying explanation for the repeatability of price and market behavior lies in the fact that market behavior is driven by human psychology, which seldom changes over time. The uses of past patterns to predict futures moves are grounded in the reliability and consistency of human behavior.
Ironically, most equity valuation modeling and standard economic statistical indicators are based on past or historical information as well. How else are we able to make an intelligent assessment of future outcome without reference to past data? It is human nature to try to infer, extrapolate, generalize, and predict potentially probable future outcomes.
The reason for the popularity of classical price and chart patterns lies in the fact that they are essentially visual in nature. Human beings have an innate tendency for pattern recognition and as such there is a natural inclination to gravitate toward such forms of analysis. The reliability of pattern analysis tends to improve as more market participants start to employ such patterns in their day-to-day trading and forecasting.
The preempting effect will slowly erode the reliability of historical patterns as traders start to outbid or outsell each other in anticipation of the approaching technical trigger levels. Preempting is a direct result of the self-fulfilling prophecy.
The effect of widespread program trading will affect the reliability of historical pattern trading as programs are able to trade in ways not easily replicated by manual or human trading.
The ever-changing influx of new participants into the markets will slowly affect the reliability of chart and price patterns unfolding in the expected manner. Although human psychology remains largely predictable over the longer-term horizon, short-term patterns are sometimes impacted by new participants who have a slightly different approach than the usual participants in that market.
Lastly, from the definitions given of technical analysis, it is generally accepted that the market has a tendency to move in trends. This explains the popularity of trend-based methodologies. Of course, it is not hard to understand the basis for the popularity of trend trading, since trend action affords market participants the greatest profit over the shortest possible duration in the markets.
But if we analyze this statement more closely, we understand that the term trend is inconclusive. What is actually is a trend? When is a trend a trend and when does it cease to be one? There have been many attempts to define what a trend is objectively. Successively higher or lower peaks and troughs is one widely accepted method, and is by far the preferred mode of identifying a trend. But then this begs the next question, which is: what constitutes a peak or a trough? Significant containment of price below or above a trendline or sloping moving average may also be deemed a valid way of defining a trend. We shall delve into the specifics of defining trends, consolidations, and other formations in Chapter 5.
Finally, it is important to note that a trend in one timeframe may be a sideways market in another.
Price behavior is expected to persist until there is evidence to the contrary.
For every bullish indication or interpretation, there exists an equal and opposite bearish indication or interpretation for the same price behavior or phenomena.
Extreme bullishness is potentially bearish (and extreme bearishness is potentially bullish).
A technical tool or indicator has no real significance except for that attributed to it by market participants.
The first premise is about preserving the status quo. It should be noted that most technical analysis is based on a set of assumptions. Most assumptions derive from one grand underlying premise, that being the preservation the prevailing price behavior. For example, a trend is expected to persist until there is evidence to the contrary. Hence a state of persistence is assumed to be the status quo. If a cycle is identified, it is assumed to persist until cyclic failure is clear and obvious. If the market is in consolidation, it is expected to continue to range until a breakout is identified.
The second premise is also a fairly obvious, not only in relation to technical analysis but also with much of life. For example, an analyst may make a case for rising oil prices as the reason for a rise in the Dow Jones index since it is indicative of increasing demand, representing evidence of a recovering economy. The same analyst may also make a case for rising oil prices as the reason for a decline in the Dow Jones index due to the widely held perception of increasing cost, and hence bearish for the economy in general. Another example would be to find the stochastics at an oversold level and conclude that the current uptrend is strong since it is potentially or implicitly bullish. Alternatively, the stochastics could be at an overbought level, leading to the conclusion that the current uptrend is strong since an overbought level is regarded as explicitly bullish.
The third premise above is obvious when using oscillators such as stochastics, RSI, and MACD. A reading of 100 percent on the stochastics is extremely and explicitly bullish but it is also regarded as a potentially or implicitly bearish condition since it is at a level where price may generally be regarded as being overextended or exhausted. There is an underlying expectation or assumption that a reversion to the means would eventually take place (note that this may not always be true, for example, in the case of cumulative type indicators). A breakout above a rising channel is also explicitly bullish but it is also regarded as implicitly bearish since it also represents a state of overextension or exhaustion in price, with respect to the rising channel formation.
The fourth premise is specifically about the effects of the self-fulfilling prophecy. It is easy to understand why a largely concerted wave of buying or selling at various points on a price chart may cause a significant reaction in price. This concerted wave of buying or selling will generally be more pronounced if these points are significantly clear and obvious to most market participants using technical analysis. Hence we generally notice a larger than average penetration bar during trendline breakouts, especially if the trendline is significantly clear and obvious to most traders. This also implies that should an indicator be essentially faulty or illogical in its design, if enough participants risk actual capital based on its signals, it would begin to exhibit a greater level of reliability.
Technical analysis generally works more efficiently at timeframes where there are fewer forms of analyses available. For example, on higher timeframes like the daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly charts, fundamental analysis plays a very important role in helping to forecast potential market action. But at very low timeframes like the one-minute charts, fundamental analysis may not be as useful, especially if the stopsize is very small. In essence, the smaller the stopsize, the more important will be the role of applying technical analysis when trying to forecast very short term movements in price. This is the main reason why technical analysis is generally more reliable at lower timeframes.
But there are many other ways of categorizing market participants. We can categorize them by the amount of time they spend in the markets or by the methodology that they employ when trading or investing in the markets. Figure 1.33 lists the five main groups of market participants by the amount of time they spend in the markets.
Figure 1.33 Market Participants by Way of Time Spent in the Markets.
Figure 1.34 lists the same five groups of market participants by way of the methodology that they employ when trading or investing in the markets.
Figure 1.34 Market Participants by Way of Trading and Investing Methodology.
See Figure 1.35 for a visual summary of popular markets and their derivatives.
Figure 1.35 Popular Markets and Instruments.
Technical analysis is the study of market action. It is an extremely popular approach in gauging potential market moves as well as identifying past activity in terms of patterns, proportions, and time. It involves the study of price action, volume and open interest action, market breadth, sentiment data, and the flow of funds. It attempts to identify potentially repetitive patterns in the form of chart and bar formations, price cycles, and seasonality, based on the assumption that there is some reliable degree of repeatability associated with these technical formations.
We shall delve more deeply into these aspects of technical analysis over the rest of this handbook.
What are the challenges to technical analysis?
A basic assumption in technical analysis is that the market discounts everything. EMH also requires the discounting of all information. In what ways are they different?
Describe how an analyst may resolve conflicting signals or chart patterns.
Explain why identifying a trend change is largely a subjective exercise.
Is random walk a true reflection of the markets?
Describe the three levels of discounting new information under EMH.
What is a good definition of technical analysis?
List as many advantages and disadvantages of using technical analysis as you can.
Edwards, Robert D., and John Magee. 2007. Technical Analysis of Stock Trends. New York: AMACOM).
Kirkpatrick, Charles, and Julie Dahlquist. 2007. Technical Analysis: The Complete Resource for Financial Market Technicians. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
Murphy, John. 1999. Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets. (New York: New York Institute of Finance (NYIF).
Pring, Martin J. 2002. Technical Analysis Explained: The Successful Investor’s Guide to Spotting Investment Trends and Turning Points. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Market Profile is essentially the charting of the balance between supply and demand, in terms of the level of agreement between price and its perceived value. It is an extremely useful way of viewing market action in terms of whether the participants believe prices are fair or unfair, disadvantageous or advantageous, with respect to their shorter- or longer-term outlook. And unlike conventional charting, trends are determined with respect to the previous day’s perception of fair value. This makes Market Profile an indispensable form of analysis to the serious practitioner of technical analysis.
The price discovery mechanism unfolds in response to the overall market participants’ belief as to whether prices represent a fair reflection of value. If market participants do not perceive value around the current prices, they will react accordingly by buying or selling the market, causing markets to move or trend toward an area where they believe prices are a true reflection of value. This agreement between price and value is wholly dependent on the perceptions of market participants.
Markets do not trend all the time. Once prices start to find agreement with value, market participants will have potentially less cause or reason to initiate any further activity until either new information enters the market or a bullish or bearish technical signal invites further participatory activity. It is during the period of balance between price and value that price starts to form a distribution as it oscillates and fluctuates around the new area of balance. This distribution of prices tends to form a bell-curve-like appearance, with the greatest agreement between price and value being found around the fairest price, as perceived by the majority of the market participants. Prices will rise and fall within this area of general agreement, trading back to the fairest price should prices appear unfairly high or low. See Figure 17.1.
Figure 17.1 Area of Balance Between Price and Value.
This distribution, resulting from the behavioral responses of market participants, is not unlike those obtained from the sampling of other empirical data. For example, if we sampled the IQ of one thousand students, we would find that most of the IQs would fall around an average value, with fewer IQs lying at the upper and lower ends of the scale. We would also obtain the same bell-shaped distribution if we sampled the heights, weights, or the number coins that each student had in their pocket. If we plotted the distribution of IQs, it would look something similar to the plot seen in Figure 17.2.
Figure 17.2 Frequency Distribution of IQ Test Scores Approximating a Bell-Shaped Curve.
Hence we see most IQ test scores gathering around a central value, normally represented by the mode, which in many cases is typically close to the average IQ value. This distribution may also be illustrated by turning it 90-degrees clockwise, as seen in Figure 17.3.
Figure 17.3 Frequency Distribution of IQ Test Scores Displayed Sideways.
In the same manner, we may also represent price as a function of its activity at each price level, that is, the number of times it revisited a particular price level within a specified duration. By representing price in this manner, we can easily observe its activity across various price levels, identifying the areas of balance between price and value simply by the degree and shape of the resulting distribution. See Figure 17.4. Note that the vertical axis tracks the direction of price, whereas the horizontal axis tracks the frequency of price activity at each price level. This cannot be easily observed on conventional bar or candlestick charting since they do not provide a clear graphic record of price frequency distribution.
Figure 17.4 Representing Price as Frequency Distribution Displayed Sideways.
So, how can we devise a chart that will enable us to see this distribution of price activity and hence identify areas of potential balance between price and value?
We can do this easily if we first record price activity over a specified period and subsequently collapse each separate segment of price activity into a composite profile of its price activity as time elapses. See Figure 17.5.
Figure 17.5 Representing Price Activity as a Bell-Shaped Distribution.
Referring to Figure 17.5, let us denote price movements within each half-hour period by a letter. Let us assign each successive half-hour period the letters A, B, C, D, and so on. We observe prices moving between $100 and $125 within the first half hour. In the second half hour, prices moves between $90 and $115. We continue assigning a new letter to all half-hour price movements for each successive period. In the illustration, we tracked exactly two-and-one-half hours worth of price activity, that is, A to E. We now collapse all the letters to the left-hand side, filling up all empty spaces to the left, and we end up with a bell-shaped distribution of price activity. It is now obvious that the prices with the most activity over the two-and-one-half hours are $105 and $110. This represents the prices with the greatest agreement with value. This distribution represents the profile of market action.
Note that not all distributions are perfectly distributed in the real markets. Nevertheless, prices are assumed to form a fairly symmetrical and balanced bell-shaped distribution over time. Therefore any skew to the lower or upper ends in the distribution is expected to gradually re-balance toward a more symmetrical profile as time passes. Prices are expected to eventually revert to the mean or average value of the distribution, which represents the fairest price.
This bell-shaped distribution of price activity occurs frequently and naturally in the markets as price searches for value. It is therefore not surprising and rather useful that it may be assumed to approximate a normal distribution, where its properties are very well known. As such, 68 percent of all activity is expected to lie within one standard deviation of the mean price of the distribution. This area of balance between price and value is called the value area. It represents the area where there is the greatest agreement between price and value. The further price is away from the mean, the greater the disagreement between price and value, that is, becoming more overvalued or undervalued with respect to the market. As prices continue to revert to fair price, such activity helps to balance the profile toward a more symmetrical distribution of prices. See Figure 17.6.
Figure 17.6 Representing Price Activity as a Bell-Shaped Distribution.
In Market Profile, each half hour period is assigned or designated a letter and is called the Time Price Opportunity (TPO). It represents the time or period over which the market looks for an opportunity in price. The part of the distribution that lies closest to the middle of the distribution’s range and contains the most letters, or TPOs, is called the Point of Control (POC). Should there be two equal lines of TPOs that appear close to the middle of the distribution, the lower line of TPOs will be the POC.
To calculate the value area, we need to first locate the POC. To find the POC, find the range of the distribution and locate the middle of it. The range of a distribution is simply the difference between the highest- and lowest-priced TPOs. Finally, identify the longest line of TPOs that is closest to the middle of the range. That will represent the POC. See Figure 17.7.
Figure 17.7 Finding the Point of Control (POC).
In Figure 17.7, the range is $24 and the middle of the range is $84. The longest line of TPOs closest to the middle price is $84. Therefore, the POC is located at $84 and it comprises nine TPOs. Sometimes the opening price is denoted by the letter O, as seen at $88. If each period of lettering represents a half hour, the total duration of the entire distribution, assuming that M is the last price, is simply 13 × ½ hour = 6 ½ hours long (since M represents the thirteenth letter).
Figure 17.8 Finding the Value Area via the TPO Count.
Therefore, the area containing approximately 68 percent of all TPOs represents the value area. See Figure 17.9.
Figure 17.9 Finding the Value Area via the TPO Count.
We can also calculate the value area with respect to volume. It is calculated in a similar fashion to the TPO-based value area, with the only difference being the use of the price with highest volume instead of the POC as the central value for comparing volumes two prices above and below it. See Figure 17.10 for the calculations of volume-based value area.
Figure 17.10 Finding the Volume-Based Value Area.
Therefore, the area containing 68 percent of all volume represents the volume-based value area. See Figure 17.11.
Figure 17.11 Finding the Volume-Based Value Area.
In Market Profile, each half hour is assigned a letter ranging from capital A to X for the initial 12 hours and then followed by a to x for the remaining 12 hours, accounting for a full day’s worth of trading activity. Many markets do not trade for 24 hours a day, and therefore not all of the letters are used. The practitioner may of course assign a different time period to the TPOs instead of the conventional half-hour period in order to view the profile across a longer or shorter time horizon.
It is important to also realize that price gapping is not visually accounted for in the profile’s graphic within each set of lettering. In a series of As for example, any gaps in price during that period of As is not visually displayed in the profile. But gaps in price are visually displayed if they exist between the new day’s opening price and yesterday’s value area, closing price, range extreme, and so on. They are not visually identifiable on an intraday basis.
There are various chart elements that are unique to Market Profile. Refer to Figure 17.12.
Figure 17.12 Elements of the Market Profile Graphic.
In Figure 17.12, the range of TPOs indicated at 1 represents the initial balance of the profile’s graphic. The initial balance represents the first hour of trading in the market (since it consists of letters A and B, each designated to one half-hour period). Trading within the initial balance is usually populated by the shorter-term participants, which includes the locals, day traders, and so on. Any move beyond the initial balance represents participation by the longer-term participants. Although the shorter-term participants perceive prices as being a fair reflection of value within the initial balance, the longer-term participants may perceive current prices as being undervalued and start driving prices higher, beyond the initial balance. Conversely, the longer-term participants may perceive current prices as being overvalued and start driving prices lower, below the initial balance. Hence all price movements or trends beyond the initial balance are generally regarded as activity by the longer-term participants who are not usually concerned whether prices are fair or otherwise across shorter time horizons. Prices that seem expensive or unfair to the shorter-term or daily traders may in fact be regarded as cheap by the longer-term participants, if they believe that value will increase in the future. Similarly, prices that seem cheap to the shorter-term or daily traders may in fact be regarded as expensive by the longer-term participants if they believe that value will decrease in the future.
The range of TPOs indicated at 4 represents the range extension, that is, prices that exceed the initial balance. Range extension is regarded as evidence of activity by the longer-term participants.
The two uppermost extreme TPOs indicated at 2 represent the single print selling tail, whereas the lowermost TPOs indicated at 3 represent the single print buying tail. Tails must consist of at least two or three TPOs in order to be significant. Longer tails indicate greater conviction by the market participants. These extremes in price within the distribution range indicate very vigorous buying and selling behavior and reflect greater divergence between price and value. The range of prices indicated at 5 represents the value area based on the TPO count. Finally, the range of the distribution is indicated at 6, which is just the difference between the highest- and lowest-priced TPOs.
If prices are at the upper extremes of the initial balance or value area, the daily or shorter-term participants may perceive prices as expensive, unfair, and totally unreflective of current value, inviting them to respond by selling, thereby returning prices to a fairer expression of value. Similarly, if prices are at the lower extremes of the initial balance or value area, the daily or shorter-term participants may perceive prices as being cheap and totally unreflective of current value, inviting them to respond by buying. We call this responsive buying and selling. They are responding to what they perceive as expensive or cheap prices.
On the other hand, even if prices exceed the value area or the upper extremes of the initial balance, the longer-term participants may still perceive prices as cheap and totally unreflective of future value, inviting them to initiate a new upside move or trend by buying, driving prices away from the current initial balance or value area. Similarly, if prices exceed the lower extremes of the initial balance or value area, the longer-term participants may perceive prices as being too expensive and totally unreflective of future value, inviting them to initiate a new downside move or trend by selling. We call this initiative buying and selling. They are initiating a new move in the markets against what they perceive as cheaper or more expensive prices with respect to future value.
Therefore, the main difference is that initiative action is driven by the expectation of future values over the longer term, whereas responsive action is driven by the belief that prices are currently too expensive or cheap and should return or revert back to fair value, over the short term. Unfortunately the value area and range may be continuously changing throughout the day and this makes the absolute and final determination of initiative and responsive action with respect to the value area and range extremities less consistent. The determination of initiative and responsive action with respect to the initial balance is not affected, as it does not change after the first hour, being fully defined.
Initiative Buying: Initiative buying occurs above the previous day’s value area. The participants buy if they believe that prices are going higher in a rising market and that the market is currently undervalued. Initiative buying drives prices away from the previous day’s value area and in the process gives rise to uptrends in the markets. | 2019-04-21T15:04:10Z | https://b-ok.org/book/3603738/5b128d |
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A method for recording pulse signals which allows the reconstruction of a time reference. The time of every pulse signal event can be determined by counting sampling result bits preceding the respective sampling result bit using the known sampling frequency. For this purpose, every period of the sampling frequency is associated with a bit representing the respective sampling result and the sampling result bits are stored one by one and per channel in data blocks. The sampling frequency is preferably higher than a pixel clock, a sampling result bit associated with a flank of the pixel clock being marked. The pixel clock can thus be synchronized with the individual events exactly per sampling period. The invention further relates to the field of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy using confocal microscopes or laser scanning microscopes.
The present patent application is a continuation of International application No. PCT/EP2009/004266, filed Jun. 12, 2009, published in German, which is based on, and claims priority from, German Application No. 10 2008 029 458.6, filed Jun. 20, 2008, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
The invention relates to a method for recording pulse signals of an input channel of a microscope, in particular of a confocal microscope or a laser scanning microscope, where the channel is sampled at a specified sampling frequency for pulse signals.
The invention is preferably used for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), and scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (S-FCS), carried out by means of a laser scanning microscope (LSM). With FCS and S-FCS, individual fluorescence emissions are recorded with photon counting detectors, the response signal of which is digitized with a specified sampling frequency. The response signals are short pulse signals. The occurrence of a pulse signal is referred to as a pulse signal event. The temporal density of the events is low in this case. A Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) or Avalanche Photodiode (APD), can be used as a photon counting detector.
In the prior art, a method for recording pulse signals of two input channels for FCS are known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,591,223, for example, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein as if reproduced in full. In a first embodiment, after the detection of an event in at least one of the input channels or after overflow of a counter, the current state of all input channels together with a magnitude that characterizes the time interval to the last storage are stored. In a second embodiment, after the detection of an event in at least one of the input channels or after overflow of a counter, the states of all input channels in the scanning cycle in which the event has occurred, and for a specified number of scanning cycles after the occurrence of the first event together with a magnitude that characterizes the time interval to the last preceding storage, are stored.
Due to the storing scheme of the states of all input channels, this type of recording has disadvantages in that the absolute times at which the individual events have occurred cannot be reconstructed and that the number of input channels which can be used simultaneously is basically limited by the width of the memory registers in which the digitized input channels are mapped.
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method of the type mentioned at the outset so that the time reference of the individual events can be accurately reconstructed. In this context it should in principle also be possible to use an unlimited number of input channels.
The invention teaches that every period of the sampling frequency is associated with a bit representing the respective sampling result and that these sampling result bits are stored one-by-one in a data block that is associated with the respective input channel. During the scan, a one-bit digitization of the pulse signals occurs, for example, so that a respective bit results as the sampling result for every scanning period that indicates whether a pulse event has occurred in the respective sampling period. Other forms of sampling are possible, such as that the digitization can be carried out with a resolution of more than one bit, where these sampling result bits are determined by comparisons with a specified threshold value.
The invention teaches that the continuous association and block-by-block storage of the sampling result bits, the time of every pulse signal event can be determined relative to the beginning of the data block by means of the known sampling frequency simply by counting the sampling result bits preceding the respective sampling result bit whose number corresponds to the number of sampling periods that have passed until then. This also applies during several consecutive data blocks. If the first data block is started with the beginning of the sampling, the absolute time reference can also be reconstructed in this manner within the scope of the measurement. Due to the block-by-block association to the input channel and storage without intercalation, any number of input channels can be simultaneously recorded, in principle.
For this purpose, it is possible to store the sampling result bits in the data block directly or indirectly, one-by-one. To minimize the storage space required, the sampling result bits can be suitably stored directly bit-by-bit. Alternatively, it is also conceivable to insert padding bits between the sampling result bits in order to align the data stream flush with byte or word boundaries or to simplify the calculation of checksums. It is also possible, for example, to insert intermediate bits for certain communication protocols, which avoid the formation of bit patterns that are unfavorable for the transmission. Padding bits or other intermediate bits should be stored suitably only in defined positions in the bit stream so that they can be distinguished easily from the useful data. In this manner, especially unique identification bit patterns data inserted between the sampling event bits can be implemented.
In a first preferred embodiment of the invention, the sampling occurs simultaneously with a pixel clock that operates at a frequency that is lower than the sampling frequency, where, if a flank (i.e. the waveform edge formed when a signal goes high or low) of the pixel clock is identified at a flank time that is marked to the sampling result bit associated to the flank time, this linkage facilitates the synchronization between a pixel clock and the individual events of the input channels exactly per sampling period. As a result, correlations can be calculated and represented accurately on a per-pixel basis. The marking of the sampling result bit associated with the flank time can be done in different ways, such as by a prefixed or appended unique synchronization identification bit pattern, which cannot occur otherwise.
Preferably, the sampling result bits are stored concatenated word-by-word (hereafter designated as event words), where a specified quantity of bits of such event word is kept clear and provided with a first identification bit pattern. The word-by-word storage facilitates easy handling and transmission of the data block with a digital computer.
Particularly preferred are method embodiments in which in place of the sequence of bits, which represent exclusively eventless periods, the length of the sequence is stored. The length can be the number of the replaced bits, for instance. If the eventless periods are replaced by a length entry, the volume of data is reduced significantly, since in FCS measurements, only a few pulse events, i.e. long periods without events occur. The incidence of data in a length entry that is 14 bits wide can be reduced by a factor from up to 214=16384 in eventless periods, for example.
In addition, the length of the eventless sequence is preferably stored as a word (subsequently designated as an idle word), where a specified quantity of bits of this idle word is kept clear and is provided with a second identification bit pattern. As a result, the length of the replaced bit sequence can be stored without further effort in the “replaced event words” unit, for example. But it is also possible to specify the length entry in a unit that is independent of the length of the event word, such that a length entry of “one” corresponds to a sequence of 8, 16, 20, 32, or 64 eventless sampling result bits, for example. In all cases, long eventless time periods can be recorded more efficiently. With a length unit of 14 bits, for example, i.e. the content of a replaced event word, less substitute words are required for the same eventless period by a factor of 14. With a length unit of 32 bits, less substitute words are required by a factor of 32, for example.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, in order to mark a sampling result bit that is associated with a flank time before or after the event word, which contains the sampling result bit associated with the flank time, the bit position of the associated sampling result bit is stored within this event word. This linkage facilitates the synchronization between a pixel clock and the individual events of the input channels exactly per sampling period. As a result, correlations can be calculated and represented accurately on a per-pixel basis.
For this purpose, the bit position is preferably stored as a word (hereafter designated as a synchronization word), where a specified quantity of bits of this synchronization word is kept clear and provided with a third identification bit pattern. This facilitates a high efficiency of storage with pixel clock synchronization. The scanning is advantageously started at a flank time of the pixel clock. As a result thereof it is not necessary to have a synchronization word at the beginning of the data block.
Preferably, at the start of the data block, a length of the data block, an inlet channel identification and, a checksum are stored via the data block. As a result, the transmission of the data block to a control computer is easily made possible. An inlet channel identification permits sampling of at least two input channels simultaneously and storing of a separate data block for each of the inlet channels and transferring them in the same manner to the control computer. A checksum assists in minimizing transmission errors. It is useful, if each word has a length of 8, 16, 32, or 64-bit.
The invention comprises also a computer program as well as a matching control unit for performing a method described above. It furthermore comprises a fluorescence detector module for a confocal microscope, in particular a scanning microscope with such a control unit and at least two detection channels as input channels. A confocal microscope, in particular a scanning microscope, can alternatively also be provided with an integrated control unit and at least two detection channels as input channels.
FIGS. 4A and 4B show a sequence of the states of the input channels as well as the corresponding part of the resulting data block.
In describing preferred embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. The same references are used for all corresponding components in the drawings.
FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a simple confocal microscope 10 in which the laser beam emitted by one or several lasers 11 is focused by a microscope objective lens 13 of high numerical aperture into a test specimen 12. The volume of excitation in the test specimen 12 is only a few femtoliters in this context. The fluorescent radiation created in the test specimen 12 is collected again by the objective lens 13 by means of a main color splitter 15 separately from the excitation light and is subsequently supplied by two separate detection channels by means of an auxiliary color splitter 14. In each of the two detection channels, a confocal pinhole aperture 16 is provided, both of which are arranged in a conjugated plane in relation to the focal plane of the objective lens 13. After transmission through the confocal pinhole apertures 16, the light signal contained in each of the detection channels is detected by high-sensitivity detectors 18 that are designed for the detection of individual photons. The confocal pinhole apertures 16 ensure at the same time that the volume in the test specimen 12 from which the fluorescent radiation is detected exhibits the small size of the volume of excitation. Because of the very small excitation and detection volume, pulse signals occur in both detection channels, where the pulse signal essentially consists of individual pulses with longer pulse intervals.
The electrical signals of the two detectors 18 are supplied into a control unit 19 as input channels. From the fluorescence events detected in this manner, correlations (such as autocorrelations or cross-correlations) are calculated in a control computer 21 within the scope of an FCS or S-FCS analysis. For this purpose, the control unit 19 is connected via an LVDE bus (low-voltage differential signaling) with a peripheral interface 20, which for its part is connected via an Ethernet bus with the control computer 21. The detected fluorescence events must therefore be transmitted via both buses. Therefore it is useful to minimize the volume of data transmitted per unit of time.
In the control unit 19, the detectors signals are digitized with a resolution of one bit, where the input channels are sampled for pulse signals with a variable sampling frequency f of 66 MHz, for example. The value of each of these sampling result bits indicates whether in the associated sampling period of approximately 15 ns duration a pulse signal was recorded by the detector, or in other words, whether a pulse signal event has occurred during this period. A value of 1 (true) represents a pulse signal and a value of 0 (false) represents an eventless period, for example, or vice versa. For each input channel, a separate 14-stage shift register 31 is provided. In each cycle of the sampling frequency, the shift register is shifted to the left by one bit and the current sampling result bit is written into the lowest stage that has become clear. The shift registers are superimposed in the address area of the CPU of the control unit 19, for example, so that they can be read out with a single command. As shown in FIG. 1B, in alternative embodiments, a programmable, integrated circuit (FPGA=field programmable gate array) 33 can be used in place of a CPU, for example, in which the shift registers are integrated.
The CPU of the control unit 19 supplies a first pointer to a memory area of a random access memory (RAM) of the control unit 19 and a second pointer to a second memory area in the RAM. In the first memory area, the CPU successively establishes a first data block, which is associated with the first input channel. In the second memory area, it successively establishes a second data block, which is associated with the second input channel. The data blocks are expanded at a word width of 16-bits, word-by-word. In both data blocks, the microscope 10 is initially stored as the LVDS sender in the first word and both counters are incremented. The respective second word is initially kept clear by incrementing both counters. The first two words are designated as LVDS headers. After the LVDS header, the FCS data of the respective input channels are stored word-by-word in each data block. After each stored word, the respective counter is incremented so that it points to the next still-unused word.
The FCS data words are partitioned into identification bits (15:14) and data bits (13:0). The two highest-order bits are used as identification bits and the 14 lowest-order bits are used as data bits, for example. It is therefore possible to differentiate 22=4 different types of FCS data words. Same as in the exemplary embodiment viewed, with several input channels, the first FCS data word of a block with the bit identification pattern 112, for example, in the fourteen data bits can contain a channel identification number of the respective input channel. The CPU controls a zero initialized scanning cycle counter, which is incremented in every scanning period.
Once the sampling cycle counter reaches the number of data bits (and therefore the width of the shift register, fourteen in this case), then the CPU stores the content of the shift registers, in so far that at least one bit indicates the occurrence of a pulse event therein (signified by the “true” value), in the respective data block, i.e. in the data bits of respective FCS data words with the exemplary bit identification pattern 012 (“event words”). If it involves fourteen eventless sampling periods (i.e. here therefore all bits have the “wrong” value), then the respective (zero-initialized) interval counter associated with the respective input channel is increased by fourteen. In both cases, the sampling cycle counter is reset subsequently.
The two interval counters have an exemplary width of fourteen bits each. If one of the interval counters overflows, then an FCS data word with the exemplary bit identification pattern 002 (“idle word”) is stored in the respective data block at the current pointer position which contains the counter reading of the respective interval counter in the data bits. Even if the measurement is stopped (by a user, for example), then such FCS data word is written into the respective data block for each interval counter where the value exceeds zero. The bit identification pattern 102, however, is not used in this exemplary embodiment. It can be used for synchronization with a simultaneous pixel clock.
The storage of 002- and 012 FCS data words is repeated until a data block has either reached a specified maximum length, or until the measurement is completed. Then, the respective data block and/or both data blocks is/are terminated. For this purpose, a checksum is stored in the upper four bits of the second word of the respective data block via the respective data block and in the lower eight bits the length of this data block is stored in words. The length can be determined from the respective counter reading that has been reached minus the starting address of the respective memory area, for example.
Every terminated data block is transmitted via the LVDS bus to the peripheral interface 20, which removes the first two words of the data block after verification of the checksum. Thereupon it transmits it via the Ethernet bus to the control computer 21, where it is decoded and further processed. Insofar as the measurement has not yet been completed, the recording is continued in the control unit 19 by resetting the respective memory area counter to the third word of the respective data block and the respective interval counter is initialized with zero. As an option, the transfer via the Ethernet can be dispensed with and the evaluation can be done locally.
In place of 16 bit words, the recording can also be performed with 8, 32, or 64-bit words. In place of two identification bits per word, also three or more identification bits can be used. The number of data bits per word reduces correspondingly. Independently of that the block-by-block coding of the sampling result bits can be performed in a corresponding manner with three, four, and more input channels. The data block is stored for each input channel and transmitted separately to the control computer 21. In addition to one or several block-by-block coded input channels, it is also possible to code one or several input channels with the recording method described in DE 199 51 188 A1.
FIG. 2 illustrates a schematic section of the beam path of a more complex confocal microscope 10 with four, for example, or alternatively (not shown) up to 16 or more FCS input channels (only two of which are shown). This involves a laser scanning microscope 10. By means of microscope unit M (here, an inverse microscope for observation of a test specimen 12 on the table 27 that is adjustable in the X, Y, and Z direction by an objective lens 13 below that test specimen 12 and a tube lens TL using a scan module S, light from the laser light source 11A with one or several wavelengths is focused into the test specimen 12 directly or by an optical fiber 22 via collimating optics 23 as well as a main color splitter 15A. The scanner mirrors 25 allow the light beam to be deflected in the X and Y direction. Different layers of test specimens can be scanned by the vertical adjustment of the specimen carrier 27 or the objective lens 13.
The light which comes from the test specimen passes again through the scanner mirror 25 and is assigned to the PMT detectors 18 A by means of the auxiliary color splitters 14A and converted into electrical signals via a control unit 19 for analysis in a control computer 21. The control unit 19 and the control computer 21 are connected via an LVDS bus. In alternative embodiments (not shown) an additional bus as well as an Ethernet can also be interposed here. The signals measured by means of the detectors 18A are utilized for acquisition of image information. In order to associate the measured signals to pixels, a pixel clock is created. The pixel clock can involve a square-wave signal with a frequency of 2.5 MHz, for example.
Using a beam switchover unit 28, such as a pivoted swiveling full mirror or semitransparent mirror, light from a further laser light source 11B with one or several wavelengths is focused using a fluorescence detector module F into the test specimen 12 via a main color splitter 15B. The light sources 11A and 11B can also be identical and be inserted into the modules S and/or F via suitable deflection and switching elements (not shown). In this manner, S-FCS can be implemented.
The fluorescent light coming from test specimen 12 is supplied to the FCS detectors 18B by the auxiliary color splitter 14B for conversion into electrical signals for analysis, and the resulting pulse signals are digitized through sampling and assigned to the sampling periods. Each detector 18B represents a separate input channel in this context. The sampling is performed at a variable frequency f of 80 MHz, for example, simultaneous to the uniform 2.5 MHz pixel clock for all input channels. The sampling result bits determined in this manner are recorded in separate data blocks (one per input channel) as described in FIG. 1 and transferred block-by-block to the control computer 21. For this purpose, every input channel is identified with its own channel identification number in the respective first FCS data word of the respective data block. Alternatively, this identification could be stored in unused bits in one of the two words of the LVDS header in an additional word in the LVDS header or after the FCS data words.
The control unit 19 comprises, for the synchronization with the pixel clock, an electronic trigger circuit for monitoring the pixel clock, for example, which triggers an interrupt request (IRQ) in the CPU (such as a FPGA) in the control unit during the identification of a rising edge. In response thereto, the CPU backs up the current status of the pixel clock counter in a separate memory area which is initialized with an invalid (false) value and is again described as an invalid value each time the pixel clock counter is reset. The separate memory area is always read out at a time when the pixel clock counter reaches its maximum value (i.e. the width of the shift register, here fourteen). If the readout of the separate memory area yields an invalid value, then the CPU initially verifies whether one of the interval counters is larger than zero. For each input channel for whose interval counter this is applicable, the control unit 19 stores the current interval counter in the respective data block the same as if a pulse signal event was registered in the respective shift register. Thereafter, the control unit 19 stores respectively one FCS data word with the exemplary identification bit pattern in every data block 012 (synchronization word), which contains the value read-out from the separate memory area in the data bits. This value indicates the number of the bit in whose sampling period the positive flank of the pixel clock was. The numbering can, for example, start either at the least significant bit (LSB) or at the most significant bit (MSB). The bit entry of the dot clock flank refers to the event or idle word to be stored immediately thereafter. For this purpose, the recording method is continued as described in FIG. 1.
The transmitted pulse signals are used for the FCS analysis in control computer 21. Depending on the number of the installed detection channels, this can involve autocorrelation or cross correlation analyses. In this process, at the current sampling location, diffusion times, particle numbers, service life and/or proportions of components are determined. By the integration of the fluorescence detection module F into the confocal laser scanning microscope 10, by the linkage of the sampling event bits and pixel clock flank times precisely in accordance with the sampling periods, it is possible to combine FCS analysis results of measurements at different sampling locations with high accuracy into a pictorial result.
As a result, FCS measuring locations can be determined with high accuracy and without damage to test specimens, and on the other hand, FCS analytical results of measurements at various locations can be used for imaging. It is thus possible, for example, to create a colored two dimensional or three-dimensional presentation of diffusion times or other analytical results, depending on the measuring location. Furthermore, using memory-compatible assignment, the FCS image taken can, for example, be pictorially linked as an additional color with different color LSM images per channel. Is also possible to create and represent FCS/LSM subtraction images or quotient images or other combinations.
The decisive steps performed by the control unit 19 during the recording are recapitulated in FIG. 3.
Section FIG. 4A shows an example for a sequence of sequence result bits of a single input channel “0” and Section FIG. 4B the resulting data block, where the recording microscope has the LVDS bus identification 810 16. A symbolic signal pulse E has been plotted in each sampling result bit that was set. The times at which a rising dot clock flank PT is identified are marked with arrows.
Using the shift register width and number of data bits of fourteen in the example, a minimum of (without interval counter) 255×14=3570 sampling result bits can be encoded and transmitted in a data block. The result thereof, at a scanning frequency of 80 MHz, is a total time of 44,625 μs per data block. For the transfer of the data via the LED bus, a data volume of (255+2)×2 bytes results. For the transfer of this data volume in real time, i.e. in 44,625 μs, this requires a bandwidth of 11.6 MB/s. With a LVDS bus clock of 60 MHz, the maximum bandwidth is 120 MB/s, so that a maximum of 10 FCS input channels encoded as taught by the invention can be transmitted simultaneously. More input channels (for example 16) can be used, for example, by decreasing the sampling frequency.
Modifications and variations of the above-described embodiments of the present invention are possible, as appreciated by those skilled in the art in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically disclosed.
storing the sampling result bits one-by-one in a data block.
2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of directly storing the sampling result bits in the data block one-by-one.
3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of indirectly storing the sampling result bits in the data block one-by-one.
if a flank is identified at a flank time, marking the sampling result bit associated with the flank time.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the storing step further comprises storing the sampling result bits concatenated word-by-word, keeping a specified quantity of bits of such word clear and providing a first identification bit pattern.
6. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of storing the length of an eventless sequence.
7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the length of the eventless sequence is stored as a word, where a specified quantity of bits of the word is kept clear and provided with a second identification bit pattern.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein in order to mark a sampling result bit that is associated with a flank time before or after the word which contains the scanning result bit associated with the flank time, the bit position of the associated sampling result bit is stored within the word.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the bit position is stored as a word, a specified quantity of bits of this word is kept clear and a third identification bit pattern is provided.
10. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of starting the sampling at a flank time.
at the start of the data block, storing a length of the data block.
12. The method according to claim 11, further comprising the steps of storing an input channel identification and a checksum via the data block.
13. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that each word has a length of 8, 16, 32, or 64-bit.
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least two input channels are scanned simultaneously and a separate data block is stored for each of the input channels.
storing the sampling result bits for each input channel one-by-one in a data block.
17. The scanning microscope of claim 16 wherein the scanning microscope in a confocal microscope.
18. The scanning microscope of claim 16 wherein the scanning microscope in a laser scanning microscope. | 2019-04-23T11:03:28Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US20110119034A1/en |
By Mark Foss, CIFOR Forests News Blog, 21 April 2014 | Natural forests and wildlands across 58 tropical research sites provide 28 percent of total household income — nearly as much as crops — according to a new study. The study, titled “Environmental Income and Rural Livelihoods: A Global-Comparative Analysis,” is the product of the Poverty and Environment Network (PEN), a collaborative effort led by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). The largest quantitative global-comparative research project to date on forests and rural livelihoods, it analyzes data gathered from some 8,000 households in 24 developing countries. In addition to research on income generation and rural livelihoods, the global study tackles the themes of safety nets during shortfalls, gender and forest use, forest clearing and livelihoods, and tenure and forest income. The papers appear in a special issue of World Development.
mongabay.com, 21 April 2014 | Forest disturbance in Malaysia, Bolivia, Panama, and Ecuador surged during the first quarter of 2014, according to NASA data. NASA’s Quarterly Indicator of Cover Change (QUICC), a satellite-based product that underpins Mongabay.com’s Global Forest Disturbance Alert System (GloF-DAS), recorded a more than doubling in the number of deforestation signals in Bolivia (162 percent increase), Malaysia (150 percent), Panama (123 percent), and Ecuador (115 percent) relative to a five-year baseline. Cambodia (89 percent), Nigeria (63 percent), and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) also saw sharp increases in forest disturbance, according to the tool.
Forest Trends, Huffington Post, 22 April 2014 | He was not hard to spot. In the shadow of Oxford Castle, under the dome of the Bodleian Library, or from the tower of St. Mary’s Church, the vivid feather headdress was impossible to miss, as was the face of the man who wore it, Chief Tashka Yawanawa, in Oxford, England, earlier this month for the Skoll World Forum on Social Entrepreneurship. Here, where the history of the place is somehow strangely still alive, his headdress stood for a different kind of history. Not one of bards and decades upon decades of scholarly thought and soaring architecture, but an even older history – of forests and the people who make the trees and the land their home. Tashka made the long journey from his village in the northwest corner of Brazil to join more than 1,000 social entrepreneurs at the conference.
By Assaad W. Razzouk, The Independent, 22 April 2014 | Institutional investors command a stratospheric £70 trillion of assets and tens of millions of savers worldwide depend on them. These investors continue to back the 90 companies responsible for two-thirds of the harmful emissions generated since the industrial age began. The scientific community is absolutely certain that climate change is a clear, present and massive danger and scientists continue to churn out report after report to that effect. Institutional investors, by and large, have their earplugs on and their reading glasses off. At the apex of the £70 trillion sit pension fund trustees, individuals who owe the public a duty to invest prudently. They evidently aren’t doing so because although 80 per cent of known fossil reserves cannot be extracted without extremely serious consequences across our economies, pension funds and stock markets continue to assign value to companies on the basis of these reserves.
By Jane Kelly, Phys.org, 22 April 2014 | What might a snapshot of the earth look like in 2050? How much land will be occupied by forest? How much will produce food? And how much area will be used to supply biofuels for alternative energy? How hot will it be, globally and in particular spots? How will decisions about forests and tree cover affect land use and human communities around the globe? Those are the big questions being asked at the University of Virginia, where faculty and experts from a wide swath of disciplines and countries are embarking on a climate change-mapping project. A new U.Va. initiative, “Global Programs of Distinction,” that seeks to bring resources from across Grounds to bear on issues of global import, is backing the effort.
Survival International, 22 April 2014 | On Earth Day today, a Brazilian Indian shaman and spokesman of the Yanomami tribe will arrive in California with an urgent appeal to save the Earth from destruction by protecting the world’s rainforests and its inhabitants. Davi Kopenawa – who has been called the ‘Dalai Lama of the Rainforest’ following his tireless work to protect his tribe’s land in Amazonia – will be giving press interviews and several talks in the San Francisco Bay Area: a once in a lifetime opportunity for Americans to hear Davi’s message to the world. He will be accompanied by Fiona Watson, Survival International’s Research Director and world expert on uncontacted tribes.
By Stian Reklev and Kathy Chen, Reuters, 22 April 2014 | Revenues for China’s biggest sellers of U.N.-issued carbon credits shrunk last year to a tenth of 2012 values, choking off billions of dollars flowing to clean energy projects in the world’s top carbon-emitter. China will now have less money to put into a stepped-up campaign to cut greenhouse gas emissions, clean its air and raise the share of fossil-free energy in its total mix to 15 percent by the end of the decade, from a current 8 percent… Since 2006, Chinese companies have been issued 873 million carbon credits, nearly two-thirds of the total. These have been sold in Europe and Japan to bring in at least $8 billion in profits that can be reinvested in new projects.
By Jeremy Hance, mongabay.com, 22 April 2014 | Corruption, weak governance, and powerful timber barons are illegally stripping the forests of Papua New Guinea, according to a new report from the Chatham House. The policy institute finds that 70 percent of logging in Papua New Guinea is currently illegal, despite the fact that 99 percent of land is owned by local indigenous communities. “The biggest challenge is dealing with collusion between corrupt officials and logging firms,” author of the report Sam Lawson told mongabay.com. “The logging industry in Papua New Guinea is very powerful, while the government is extremely weak…The largest logging firm owns one of the two national newspapers, for example.” In fact, the logging industry has managed to skirt some of the strongest community and forest land rights in the world—at least on paper.
By Finnigan Wa Simbeye, DailyNews, 22 April 2014 | Villagers from Kilwa District, Lindi Region, have earned over 110,000 US dollars (over 179.4m/-) from sales of timber to international markets since receiving endorsement from Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC). Mpingo Conservation and Development Initiative (MCDI) Chief Executive Officer, Mr Jasper Makala, said several villages have joined Kikole village which was the first to get FSC endorsement in 2009. “We have expanded our FSC group certificate scheme now covering 100,20 hectares of forest and more villages,” said Mr Makala who further noted that the villages are also poised to earn cash from Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD). Most of the timber is exported to Britain where it is used as raw material for windwood instruments manufacturing. Kikole village was also the first village to join Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) group certificate scheme, joining the group in September 2009.
By Gloria Gonzalez, Forest Carbon Portal, 22 April 2014 | Among California’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions culprits, the agriculture and forestry sector ranks well behind transportation, which is by far the leading contributor to the state’s GHG emissions. But with the transportation sector scheduled to be phased into the state’s cap-and-trade program for GHGs starting in 2015, land-based offsets – emissions reductions generated via agriculture and forestry projects – potentially have a critical role in helping California meet its ambitious GHG targets. The agriculture and forestry sector comprises only about 7% of the state’s GHG emissions, compared to 37.6% for the transportation sector, according to the most recent state GHG inventory data, released last year.
[UK] Can you put a price on the beauty of the natural world?
By George Monbiot, The Guardian, 22 April 2014 | On the outskirts of Sheffield there is a wood which, some 800 years ago, was used by the monks of Kirkstead Abbey to produce charcoal for smelting iron. For local people, Smithy Wood is freighted with stories. Among the trees you can imagine your way into another world. The application to plant a motorway service station in the middle of it, wiping out half the wood and fragmenting the rest, might have been unthinkable a few months ago. No longer. When the environment secretary, Owen Paterson, first began talking about biodiversity offsetting – replacing habitats you trash with new ones created elsewhere – his officials made it clear that it would not apply to ancient woodland. But in January Paterson said he was prepared to drop this restriction as long as more trees were planted than destroyed.
City of London Police, 22 April 2014 | Between 2005 and 2010 Matthew Noad and Clive Griston, both from Kent, ran a London-based boiler room which took in more than £10 million from victims conned into believing they would make returns of several hundred percent from sites across the UK that were ripe for housing development. In reality the land, located in Dumbarton in Scotland, Towcester in Northampton and Collumpton in Devon, had little or no value… The City of London Police, which is the National Policing Lead for Fraud, first got wind of the scam in 2010 when they started seeing more and more reports from people concerned about investments they had made in three companies – Browne Mackenzie, Lawrence Taylor and Charles Barkley. Having launched a nationwide investigation, supported by local forces, detectives arrested Noad, 30, and Griston, 52, In December of that year in Bromley on suspicion of conspiracy to defraud and money laundering.
By Navin Singh Khadka, BBC News, 23 April 2014 | A global programme to reward developing countries for avoiding deforestation has made little headway, officials and conservationists say. The delays are proving particularly frustrating for communities concerned with conserving forests in those nations. Campaigners say that nearly eight years have passed since the programme, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Redd), was announced, but the international projects supposed to implement it are not happening anywhere. Some countries have seen pilot schemes started, but even these are lagging behind, according to sources. “There have been several demonstrations and preparation projects for nearly 10 years and now stakeholders are asking: ‘Why is the actual project not kicking off?’ They are getting impatient,” says Nurma Sripatin, who heads the Redd cell in Indonesia’s forest ministry.
By Imogen Badgery-Parker, Thomson Reuters Foundation, 23 April 2014 | Actions must be taken to clarify land tenure in forest-rich developing countries, and to improve the economic viability of REDD+ or risk jeopardizing efforts to reduce deforestation and mitigate climate change, a new study based on 23 forest carbon initiatives suggests. Hundreds of pilot initiatives designed to test the feasibility of REDD+, or Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, have got under way in recent years. But with obstacles mounting and a climate agreement still elusive, some initiative proponents are losing their enthusiasm for REDD+, according to the study, led by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
By Doug Cress, The UN-REDD Programme blog, 23 April 2014 | By the year 2030, experts predict that human development will have impacted over 90 per cent of great ape habitat in Equatorial Africa, and that less than one per cent of the orangutan’s undisturbed rainforest homes in Southeast Asia will remain. That means the critically endangered Sumatran orangutan, whose population is already fragmented across northern Sumatra, will become even more isolated. Cross River gorillas in Cameroon and Nigeria will struggle to survive in the 11 pockets of forest they currently inhabit, mountain gorillas might lose the ability to roam freely across parts of the Albertine Rift, and the 24 chimpanzees that cling to the tiny Gishwati Forest in Rwanda – nicknamed the “Forest of Hope” – might cease to exist at all.
SciDev.Net, 23 April 2014 | A study tested in six tropical developing countries has introduced a novel method to measure carbon emissions from selective logging activities that are a prime cause of forest degradation. Published in Environmental Research Letters last April 1, the method takes into account all emissions from logging operations: the extracted timber volume, the damage caused by selective logging to the surrounding forest, and the logging infrastructure needed to transfer the logs from the forest to the mills. Developed by researchers from Winrock International, a non-profit development organisation based in the United States, the accounting method was applied in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Congo, Guyana and Indonesia. The study results revealed that the relative impact of carbon emissions from logging varies per country, depending on the amount of ongoing deforestation and the logging practices.
Ecosystem Marketplace, 23 April 2014 | Forest Trends’ Katoomba events are known for bringing people who don’t always talk to each other – soy tycoons and environment ministers, for instance – together to discuss practical solutions to major ecosystem services problems. The twentieth event, which begins today in Lima, Peru, has this kind of ambitious agenda. The theme is alignment. Attendees will consider how climate change, forests, water and people are deeply intertwined, and how payment for ecosystem services (PES) strategies addressing these issues must align, too. Current events in Peru provide an interesting (albeit frustrating) backdrop: The country’s comprehensive PES law, in development for six years now, was finally slated to be formally debated before the National Congress last week – but that debate has been delayed yet again.
Amazonas Florestal press release, 23 April 2014 | Amazonas Florestal, Ltd. ( www.amazonasf.com ) (otc pink:AZFL) (pinksheets:AZFL) (“Amazonas” or “Company”), a diversified forest management company generating revenues through innovative, sustainable forest management is pleased to announce today its initiatives for revenue growth, forestry preservation and building shareholder value. The Company’s business model is currently focused on 3 separate business’s initiatives; Sustainable forestry & Timber Operations, Biomass Development, Production & Revenue generation from carbon credits.
By Imogen Badgery-Parker, CIFOR Forests News Blog, 23 April 2014 | With Indonesia’s pro-environment president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono leaving office this year, questions are arising about how the change in the presidency will affect the country’s efforts to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by reducing deforestation. But presidential backing for a reform may be less important than public support and a shift in political culture, an analysis of Indonesian politics and REDD+ suggests. “There are many exciting ongoing reform processes, but many are facing political barriers in the way the system works, how the public and the state operates, and the relationship between the government and the people,” said Cecilia Luttrell, Senior Research Associate at the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and the study’s lead author.
By Alex Steger, New Model Advisor, 23 April 2014 | Two boiler room fraudsters have each been sentenced to four years and eight months in prison after pleading guilty to running multi-million pound land banking and carbon credit scams. Matthew Noad and Clive Griston, both from Kent, were sentenced at the Old Bailey and have been disqualified from being company directors for 10 years. Between 2005 and 2010 the pair ran a London-based boiler room which took more than £10 million from victims who were sold plots of land in the belief they would be redeveloped for housing, but which in reality had no planning permission. Despite first being arrested in December 2010 on suspicion of conspiracy to defraud and money laundering, Noad and Griston were released on bail and set up another boiler room selling carbon credits via a firm called Capital Carbon Credits, netting another £1 million.
By Tessa Norman, Money Marketing, 23 April 2014 | Two men found guilty of running a £10m boiler room fraud have been jailed for a total of nine years. Matthew Noad and Clive Griston ran a London-based scam which took in £10m from victims who were persuaded to buy worthless plots of land and valueless carbon credits. The fraudsters were sentenced to four years and eight months each in jail at the Old Bailey this week, and disqualified from being company directors for 10 years. Between 2005 and 2010 the two men conned investors, many of them elderly, into believing they would make returns of several hundred per cent from sites in the UK that were ripe for housing development. In reality the land had little or no value, as much of it was situated in greenfield belts or flood zones. Noad and Griston were arrested by City of London Police in December 2010 on suspicion of conspiracy to defraud and money laundering.
By Ed King, RTCC, 24 April 2014 | Google plans to partner with SunPower Corporation in a $250m effort to drive residential rooftop solar systems in the US. The technology giant says it will buy solar panels and lease them back to homeowners at a cost lower than their electricity bills. “By participating in this program, you don’t just help the environment—you can also save money,” writes Rob Parker, from Google’s renewable energy team. Google’s $100m contribution to this project makes this its 16th major clean energy venture. In total the company says it now has over $1 billion invested in low carbon schemes around the world, part of a wider strategy to ensure it remains carbon neutral.
By Kathy Chen and Stian Reklev, Reuters, 24 March 2014 | Companies covered by the carbon emissions trading scheme in China’s fast growing city of Shenzhen saw a surplus of 3 million permits in the first year of the market, vice mayor Tang Jie said, meaning around 10 percent of the allowances were unused. The scheme, the first of seven pilot carbon markets launched to put the brakes on China’s rapidly rising greenhouse gas emissions, regulates carbon emissions from more that 600 power generators and manufacturers. The city issues permits to companies and those that have a surplus can sell them while those that emit more than the permits allow have to buy more on the market. A surplus, if carried forward, could undermine prices next year and reduce the incentive for firms to cut emissions. “We are studying measures to cancel the verified surplus,” Tang told local newspaper 21st Century Business Herald on Monday.
By David Gaveau, CIFOR Forests News Blog, 24 April 2014 | The smoke rising over Sumatra has started early this year, with peatland fires in Riau, Sumatra, creating a haze so thick that in March it grounded flights and closed schools; at least two deaths were attributed to the choking smoke. It was a grim reprise of June 2013, when windblown haze from peatland fires in Riau clouded Malaysia and Singapore, leading to Singapore’s highest air pollution measure on record. Now, a major multilateral effort to stop the haze is gaining traction, seeking to encourage more research into a few key areas. The fires that create Riau’s haze are no accident — they are deliberately set by people to clear land for agriculture. Nor are they “forest fires,” as was initially reported in June — they are fires on already-deforested areas, chiefly peatlands, in an area where oil palm and paper pulp plantations dominate the landscape, where ignitions by both local communities and companies contributed.
By Eric Hilaire, The Guardian, 24 April 2014 | Award-winning Hong Kong photographer and photojournalist Paul Hilton’s latest series of images looks at the impact of deforestation on Indonesia’s wildlife. Basing himself in one of the most biodiverse hotspots in the world – the Leuser ecosystem in Aceh, home to rhino, orangutan, tigers and elephants – Hilton found that the clearing of forests for palm oil plantations means more roads are being cut into habitat, with endangered species being killed or sold for the wildlife trade in roadside markets.
By Finnigan Wa Simbeye, Tanzania Daily News, 24 April 2014 | Tanzania will soon sign an emission reduction purchase agreement with the World Bank which allows villagers to get compensation for climate friendly actions including conservation of forests. World Bank Senior Communication Officer for Climate Change and Finance Department, Ms Isabel Hagbrink, said negotiations into the deal are at final stages. “It seems we are very close to signing an emission reduction purchase agreement (ERPA) in Tanzania, and I will send you more information when it is available,” Ms Hagbrink said in an emailed message while responding to ‘Daily News’ questions. She, however, did not give details of the agreement and instead referred this writer to National Focal Point, Mr Evarist Nashanda, in Vice President’s Office who is yet to respond to issues raised. But according to World Bank projects, a renewable energy programme under Rural Energy Agency (REA) is lined up for endorsement.
By Andrew Smith, Witney Gazette, 24 April 2014 | Significantly, 1997 also saw the establishment of Oxford-based ClimateCare, one of the organisations set up to use the money raised from carbon offsetting which last week was announced as a recipient of Queen’s Award for Enterprise in the sustainable development category. Today, it continues to work with large corporations such as Jaguar Land Rover, Aviva and even government departments such as the Swedish Energy Agency. Its award citation highlights its “outstanding contributions to poverty alleviation and tackling climate change”. To date, ClimateCare has helped reduce more than 16.5m tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions and improve the lives of more than six million people.
By Justin Davenport, London Evening Standard, 24 April 2014 | Police today smashed a “fake Californian gold” fraud racket being run from offices in the heart of the Square Mile. Fifteen smartly dressed office workers were arrested at computer terminals in rented offices in connection with the alleged “boiler room” swindle. Sales agents were said to have bombarded victims, who are often elderly, with cold calls using similar techniques as those shown in Leonardo Di Caprio’s Wolf of Wall Street film. They claimed their firm had uncovered a huge gold cache in California worth $36 billion, which they intended to mine and offered shares for sale in the enterprise at discounted rates. In reality, detectives said there was no gold, or only a tiny amount that did not match the claims. Police believe the ‘boiler room’ had been running since February and fleeced victims out of hundreds of thousands of pounds.
By Suanna Twidale and Ben Garside, Reuters, 25 April 2014 | The U.N. body tasked with channelling hundreds of billions of dollars to cutting emissions is under growing scrutiny as its once booming investment programme dries up, leaving most of its funds unspent while other climate initiatives are short of cash… From 2003, developers flocked to register projects such as destroying heat-trapping waste gases at Chinese chemical plants or installing hydroelectric power stations in Brazil, and made huge profits by selling the resulting carbon credits for up to 22 euros ($30.40) a tonne in 2008. But interest has waned while countries wrangled over setting new emission goals under the UNFCCC, hammering credit prices down to unprofitable levels below 0.20 euros.
By Adam Vaughan, The Guardian, 25 April 2014 | Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture would be cut by 25-40% if Europeans cut their meat and dairy consumption by half, according to a UN report. Scientists from the UN Economic Commission for Europe say that as well as cutting air and water pollution, adopting a “demitarian diet” – cutting meat and dairy consumption in half – would lead to a 40% cut in Europeans’ intake of saturated fats. The vast majority of saturated fats come from animal products that can lead to cholesterol problems and obesity, and such a cut would bring levels to within a range recommended by the World Health Organisation. Prof Mark Sutton, one of the authors who coined the term demitarian and is one himself, said despite powerful farming lobbies it was not “pie in the sky” to envisage such a cut in meat consumption. But he said the team was not taking a position on how best to encourage people to change their food habits.
By Jacob Phelps, CIFOR Forests News Blog, 25 April 2014 | Controlled farming and cultivation have the potential to supply markets sustainably — whether in the form of teak plantations for wood furniture, cane-rat farms for local consumption, tiger farms for traditional medicine, game ranches for food and sport hunting, or plant cultivation for pharmaceutical markets. In addition to reducing pressures on wild resources, wildlife farming has the potential to enhance rural livelihoods and increase food access. Indeed, recent articles have called for mainstreaming interventions such as wildlife farming and ranching to help reduce rampant illegal trade — including a lucrative trade of protected timber species and shocking levels of elephant and rhino poaching. Despite considerable promise, research suggests that we need to further evaluate wildlife farming efforts.
Austrian Tribune, 25 April 2014 | The Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) allows farmers to raise and sell carbon credits by storing carbon through activities like capturing methane from piggeries and landfills and reducing cattle burps. The initiative was launched three years ago and since then, the CFI has launched a number of projects. Recently, changes have been proposed for the CFI under the Direct Action Policy, which are considered to be a win-win situation for farmers. The Federal Government released the White Paper on Direct Action Plan revealing the policy design of its Emissions Reduction Scheme (ERF). Jemma Greene, research fellow with the Curtin University Sustainability Policy Unit, shared some of the important facts about emissions reductions. Greene affirmed that emissions reduction baselines are not clear and are difficult to determine.
Survival International, 25 April 2014 | In an unprecedented victory in the campaign to save Earth’s most threatened tribe, the Brazilian government has announced that all invaders have now been removed from the Awá indigenous territory in the eastern Amazon rainforest. The news comes exactly two years after Survival International and Hollywood star Colin Firth launched a high-profile international campaign to save the Awá from extinction – setting a new record in the history of Survival and its efforts to protect the land of indigenous tribes. Under unprecedented international pressure, the Brazilian government sent a ground squad of hundreds of agents to remove illegal cattle ranchers and loggers from the land of the Awá in January 2014. After an overflight of the area last week, the Public Prosecutor and Judge working on the case handed the Awá an official document confirming that all non-Indians have now been removed from their territory.
By Hal Hodson, New Scientist, 25 April 2014 | The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is home to the second largest tropical forest on Earth. Now an online digital mapping system called Moabi is letting people view how the land is being used, to help protect the area from over-exploitation. Forests are vital sources of biodiversity, as well being huge carbon sinks and providing oxygen, but logging and mining operations can threaten these ecosystems. The idea of the online map is to find a balance between preserving the forest and allowing responsible operations to continue. It is designed to increase transparency, so local citizens and international groups alike are informed about land use. Launched on 22 April, Moabi overlays maps of the DRC, built as part of the crowdsourced mapping project OpenStreetMap, with information from the country’s government on where activities like mining, drilling, forestry, agriculture and road-building are planned. | 2019-04-19T00:20:12Z | https://redd-monitor.org/2014/04/28/redd-in-the-news-21-27-april-2014/ |
How to manage your worry at the time you view true scary stories?
Why there exists fearfulness? Why could it be needed? Dread is considered the important emotion that warns us of impending danger. It fills us to ensure we don’t miss out on the approaching threat. Worry paralyzes us inside a frightening scenario. Have you ever at any time seasoned this feeling? Have you at any time veteran the panic that generated you run away free of contemplating about the repercussions? This is certainly a completely reasonable response in these kinds of an emotional point out. Learn more regarding the “hormone of fear” adrenaline.
Fear is undoubtedly an adaptive reaction to your risk of actual physical or psychological mother nature. Even so, it doesn’t definitely come up from the experience of serious threat. Usually it might be created by cognitive distortion. The extent of depth of fright can differ from nearly entire absence to complete stress. If truth be told, this emotion could be an actual nightmare.
When does fear come to be a phobia?
If ever the panic of a specific thing turns into also extraordinary, too much, it turns into a phobia. Phobia is regarded as a psychological disorder, at the same time worry is known as a usual healthy and balanced emotion.
There are differing kinds of phobias: anxiety of heights, fright of clowns or coulrophobia, dread of getting older, worry of death, and so forth. Regardless of the considerations that contribute to such a reaction, all these phobias appreciably decrease the superior quality of lifespan of individuals struggling from them, negatively influencing all regions of on a daily basis functions. Is it possible to think of there are people who find themselves so scared to go out that they really need to expend all their time in your home, locked up?
However, it happens to be not needed that worry has arrived at the scale of the phobia so as to poison a person’s lifespan. 1 way or an alternative, these psychological problems can stop us from doing even essentially the most normal everyday duties. On this page you’ll track down tips regarding how to eradicate fright, despite its degree together with the explanation that provokes this feeling.
Concern is mostly a fully common response that accompanies us during our life. It forces you to definitely act efficiently also to look after on their own from any danger. It helps to raise our physiological action, prompting us to combat or run away. Concern is important for survival.
There are 2 essential theories about how fear is born. The 1st, classical, argues that if we examine sure aspects (snakes, top, and so forth.) with hazardous and serious scenarios for us (injuries, panic, etc.), we associate these incentives with each and every other and therefore get a conditional reflex of fright.
On the opposite hand, in keeping with albert Bandura’s concept of social knowing, we learn about buying viagra in mexico. by obtaining the vicar practical experience. Put another way, seeing other individuals that are brands for us (neighbor, actor, and so forth.), we study their behavior and imitate them. If you happen to once witnessed a wasp sting your young brother and you also recognized his worry, conceivably each individual time the thing is a wasp you’ll run absent in fright. As per this theory, we make up your mind even if we want to apply a particular sort of habits or not, even though it isn’t really straightforward.
Worry also can trigger favourable feelings. We’ve been happy to encounter tremors, palpitations, feel pressure and freeze in stillness when we watch a horror movie, sitting comfortably for the couch, or when we experience a roller coaster. We even find these feelings after we are totally sure that we have been secure. It truly is required to understand to manage this emotion due to the fact childhood. At the same time, worry of anything can start off to undergo at any age. Moreover, quite a few people usually tend to knowledge this emotion than other individuals. Our have also contains a sizeable impression on how we answer to serious gatherings. It doesn’t matter what we fearfulness, it is necessary to recollect that it is practically never way too late to overcome fear.
In this particular part we will supply you with 20 strategies and methods which you can use day by day. An important thing-you be required to know that worry is inside of you, nobody and next to nothing makes you are feeling it. It is always doable to believe that so problematic relating to the eve of, as an illustration, a dependable examination, however , you should please remember that you and only you may be liable for your own development. To defeat this concern, you should use arranging by making use of somewhat effort and hard work and willpower.
As we pointed out before, dread is usually a present that helps us endure. We will also notice it in animals in perilous instances. Luckily, our physique warns us of an approaching threat. Do you have any approach what is going to come to pass if you don’t conceal as soon as you see a tiger inside of the room? Knowing to coexist using this emotion is important. No matter what uncomfortable moments we’ve to undergo, we should always be grateful to fright.
Introspection helps to boost our level of comfort and ease. It makes it possible for us to be familiar with what we experience or what we wish to generally be, ideas on how to act. There is no have to deeply investigate do you know the roots of our dread, for instance snakes. Still, realizing what stimuli trigger unpleasant thoughts in us may help to create successful and precise methods to counter them.
You’re human. It is really counterproductive to stay and work as if fright isn’t going to exist. Anxiety will never make you weaker or much less highly regarded. It isn’t going to make a difference if ever the item of one’s concern is unconventional or uncomfortable, it can be still comprehensible, and there will be men or women who will guidance you. Your fright is not going to go away because you disregard it. Recognizing fright stands out as the first step to beating it.
The anxiety of fireplace will utterly reveal if we see a fireplace. But the truth is, if each time we gentle the stove, we predict regarding the fire, we argue illogically. We have to think about the likelihood with which any occasions can manifest, and act accordingly. This will guide to acquire rid of it disagreeable cognitive procedures.
There are quite familiar varieties of fears – by way of example, fearfulness of getting fired or concern of blood. It doesn’t issue that the cause of your worry is atypical: keep in mind that this emotion leads to comparable feelings in absolutely everyone. The sole variation stands out as the diploma of intensity you’re able to manage. Its truly valuable to recognize this emotion is organic also to notice how other people address it.
Some different kinds of fears, much like the fright of communicating, completely upset suffering from them. This will likely possess a negative influence on self-esteem. “I’m a loser, clumsy”” “No 1 requirements a wimp like me.” Such thoughts are harmful and may provoke cognitive distortions that can appreciably poison our life. In a few situations, these beliefs can lead to deep inner pain and, as being a consequence, extreme psychological dilemmas. Fears mustn’t change your self-esteem. Consider that we’re all human, which everybody may have fears, but we’ve been invariably in a position to get a reasonable choice in any issue.
Obviously, it is really constantly important to shield your actual physical and psychological wellbeing. Once we direct a healthful way of life (as expected, inside acceptable limits, it is not required to deal with sports and adequate nutrition), we come to feel fine, our performance and performance raises. As a consequence, whenever we experience wholesome, ready to look after ourselves, the dread of gaining sick decreases.
If, for fear of flying, we throw in the towel planes or, for dread of defeat, we guide a mediocre daily life, we will place obstacles on our very own. Even perhaps the considered you must encounter the thing of the anxiety, creates you extraordinary stress and anxiety. It is in all likelihood that steering clear of horrifying occasions can really help for a while, but eventually it would only assistance your fears. You’ve to experience your fears.
When we’re paralyzed by fear, from which we wish to escape or cover, you may use many tactics to maintain quiet, like breathing. You possibly can also initiate counting on your mind-until you tranquil down. Within this way, it’s possible to reduce the symptoms of worry and distract from unfavorable ideas.
Victory in excess of panic can take time and constant effort in your part. Strive to get started with to visualise what you’re scared of. To illustrate, if you ever are scared to undertake athletics, contemplate by yourself twiddling with a ball. Visualizing the way you efficiently conduct actions that scare you will assist you sense even more self-confident. To begin with it may well be challenging, but each time it is going to be more convenient and more convenient. This sort of routines will be the basis of exposure therapy. You steadily present incentives that provoke fear-as prolonged while you you should not learn to address their emotions. To illustrate, someone that’s afraid of snakes can start out by considering an image that exhibits a small snake, and so forth, provided that he’s not fearful to become beside this Cobra.
It’s extraordinary you have resolved to overcome your panic, then again, you shouldn’t do it very sharply. Exposure methodology involves a gradual tactic to this end goal less than the advice of the professional. Independent makes an attempt to sharply conquer your fearfulness, such as, grabbing a tarantula along with your hand, or, coming on phase, singing before an audience of countless numbers of people, is utterly counterproductive and irritate the situation.
Think about how you will reward on your own for defeating fright. One example is, at any time you are afraid to generate a car or truck, think about how superior it’s going to be to go on an enjoyable journey on your own automobile to a fascinating location that you just have longer dreamed of, without depending on others. It is really complex to concentrate on this optimistic considered on the moment after you get at the rear of the wheel. All the same, if we do not feel about incidents, but a couple of pleasant holiday, we are going to distract from undesirable thoughts. Through the way, you could potentially exam your driving capabilities utilizing the neuropsychological CogniFit check for motorists.
If that you’re reluctant to trip the Elevator therefore you are stunned because of the thought that you just can get caught in it, think of a reward to the working day once you dare to trip the Elevator. As an example, a deal of one’s favourite sweet or visiting the flicks. It will be important that you just recognise your being successful and want to maneuver on.
Keeping a diary of observations may be very beneficial, notably in cases where by you suddenly start off to get frustrated thanks to fright itself or for another explanation. But, if you decide to seem in your own diary, scan about your successes, it can allow you to to practical experience a sense of pleasure and continue on to move ahead, to become all the more valuable. The trail to good results seriously isn’t almost always sleek, and conceivable UPS and downs. In spite of this, perseverance and perseverance will help to obtain amazing successes. On top of that, the actual fact of preserving documents should help you to definitely permit off steam and cut down stress and anxiety.
Even in case your friends or spouse and children tend not to share your anxiety, this feeling is acquainted to them. You will come to feel more desirable at any time you share with them the go through you are concerned to push while in the fog or communicate with the manager. It truly is very likely that the interlocutors have passed through very much the same experiences and might give you important counsel. Nevertheless, even just their guidance and participation will let you cope with any obstacle.
Find people who find themselves undergoing exactly the same point as you, it is going to allow you to loads. In case you suppose that your fearfulness is strange, or at any time you are shy, feel really misunderstood, you discover it very difficult to debate it with somebody, try and converse by using a man or woman who is inside the very same circumstance (in particular person as well as using the internet). This can provide help to to open up up, share encounters, discover a thing valuable on your own that did not arrive at your mind.
Often, regardless of what concern we seek to beat – Biking, slipping or maybe the fear of talking English, our steps to overcome these fears are generally criticized when we are completely wrong or we don’t have great results. Many of us stumble every now and then. Most probably, some people never imagine about us as regularly as we think. And when anyone criticizes us, it is not mandatory to pay for focus to bad responses – we eliminate significantly more, refusing our makes an attempt.
Scientific and technological developments make available us great alternatives to overcome anxiety. You can get already digital reality-based therapies that make it possible for individuals to face their fears in carry out basic safety. In addition, you’ll find simpler ideas – by way of example, diverse mobile applications produced for this intent. Particularly, exclusive applications are made for buyers struggling from aerophobia (fearfulness of traveling). These apps deliver flight basic safety information and supply you with a variety of workouts that greatly reduce panic. There’s also programs for children for getting rid in the worry of the dark by way of a assortment of online games and others, as an illustration, to support triumph over the panic of chatting with the general public. Also, at US college are crowded by ill “trend” of shootings. To risk-free children also to grow safety and security we should adhere to that twenty strategies.
There really is a gigantic number of information on the web which can exacerbate our fears. To illustrate, when you are scared of medical conditions or terrorist assaults, check out never to learn this live news. The circulation of too much information might make it very hard for us to fight fears and even occasionally drive us to make mistaken choices.
Success inside fight from fear isn’t definitely entirely about us. For those who suffer from a phobia that stops you from top rated a normal everyday life, it will be advised to make contact with a highly trained expert, a psychologist or perhaps a psychiatrist.You shouldn’t be ashamed to inquire for help in this example. Plenty of people transform to professionals and gain sizeable advancements. Dread treatment is basically beneficial.
Thank you very much for the desire in such a content. Do you believe the power to beat your fears?
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I believe God created the heavens, the earth, and every living thing. But I think Christians should reject the idea that God created the universe from absolutely nothing.
Theologians typically use the Latin label, “creatio ex nihilo,” to identify the idea that God created the universe from absolutely nothing. While a few have said that the nothing of “nihilo” refers to chaos, the vast majority of theologians have insisted on the literal meaning of nothing. God began with absolutely nothing when creating our universe.
I find few Christians who seriously consider the assets and liabilities of creatio ex nihilo. Few study the biblical, historical, theological, and scientific dimensions of the doctrine. This is in many ways understandable. Until we have some reason to question traditional assumptions, we tend to accept what we’re told.
I first became suspicious of creatio ex nihilo in the mid 1990s. At first, my worry was what the doctrine implied about God’s power and the problem of evil. If God had the power to create something from absolutely nothing, God would have the power to prevent genuine evil unilaterally. Genuine evils exist that a loving God would want to prevent. So I began to entertain the idea that creatio ex nihilo may not be worth affirming.
Over the years, I’ve realized that the doctrine has many other significant problems. I list nine below. For most of the nine, I add a brief sentence giving support or justification.
The Bible plays a central role in my theology. But I list the biblical problem with creatio ex nihilo last, so I can supplement it with a few quotes from biblical scholars.
Theoretical problem: absolute nothingness cannot be conceived.
Historical problem: Creatio ex nihilo was first proposed by Gnostics – Basilides and Valentinus – who assumed that creation was inherently evil and that God does not act in history. It was adopted by early Christian theologians to affirm the kind of absolute divine power that many Christians – especially Wesleyans – now reject.
Creation at an instant problem: We have no evidence in the history of the universe after the big bang that entities can emerge instantaneously from absolute nothingness. Out of nothing comes nothing (ex nihil, nihil fit).
Solitary power problem: Creatio ex nihilo assumes that a powerful God once acted alone. But power is a social concept only meaningful in relation to others.
Errant revelation problem: The God with the capacity to create something from absolutely nothing would apparently have the power to guarantee an unambiguous and inerrant message of salvation (e.g, inerrant Bible). An unambiguously clear and inerrant divine revelation does not exist.
Evil problem: If God once had the power to create from absolutely nothing, God essentially retains that power. But a God of love with this capacity is culpable for failing to use it periodically to prevent genuine evil.
Empire Problem: The kind of divine power implied in creatio ex nihilo supports a theology of empire, which is based upon unilateral force and control of others.
Biblical problem: Scripture – in Genesis, 2 Peter, and elsewhere – suggests creation from something (water, deep, chaos, invisible things, etc.), not creation from absolutely nothing.
The only significant thing creatio ex nihilo has going for it is that so many Christians through the ages have supported it. The earliest Christians, however, embraced the idea God created the world out of something.
For instance, Philo postulated a pre-existent matter alongside God. Justin, Athenagoras, Hermogenes, and Clement of Alexandria spoke about the creation of the world. Origen of Alexandria and, later, John Scotus Erigena argued that God is essentially creative.
But the majority of later Christian theologians affirmed creatio ex nihilo. There’s no getting around this. And because Christian tradition is important to me, I do not take lightly the idea that I oppose the majority.
In my mind, however, the nine problems I have listed above are so strong that opposing the majority of the Christian tradition seems the sensible thing to do. Besides, the tradition does not jibe with the biblical witness on this issue. I typically opt for the Bible over tradition.
I happen to think that pointing out problems in the existing theory is not enough. A constructive Christian theologian like me should suggest a replacement. I will propose an alternative theory of creation in a subsequent essay. I call it creatio ex creare en amore — God creating out of creation in love.
Thanks for the post. I would love a follow-up post that engages theologians like Aquinas and Augustine on the topic of creatio ex nihilo. Since the tradition/Bible distinction didn’t really get going until the Reformation, I worry when this distinction is hauled out against the long consensus of pre-Reformation theologians. Augustine and Aquinas certainly never thought they were doing anything other than interpreting Scripture. And Lord knows Augustine knew his Scripture! I doubt there’s ever been a text more suffused with biblical citations and allusions than his Confessions, and who else comes to mind who preached five huge volumes of sermons on the Psalms alone? To put the concern differently, I doubt very seriously that one can both affirm that the doctrine has tradition on its side and deny that the doctrine has any strong basis in Scripture.
Also, it would be interesting to see you reflect on the work of particular contemporary interpreters of the doctrine. I have in mind first and foremost the late Dominican theologian Herbert McCabe (see esp. his “God Matters”, and there esp. part one), but also Rowan Williams (see scattered reflections in “On Christian Theology”). In these contemporary theologians’ work, I think you’ll find a position that evades many, perhaps all, of the difficulties you enumerated in your post.
1. What do you do with the possibility that, while beyond our conception, absolute nothingness may have actually been? Our conception doesn’t limit historical reality, does it?
2. You’re committing the genetic fallacy: rejecting an idea on the basis of its origin, rather than on its merits alone.
3. To the contrary: there’s plenty of evidence, even if much of it is theoretical and philosophical. Scientists and theologians agree that the universe had a beginning…so, prior to it existing, it had to not exist.
4. First, what kind of evidence would you expect to find if something WERE created out of nothing? Second, you’re not answering the question, but pushing it further back. Is the universe eternal, or did it come to be at some point?
5. Power is the ability to do work. There’s no implication in the word that a social component is required…it appears you’re imposing your own meaning on the word.
6. Let’s turn this around for clarity: you seem to be saying that because clear revelation doesn’t exist (your words, not mine), God lacks the ability to create from nothing? Non sequitur.
7. I agree with the general principle that a powerful God would be responsible for not preventing evil (if culpable, I’m not sure to whom He would report)…but your presumption is that God would not allow evil at all. Without more evidence, I’m not sure we can draw such a conclusion. Non sequitur.
8. On what basis do you reject this idea…is it because you don’t like it, or because you have evidence that it’s incorrect?
9. On this we agree.
I’d like to add another point of contention. Let’s suppose for a moment that God DID indeed simply order the existing chaos at the beginning of our universe. You seem to be suggesting that this is evidence that God COULD NOT create from nothing. It’s not. If I take a vacation to Seattle, that doesn’t mean that I couldn’t have just as easily gone to Phoenix…does it? What God DID is not necessarily an indication of the extent of His ABILITY.
I look forward to your forthcoming essay. You may address my concern in it, so feel free to say “just wait”, but if we say God created out of something doesn’t that require that something to be eternal as He is eternal? What are you willing to say is eternal with Him other than Himself?
My main question, then, is more a theological one, Tom: Was there a time when all there was was God? Some Jewish commentaries of Gen. 1:1 understand it to be something like this: “Before there was anything else, there was God; then God spoke.” This, of course, is an “ex nihilo” account. However, what about the ancient creedal statements regarding “before there was anything, there was God.” I believe one can affirm the idea of a God who precedes all other things without a specific ex nihilo reading of Gen. 1; however, I don’t see you addressing that question, and I’d like your take on it.
Tom, as usual your thoughts are cogent and worth pondering.
-Chaos seems to become the default reality. Chaos is the natural state of all things. This seems to suggest that we are not ultimately the creation of God but are God’s ordering of a chaotic primordial state or substance. We are, most basically, chaos given order.
-This also seems to smack of dualism. If God is in an eternal “battle” with chaos, how is this different from other forms of dualism in which God eternally battles evil in one form or another?
-While I think the problem of evil’s origin may be solved with creation out of chaos… the problem of evil’s exodus is glaring!
I wont offer my underdeveloped theory here but I think there is a third way in which we can see God as creator in the fullest sense and yet still affirm that chaos is a necessary element of the creation.
Let’s say after 10 years your starting to win me over on this one.
God is by nature both relational and creative.
where i get lost is humanity and as we know it is relatively young even by the longest estimates.
My current understanding of God’s nature is so relational that i have trouble with the notion that God would have created over and over again with out also creating community/love capable live prior to us.
then my mind starts really spinning could heaven already be populated?
If not creation ex nihilo, then creation from what? If ordering of chaos, from whence cometh the chaos?
Also, regarding the power of God over against the power of evil, you seem to imply that God must not be able to overcome the power of evil—otherwise, God is culpable for not doing such. Are you suggesting that there is some other—some power—outside of God that limit’s God’s power?
Please forgive my spelling everyone.
I only recently started following the blog and I’m lovin’ it! Thank You.
That being said, in order to cling to my passion for theology I need it to translate into action and real life so here’s my question.
What does all this do for Meth Addicts?
I tell our people everyday that by fully submitting to God’s loving strength they can conquer Meth, which tends to be just one particularly nasty bit of chaos in their lives. Sadly, more often than not they fail that battle.
Are we saying God is limited in dealing with chaos in general, or is he only limited when dealing with pre-creation chaos? If those limits exist at all are they self-imposed by God, which would seemingly only make him stronger, or is he unable to fully remove chaos?
Sorry if I stepped outside of the scope of the post. Thanks again.
Tom, I think we are so trapped in our limited, finite, physical thinking that we do not/cannot understand God. He is spiritual. He exists in a different state of being. We have no way of understanding Him outside of His explanations of of Himself expressed in our finite language, with our physical terms, and concepts. That is one reason why Jesus is so important to us.
I think it is absurd for us to make speculations about the spiritual realm unless we can form them from what He has told us. The word “nothing” has no meaning in the spiritual. What was created just did not exist before. It is that simple. Romans 4:17, and Hebrew 11:3 gives us a little insight to God’s perspective.
The whole world has a physical picture of God, including the old philosophers, which we seem to revere, but the spiritual and physical are completely different states of being. Contemporary Christian theology has not corrected that either. God is just the big man upstairs. The spiritual is beyond our comprehension. We need to understand that part, at least, and let His word help us understand Him and His heart toward His creation.
The position that “before there was anything, there was God”, reminds me of the mystical Jewish concept (picked up by Moltmann) called zimsum. This is the idea before there was anything, there was God, which means that in order for something non-God (something finite) to exist, God would have to withdrawn unto God’s self, making room for the finite. While this is a very sophisticated position, it does not help us with two key issues: theodicy, and “out of nothing comes nothing” (ex nihil, nihil fit).
I appreciate your questions – “If ordering of chaos, from whence cometh the chaos?” In response to your question, I pose a parallel question “If creation/ordering by God, from whence cometh God?” In both cases, God and chaos have no beginnings. The same logic/faith that is applied to a God with no beginning, is the same logic/faith that is applied to a chaos with no beginning.
I enjoyed reading this blog. The idea of creatio ex nihilo raises questions in my mind as to why, if God is all powerful and did create the universe from nothing did he create evil and other negative factors? Does God allow calamity to grow perseverance? Also, where did God come from if nothing was there? In my personal faith I strongly believe that God is all powerful and all knowing, but I now question in a sense creation, because of the arguments posted.
Good stuff! I eagerly await your alternative.
As theists, problem one seems to remain an insurmountable problem. If we accept the idea of an eternal/infinite God then absolute nothingness is very much impossible to conceive.
Reguarding the question of creation out of what, that many have already raised, I am guessing that we may see an alternative that proposes that God has created out of Himself, maybe God created out His nature, will, desire, or even His Love.
Thanks for your helpful comments! I’m posting my follow-up blog, which has my alternative theory. Your comments helped me fine-tune my arguments. Thanks!
I responded to and linked to your post on creation ex nihilo. You brought up some very good points.
To believe that God created the heavens, the earth, and every living thing is an act of faith. We have no proof that God created it, we only know that it exists. Whether God created this world from absolutely nothing or by organizing chaos is of little consequence. But to accept the idea that God created the universe yet limit our belief in His creating ability to what we can explain or understand is absurd. How can you so easily accept the notion that God can create all the intricacies of this world only if it is prefaced with the idea that it was created out of something? Christians should not reject the idea that God created the universe from absolutely nothing…unless His Word rejects the idea. But this would seem to place the authority of God’s Word above man’s wisdom. Can we do that? Well, Proverbs 3:5 says “Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding.” It would seem that God wants us to trust Him, by trusting in His Word.
Now we are getting to the crux of all the questions being raised. Can we trust a God who allows evil in this world when He could have created a world without evil? Or was He just powerful enough to set this world in motion but is powerless to control it? The implication seems to be that God is either responsible for evil or not powerful enough to stop it. Maybe it is because He gave us all free choice to either choose Him or allow the consequences of sin to be carried out. If He created us to glorify Him, to honor, love and serve Him it would mean very little to Him if we couldn’t choose an alternative. That alternative is separation from God, sin, evil, and it has consequences. If we ignore the law of gravity and get hurt should we blame God? Maybe He should have made us with bodies that can’t be broken, not susceptible to disease and able to live forever. Oh, yea, He does have a plan for that…for those who trust in Him and His Word.
How do we know if any part of God’s Word is true? Considering the assets and liabilities of a Biblical concept is the wrong approach. Truth is not proven on the basis of its assets and liabilities. It is not based on what feels right or what the majority considers to be Truth. What is True is True even if not one person believes it to be True. What about all those miracles? Should we consider the assets and liabilities of them to decide if they were real or fictitious? How could we prove them?
The real problem is how we view God’s Word. Once you start doubting God’s Word and deny that it is inerrant, where do you draw the line? Do you draw the line at the “creation story”, the “virgin birth”, the “miracles”, or maybe the “resurrection”? Once you decide that you can not trust God’s Word is in fact God’s words, you end up with man trying to dissect and prove each and every aspect of the Bible through man’s infinite wisdom and deciding what to keep and what to throw out. Oh, but then you would have to throw out that whole Proverbs verse above. I am not that smart so I tend to just believe God’s Word is His Word and it is inerrant. Now I can learn about God by reading His Word. I don’t have to guess which parts to believe, I can safely believe it all. If it says God created…then He did, period.
But doesn’t scriptures say that God spoke and then there was his creation? Doesn’t that imply that there was nothing before God spoke?
Also, I don’t quite see how your 9 reasons are so solid that you don’t have any more evidence for it. I would be interested to see more support for the statements.
Genesis 1:1 tells us what God did. The rest of the chapter gives some details on the order in which He did it. The text does not tell us that God created the primordial waters. The narrative begins with the Spirit of God hovering over them. God then begins His acts of creation, or bringing order out of chaos. Creation ex nihilo may be true, but that’s not what this story is about. In any case, the essay above could open the door to somewhat of a panentheistic view of God—i.e., the cosmos is IN God, even if that means the “energies” as opposed to the essence of God(to borrow from the Eastern fathers). Thus, the primordial waters are not so much the waters of chaos as a metaphor for the divine energies from which an ordered cosmos evolved.
The fundamental fallacy above, is that you assume that being exists beyond God. This has the consequence of making God a part of the natural order as opposed to above and outside of the natural order.
If you conceive of God as being ontologically beyond nature, then your issues are solved.
Lovely, catalytic piece, Thomas Jay Oord. Thanks for it. Have you ever done the promised follow-up post? If so what is its title?
But Thomas, you are missing so many other aspects that derive from the same point.
If God was alone… then there was no such thing as “good” because good has no meaning unless compared to “evil”. God was not “holy” because there was no such thing as “unholy”. There is no such thing as mercy, because there was nobody to be merciful to.
In a way, you can argue that God (in this scenario) was not God.
Furthermore, God would have no reason to create in the Ex Nihilo scenario, because existence was perfect. Simply by creating … God “downgraded” existence.
I reject that. I believe that God IMPROVES on existence by creating/organizing chaos or creating from some kind of infinite potential that is outside and apart from God.
1. Pose ANY alternative to ex nihilo, and carry it out to it’s logical end. You’ll see that alternative is ultimately nonsensical and illogical.
2. Don’t subject the Father God Himself to material, naturalistic attributes and confines – Scripture doesn’t allow for it.
For example, God is not merely “older than we are” – God is the very source of the physical property known as time, He crafted it and rules outside and over time itself.
God is Spirit, and is not what we call “complex”(as if he were made of smaller materials and systems), He is the originating principal behind matter and complexity itself.
“All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made. John 1:3” – All things. “pre-existing material” would still be a thing, so it’s just deferring your problem.
1)There will never be an answer to the Ex-Nihilo scenario..simply because the finite cannot conceive of the infinite.We simply have no way to get to “nothing”. We have no concept or reference point for it.
2)Science and Theology both point to the same thing – All scientific evidence points to the fact that the Universe/Multiverse (the science based “worldview”s name for GOD)have a starting point..an impetus..a T-MINUS 0.00. moment…. What is that? what was that impetus?..what is the causality?
3).If you are taking the “naturalist” worldview (and without parsing words – that is the only real alternative here)In what other state do you find order out of chaos when there is no design to the ordering mechanism? Where do we see in the naturalist view a repeatable,consistent model of order from random chaos without the benefit of an intelligent or at the very least a coherent set of principals?
I so much want to learn more about this subject but my mind will not allow me to have a discussion when so much of what I hear from science seems to want to “move the goalpost” or change the meaning of words. To me, there is a very large difference between the word “empty’ and the word “nothing”. Science seems to want me to accept “empty” as meaning “nothing” and I simply cannot accept that. When I drink all the water that is in this bottle beside me – The bottle will be “empty”.. that is far different than there being “nothing” in the bottle.
The idea that there was “something” for God to work with somehow makes sense. Even as I read the first few verses of Genesis, I find I agree with the theory of creating from something rather than nothing. For example, the ESV uses words that describe substances such as, deep, waters, and hovering over. Then God speaks, and “creation” begins. But, the argument for this could be in that verse one said, “God created the heavens and the earth,” thereby creating first, the substances that His Spirit hovered over, with the next phase being to form it all.
Finally, from your introduction to the book, I have a thought in regards to the idea of God creating out of God’s own self. I think this brings up the problem of sin. Divine, in the sense of God’s divinity or perfection, could not include sin. If creation was out of God’s own self, God set Himself up to allow sin as part of God. This in my mind makes God way less then a perfect sinless God who hates sin. But, how does this fit in with your understanding of God being culpable? To who whom would God be answerable, creation?
I have to admit that the arguments for one theory or the other is convincing. Thus, I am not ready to commit to either. I also have to think of all of this in terms of salvation and how it fits into my personal transformation and walk with Christ. Does Creatio Ex Nihilo matter? I suppose it does in terms of divinity and reason for creation.
Prof Oord,Thank you for this opportunity to think deeply about my Faith.
#4. Is it necessary for there to be subsequent events of the same nature in order for there to be evidence of an original event? We have no evidence in the history of the Universe of a virgin birth, should we reject that concept in light of the fact that this had not happened before or after the Jesus event? Should we limit God to the proof of science and evidence? Because God may have chosen to do something in one particular way does not mean that He is limited only to that way. Does He have to repeat an experience for it to be believable? Is it possible that our Universe is the point of its existence and not a point to prove God’s power? My house exists to shelter my family not to provide me with data about the builder.
I would also inject a comment about our ability to understand matter. We are currently, as a species, dealing with the issues of quantum mechanics, and even on to string theory where the existence of matter is being reduced to information.
If there is any merit to these ideas then we should be searching more in the are of idea, thought. This will lead us back to the inherent presence of the great I AM in whom resides from forever past the fact, or reality of existence.
This was an interesting read. I will admit, this is the first time I have pondered creatio ex nihilo. My initial reaction was not necessarily for or against your view. I simply have more questions. For example, if God created the universe out of something, where did this “something” come from?
Also, why do you think the idea of creatio ex nihilo gained so much popularity? Was it simply an easy answer? Or is there some merit to the idea?
In regard to problem number one, why does the fact that something is hard to conceive rule it out as a possibility? Was everything created or acted out with our comprehension abilities in mind? This is then a problem because not all humans have the same levels of comprehensibility.
Your list of problems was quite interesting. Thanks for sharing.
I appreciate the essay for the way it wades into unpopular waters. Understanding and strengthening our faith requires that we continuously analyze (and adjust if necessary) our presuppositions. I struggle with the thoughts presented in this essay, however. Of course, I hold to the popular view that God created ex nihilo, yet, I approached this essay with an open mind, willing to listen to the evidence that existed for a different perspective. Much of the evidence, however, seemed to only point toward the fact that there is a lack of evidence regarding creatio ex nihilo. For me, depending on a lack of evidence to prove something proves little at all. Too many questions still remain.
I also struggle with ascribing human logic to all of God’s attributes and abilities. Certainly, God provides principles, laws and other means of order as boundaries for God’s creation, but does that mean that God must also function within those boundaries? In particular, does the finite human need to be able to conceive all that God was, is or ever will be in order for God and God’s ways to be legitimate? Absolute nothingness may be inconceivable for the human, but one can argue that incarnation, resurrection and ascension is also inconceivable. Is there anything that is impossible with God?
In relationship to your first point of absolute nothingness not being able to be conceived do you think we can understand absolute perfection? It seems as though these two points are similar when in your introduction you mentioned genuine evil existing.
One thought I had through your nine points been the idea of that which existed along with God or God was the only entity to exist. If something existed alongside of God would it have the power or authority in which is often attributed to God?
Another thought I have with this thought is if we think of God as all powerful then why is the thought of Him being able to do something which is unconceivable for us be out of the question? I appreciate your points as the idea of thinking against creation ex nihilo is not one I have entertained before.
I was particularly struck by point number five or the solitary power problem. I haven’t ever thought about power being a social component. In this case, God does have power over someone else thus, there seems to be something already existing rather than nothing. I am also really intrigued to read your alternative, as stated in the conclusion, because as we venture down this road it seems necessary to ‘wonder’ about the possibilities.
Thinking about creation and the first book of Genesis has me wondering what other parts of the Bible have I skimmed, read, or interpreted without trying to examine the whole picture. Once again I return to the idea that I am not always going to understand God, nor, truly conceive His ways, so some things are just better left uncovered.
I found this article very appealing. This brought deep thought pertaining to “did God create from nothing”. Scripture tells us that God is eternal (Deut 33:27); that He is the first and the last (Rev 22:13) and that He is, was and always will be (Hebrews 13:8 & Rev 1:8). Therefore, if God created from something, then since He is eternal, He made that something too. I have to admit, I have not formulated an opinion on this subject, yet I find it very perplexing. If we concede and agree that God created from something, then are we saying that there are other things that are more eternal then God? This article states that the early Christians (about 200 AD and earlier) believed that God created from something. This thought derived from Gnostic s who had a bent view of God. However, to say God created from something does pose its own problems as I mentioned above.
This is a very complex discussion in the way we look at God and how he operates. So if I do not know the “MInd of God” how can I assume anything except that God is the source? If God has always existed and will continue to exist. The God breathed inspiration of the Genesis account give a sequence that does have order.
God has already placed earth in a position to recreate in an orderly manner. This gives room for wide speculation.
I guess the dinosaurs and artists early picture of man look somewhat like a “Planet of the Apes” movie. I have always wondered what Adam and Eve really looked like. Always the perfect couple in the minds of artists.
We as humans need to see something we can grasp in order to understand. The vastness of God and his universe is quite overwhelming to get my mind around.
I do not think that it is all that important that God did or did not create this earth from nothing or from something already here.
God spoke the world into existence. Whether he had already a preexisting framework or decided to make it happen right then does not appear to me to be a subject I wonder about.
Are we not going to believe in God the creator because we do not know for sure when he created and how he created this earth?
We know the word “chaos” is a word that means without much organization and could possible mean evil was rampant. Either way God has overruled evil in the world to make some semblance of rhythm and organization.
We enjoy living in the world God created. Time and environmental changes have made life difficult for many who live in places where natural disasters have happened. This is still a fallen world because of Adam’s sin. I see both side of this debate and will continue to listen to more evidence for future discussions.
Tom, the problem I have with this post is that I do not find your arguments entirely convincing. I know that you are the doctor and I am the student, but I don’t find your arguments against Creatio Ex Nihilo to hold a lot of water.
For instance your first premise that since one cannot conceive of “nothing” there was therefore never “nothing” is laden with error. I cannot conceive of heaven, does heaven not exist (Jesus seemed to speak of heaven as a real place)? I cannot conceive eternity, does/will eternity not exist (The Bible seems to speak of eternity)? I cannot truly conceive of a billion dollars, does that mean it doesn’t exist?
The solitary power problem only exists if you do not believe in a Triune God. If God is Triune, as in three-in-one, God cannot, by definition, act alone. God exists in community and therefore always has, does, and always will, act in community.
These are, I think the two biggest problems I have with these arguments.
I’m open to the possibility that Creatio Ex Nihilo is incorrect. But I have not yet heard a sufficient argument for a different argument. Just because it was not brought up until later in Christian history doesn’t mean that it is untrue. Just because the Bible doesn’t explicitly say “Creatio Ex Nihilo” doesn’t mean it isn’t true (The Bible doesn’t say Trinity either).
What a wonderful topic! This topic encouraged an interesting conversation in my home, thank you for that. I want to start with the thought of this “something” that was present during the creation of the Earth. We could go all day long trying to figure out who created the “something” and why, but what interests me the most is the relationship God had with the “something”. It is apparent that God has power over the “something” and created, out of love, for His children an Earth. Let’s examine the thought that the “something” is chaos and among the chaos is not only God but also evil. We know that God did not create evil and He does have power over evil, but if God created something beautiful out of chaos, created man with free will, it would make sense that evil, or chaos could have already been present at the time of creation.
I absolutely loved this topic and can’t wait to research it further.
The controversy between the creation out of nothing and the creation out of something is an issue that has been ongoing. Many Bible scholars point to meaningful scripture that they believe points to a creation that was made out of nothing, and other scholars simply can’t find written evidence in the scriptures to base a claim that the world was ever “nothing” because even the word chaos is something. I can’t wrap my head around the idea of where the chaos came from? Is the chaos self-created? And if not, then wasn’t it created from God out of nothing. I’m sure that there are much smarter people than me who can figure this out quite easily, but it seems to me that it is a mystery.
I do very much agree that creation is a co-creator as far as playing a part in being a sustainer of the world. God uses people to continue His work in the world: through other people, resources, etc. Without people, by the grace of God, continuing to create in this world, it would be potentially empty at some point.
The “ex nihilo” debate brings many questions. Scripture does not require an ex nihilo perspective, but neither does it disprove this view. We can consider how theology has developed over time as we also consider the moral and ethical considerations that come from a God who can create from nothing. We can also consider what physics, both Newtonian and Quantum have to add to the conversation through the Laws of Thermodynamics and the Big Bang Theory. Whichever way you take it, we are left with the many pieces of a complex puzzle and no box lid to guide our progress.
I agree with the difficulties of a God who could create from nothing and what that has to say about the presence of evil and sin in the world. I also wonder how we would even begin to consider matter as co-eternal with God, even if it had no form. I am very interested in exploring these questions, but I wonder how we could ever hope to solve these riddles.
This essay was very thought provoking for me, but also very troubling for me in certain ways as well. Although I appreciate the perspective on creatio ex nihilio, I tend to disagree with what is stated in the article. One of the issues is not being able to conceive nothingness. If God is God, and we are not, then when are we ever supposed to be able to completely understand or conceive what God can? Just because we cannot conceive something does not mean that it cannot exist or God cannot do it. Also, I may be misunderstanding the connection between the 7th and 8th point in the essay, but it would seem that God having the power to create makes him controlling as mentioned in the 8th point, and yet the argument is made that God is not controlling because evil still exists as mentioned in point 7? My understanding is and always has been the idea that God has the power to control, yet chooses to allow free will, and therefore evil exists by choice, not by lack of control.
I respect the article and the perspective although I must disagree and sometimes I wonder if by trying too hard to understand God that we actually confuse ourselves even more. As mentioned above, if God is truly God, then maybe we are not capable, or even meant to fully understand Him or His ways, that is where faith takes over.
I suppose much of this depends on how you define evil. As I understand evil, it is the resulting brokenness of the world from the fall. Sin entered the world God created through an act of disobedience made possible by the blessing of free will, which also enables creation to experience an actual relationship with God. The hard part for me to get past is that your statement seems to grant evil so much power. If God were to restore the evil, or the brokenness, outside the actions of God’s creation God then suppresses, if not takes away, the free will he so willing gave to us for the sake of having relationship. This does not necessarily affirm creation ex nihilo, but it shows that God’s love is deeper than simply not allowing his creation to experience the brokenness of the world that we are a part of. God’s love longs for relationship that is mutual in choice.
I really do not know what to think or how to comment regarding this topic. I honestly am going to have to “digest” not only your argument, but also some of the comments and theories of those who have posted to the site. Genesis 1:1 “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” This would suggest that God always was, and chose to create something good. The Scripture refers to the Spirit of God” hovering over the waters as he continues to create, again (at least in my mind) suggesting God always was, is, and will be, the Alpha and Omega, beginning and end. I am looking forward to your future comments on this fascinating subject.
Thanks for the post. This is really interesting. The way I have always reasoned through the odd impliciture of Ex Nihilo concerning evil (I always put it up as the two necessary assertions that 1. God didn’t have to create (because he was already in a perfect state) 2. He must have known evil would arise 3. He did create 4. He permitted evil. Some people would like to draw the conclusion here that 5. God caused evil (because in this context allowing implies causing due to assumption 1), but that of course would be a contradiction so we would have to say 6. That God doesn’t exist. Being a Theist though, I’m not to fond of formulations that say God doesn’t exist. The error in 5 an 6 is to assume that God would have no reason to permit evil that was not nefarious. I sound classical here I’m sure, but the way I conceive of this is that A. Evil is temporary/contingent B. Goodness is not (Plato or the redeeming work of Christ, take your pick, but I find no problems in accepting B by either justification). Therefore evil cannot undo the value of any good. Add in a theology of an eternity without any evil and its easy to see why God, though he be infinitely good in of himself, would go through all the trouble of creating/maintaining the finite good of creation. And that is preciously the kind of God we read about in Israel’s story. (Deuteronomy 7:6-8ish “The LORD did not set His love on you nor choose you because you were more in number than any of the peoples, for you were the fewest of all peoples, but because the LORD loved you…”). That of course, is post creation, and thus outside the lines of this argument, but it shows I’m not just making philosophy up to maintain a belief.
This is a theological issue that I have never thoughtfully considered, but it apparently was something in the back of my mind as the argument being presented was not at all contratry to my beliefs. While reading this essay, I found myself generally agreeing with the “problems” of Creatio Ex Nihilo, aside from the first point given, just because it is beyond humanities ability to conceive the possibility does not mean it is beyond God’s ability, there are still many things in this world that our human minds have not been able to full reconcile. That being said scripture does point to an ordering of something into the creation we enjoy today. In the Book of Revelation, “the new heaven and new Earth” also seem to be a restoration of something into a new distinct creation. Though I cannot truly “wrap my mind” around the possibility of the “something” that existed and was used in the creation process of God, my mind is open that this is indeed a plausible possibility.
I can find myself in the idea that God didn’t create out of nothing. As the argument provided states the Bible doesn’t mention anything about it. Passages point to something, like chaos. Personally, I prefer the chaos idea. I believe it was Scott Daniels talking about how God created saying that He cleaned up the mess, separated the different elements (like sea and land) and then filled what He had separated. On the last day He blessed it all. And sometimes the chaos just breaks out over us because of sin as the story of Noah illustrates.
My point is this, there was something and it was a mess. But God took it and made it into something beautiful. And we’ve got responsibility to manage that which will go back to its original state of chaos if we don’t learn to take care of it appropriately. I believe God picked up the pieces.
One of the things I see in play with the discussion of creation is that many will use the creation of the world and the creation of the universe interchangeably, when the reality is that these are two separate events. Most scientific theories would argue that the universe proper was created first and later the planets and stars out of the ever expanding universe. If we hold this theory to be true, could it not be possible that the universe was created out of nothing but then later the earth (and other planets) created out of something, thus satisfying both theories and also explaining why the Bible does not explicitly talk about the creation of the world out of nothing?
Given that regardless of how far we trace creation back, there would have to be a beginning point. At the beginning point, God would have had to create something out of nothing to begin the process. The only way around this would be to assume that there has always been something and never a time when there was nothing. However, even this is a circular argument because it begs the question of where did the something come from?
I came to consider God’s role in creation because of the same reason — the problem of evil. Part of me would like to be very agnostic about the whole concept. In the long run, does it even matter whether God used something already in existence or if he created something out of nothing.
Every time i I think that is the way to go, something bad — evil — occurs. God could have done better. Uh oh.. we are back at the way God created the world. Several responses are about taking everything by faith. That feels naive. Worse it seems to minimize the suffering of people. Wave of the hand , have faith.
The Scripture and experience have to balance out. Creatio ex nihilo does not fit experience. So we need to look at how we are reading Scripture.
In reading this blog I will have to admit that I am one of those who have just always gone along with tradition. The arguments that Tom offers does bring one to think of other possibilities, and it is not hard to see that God is still in the creating process. But when the argument of God being culpable for evil if God created from nothing is an area that I do not necessarily agree with, and would love to hear more on how this conclusion is drawn. I do not see evil as a substance as one would see the universe or even earth on its own or anything that has matter. If one ascribes to free will and I do, I see evil, as actions taken against the way God intended, but because God is love God does not keep humanity from expressing its free will even when it means they do evil. I do not see that if God created from nothing or whether God created order out of chaos matters when evil is the subject. This once again does not mean I fully understand and this does push me to take a closer look into our subject of creation, especially as it can or cannot be proven by the Scriptures, which is most important.
I’m no biblical scholar (I don’t even play one on TV), but I took a crack at addressing this subject in “Something and Nothing,” one of the conversations in God Explains It All. My approach is intentionally couched in simple, humorous vernacular and everyday images, to make it more accessible to people who don’t have any particular expertise in theology or biblical studies. Much of it isn’t necessarily drawn from scripture, but I do try to take the big ideas and themes in the Bible seriously. It is an attempt to use speculative fiction to encourage reflection on God and Creation.
Like the CB radio. I get it. But you figured out something, obviously, because we’re here, and I don’t think we’re part of you. So what did you do?
I withdrew. . . . I limited myself. I withdrew my Being in order to create a space where I wasn’t. . . . I created an ontological location where I wasn’t, and when I did, the most amazing thing happened.
Don’t tell me. Let me guess. The universe sprang into existence.
“creatio ex nihilo” as a theological and philosophical position but on the other hand the reality of “creatio ex continua” can be considered as a plausible scientific position.
Whether it be carbon atoms or nebulous gases, it came through God. Was it part of God? Like using God’s DNA to produce something? Probably not. I think it was more a part of the nature of a Tribune God. Through us…through our will…through our nature….through our relationship with each other….we will create something that is dependent on relationship. As we interact, let us create a world that interacts. And maybe the interaction was a few molecules colliding or just a high five between Father and Son that produced a big loud bang, but creation came, not from nothing, but from the essence and nature of God.
Maybe I’m knocking on the door of creatio ex creare en amore. I’ll be interested to see….
Tom, you mentioned Rolf P. Knierim’s quote. It would make sense the categories through which Israel understood its inception- “oppression”/“liberation”- would, then, be the same categories through which they would use to articulate their own understanding of how the world was created- “choas”/“order.” Since Exodus was so instrumental in Israel’s identity, some camp of scholars suggest that this paradigm of “choas”/“order” found in Exodus should be the lens through which we read the Old Testament.
The major implication of this, then, is that if Exodus is the lens through which we are to view the creation account in Genesis, then it does not lend itself to an ex nihilo understaning. In the same way that chaos existed in the form of oppression in the life of Israel, so chaos existed in the beginning of which God would use to create the world.
This makes sense to me. I have not worked out all of the implications of this yet. One question I do have, however, is how are these categories of chaos/order shaped by Christ and the work that was accomplished through Him? If Exodus is the great identity event in the history of the Israelites, then what is that event for Christians? If that event is resurrection, then does chaos/order fit within the lens of resurrection? If so, how?
Creating out of something is a very interesting view but yet I cannot agree with it. Looking at the premises of creating out of chaos a chaos that has always existed kind of makes me feel that both God and Chaos are coeternal. That is both good and evil have always existed together in the same realm. Now the author also says that there is the problem with the existence of God creating out of nothing and the issue of evil being in the word, but we can also have a problem with a God of love would take something of chaos which has evil within it and use it to make that which He says is good. So if evil came out of the very thing in which was used by God to form everything than a knowing God used that which had evil in it to create everything from. Instead I view that God created from nothing. I see that out of that initial creation everything came into existence and then God created human beings with the freedom to choose.
The line “I typically opt for the Bible over tradition” feels so wonderfully irreverent and yet almost passive aggressive. The origin (pun intended) of the theory of creatio ex nihilo coming from outside of orthodoxy was striking to me. What do we do when Scripture does not clearly prove or draw a simple conclusion about a topic? As this post clearly points out, Scripture cannot be used to clearly prove any one idea about creation. How do we act towards God, ourselves, our neighbors, or the rest of creation despite not having a concrete answer as to the origin of all things?
The concept of time draws me in, both in regards to God’s relation to it for the act of creating, and our relationship with it as the creation. We have been invited to create alongside the Creator. As for the alternative ideas (out of God, out of “something,” or even “creatio ex creare en amore”), if God IS love, then God cannot do anything outside of love, and so whatever style of creation we are going to attribute to God has to be out of, or in, love. We are invited to create the same way. If every action creates a reaction, then with every action we can participate in creating/inviting the Kingdom of Heaven to earth, or we participate in a system of death, hurt, and destruction. I believe this is why Jesus speaks so clearly about forgiveness. The past is simply stories we are telling ourselves that shape our current moment. Our interaction with these concepts of origin and development, be it the of the world or our own origin, only matter as they shape the ways we interact with each other now.
I have always appreciated your ability to look deeper into an issue and endeavor to think critically about the implications of any position. You are also gracious, rather than dogmatic, even concerning the things with which you have a problem. I guess that is why you have been, in my mind, one of the best teachers I’ve had at NNU, although I am quite sure we do not agree in some key areas connected to this topic. Personally I have never delved too deeply into the ex nihilo debate, so I read with curiosity the issues you regard as problems. I can’t say though that I found them to be such that necessarily merits challenging traditional Christian thinking. I think there are alternative ways of thinking about, or looking at, most of them that negate the crisis point here. Yet, perhaps I have not thought deeply enough.
In touching the last problem, I take the point of the verses that indicate creation from something have to be considered. Indeed a proper biblical hermeneutic must weigh everything scripture says on the topic. Yet to use the example (as biblical proof) of a tree bearing fruit and reproducing the same type of tree, or cattle giving birth to other cattle, as a point for creation out of something, while indicating ex nihilo is perhaps only suggested or implied, is I believe an injustice to John and Paul. John 1:3 (ASV) says, “All things were made through him; and without him was not anything made that hath been made”. I Cor 8:6 (NIV) “yet for us there is but one God, the Father, from whom all things came…”. Col 1:16 (KJV) “For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible Even the unknown Hebrew writer gets in on it. Heb 11:3 (WEB) “By faith, we understand that the universe has been framed by the word of God, so that what is seen has not been made out of things which are visible.” It is my opinion that just as a proper biblical hermeneutic must account for Gen 2, it must also take into account the verses that do indicate that God created “all things”. I just don’t think these examples are on the same level, and I can’t see that we can put an asterisk beside “all things” and say with the exception of the chaos that came before God. The whole concept of causation, as it relates to philosophy, ends up with God as the natural first cause, since he would not be God if something came before him that could cause him.
That may not explain the chaos, yet the empirical point (3) is also just as applicable the other way. In fact it is typically the burden of the plaintiff to provide proof. You are undoubtedly aware of the theories that attempt to explain the chaos, and the “something” that God apparently works with as we understand the biblical account. This does not mean to indicate that there is a Gap in Gen. 1:1, or that in the fall of Satan, as he was cast out of heaven, God’s initial creation was subjected to chaos. This is all speculation (#3), but the point is that there are alternative explanations. I think that more of your points can be debated, but others in this thread have done so I believe I will stop here. In all of this I desire a carefulness. I do not wish to remain a traditionalist just because I don’t want to think critically (and I do not consider myself to be closeminded), yet neither do I wish to jump on the bandwagon of contemporary discussion just because I don’t want to think critically about the issues.
If we are to truly consider that God did not create everything out of nothing, then where did the chaos that existed come from? Are we suggesting that it always existed? If that is true, then are we suggesting that God’s “always-ness” is minimized?
I can understand giving Genesis 1-2 the interpretation that God took the chaos and formed the heavens and the earth out of it. Do we want to not give Him credit for the chaos that existed before that? Does the problem of evil really become a determining factor for not believing that HE did?
If I am to allow the notion that the “all creating” God would be culpable for evil’s existence, then I have to ask myself the question “is that really a problem?” Had HE not given the opportunity for some level of failure, then there would have not been any opportunity to truly choose Him.
This post is very challenging as it contrary to what I viewed as creation. To say that God created the universe from absolutely nothing can be the most logically answer to creation, as one can then suggest that evolution makes sense as well. However, if this argument is true does it not change our concept of God. Do we not question the sovereignty of God; I some how think we suggest that God does not exist out of time , space and matter. If God does not exist out of time, space and matter; the next logical question is who created God.
The one point that carries much weight is the fact of evil. If God did create everything from nothing, then God should have the power to remove evil unilaterally and without much effort.
Tom, in considering your thoughts on the topic of creating something out of nothing, I will admit I have never considered this fully. Most people, if they are honest with themselves, have sit and wondered “where did God come from,” “how was the earth formed, etc.?” Like many others, I have sit and wondered and thought on questions and issues such as these. I have thought and considered them but have never really dived into it to research it and consider it, etc.
I will agree with your statement that there is no “evidence” of God creating something out of nothing. Actually, it is not stated in Scripture whether creation was from something or nothing. The book of Genesis does say that the “earth was without shape or form” when God began to create the heavens and the earth. (Common English Bible 2012) I believe this shows there was “something” there when God formed the earth. The question is if there was always something there. If so, where did it come from? I am willing to consider your thoughts and be open to digging deeper with you but wonder where any “substance” came from unless God first made it.
You mention the issue of evil and God’s failure or lack of action to prevent it. My understanding of evil is it comes from the free will each of us has and acts upon. If this is the case, would it not change free will to predestination or something similar if God did “intervene” in order to stop whatever evil act or action was occurring? I believe it would be “limiting” God to say the evil could not be stopped, yet I believe free will would be challenged with some interventions. It is difficult to wrap my mind around this fully to be honest. One thing that really makes me struggle with this thought is the depth of the fathers of our faith and church, who believe creation came from nothing. These were some very deep and well educated and grounded individuals. I am sure they did not take this topic very lightly either. This is a very deep topic. I can see how one could continue to wrestle with these questions and issues for some time.
Common English Bible. Nashville: Common English Bible, 2012.
I know this is an older post (original comments are from 2010), but it was recently shared on facebook so, viola, I came here from something.
I resonate with this post, and I resonate as well with Kevin Juliano’s post above. Even as an undergrad religion major, these types of thoughts were occuring to me in around 2004 or so, when I was 24 years old. It was actually an intro to philosophy class at a Naz University that opened me up to my own thoughts and beliefs that were pretty contrary to what many other of my fellow undergrads believed and confessed at the time. With Tom’s work, and my being exposed to it the past few years, I’ve realized that I’ve long been an open and relational theist, but never knew how to name it. So thanks Tom. I may not agree with everything because I’m continually learning and shaping my own theological thoughts, but much of open theology simply “makes sense” to me. It seems natural to me. I agree with the nine points, but I also concur that some valid counterpoints have been made that I really appreciate so my thinking and theology can be further formed.
The thing that I find most interesting among the criticisms of creation out of nothing is that the Biblical witness does not affirm such a doctrine and in fact affirms something totally separate from the notion. While I understand the appeal to Biblical scholarship that disallows the introduction of the Genesis myth to be used for the doctrine of ex nihilo, I find it troubling to presume that the vast majority of Christian theological figures who affirmed the doctrine also somehow missed this fact or glossed it over, especially when we appeal to their work on a host of other topics. I’m interested to see how a full Biblical deconstruction of ex nihilo works out in favor of an argument that supports eternal matter.
While not posted here on the site, I remain troubled by the notion that we can simply dismiss time as a metaphysical notion when discussing God. Removing time from the discussion, as with the topics of power and empire that Tom raises in this post, seems to be more of a semantic game when raised as a critical point of ex nihilo, especially when we consider that the passage of “something” is what fuels the breakdown of materials in the universe. I also am troubled, as I’m sure many are, about the idea that some other “stuff” is eternal, because while the notion that God retains creative relationship with that stuff is acceptable, it raises the question of the kind of “stuff” which composes the person of God and which empowers God to be over it. This seems to be a question that lacks a clear answer when we discuss the eternality of matter, but I am eager to dive into this topic to find answers to some of these questions.
The reason from the nine that stood out to me the most was #8, The Empire problem. Considering that different ways of understanding God’s power would play out in how those who claim to walk in God’s Name would live, unilateral force of ‘ex nihilo’ creation is a worrisome thing. If there is a nothing from which things come, would that mean things worn out head back to that nothing? Contrast that to the idea that God remakes and renews and reinvents with freshness from brokenness or chaos, there are a lot more helpful and hopeful branches of practical application. Obviously the provability of a one time event would be difficult, but the livability of God’s love demonstrates the kind of life transforming power that is witnessed to through Scripture and history.
You have brought up some interesting points regarding creation. When we think of the beginning of the universe, we need to decide if we believe that an actual infinity can exist. Do we think that there is a defined beginning? Also on the other end, do we see a defined end to the universe and its existence? Then comes the issue of time and God’s interaction with it. Granted, I am putting human perspective in this, but was there time before creation assuming there was chaos or something else instead of nothing. How long was it like this? There are so many questions and so many theories with each one creating more questions. When I think of the ethical dilemmas of the power of God, I find myself thinking about the nature of free will. By acting on the existence of evil, does God remove our free will? Regardless of what position we take, I do not think that we will ever find a definite answer unless God gives us one. When we think of creation and whether or not it was created out of something, nothing, or whatever we find that here is a good opportunity to apply and marry science with theology.
First of all I can say that I could easily be lumped in with a group that did not spend a great deal of time thinking about the implications of thinking that God created everything out of nothing, that said I have and do give a great deal of thought into creation. I simply never asked the question, I did assume that the thinking that he started with nothing was sound and not one I needed to question. I will also admit to giving up on pondering such questions when they became to complicated and used the terrible excuse that there are simply things I cannot fully understand because I am not God. Reading through the list of “problems” I was shocked by the second. Gnostics? Am I really holding on to a thought or tradition that began with a group of people who denied the deity of Christ? So with the question now present and with all effort not to give up on this question what can I reason? I am still able to “picture” so to speak, that God started with nothing, then created everything. I can also wrap my brain around a God who is not confined by my understanding of time and eternity. Like most people I do end up in the same place of wondering where God came from, where he was if there was nothing. Is there no start, no end? I have also found myself shaking my head as I find that I have trusted a lesson taught to me without really testing it against scripture. Genesis does not give an inventory of what existed before God created the heavens and the earth, but that does not mean that there was nothing there.
This article poses some great points to understanding creation. While I think the strongest and most difficult part of creation is that of evil and its existence in the world. I would have to question in this topic this. If God formed the world out of preexisting matter, where did that matter come from? To me, God had to create all things out of nothing in order for God to be God. If an infinite, all knowing, all powerful being is who God is, He would have had to create out of nothing. When I look at evil, something that comes to my mind is the absence of good. In the human heart we see the ability to choose. To love God and know that He is the author of our soul and salvation, or to choose to reject Him. Evil is simply the absence of God in the situation, and in a free will environment, in which we must choose to love God or love something else, evil will exist.
After reading this blog post, I am eager to read your suggested replacement theory for creatio ex nihilo. I would affirm that it is not enough for theologians to stand back and critique various understandings and doctrines without contributing an alternative opinion. Critique alone isn’t helpful.
It was fascinating to learn that Gnostics proposed creatio ex nihilo. That alone carries plenty of questions to keep us busy. If the demiurge had the power to be the creator of the material world, which was viewed as evil, what kind of power did the Supreme being have? It’s also curious why many early Christian theologians affirmed this doctrine. Were they eager to affirm it because of the implications it had concerning the type of power their God had? And the implications that could have for their relationship to the empire of the day?
The biblical witness seems to indicate that God created out of something. Would our understanding of that something need to be the same as our understanding of God? God and the “chaos” always were. Should that lift our view of creation? If creation is the work of a creative God, creating out of the chaos, is the chaos somehow divine because it’s always been?
The debate over how the earth was created is one that I figured we wouldn’t know until we met God in heaven and asked Him. But since I now get to play with the various ideas: Aren’t all the ideas theories? Is there really more evidence for one idea over another? The idea that we are all made from dust material of stars (in a different article) was new to me and could be correct. That same idea could come to help explain the creation of people (dust of the earth) which came later in the process. Was the first step of the creation process out of “nothing” and the rest out of “something” because God had already created something with the first step? If there was “something” first, what was it and was the Big Bang really part of the process? When we use the word “evidence” what do we mean? How are we defining “power”? Could it also mean ability or authority? Does power have to be social concept? Oh, so many questions!
How can anyone know what truly happened when there was no one there? Genesis 1: 14-19 is when God created the sun and the moon how is He creating this if there was something already there? Also if there was something already there then doesn’t that eliminate the concept at the beginning of Genesis? God created the Heavens and the Earth…if God took that time to create the Heavens then later on created the stars, moon and sun how can one say that He didn’t create the Universe? I know there are many things in our life that help us understand the Bible and its writings better but I wonder if the Creation story is one that we get to sit on God’s knee and know the truth when we are in Heaven.
I was pondering what possibilities the definition of “nothing” in the ex nihilo view might entertain. If it means the absence of our definition of matter, that is one thing. If it means the absence of all spiritual existence outside of God, that is still another. Another possibility is that it might mean the absence of a human perception of reality (i.e. there is an eternal reality which we cannot fully perceive or understand). A related thought would be to consider that God created what we know as scientific reality as part of the process of creation. Or, to pose it as a question: did God exist outside the constraints of mathematics and physics prior to creation and then provide these lenses of perception through the creative process as a reality in which we could exist and perceive? Perhaps it’s all just semantics, but it’s something to ponder.
‘chaos’ or ‘nothing’? Perspectives can never be blank, fully objective, so claiming an unfathomable beginning helps little in understanding the nature of God or why God would create or choose to redeem creation. Can we be part of a creative process when we have ‘nothing’ to offer God? We know our own chaos and that we perceive around us, but does this knowledge enhance our awareness and appreciation for God’s creation? Does the Spirit of God still hover over the waters, bringing cause to the chaos? Can we be part of the Spirit’s movement, bringing something beautiful from what might be dismissed as nothing?
I am very interested in your replacement theory for creatio ex nihilo. I have never question the ability of God having the ability to Create the universe, or something out of nothing. I have never thought that it is well within God’s ability to create and do everything and for us never to question it, or find ways to question His abilities, skill sets, or motives.
I do agree with the “Evil Problem”. Why would God create Evil, allow truly evil things to happen? If God is the creator of all things, this would mean that He is the author of sin and evil, which puzzle me just as much as thinking that God did not create the universe, or create it from nothing (which could be within His realm, because all things are possible through God).
One thing that I need more time to pray about is the aspect brought up on God and ordering the already excising matter. Terrence Fretheim thinks about “God’s creating in Genesis 1…includes ordering that which already exists…. God works creatively with already existing reality to bring about newness.” This sounds very close to what is believed to be the same creational doctrine held by the Mormon faith and there are significant issues that are prevalent if we start to go down that theology.
All this is to say that I look forward to diving into a deeper perspective on the theories of creation, Gods role in it, and how we can learn from all views. I look forward to seeing a new perspective and gaining clarity that on the creation of the universe.
The questions concerning creation are countless, where I have had questions concerning the creation of the world. The varying views on creation are still on – going, with Christians being in agreement with “Creatio Ex Nihilio.” After reading the article, I have several questions concerning creation; the questions are “If God did not create the world out of nothing, how did the earth and all that is in it come into being”? “Why do most Christians agree with theistic version of creation”? What does “creation out of nothing truly mean”? “If God is the creator of the universe, why doesn’t the Bible support this question”?
The 9 reasons leave me in a great deal of confusion, to the point where the scriptures in general leave a great deal of room for speculation of its being valid, concerning the creation of the world. The article states that Christians over the years have supported “Creatio Ex Nihlio,” where early Christians embraced the idea that God created the world for something.
I am trying to be open-minded about this idea in order to have a good dialogue and to learn. However, I have a very hard time with the idea of something existing alongside God. How did that “something” come into existence? Why is that “something” not God as well if it is also eternal and uncreated?
I found a couple of the nine arguments compelling (the historical and biblical problems), a few I have no understanding about why they even matter to the discussion (like having empirical evidence—perhaps we just do not yet have the evidence), and a couple on which I would like to comment here.
Neither can we conceive of eternity, especially eternity with no beginning. Neither can we truly understand God. My lack of comprehension does not make me believe something is not true. Why should my little human brain be able to comprehend the eternal God? Even Einstein said that it was incomprehensible that our universe is comprehensible. Why should God be comprehensible in God’s fullness?
What about free will? I know the discussion of why evil exists is a huge topic, but God gave humans free will, and we disobeyed. People continue to exercise their free will in evil ways. Should God take away our free will in order to remove evil? God did do something about evil—He came into our world as a human in order to defeat it forever. I guess I do not really see why the problem of evil means God did not create from nothing.
I think the theories about creation will always be up for debate and discussion. I believe this to be the case because no one person ( human) knows everything about the creation of the world. We may have an understanding of such things as an empire or that evil exist but ultimately, we do not know everything and we must ask ourselves, ” Are we believing that God exist out of just our knowledge?” Do we create explanations about such things as creation to fit into a certain academic group or religious group? It is possible to to make a statement that rejects or accepts Creatio Ex Nihilo but we must take into consideration what it says in Isaiah 55, God’s thoughts are above our thoughts. Therefore, we should trust that one day we will know.
I guess, Christianity will always contain topics with different viewpoints and perspectives. I know that I am now looking at this topic from different perspectives and will continue to look at it and do some more thinking.
This has made my head spin a little bit but I’m gonna give it my best go. First off, I find the notion to reject creatio ex nihilo and interesting one. Mainly because I have never been presented with an idea like this. Much like you spoke of Tom, I was fed by the numerous Christians the idea of creatio ex nihilo. I struggle with the notion that something pre-existed alongside God. It would seem to imply that said matter is also divine as you said but then that implies pantheism.
I understand the problem with evil in the creatio ex nihilo. If God could withhold evil, why wouldn’t he? But is it possible that in creating free will in love, evil was just the flip side of the coin? It would be a necessary component in order to have free will. But what does that say about God? Either he is A.) Willing to allow evil to exist in the world or B). He was so focused on creating good that he didn’t think about the flipside. But a God who doesn’t plan that out does not seem consistent with who God is. I think though that these are topics and questions that are too often overlooked or not engaged at all. It is definitely easier to just affirm tradition and move on but I think at least having these conversations is healthy.
Tom – I found this blog quite interesting. As I did not grow up in the church, I have the benefit of not (or even desiring to) make a lot of assumptions. Did God create the universe out of “nothing” or was there something there from which to create? I agree with you that something was there. God was there. The Genesis account simply states “In the beginning, God created the heavens and earth” (Gen. 1:1). We don’t fully know how it all began. Certain scientists would describe the sudden appearance of “hot dense spot” from which came everything that exists. From whence did that spot come from? God created the heavens and the earth by speaking it into existence (Psalm 33:6). Spoken into existence from something or nothing?
This takes us to your second point about the implied power of God, when assuming God created the heaven and earth from nothing. If God is that powerful why doesn’t God stop abject evil? Evil came into the world because God granted humanity free-will. God is love. The only way we really understand the full breadth and meaning of that love, is through seeing world is like without it. God did not design robots. God designed humanity for relationship with God. People don’t like to take responsibility for their actions. We don’t have all of the answers as to why God sometimes intervenes, and other times does not. I do know that God does prevent things from being a lot worse than they are.
I have for a long time been struck by this passage wondering how this could have been the beginning if there was water and why was there water? My thoughts on this passage have also turned to other planets that have been discovered as of late which contain water. Is there life on other planets? Did God create other worlds besides our own? I really do not understand how God creating something from nothing has to do with evil being prevented. I believe that God has the power to prevent evil but does not always do so because His thoughts are greater than our thoughts and His ways are greater than our own. I can’t pretend understand everything about God but I know enough to know that He loves me and you and everyone else on this planet we call earth enough that even when we deny Him through our actions or our words or even our lifestyle, He still loves us. The passage in Genesis that I brought up earlier has caused some confusion for me because wouldn’t there have to be a “true” beginning on earth? If God is all powerful, why does it appear as if God holding all the power bothers you ( Dr. Oord) ?
I know that words like the Trinity and ex nihilo are not in Scripture, but I think that they are part of traditional Christian orthodox belief. Wayne Grudem says this about ex nihilo: “if matter existed apart from God, then what inherent right would God have to rule over it and use it for his glory? And what confidence could we have that every aspect of the universe will ultimately fulfill God’s purposes, if some parts are not created by him?” (Grudem 1994, 264). Dr. Oord, I don’t like the implications of your position. When you said, “If God had the power to create something from absolutely nothing, God would have the power to prevent genuine evil unilaterally. Genuine evil exists that a loving God would want to prevent”. I believe that your position comes from necessity because of your belief in free-will. I would almost say that this is an idolatrous view because you are uncomfortable with the idea that if God loves us how could he allow evil.
Addressing another one of the issues, I think that Scripture affirms ex nihilo in Hebrews 11:3 “By faith we understand that the universe was created by the word of God, so that what is seen was not made out of things that are visible”. I don’t believe that this is a salvific issue, but I don’t like how it changes the character and attributes of God. I don’t think that God created out of preexisting matter, but out of nothing and by His word.
Thank you for this very interesting conversation and one that may never have a finite answer. I find your argument to be a very valid one that Creatio ex nihilo does not have enough scriptural support and perhaps the influence of the Gnostics may have influenced early Christians in their thinking. Humanity itself is given as a ‘creation’ of God and yes it can be said that we were also created from “existing” dust of the earth. Yet after being recreated from dust mankind again became “ruined and chaotic” through sin and needed another renewal in the image of Christ or to be “born again” or be made anew in the image of Christ. Meaning how many creative and recreations processes existed? Also supposedly God through Lucifer and the rebellious angels out from the presence of God and the question is where were they thrown? Were they thrown in the prior earth and did they become the cause of darkness and chaos upon the face of the earth. I think you make a good argument that God does recreate from existing creative material which speaks powerfully to His grace and power to renew and restore what has been ruined by sin. Yet this does not also negate the possibility that God retains the power and authority to create out of nothing or Creatio ex nihil and may have done so prior to the world as we know it.
One of the ideas of creatio ex nihilo that I have enjoyed reading about is the idea that suggests God created out of nothing because nothing else could have existed before God. I think we are still far away from understanding how the universe and creation came into being but I am still interested in the varying ideas from scientists and theologians that dream up and research how God created, initially. One of the advantages for agreeing with Dr. Oord’s assessment on the issues with believing in creatio ex nihilo is that I am not a fundamentalist, so I don’t take issue with the idea that, “An unambiguously clear and inerrant divine revelation does not exist” but I am sure that there are many that don’t agree with statement. I also understand where Dr. Oord is coming from in his theoretical problem that, “absolute nothingness cannot be conceived.” However, many atheists use the same argument to say that an absolutely perfect, loving, omniscient, omnipresent being, called God, cannot be conceived, so I wonder if this isn’t necessarily a problem that needs addressed.
There is much about this post that I struggle with, so I would like to focus on only two of them. The first is not looking at all of what the Scriptures have to say about God and just selecting a few to try and prove a point or belief. To begin it is stated that there will not be much if any biblical backing to what is being said about God creating out of nothing, but there are a few verses that we are lead to believe mean that there was matter present before God. It is a slippery slope when we try to read things into verses to support our beliefs and do not explain other verses throughout the Bible. How are we to make sense of verses like John 1:1-3? “In the beginning was the Word… Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.” This passage does not say in the beginning was the Word and evil; and I believe that if evil existed before God our outside of God’s created things that is worthy of some mentioning somewhere throughout Scripture. It goes on to say that through him ALL things are made that have been made. So if evil exists, then at some point it would have needed to be created or made which would conclude that evil was made through God.
neither are your ways my ways,” declares the Lord. “As the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts.” If we were able to comprehend and explain everything about God, God would cease to be God. We are not able to conceive certain things about God, but I think that in that mystery of the unknown we can appreciate the magnitude of God.
This was an interesting read for me as I tried to be open minded about about your blog but still struggled. In the last paragraph you mentioned, “A constructive Christian theologian like me should suggest a replacement. I will propose an alternative theory of creation in a subsequent essay. I call it creatio ex creare en amore — God creating out of creation in love.” At first I thought I could accept this but then ventured with the thought of “What is love?” Is it a verb? A state of being? A feeling? Physically it would still be nothing . It is the actions that we see or the outcome of this thing called love. I thought of comparing it to the wind but even the wind can be felt physically, sort of like a hug from another person because they are in love, but this is still an action so it would not work. Apparently I am still struggling with this theory, but trust that maybe God will bless me with the answer. | 2019-04-22T05:04:35Z | http://thomasjayoord.com/index.php/blog/archives/creatio_ex_nihilo_the_problem |
The « House of Herbs » trusts nature and its infallible power to take good care of their herbs.
On the intersection between the Dinaric Karst and the Prealps, in excellent conditions for the growth of various plant species (rare protected plants, herbs etc.), The « House of Herbs » trademark was born from the love of nature and its richness. Their way of production follows ecological principles. The plants are hand-picked, air-dried, and used in various products following the recipes of our ancestors. It is the carefully prepared herbs that give an added value to their products ranging from tisanes, liqueurs, herbal vinegars and ointments to natural soaps, all aiming to promote using herbs on a daily basis – not only as an alternative way of medical treatment.
Herbs are grown on two plantations: on an abandoned farm in Log, with a tradition that dates from the 19th century, and on the farm Pr’Marku (1050 m above sea level) that has only recently started eco-farming.
In the « House of Herbs », people trust the power of nature and let it take care of the herbs on its own. The human hand interrupts the natural cycle only three times: when sowing, harvesting, and using traditional procedures to extract healing essences, turning them into final products.
They are partners of the Idrija Geopark, following guidelines to protect, promote and market their unique geological heritage.
By organically growing, hand-picking and air-drying the herbs, as well as not using synthetic materials (fertilisers, pesticides etc.) or aggressive technologies, the « House of Herbs » sustains the integrity of nature. They maintain a comprehensive approach that tries to understand nature, accept it unconditionally, and respect its entire cycle – nature can take care of itself and preserve its balance.
Consume healthy, organically produced olive oil and take care of your health and the sustainability of our planet.
Not far from Koper, on the slopes of hill Sermin, the Jenko family has an olive grove with 680 trees. Their production is based on sustainable agriculture; the farm as well as its extra virgin olive oil are certified as organic. They produce varietal olive oils from Istrska belica (Olea europaea L.), Frantoio, Leccino, Maurino and some blended oils. Olive oil Jenko boasts the EU label PDO »Extra virgin olive oil from Slovenian Istria with a protected designation of origin«.
Their goal is to produce top quality olive oil. Olives from their grove are harvested manually at the time of their ideal maturation and processed the same day in one of the top modern olive mills. The olive oil is cold pressed. This technique preserves the fresh scent and taste of the olive oil and its beneficial ingredients.
Their products are sold in smaller organic shops all over the country, in supermarkets and restaurants in Slovenia and abroad.
Preserving biodiversity, the conservation of nature and local organic food production. Providing quality and healthy products to customers, promoting the importance of consuming local food of good quality among consumers and the importance of organic farming for sustainable development.
We produce, preserve, and exchange seeds. The future is in our hands!
The Seed Guardian Association was founded in 2011 and operates on the principle of social entrepreneurship, where revenues are reinvested in the development of the association. The main aim of the Seed Guardian Association is the preservation of old cultural plant species. It is known that in the world, and also in Slovenia, 75% of the crop varieties have been lost through years. This is the best way to preserve Slovenian natural and cultural heritage. The main element of the association is the seed library, which consists of an archive and a laboratory, where they keep and disinfect seeds under specific conditions. One has to register at the library before being able to borrow any seed for a year and then receives the title ‘’Seed guardian’’. At the end of the year, every member has to return exactly the same quantity of seeds or more. This is the best way to help ensure the existence and expansion of old Slovenian varieties of vegetables, grains, fruit plants etc.
The basis for their high-quality work is organised education for the members of the association and other organised groups. This takes place in the form of a wide variety of workshops, lectures and excursions. Each year, Seed Guardians organise a bazaar of seeds and seedlings where farmers and gardeners buy or exchange seeds.
Preserving the diversity of crop varieties is important for human existence, food security and sustainable development.
Besides farming, Aunt Lena´s Farm also includes supplementary farming activities such as the production and sale of homemade products. Despite the time and care needed for self-sufficient and environmentally friendly farming, Lena and her family still produce around 85 % of food by themselves. A variety of jams, vinegars, liqueurs, spirits, ointments and soaps can be found in their sale offer. Guests can participate in different activities that show the work and folk customs from the past or enjoy idyllic, peaceful, intact nature with different habitats hosting wild and domestic animals. Last but not least, the way of living and self-sufficient farming are presented practically, which is the best method to help guests visualise and understand the importance of environmentally friendly and resource-efficient farming in the future.
At Aunt Lena´s Farm sustainable and self-sufficient living is practically demonstrated. This can be perfectly used to enable visitors a better visualisation and understanding of the importance of environmentally friendly and resource-efficient farming in the future.
A comprehensive approach to education about sustainable diet, organic farming and sustainable development with the « School Eco-Garden » programme.
The « School Eco-Garden » programme encourages kindergartens, primary and secondary schools to establish and cultivate their own school garden and use it as an interactive teaching tool. The programme offers expert support and encourages exchanging experience between institutions in the programme. It also offers support for the planning of the garden, its treatment and usability as a teaching tool. Extra qualification for members is available at seminars and workshops.
The programme also encourages the use of food from the garden in school and kindergarten cafeterias. For that purpose, they developed guidelines for ensuring the safety of the produce. The School Eco-Garden promotes a sustainable approach to cultivating food, ecological gardening, composting, sustainable use of water and energy. It also encourages biodiversity in the garden and its surrounding area. Children cooperate in the programme, learn and develop social skills.
The programme also maintains its own system of awarding the « School Eco-Garden » certificate to members that fulfil the criteria for it. It also promotes the school garden idea with public appearances and events.
According to the available information, the programme is unique in Europe for its national importance and a wide network of members.
The « School Eco-Garden » programme helps schools educate about the importance of the ecological cultivation of local food, educates children about sustainable farming through contact with soil and nature, and about environmental protection and sustainable development in general. Consequently, it raises awareness of the sustainable systems of farming and diet, the significance of local supply with organic food and its importance for sustainable development.
Derive from local and natural.
The Idyll Park project started when a concession for providing catering services was granted to a company near lake Bloke (Bloško jezero) that showed great potential. In the following year, the company operated with profit and the construction of a wooden playground inspired them to think bigger. The plan was to establish a large leisure area and it was eventually put in motion. The company bought a large plot near the lake and put up glamping houses, i.e. wooden tents. All of the plants are indigenous to the area and the infrastructure is built from locally acquired wood, as it is resistant to the effects of weather in the area. Unique wooden statues of bears, deer and other wildlife animals are scattered across the park. The company encourages environmentally friendly modes of transportation and even offers a discount to guests that arrive by bicycle. They have the same ecologically friendly attitude towards waste management and strive to use as much degradable material as possible. Water is supplied from local sources, but will see further investments, as the plan is to build a hot water well. The local farms also cooperate with them and offer a wide variety of organic products.
In Park Idila – Idyll Park the principles of sustainable tourism are strictly followed. They actively involve the local community. The crucial role is played by the surrounding woods.
Great riches and material goods are not needed for a happy and comfortable life, as all this can be found in nature.
On a 12 m2 area stands a wooden mobile home named »Hiško ». In it lives a young couple who, with its minimalistic lifestyle, poses an important question – what do we really need for a happy and comfortable life? The basis of their concept is the merging of the past and present with the coexistence with nature, and the reduction of costs and needs. Their goal was not self-sufficiency; rather they were lead by a desire to live on their own, to have a place for themselves and to enjoy the gifts of nature. In their home, every nook and cranny is made the most of it. With gardening as their most important activity they grow most of their food themselves. They use a special kind of swinging hoe to make their work easier. As a part of the project »Your gardener” they offer to set up sustainable gardens with garden beds, trees and lawns in addition to their regular care in accordance with ecological and family principles. One of their biggest problems used to be living without running water, as it demanded a great amount of resourcefulness and innovation. Among the most important of these innovations belong their compost toilet »kantà » and their solar food dryer »Samo ». They replaced the bathtub with a big wooden acacia tub. The water and electricity are obtained from the old barn. The couple uses electricity for lighting, the electrical cooker and the computer. Therefore, they were able to reduce their costs of living to 3 EUR per month during the summer months. They promote their ideas, know-how and way of life with various workshops, lectures, with work in the garden and on their website.
With its way of life, a young couple shows us how to co-exist with nature and influence the way it changes as little as possible. They succeed in doing this with a significantly smaller consumption of electricity and water, an increased food self-sufficiency, and an ecological production.
The community “ZA razvoj Tržiča” wishes to demonstrate a new way of thinking to the town. It wishes to act differently with its simple yet very thoughtful and spiritually rich contribution. Society-beneficial projects are introduced to connect people and give them the feeling of importance and acceptance. Even a simple small contribution towards the greater good can be a start of a new and promising story.
The community “ZA razvoj Tržiča” works in terms of local improvement of the quality of people’s and nature’s life. Its motto is “Think globally, act locally”.
The Community is new and has existed for only one year. Nevertheless, during the short time of its activity there has been a number of successfully conducted projects. Its basic ideas are inspired from abroad and introduced into the local environment with the help of many of the Community members. Therefore, the Community doesn’t act just on a local, but also on a regional scale.
The community “ZA razvoj Tržiča” wishes to introduce a different viewpoint of the world and act beneficially to society through projects in various fields.
For the forest and for the people.
The Pahernik Foundation strives for sustainable management of forests and encourages young people to study forestry. It also supports research activities, which contribute to the enforcement and development of forestry. The activities of the foundation are an exemplary sustainable management of Pahernik’s forest property, which is also a learning facility, dedicated to a memory of the forest expert eng. Franjo Pahernik and his family, providing scholarships for forestry students, encouraging research activity and a commitment to the general progress of forestry science. The Pahernik Foundation manages 552 hectares of forest, growing on the northern slope of Pohorje between the village Vuhred and the peak Velika Kopa. The property covers a rich habitat of a mixed forest of fir (Abies alba), spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). Pahernik’s forests are noted for natural renewal, a mosaic of various species on a small surface, an above average annual stock (420 m3/ha), high quality of assortments, and an excellent accessibility by forest roads. The management is economically successful, the forest care is consistent, and the managers have an ear for the protection of nature. The Pahernik Foundation is opened for visitors interested in the management of the property. Students of forestry and numerous other technical excursions from Slovenia and abroad have been visiting the forests for over 50 years. They are also included among Exemplary ProSilva Forests of the ProSilva Europe Association. The administration of the Pahernik Foundation takes care of sustainable forest management, participates in the educational activity of the property, and uses raised funds for annual tenders and scholarships.
The activities of the Pahernik Foundation are mainly intended to develop sustainable forest management and forestry science. An important part of their mission is also bound to the economic success. For this reason, the foundation adjusts development processes so that they continually achieve the set forest management objectives.
Sustainable mobility as part of basic education.
The Traffic Snake Game is a European campaign, developed for primary school children and their parents to encourage sustainable transportation to and from school (e.g. walking, cycling, public transport, and carpooling). Besides playing the game, every participating school is encouraged to organise other educational activities about traffic, mobility, environmental and health issues.
In every participating primary school the Traffic Snake Game lasts for two weeks during the school year. At the beginning, each school has to set its own goals based on a pre-measurement. During these two weeks, children put stickers on a poster every time they arrive at school using sustainable transport. The main goal is to fill the Traffic Snake poster with stickers and reach its head in the given period of time. Children receive a reward when they reach a key point on the poster and at the end the main reward waits for them when they reach the snake’s head.
Three weeks after the game ends, the data from the measurements taken before, during and after the campaign is collected and analysed.
For example, 65 % of the children from Domžale Primary School had been using sustainable mobility before the campaign, and during the game the percentage grew up to 92 %. After the game, 85 % kept the habit.
The main goal of the Traffic Snake Game is to encourage children, parents, and teachers to use sustainable transport. The game highlights this habit as fun, safe and healthy. Evidence shows that the campaign successfully increases sustainable transport methods and reduces CO₂ emissions.
The Urban Beekeeper Society has been operating since 2014 and brings together beekeepers in the area of Slovenian capital, Ljubljana. The society was formed with the purpose of spreading recognisability, enforcement of beekeeping in urban areas, and to raise public awareness of the importance of urban beekeeping. At the moment, there are five members who hold ten to twenty hives with Carniolan honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica), which is an autochthonous Slovenian subspecies of the western honey bee. The hives are placed throughout the city; in front of homes of individual members, as well as public institutions that cooperate with the society. Although produced in the urban environment, the honey is flawless and of high quality. This is so because the dust particles are a problem mainly in winter, when bees hibernate and they don’t come into contact with flowers. Additionally, urban beekeeping has the advantage of the absence of pesticides, which are otherwise the biggest threat to bees. For greater recognisability and promotion they are working together with the Municipality of Ljubljana and the students of the University of Ljubljana, attend trade fairs, and are included in the project Urban Bee Trail. They also operate under a joint brand of beekeepers in Ljubljana “Ljubljanski med” and spread hives into parks and other green spaces in the city.
Among other things, they endeavour to improve the age structure of the beekeepers in the society, promote the good practice, inform the public about their activities, and improve the conditions for urban beekeepers as well as the degree of self-sufficiency of cities with honey.
Beekeeping itself is a sustainable activity; members of the society follow the organic beekeeping principles. Beekeeping thus contributes to the conservation of biodiversity. With their activity, urban beekeepers are important to the city, as their bees pollinate individual trees, parks, and green areas.
It’s crucial to find a balance between economy and ecology.
The eco-social farm Korenika is a social enterprise, providing employment and social inclusion to the disabled and people from vulnerable social groups who work under mentorship. There are more than 50 people involved in its various activities, of which 30 are employed full-time and 5 of them are working through public works. Others are included in other social programs and work rehabilitation. Their main activity is ecological farming and processing of high-quality food products. Beside that their activities include tourism, education, and health. They have around 20 hectares of land; 16 hectares are used for crops, 2 hectares for orchards, 2 hectares as pastures. Some of the land is also used as a herb garden, a greenhouse and a housing space for animals, which are used mainly for psychosocial support for people. The products are produced and processed locally in the natural cycle of production and have earned ecological certificates. The sales are conducted on the farm itself with the help of an online shop and a network of organic shops. An increasing portion of products is sold to public institutions, such as retirement homes, kindergartens, and schools. The farm also organises excursions, guided tours, trips, and camps for the latter. They work under the motto »act locally, think globally« and that is why they are in close cooperation with other local food producers.
The eco-social farm is not only a profitable enterprise but also one that has managed to incorporate all three principles of sustainability into its practice. They are developing a local economy to meet material needs with the help of local resources. The people from the surrounding area are important from the social point of view. Their farm has successfully integrated these three principles into operation, while also considering environmental ethics.
World cuisine Slovenian way – everyday somewhere else.
Skuhna – the world cuisine in Slovenian way, is a social enterprise project, developed by the Global Institute Slovenia and the Voluntariat Institute together with the migrants living in Slovenia. The distinctive characteristic of social entrepreneurship is the way the businesses are managed and the mentality of profit managing. The main aim of social entrepreneurship is managing environmental, social, and economic goals. The profit is not distributed among owners, managers, and other workers, but is invested back into the product with the goal of improving working conditions and the education of workers. Thus social enterprises are a part of the local environment from which they gather resources and where they return their corporate results. Skuhna helps the migrants get work experience and learn Slovene. They bring a part of their culture to the restaurant by contributing their authentic food to the menu. Along with the restaurant, they also run additional cultural activities such as talk nights from the migrants’ perspective and Friday evenings with stories about the cultural background of their food. Multiculturalism is also pointed out by hosting film nights with films of African, Asian and South American film industries. All these additional activities are run by the migrants themselves – they are an active part and the co-creators of Skuhna’s programme and not just regular employees.
Skuhna is a social enterprise which employs immigrants. It speeds up their assimilation, helps them learn the language, and enter the labour market.
Our four cornerstones are: knowing the origin, ensuring freshness, transparency, and environmental responsibility.
Buna Cooperative works as a part of a fair trade and is based on the concept of knowing the origin of the products, ensuring freshness, transparency, and one’s environmental responsibility. Their main product is coffee, but the operation eventually expanded to include cocoa, shea butter, and joint ordering of clothes. Its raw materials are obtained from Mexico, Panama, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Peru, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Uganda, and India. Future plans involve establishing cooperation with Colombia.
The cooperative’s concept, in addition to its sales, includes expansion by raising public awareness through lectures and various projects. Their most prominent lectures are those about coffee, cocoa, and cotton, given both in schools and in various clubs and organisations. Awareness of proper waste management is being expanded with the workshop ‘Keep on playing’, in which toys are made out of waste materials. The Project ‘Take another bite’ dealt with discarded food. As part of the lectures on cotton, a documentary film ‘The true cost’ was introduced, and a travelling photo exhibition named ‘Fair photo’ was prepared. The functioning of Buna is associated with numerous international organizations, both for their own further education and the education of others.
Future projects include the inclusion of tropical fruits, the search for new sources of coffee, the relocation to larger premises, and cooperating in setting up a package-free store with local supply.
Every product is monitored from the beginning to the end, as in from the cottonseed on a field through the organic production to the article of clothing as a piece of waste. Their approach to the process is problem-oriented and focuses on the origin of the raw materials, their environment and their producer. The customer is involved in the process by being given information about the origin and price structure as well as some education on the topic.
Once cleaned, space is gained and a good deed is done.
The idea of the Depo project was formed in 2013 and it was brought to life a year later. The purpose of Depo is to carry out the work needed by the local community. At the moment, the Depo team is working in the field of raising awareness and it is preparing numerous lectures for children and adults. In 2015 it also opened a shop for the sale of used objects.
People bring the objects to the assembly centre or directly to the shop, where they are checked, fixed, cleaned, and exhibited for sale. Unusable objects, mainly clothes, are used to make new, unique products. A part of Depo’s offer is also published on its webpage.
Apart from spreading awareness, it is also dedicated to employing creative unemployed people or hardly employable workers and ensuring green jobs. At the moment, it has two employees, who prepare and sell the objects. However, it also counts on three other people who are employed through public works and help with the preparation and the fixing of objects.
In the future, Depo is probably going to spread its business to other areas and countries. However, since this is a low profit organisation, everything depends on its success in gaining grants. The expansion of the offer on the local level is also planned, because Depo wishes to develop tourist programmes, help the elderly, and cooperate with senior citizens who have specific knowledge.
Depo spreads awareness in the fields of ecology and sustainable development and carries the message that an object that may not be of use to one person, can prove to be very useful to another. That is how it keeps its value and it ensures green jobs at the same time.
A well connected local community has many hidden potentials.
The main purpose of LETS Zasavje is to establish a balanced open community for the mutual exchange of goods and services, and for the neighbours to help one another. The main aim is to establish and strengthen social ties, thus one can always turn to someone for help free of charge. At the same time, this is also good for different age groups to come into contact, socialise and gain new experiences, consequently to preserve and develop the potential of and within the local community. By doing this, we will grasp the importance of local communities and will become aware of our own power, which will open up a different perspective towards consumerism. The trading circle is operated with the help of an exchange coupon named “Kuolm”. An individual brings goods or offers services and together with the leaders of the good practice they fairly estimate the “value” of their goods. The user then gets coupons and can later trade with other users. One “Kuolm” is equal to 1 €, and one hour of work or any kind of service is worth 5 “Kuolms”. This trading circle began in Zagorje, three and a half years ago. It even spread into two other cities in Zasavje, and in 2015, it started in Kamnik and Velenje, too. The event is carried out in special marketplaces every first Saturday of the month. The demand and supply vary seasonally, but homemade products and produce are very popular.
You do not need money to take part in local exchange trading system, you just need goods or skills. Community ties become stronger, which is important as people start to cooperate in other spheres as well. Trading locally also has a positive effect on the environment.
Developing region trough collaboration of local community.
Students attending class Endogenous Rural Development in the academic year 2016/17 have conducted fieldwork in the Municipality of Miren-Kostanjevica. Through the locality observation, research based on the geographical characteristics of area, qualitative and quantitative research among residents of municipality, we have come up with two interesting and innovative business ideas that would contribute to regional development of the area.
In one group, we perceived a lack of integration and co-operation among the habitants of the aforementioned area, even though they deal with a variety of interesting activities and could perfectly collaborate. Another major problem are also underutilized places in the area. As a solution responding to those issues we designed a model of community-based enterprise(CBE), which would be formed as a co-created cooperative and would sell their products under the common umbrella brand. With the exploitation of primary resources and local knowledge CBE makes active greater part of the local population, they prevent migration and poverty, and also local population gets opportunity of employment within the enterprise. The establishment of CBE addresses multiple objectives: economic, cultural, social and environmental. This type of business has a positive effect not only on the employees within the enterprise itself, but also in the wider local community. In the first step we intend to invite (potential) entrepreneurs, educational institutions (schools, kindergartens), centre for elderly people, local active associations, Sadjarski center Bilje, individuals who can contribute to the enterprise and municipality itself.
Another group of students created an idea for local brand named “RIMiren”. Purpose of brand is to strengthen the collaboration between producers, farmer and restaurants owners. Local brand is based on historical presence of the Romans in this part of Slovenia and their cuisine. In the context of local brand two major events would be organized where participants show and present typical Romans dishes, made from seasonal local produce ingredients. The key for implementation of the idea is (again!) in coordination. Main tasks of coordinator would be to establish collaboration between participants, inform them and take care of brand promotion. Local brand would have positive effect on community, local food provision and tourism development in the Municipality Miren-Kostanjevica.
We are still in phase of ideas on paper. Representatives of local community (Hiša dobre volje, Sadjarski center Bilje, geography professor Tomaž Krivec, TIC, producers, farmers, restaurants owners) who participated in research welcomed and with incentives accepted our ideas and suggestions. In September we will represent our final ideas and findings at public presentation to representatives of municipality and other residents of Municipality Miren – Kostanjevica. And after representation we hope that one day we will see it implemented in local community for real.
The organic farm Kastelic is a good example of practising sustainable farming, located in Mirna Peč near Novo mesto. They are controlled and certified by the Institute for control and certification (University of Maribor). The family farm extends to 20 hectares of farmland. With the help of the European Union rural development funds, they started to produce food organically in 2002. They use biodynamic preparations and are a member of biodynamic association Ajda (Društvo za biološko-dinamično gospodarjenje Ajda). They produce Topaz, Opal and Sansa apples. Topaz apples are used for the production of apple cider vinegar, juice, crisps or dried fruit. They also sell vegetables, such as beetroot, potatoes, lettuce and onions, as well as tea, meat and cereal. Since 2014 they have been shelling spelt and selling cow’s milk. Animals on a farm are especially important as they provide organic fertilisers. The farm’s products received Silver and Gold « Specialities of Slovenian farms » Award. This prize is awarded in the context of a large project, implemented under the Chamber of Agriculture and Forestry of Slovenia and the City Municipality of Ptuj. In the sense of an entirely sustainable management of the organic farm, they started to dry hay and cereals in the sun. After the renovation, they also started to heat the outbuilding with firewood. The organic farm Kastelic is placed among the important suppliers of food for primary and secondary schools.
Organic farming is an excellent answer to the ecological problems of the modern world. The reasons for organic farming are mostly safe and healthy food, environmental protection and biodiversity preservation. Organic farming focuses on working with nature and not against it, which enables sustainable development. | 2019-04-23T05:00:15Z | http://www.global-understanding.info/fr/everyday-practices-and-best-practice-examples/ |
From 2013 to 2017, Malta’s GDP grew by an average of 6.8 per cent per year, an impressive sum considering the slow growth taking place in the EU across these years and the ensuing global economic and political challenges. Labour, aided by low oil prices, has managed to create an open, flexible and thriving business climate. Numbers don’t lie, and indeed it is true that—at face value—the economy is doing well. However, behind the numbers showing rapid economic growth, there are also other numbers that show deeply-embedded structural problems which could easily lead to social crisis.
Prime Minister Joseph Muscat has successfully implemented a Third Way: centrist and post-Fordist economic model by theoretically bringing an economic compromise between the interests of one economic class and the others. The main principles of this economic model are industrial peace, a welfare system that provides the essential layers of protection to the vulnerable sections of society, and a free market that is freely accessible to all businesses and individuals.
Muscat has implemented his vision in practice in a multi-pronged manner with the underlying principle of prioritising an increase in expenditure through the market.
Income tax has been progressively reduced, except for the top income bracket, inducing in turn higher expenditure levels in the economy. Red-tape and bureaucracy for businesses have been reduced to a great extent, while regulations for construction industry have been reduced drastically, thus allowing a construction boom that seems to have no end in sight.
Economic growth was registered mostly in the services sector, but the construction industry and the real-estate industry also grew substantially.
More foreign companies and workers have relocated to Malta and have significantly contributed to the increase of government’s taxation revenue by 32 per cent in 2016 compared to its 2013 level. Economic growth was registered mostly in the services sector, but the construction industry—which now compromises 4 per cent of GDP—and the real-estate industry—comprising of 5 per cent of GDP—also grew substantially. In 2017 alone 8,513 apartments were built as opposed to the 2062 apartments built in 2013. The gaming industry, which currently comprises 12 per cent of GDP at around €1.2 billion in nominal terms, registered sustained growth along the years along with the tourism at 6.1 per cent of GDP and retail and catering at 21 per cent of GDP.
Agriculture and industrial production in electronic components and pharmaceuticals have kept their long-term decline.
Expenditure in the welfare state has increased considerably with recurrent expenditure on health and education in 2019 to amount at an average of 59 per cent higher than 2013 levels. The education system has been revamped and the health sector has been improved, drastically cutting waiting lists across all its services. Free childcare was also introduced and energy prices have been lowered compared to pre-2013 levels. Government has also exponentially increased its spending on culture and the arts. Unemployment rate in 2018 stood at 3.8 per cent.
Structural changes in the energy sector also heavily affected the economy and these should be taken into account. Enemalta, which was entering bankruptcy territory in 2013, had been bailed out with a Chinese investment in exchange for a minority stake in the company, while a new gas-powered plant was built to diversify energy supply, and contribute to long-term security and lower prices.
However, the gas deal was overshadowed by a corruption scandal in which ex-Minister for Energy Konrad Mizzi and Prime Minister’s Chief of Staff Keith Schembri were alleged to take kickbacks via 17Black, a company owned by Tumas Group CEO and Electrogas Director Yorgen Fenech (Electrogas is the consortium which owns and supplies the gas-fired plant in Delimara). The allegations have been recently backed up by emails from Nexia BT—the accountants of Mizzi and Schembri who opened shell-companies in Panama for their clients—that state that Mizzi and Schembri were to receive a million euros each via 17Black.
LNG tanker in Delimara. Picture by Malta Today.
The corruption scandal has averted public attention from a significant structural adjustment to the economy that helped to boost growth: government has no longer restricted large capital projects to particular Maltese oligarchs. Labour has opened up government procurement and no longer was bound to systematic preferential treatment of a number of Maltese oligarchs, which was the order of the day during the previous administration.
Preferential treatment has also been wavered when it comes to permits and government deals. This is also the reason why Muscat keeps receiving strong support from a middle-class base, which traditionally had been PN, and why he is perceived to have opened the economy to all. This doesn’t mean that Labour is not using its power of incumbency to provide preferential treatment to some of its supporters. Nepotism and preferential treatment do not appear to have been eradicated. What Muscat has changed was the rigid system geared in favour of particular oligarchs through government bureaucracy and State structures.
Muscat has perfectly projected himself as a leader who allows open and accessible business to all: to oligarchs and small-businesses alike.
While trying to appease most of the big businesses by allowing them to expand their projects and giving them even more land deals, Muscat is, at the same time, letting smaller competitors to access government deals and procurement. Muscat has perfectly projected himself as a leader who allows open and accessible business to all: to oligarchs and small-businesses alike.
The structural government system of preferential treatment under PN had produced local oligarchs at the expense of public property and assets, and it was part of a broader raison d’être in how the economy was run: by basically sustaining a debt-ridden government by selling off state assets.
Muscat also ended the State fire-sale policy, but the 30-year concession to St. Luke’s, Karen Grech, and Gozo Hospital to a private company by then Minister of Health, Konrad Mizzi, had opened the government to accusations it intended to privatise the health sector.
Mizzi’s successor as health minister, Chris Fearne, has so far refused to entertain the idea of further private concessions in the health sector and instead focused on ramping up the budget for public health. It must yet be seen what Fearne’s long-term plans for the health-sector are, but his recent meetings with local magnate Żaren Vassallo may also indicate that Fearne could be planning further public-private partnerships in the health sector.
On the other hand, Konrad Mizzi, who is now Minister of Tourism, has refused to sell the national airline and is making efforts to salvage it after years of malpractice under PN governments. Government has also purchased 49 per cent of Lombard Bank and increased its share-holding in Bank of Valletta with capital raised from passport sales, practically going against the fire-sale trend of public-assets unless one would consider Konrad Mizzi’s foray into the health sector.
When Labour entered office in 2013, it inherited a heavily indebted State-energy company and a heavily indebted government with a stagnant economy. The layers of security to Malta’s debt are multifaceted, but the main layer of defence is the fact that public debt is held through bonds, most of which are locally owned.
A strong home ownership rate along with a cheap housing market had also enabled people to survive the recession of 2009, while local banks were not exposed to risk and had ample assets at their disposal. Labour has managed to begin reducing the deficit, while the debt to GDP ratio has decreased significantly from 68.7 in 2013 to 50.8 in 2017. This decrease is owed to the strong increase in government’s recurrent revenue, but, at the moment, government also has the comfort of sponsoring large chunks of capital projects—especially infrastructural projects with money made from passport sales.
Government debt in 2013 was calculated at €5 billion and in September 2017 debt was calculated at €5.8 billion. While government revenue and expenditure in 2013 was €3 billion and €3.2 billion respectively, in 2017 they were €4.3 billion and €4.1 billion, thus producing enough surplus to start repaying debt (different datasets may give different figures, but are all consistent with a significant surplus).
The figures above tell a story of a strong and growing economy, although some might still be concerned about debt levels. Austerity policies would not solve the public debt problem, and they would in turn create a social crisis. Thus, government needs to ensure that the economy keeps growing so as to sustain its increasing revenue levels, yet this could only be possible if the economy sustains consistent growth levels.
The economic growth needs to be sustained by productive rather than speculative forces (that are more prone to risk).
In textbook economics, a sustained economic growth without slumps is the exception rather than the rule, and thus government should seek to minimise its risks by diversification while simultaneously emphasising and prioritising economic growth, which is sustained by productive rather than speculative forces (that are more prone to risk). Currently, the government is ignoring the social and economic risks that emerge with growth through speculative forces. One should also not ignore the plausible economic problems brought by corruption practices—factual or perceived —and government-led private-public deals which give low public returns. Thus, auditing and transparent practices are also essential guardians of prosperity.
Government has been wise enough to build a symbiotic relationship with the gaming industry, through a legal regime that enables it to operate efficiently and competitively. Government has favoured the construction and real-estate industries, which have had their profits increase exponentially at a large social and environmental cost, and minimal economic return compared to other industries. And as the construction industry is going in overdrive, one would naturally assume the property prices would be also increasing. Here we find the seeds of an incoming social crisis.
Permanently under construction: St. George’s Bay, St. Julians. Picture by Raisa Galea.
Wages in Malta have increased by an average of 20 per cent in five years. From an average wage of €1,600 in 2013, the average wage today has risen to €1,800. The minimum wage has risen from €648 in 2013 to €747 in 2018, but the value of property, compared to its 2013 level, has increased by 100 per cent in most areas, with some areas even increasing at higher levels. According to NSO statistics, by 2016 in order to purchase a property in the cheapest areas, one had to be on an income of at least €20,000—even higher than the national average.
Government has so far refused to consider the option of price controls in the rental market, but it has begun preparations for the construction of social housing units and aims to introduce a basic regulatory framework in the rental market.
Social housing units may not even be sufficient to cater for all low-income earners.
Ideally, social housing should go to those who needs it most, prioritising pensioners, retirees, people with disabilities, victims of domestic abuse and single parents in the low-income brackets. Still, social housing units may not even be sufficient to cater for all low-income earners. Even the average wage by itself is not enough to purchase a property, hence condemning single people with an average wage to remain in the rental market.
Although property prices may not increase as much as they did between 2014 and 2017, the ever-increasing demand for property in Malta and the lack of land ensures that property prices may very well keep increasing. Moreover, if the economy intends to keep growing in the services and tourism industries, a sustained increase in foreign workers and property buyers attracted through the said industries will only contribute to higher demand in property. At the same time, government has to ensure that the value of property doesn’t compromise the competitiveness of foreign businesses in Malta. The price of property was, for example, one of the factors which had incentivised many companies and hedge funds to move from London to Malta.
The main factor that has so far averted a housing crisis is the very high rate of home-ownership—78 per cent—but, at current inflation levels, there is a long-term uncertainty to whether the children of home-owning parents will be able to use their parents’ capital to become home-owners as well. In the long-term, the current discrepancy between the average wage and the property value will contribute to a situation where tomorrow’s families will be, on average, less rich than their peers in real terms.
In the long-term, the current discrepancy between the average wage and the property value means that tomorrow’s families will be less rich.
On the other hand, the lowest-income bracket group has been hit severely adding severe pressure on homeless shelters and charitable institutions.
If the construction and real-estate industries is allowed to continue profiting from the lack of regulation, the housing crisis will only unfold gradually with ever decreasing rates of home-ownership in the long term. If Maltese people lost their chance to own a home, social mobility would decrease, which would in turn enable for a higher gap between social classes. Further in the long term, the housing crisis would also be detrimental to the economy, given that the economic dividend of money spent in goods and services is higher on real value than the profit dividend in money spent on rent.
In the short term, Labour should also raise the minimum wage so as to help those who have been hit in the hardest manner.
Clearly, there is a market-dysfunction in which the construction and real-estate industries are growing at a significant social and economic cost. If government is to implement regulations in the rental market and intervene in the housing market in a multi-pronged manner, the rate of profit in the real-estate and construction industries may decrease in the short-term, but it could be the mechanism to ensure its competitiveness in the long-term. Such a course of action is inevitable if we are to prevent a decline of the home-ownership rate.
Social housing block on lower Republic St, Valletta. Picture by Raisa Galea.
The fact that government has refused to stop the multiple pending applications for fuel pumps in outside-development zones shows the difficult stage the situation has reached. There is nothing that can justify such a rampant form of development with meagre short-term profits. A case in point is the low public dividend in exchange of DB’ Group and Corinthia’s land deals of Pembroke and St Julians respectively.
Back in the 1970s, Labour also built many housing units that were then sold at an affordable price to average-wage earners.
Back in the 1970s, when Malta was a socialist country with double-digit GDP growth rates, Labour solved a housing crisis that was much more extensive than that of today. Back then, Labour built many social housing units aimed for the most vulnerable and lower-income brackets, but it also built many housing units that were then sold at an affordable price to average-wage earners. In this way, Labour ensured that everyone could have a roof over their head by simultaneously managing to stabilise market prices. Unless current government starts regulating property speculation through price control or by building an extensive number of affordable housing, housing affordability will remain on the downside both in the short term and the long term.
Government should drop its obsession with the hazardous construction and real estate industries and instead start seeking foreign capital investment that is actually productive.
Manufacturing, IT and hi-tech industries are growing in Eastern Europe. Croatia is home to a local company that produces electric cars. While companies in Canada are reaping multi-million dollars in revenue for the cultivation of marijuana, we still fail to see the economic and environmental potential of Malta having a fully-fledged marijuana cultivation industry. We have not yet even begun seriously considering to getting into the renewable energy sector. Productive capital investment will not come from local sources. In Malta, the industrial capitalist is an exception rather than the rule. Yet, if high-tech production industries are making a comeback in Eastern Europe, there is no reason why we shouldn’t be attracting such kind of foreign capital to Malta.
Economic growth should be an end to social and economic emancipation and not strictly an end to private profits.
Government has done well by reverting previous austerity policies and increasing the contribution to the welfare state, but it is also clear that a large section of the population, composed of low-income earners and pensioners are at serious risk of poverty.
Further discussion on Malta’s economic model is needed to ensure that we have an economic plan that works for all and not just for the few. After all, Labour should pursue its economic policy in line with its traditional principles of social justice. The main principle that should be at the heart of Labour’s economic policy is that economic growth should be an end to social and economic emancipation and not strictly an end to private profits. If Labour tips the balance in favour of social justice, it can legitimately claim to be left-wing.
Mark Camilleri is a historian and the executive chairman of the National Book Council. He has published a Marxist history of Malta in series called A Materialist Revision of Maltese History.
However, Malta’s current economic pillars (iGaming and financial services) were built by the previous administration and the country’s overall welfare was very much aided by EU funds – something which Muscat was initially against.
I am not saying that Muscat is not doing a good job at picking the fruit and making the garden tidier, but an economy doesn’t start to automatically do well as soon as a government changes – the current economic prosperity was brought about by the seeds planted in the previous administration – despite the huge bump in the road between 2008/2009. | 2019-04-21T12:16:44Z | https://www.islesoftheleft.org/maltas-economy-the-good-the-bad-and-the-uncertain/ |
Many doctors are prescribing atypical antipsychotic drugs for elderly Alzheimer's/dementia patients who have behavioral and psychiatric symptoms or problems. This is in spite of the practice being condemned by all leading medical authorities and the FDA. Most increase the chance of death by 100%.
Most authorities recommend that the use of medications or drugs to treat behavioral and psychiatric symptoms be considered with "extreme caution" and to be reserved as a treatment of "last resort". Unfortunately it is frequently the first option considered. Many times it is used for the convenience of the medical or nursing staff. Most authorities also agree that the chances of success by using such drugs are low while a risk of death of a loved one looms on the horizon. They are odds that no gambler would accept.
“Agitated behaviors in dementia are generally “about” something rather than simply a behavioral manifestation of that disease. To the extent that we can identify what a patient wants and needs we can modify his or her behaviors." (Dr. Jeffrey Nichols, Vice President for Medical Services of the Cabrini Eldercare Consortium, New York - February 2011. AMDA's "Caring for the Ages".
(1.) Side effects of other drugs being used by the patient or victim.
a. Moving to new residence, b. changes in the caregiver, c. changes in the environment, d. negative noise stimulation, e. perceived threats - fear of strangers etc.
"The resident has the right to be free from any physical or chemical restraints imposed for purposes of discipline or convenience, and not required to treat the resident's medical symptoms "
A chemical restraint is a reduction of the individual's ability to think and act independently by means of a powerful antipsychotic drug - Such a drug should never be used unless the reasons and parameters are specified in the care plan.
(1.) The New York Times published an article June 24th 2008 “Doctors Say Medication Is Overused in Dementia” “The use of antipsychotic drugs to tamp down the agitation, combative behavior and outbursts of dementia patients has soared, especially in the elderly. Sales of newer antipsychotics like Risperdal, Seroquel and Zyprexa totaled $13.1 billion in 2007, up from 4 billion in 2000...about a third of all nursing home patients have been given antipsychotic drugs. The increases continue despite a drumbeat of bad publicity.
(2.) The St. Petersburg Times (Florida) ran an article on 18 November 2007 exposing this practice. "Dementia relief, with a huge side effect". The off-label use of some drugs is helping elderly patients, but may be killing thousands." Kris Hundley, Times Staff Writer.
"Two years ago, federal regulators sounded a dire warning: Elderly people with dementia who take drugs like Seroquel, Risperdal and Zyprexa could suffer the ultimate side effect.. They could die.
Yet today, about one in four nursing home residents still take these antipsychotic drugs. Sales to the elderly continued to rise, generating a total of $13-billion in revenues for their manufacturers this year.
Dr. David Graham, who had blown the whistle on the dangers of Vioxx, was back before a congressional panel in February. He testified that Zyprexa and other antipsychotics kill about 15,000 nursing home residents each year."
Dr. Graham was quoted: "I would pay careful attention to antipsychotic medications....The problem with these drugs are that we know that they are being used extensively off label in nursing homes to sedate elderly patients with dementia and other types of disorders.....But the fact is, is that it increased mortality perhaps by 100 percent. It doubles mortality. So I did a back of the envelope calculation on this and you have probably got 15,000 elderly people in nursing homes dying each year from the off label use of antipsychotic medications....With every pill that gets dispensed in a nursing home, the drug company is laughing all the way to the bank."
He talked about the FDA's Black Box Warning. "So named because of the black border that surrounds it on the drug label. It's the FDA required disclosure that a drug can have serious or life threatening side effect. What drugs got black box warnings? Abilify, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Risperdal, Clozaril, Geodon and Symbyax."
- Received doses exceeding maximum recommended dosage levels including duplicative therapy"
"using powerful antipsychotic drugs to quiet disruptive people with dementia – at times a step that's easier and cheaper than taking staff time to fix the problem. The practice is alarming Medicaid officials enough that last year they ordered stare nursing home inspectors to start cracking down on it.
Of the state's 398 nursing homes, 38 percent were cited last year for using such medications inappropriately, up from 27 percent in 2006. So dangerous are the drugs that the Food and Drug Administration requires some to carry a "black box warning" that they heighten risk of death for older patients, a warning that might extend to all antipsychotic drugs. They also increase the risk of confusion and falling.
Dr. Robert Sonntag stated: "You don't use antipsychotics just for Alzheimer's and you never, ever drug a patient to just make life easier for the staff or the family."
One of the drugs described in the above articles is "Seroquel". This is the antipsychotic drug that my mother Ellen F. (Nedland) Silbaugh was on when she died suddenly. My mother was an elderly Alzheimer's patient in a small town nursing home in Barron, Wisconsin. The Barron Nursing Home. (100 miles from my home.) My mother died of one of the two causes (heart) associated with the use of Seroquel. My mother who had never had a heart condition, and had the blood pressure of a teenager, died suddenly of a heart attack.
There is no question in my mind but that a negligent medical establishment caused my mother's early death. I share responsibility for my mother's early death due to the use of this inappropriate drug. I should have investigated the drugs that the nursing home was administering to my mother at an earlier date and been more aggressive in my request that they be discontinued. I made an inquiry challenging the use of the drugs a month or so before her death...the doctor then reduced the dosage but did not discontinue the use at that time...when I later noticed my mother was drugged almost into a stupor, I again challenged the usage...I was awaiting the doctors response when she died...on the day before when I visited my mother, the duty nurses said they had not heard from the doctor on my drug questions! the nurses did say that the doctor had asked them if my mother presented them with problems or was aggressive towards them...It was apparent to me at that point that she was on the drugs for their convenience and as a control method...She died that night!
My wife June was in late stages of Alzheimer's at the same time. I was distracted from my mother who did not appear to be as far advanced with the disease as did June. It was only about a month before mother's death that I started making inquiries and challenging the Nursing Home's use of the antipsychotic drugs. As indicated above, inquiries were in to the doctor when Mother rather suddenly passed on. I am thankful that I had just spent the day with mother before she died. I remember spending the late afternoon sitting by her bed and holding her hand...When I left late that afternoon to drive back to Minneapolis, I had no hint that Mother would pass on that night.
Prior to the antipsychotic drugs being administered to Mother, she still had quality of life...she recognized me as a person she knew although was confused as to who I was...she called me her husband one time...but she was still talkative, smiling and would joke about things...she was in the early to early mid stages of the disease.
After getting no satisfaction from the nursing home to my inquiries, I filed complaints with the Governor of the State of Wisconsin who then launched an investigation. This resulted in citations being issued against the nursing home but it was too late to save my mother. I carry a burden for a share of guilt for my mother's death..I should have been more aggressive in my request that they be discontinued...too little too late!
(5.) The Wall Street Journal in their "Technology & Health Section for Friday January 9, 2009 has a story by Shirley S. Wang entitled: "Antipsychotics Can Spur Alzheimer's Deaths."
This story reports the results of a clinical trial in the UK and documented in the British Medical Journal Lancet Neurology. These findings support the previous indications of doubling the mortality of Azlheimer's patients who are placed on the antipsychotic drugs as described above.
"The long term use of antipsychotic medications in patients with Alzheimer's disease appears to nearly double their rate of death after one year. ...."Patients who remained on antipsychotic drugs were significantly more likely to die after one year or longer than those who were swithched to a placebo."....After three years, patients in the placebo group had a two thirds chance of still being alive while those in the antipsychotic treatment gorup had only on third chance..."
(6.) The AMDA publication (Official publication of the Medical Directors Association) "Caring for the Ages" discusses medication problems with the elderly in almost every issue. The October 2007 issue has an article "The Challenge of Cutting Medications in LTC." It discusses the use of "Atypical Antipsychotics" as used on my mother the article concludes: "The relative risk of death goes up and the chance that you are going to help the patient is small."
Literally every issue of the AMDA publication referenced above decry's the dismal practice of using off label atypical antipsychotics for behavior problems of the elderly and dementia symptom residents. In fact the January 2008 issue has three such articles. The front page article starts out telling how such use is effective less than 20% of the time. The second article same issue talks about the use benefit as being "uncertain, even dangerous." The third article refers to "unapproved medicines whose harm can outweigh their benefits", etc. etc.
My mother exhibited additional signs and symptoms of an ADR (adverse drug reaction) called Tardive Dyskinesia that is associated with the use of Seroquel and other antipsychotics. (Abnormal involuntary movements of the jaw. Repetitive chewing motions or movements.) It is a muscular disorder. These motions were almost continuous over a period of a few months. My inquiry of the nursing home staff revealed no answers as to the cause. It is when I researched Seroquel (post mortem) that I found the answer. It was not something that my mother would do on occasion but was almost continuous while awake. This should have been a wake up call for the entire medical staff. The Alzheimer's Society in March 2004 had the following to say about this ADR associated with antipsychotic drugs. "Tardive Dyskinesia, which is recognized by persistent involuntary chewing movements...This may be irreversible, but is more likely to disappear if it is recognized early and the medication causing the problem stopped."
Below is a copy of the actual FDA Black Box warning that is packaged with every prescription of Seroquel. This warning was first issued by the FDA on April 11th, 2005 as an FDA Public Health Advisory. Similar FDA Black Box warnings are used with all of the other antipsychotic drugs mentioned above!.
(7.) Wall Street Journal on January 15th, 2008 -"Study Confirms Antipsychotics Pose Heart Risk." - by Robert Tomsho. The study was just released in the New England Journal of Medicine.
The latest and by far the largest study of the use of antipsychotics by the medical profession. "Patients taking the latest generation of antipsychotic drugs are twice as likely to suffer sudden cardiac failure and death as nonusers, according to a new study that found such medicines are no safer than the older ones.....the study...was one of the largest to date, and it found dangers for younger adults, too."
"researchers at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn. reviewed the medical records of about 277,000 Tennessee Medicaid enrollees for the years 1990 to 2005. Of them, about 46,000 were taking atypical antipsychotic drugs and 44,000 were taking typical antipsychotic drugs. Patients ranged in aged from 30 to 74 years; the average age was about 46.
The death rate from cardiac arrest were double the rate for the antipsychotic drug users compared to the non users. (The atypical drugs in the study were Seroquel, Zyprexa, Risperdal and Clozaril. The typical antipsychotic drugs used for comparison were Haloperidol and Thioridazine.
An editorial accompany the new study said the use of such drugs should be "reduced sharply" among children and elderly patients.
This study is a further condemnation and indictment of the medical profession and it's many doctors who go their own way for the sake of expediency and convenience. This danger has been well known since 2005 and ignored by doctors and the medical profession. The sale of antipsychotic drugs in the US has increased EVERY year since 2003 including 2008.
(8.) Article in the Minneapolis Star-Tribune (Ira Rosofsky - Psychologist) 27 March 2009 entitled: "Enough With The Drugging of Old People." Sub title reads: "We spend billions on this practice. Does it make living with dementia any easier? for us, maybe, Not for them."
(9.) Article in the AMDA "Caring For The Ages", June 2009 issue verifies that the use of antispsychotic's for behavioral problems continues to be used in large amounts and continues to be a failure. When will doctors discontinue this outrageous practice and conduct. FDA's warnings and lack of approval seems to fall on deaf ears. "Residents of 670 nursing facilities in New York state were studied. All had a...diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's disease...One third of the residents with dementia was taking an antipsychotic at admission and most continued to do so for nearly a year. Another 16% were started on an antipsychotic within 3-6 months of admission, and nearly half of these patients continued on the meds of up to a year. Overall, the average time on antispychotic therapy was 15 months...Residents receiving antipsychotics at the time of admission and then removed frm the meds showed the greatest improvment in behaviors...The researchers also found that residents taking antipsychotics were 24% more likely to fall and more likely to experience functional decline over time than those not taking antipsychotics...Speaking of leaders at one facility..."They were worried that if they took everyone off these meds they'd go crazy. Instead, people actually came alive. They were more alert and more commuicative."
(10.) AMDA "Caring for the Ages" November 2009 - article on "Sublingual Antipsychotic Coming to Market".
This article discusses a new FDA approved drug in August 2009. The drug is Asenapine marketed as Saphris by Schering-Plough Corp. (An atypical antipsychotic for bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia in adults.) The Editor's Note in this article however contains the following clarification on usage.
"Risperidone, Aripiprazole, and Rolanzapine are all currently available orally dispersing tablet formulations of atypical antipsychotics that exist in regular oral forms. Atypical antipsychotics Ziprasidone and Paliperidone are at our disposal, as well as Clozapine and a host of traditional antipsychotics. These drugs carry significant risks, especially in our LTC population and none is indicated for dementia with agitation. This new drug may be welcome but probably will have limited use in LTC.- Karl Steinberg, MD, CMD, Editor in Chief."
(11.) Article in the AMDA "Caring For the Ages" - December 2009 - "Overused Antipsychotics’ Remain an LTC Challenge".
Article cites evidence that the improper doctor's use of Antipsychotic drugs continues at a high level but with a few areas reporting success in eliminating their use. They reference a recent article in the Chicago Tribune headlined: "Nursing Home Doctors Untouched Even as Facilities Are Cited."..."nursing home inspection reports found 1,200 violations concerning psychotropic drugs in Illinois since 2001...physicians have been prescribing the powerful medications inappropriately and without retribution." "AMDA past president Dr. David Smith was quoted: :"when he refused to prescribe an antipsychotic that staff at an nursing facility wanted for a combative resident...the family changed to another physician who would write the prescription. The resident became a Zombie, and they considered that an improvement." ...Dr. Smith also stressed that many behaviors in residents, although they can be odd, are not harmful and don't call for medications." Research by a Dr. Teigland found that "residents in for profit facilities were 20% more likely to be on antipsychotics." There are a number of facilities nationwide that are successfully reducing antipsychotic drug use...one such example is Finger Lakes Center for Living in Auburn, N.Y. "After a year, the facility celebrated the elimination of antipsychotic use for all dementia patients."
"Drugs Prescribed to Thousands of Alzheimer's Suffers could Double their risk of Dying, Scientists have Warned." The story by correspondent Thomas Moore continued: "New research shows antipsychotic drugs, which are used to control aggression and behavioural problems are linked to significantly higher death rates...Researchers at King's College London monitored 128 patients who were prescribed antipsychotic drugs or dummy placebo pills...after three years the difference between the groups was dramatic, with twice as many people dying in those given the antipsychotic medication."
"Too often these dangerous drugs are used as a substitute for good quality dementia care" is a quote from the British Alzheimer's Society, Neil Hunt - Chief Executive. "The drugs increase the risk of stroke, as well as causing unpleasant side effects such as sedation." "This distressing new evidence highlights the desperate need to stop people with dementia being over prescribed antipsychotics," he said. The Alzheimer's Society believes up to 105,000 patients are being inappropriately prescribed antipsychotics.
(13.) AMDA's publication, "Caring for the Ages" April 2010, "Teamwork Can Reduce Psychoactive Drugs." by Sherry Boschert.
This is an interesting article on efforts to reduce the use of Antipsychotic Drugs in Nursing homes -"Using interdisciplinary teams in a systematic way can help nursing homes...stop excessive use of psychoactive medications in residents."...this came from information reported at the "Long Term Care Medicine - 2010, AMDA's annual symposium. They referenced Federal Health Regulations for Long Term Care Facilities rule 329 (F-Tag 329) which mandates that "each resident's medication regimen must be free from unnecessary drugs"..."At a 230 bed long term care facility in San Antonio, an interdisciplinary team approach reduced antipsychotic use by 74%, anxiolytic use by 23% and stimulant use by 13% within 6 months"...At a 150 bed skilled nursing facility in Hendersonville, NC, 6 months of an interdisciplinary team approach reduced use of antipsychotics by 54%, reduced the use of hypnotics more than twice a week by 64% and decreased psychiatric discharges to hospitals by 72%"...The incidence of untreated depression dropped by 47% and the proportion of residents experiencing increased symptoms of depression or anxiety fell by 10%. Rates of pressure ulcers declined by 66%, falls...reduced by 25%."
(14.) U.S News and World Report, October 2010 article: “Overmedication: Are Americans Taking Too Many Drugs?” by Deborah Kotz.
John Morley, director of geriatric medicine at the St. Louis VA Medical Center says Doctors sometimes suspend common sense when prescribing a treatment plan. “For example, they prescribe Aricept for Alzheimer’s patients and then treat a frequent side effect, urinary incontinence, with anticholinergic (an inhibitor of nerves responsible for involuntary movements) like Enablex or Ditropan whose side effects include delirium, confusion and memory loss.
Aging is a natural and sometimes painful process that occurs to all physical living things. Overmedication can exacerbate the natural problems brought on by aging. Some doctors recommend at least two or three different medical opinions in order to avoid over medication.
(15.) Minneapolis Star – Tribune Sunday December 5th, 2010, ran the following article: “Some Nursing Homes Seek End to Stupor”.
The nation’s nursing homes should all start their own programs of “Awakenings”. They all need a wake up call to stop injuring, killing and drugging into stupor, the nation’s Alzheimer’s and dementia residents who are already in a daily and deadly struggle with this terrible disease.
(16.) AstraZeneca Plc (AZN) (10 March 2010) agreed to pay $68.5 million to 37 U.S. states and the District of Columbia to settle lawsuits alleging that the company deceptively marketed its anti-psychotic drug Seroquel.
The settlement, announced today, is separate from an in addition to a $520 million agreement London-based Astra Zeneca reached with the U.S. last year over the marketing of Seroquel, said Tony Jewell, a company spokesman.The company marketed Seroquel for uses that weren’t approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA, the federal and state governments alleged. Astra Zeneca promoted the drug, approved for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, for dementia, depression and anxiety in violation of federal drug (FDA) rules, according to the states. While doctors can prescribe medicines for other diseases, companies aren’t allowed to market drugs beyond FDA approved uses.
Editorial Note: While this settlement will not bring back my mother Ellen Silbaugh who died as a result of this drug, I am sure that if she is looking on in Heaven, she has a smile on her face.
(17.) Caring for the Ages (AMDA) May 2011. “The Ethics of Antipsychotics in Alzheimer’s” Dr. Jonathan Evans, MD, MPH, CMD, Charlottesville, VA.
(18.) “Government Reports Wide Misuse of Antipsychotics” – AMDA’s “Caring for the Ages” June 2011.
(19.) “Atypical Antipsychotics and LTC Liability” AMDA’s “Caring for the Ages” August 2011.
This article talks about a Federal Case where the Department of Health and Human Services upheld a finding of noncompliance at the “immediate jeopardy” level when a resident received excessive doses of the atypical antipsychotic Risperidone (Risperdal) …A 68 years old woman with dementia…who suffered cardiac arrest and died...there had been no diagnosis documented in the chart to indicate an order for Risperidone. The CMS requires that service provided or arranged by the facility meet professional standards of quality, that pharmacists question every irregular medication order, and that residents be free from unnecessary drugs…there was no diagnostic indication for Risperidone…the resident was also receiving Lorazepam (Ativan), and Sertraline (Zoloft) which can potentiate the effects of Risperidone and should have raised an additional red flag.
The article further discussed two lawsuits in Florida and Illinois alleging improper usage of Risperidone. The article also discussed the off label usage of such drugs as for agitation in elderly dementia and the FDA's black box warnings against atypical Antipsychotics usage…increases risk of mortality…reference made to the latest “OIG report that many elderly nursing home residents with dementia continue to receive atypical antipsychotics for off label uses and often for indications that either are not medically acceptable or don’t exist.
This issue also discussed a meeting of the US House Ways and Means Committee addressing concerns about prescriptions for antipsychotic drugs…need for behavior management…assessing why the behavior is occurring and what may be done to address/’remove the cause of the behavior and the implementation of a comprehensive multidisciplinary care plan.
Ativan is noted for the side effects of "addiction, depression, and cognitive impairment;.."Lorazepam (Ativan) appears to have more profound adverse effects on memory than other benzodiazepines; Lorazepam (Ativan) impairs both explicit memory and implicit memory. In the elderly, falls may occur as a result of benzodiazepines. Adverse effects are more common in the elderly, and they appear at lower doses than in younger patients. Benzodiazepines can also cause or worsen depression.
(20.) Antipsychotics, Dementia, Dilemma. Dr. Jeffrey Nichols. AMDA’s “Caring for the Ages” September 2011.
Dementia experts are well aware that dementia behaviors are “about something” and not simply involuntary, random behaviors, the treatment of choice is to deal with the underlying problem. This requires extensive time from multiple staff members, (interdisciplinary team**) for which insurers don’t want to pay.
“The agitated dementia resident who is refusing care and striking out at staff members might be in (1.) pain or (2.) severely constipated or (3.) nauseated; have (4.) untreated infection, be (5.) delirious from medications or (6.) electrolyte imbalance or simply be (7.) confused and frightened. Ideal treatments might be as varied as (a.) analgesics, (b.) laxatives, (c.) medication withdrawal, (d.) antacids, (e.) cholinesterase inhibitors, (f.) antibiotics, (g.) music therapy, a (h.) stuffed animal , or (i.) specialized activity program for diversion”.
** Interdisciplinary team = Psychiatrist, Pharmacist, social worker, Nurse etc.
Note: The WebMD article reporting on the above study, also referenced the long time FDA warning that the use is associated with an “increased risk of death among the elderly with dementia related psychosis and that the “warning includes both atypical antidepressants and conventional antidepressants like Thorazine (Chlorpromazine) and Haldol (Haloperidol)”.
Note: Risperdal is one of several FDA “Black Box” labeled antipsychotic drugs with a warning against such use by elderly dementia type patients.
ORLANDO – The mortality risk associated with prescription of antipsychotics or valproic acid for behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia is considerably greater than previously estimated, according to a massive national study.
This retrospective study included 45,669 matched pairs of Veterans Affairs patients over age 65 with dementia diagnosed during 1998-2009….
The National Partnership to Improve Dementia Care, including The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and several private long-term care organizations, announced on Friday the goal to reduce the use of antipsychotic medications in long-term stay residents by 25% by the end of 2015, and by 30% by the end of 2016.
Based on baseline usage rates from 2011 through the first quarter of 2014, the national rate was reduced by 17.1 %, from 23.8% to 19.8%, Patrick Conway, MD, chief medical officer and deputy administrator for Innovation and Quality, CMS, said during a conference call. The coalition’s original goal of reducing antipsychotic use by 15% was met in 2013 (decreasing from 23.8% to 20.2% nationwide).
Other groups participating in the coalition include Leading Age, American Health Quality Association, the American Health Care Association, and AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine.
Gill Denman - Essex, United Kingdom - (12 November 2013): "This subject hits a very raw nerve with me, all anyone does over here is recommend anti-psychotics for mum. I ask for memory clinics or someone to work with her to stimulate her mind (which is still there although spluttering like a vetran car on the Brighton Run), she needs to be socialised in the right sort of way, not just being put with other dementia sufferers so she can see where she is going, she needs something that gets a grip on the now. I hate these drugs, I know that our local hospital gives them to inpatients when they get even slightly challenging, mum was covered in bruises which matched hands/fingers holding her down hard, a consultant told me I had "unrealistic expectations" of mum's capacity. After they broke her arm, I was told that it wasn't worth giving her physio with her mental state, she would lose the use of her arm. When we got her home and off the drugs, she not only regained a lot of capacity but has also taught herself to use the arm again. When we had a discharge meeting at our home, a professional who had made judgements about mum was visibly suprised when I said mum wasn't taking any mood controlling drugs. It all puts an enormous pressure on me as well, I am left to cope in a way that I feel best, I am positive that, had I left it to the 'professionals' that mum would now be a cabbage or dead."
Maura Buddy Bear - Dublin, Ireland - (17 November 2013): "My Mother was on Seroquel when I read the side effects, I voiced my concerns with Professor Swanick , he told me it was a double edged sword. The Seroquel worked for my mother but like all medications there were side effects. About a year and a half ago the Seroquel was stopped because my mother was always very quiet and never ever was she violent. I was relieved that she no longer needed medication for Alzheimers, my mother had TIA'S but I think that was a progression of the disease and not the medication...my mother has a stuffed monkey and a doll, in the early days my mother carried her monkey around all day and would talk to it and kiss its head, as if it were her baby."
Vea Flood - Spring Hill, Florida - (26 August 2015): "Thank you Stan on such a well written article...the information is amazing!!"
Lisa Smith - Rochdale, United Kingdom - (13 September 2015): "Very interesting read Stanton thank you and a big thanks to everyone for their positive comment...(Lisa reposted and shared this page on her own facebook page...,)"
Debra Eng - Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario - (1 May 2016): "Thanks for posting this Stan. They sent Dad home with a perscription of Seroquel after a bout with pneumonia which caused him to have some confusion. They were so strong, that I only let him take a couple of times, when I was home from work say on a weekend. He said they made him dizzy all the next day, if he took them the night before. I was scared he might fall and Mum wouldn't be able to help him to get up. Anyway, I put them on shelf only to be used in a dire emergency. However, when he was admitted to the hospital the 2nd and last time, he were giving him Seroquel all the time, so that he was heavily sedated, and missing all his meals because they couldn;t wake him up to eat. He was dehydrated and I had to step in and had his meds removed. . This was only the beginning of a trial of many more drugs which only made him worse. I wish I done my homework and research. But it was all over too fast like a whirlwind... It's just awful. Dad wasn't even violent. Just agitated. Couldn't sit still and concentrate. I guess it was sundowning. Never angry just frustrated. And before he was hospitalized he was embarrassed at his hallucinations. He didn't want Mum to know as she didn't understand." | 2019-04-20T01:46:35Z | https://junebergalzheimers.com/alzheimers-drugs/dangerous-drugs-for-the-elderly-and-alzheimers |
Exposure to Unattractive-or-worse rated stocks is similar at 20% for KIE and 18% for XLF, although this is more than offset by KIE’s Attractive-or-better rated stocks. Given the high allocation to Attractive-or-better rated stocks, and equal allocation to Unattractive-or-worse rated stocks relative to the benchmark XLF, KIE appears well positioned to capture upside potential while taking on an average level of downside risk. Compared to the average ETF or mutual fund, KIE has a better chance of generating the outperformance required to justify its management fees above the cost of the XLF benchmark. KIE Represents Financials Sector “Value” True value investing still works despite the proliferation of passive strategies. KIE is a good example of how to utilize a relatively low-cost, passively-managed ETF to make an “active” investment decision. The ETF’s sub-sector focus does an effective job allocating capital to higher-quality companies with lower relative valuations, the cornerstone of the value investing discipline. Figure 2 contains our detailed fund rating for the Insurance Sector SPDR (KIE), which includes each of the criteria we use to rate all funds under coverage. These criteria are very similar to our Stock Rating Methodology, because the performance of a fund’s holdings equals the performance of a fund. The results of this analysis reveal important information for investors in KIE. Figure 2: Insurance Select Sector SPDR (KIE) Rating Breakdown Sources: New Constructs, LLC and company filings The return on invested capital ( ROIC) for KIE’s holdings is 8%. These returns are in line with 8% ROIC earned by Financial Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLF) holdings and slightly below above the 9% average for 465 Financials stocks under coverage. As one can see, there is little variation between the holdings of KIE, XLF and the average Financials sector stock in terms of ROIC, which is the primary driver of stock prices. The primary advantage of KIE holdings is in their valuation and lower embedded market expectations. The market-implied expectations for future profits baked into the prices of KIE holdings are meaningfully lower than for those for XLF holdings. The price to economic book value ( PEBV) ratio for KIE is 1. compared to 1.
A casual flared typeface. ExotiqueJSplit. FederalReserve. FederalTwelveDiagonal, FederalTwelveHorizontal. Galaxy Didot (based on a didone typeface by C. . Coryn). Goliath. A fat Egyptian typeface with a wood style flavor. HaslerCircus. A Tuscan circus font. HenrionBA. A beveled typeface with several layers. Housebroken. A two-layer stencil caps face. PL Latin.
Regarding their structure, the dedications tend to follow a general pattern of: 1) presenting the work to the patron; 2) explaining why he or she has been chosen as such; 3) and entreating him or her for protection (1971, 9). Dedicatory epistles sometimes reflect on political affairs, or comment on play production, actors or the circumstances of the premiere, and even indulge in criticism, hence their relevance in literary studies. According to Archer, dedications display four conventions of patronage: 1) a request for permission to dedicate the play; 2) praise of the addressee; 3) a request for protection; 4) some allusion to the expectation of reward (1971, 9). To these, we could add the fact that, since dedications are asymmetrical forms of gift exchange, they are naturally offered to someone higher in social rank. 2. Sedley’s dedication of The Mulberry Garden Most of the Restoration dramatic dedications conform to this pattern and exhibit the conventions of dedicatory writing. However, Sedley’s dedication of The Mulberry Garden (1668) to the duchess of Richmond and Lennox stands out for a number of reasons. First, although the duchess surpassed him in rank, Sedley did not at all require her support or protection, as he was a member of King Charles’s intimate coterie. From the early years of the Restoration, Sir Charles Sedley had joined the “Circle of Wits”—as they were eventually called—whose company the king much enjoyed (Pinto 1927, 54). In 1661 the duke of Ormonde told the chancellor, the earl of Clarendon, that the king “spent most of his Time with confident young Men, who abhorred all Discourse that was serious, and. preserved no Reverence towards God or Man, but laughed at all sober Men, and even at Religion itself” (Hyde 1759, 2:85; Pinto 1927, 54). Sedley is said to have excelled among this group of courtiers for his conversation and ready wit, “which usually took the form of absurd similes which convulsed his hearers with laughter” (Wilson 1948, 68). Sedley’s reputation as a wit made the announcement that he had written a comedy for the King’s Company arouse great expectation among London playgoers. The Mulberry Garden opened on 18 May 1668, attracting large crowds to the Drury Lane theatre, including the diarist Samuel Pepys. When entering, Pepys found “the house infinitely full” and among the audience he distinguished “the King and Queen,. and all the Court” (Latham and Matthews 1976, 9:203).
I watched Therapy and it’s really just pieces of the film that have foun footage moments so I was disappointed but all these trailers for upcomig f. . movies look insanely great. I’ll write tomorrow to let you know what I thought. I watched it because I’m a found footage freak and I can say I got my nights worth. I did like it. Maybe I’m sick? You have to take a look because it’s pure in its form and it’s pretty low budget. One of them is directed by Adrian Tofei who did Be My Cat. It’s called We Put the World To Sleep and it is a complete mystery what the plot is. I’m pretty sure the director is keeping a tight knot around the plot of the film so it will be that much better when it comes out. The movie I’m most looking forward to is the sequel to The Tunnel. All i could find was that the plot consists of Tangel’s sister searching for her brother in the hellish tunnel from the first movie. No idea when these are being released but thankfully they’re being made. I have heard about his upcoming release but I have to wait until he sends me a password to his screener before I can watch it. Sunday night.
His attorney, Mahbuba Ahmed, said he would appeal the ruling. Bangladesh was ranked the 13th most corrupt country in a global index released by Transparency International in January. Graft is a major political issue and feuding political parties often accuse each other of being corrupt. Girl denied bail: A Pakistani court refused bail Wednesday to an Afghan woman immortalised on a National Geographic cover after she was arrested in Pakistan and accused of being one of thousands of refugees using fake ID cards. Pakistan last week arrested Sharbat Gula, whose haunting green eyes captured in an image taken in a Pakistan refugee camp by photographer Steve McCurry in the 1980s became the most famous cover in the magazine s history. She was accused of living in the country on fraudulent identity papers following a two-year investigation into her and her husband, who has absconded. Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan told a press conference on Sunday the country would review her case on the grounds that she is a woman and the government should see it from a humanitarian angle. However a judge in the northwestern city of Peshawar rejected bail for Gula, saying she had failed to make her case. Pak frees nearly 2K: A Pakistani government spokesman says police have released nearly 2,000 opposition party supporters of cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan who were detained ahead of planned anti-government protests. Rana Arshad says most of Khan s supporters were set free from Punjab province jails on orders from Chief Minister Shahbaz Sharif. Khan s party had threatened to lock down the capital on Wednesday to force Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to resign over a money scandal. A Filipino man passes by fl owers and candles laid beside pictures of missing left-wing activists during a gathering of relatives and friends in downtown Manila, Philippines on Nov 2. Having no grave or cemetery to visit, the relatives gather each year, bearing candles and fl owers, and demand that the government take steps to produce their loved ones, dead or alive. (AP) Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte (2nd left), waves to Vietnamese fi shermen (not pictured) aboard their boats as they set sail during a send-off ceremony at the wharf in Sual town, Pangasinan province, north of Manila on Nov 2. Duterte on Nov 2 personally saw off 17 Vietnamese fi shermen who had trespassed in Philippine waters, after ordering their release in a gesture of friendship towards Hanoi. At a send-off ceremony, Duterte told diplomats and government officials that he had ordered the charges to be dropped since the men had only entered Philippine waters to avoid bad weather.
Cohen and supermodel Naomi Campbell are good friends, texting back and forth all the time, strolling arm in arm into high profile events. But when Cohen, 48, cancelled an evening out with Campbell because he was just so busy - there was a sudden there silence. At one point, he was told Campbell, 46, was out of the country, but then he saw a picture of her at an AmfAR event in New York City. 'She must be pissed at me! he writes in his diary, which dates from September 2014 to May 2016, adding that he's kind of excited to have Campbell explode at him at some future date. The two then talked things out, and Cohen left in good standing, though somewhat disappointed. Cohen recalls asking Cher to host a monthly talk show on his SiriusXM channel, Radio Andy. A meeting was set up with the still stunning 70-year-old pop icon at her mansion in Malibu, California. Cher texted him twice demanding to know what food and drink she should serve. To placate her, Cohen asked for a bottle of Whispering Angel. 'Whispering what? Cher snapped. But when Cohen and Cher had their sit down in her living room, the bottle of rose was on hand. A reluctant Cher even perked up when he told her she could to do the show from home. But she began worrying about her haters, and just how many more people would hate her if they ever heard what she actually thought about things. Cohen remained hopeful, though, and thought it wise not to overstay his welcome.
It may at first seem like a joke to suggest politics in our country starts mimicking Trump’s misogyny. Our political parties need to accept there is a problem, start dealing with it properly, and stop shutting women out of politics. If Trump’s victory teaches us anything, it is that we have a long way to go before men are held to account for their actions and women feel welcome in politics. Bex Bailey is a member of the Labour Women's Network committee and was on the party's ruling NEC from 2013 to 2016. The sound of drumming echoes against this hulk of a building, constructed in the 1930s in the Italian fascist style. On the wall behind Haddad, a turbulent abstract painting by the late Tomie Ohtake looms like a diabolical halo, angry black on deep red. Haddad, who was elected as the mayor of Brazil’s largest city in 2012, exudes a combination of impatience and control. That tranquillity is now proving useful: on 2 October, he failed to win a second term as mayor. Brazil’s municipal elections were an disaster for the centre-left Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) or Workers’ Party. As well as Sao Paulo, the PT lost control of more than half of the country’s cities. Rousseff was removed from office on a charge of fiscal wrongdoing on 31 August, in what her supporters believe was a political vendetta crossed with an old-fashioned power grab. It was a kind of soft coup, they claim, which was followed by the rapid installation of a rightist economic and political agenda under her vice-president in the old coalition government, Michel Temer. The mayor-elect of Sao Paulo, Joao Doria, who won the election by 53. per cent to Haddad’s 16. per cent and who takes office on 1 January 2017, is a peppy, preppy millionaire businessman. In an uncomfortable parallel with Donald Trump, Doria is a former presenter of Brazil’s version of The Apprentice and a self-proclaimed “non-politician” who stood for the centre-right Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira (PSDB) or Party of Brazilian Social Democracy.
Allies and the surrounding region are likely to be impatient, and there is good reason to worry that Pakistan's voters will tire of terror long before the government sorts itself out. Indeed, a hasty treaty with insurgents -- distressingly similar to one that failed two years ago -- already conflates motion with progress. And familiar worries will continue to plague the government: no one knows what the army -- thus far unusually cooperative -- will do if a new political compact doesn't show immediate progress. The whims of a truculent president who refuses to step down are unknown, too. If parliament can't survive the enormous pressures of this transition to civilian government, these policies, if not the parliament itself, may be short-lived. The Problem With Pakistan's Government Had we understood the basis of why these powers were opposed to our nuclear capability, we would have spent less energy and even fewer national resources in trying to satisfy them. Now while Dr Khan continues to suffer, all others of his so-called network are free souls and the Swiss government has actually destroyed the records involving their countrymen since they felt this was a threat to the country's defence and security. If the US is presently riding roughshod all over our national life it is because we have allowed them to do so. Today, as our leaders quiver like pygmies, our nuclear achievement lies wasted and the achievers' are either incarcerated or killed. Finkelstein, the son of a Holocaust survivor who has accused Israel of using the genocidal Nazi campaign against Jews to justify its actions against the Palestinians, was detained by the Israeli security service, Shin Bet, when he landed at Tel Aviv's Ben Gurion airport on Friday. Finkelstein is one of several scholars rejected by Israel in the increasingly bitter divide in academic circles, between those who support and those who criticise its treatment of Palestinians. US Academic Deported and Banned for Criticizing Israel I have witnessed how the Taliban rule the Pakistani Mohmand and Bajaur tribal agencies and the Kunar Valley without any formal government. The Taliban are more a feeling than a physical presence in these tribal areas, yet they are a force that can transform society. AT WAR WITH THE TALIBAN, Part 3 In the footsteps of Osama. By Syed Saleem Shahzad ( Part 1: Ducking and diving under B-52s Part 2: A fighter and a financier ) Richard Feynman, a Nobel Laureate physicist, had an interesting practical test that he applied when reaching a judgment about a new idea: Did it explain something unrelated to the original problem. In other words, What can you explain that you didn't set out to explain.
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reep. om Morton High School linebacker killed in wreck washingtontimes. om. But before you forgo your fruits and veggies for cookies, stuffing and other holiday favorites, keep this in mind: The weeks leading up to Thanksgiving are the lightest you’ll weigh all year. Here are a few key tips: Come January 1, if you have found you’ve gained a bit of holiday weight, be realistic about your weight loss goals. It’s always nice to have your resolution, but you want to set a goal you can actually stick with and achieve. These 9 retailers really need a good holiday season cnbc. om 12 ways to celebrate the holidays in Seattle and beyond mynorthwest. om. The incoming administration and its allies on Capitol Hill are planning to try and trim the public sector work force, in line with campaign promises to roll back government benefits, The Washington Post reported on Monday. With Republicans in control of both houses of the legislature as well as the executive branch, they now have a chance to enact reforms which federal employees once thought they were immune from, including lower pensions, hiring freezes, a halt to automatic raises, and a crackdown on publicly funded union business. 'You have the country moving to the right and being much more anti-Washington than it was,' former House speaker Newt Gingrich said. Gingrich, a top adviser to Trump, said the era of federal employees having a 'job-for-life' is coming to an end. 'We're going to have to get the country to understand how big the problem is, the human costs of it and why it's absolutely essential to reform', said Gingrich. The former speaker predicted that Steve Bannon, Trump's chief strategist, would lead the effort. In his Contract With the American Voter, the president-elect stated that his downsizing reforms are necessary 'to clean up the corruption and special interest collusion in Washington, D. | 2019-04-22T02:10:27Z | http://smk-group.ru/3639596080.html |
(Chapter 163 of the 1996 Revised Edition).
1. This Act may be cited as the Arbitration Act 2001 and shall come into operation on such date as the Minister may, by notification in the Gazette, appoint.
(4) Where any provision in this Act refers to a claim, it shall also apply to a cross- claim or counter-claim, and where such provision refers to a defence, it shall also apply to a defence to such cross-claim or counter-claim.
4. (1) In this Act, "arbitration agreement" means an agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes which have arisen or which may arise between them whether contractual or not.
(b) an exchange of letters, telex, telefacsimile or other means of communication which provide a record of the agreement.
(4) Where in any arbitral or legal proceedings, a party asserts the existence of an arbitration agreement in a pleading, statement of case or any other document in circumstances in which the assertion calls for a reply and the assertion is not denied, there shall be deemed to be an effective arbitration agreement as between the parties to the proceedings.
(5) A reference in a bill of lading to a charterparty or other document containing an arbitration clause shall constitute an arbitration agreement if the reference is such as to make that clause part of the bill of lading.
5. (1) An arbitration agreement shall not be discharged by the death of any party to the agreement but shall continue to be enforceable by or against the personal representative of the deceased party.
(2) The authority of an arbitrator shall not be revoked by the death of any party by whom he was appointed.
(3) Nothing in this section shall be taken to affect the operation of any written law or rule of law by virtue of which any right of action is extinguished by the death of a person.
6. (1) Where any party to an arbitration agreement institutes any proceedings in any court against any other party to the agreement in respect of any matter which is the subject of the agreement, any party to the agreement may, at any time after appearance and before delivering any pleading or taking any other step in the proceedings, apply to that court to stay the proceedings so far as the proceedings relate to that matter.
make an order, upon such terms as the court thinks fit, staying the proceedings so far as the proceedings relate to that matter.
(3) Where a court makes an order under subsection (2), the court may, for the purpose of preserving the rights of parties, make such interim or supplementary orders as the court thinks fit in relation to any property which is or forms part of the subject of the dispute to which the order under that subsection relates.
(4) Where no party to the proceedings has taken any further step in the proceedings for a period of not less than 2 years after an order staying the proceedings has been made, the court may, on its own motion, make an order discontinuing the proceedings without prejudice to the right of any of the parties to apply for the discontinued proceedings to be reinstated.
(5) For the purposes of this section and section 8, a reference to a party includes a reference to any person claiming through or under such party.
(b) the stay be conditional on the provision of equivalent security for the satisfaction of any such award.
(2) Subject to the Rules of Court and to any necessary modification, the same law and practice shall apply in relation to property retained in pursuance of an order under this section as would apply if it were held for the purposes of proceedings in the court which made the order.
8. Where in proceedings before any court relief by way of interpleader is granted and any issue between the claimants is one in respect of which there is an arbitration agreement between them, the court granting the relief may direct the issue between the claimants to be determined in accordance with the agreement.
9. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitration proceedings in respect of a particular dispute shall commence on the date on which a request for that dispute to be referred to arbitration is received by the respondent.
such terms as the Court thinks fit.
(c) shall not affect the operation of section 9 or 11 or any other written law relating to the limitation of actions.
11. (1) The Limitation Act (Cap. 163) shall apply to arbitration proceedings as it applies to proceedings before any court and a reference in that Act to the commencement of any action shall be construed as a reference to the commencement of arbitration proceedings.
the period between the commencement of the arbitration and the date of the order referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) shall be excluded.
(3) Notwithstanding any term in an arbitration agreement to the effect that no cause of action shall accrue in respect of any matter required by the agreement to be referred until an award is made under the agreement, the cause of action shall, for the purpose of the Limitation Act, be deemed to have accrued in respect of any such matter at the time when it would have accrued but for that term in the agreement.
12. (1) The parties are free to determine the number of arbitrators.
(2) Failing such determination, there shall be a single arbitrator.
13. (1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, no person shall be precluded by reason of his nationality from acting as an arbitrator.
(2) The parties are free to agree on a procedure for appointing the arbitrator or arbitrators.
(b) in an arbitration with a sole arbitrator, if the parties are unable to agree on the arbitrator, the arbitrator shall be appointed, upon the request of a party, by the appointing authority.
the appointment shall be made, upon the request of a party, by the appointing authority.
any party may apply to the appointing authority to take the necessary measure unless the agreement on the appointment procedure provides other means for securing the appointment.
(f) such considerations as are likely to secure the appointment of an independent and impartial arbitrator.
(7) No appointment by the appointing authority shall be challenged except in accordance with this Act.
(8) For the purposes of this Act, the appointing authority shall be the Chairman of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre.
(9) The Chief Justice may, if he thinks fit, by notification published in the Gazette, appoint any other person to exercise the powers of the appointing authority under this section.
14. (1) Where any person is approached in connection with his possible appointment as an arbitrator, he shall disclose any circumstance likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his impartiality or independence.
(2) An arbitrator shall, from the time of his appointment and throughout the arbitration proceedings, without delay disclose any such circumstance as is referred to in subsection (1) to the parties unless they have already been so informed by him.
(4) A party who has appointed or participated in the appointment of any arbitrator may challenge such arbitrator only if he becomes aware of any of the grounds of challenge set out in subsection (3) as may be applicable to the arbitrator after the arbitrator has been appointed.
15. (1) Subject to subsection (3), the parties are free to agree on a procedure for challenging an arbitrator.
send a written statement of the grounds for the challenge to the arbitral tribunal.
(3) The arbitral tribunal shall, unless the challenged arbitrator withdraws from his office or the other party agrees to the challenge, decide on the challenge.
(4) If a challenge before the arbitral tribunal is unsuccessful, the aggrieved party may, within 30 days after receiving notice of the decision rejecting the challenge, apply to the Court to decide on the challenge and the Court may make such order as it thinks fit.
(5) No appeal shall lie against the decision of the Court under subsection (4).
(6) While an application to the Court under subsection (4) is pending, the arbitral tribunal, including the challenged arbitrator, may continue the arbitration proceedings and make an award.
and where substantial injustice has been or will be caused to that party.
(2) If there is an arbitral or other institution or person vested by the parties with power to remove an arbitrator, the Court shall not exercise its power of removal unless it is satisfied that the applicant has first exhausted any available recourse to that institution or person.
(3) While an application to the Court under this section is pending, the arbitral tribunal, including the arbitrator concerned may continue the arbitration proceedings and make an award.
(4) Where the Court removes an arbitrator, the Court may make such order as it thinks fit with respect to his entitlement, if any, to fees or expenses, or the repayment of any fees or expenses already paid.
(5) The arbitrator concerned is entitled to appear and be heard by the Court before it makes any order under this section.
(6) No appeal shall lie against the decision of the Court made under subsection (4).
17. (1) The authority of an arbitrator shall cease upon his death.
(d) the parties agree on the termination of his mandate.
(3) The withdrawal of an arbitrator or the termination of an arbitrator's mandate by the parties shall not imply acceptance of the validity of any ground referred to in section 14 (3) or 16 (1).
(c) what effect (if any) his ceasing to hold office has on any appointment made by him (alone or jointly).
(2) If or to the extent that there is no such agreement, the following subsections shall apply.
(3) Section 13 (appointment of arbitrators) shall apply in relation to the filling of the vacancy as in relation to an original appointment.
(4) The arbitral tribunal (when reconstituted) shall determine whether and if so to what extent the previous proceedings should stand.
(5) The reconstitution of the arbitral tribunal shall not affect any right of a party to challenge the previous proceedings on any ground which had arisen before the arbitrator ceased to hold office.
(6) The ceasing to hold office by the arbitrator shall not affect any appointment by him (alone or jointly) of another arbitrator, in particular any appointment of a presiding arbitrator.
19. (1) In arbitration proceedings with more than one arbitrator, any decision of the arbitral tribunal shall be made, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, by all or a majority of all its members.
(2) Any question of procedure may be decided by a presiding arbitrator if so authorised by the parties or all members of the arbitral tribunal.
(b) any mistake of law, fact or procedure made in the course of arbitration proceedings or in the making of an arbitral award.
21. (1) The arbitral tribunal may rule on its own jurisdiction, including any objections to the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement.
(2) For the purpose of subsection (1), an arbitration clause which forms part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract.
(3) A decision by the arbitral tribunal that the contract is null and void shall not entail ipso jure (as a matter of law) the invalidity of the arbitration clause.
(4) A plea that the arbitral tribunal does not have jurisdiction shall be raised not later than the submission of the statement of defence.
(5) A party shall not be precluded from raising the plea that the arbitral tribunal does not have jurisdiction by the fact that he has appointed, or participated in the appointment of, an arbitrator.
(6) A plea that the arbitral tribunal is exceeding the scope of its authority shall be raised as soon as the matter alleged to be beyond the scope of its authority is raised during the arbitration proceedings.
(7) Notwithstanding any delay in raising a plea referred to in subsection (4) or (6), the arbitral tribunal may admit such plea if it considers the delay to be justified in the circumstances.
(8) The arbitral tribunal may rule on a plea referred to in this section either as a preliminary question or in an award on the merits.
(9) If the arbitral tribunal rules on a plea as a preliminary question that it has jurisdiction, any party may, within 30 days after having received notice of that ruling, apply to the Court to decide the matter.
(10) The leave of the Court is required for any appeal from a decision of the Court under this section.
(11) While an application under subsection (9) is pending, the arbitral tribunal may continue the arbitration proceedings and make an award.
22. The arbitral tribunal shall act fairly and impartially and shall give each party a reasonable opportunity of presenting his case.
23. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the parties are free to agree on the procedure to be followed by the arbitral tribunal in conducting the proceedings.
(2) Failing such agreement, the arbitral tribunal may, subject to the provisions of this Act, conduct the arbitration in such manner as it considers appropriate.
(3) The power conferred on the arbitral tribunal under subsection (2) includes the power to determine the admissibility, relevance, materiality and weight of any evidence.
and the respondent shall state his defence in respect of the particulars set out in this subsection, unless the parties have otherwise agreed to the required elements of such statements.
(2) The parties may submit to the arbitral tribunal with their statements, all documents they consider to be relevant or other documents which refer to such documents, or other evidence.
(3) Except as otherwise agreed by the parties, either party may amend or supplement his claim or defence during the course of the arbitration proceedings, unless the arbitral tribunal considers it inappropriate to allow such amendment, having regard to the delay in making the amendment.
25. (1) Subject to any contrary agreement by the parties, the arbitral tribunal shall determine if proceedings are to be conducted by oral hearing for the presentation of evidence or oral argument or on the basis of documents and other materials.
(2) Unless the parties have agreed that no hearings shall be held, the arbitral tribunal shall, upon the request of a party, hold such hearings at an appropriate stage of the proceedings.
(3) The parties shall be given sufficient notice in advance of any hearing and of any meeting of the arbitral tribunal for the purposes of inspection of goods, other property or documents.
(4) All statements, documents or other information supplied to the arbitral tribunal by one party shall be communicated to the other party.
(5) Any expert report or evidentiary document on which the arbitral tribunal may rely in making its decision shall be communicated to the parties.
on such terms as may be agreed.
(2) Unless the parties agree to confer such power on the arbitral tribunal, the tribunal has no power to order consolidation of arbitration proceedings or concurrent hearings.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, if a party so requests or if the arbitral tribunal considers it necessary, the expert shall, after delivery of his written or oral report, participate in a hearing where the parties have the opportunity to put questions to him and to present other expert witnesses in order to testify on the points at issue.
28. (1) The parties may agree on the powers which may be exercised by the arbitral tribunal for the purposes of and in relation to the arbitration proceedings.
(g) the preservation, interim custody or sale of any property which is or forms part of the subject-matter of the dispute.
(b) a corporation or an association incorporated or formed under the law of a country outside Singapore, or whose central management and control is exercised outside Singapore.
(4) All orders or directions made or given by an arbitral tribunal in the course of an arbitration shall, by leave of the Court, be enforceable in the same manner as if they were orders made by the Court and, where leave is so given, judgment may be entered in terms of the order or direction.
29. (1) The parties may agree on the powers which may be exercised by the arbitral tribunal in the case of a party's failure to take any necessary action for the proper and expeditious conduct of the proceedings.
the tribunal may make an award dismissing the claim.
30. (1) Any party to an arbitration agreement may take out a writ of subpoena ad testificandum (writ to compel witness to attend and give evidence) or a writ of subpoena duces tecum (writ to compel witness to attend and give evidence and produce specified documents).
(2) The Court may order that a writ of subpoena ad testificandum or a writ of subpoena duces tecum shall be issued to compel the attendance before an arbitral tribunal of a witness wherever he may be within Singapore.
(3) The Court may also issue an order under section 38 of the Prisons Act (Cap. 247) to bring up a prisoner for examination before an arbitral tribunal.
(4) No person shall be compelled under any such writ to produce any document which he could not be compelled to produce on the trial of an action.
(d) an interim injunction or any other interim measure.
(2) An order of the Court under this section shall cease to have effect in whole or in part if the arbitral tribunal or any such arbitral or other institution or person having power to act in relation to the subject-matter of the order makes an order to which the order of the Court relates.
in respect of the same issue.
(4) Provision may be made by Rules of Court for conferring on the Registrar of the Supreme Court (within the meaning of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap. 322)) or other officer of the Court all or any of the jurisdiction conferred by this Act on the Court.
32. (1) The arbitral tribunal shall decide the dispute in accordance with the law chosen by the parties as applicable to the substance of the dispute.
(2) If or to the extent that the parties have not chosen the law applicable to the substance of their dispute, the arbitral tribunal shall apply the law determined by the conflict of laws rules.
(3) The arbitral tribunal may decide the dispute, if the parties so agree, in accordance with such other considerations as are agreed by them or determined by the tribunal.
33. (1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may make more than one award at different points in time during the proceedings on different aspects of the matters to be determined.
(b) a part only of the claim, counter-claim or cross-claim, which is submitted to the tribunal for decision.
(3) If the arbitral tribunal makes an award under this section, it shall specify in its award, the issue, or claim or part of a claim, which is the subject-matter of the award.
34. (1) The parties may agree on the powers exercisable by the arbitral tribunal as regards remedies.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may award any remedy or relief that could have been ordered by the Court if the dispute had been the subject of civil proceedings in that Court.
for the whole or any part of the period up to the date of the award or payment, whichever is applicable.
(2) A sum directed to be paid by an award shall, unless the award otherwise directs, carry interest as from the date of the award and at the same rate as a judgment debt.
36. (1) Where the time for making an award is limited by the arbitration agreement, the Court may by order, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, extend that time.
(b) upon notice to the arbitral tribunal and the other parties, by any party to the proceedings.
(3) An application under this section shall not be made unless all available tribunal processes for application of extension of time have been exhausted.
(4) The Court shall not make an order under this section unless it is satisfied that substantial injustice would otherwise be done.
(5) The Court may extend the time for such period and on such terms as it thinks fit, and may do so whether or not the time previously fixed by or under the arbitration agreement or by a previous order has expired.
(6) The leave of the Court shall be required for any appeal from a decision of the Court under this section.
37. (1) If, during arbitration proceedings, the parties settle the dispute, the arbitral tribunal shall terminate the proceedings and, if requested by the parties and not objected to by the arbitral tribunal, record the settlement in the form of an arbitral award on agreed terms.
(c) shall have the same status and effect as any other award on the merits of the case.
(3) An award on agreed terms may, with the leave of the Court, be enforced in the same manner as a judgment or order to the same effect, and where leave is so given, judgment may be entered in terms of the award.
(b) in the case of 2 or more arbitrators, by all the arbitrators or the majority of the arbitrators provided that the reason for any omitted signature of any arbitrator is stated.
(2) The award shall state the reasons upon which it is based, unless the parties have agreed that no grounds are to be stated or the award is an award on agreed terms under section 37.
(3) The date of the award and place of arbitration shall be stated in the award.
(4) The award shall be deemed to have been made at the place of arbitration.
(5) After the award is made, a copy of the award signed by the arbitrators in accordance with subsection (1) shall be delivered to each party.
39. (1) Any costs directed by an award to be paid shall, unless the award otherwise directs, be taxed by the Registrar of the Supreme Court within the meaning of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap. 322).
(2) Subject to subsection (3), any provision in an arbitration agreement to the effect that the parties or any party shall in any event pay their or his own costs of the reference or award or any part thereof shall be void; and this Act shall, in the case of an arbitration agreement containing any such provision, have effect as if there were no such provision.
(3) Subsection (2) shall not apply where a provision in an arbitration agreement to the effect that the parties or any party shall in any event pay their or his own costs is part of an agreement to submit to arbitration a dispute which has arisen before the making of such agreement.
(4) If no provision is made by an award with respect to the costs of the reference, any party to the reference may, within 14 days of the delivery of the award or such further time as the arbitral tribunal may allow, apply to the arbitral tribunal for an order directing by and to whom such costs shall be paid.
(5) The arbitral tribunal shall, after giving the parties a reasonable opportunity to be heard, amend its award by adding thereto such directions as it thinks fit with respect to the payment of the costs of the reference.
40. (1) The parties are jointly and severally liable to pay to the arbitrators such reasonable fees and expenses as are appropriate in the circumstances.
(2) Unless the fees of the arbitral tribunal have been fixed by written agreement or such agreement has provided for determination of the fees by a person or institution agreed to by the parties, any party to the arbitration may require that such fees be taxed by the Registrar of the Supreme Court within the meaning of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap. 322).
41. (1) The arbitral tribunal may refuse to deliver an award to the parties if the parties have not made full payment of the fees and expenses of the arbitrators.
(c) out of the money paid into Court, the arbitral tribunal shall be paid such fees and expenses as may be found to be properly payable and the balance of such money (if any) shall be paid out to the applicant.
(3) A taxation of fees under this section shall be reviewed in the same manner as a taxation of costs.
(4) The arbitrator shall be entitled to appear and be heard on any taxation or review of taxation under this section.
(5) For the purpose of this section, the amount of fees and expenses properly payable is the amount the applicant is liable to pay under section 40 or under any agreement relating to the payment of fees and expenses of the arbitrators.
(6) No application to the Court may be made unless the Court is satisfied that the applicant has first exhausted any available arbitral process for appeal or review of the amount of the fees or expenses demanded by the arbitrators.
including the fees and expenses of that institution or person.
(8) The leave of the Court shall be required for any appeal from a decision of the Court under this section.
42. Section 117 of the Legal Profession Act (Cap. 161) (which empowers a Court in which a solicitor has been employed in any proceeding to charge property recovered or preserved in the proceeding with the payment of his costs) shall apply as if an arbitration were a proceeding in the Court, and the Court may make declarations and orders accordingly.
(b) upon notice to the other parties, request the arbitral tribunal to give an interpretation of a specific point or part of the award, if such request is also agreed to by the other parties.
(2) If the arbitral tribunal considers the request in subsection (1) to be justified, the tribunal shall make such correction or give such interpretation within 30 days of the receipt of the request and such interpretation shall form part of the award.
(3) The arbitral tribunal may correct any error of the type referred to in subsection (1)(a) or give an interpretation referred to in subsection (1)(b), on its own initiative, within 30 days of the date of the award.
but omitted from the award.
(5) If the arbitral tribunal considers the request in subsection (4) to be justified, the tribunal shall make the additional award within 60 days of the receipt of such request.
(6) The arbitral tribunal may, if necessary, extend the period of time within which it shall make a correction, interpretation or an additional award under this section.
(7) Section 38 shall apply to an award in respect of which a correction or interpretation has been made under this section and to an additional award.
44. (1) An award made by the arbitral tribunal pursuant to an arbitration agreement shall be final and binding on the parties and on any person claiming through or under them and may be relied upon by any of the parties by way of defence, set-off or otherwise in any proceedings in any court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) Except as provided in section 43, upon an award being made, including an award made in accordance with section 33, the arbitral tribunal shall not vary, amend, correct, review, add to or revoke the award.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), an award is made when it has been signed and delivered in accordance with section 38.
(4) This section shall not affect the right of a person to challenge the award by any available arbitral process of appeal or review or in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
45. (1) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the Court may, on the application of a party to the arbitration proceedings who has given notice to the other parties, determine any question of law arising in the course of the proceedings which the Court is satisfied substantially affects the rights of one or more of the parties.
(ii) the application is made without delay.
(3) The application shall identify the question of law to be determined and, except where made with the agreement of all parties to the proceedings, shall state the grounds on which it is said that the question should be decided by the Court.
(4) Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the arbitral tribunal may continue the arbitral proceedings and make an award while an application to the Court under this section is pending.
(5) Except with the leave of the Court, no appeal shall lie from a decision of the Court on whether the conditions in subsection (2) are met.
(6) The decision of the Court on a question of law shall be a judgment of the Court for the purposes of an appeal to the Court of Appeal.
(7) The Court may give leave to appeal against the decision of the Court in subsection (6) only if the question of law before it is one of general importance, or is one which for some other special reason should be considered by the Court of Appeal.
46. (1) An award made by the arbitral tribunal pursuant to an arbitration agreement may, with leave of the Court, be enforced in the same manner as a judgment or order of the Court to the same effect.
(2) Where leave of the Court is so granted, judgment may be entered in the terms of the award.
47. The Court shall not have jurisdiction to confirm, vary, set aside or remit an award on an arbitration agreement except where so provided in this Act.
(ii) the award is contrary to public policy.
(2) An application for setting aside an award may not be made after the expiry of 3 months from the date on which the party making the application had received the award, or if a request has been made under section 43, from the date on which that request had been disposed of by the arbitral tribunal.
(3) When a party applies to the Court to set aside an award under this section, the Court may, where appropriate and so requested by a party, suspend the proceedings for setting aside an award, for such period of time as it may determine, to allow the arbitral tribunal to resume the arbitration proceedings or take such other action as may eliminate the grounds for setting aside an award.
49. (1) A party to arbitration proceedings may (upon notice to the other parties and to the arbitral tribunal) appeal to the Court on a question of law arising out of an award made in the proceedings.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), the parties may agree to exclude the jurisdiction of the Court under this section and an agreement to dispense with reasons for the arbitral tribunal's award shall be treated as an agreement to exclude the jurisdiction of the Court under this section.
(b) with the leave of the Court.
(4) The right to appeal under this section shall be subject to the restrictions in section 50.
(d) despite the agreement of the parties to resolve the matter by arbitration, it is just and proper in all the circumstances for the Court to determine the question.
(6) An application for leave to appeal under this section shall identify the question of law to be determined and state the grounds on which it is alleged that leave to appeal should be granted.
(7) The leave of the Court shall be required for any appeal from a decision of the Court under this section to grant or refuse leave to appeal.
(d) set aside the award in whole or in part.
(9) The Court shall not exercise its power to set aside an award, in whole or in part, unless it is satisfied that it would be inappropriate to remit the matters in question to the arbitral tribunal for reconsideration.
(10) The decision of the Court on an appeal under this section shall be treated as a judgment of the Court for the purposes of an appeal to the Court of Appeal.
(11) The Court may give leave to appeal against the decision of the Court in subsection (10) only if the question of law before it is one of general importance, or one which for some other special reason should be considered by the Court of Appeal.
50. (1) This section shall apply to an application or appeal under section 45, 48 or 49.
(b) any available recourse under section 43 (correction or interpretation of award and additional award).
(3) Any application or appeal shall be brought within 28 days of the date of the award or, if there has been any arbitral process of appeal or review, of the date when the applicant or appellant was notified of the result of that process.
the Court may order the arbitral tribunal to state the reasons for its award in sufficient detail for that purpose.
(5) Where the Court makes an order under subsection (4), it may make such further order as it thinks fit with respect to any additional costs of the arbitration resulting from its order.
(6) The Court may order the applicant or appellant to provide security for the costs of the application or appeal, and may direct that the application or appeal be dismissed if the order is not complied with.
(b) a corporation or association incorporated or formed under the law of a country outside Singapore or whose central management and control is exercised outside Singapore.
(8) The Court may order that any money payable under the award shall be brought into Court or otherwise secured pending the determination of the application or appeal, and may direct that the application or appeal be dismissed if the order is not complied with.
(9) The Court may grant leave to appeal subject to conditions to the same or similar effect as an order under subsection (6) or (8) and this shall not affect the general discretion of the Court to grant leave subject to conditions.
51. (1) Where the Court makes an order under section 45, 48 or 49 with respect to an award, subsections (2), (3) and (4) shall apply.
(2) Where the award is varied by the Court, the variation shall have effect as part of the arbitral tribunal's award.
shorter period as the Court may direct.
(4) Where the award is set aside or declared to be of no effect, in whole or in part, the Court may also order that any provision that an award is a condition precedent to the bringing of legal proceedings in respect of a matter to which the arbitration agreement applies, shall be of no effect as regards the subject-matter of the award or, as the case may be, the relevant part of the award.
52. (1) An application for the leave of the Court to appeal or make an application referred to in section 21 (10), 36 (6) or 49 (3) (b) or (6) shall be made in such manner as may be prescribed in the Rules of Court.
(2) The Court shall determine an application for leave to appeal without a hearing unless it appears to the Court that a hearing is required.
(b) the Court of Appeal shall have the like powers and jurisdiction on the hearing of such applications as the High Court or any Judge in Chambers has on the hearing of such applications.
53. (1) References in this Act to an application, appeal or other step in relation to legal proceedings being taken upon notice to the other parties to the arbitration proceedings, or to the arbitral tribunal, are references to such notice of the originating process as is required by the Rules of Court.
(b) if the arbitral tribunal is not fully constituted, as a requirement to give notice to any arbitrator who has been appointed.
(3) References in this Act to making an application or appeal to the Court within a specified period are references to the issue within that period of the appropriate originating process in accordance with the Rules of Court.
(4) Where any provision of this Act requires an application or appeal to be made to the Court within a specified time, the Rules of Court relating to the reckoning of periods, the extending or abridging of periods, and the consequences of not taking a step within the period prescribed by the Rules, shall apply in relation to that requirement.
(c) so as to keep any provision made by this Act in relation to legal proceedings in step with the corresponding provision of the Rules of Court applying generally in relation to proceedings in the Court.
(6) Nothing in this section shall affect the generality of the power to make Rules of Court.
54. Provision may be made by Rules of Court for conferring on the Registrar of the Supreme Court or other officer of the Court all or any of the jurisdiction conferred by this Act on the Court.
55. The Rules Committee constituted under section 80 of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Cap. 322) may make Rules of Court regulating the practice and procedure of any court in respect of any matter under this Act.
56. Proceedings under this Act in any court shall, on the application of any party to the proceedings, be heard otherwise than in open court.
57. (1) This section shall apply to proceedings under this Act in any court heard otherwise than in open court.
(2) A court hearing any proceedings to which this section applies shall, on the application of any party to the proceedings, give directions as to whether any and, if so, what information relating to the proceedings may be published.
(b) if it considers that a report published in accordance with directions given under paragraph (a) would be likely to reveal that matter, direct that no report shall be published until after the end of such period, not exceeding 10 years, as it considers appropriate.
58. This Act shall apply in relation to every arbitration under any other written law (other than the International Arbitration Act (Cap. 143A)), as if the arbitration were commenced pursuant to an arbitration agreement, except in so far as this Act is inconsistent with that other written law.
59. (1) The appointing authority, or an arbitral or other institution or person designated or requested by the parties to appoint or nominate an arbitrator, shall not be liable for anything done or omitted in the discharge or purported discharge of that function unless the act or omission is shown to have been in bad faith.
(2) The appointing authority, or an arbitral or other institution or person by whom an arbitrator is appointed or nominated, shall not be liable, by reason only of having appointed or nominated him, for anything done or omitted by the arbitrator, his employees or agents in the discharge or purported discharge of his functions as arbitrator.
(3) This section shall apply to an employee or agent of the appointing authority or of an arbitral or other institution or person as it applies to the appointing authority, institution or person himself.
60. (1) The parties are free to agree on the manner of service of any notice or other document required or authorised to be given or served in pursuance of the arbitration agreement or for the purposes of the arbitration proceedings.
(2) If or to the extent that there is no such agreement as is referred to in subsection (1), subsections (3) and (4) shall apply.
(3) A notice or other document may be served on a person by any effective means.
it shall be treated as effectively served.
(5) This section shall not apply to the service of documents for the purposes of legal proceedings, for which provision is made by Rules of Court.
(6) References in this Part to a notice or other document include any form of communication in writing and references to giving or serving a notice or other document shall be construed accordingly.
(b) any provision of this Act having effect in default of such agreement.
(2) If or to the extent that the parties have not agreed on the method of reckoning time, periods of time shall be reckoned in accordance with this section.
(3) Where the act is required to be done within a specified period after or from a specified date, the period shall begin immediately after that date.
(4) Where an act is required to be done within or not less than a specified period before a specified date, the period shall end immediately before that date.
(5) Where the act is required to be done, a specified number of clear days after a specified date, at least that number of days shall intervene between the day on which the act is done and that date.
(6) Where the period in question being a period of 7 days or less would include a Saturday, Sunday or a public holiday, that day shall be excluded.
62. (1) In any case where an agreement provides for the appointment of a mediator by a person who is not one of the parties and that person refuses to make the appointment or does not make the appointment within the time specified in the agreement or, if no time is so specified, within a reasonable time of being requested by any party to the agreement to make the appointment, the Chairman of the Singapore Mediation Centre may, on the application of any party to the agreement, appoint a mediator who shall have the like powers to act in the mediation proceedings as if he had been appointed in accordance with the terms of the agreement.
(2) The Chief Justice may, if he thinks fit, by notification published in the Gazette, appoint any other person to exercise the powers of the Chairman of the Singapore Mediation Centre under subsection (1).
(b) if such person declines to act as an arbitrator, any other person appointed as an arbitrator shall not be required first to act as a mediator unless a contrary intention appears in the arbitration agreement.
(4) Unless a contrary intention appears therein, an agreement which provides for the appointment of a mediator shall be deemed to contain a provision that in the event of the mediation proceedings failing to produce a settlement acceptable to the parties within 4 months, or such longer period as the parties may agree to, of the date of the appointment of the mediator or, where he is appointed by name in the agreement, of the receipt by him of written notification of the existence of a dispute, the mediation proceedings shall thereupon terminate.
63. (1) If all parties to any arbitral proceedings consent in writing and for so long as no party has withdrawn his consent in writing, an arbitrator may act as a mediator.
(b) shall treat information obtained by him from a party to the arbitration proceedings as confidential, unless that party otherwise agrees or unless subsection (3) applies.
arbitrator shall before resuming the arbitration proceedings disclose to all other parties to the arbitration proceedings as much of that information as he considers material to the arbitration proceedings.
(4) No objection shall be taken to the conduct of arbitration proceedings by a person solely on the ground that that person had acted previously as a mediator in accordance with this section.
(b) any reference to mediation proceedings shall include a reference to conciliation proceedings.
64. This Act shall bind the Government.
65. (1) The Arbitration Act (Cap. 10) is repealed.
(2) This Act shall apply to arbitration proceedings commenced on or after the appointed day but the parties may in writing agree that this Act shall apply to arbitration proceedings commenced before the appointed day.
(3) Notwithstanding subsection (1), where the arbitration proceedings were commenced before the appointed day, the law governing the arbitration agreement and the arbitration shall be the law which would have applied if this Act had not been enacted.
(4) Where an arbitration agreement made or entered into before the appointed day provides for the appointment of an umpire or an arbitral tribunal comprising 2 arbitrators, the law to the extent that it governs the appointment, role and function of the umpire shall be the law which would have applied if this Act had not been enacted.
(5) For the purposes of this section, arbitration proceedings are to be taken as having commenced on the date of the receipt by the respondent of a request for the dispute to be referred to arbitration, or, where the parties have agreed in writing that any other date is to be taken as the date of commencement of the arbitration proceedings, then on that date.
(6) For the purposes of this section, "appointed day" means the date of commencement of this Act.
148A. (1) This section shall apply where a bankrupt had become party to a contract containing an arbitration agreement before the commencement of his bankruptcy.
(2) If the Official Assignee adopts the contract, the arbitration agreement shall be enforceable by or against the Official Assignee in relation to matters arising from or connected with the contract.
(b) any other party to the agreement, may apply to the court which may, if it thinks fit in all the circumstances of the case, order that the matter be referred to arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement.
(4) In this section, "court" means the court which has jurisdiction in the bankruptcy proceedings.
67. (1) Section 30 of the Limitation Act (Cap. 163) is repealed.
(2) Nothing in this section shall affect the application of section 30 of the Limitation Act in respect of arbitration proceedings under the repealed Arbitration Act (Cap. 10) or the International Arbitration Act (Cap. 143A), as the case may be, commenced before the date of commencement of this Act. | 2019-04-21T10:51:44Z | https://www.jus.uio.no/lm/singapore.arbitration.act.2001/doc.html |
There’s nothing like starting the New Year with a new controversy. My recent essay, “Finding Freedom in Your Pocket,” prompted a scathing response from one reader who derided my concerns about the rising power of the United Nations as “a little ridiculous” and who dismissed my belief in small business and localism on the grounds that such beliefs had been “completely destroy[ed]” by an episode of South Park (no, I’m not making this up!).
Joseph Pearce likely makes a good point regarding undemocratic centralization when it comes to the E.U. However, his worry over the U.N leading to global tyranny is a little ridiculous in that COP21 was agreed to by a voluntary consensus of member states and the agreement itself is strictly voluntary with other nations and non-governmental actors only having the power of moral suasion to keep nations to live up to what they’ve voluntarily agreed to.
I would argue, in response, that there is a frightening parallel between the evolution of the European Union over the past fifty years and that of the United Nations, or, at any rate, that the tyrannical rise of the former serves as a timely warning of the potential danger inherent in the rise of the latter. Let us not forget that the EU is, in theory at least, like the UN, “a voluntary consensus of member states,” even if it is, in practice, a corrupt and coercive political institution working progressively to undermine the national sovereignty and therefore freedom of its members. I recall only too well, though I was only a child at the time, that critics of the Common Market, as the EU was then called, were dismissed as being “ridiculous” for claiming that it constituted an embryonic United States of Europe. The Common Market was, we were assured, only a free trade zone and nothing more. We had nothing to worry about. Then, without any consultation with the electorate of Europe, the Common Market metamorphosed into the European Economic Community, making it a “community” and not merely a free market, and then it became simply the European Community, signifying that it was no longer only the “economic” institution that we had been told that it was; eventually it became the European Union, forcing its will and forging its union with a new single currency.
I accept, of course, that there are significant differences between the European Union and the United Nations but the fact is that the tendency of large political bodies is to seek to centralize and consolidate their power. I see no reason to believe that the UN is an exception to this rule. As the UN seeks to impose the “agreements” reached at its summits we will see that the dividing line between “moral suasion” and “political coercion” becomes very fine indeed, and, as history has shown, it is a very short leap between political coercion and political enforcement.
Now to the claim that the infallible authority of South Park “completely destroys” my arguments for localism and for small businesses. According to my interlocutor there is an episode of South Park in which a small local coffee shop is shown to serve some of the worst coffee in the world, much worse than the major chain with which it is competing, presumably meant to be Starbucks. This episode, says my interlocutor, “correctly pointed out that all the restaurant chains started out as local businesses that grew because people liked them because they served products that people enjoyed and that were consistently good.” This seems reasonable enough and might indeed be true, up to a point. It is, however, not the whole story.
I have witnessed at airports long lines of people lining up at McDonald’s for breakfast, while a kiosk selling breakfast items twenty yards away had no line whatsoever. Is this because McDonald’s offers better or healthier food? Of course not. It is because people are creatures of habit, and often bad habit, and have bought into the McDonald’s brand, expressing their loyalty to it by their willingness to line up patiently for ten minutes to be served. They have been brainwashed by the megabucks that McDonald’s spends on advertising, which is really a nice word for propaganda, and have been branded by the brand, much as cattle are branded by their owners. It is not the quest for good food that unites those in the line for McDonald’s but the herd instinct.
Is being the member of a herd, branded by our brand loyalty, a mark of freedom? Or do we express our freedom better by ignoring the propaganda and heading for the anonymous kiosk to take a look at its menu?
Another problem with my interlocutor’s position is his naïve belief in the freedom of the market. Big companies do not compete fairly with their smaller rivals but seek to eradicate them. Apart from the aforementioned power of propaganda, big companies use their so-called “economies of scale,” a euphemism for brute force, to exclude genuine free choice from the market. Thus, in the UK, until the law was changed to prevent them from doing so, the big brewing companies sought to exclude craft ales from the market because the big brewers owned most of the pubs and refused to sell the products that their customers wanted. Closer to home, a coffee shop in New York’s East Village was forced to close after Starbucks offered to pay higher rent for the space. In both cases, consumers were prevented from enjoying the products that they desired because big business had bullied their competitors out of the marketplace.
The biggest problem with my interlocutor’s position is his naïve assumption that small coffee shops produce bad coffee. As a self-confessed coffee snob, I can only say that the best way of refuting South Park’s silliness is simply to step into one of these locally-owned coffee shops and sample what they have to offer. In similar fashion, as a self-confessed ale-snob, I have absolutely no doubt that the many craft ales being produced by small brewing companies are so much better than Budweiser and other brands of mass-produced swill. The proof of the pudding is in the eating, and, in this case, the proof of the argument is in the drinking.
My interlocutor concludes his comments by stating that the “South Park episode was actually a rather brilliant explanation of the positive ideals and ideas of capitalism.” This, of course, begs a host of other questions, not least of which is what we mean by capitalism. If capitalism is the ruthless manipulation of the market by the biggest companies, a sort of Nietzschean survival of the fattest, so that there are relatively few capitalists owning relatively few mega-sized companies, I suppose I might concede my interlocutor’s point. If, however, capitalism is the encouragement of the entrepreneurial spirit in as many people as possible, so that the economy is ideally comprised of millions of small business owners, all working to produce quality products for their own local area, I’d say that the South Park perspective, and that of my interlocutor, is profoundly anti-capitalist. In any event, and whether we decide to call it “capitalist” or not, I will continue to spend my money on the excellent coffee and excellent ales to be found in local cafés and hostelries, and will not be joining the line outside McDonald’s or Starbucks as long as I have a choice in the matter.
You have part of a point, but so does the person you are responding to. He is right that every “Huge” business today once started out as a tiny business. Are McDonald’s, Starbucks, and all the rest to be blamed for the “Sin” of being successful?
Libertarians always claim to hate “crony capitalism,” but interestingly, whenever someone attacks the actual crony capitalists, libertarians run to their defense!
Crony capitalism equals those businesses who have buddies in politics who grant them special favors that their competitors don’t get. Think the car and bank bailouts, as well as Solyndra and Tesla. In contrast, no one in government favors McDonald’s over Burger King or Target over Walmart.
When I was a kid the smallish town I grew up in had a family owned drug store that had been around for decades. Sometime in the mid eighties a large chain drug store came to town and gave the family owned store the option of selling or being put out of business (the chain threatened to locate across the street and undersell for as long as it took.) The family store sold, but not happily.
Is it accurate to say that distributism is free market capitalism practiced virtuously? It seems to me that devoid of greed and guided by subsidiarity capitalism would essentially be distributism. Maybe I’m wrong.
Thank God Mr Pearce has a choice to buy local coffee and local ales. Mr Pearce doesn’t seem to be affording the same courtesy to others who prefer different options.
I don’t go to McDonald’s often, but when I do, it’s because the smaller cafes are usually more expensive.
Did he somewhere write that eating at McDonald’s should be illegal?! Why do you think he is denying you your “options”?
I have a minor point about the Airport example: Most people would be unfamiliar with the local kiosk because they don’t frequent the airport enough. The kiosk is an “unknown.” But local establishments that are in community quickly no longer become “unknown.” They become known through word of mouth. There is a small Greek diner across from the MacDonald’s. I always go to the former for breakfast.
Never the less, the power of suggestion that people should settle for less is powerful when applied with the advertising budget using economies of scale. This applies as much to our response to local / chain brands as it does to our response to central government regulations. Especially when the alternative is “unknown” to us.
Joseph, I’m sorry you found my reply to your initial article to be ‘scathing’ I was just rebutting your points and had no idea I was creating a controversy.
In regards to the U.N/EU, anything could happen over time, I don’t know what will happen here. Sometimes the so called ‘slippery slope’ occurs as you suggest, but other times backlashes occur and courses are reversed. Also, sometimes nothing changes and people just continue to muddle through.
Joining the E.U for the member states is voluntary, but once joined, the member states and members who have since joined up had to agree to accept all sorts of rules and regulations that were written by non elected officials in Brussels. I’m not very knowledgeable on the history of the E.U, and was not even aware of some of what you wrote, but politicians and governments unilaterally giving up power to a more central authority for seemingly no benefit is very odd and rare, and I don’t know how it happened in the case of the E.U.
body based in Brussels, but I’m sure it does play a large role. I have no idea what will happen in the future, but it would not surprise me if member states get back some of the powers they’ve presently ceded to the E.U in the not too distant future.
COP21, in contrast is completely voluntary. Prior agreements to address global warming were actually supposed to be legally binding, but they had the weakness that these agreements could not coerce the nations that signed them to simply walk away from them.
So, now this voluntary approach is being tried.
That said, while many economic conservatives reject the idea of market failure entirely, many liberals including myself largely reject the notion that advertising by itself leads to market failures. Your claim about the power of advertising is pretty much shared only by far left liberals and by socialist and communist critics of the free market. Of course, just because more extreme people are the primary proponents of a claim doesn’t itself make the argument invalid, however, in this case, I don’t think your claim is valid.
My basic view is that while there are some people who are effected by advertising, humans in aggregate are simply too intelligent to be constantly fooled. I don’t want to drop another quote here, but I agree with what Abraham Lincoln said on this matter. Although I don’t agree that the herd instinct is all that powerful over anything longer than the very short term, I do think there is more to the similar idea that ‘people (especially after they settle down) do get ‘set in their ways.’ So, that can explain why McDonalds succeeds when,even many people who, for instance, drink its coffee agree they can get better coffee elsewhere. That said, the constant turnover in market leaders in any segment of the economy alone shows to me the weakness in your argument, and it isn’t always the case that one big company that advertises displaced a similar big company. For instance, in the home coffee market, if advertising were all powerful, then how did the major sellers of old fashioned coffee get so displaced by these ‘brew cup’ newcomers?
In regards to the example you cite of a coffee shop getting outbid for space by Starbucks, that is how the free market works. Why should the small coffee shop be guaranteed an obviously high traffic location when others offer to pay higher rent? If their coffee is that good, they can relocate to a lower traffic area that has lower rents and at least some of their customers should eventually be able to find them there.
There are a number of theories in economics mostly based on anecdotal evidence regarding about how good the products of big businesses can be and how bad the products of small businesses can be. In the case of big businesses, bad business practices frequently occur when their is a lack of competition. In the case of small businesses, it obviously has to do with individual owner. However, at least prior to the internet and getting back to your point about small businesses not having the same ability as big businesses to advertise which I agree is valid, customers frequently had no prior knowledge other than word of mouth as to whether a small business offered good products and/or services or not and, therefore, many customers/consumers welcomed the chains for the reasons that I mentioned: (much) greater consistency in the quality of the products and services and an expectation that at least minimum quality would be realized.
The classic example with this is in the hotel/motel sector of the 1950s (and later in some areas) where obviously there wasn’t even much word of mouth and where hotel guests often were horrified at the conditions found in the local hotel/motels. Given that, it’s not a surprise that hotel chains have virtually completely displaced the single proprietor run hotels in all of the market segments (low, medium and high cost). I’m sure I don’t need to provide the names of those chains for the author and the readers to know many of them.
I just wanted to make one final point to add to my already too lengthy post. Contrary to Joseph Pearce’s assertion that my argument rested on the view that ‘all small businesses are bad’ (I forget what I wrote in my initial reply to the initial post, but I believe I said something like “there are good small companies and bad small companies and good big companies…), my argument rests on the view that many consumers simply don’t know if a small business is good or not.
Further economics researchers developed this paper into what is now referred to as the ‘asymmetric information problem’ which basically means that the owners and managers of a business know more about their business than their customers do.
“Sometimes, however, it is impossible for a business to develop a reputation. For example, because most of the customers of highway diners or motels go there only once, or infrequently, the businesses have no opportunity to develop reputations. How, then can the deal with the lemons problem. One way is standardization (italicized in the textbook.) In your hometown, you may not prefer to eat regularly at McDonald’s. But, a McDonald’s may look more attractive when you are driving along a highway and want to stop for lunch. Why? Because McDonald’s provides a standardized product: The same ingredients are used and the same food is served in every McDonald’s anywhere in the country. Who knows? Joe’s Diner might serve better food, but at least you know (also italicized) exactly what you will be buying at McDonalds. | 2019-04-21T12:27:43Z | https://theimaginativeconservative.org/2016/01/coffee-capitalism-choice.html |
“It’s not going well,” he replied, and she rolled those lovely eyes at him, looking back out the port window.
Stef looked up at him again, eyelids tinted red at their edges. Her cheeks were mottled pink, her brow pinched, her whole face twisted. Dark brown curls of hair were plastered against her forehead; others stuck out at odd angles from around her headset. He thought about the last time they had been naked together, seventeen days ago, making love standing up in the steam and heat of the shower.
He met her gaze, waiting, and her voice trembled just a little when she spoke.
“It’s better here,” he said.
He didn’t respond to her sarcasm, and Stef studied him for a moment.
Stef bit her lower lip and glared at him, quiet for a moment, and then said, “You’re awful.” There were tears at the corners of her eyes now. He’d fallen in love with those eyes the very first time she’d looked at him, stuck in an otherwise dull and sterile briefing room, fifteen months ago. They had been together for the entire rotation, had talked of getting an apartment when they returned home.
The rock from space had hit the Earth on April sixth, nine months and fourteen days into their rotation, and the virus had spread from there, kicked up into the atmosphere by the impact and swiftly sent around the globe. Billions of people were dying. Their caretakers were catching the bug and dying. Their governments were falling apart and dying. Today he had told Stef the truth: they were never going home.
Captain David Sen turned and looked through the thick plastic that separated them from the freezing vacuum outside, staring down at the glowing blue planet below. The world was ending, but the planet wasn’t going anywhere. The stupid, lazy planet wasn’t doing anything more than it had ever done, spinning mute in its orbit, unconcerned with the evolution rates of alien viruses or the inefficiencies of the human immune system. He closed his eyes and touched the fingers of his right hand to his forehead. He thought of his mother, kneeling before Vishnu and praying for her son’s safe return, and wondered if she had died yet. His father was already gone.
For four hours a day, David watched. They all did, in turns, their shifts scheduled by people down below who were dead now. There were one hundred and sixteen people on board his ship, the U.S.S. Spokane, and less than thirty of them were military, but everyone was required to watch. David saw that they kept to it. Most days there wasn’t anyone on the other end to read their reports, not anymore, but they watched anyway.
It was dull and repetitive work, manning the screens, and the lack of casual conversation in the past two months had made it that much worse. They sat mostly in silence now, sipping their ration of bad coffee, watching the data roll in and thinking about the wave of death sweeping over everyone and everything they knew back home. Occasionally a spike would roll across a screen, and whoever was on duty would note it in the logs.
It seemed almost a joke, what they were doing: analyzing reams of data transmitted across thousands of light-years from various probes. Out there past unfathomable spans of black void, the machines were searching for resources to plunder, planets to colonize, life-forms to observe, all in the name of a humanity which would likely never benefit from their toils.
He sat back, closed his eyes for a moment, ran a hand over his face and felt rough stubble against his fingers. Stef hated that, told him it made him look like the villain in a bad Bollywood film, and he resolved to shave before going to bed. He opened his eyes, breathed out, and returned to watching, wondering why he was doing it.
“Man … you look worse than usual,” said a voice to his left, and David turned to give the speaker a wan smile.
First Sergeant CJ Watson had been only a Corporal when he and David had met. They had done two rotations together, first out to Saturn and later in to Venus, and had become friends over long games of cards and drinks made from the quasi-legal stills that could be found on every ship in the fleet. CJ was black, short and thin, balding at the age of twenty-five but sporting an outrageous mustache. He had a mind for machines, and was in charge of the V3 Systems responsible for their food, water, and air.
“You tell Stef?” CJ asked him, and David gave a slow nod, back to watching the screens, looking for spikes.
It wasn’t an answer, but it didn’t matter. In the past twenty-four hours he had met with every officer on the ship, commissioned or enlisted, and told them that he had no intention of returning to earth in thirteen days as scheduled. Watching his shipmates and friends struggle, one by one, to accept the reality that their life on Earth was over had left him numb, in a kind of daze. The fact that he hadn’t slept since making the decision didn’t help.
CJ made a noise of distaste and sympathy. Everyone on the ship was dealing with something similar. The lines of communication were breaking down, but there was still enough news to know that nothing good was happening down on Earth.
“It’s crazy, being stuck up here.” CJ said.
“You’d rather be down there?” David asked, trying to keep the bitterness out of his voice. He wasn’t entirely successful, and CJ held his hands up in a gesture of peace.
“Too bad,” David echoed, and shrugged. He had earned the double-bars of an Air Force Captain only two months before the Spokane had begun its orbit of Earth. David’s father had never received a commission, let alone his own ship. When David had called home to tell him about the promotion, the man had visibly swelled with pride, saluted, and then broken down in tears.
He found Stef waiting for him in his cabin, her own shift at the watch not scheduled for another four hours. She looked up from the screen at his desk as he came into the room, and David could tell even at a distance that she’d been crying. Her cheeks were still that mottled pink color, and there were dark rings around her eyes. He stopped at the door, hearing it slide quietly shut behind him.
“Hey,” she said, offering him a terrible impression of a smile.
“I wasn’t sure you’d be here,” he said.
He crossed the small room in a few strides and leaned over her left shoulder.
“You’re reading my mail?” he asked.
Clenching his teeth and trying to shove his annoyance away, David focused on the screen. He scanned the short paragraph three times, unsure he was reading it correctly, then moved to the small bed attached to the wall and sat down on it. He stared at the floor for a moment, elbows on his knees, palms against his forehead, before looking up at Stef. She was looking back at him, but didn’t speak.
U.S.S. Vermont crew exposed to live culture of alien virus VO-864e in lab accident at 08:27. Virus has invaded the ship’s atmosphere. Cpt. Takamatsu dead (self-inflicted). Have assumed control. The Vermont is now quarantined. DO NOT ATTEMPT PHYSICAL CONTACT. Virus studies will continue as long as possible.
David took in air to speak, couldn’t think of anything to say, blew the air out as a sigh and looked again down at the floor. He heard Stef get up and move closer, felt her sit down next to him on the bed, felt her hand take his.
“She was the one you had a crush on, right?” Stef’s voice held sorrow, pity, and a simple, sweet understanding that made his throat ache.
David ran a shaky hand through his dark, matted hair. Deborah Almstead? The valedictorian of his graduating class at the Academy? She was going to die? It seemed impossible. Deborah and the rest of the crew were supposed to become heroes; the U.S.S. Vermont had been preparing for the first manned jump outside of the solar system. Now it was nothing more than a floating deathtrap.
“What are we going to do?” he asked, the question not really directed at Stef. She answered anyway.
“I don’t remember,” David admitted. An itch had begun on the left side of his ribcage. He scratched at it, couldn’t seem to find the right place, and was suddenly overwhelmed by the desire to tear his suit from his body. Tired, disgusted, sick of living on this ship and wearing this damned thing at every hour of the day, he tugged at the carbon-fiber fabric, knowing he could never hurt it.
“God, I want a shower,” he snarled.
Stef was quiet, still resting her head against his. David could smell her skin, the sweat and grime that were always present, no matter how well their suits recycled their body’s fluids. During his first rotation, whenever he had been alone and then returned to a group the smell had disgusted him. It still sometimes happened, but never with Stef. He wondered if that was what love meant: sometimes the person you’re with doesn’t smell so great, but you just don’t care.
Stef gave him a small smile and kissed him on the right side of his lower jaw.
Someone was pounding on the door, apparently forgetting that there was a buzzer. Stef rolled over next to him and made a roaring, moaning noise of disgust.
“Go away!” she shouted, her hand grabbing the nearest object – a boot – and hurling it at the door.
“They’re not supposed to know you’re in here,” David murmured, eyes still shut.
“Everyone left in this entire system knows that I’m sleeping with you,” Stef snarled, rolling roughly onto her left side, her back to him, and throwing an arm over her face.
“Captain?” someone asked from outside the door, and gave a lighter, more courteous knock.
“I’ll be with you in one moment,” David called.
David sat up and checked the clock. Two hours. They’d given him two hours. He rubbed his eyes, yawned, and crawled over Stef’s outstretched legs.
“Don’t turn on the light,” she growled as he headed for the door.
“Love you too,” he muttered, grinning despite himself and opening the door to his cabin. Standing before him was one of the youngest members of the crew, a first-year Private. He was standing at attention, stiff as a board, and saluting.
“Yes, Sir,” the soldier said, adopting a formal posture that nonetheless seemed, compared to his previous stance, downright leisurely.
“Pick a sentence and finish it,” David said. Private Jacobs nodded, took a deep breath, and spoke.
David paused for a moment, considering this news. In planetary designation terms, an E1 was like opening the Ark of the Covenant and finding the Holy Grail stuffed inside. Not only Earth-like, but a level one: a planet onto which human beings could step out, take off their helmets, and survive. At least, that was the theory. No probe had ever located one before, and there had been debate among scientists over whether that would ever change.
“Go, Jacobs,” David said, glancing over his shoulder as the door opened.
Jacobs saluted and went. David, still coming to terms with the fact that he was only going to get two hours of sleep, didn’t return the gesture. He stepped into the room, picking up the boot Stef had thrown on the way, and sat down on the bed. Stef groaned.
“Tell me it’s not my shift yet,” she said.
“It’s not your shift yet …” David began.
“I hate you with the white-hot passion of a thousand burning suns,” Stef replied without missing a beat, eyes still closed. David snorted laughter.
“They found an E1,” he said, and now Stef opened her eyes, sitting up and staring at him in disbelief.
“Then isn’t it your job to decide where the ship goes?” Burke asked. It didn’t seem to David that the woman was being deliberately obtuse, and so he answered honestly.
Burke sat down in a chair, resting her head in her hands for a moment before looking back up at David.
“There’s no one left down there,” she said.
Stef, sitting behind him, coughed and stirred, but when David turned to look at her, she did not immediately speak up.
“Do you have something to contribute, Sergeant?” David asked her.
“Jacobs,” David called. The Private, sitting at the end of the room, visibly jerked.
“Yes, Sir,” Jacobs said, and left.
“You think we can do it,” David said to Stef, and she considered for a moment.
Stef gave him a cool glance that, in the privacy of his cabin, he would have laughed at before kissing her. Here in the Command Center, he simply met her gaze until she looked away at the monitors.
“Don’t think they’ll just give it away,” David said.
“She has a point,” Doctor Burke said.
“Oh, yes, she’s right, we could storm a military outpost if we wanted to,” David said, his tone dry. The doctor sighed, shook her head, went back to staring at the monitors.
“Captain, I just mean it’s not impossible,” Stef said.
“Not saying it would be without sacrifice, Sir,” Stef said.
“Your every wish is my most vital command, Captain,” Stef said, turning to her console. David rolled his eyes and turned away from her.
“May I say something, Captain?” the Doctor asked, and David nodded.
David, who thought that number optimistic, said nothing. Burke continued.
Burke held her left hand out, looking at the wedding ring on her index finger. She closed the hand to a fist, opened it back up again, looked at David.
David took all of this in without comment, considering the Doctor’s words. At last he opened his mouth to speak, but before he could begin, the door to the Command Center opened and CJ stepped in.
“You wanted to see me, Sir?” he asked, and David closed his mouth. He looked for a moment longer at Dr. Burke before turning to CJ.
David nodded, stood, and looked around the Command center until at last his gaze fell on the woman he loved. Stef was peering over her shoulder at him with her big, beautiful eyes, and a thought ran through his head: I am incredibly lucky.
“The Master Sergeant has command,” he told those assembled around him, and turned to leave.
Stef’s report was waiting for him when he woke, but she was not in the room. This didn’t surprise David; she was probably asleep in one of the crew compartments. He read through the report twice, mulling it over.
He supposed that it should be an easy call. The people on Earth were dying, and their civilizations were dying with them. The emergence of an E1 planet to which the healthy could flee, just at this moment, was an occurrence so improbable it seemed miraculous. A more religious man might have seen in it the hand of God.
It should have been easy, but it wasn’t. There were other ships in orbit, some of them with active cultures of the virus. There was still a possibility of a cure. If they left Earth now, they were abandoning that chance, abandoning those people left on the planet who might somehow survive, either through natural immunity or isolation.
There was no guarantee of success even if they rounded up enough human beings to reach a minimum viable population, a number which scientists couldn’t seem to agree on. There was no guarantee they would survive the trip; the numbers were ambiguous. A lot of things would have to go right, and if they made it to the E1 at all it would take decades, possibly centuries, before they could spare enough people for any sort of return to Earth.
The last page of the report held the end of a data table and was empty at the bottom. Stef had doodled in this white space with her stylus, and David found himself staring at the picture. It was simplistic, almost a child’s drawing. A man with shaded skin and a woman with curly dark hair, holding hands, standing outside with smiles on their faces, the sun beaming down above them. David wondered if the star exuding those lines of light was meant to be Sol, or Alpha Centauri B.
He was not afraid of how the military might react; there was little military left, and no government for it to serve. It was not the breach of protocol that troubled him, but the idea of giving up on the only home his species had ever known. The choice seemed to tear at his very core, filling him with doubt. Who was he, a newbie Captain, to make that choice for the people aboard this ship, let alone anywhere else?
Yet Stef had put it most succinctly. “The world is ending,” she had told him, and he knew that she was right. Returning to Earth was madness. Impossible. The only alternative was to survive in orbit, using up resources from other planets and moons, keeping most of the population in cryo-storage most of the time so as to live off the meager amount of nutrients that they could produce away from Earth, hoping that somehow, someway, they would find a cure. Was that really what he wanted?
David ran through the report again, checking and rechecking Stef’s numbers, knowing that she must already have done so herself. He thought about raising a family under an alien sun. He wondered if there was anyone left alive who could reliably build a house, let alone a fusion reactor. Would they even make it all the way there? It was a twelve-year question, and not one that could be answered by any means other than making the attempt. It was safer to stay in orbit. Was it smarter?
It seemed like no matter which direction he looked, all he could see were cons. He thought of his mother, praying every day to Vishnu, asking for His wisdom and guidance and favor. He thought of his father, who had died an atheist, laughing at the idea that mankind’s destiny was in any hands but its own. What would they tell him, if their voices could somehow stretch across the void of death and reach him here in this dark place, hovering above the planet he had once called home?
David sat at his desk in thought for some time, eyes closed, breathing in the stale air that circulated throughout the ship. At last he reached out to the console before him and tapped the screen, turning on the ship-wide PA.
“Attention, this is—” he began, and stopped, taking a deep breath before speaking again, broadcasting to the hundred and fifteen other people aboard.
You have a real talent for writing. I was sucked into this story so fast. That for me is an indication of a great writer, grabs you and brings you into the story quickly, and makes you feel one with it. Love your writing, and am looking forward to Blood Hunt!
Thanks very much, John. I’m glad you enjoyed the story!
I don’t mind reading longer stories online as long as they’re great. Although it began to wear on my eyes, this story just kept getting better and better until the resolution. It’s nice to read stories that end with a realistic resolution because few writers seem to be shooting for that mark anymore: resolution and transformation of character and objectives. Well done! | 2019-04-19T20:26:11Z | https://aurorawolf.com/2011/08/httpaurorawolf-comwp-contentuploadswatchers-2-jpg/ |
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the vector for dengue fever, yellow fever, chikungunya, and zika viruses. Inadequate vector control has contributed to persistence and increase of these diseases. This review assesses the evidence of effectiveness of different control measures in reducing Aedes aegypti proliferation, using standard entomological indices.
A systematic search of Medline, Ovid, BVS, LILACS, ARTEMISA, IMBIOMED and MEDIGRAPHIC databases identified cluster randomised controlled trials (CRCTs) of interventions to control Aedes aegypti published between January 2003 and October 2016. Eligible studies were CRCTs of chemical or biological control measures, or community mobilization, with entomological indices as an endpoint. A meta-analysis of eligible studies, using a random effects model, assessed the impact on household index (HI), container index (CI), and Breteau index (BI).
From 848 papers identified by the search, eighteen met the inclusion criteria: eight for chemical control, one for biological control and nine for community mobilisation. Seven of the nine CRCTs of community mobilisation reported significantly lower entomological indices in intervention than control clusters; findings from the eight CRCTs of chemical control were more mixed. The CRCT of biological control reported a significant impact on the pupae per person index only. Ten papers provided enough detail for meta-analysis. Community mobilisation (four studies) was consistently effective, with an overall intervention effectiveness estimate of −0.10 (95%CI -0.20 – 0.00) for HI, −0.03 (95%CI -0.05 – -0.01) for CI, and −0.13 (95%CI -0.22 – -0.05) for BI. The single CRCT of biological control had effectiveness of −0.02 (95%CI -0.07– 0.03) for HI, −0.02 (95%CI -0.04– -0.01) for CI and −0.08 (95%CI -0.15– -0.01) for BI. The five studies of chemical control did not show a significant impact on indices: the overall effectiveness was −0.01 (95%CI -0.05– 0.03) for HI, 0.01 (95% CI -0.01– 0.02) for CI, and 0.01 (95%CI -0.03 – 0.05) for BI.
Governments that rely on chemical control of Aedes aegypti should consider adding community mobilization to their prevention efforts. More well-conducted CRCTs of complex interventions, including those with biological control, are needed to provide evidence of real life impact. Trials of all interventions should measure impact on dengue risk.
In 2013, Bhatt and colleagues estimated 390 million dengue infections worldwide each year, with 96 million of these producing some clinical manifestation . They estimated that Asia accounts for 70% of these infections, India alone accounting for 34%; 14% occur in the Americas, more than half of which occur in Brazil and Mexico; 16% occur in Africa, and only 0.2% in Oceania . Since publication of the articles in this review, a new dengue vaccine has been approved for use in Mexico , the Philippines and Brazil . Notwithstanding the new vaccine, vector control probably will remain an important element of dengue prevention and dengue prevention research [5, 6]. A World Health Organisation (WHO) meeting of experts in March 2016 noted, however, that there was no evidence that recent vector-control efforts such as massive use of insecticides have a significant effect on dengue transmission .
Aedes aegypti is an important vector for dengue virus infection. Apart from dengue virus, Aedes aegypti is also the vector for transmission of other viruses presenting serious public health threats: chikungunya [8, 9], zika and yellow fever . There is currently no vaccine available for chikungunya or zika. Following a big outbreak of zika in Brazil, including cases of microcephaly among babies born to infected mothers, WHO declared zika a public health emergency of international concern and issued a response framework and operations plan for tackling zika worldwide . There is a huge shortfall in funding for the WHO response programme ; with limited funding there is an urgent need to identify the most effective interventions for Aedes aegypti vector control.
Summarised in Table 1, 12 systematic reviews synthesized evidence of the effectiveness of chemical, biological and community participation interventions for control of the Aedes aegypti vector and dengue infection [14–25]. These covered 278 studies with considerable overlap, including 26 cluster randomised controlled trials (CRCTs). The most common study design was a non-randomised controlled trial (110 studies), and before-after analysis (88 studies). Some reviews had a broad focus, covering multiple interventions [15, 17, 24, 25], others covered more specific community-based interventions [14, 19] or outbreak control . Some were limited to single specific interventions, such as peridomestic spraying of insecticide , use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis , temephos , larvivorous fish or copepods .
Interventions and outcomes varied. Six studies combined community participation programmes with dengue control tools. Only 2 papers reported confidence intervals; 5 reported p-values; none were cluster randomized. Weak evidence that community-based programmes alone or in combination can enhance dengue control.
Effect of different dengue control methods on entomological indices in developing countries.
Integrated vector management most effective method to reduce CI, HI and BI. Environmental management alone relatively low effectiveness. Biological control targeted small numbers; IVM targeted larger populations. Most effective is a community-based, integrated approach, tailored and combined with educational programmes.
Combined interventions of vector control (community involvement & use of insecticides), training of medical personnel, plus laboratory support, helped control outbreaks. Spatial spraying of insecticides alone ineffective and its usefulness with other interventions is doubtful.
Evidence of efficacy lacking: poor study designs and lack of congruent entomologic indices. Need more cluster randomized controlled trials.
Few studies of effectiveness of peri-domestic space spraying. Best applied as part of IVM. Need to measure impact of spraying on adult and immature mosquitoes and disease transmission.
Important impact of educational messages in a community-based approach on larval indices. Very heterogeneous effect size with different study designs; interpretation of pooled results difficult.
Bti can reduce the number of immature Aedes in the short term, but very limited evidence that Bti alone can reduce dengue morbidity. Need to measure impact of Bti in combination with other strategies to control dengue vectors.
Temephos alone suppressed entomological indices; did not do so when combined with other interventions. No evidence that temephos use is associated with reduced dengue transmission.
Limited evidence of impact of cyclopoid copepods as a single intervention. Very few studies; more needed in other communities and environments.
The most effective control method was IVM, starting with community empowerment as active agents of vector control.
Lack of reliable evidence on the effectiveness of any dengue vector control method. High quality studies (such as CRCTs) are needed, with measurement of effect on dengue transmission as well as vector indices.
Several reviews concluded that some form of integrated vector management (IVM), including chemical control, community involvement, and co-operation between services was the best approach to reduce entomological indices of Aedes aegypti infestation or control outbreaks of dengue [15, 16, 24]. WHO recommends IVM for control of vector borne diseases, including dengue [26, 27].
The authors of many of the previous reviews noted that their conclusions were limited by the poor quality of the available evidence. Existing evidence studied impact mostly on vector indices rather than on dengue infection or disease incidence. While reviews suggested effectiveness of community involvement and mobilisation, the weak study designs and poor quality of reporting made interpretation difficult [14, 19]. Reviews focusing on specific biological control methods were largely unable to conclude about effectiveness because the relatively few published studies generally had weak designs [20, 22, 23]. Reviews of specific chemical interventions were also limited in their conclusions. A review of 15 studies of peridomestic insecticide spraying included only one CRCT, the remainder using before-after analyses . A review of 27 studies of the effectiveness of temephos for dengue control included only three CRCTs; the authors concluded there was evidence that temephos alone, although not in combination, suppressed entomological indices, but noted there was no evidence that temephos use was associated with decreased dengue transmission . Authors of a 2009 review including multiple approaches for dengue control complained of the problems of poor study design and non-comparable entomological endpoints , and a recent review of the effects of multiple dengue prevention approaches noted a lack of reliable evidence of effectiveness, particularly on the endpoint of dengue incidence .
Review authors have repeatedly called for more cluster randomised controlled trials of single and combined interventions for dengue prevention, with measurement of their impact on dengue transmission as well as on vector indices [17, 22, 25]. The aim of the present study is to review the effectiveness of interventions for dengue vector control, specifically as measured in CRCTs. This limits the number of eligible studies, but means that the findings of those that are included are likely to be more reliable.
In 2013 we carried out a systematic search for articles published between January 2003 and June 2013 assessing the impact of chemical control, biological control and/or community mobilization as strategies for Aedes aegypti vector control. We searched the Medline, Ovid, BVS, LILACS, ARTEMISA, IMBIOMED and MEDIGRAPHIC databases. The search terms we used were “dengue”, “Aedes aegypti”, “chemical control”, “biological control”, “community-based”, “community mobilisation”, “social mobilisation”, “community empowerment”, “effectiveness” and “vector control”, and their Spanish and Portuguese equivalents. We updated the search in November 2016 to cover articles published up to the end of October 2016. We also reviewed the references listed in identified publications and included additional studies found in these lists, limiting our search to publications in English, Spanish or Portuguese.
Figure 1 is a flow chart of the studies identified and finally included in the systematic review and meta analysis. The first search in 2013 produced a list of 588 articles. In 2015, we added a further 27 studies and in 2016 we added a further 233 studies identified by a new electronic search and a manual search (total 848 articles). Two reviewers (VA and LA), working independently, reviewed the title and abstract of these articles. They excluded 749 articles: 590 because they clearly did not meet the inclusion criteria, and 159 because they were further publications of the same studies.
studies that provided information about at least one of the three standard Aedes aegypti indices: house index (HI) -- households with larvae or pupae as a proportion of households examined; container index (CI) -- containers with larvae or pupae as a proportion of containers examined; and Breteau index (BI) -- containers with larvae or pupae as a proportion of households examined.
The reviewers read the full text of the remaining 99 candidate articles and excluded 81 of them as not meeting the inclusion criteria. Five of the excluded studies did not measure impact on entomological indices, and 76 were not CRCTs. This systematic review includes all 18 remaining articles; 10 of these had the necessary information for calculation of the entomological indices to allow us to include them in the meta-analysis.
We extracted data from the 18 articles using a format developed by consensus among study team members. Two reviewers extracted the data independently and then resolved discrepancies by consensus. We assessed methodological validity of the studies using the Cochrane approach for assessing the risk of bias . This includes an assessment of how the studies handled and reported: random sequence generation, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, handling of incomplete data, and selectiveness of reporting. We graded each paper for each domain as having low, unclear or high risk of bias, and then calculated an overall risk of bias.
We defined intervention effectiveness for each of the entomological indices (HI, CI and BI) as the difference between the intervention group and the control group at the last point of measurement. For each type of intervention (chemical control, biological control, community mobilisation) we performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model to estimate global intervention effectiveness for each entomological index (HI, CI, BI), estimating the combined overall Risk Difference (RD) and its 95% CI. The model took into account inter- and intra-study variability by weighting . We carried out the analysis using the open-source software CIETmap and the “meta” package of the statistical language R .
We performed the DerSimonian and Laird Q test to assess the level of heterogeneity, with the null hypothesis of non-heterogeneity. We derived p-values for this test by comparing the Q statistic with the α-percentile of a χ2 distribution with k-1 degrees of freedom (where k is the number of studies).
For each type of intervention, we measured each study’s influence on the overall estimated intervention effectiveness by replicating the meta-analysis for each of the three entomological indices, eliminating one of the included studies from the analysis at each step. We then quantified the differences in the overall results [29, 33].
We assessed publication bias using a funnel plot, which shows the sample size of each study next to the detected effect size. We used the Begg and Egger statistical test [34, 35] and considered p < 0.10 to be a statistically significant indicator of publication bias.
Table 2 shows details of the 18 CRCTs that met our inclusion criteria for the review [36–53]. Published between January 2003 and December 2015, these studies all implemented interventions and measured impact at the cluster level. The 18 studies covered 246 intervention clusters (48,131 intervention households) and 288 control clusters (69,430 control households) in 13 countries: India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay, Ecuador and Colombia. Of the 18 CRCTs, we categorised eight as trials of chemical control interventions, one as a trial of a biological control method, and nine as trials of community mobilisation for dengue prevention.
1% temephos applied to HH water containers 3 monthly.
Community removal of “removable” water containers.
BI and CI slightly lower in control cluster than intervention cluster at most time points. Both BI and CI were related to rainfall.
Not clear why temephos was not effective.
HI, CI, BI, PPI measured at baseline, 4w, 4 m & 12 m (Mexico) 9 m (Venezuela).
At last measurement in Mexico and Venezuela, no significant difference in entomological indices between intervention and control clusters; but indices in all clusters significantly lower than at baseline. No such fall in nearby “external control” sites.
BI, HI, CI, PPI measured at baseline, 1 m, 5 m and 12 m.
At 1 m, all indices fell in the ITN sites. By 5 m, indices had also fallen in control sites and were now lower than in ITN sites. Control HH near to ITN sites had lower indices.
At 12 m all sites had significantly lower indices and fewer IgM positives than at baseline.
Lack of difference between ITN and control sites due to spill-over. ITNs can reduce vector indices and potentially dengue transmission.
No difference between intervention clusters and the control cluster in any indices.
Control cluster indices not different from indices from all clusters measured in previous year, but those in all three intervention clusters combined were lower than those in the previous year.
Lack of difference between intervention and control clusters suggests initial education and repeated visits were as effective as the interventions. Small sample size was an issue.
Window & door nets treated with deltamethrin and water container covers treated with deltamethrin (wrong size so not used).
Govt programme treated water with 1% temephos in 3 intervention and 3 control clusters.
After 17 months, nets replaced as needed and “productive” containers treated with temephos or discarded.
At baseline, 6w after first intervention and 6w after second intervention measured total pupae, PPI, HI, BI and CI.
6w after first intervention, indices higher in all clusters than baseline. Total pupae and PPI increased more in control clusters but difference not significant.
6w after second intervention, indices were lower overall. Total pupae reduced significantly more in intervention clusters, borderline difference for PPI. HI reduced significantly more in intervention clusters, borderline difference for BI and no significant difference for CI.
The combination of insecticide treated curtains and targeting productive container types (with temephos and discarding containers) can reduce the dengue vector population.
Window and door nets treated with long-lasting deltamethrin formulation.
Max 5 nets/HH. Insecticide supposed to last two years.
Routine government vector control including temephos available to HH and deltamethrin spraying if case of dengue detected.
BI, HI, CI and PPI measured at baseline, 6 m & 18 m.
At 6 m, BI was significantly lower in intervention clusters. HI, CI and PPI were also lower in intervention clusters. At 18 m, BI was no longer lower in intervention clusters, and nor were HI, CI and PPI. At 6 m, 71% of HH used the nets, but only 33% used them at 18 m.
Insecticide treated window and door nets can reduce vector breeding. The effect is coverage dependent.
Immediate: Window and door nets treated with deltamethrin in all 10 clusters.
After 8 m in 4 clusters: Water container covers treated with deltamethrin.
Routine government vector control activities continued.
Routine government vector control activities: temephos in water containers, health education, occasional malathion space spraying.
At first follow up indices fell more (cf baseline) in intervention clusters than control clusters; I-C difference significant for BI only. PPI increased in intervention clusters.
At second follow up all indices including PPI decreased more in intervention clusters; significant by t-test but not by non-parametric test.
The intervention package can reduce dengue vector density. Needs behaviour change for sustained effect.
Door and window screens treated with alpha-cypermethrin. After 14 m, productive containers also treated with spinosad every 2 m.
Routine government vector control continued.
Routine government vector control: temephos in water containers, space spraying with chloropyrifos and propoxur.
Measured BI, CI, HI & PPI at baseline and at 5, 12, 18 and 24 m Also measured adult mosquitoes.
Only adult mosquitoes less in intervention HH after the treated screens. At 18 m (after treatment of productive containers), BI, CI, HI and PPI significantly lower in the intervention clusters. At 24 m, only PPI significantly lower.
HI, CI, BI & PPI measured at baseline, 2 m, 4 m and 6 m.
Baseline and 6 m. Measured BI, CI, HI and positive containers/HH (C+/H).
Reduced from baseline to 6 m in Education only cluster, but not in Chemical or Control clusters. In the Education & chemical cluster, reduction from baseline was less marked.
Education intervention was effective but Chemical intervention was not. The Chemical intervention reduced the effect of the Education intervention, perhaps by false sense of security.
>Harmonisation with local vector control plan.
Government routine vector control programme continued.
The HI, BI and PPI were not different between intervention and control clusters at baseline. At 15 m, HI, BI and PPI were all significantly lower in intervention clusters compared with control clusters.
A community based environmental management strategy on top of routine programme reduced dengue vector indices.
>Communities distributed locally-made container covers and educational materials.
At 10 m there were significant reductions in the HI, BI, CI and PPI in the intervention vs control clusters.
A community-based approach involving multiple stakeholders to implement control actions reduced dengue vector indices.
No significant differences between intervention and control clusters for HI, CI. BI significantly lower at 15 m. PPI significantly reduced in intervention clusters.
Household and community involvement helped reduce solid waste containers which are major site of dengue breeding.
BI measured monthly from government surveillance figures before and during intervention from mid 2005 to Dec 2007.
Over the intervention period, the BI remained significantly lower in the intervention clusters than in the control clusters; the difference was bigger after the CWGs began their activities.
The empowerment strategy increased community involvement and added effectiveness to routine vector control.
Routine government vector control programme.
All indices significantly lower in the intervention clusters at 6 m.
Social participation and environmental management is feasible and significantly reduced vector indices.
PPI was significantly reduced in intervention clusters vs the control clusters (now with Bti) but only when clusters without full implementation were excluded.
Complicated by change in government programme midway through trial period. Need to explore integration of biolarvicide with the IIS approach.
Campaign with community members & health institutions for removal of water containers around households (bags with containers collected). Engagement of community opinion makers, leaflets, & press conference.
The increase in indices from dry to wet season was less in the intervention communities but the difference was not statistically significant.
Low vector densities meant sample size did not have sufficient power to detect differences as significant.
Community discussions of baseline evidence on vector breeding sites & infection in children. Community groups planned actions: HH visits by community brigades, school activities, & community clean-up activities and events.
Government dengue control programme: temephos in HH water containers & peridomestic space spraying.
All vector indices significantly lower in intervention than control clusters in follow up survey.
Dengue infection rates in children aged 3–9 years (paired saliva samples) and self-reported dengue cases significantly lower in intervention than control sites.
Evidence based community mobilization effective for dengue vector control. Tailored implementation for individual sites gives local customization & strong community engagement.
Table 3 shows the risk of bias assessments for the 18 studies. We assessed eight studies as having a low risk of bias overall, the remaining 10 having an unclear risk of bias mainly because they did not provide enough information to assess some elements of the risk of bias.
1 = Low risk of bias; 2 = Unclear risk of bias; 3 = High risk of bias.
Among the eight CRCTs categorised as chemical control interventions, five tested the effect of insecticide-treated window and door screens or curtains: one as a single intervention , two combined with insecticide-treated water container covers [37, 42], and two combined with temephos or spinosad treatment of productive water containers [40, 43]. One trial tested the impact of insecticide-treated bed nets as a single intervention and one tested the impact of temephos applied to water containers as a single intervention . Ocampo et al. reported on a trial of lethal ovitraps and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) briquettes, alone or in combination, together with an initial education and clean-up campaign and regular household visits. Since education/clean-up and visits alone was also the ‘control’ condition, we categorised this as a chemical intervention of the deltamethrin lethal ovitraps . Three trials had a staged intervention: in Guatemala deltamethrin-treated window and door nets were replenished and supplemented with temephos treatment of productive containers after 17 months ; in Colombia, deltamethrin treated container covers supplemented deltamethrin treated window and door nets after eight months in about half the clusters ; and in Mexico, researchers added spinosad treatment of productive water containers to cypermethrin treated door and window screens after 14 months.
The number of clusters randomised to intervention and control status varied widely, from just one very large intervention and one very large control cluster in Brazil to 22 intervention and 66 small control clusters in Thailand . The largest number of households to receive the intervention was also in Thailand, although the researchers only measured entomological indices in half of these . The duration of follow up varied from six weeks to 18 months after the start of an intervention. In the three studies with two-staged interventions, the last measurements of entomological indices were at six weeks [40, 42] to 10 months after the second intervention. For interventions beginning at single time point, the last measurements were at between four months and 18 months .
Measured impacts of the interventions varied considerably. The temephos trial found no effect; the BI and CI were slightly lower in control than intervention clusters at most time points . In the trials concerned with insecticide-treated window and door screens or curtains, three found an impact on pupal densities and other indices mainly after addition of the second intervention of treating productive containers [40, 43] or of adding treated container covers . The trial of treated door and window nets alone found that the impact on BI at six months, when 71% of households used the nets, was not maintained at 18 months, when only a third of households used the nets . In the report of the trial of treated window and door nets in Mexico and Venezuela, with added treated container covers in Venezuela only, the authors found a reduction in entomological indices in all clusters, not different between intervention and control clusters, and attributed this to a spill-over into the nearby control clusters. The authors of the Haiti treated bed nets trial also attributed the fall in indices in all clusters, with no difference between intervention and control clusters, to a spill-over effect. The trial of deltamethrin lethal ovitraps and Bti, alone and in combination, with education and household visits as the control condition, found no difference in entomological indices between the intervention clusters and the control cluster. The authors postulated this could be because the initial education and clean-up followed by repeated visits were in themselves an intervention as effective as the interventions being tested .
Only two of the CRCTs measured the impact of chemical interventions on dengue infection as well as on entomological indices, with inconclusive findings. In the trial of deltamethrin treated window curtains and container covers in Venezuela, Kroeger et al. reported that positive adult dengue IgM serology at eight months was lower in intervention than control clusters, with borderline statistical significance . In the trial of treated bed nets in Haiti, in all clusters there were fewer individuals positive for dengue IgM at 12 months; the authors considered the lack of difference between intervention and control clusters reflected a spill-over effect.
Only one study of a biological control cluster trial met the inclusion criteria. Kittayapong et al. in Thailand of using either copepods or Bti (the households had a choice) in household water containers to control breeding of the dengue vector . The intervention also included community mobilisation meetings and recruitment of eco-health volunteers (EHVs) from among existing community health volunteers. The EHVs visited households to deliver the biological control materials and educated household members on elimination of vector breeding sites. Public services cleaned up communal spaces in the communities. Although there was also an element of community mobilisation, we categorised this trial as primarily of the biological control methods. The study compared 10 intervention clusters with 10 control clusters, with measurements of vector indices up to six months. The HI, CI and BI were significantly lower at follow up than at baseline in all clusters, but not so in control compared with intervention clusters. The PPI was significantly lower in intervention than control clusters at all time points after the baseline.
We categorised nine CRCTs as primarily trials of community mobilisation and participation, seven from Central and South America [45, 46, 49–53] and two from Asia [47, 48]. One trial from Mexico measured the impact of an educational intervention at household and community level and a chemical intervention (space spraying with malathion and temephos applied to household water containers), alone or in combination, compared with a control cluster with neither intervention . Common features of the complex interventions included: engagement of local stakeholders in discussions of the problems and planning of activities; involvement of community members in prevention and dissemination activities; household visits to support their efforts to reduce dengue breeding sites; educational programmes at household and community levels; partnerships with local services; and efforts to improve local services such as garbage collection. Four trials involved schools and schoolchildren [47, 50, 51, 53] or elders . Two noted the importance of involving women [47, 53]. Specific activities included: distribution of locally made covers for water containers , promoting composting of biodegradable waste , and collecting small waste items from around houses .
In all trials, the routine government dengue control activities continued in the intervention as well as control clusters, so the measured impact was of the community mobilisation in addition to the routine prevention activities. In the trial from Ecuador , the analysis was complicated by a change in the government programme midway through the intervention: from a programme based on temephos in water and insecticide space spraying to use of a biolarvicide (Bti) and education for source reduction.
The included CRCTs varied in size, from a very small study in Mexico with three intervention clusters and one control cluster and a total of 187 households , and a small study in Sri Lanka with four intervention and four control clusters and 1593 households , to a study in Cuba with 16 intervention and 16 control clusters and a total of 19,170 households , and a trial in Nicaragua and Mexico with 75 intervention and 75 control clusters and a total of 18,838 households . Length of follow up varied from five months [45, 50, 52] to 24 months . Some trials reported only measurements at baseline and follow up [45, 50–52], while others made one or more measurements in between [46–48, 53]. One trial in Cuba relied on monthly measurements by the government vector control programme .
The reported impacts of the CRCTs varied but were broadly positive, with a significant impact on at least one entomological index. Four studies found all the measured indices were significantly lower in the intervention than control clusters at the last follow up [46, 47, 50, 53]. The trial from Sri Lanka with a focus on solid waste management found a significant impact on BI at 15 months and on PPI at all time points . The trial in Cuba that used figures from the routine government surveillance found significantly lower BI in intervention clusters at all time points . The Ecuador trial of the elementary school education programme and the clean patio safe container programme detected a significant impact on PPI only at 12 months, but only when clusters without full implementation were excluded. This trial was complicated by the change (probably improvement) in the government programme in the control sites midway through the intervention . The Uruguay trial reported a non-significant difference between intervention and control cluster in favour of the intervention; low vector densities in the sites reduced the power of the study to detect significant differences . The small complicated trial from Mexico compared an educational intervention, with or without malathion spraying, with a control cluster. It found a significant impact of the education programme only on a specific index (positive containers per household); this impact was less marked when the education intervention was combined with malathion space spraying .
Only one CRCT of community mobilisation measured the impact on dengue infection. The trial in Nicaragua and Mexico found a significant impact on childhood dengue infection (assessed by dengue antibodies in paired saliva samples) and on self-reported dengue cases in households .
We assessed six studies in the meta-analysis as having a “low risk of bias” and four as having an “unclear risk of bias”, because they did not report some of the information needed to assess elements of the risk of bias (Table 3).
Eight of ten articles in the meta-analysis provided the necessary data to calculate the combined effectiveness for all three entomological indices (HI, CI and BI). One study provided information for only two indices (HI and BI) and one provided information only for the HI. Table 4 summarizes the data for the Aedes aegypti indices in the last measurement for each study’s intervention and control groups, with calculated intervention effectiveness estimates (RD and 95% CI). In every trial of community participation, the estimated intervention effectiveness was positive, showing a decrease in the HI, CI and BI; the higher 95% CI limit for these estimations is 0.03 (for the HI and BI), from the study by Basso et al. in Uruguay .
The overall intervention impact assessments for the Household Index were −0.01 (95% CI -0.05 to 0.03) for chemical control, and −0.10 (95% CI -0.20 to 0.00) for community participation (Fig. 2). None of the confidence intervals for impact on HI from the studies of community participation interventions included unity, reflecting a consistently significant impact on this index. The single CRCT of biological control reported an impact of −0.02 (95% CI -0.07 to 0.03) on the HI.
For the Container Index, community participation interventions again showed the most consistent impact. The overall intervention impact assessments for CI were 0.01 (95%CI -0.01 to 0.02) for chemical control interventions, and −0.03 (95%CI -0.05 to −0.01) for community participation interventions (Fig. 3). The single CRCT of biological intervention reported an impact of −0.02 (95%CI -0.04 to −0.01) on the CI.
The estimated combined intervention impact of chemical control on the Breteau Index was 0.01 (95% CI -0.03 to 0.05), while that of community participation was −0.13 (95% CI -0.22 to −0.05) (Fig. 4). The impact on BI of the single biological control trial was −0.08 (95% CI -0.15 to −0.01).
We found significant heterogeneity (p -value <0.001) between the included studies for each of the entomological indices (HI, CI, BI) for both chemical control CRCTs and community mobilisation CRCTs. For both chemical control studies and community mobilisation studies, sensitivity analysis showed that no study, when it was excluded from the meta- analysis, substantially changed the overall outcome for any of the indices. We found no statistical evidence of publication bias; all the p values obtained from the Begg and Egger test were 0.10 or greater, and nearly all were greater than 0.18.
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 CRCTs published between 2002 and 2015 suggests that community mobilisation programmes are an effective intervention to reduce Aedes aegypti entomological indices.
An earlier systematic review by Erlanger and colleagues included multiple types interventions (chemical, biological, and community-based), concluding that integrated interventions including community involvement were the most effective . Ballenger-Browning and Elder concluded that the evidence base was not good enough to draw conclusions . Our findings are similar to those reported by Bowman in 2016, where community based interventions for dengue vector control showed higher impact than those using insecticide-treated curtains . The four CRCTs of community participation in our review reported continuation of government vector control (usually temephos application and area fumigation) in both intervention and control sites [46, 47, 52, 53]. The observed decreases in the HI, CI and BI represent added effectiveness from community mobilisation.
Only one CRCT of a biological control intervention met our inclusion criteria. The Thailand trial of copepods or Bti, together with some community activation, reported no significant difference in entomological indices between intervention and control communities at six months . Biological control is attractive as it avoids chemical contamination to the environment, but it may have operational limitations for large scale application. Erlanger noted that biological control has only been tested on a small scale and Bowman noted the clear need for adequately sized CRCTs of biological control interventions for dengue prevention .
Unlike earlier systematic reviews [14–25], our review only included CRCTs. Our meta-analysis required data for calculating classic Aedes aegypti entomological indices. This limited the number of studies eligible to be included but it meant that the quality of the included studies was relatively good. None of the 18 studies included in our systematic review was considered to have a high risk of bias, although 10 had an “unclear” risk of bias, mostly due to lack of information in the reports. Other limitations of our meta-analysis are the heterogeneity of intervention duration, the small number of clusters in some of the studies, and the variable cluster size, all of which could affect the intervention effectiveness estimates. The sensitivity analysis, however, showed stability of the global effectiveness estimates.
The grouping of different kinds of interventions together into the broad categories of chemical interventions, biological interventions, and community mobilisation interventions in the meta-analysis could lead to the effectiveness of a particular intervention being under-estimated because it is over-shadowed by poor performance of other interventions in the same broad group. We do not believe this is likely in our study. The four community mobilisation studies all showed positive impacts, albeit of varying magnitude. And among the five chemical intervention trials, three were of treated window and door curtains or nets, and one was of treated bednets, with only one being a different type of intervention (lethal ovitraps).
We were not able to include the main chemical control methods used in government Aedes aegypti control programmes – temephos in domestic water containers and peri-domestic insecticide spraying – in our meta-analysis because we did not identify any CRCTs with details of impact on entomological indicators. In the descriptive review, we included one CRCT of temephos use, with no significant impact on entomological indices , and a CRCT that studied both and education programme and ultra-low volume malathion spraying and temephos application, and found that the ULV spraying reduced the effectiveness of the educational intervention .
Table 3 and Figs. 2- 4 are based on the last measurement point comparing intervention and control sites in each trial. It is possible that this missed some useful impact for some of the interventions. In the trials reported by Lenhart et al. and Vanlerberghe et al. the difference between intervention and control clusters was greater in earlier measurements than later measurements; the authors attributed this to spill-over effects or reduced coverage of the treated materials over time.
Cluster trials, assessing community effectiveness, unlike household or container based trials, take account of community level dynamics. In this real life setting, our review shows chemical control was less effective than community mobilisation, for all three entomological indices.
Depositing temephos in water storage containers is the mainstay of most centrally managed Aedes aegypti control programmes in Latin America and elsewhere . A recent systematic review of the effectiveness of temephos for dengue vector control concluded there was evidence of impact on entomological indices of Aedes aegypti when temephos use was evaluated as a single intervention; effectiveness varied considerably depending on factors such as frequency and method of application and usually did not persist for more than three months. The effect of temephos was less in studies where temephos was part of a combined intervention, as it is almost everywhere in Aedes aegypti control programmes . Most of the studies in the temephos review by George et al. were not CRCTs . The single CRCT of the use of temephos alone included in our systematic review reported no impact of temephos on entomological indices . In Guatemala, the use of temephos together with deltamethrin treated window and door nets had an impact on some, but not all, entomological indices .
Outside the research context, Aedes aegypti control almost everywhere implies complex interventions and cluster dynamics. Community mobilisation implies changes in human attitudes and behaviour, which in turn has multiple effects: people might be motivated to control breeding sites and to cover water containers, to work together on communal vector breeding sites like cemeteries, and they might also be motivated to remove pesticide from water containers. From a centrally managed programme, it would be difficult to foresee the exact mix of interventions to suit every community. Centrally managed awareness and education programmes are thus a weak basis to achieve community commitment to and ownership of interventions. Sustainable community engagement includes local evaluation of evidence and co-designing interventions that best suit their local conditions and culture . This community authorship, rather than interventions being imposed or advised from outside, seems to underwrite the success of the Camino Verde intervention in Mexico and Nicaragua .
The cost implications of multi-faceted programmes for vector control need further study. Countries using temephos and insecticide spraying as key elements of national vector control programmes already carry the expense of centralised programming and logistical structures, and the vertical management and huge numbers of local personnel required to achieve monthly or bimonthly household visits. These countries are paying for vector control that, judging by the relentless increase in dengue risk and recent explosive zika and chikungunya epidemics, does not work very well. A central concern in adding community engagement efforts is how much this would add to effectiveness and acceptability, in relation to the added cost. The cost of adding community engagement might also be offset if it helped to support uptake of a dengue vaccine as that becomes a real public health option.
The implications of our review for dengue vector control are clear. The most consistently effective intervention was community mobilization. Governments that rely on chemical control of Aedes aegypti should consider adding community mobilization to their prevention efforts.
More well-conducted CRCTs of complex interventions, including those with biological control, are needed to provide evidence of real life impact. Future trials of interventions of all kinds should include measurement of impact on dengue infection as well as on entomological indices.
We are grateful to Francisco Laucirica who translated the original Spanish manuscript into English.
The UBS Optimus Foundation Funding provided funding for publication of this manuscript.
VA and EN conceived and designed the review. VA, SP, EN, AM and NB interpreted the data and wrote the manuscript. In addition, VA and LA devised the search strategy, screened titles, abstracts and full texts, applied inclusion and exclusion criteria, performed data extraction, quality appraisal and checked data extraction. VA undertook the statistical analysis. NA provided technical oversight and contributed to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Appeal from Superior Court of Los Angeles County, No. C 39572, Robert A. Wenke, Judge.
Ball, Hunt, Hart, Brown Baerwitz, James C. Maupin and Laurence F. Jay for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Evelle J. Younger, Attorney General, Earl R. Plowman and Mark A. Levin, Deputy Attorneys General, for Defendant and Appellant.
Petitioner Randall G. Weissbuch was licensed to practice medicine in California in 1968. On January 15, 1971, petitioner pleaded guilty to possession of marijuana in violation of Health and Safety Code section 11530 (now Health Saf. Code, § 11357). He was given a suspended misdemeanor sentence and was placed on probation.
In July of 1971 disciplinary proceedings were commenced before the State Board of Medical Examiners (Board). At the hearing it was stipulated that the petitioner had suffered the above referenced conviction. It was further stipulated that during the period January 1, 1970, to and including September 1970 petitioner had used marijuana. Petitioner testified that his use of marijuana was as an escape from feelings of depression and inadequacy and that he used the substance only at night. He admitted that his judgment was impaired during the times of such use. At the time of his arrest, petitioner was in possession of nine ounces of marijuana.
The Board made findings of fact consistent with the stipulated facts and further found that "the episode had no effect on his medical ability of [ sic] his patients' well-being." Pursuant to the findings the Board determined that petitioner was guilty of unprofessional conduct as defined in Business and Professions Code sections 2384 and 2390. Petitioner's license was ordered revoked but execution of the order was stayed during a two-year period of probation. This order was filed July 26, 1972.
Section 2384 reads as follows: "The conviction of or cash compromise of a charge of violation of the Harrison Act regulating narcotics, or the conviction of a violation of the statutes of this State, regulating narcotics, or dangerous drugs, constitutes unprofessional conduct within the meaning of this chapter. The record of the conviction or compromise is conclusive evidence of such unprofessional conduct. A plea or verdict of guilty or a conviction following a plea of nolo contendere is deemed to be a conviction within the meaning of this section. The board may order the license suspended or revoked, or may decline to issue a license, when the time for appeal has elapsed, or the judgment of conviction has been affirmed on appeal or when an order granting probation is made suspending the imposition of sentence, irrespective of a subsequent order under the provisions of Section 1203.4 of the Penal Code allowing such person to withdraw his plea of guilty and to enter a plea of not guilty, or setting aside the verdict of guilty, or dismissing the accusation, information or indictment."
Section 2390 reads as follows: "The use or prescribing for or administering to himself, of any of the narcotics specified in Sections 11001 or 11002 of the Health and Safety Code; or the use of any of the dangerous drugs specified in Section 4211 of this code, or of alcoholic beverages to the extent, or in such manner as to be dangerous or injurious to a person holding a certificate under this chapter, or to any other person or to the public, or to the extent that such use impairs the ability of such person so holding such a certificate to conduct with safety to the public the practice authorized by such certificate or the conviction of more than one misdemeanor or any felony involving the use, consumption or self-administration of any of the substances referred to in this section or any combination thereof, constitutes unprofessional conduct within the meaning of this chapter."
Petitioner sought a writ of mandate in the superior court pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5 That court found that the charges against petitioner did not relate to his professional conduct. In pertinent conclusions of law the superior court declared: "1. The charges against Petitioner do not render him unfit to practice his profession. 2. The revocation of Petitioner's license herein constituted a taking of property without due process of law notwithstanding that petitioner's conduct comes within the ambit of Business and Professions Code, sections 2384 and 2390. 3. Respondent committed an abuse of discretion, within the meaning of Civil Procedure Code § 1094.5(b), in revoking petitioner's license."
The trial court's concurrent judgment: ". . . [remanded] the proceedings to [Board] and [commanded] [Board] to set aside its decision dated July 26, 1972, in the administrative proceedings entitled `In the Matter of the Accusation Against Randall G. Weissbuch, M.D.' and to proceed in a manner consistent with these findings and conclusions."
Both sides appeal. The petitioner apparently feels that the trial court's judgment though favorable to him, impliedly recognizes that conduct unrelated to professional ability can be grounds for discipline.
At issue is whether the Legislature may constitutionally provide for the disciplining of a licentiate in the medical profession on the basis of conduct involving the personal use of narcotics or on the basis of a violation of the laws regulating narcotics without any showing that the conduct affected the doctor's professional ability or amounted to moral turpitude. If the answer to that question is in the affirmative, then this case raises the additional issue of whether the particular circumstances of this case fall within the legislative proscription.
At the time of petitioner's use and at the time of his conviction for possessing it, marijuana was classified as a narcotic by Health and Safety Code section 11001. Business and Professions Code section 2390 provides that the personal use of narcotics as defined in Health and Safety Code sections 11001 and 11002 without prescription or the prescribing of such narcotics for himself by a doctor constitutes unprofessional conduct. Business and Professions Code section 2384 provides that a conviction for violation of the laws regulating narcotics and dangerous drugs is in itself professional misconduct.
We must presume that the Legislature in enacting these provisions did not intend to require the additional showing that the doctor's professional ability was impaired since it did provide in section 2390 that insofar as the use of dangerous drugs or alcohol are concerned such impairment is required as a basis for discipline.
In Collins v. Board of Medical Examiners, 29 Cal.App.3d 439 [ 105 Cal.Rptr. 634], it was clearly decided that a charge of unprofessional conduct under Business and Professions Code section 2384 was established by a conviction for violating the laws regulating narcotics and dangerous drugs and the Board was not required to establish that such conviction amounted to "moral turpitude."
The State of California has enacted an elaborate scheme for the regulation and control of narcotics and dangerous drugs. The medical doctor is an integral part of this control and in fact is the key to its successful operation. The doctor in the scheme of things literally has the "keys to the safe" and thus occupies a unique position in our society. It is the recognition of this fact that obviously led the Legislature to deny to the doctor the right to prescribe narcotics for himself or to enjoy the unlimited freedom of personal use.
In his dealing with narcotics and dangerous drugs, there is more to be considered than just the doctor's ability to perform the skills required of his profession. He is, as we have said, a part of the regulatory machinery. Thus, the line of cases exemplified by Morrison v. State, supra, and the other cases relied upon by petitioner are not applicable here.
(2) The Legislature which presumptively legislated in a constitutional fashion ( McDonald v. Board of Election, 394 U.S. 802 [22 L.Ed.2d 739, 89 S.Ct. 1404]), has determined that conviction of a doctor for a violation of the laws regulating narcotics and dangerous drugs or a doctor's personal non-prescribed use of such substances evidences a sufficient danger to the public that sanctions should be imposed regardless of the availability of evidence that such conduct in fact impaired the doctor's professional skill.
We think it safe to say that had Dr. Weissbuch's activities involved morphine or some narcotic other than marijuana, no serious attack would have been made on the legislative prerogative. It is only the current controversy and increasing public tolerance of marijuana which makes this case troublesome.
(3) Under present law, this case would not have arisen. In 1972, the Legislature by enactment of the California Uniform Controlled Substances Act, eliminated marijuana as a narcotic from Health and Safety Code section 11001 and its successor section 11019 does not include marijuana as a narcotic, nor is it classified as a dangerous drug.
Since this mitigating amendment was enacted prior to the Board's decision becoming final (review by mandamus was pending at the time the amendment became effective), petitioner is entitled to the benefit thereof under the principle of In re Estrada, 63 Cal.2d 740 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 172, 408 P.2d 948].
The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded to the trial court with instructions to issue a peremptory writ mandating Board to dismiss the proceeding and to vacate, annul and expunge its decision. Each party to bear his own costs.
The majority reverses by applying the principle of In re Estrada, 63 Cal.2d 740 [ 48 Cal.Rptr. 172, 408 P.2d 948], to the enactment in 1972 of the California Uniform Controlled Substances Act which eliminated marijuana as a narcotic from Health Safety Code section 11001 and failed to include marijuana as a narcotic in its successor section 11019.
Resting the judgment on that ground is a concession that the decision of Board of Medical Examiners (Board) at the time it was pronounced was lawful. The primary thrust of petitioner's argument in the trial court and before us, however, is rejected. Petitioner has asserted from the beginning that a literal interpretation of section 2384, Business and Professions Code, achieves the curious paradox of authorizing Board to revoke the license or otherwise discipline a doctor, even though Board's findings, fortified by those of a trial court, show no misconduct equating with unfitness to practice medicine.
All references herein are to Business and Professions Code unless otherwise noted.
To prevent such a result our Supreme Court in Yakov v. Board of Medical Examiners (1968) 68 Cal.2d 67 [ 64 Cal.Rptr. 785, 435 P.2d 553] and Morrison v. State Board of Education (1969) 1 Cal.3d 214 [ 82 Cal.Rptr. 175, 461 P.2d 375] (decided at least two years before Board's decision), held that no state board could impose discipline upon licensees subject to its jurisdiction without finding upon substantial evidence that the misconduct charged rendered the licensee unfit to exercise the privileges of the license.
Although I accept the Estrada escape, I believe the above principle rejected by the majority opinion should be followed and applied to this case.
In respect of violation of privacy the court said at pages 233-234: "It is true that an unqualified proscription against immoral conduct would raise serious constitutional problems. Conscientious school officials concerned with enforcing such a broad provision might be inclined to probe into the private life of each and every teacher, no matter how exemplary his classroom conduct. Such prying might all too readily lead school officials to search for `telltale signs' of immorality in violation of the teacher's constitutional rights. ( Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) 381 U.S. 479, 485 [14 L.Ed.2d 510, 515, 85 S.Ct. 1678].) The proper construction of section 13202, however, minimizes the danger of such sweeping inquiries. By limiting the application of that section to conduct shown to indicate unfitness to teach, we substantially reduce the incentive to inquire into the private lives of otherwise sound and competent teachers.
". . . Petitioner's conduct in this case is not disputed. Accordingly, we must inquire whether any adverse inferences can be drawn from that past conduct as to petitioner's teaching ability, . . .
"As to this crucial issue, the record . . . contains no evidence whatsoever. The board called no medical, psychological, or psychiatric experts to testify as to whether a man who had had a single, isolated, and limited homosexual contact would be likely to repeat such conduct in the future. The board offered no evidence that a man of petitioner's background was any more likely than the average adult male to engage in any untoward conduct with a student. The board produced no testimony from school officials or others to indicate whether a man such as petitioner might publicly advocate improper conduct. . . .
At bench Board produced no evidence as suggested above or otherwise to show that petitioner's conduct as charged or otherwise affected his fitness as a doctor. To the contrary, the Board found in pertinent part: "He is youthful, a good doctor, and the episode had no effect on his medical ability of [ sic] his patients' well-being."
Petitioner testified without contradiction that the episode occurred while he was in residency at the VA center (Wadsworth Hospital) and that although Dr. Jorgens, his immediate supervisor, attempted to persuade the hospital administrator to retain him, the administrator thought it was necessary for him to leave. Petitioner testified in part: "Dr. Jorgens . . . Dr. Mellinkoff of UCLA and Dr. Langdon, attempted to persuade the administrator that my abilities as a doctor had not been affected and that I would carry out my duties properly, the hospital administrator did not feel that I should continue there, or he was ordered by his superiors to ask me to leave."
The trial court found: "9. Between January 1, 1970, to and including September, 1970, Petitioner engaged in the self-use of marijuana, a narcotic as defined in Section 11001 of the Health and Safety Code of California. 10. The charges against Petitioner do not relate to his professional conduct as a matter of fact." In pertinent conclusions of law the trial court declared: "1. The charges against Petitioner do not render him unfit to practice his profession. 2. The revocation of Petitioner's license herein constituted a taking of property without due process of law notwithstanding that petitioner's conduct comes within the ambit of Business and Professions Code, sections 2384 and 2390. 3. Respondent committed an abuse of discretion, within the meaning of Civil Procedure Code § 1094.5(b), in revoking petitioner's license."
All of the cited cases follow the principles of Morrison excerpted above.
Contra cases cited in the majority opinion and the brief of the Attorney General do not dispute the Morrison guidelines. ( Wilson v. State Personnel Bd., 39 Cal.App.3d 218 [ 114 Cal.Rptr. 134]; Jennings v. Karpe (1974) 36 Cal.App.3d 709 [ 111 Cal.Rptr. 776]; McLaughlin v. Board of Medical Examiners (1973) 35 Cal.App.3d 1010 [ 111 Cal.Rptr. 353]; Collins v. Board of Medical Examiners (1972) 29 Cal.App.3d 439 [ 105 Cal.Rptr. 634]; Strode v. Board of Medical Examiners (1961) 195 Cal.App.2d 291 [ 15 Cal.Rptr. 879].) In each of the contra cases: discipline was imposed after a finding on substantial evidence fortified by a finding of a trial court of unfitness of the licensee irrespective of moral turpitude, or there was a finding of unfitness due to an act involving moral turpitude, corruption or dishonesty which so impugned and besmirched the character of the licensee irrespective of demonstrated competence in the ambit of duties covered by the license as to render him an unfit person to serve the public as a member of a privileged class licensed by the state.
Of the contra cases Board relies primarily on Collins v. Board of Medical Examiners (1972) 29 Cal.App.3d 439 [ 105 Cal.Rptr. 634]. In Collins, section 2384 was one of four charges of unprofessional conduct all of which were proved. The thrust of Collins is that if unfitness is found it is not necessary that it be tied to a finding of moral turpitude. There is at bench no contention that it should be.
Collins treats of a violation of section 2384 among others, and finds that the violations there charged and proved rendered the doctor unfit. The conviction in Collins of the 2384 violation was that Collins furnished narcotics to a person not under his treatment; and in addition there were numerous violations of section 2399.5, and section 11163, Health and Safety Code.
The offenses in Collins included multiple convictions of Health and Safety Code section 11163 which prohibits a doctor "Except in the regular practice of his profession . . . [t]o prescribe . . . a narcotic to any person not under his treatment. . . ." (Italics added.) The Collins' convictions were an abuse of Collins' responsibilities to the medical profession, himself, his patients, and the public. Signing prescriptions is a significant part of the practice of medicine. In passing it should be noted that marijuana is not a narcotic or even as a controlled substance or a dangerous drug it is not such for which a doctor can issue a prescription to himself or others. Marijuana is for sale to anyone who can pay. There is no dispute that the Collins court on the evidence before it was warranted in affirming Board's finding of unfitness.
Jennings v. Karpe (1974) 36 Cal.App.3d 709 [ 111 Cal.Rptr. 776] (filed Jan. 14, 1974) cited by Board, involves a real estate broker disciplined for conviction of conduct unrelated to the functions of his license (a felony violation of § 288a, admittedly an act involving moral turpitude). In Wilson, the most recent of the contra cases cited by Board, moral turpitude was the reason for discipline.
Other cases cited by Board have been examined. An analysis shows that discipline is imposed when the unprofessional conduct within or without the ambit of the licensed calling impairs the character, skill or competence of the licensee, and the evidence supports a finding of unfitness as in the case of Collins, or when the conduct of licensee inside or outside the ambit of the licensed calling involves moral turpitude, corruption or dishonesty and there is a finding that the licensee is unfit. In the latter situation the skill or competence of the licensee may or may not be involved; the character of the licensee is.
The majority concede, too, that if the unprofessional conduct charged to petitioner under section 2384 were included in section 2390 Board would be required to make ". . . the additional showing that the doctor's professional ability was impaired. . . ."
However, when the two sections are read together, which appears to have been the legislative intention independent of Morrison and the cited cases, it seems clear that the Legislature never did intend by mere ipse dixit to set up an arbitrary and conclusive presumption of unfitness.
Under section 2390 as a condition to impose discipline the majority concede Board must prove that use of a controlled substance ". . . is dangerous or injurious" to the licensee ". . . to the extent that such use impairs the ability of such person. . . ." In brief, there must be a finding of unfitness. It should be noted, however, that the first clause of the first sentence of 2390 reads: "The use or prescribing for . . . himself of narcotics specified in Sections 11001 or 11002 of the Health and Safety Code . . ." (italics added) classes narcotics with dangerous drugs and alcoholic beverages in the clauses which immediately follow. It would appear, therefore, that the Legislature intended by the clause above quoted that 2384 and 2390 should be read together and that the hearing provided for in 2390 in respect of abuse by a licensee of alcohol or dangerous drugs should be extended to a self-user of narcotics and that the Legislature did specifically require proof and a finding that self-use of a narcotic, or a dangerous drug or alcohol ". . . impairs the ability of such person . . . to conduct with safety to the public the practice authorized. . . ."
The majority opinion does not deal with this constitutional challenge. Morrison does meet the challenge but shows that the legislative intent was not to set up an arbitrary and absolute presumption, but that the statute there construed is only a guide to test unfitness. At bench Morrison is applicable in all respects and in addition it appears that the Legislature intended 2384 and 2390 to be read together. In these circumstances the direct constitutional question is not treated.
Board is a vital arm of the state government created by the Legislature to supervise and police its licensees to insure the public that doctors have a continuing good character and a continuing ability to practice medicine with that degree of skill and competence which meet the average norm of their profession. The state has not abdicated to Board its responsibility to punish for crime. It has done so in this case.
The complete record shows that petitioner's medical skill, proficiency and character were before the Board, trial court, and are before this court. There is no suggestion of unfitness or that his fitness was impaired as a competent doctor nor is there any suggestion that petitioner was unfit because his character was impaired by reason of moral turpitude, dishonesty or corruption.
The naked fact in the case at bench is that petitioner in fixed off duty hours, when his judgment was neither invited nor used, to alleviate personal distress, smoked marijuana and suffered a misdemeanor conviction as a result.
Board's zealous efforts to fit petitioner's conduct within a literal reading of 2384 predicated upon no evidence of unfitness other than the record of misdemeanor conviction was a procrustean hearing which might well have been dispensed with unless Board had a reasonable belief that the presumption of the statute could not be refuted. Since the refutation was overwhelming an objective Board should have dismissed the proceeding. An expungement of Board's decision is the effective and proper method to "out" the "damned spot."
In a letter to respective counsel, dated March 7, 1973, the trial court said: "The conditions of probation are so vague that petitioner could, conceivably, permanently lose his license for a minor infraction."
A petition for a rehearing was denied October 15, 1974, and the petition of the defendant and appellant for a hearing by the Supreme Court was denied November 21, 1974. | 2019-04-18T11:00:24Z | https://casetext.com/case/weissbuch-v-board-of-medical-examiners |
In all the almost hysterical hype about sugar, which can paint this food with the same toxic attributes as arsenic or even nicotine, one fact is never mentioned. This sugar craving by emotionally miserable individuals may be a symptom of something awry with their serotonin levels.
Some who crave sugary foods are women who suffer from premenstrual syndrome. These women suffer from monthly menstrual cycle mood changes that would take them out of a competition for Miss Congeniality. Although these symptoms, thankfully, rarely last longer than two weeks each month and usually only two or three days, women feel transformed into a female Godzilla. Anger, muddle headedness, anxiety, depression, fatigue, mood swings, and irritability are some of the more common symptoms that women often feel helpless to do anything about.
Similar symptoms and sugar cravings are also common among people going through alcohol withdrawal. The symptoms usually appear within a day or two after alcohol intake ceases and may last for weeks. Anxiety, depression, not thinking clearly, fatigue, irritability and mood swings are characteristic feelings among those who have gone from excessive alcohol intake to none.
A change in season is sufficient to cause excessive moodiness, exhaustion, irritability, depression and anger. People who live where the sun rises late and sets too early for much of the late fall, winter, and early spring feel these moods descend on them like ice coating a car windshield, and may be unable to rid themselves of these miserable feelings until mid or late spring. These symptoms are not a reaction to depressing weather reports. They have been identified as a particular type of depression called Seasonal Affective Disorder and are tightly associated with cravings for sweet foods.
Why are PMS, alcohol withdrawal, and Seasonal Affective Disorder associated with an intense craving for sugar? These are three entirely different types of emotional misery and yet the woman with PMS would, “…kill for chocolate,” the recovering alcoholic could, in the words of a blogger on an alcohol withdrawal web site, “…eat a bucket of sugar,” share cravings for sweet carbohydrate. They also share this craving with a diagnostic feature of seasonal depression. Are these people sugar addicts? Has sugar caused their symptoms? Has it rotted their brains so they are left with all these dreadful emotions? If so, then why don’t women crave sugar when they don’t have PMS, as in the early stage of their menstrual cycle?
Why do recovering alcoholics eventually lose their overwhelming craving for sweets? Why is it that the person with Seasonal Affective Disorder rarely eats sweets during the spring and summer when the depression is gone, and replaced by the feeling of well-being? Indeed, if, as the sugar police suggest, sugar leads to addictive behavior, worse even than cocaine addiction, eating sugar should cause a permanent longing and craving for this dreadful nutrient. Why aren’t these people permanently addicted with brains shredded from their sugar consumption?
Certainly among the categories of intense sugar cravers described above, this does not happen.
The craving for sugar, like craving water, is simply a signal that something is missing in the body. When we are thirsty, we do not think we are having withdrawal symptoms from water. We know that thirst is a signal that the body needs water. No one is addicted to water even though severe withdrawal symptoms, including, ultimately death, can occur when denied.
Sugar is not water. No one is going to die from its absence. But the moods associated with a craving for sugar can be pretty dismal. This is because the sugar cravings associated with the crankiness of PMS, alcohol withdrawal and Seasonal Affective Disorder signals low serotonin activity. We know, but know not why, monthly hormonal changes affect serotonin. We know, but not how, the absence of light in the winter affects serotonin. And we know, but do not completely understand that low serotonin activity is common among many excessive drinkers.
Animal and research studies conducted over the past 30 years or so have shown that consuming any carbohydrate (except fructose) increases serotonin levels, and subsequently can improve moods. As sugar is digested faster than, say, rice or buckwheat groats, the longing for it among the emotionally distressed may be based on an unconscious desire to consume something that will work fast to make the eater feel better. When one is very thirsty, one gulps water. In a sense, eating something sugary is like gulping water. It takes away the bad feelings faster than chewing on a hard piece of whole grain bread.
Is it necessary to eat sugary foods to feel better? NO. As soon as any non-fructose (fruit won’t get the job done) carbohydrate is digested, serotonin will soon thereafter be made and moods will get better. And indeed, going through PMS each month, enduring weeks of alcohol withdrawal, or months of Seasonal Affective Disorder by munching on rich chocolate may increase weight as well as improve mood. Oatmeal, plain Cheerios, or a couple of graham crackers will do just as well.
But one should heed the dual symptom of crankiness and sugar craving. It is just your body’s signal to increase serotonin, and thus go from feeling miserable to mellow.
This entry was posted in Cravings on January 26, 2014 by Judy.
We seem to be taking up more space on earth. This is not just because our numbers are increasing but because our girth is as well. A report of global weight gain and diminishing food resources by Sharada Keats and Steve Wiggins (Future Diets: www.odi.org/futurediets) reveals that, “the percentage of adults who are overweight or obese grew from 23 percent in 1980 to 34 percent in 2008.” One in three adults — 1.46 billion worldwide — is now obese or overweight. And this number may be considerably higher in developed countries.
The consequences range far beyond airplane seats being too small or clothing manufacturers investing in developing new lines of outsized clothing. As we have been told for decades, rising weight means a rising incidence of health problems related to excess pounds. The list is familiar: diabetes, stroke, heart disease, orthopedic problems, and perhaps some cancers.
Changes in diet is the most obvious culprit. According to the report, when people are sufficiently solvent to be able to switch from their inexpensive starch-based dietary staples to more costly foods, they do not replace their daily staple of bread, rice or maize with more fruits and vegetables. Rather (and our country is an example of this), they eat more oil, sugar and high-fat animal products and larger portions. Moreover, the extra calories are not spent on as much physical activity as previously, since their better economic status allows them to travel via motorbike, bus, or car, rather than by bicycle or foot.
Like global warming, global fattening seems difficult or even impossible to halt or reverse. Decades of January diets, public exhortations to exercise, mandatory labeling of packaged foods and calorie contents of restaurant items and even the banning of trans fat has had little visible effect. We are told to eat more fruits and vegetables, low or fat-free dairy products, and more fiber. We are directed to pay attention to portion sizes, to stop drinking sugary beverages, to eat apples in place of daily cupcakes, and broiled fish instead of fried clams, and to watch our alcohol intake. But do we? Perhaps we do, at least until the end of the New Year’s diet.
There are two problems: How are people going to be convinced to eat better nutritionally, and how are they going to be convinced to eat less? The article pointed out the “wimpy” (my word) responses of public officials and institutions to this problem. No one, except perhaps the past mayor of New York City, wants to impose taxes on junk foods or restrict how much of a bad food an individual is allowed to eat. Admittedly, there are some positive changes. School lunch menus have improved, and many vending machines that used to dispense chips and soda are either banned, or their contents replaced with yogurt and fruit.
Supermarkets sell ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables, so the sloppy task of peeling, slicing and dicing should no longer keep anyone from eating these important foods. Organic food sections have enlarged, and the dairy product cases are filled with so many containers of Greek yogurt, you feel as if you have learned Greek by the time you make your selection. Many items, from ready-to-roast marinated fresh salmon to freshly cooked turkey breast, make preparing healthful meals fast and relatively inexpensive.
But supermarkets also devote yards of aisle space to the chip family of snacks, as well as cookies, and food bars with the same calories and ingredients of a candy bar. No market, including those promoting organic foods, puts up a sign in front of the high-calorie food aisles warning about the temptations lining the shelves, or detours people back to the produce aisle.
Restaurants also contribute to the ease with which we can eat too much, and without nutritional soundness. Putting the nutritional wasteland of fast-food chains aside, how many restaurants promote, or even offer fruits and vegetables, without charging extra? High-fiber foods are rarely offered unless the restaurant is vegetarian, or defines itself as a place where healthy foods are served. And, of course, portion sizes only get smaller when the prices get higher.
So how do we convince people to reconsider eating a 2-pound steak, or a bucket of fried chicken, or polishing off a six-pack of beer along with chips and dip? Certainly not through government intervention. We are not about to install surveillance cameras over the heads of people ordering double cheeseburgers or buying a 64-ounce bag of Doritos. So far no EIS (Eating Investigative Units) has been established to monitor the overeating crimes of its citizens. And, as the authors point out, “Many people see food choices as a matter of personal freedom.” They are not likely to accept the same sort of restrictions on eating as we as a country have accepted for smoking. No one is going to make a co-worker stand outside to eat his cupcake.
Complicating solutions to the growing obesity situation even more is the kaleidoscope of opinions as to what constitutes the right diet for weight loss, good health and longevity. For example, the Internet is replete with warnings to avoid eating white carbohydrates such as potatoes and rice. These foods are considered serious threats to weight and health in general, not withstanding the fact that cultures such as the Irish ate almost solely potatoes for decades, and that rice was and remains a dietary staple in vast areas of the world. We have been told for decades to take mega amounts of supplements to avoid a variety of health woes. Now it seems most of them are useless. For everyone who says that a certain food is good, someone else contends that food will poison the body.
Whose information can we really trust? The answer may be the decidedly boring one of moderation. Eating moderate amounts of a variety of high-fiber carbohydrates, fruits, vegetables, lean protein and dairy products is not the kind of advice that makes for best-selling diet books, but doing so will sustain good health and a sensible weight.
But how can people be motivated to do something about their weight? When one in three individuals in your family, workplace, and neighborhood is either overweight or obese, does the individual even see this as a problem? Think of how we are now accustomed to seeing men with shaved heads. This is a look that, in the past, represented the unfortunate consequence of chemotherapy, or the results of a stressful situation that caused total hair loss. Now it is simply a fashion statement. If most people we see are not thin, we accept this as normal. Why worry about our weight and the possible health issues that may be developing because of it when everyone around us are also the same size or larger?
The answer may be in the strength and creativity of advertising. Motivating consumers to take on new behaviors such as buying gigantic TV screens, new cars, or the latest generation of cell phones is what effective marketing is all about. Stopping global fattening may depend on the talent of these professionals to convince us that we need to change our behavior in ways that make it seem that it was our idea all along.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on January 18, 2014 by Judy.
Note to the FTC: You Mean I Can’t Lose 20 Pounds in 20 Days?
We all knew it was too good to really be true. Sprinkles on food that melted away extra pounds! Acai berry and colon cleanses that relieve us of our extra fat cells! Creams to eliminate cellulite (oh how we wanted that one) or reshape our bulging thighs! The only one which we hesitated to think about trying was the HCG diet drops. Even though taking them could make, “… fat disappear without the need to diet or exercise,” they seemed too much like medicine without a prescription. Should we really be ingesting human chorionic gonadotropin extracted from human placentas? If it really made people thin, why did some pregnant women gain so much weight?
The Federal Trade Commission has now brought us back to reality: If you want to lose weight, don’t depend on promises and testimonials and even research that promotes magical weight-reducing dust and other fantastic products.
Recently, Jessica Rich, who is the director of the FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection, stated that her bureau was fining several companies for making false claims about their weight-loss products. One product, Sensa, was advertised heavily on the Internet and television. The company had extravagant testimonials from dieters who said they lost copious amounts of weight from sprinkling a special powdery substance on food before eating. The ads, and doctor’s supportive assertions were so believable the company sold $364 million dollars worth of product. That is a lot of sprinkles. PT Barnum would have been impressed. What is particularly egregious is that the company posted the results of placebo-controlled double-blind study (this means that the investigators did not know what the volunteers were taking until the end of the study) through clinical trials that proved the efficacy of their product in producing significant weight loss. What they did not share with their public was the fact that the results were made up. The other companies named in the action by the FTC also pushed erroneous information onto the public and who presumably, had the FTC not acted, would still be buying their products.
Alas, the actions of the FTC are merely a finger in the dike of outrageous weight-loss claims that are flooding the media and Internet. After all, this is January, the universal dieting month. My email keeps churning out an advertisement for a book that will allow me to lose 20 pounds in 20 days. I am not tempted to buy it (although my dog is looking a bit pudgy), but I am curious as to how it is possible to lose so much weight so fast. Perhaps the diet allows one to lose muscle, water and hair along with fat. I imagine that Ms. Rich has not found this ad in her inbox yet. Otherwise, I am sure her office would be investigating it.
But how do we know what is real or imaginary when it comes to advertisements for weight loss, bigger biceps and six-pack abdominals, wrinkle-free skin, toxin-free gastrointestinal tracts, and skinny knees? There is a bewildering amount of text on health matters in magazines and Internet sites. Pick up any publication with the word HEALTH prominently displayed, or search for information on the Internet on any health matter, and the reader is inundated with material that ranges from science to science fiction. The reader has to be cautious and use common sense to see if there is any sense in what is being published. Just as women’s magazines insist that this year blue lips and pink eyelids are IN and next year, the opposite, recommendations as to what to eat and what to avoid also follow fashion, fads and advertising revenue. Sometimes the advice is so obviously silly or outrageous it is easy to ignore. For example, a recent issue of a magazine that promotes healthy eating and exercise for women mentioned that one should eat runny eggs (yuck) because they contain vitamin D and that is good for women trying to get pregnant. A quick check with the Egg Safety Center confirmed that one should NEVER eat runny eggs because of the possibility of bacterial contamination. Salmonella is not good for fertility except for other salmonella. Vitamin D can easy be obtained by drinking pasteurized vitamin D fortified milk, and not undercooked eggs.
Relying solely on the FTC to monitor ineffective and/or dangerous advertising claims is not sufficient, however. This agency takes years to build cases against fraudulent products. The FDA sends out warnings about contaminated or dangerous herbal supplements, but products pop up faster in the health food stores or on the Internet than the FDA can shut them down.
The solution is to avoid the temptation of a quick fix. We would not expect a quick fix for a car with a faulty transmission or a basement full of mold. There is no weight-loss product that is a quick fix for obesity. Even bariatric surgery fails to reduce most people to their normal size within the first post operative year and many never lose more than 50% of the weight they should lose. Long-time weight loss, physical fitness, and healthy cardiovascular measurements require permanent changes in lifestyle. And that is something that does not come in a box.
This entry was posted in Tips on January 9, 2014 by Judy.
Why Should Exercise Be a Luxury?
The health club was packed. Legs and arms were waving around in the air, grunts and groans came from the free weight area, and the thump, thump, thump, of heavy feet on the treadmills competed with the blaring music.
But this was no after work crowd of gym users. It was 11 a.m. during the winter vacation week, and the crowds of gym-goers were luxuriating in having time to really work out without watching the clock. The weather was foul outside, the sidewalks were crowded with people returning gifts or taking advantage of sales. But inside the gym member’s concentration was solely focused on getting their bodies more fit, strong or well-toned.
To the individual who thinks of exercise with the same delight as having a root canal, this thinking must seem insane. But for people whose bodies and heads simply don’t feel energetic, clear, focused and alert without their daily or almost daily workout, not being able to do any physical activity is a psychological hardship. To them, a day without exercise feels like a day without being to brush their teeth. It doesn’t feel right.
to live, or going for a long run, few would choose the latter option.
or the Y. Most of us do not have this option, alas.
their employees the time to use them.
bathroom until the end of their shift.
so, then good health may also be.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on January 8, 2014 by Judy.
Put Soup on Your New Year Resolutions List!
The other day I was attempting to describe to a young granddaughter how to make chicken soup. She had trouble believing that the first and major ingredient in soup was water. “Don’t you open a can or a box of broth or buy ready-made chicken soup and add a few vegetables? “ she asked. (In the interests of full disclosure, her mother is a very limited cook.) After I had gone through the various steps, including the skimming off of the grayish foam that floats on top of the water when the chicken begins to cook, she pointed out that it would be much easier and less messy to buy ready-made soup at a local grocery store with a large prepared food department. “It is just too much trouble to start with water,” she announced.
But is it really too much trouble? The wonderful thing about making soup is that it makes the cook feel like an alchemist. You don’t turn lead into gold but you do turn water into food. After an hour, more or less, of cooking its many healthful ingredients, soup is no longer water, but something substantial and delicious.
Soup is perhaps the most forgiving of culinary mistakes and non-compliance with recipes. Sure you can oversalt it, but there are tricks to take away the excess saltiness. You can make it too thick, but adding more water takes care of that problem. If it’s too thin, then add something starchy like a potato or blend some of the soup and add it back to the pot. Are you missing half the ingredients called for in the recipe? Find something in the refrigerator that more or less resembles the ingredients in the recipe. Indeed, it is inefficient to compulsively follow a soup recipe precisely, because soup was never meant to be precise. The water in the pot is the dumping ground for combinations of ingredients that should not, but nevertheless do, work together to create an entity much more tasty than the sum of its parts.
And soup satisfies. Hot soup, as we go into the depth of winter, warms us inside and out. It may be the savory steam rising from the bowl that brings some welcome humidity to our face, oftentimes overexposed to the elements of wind outdoors and artificial heat indoors. Or it could be that holding a mug of soup warms our still cold fingers. Soup can’t be gulped and the leisurely spooning is a welcome relaxing change from the usual urgency of eating quickly in order to return to our cell phones and computers. Eating soups with multiple ingredients is entertaining. One never knows what might be on the spoon (is that potato or parsnip, carrot or orange squash, meat or mushroom?). And because it is filling, we are better able to eat smaller portions of the main course or indeed be satisfied with just some bread, a salad and fruit for the meal. And unlike many foods, the next-day soup often tastes even better.
But why make it when the supermarket is filled with shelves of canned, boxed and frozen soups? Because, despite the advertisements that have you believe there is no difference between the canned and homemade variety, there is. It is not just the uniformity of the size of the vegetables and chunks of chicken or meat or the unappetizing clump as it falls out of the can into the pot or plop as it is squeezed out of the box, or the absence of herbs and spices. It doesn’t smell like homemade and the taste and texture disappoint. But the basic reason factory-made soup disappoints is that it does not reflect the personal quirks and idiosyncratic way of cooking of the home soup maker.
New Year’s brings a renewal and commitment to achieving a thinner, fitter, no longer sleep-deprived self. Soup should be part of the New Year’s healthier life- style objectives. So buy a pot, fill it with water, rummage around the refrigerator for those vegetables you never got around to eating, the chicken breasts still in the freezer, the handful of rice or pasta in the back of your pantry shelf, and that can of navy beans you bought because you wanted more fiber in your diet. While the water is heating, check the Internet for instructions on making a simple vegetable soup (you can leave out the chicken if you wish) and then start adding ingredients.
Enjoy. And Happy New Year to all.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on January 2, 2014 by Judy. | 2019-04-25T05:47:55Z | http://www.serotoninpowerdiet.com/blog/?m=201401 |
Copyright: NZ Historic Places Trust. Taken By: Heather Bauchop. Date: 1/11/2006.
The registration includes part of the land in Certificate of Title 17935, as indicated in Figure 3, Appendix 3 of the Registration Report, Edendale Homestead, including the tree-lined entrance way, the stables and barn and the mature tree plantings surrounding the homestead.
Edendale Homestead Complex has outstanding historical significance. The history of the homestead is intertwined with the pioneering development to the Edendale Dairy Factory in the early 1880s. The Homestead was built in 1883 as the manager's residence for the resident manager of the New Zealand and Australian Land Company's Edendale Estate. The Edendale Dairy Factory was established just previous to the construction of the homestead, and until the early twentieth century, when it was sold to the former manager of the Estate, it was the focus of the Estate's operations in Edendale, including oversight of the dairy company's operations.
The Edendale Dairy Factory was a pioneering operation, suggested by William Davidson and Thomas Brydone as forming a basis for economic development in the region which would facilitate the sale of land in Southland. Davidson provided information on the plans and equipment for the factory on a trip to Canada, while Brydone was responsible for the execution. The Dairy Factory was the first set up to work on a large scale factory system, and it won the government bonus for the first dairy export over 50 tons. In addition on the first shipment of frozen meat aboard the Dunedin in 1882, was a small quantity of butter from the Edendale factory, which successfully survived the journey. The history of Edendale is as important of that of Totara Estate in relation to the establishment of the dairy and meat industries of New Zealand.
Edendale Homestead has outstanding historical significance. The history of the homestead is intertwined with the pioneering development of the Edendale Dairy Factory in the early 1880s. The Homestead was built in 1883 as the manager's residence for the resident manager of the New Zealand and Australian Land Company's Edendale Estate. The Edendale Dairy Factory was established in the just previous to the construction of the homestead, and until the early twentieth century, when it was sold to the former manager of the Estate, it was the focus of the Estate's operations in Edendale, including oversight of the dairy company's operations.
The Edendale Dairy Factory was a pioneering operation, suggested by William Davidson and Thomas Brydone as forming a basis for economic development in the region which would facilitate the sale of land in Southland. Davidson provided information on the plans and equipment for the factory on a trip to Canada, while Brydone was responsible for the execution. The Dairy Factory was the first set up to work on a large scale factory system, and it won the government bonus for the first dairy export over 50 tons. In addition on the first shipment of frozen meat aboard the Dunedin on 15 February 1882, was a small quantity of butter from the Edendale factory, which successfully survived the journey. The history of Edendale is as important of that of Totara Estate in relation to the establishment of the dairy and meat industries of New Zealand.
The Edendale Homestead has architectural and aesthetic significance. The house and its outbuildings are representative of the kind of buildings necessary for the functioning of large estates. The Homestead is a representative example of a large timber villa-style residence of a style suitable for a manager's residence.
The Complex has aesthetic significance in its design and setting. The house is handsomely detailed and is set within established grounds. The landscaping is notable, with the tree-lined entrance way a notable feature.
The Homestead had social significance as an illustration of the lifestyle and activities associated with a large estate in the nineteenth century. The grand setting, the many rooms, and formal living areas illustrate the manner and style of that period. In addition the stable and homestead illustrate the service areas associated with the running of an estate, and particularly the importance of horses.
Edendale Homestead reflects important aspects in New Zealand history to a significant degree. The house itself is representative of the kind of dwelling constructed for the large pastoral holdings of the land companies in the nineteenth century. These places represent the development of a network based around the pastoral centres throughout Southland and Otago.
Edendale Homestead, as the Edendale Estate headquarters for the New Zealand and Australian Land Company from 1883 until the early twentieth century has a strong association with two figures who were outstandingly important to the development of the dairy industry in New Zealand Thomas Brydone and William Davidson. Through the vision and support of these men the Edendale Dairy Factory was established, the first of its type in the country. The Homestead was the administrative centre of the Estate. Donald Macdonald, the last New Zealand and Australian Land Company manager of the Edendale Estate oversaw the operation of the dairy factory from the homestead.
The Homestead therefore has special association with the Brydone and Davidson, as well as the establishment of the dairy industry in New Zealand.
(e) The community association with, or public esteem for, the place.
Edendale Homestead is held in high esteem. This is shown by the part the homestead and the Macdonald family played in the jubilee celebrations for the Edendale Dairy Factory. In addition the Homestead is valued on a district level, as shown by its inclusion in the Southland District Council District Plan.
In its design and layout the Edendale Homestead, outbuildings and grounds are representative of the kind of complexes that grew up around the extensive pastoral holdings of the nineteenth century. The homestead is a good example of a manager's house associated with a large estate, and illustrates the requirements of this position in its scale and grandeur.
(h) The symbolic or commemorative value of the place.
The Edendale Homestead, as the surviving building on which the nationally pioneering development of the dairy industry in Southland, centred on Edendale, has commemorative value.
The Edendale Homestead Complex, as one of the early estates in the Southland area is part of a network of pastoral enterprises in the area. These estates were owned by the New Zealand and Australian Land Company, and their use and subdivision forms the underlying pattern for settlement in this part of Southland. In addition the homestead itself, with its outbuildings and grounds forms a historical landscape.
Edendale Homestead Complex is worthy of consideration as a Category I historic place because of its outstanding significance as the centre of the New Zealand and Australian Land Company's Edendale Estate, with its association with Thomas Brydone and William Davidson and their central role in the pioneering development of the dairy factory industry at Edendale.
Thomas Robertson served an apprenticeship as a carpenter in Invercargill. He was employed by the New Zealand and Australian Land Company and worked on the Morton Mains and Edendale estates for fifteen years. He built the Edendale Dairy Factory and the Edendale Homestead.
Edendale Homestead, built in 1883 as residence for the estate manager for the New Zealand and Australian Land Company, is located in inland Southland, some 40 kilometres from Invercargill, on the main road between that town and Gore. The area, noted for a stand of bush set amongst swampy ground on the Mataura Plains, was known to Maori as Mairirua (and has been spelt a number of ways including Mararua and Maorirua).
The land on which Edendale Homestead sits was part of Run 97, and was first taken up by Scottish shepherd John MacKenzie in 1854. MacKenzie was a man of some notoriety, with a long standing local story of sheep stealing and other adventures, for which he was eventually arrested. He failed to stock the run and had to forfeit the holding.
The next applicant for the Run 97 was Irishman Robert Develin, who selected the Mataura Plains run which included Edendale. Develin camped rough on the run along with his sheep. In August 1856 a rough hut was built on the run, near Tuturau. Develin sold out to Robert Stuart in June 1857 for £1064.
Stuart stocked the run with over 300 ewes, and built a wooden house at Stuart's Bush, formerly known as Edendale Bush, with Stuart noting his address as Marirua Station, Mataura Plains. An undated survey plan by C. Maling shows a station beside Mararua Bush, at the site of the present day Edendale homestead, at the time the Hundreds were surveyed. (Stuart was the first runholder to establish a permanent dwelling in the vicinity of the current Edendale Homestead. This area became the heart of development on the Edendale Plains.
Southland lands were declared Hundreds from 1856 onward, including Stuart's run. Land was being surveyed off into 2000 acre blocks to interest capitalists in large scale investments. Among the first purchasers either direct or through agents was the New Zealand and Australian Land Company.
In January 1862 the land in Run 97 was transferred to Matthew Holmes. Holmes, representing Holmes and Co. bought properties including Seaward Downs and Mataura Estate. Two ships were chartered by Holmes and arrived with goods and passengers for the working of the New Zealand and Australian Land Company, of which Holmes was the general manager in 1862. In 1865 W. S. Davidson became the superintendent of the estates, and in 1867 Thomas Brydone (1837-1904) became the General Manager of the New Zealand Estate. The Company had a vast holding with land in Southland, North Otago, Canterbury and Australia.
Local historian Patricia Wilson claims that James Douglas (agent and manager for the Company until 1870) gave the area the name Edendale, apparently after the Garden of Eden, but also notes the history associated with Holmes. It seems likely that both men acted as agents for the Company. Land title information indicates that title to the larger area within which the homestead stands was issued to the New Zealand and Australian Land Company in 1885, having been previously issued to Douglas and another in 1871.
The Company was a powerful concern that gave impetus to development in Southland, including the construction of the railway from Invercargill to Gore, the establishment of the Woodlands Meat Preserving Works in 1873, and the development of the dairy factory at Edendale in the early 1880s.
The Edendale Estates were divided into three groups Oteramika Downs, Waimumu Downs and Mataura Valley. The Company eventually owned about 125,000 acres which was known as the Edendale Estate. Local historian Miller writes that the Company made a very real contribution to the advancement of agriculture in Southland. A homestead was constructed at the Bush at Mararua (close to the present day house) which was considered the very heart of the district. Edendale was the centre of the Company's estate in Southland, with successive managers living in the homestead. The house was also leased for a time to Shand Brothers.
William Davidson (1846-1924) served until 1878 when he was recalled to Glasgow to succeed Morton as the General Manager of the land company. By 1878 some £57,500 had been spent on buildings and fencing, and over £200,000 on cultivation of grasses. The Estate carried 62,000 sheep and 5,700 cattle. Expenditure was largely confined to 35,000 acres, half of which were in the Mataura Valley, but even with this money the estates failed to prosper. A number of expensive steam engines were imported for working the ploughs and harrows, but these heavy machines sunk in the boggy tracks and were unsuccessful. Davidson lamenting: 'When riding over the numerous estates in Southland, it made one sad to reckon up the fruitless expense that had taken place, and my climax was reached when I saw a large shed filled with a number of steam engines for working ploughs and harrows, the original cost of which was enormous. Such a system of cultivation being entirely unsuitable to Edendale.' Large sums were spent on bridges and road in an attempt to navigate the swampy area.
Ultimately the Company found its holdings a drain on resources: the inclement winter weather, the rabbit plague and the poor soil effects combining, resulting in a loss to the Company. They decided to sell their holding. Selling the property proved an issue. In 1881 Thomas Brydone suggested the development of dairying and this was approved, with Brydone authorized to acquire a herd of 300 dairy cows. A factory would provide a market for local dairy produce. Mervyn Palmer, writing in the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography considers that Brydone's contribution to dairying in New Zealand (at Edendale) is, 'if less heralded, perhaps even more noteworthy' than his well recognized outstanding role in the development of the frozen meat industry.
Davidson visited Canada and reported back to Brydone on the dairy industry there, sending a report complete with plans for a model factory and the necessary machinery. The Dairy Factory at Edendale, the first of its kind in New Zealand, was built at a cost of £1200, against which the Land Company gained a bonus of £500 offered by the Government for the first export of 50 tons of cheese or 25 tons of butter, to encourage the factory system of manufacture.
Historically the importance of the Edendale Dairy Company is without parallel in the establishment of the factory system of dairying in New Zealand. It was the second, not the first, of our dairy factories, and originally it was a proprietary not a co-operative concern. But while the greatest credit is due to the courage and enterprise of the small band of eight dairy farmers who not only started but successfully operated for several years the co-operative dairy company established on the Otago Peninsula in 1871, the influence of the Peninsula Pioneer Co-operative Cheese Company, Ltd., brand 'Pioneer,' was almost entirely local, whereas the Edendale company spread its beneficial influence over the whole Colony.
Philpott writes that Edendale's only serious competitor for the Government's bonus was Flemington (near Ashburton), which commenced operations on 30 October 1882, but whose output of 30 tons for the season failed to comply with the 50 tons minimum requirement. There were only two other large cheese factories in full operation at the time (Te Awamutu and Lepperton).
The Company have erected a most extensive building as a cheese factory. It is placed on a private siding at the Railway Station of timber and concrete, floor and cellar concrete, walls double, eight inch walls overall with sawdust between. Ground floor 42ft x 68 ft divided into a receiving room, selling room, cheese making room, drum room, buttermaking room, wash room, boiler room with an h.p. engine. The concrete cellar 20ft x 12ft x 8ft high, cheese curing room upstairs 68 ft by 20 ft all thoroughly fitted with steam power throughout and capable of manufacturing the milk of 1200 cows.
The factory was under the active supervision of the manager of the Edendale Estate (at first Robert McCallum, and presumably later Donald McDonald).
The Edendale dairy factory is regarded as the 'true pioneer' of New Zealand's dairy factories, more than a just a cheese factory it combined the dairy factory function with experimentation and a highly valued training school (the first in the country, begun in 1895). In addition, the ship Dunedin which carried the first shipment of frozen meat to England in February 1882, carried a small quantity of butter made at the Edendale factory. The Edendale factory was closely followed by one at Flemington near Ashburton in August 1882. While the Edendale Homestead was not completed until 1883, as the residence of the Estate manager, who played an important role in managing the Company's interest in the factory, it embodies the New Zealand and Australian Land Company's Edendale Estate and its role and support of the development of the dairy industry in Southland, and as a pioneer in the country as a whole. Instructors for the dairy school were the guests of Donald MacDonald at Edendale Homestead.
Davidson considered that the building of the factory and the purchasing of milk helped facilitate the sale of thousands of acres in the area. A booklet was prepared and published in Scotland fully describing the estates for sale, and was designed to attract Scottish immigrants. Most of the first purchasers, however, were already in New Zealand. The Otago Witness reported that the whole estate had been subdivided into paddocks of 150-200 acres surrounded by gorse fences for shelter. Two windmills had been working for several years to supply water for 1000 acres.
On 14 January 1882 the Southland Times advertised farms on Edendale Estate for sale. The farms were 30-180 acres, suburban sections 2-12 acres, and town sections ¼ acre.
In 1883 W.S. Davidson reported to the company that a new homestead had been built at Edendale at a cost of £2,201, replacing the earlier homestead which had been sold. The timber for the house was from the Company's mill at Kamahi Bush.
By 1886 the Land Company had liquidated its southern holdings. During this time the manager of the estate was Robert McCallum, living in the old homestead opposite the gates of the present homestead.
In 1888 Donald Macdonald became the manager of the Edendale Estate. He was the last of the Company's managers for Edendale. He had come to New Zealand in 1877 at the age of nineteen, and was employed by the Land Company at Acton Station, Rakaia, and later at Clydevale in the Clutha District. Donald Macdonald encouraged his employees to buy land around Edendale. He would let settlers contract for him in winter to help with their rents. Macdonald is remembered as a larger than life figure: as 'Long Macdonald', 'the Laird', the 'Big Chief', demanding a 'tremendous amount of work' from his men, and living at the new homestead. He was known for his love of horses, with the brick-floored stables housing ten Clydesdales and ten fine hacks, and the estate's horses noted throughout the district.
Another notable contribution of Macdonald was his encouragement of farmers in the application of lime to the pastureland, which had a huge effect on the production of the land. Settlers were struggling with their rent, and at a meeting with Thomas Brydone and Donald Macdonald in 1889 expressed their concerns. Brydone seemed willing to reduce rents, but Macdonald said that they were to be given free lime. Local historian Wilson writes: 'If any one thing could be singled out among many, that have been the making of Edendale, lime perhaps could have the honour.' Excursion trains were run from Dunedin to illustrate what could be achieved by putting lime on the paddocks: turnips were so large they were displayed on the fence in view of train passengers and the pastures thrived.
In 1902 Donald Macdonald visited Scotland and purchased most of the unsold portion of Edendale Estate from his employers. Around this time the homestead appears to have been extended to the rear, with a bathroom, kitchen and additional bedrooms added. With the exception of the Homestead Block of 2,000 acres and some leased properties most of it was sold to the Government for subdivision under The Land for Settlements Consolidation Act of 1900. The Edendale Estate was subdivided into 122 farms under lease in perpetuity. The annual rental was fixed varying on the type of country. The land could be freeholded.
In 1903 the dairy factory became a cooperative (as Thomas Brydone had hoped from its inception in 1882). The New Zealand Dairyman (Nov 1903) reported that the settlers on Edendale Estate had purchased the dairy factory from Donald Macdonald. Macdonald apparently refused some lucrative private offers to allow the settlers to buy the factory. The property at that time included the factory, plant, cheesemaker's residence, men's cottage, six acres of land and a large piggery. In December 1903 the first directors of the company were elected, including Donald Macdonald who served for about a year, guiding the new recruits into the business of running a dairy factory.
In 1909 Donald Macdonald subdivided a portion of the homestead block. 1100 acres were subdivided into 12 farms, ranging from 60-120 acres, designed to encourage settlers into dairy farming. Macdonald retained 700 acres around the homestead for himself.
In 1936 the old wooden making room at the Edendale Dairy Factory which had served for 54 years was rebuilt.
Donald Macdonald lived on Edendale Estate till is death in 1939. His obituary in the Otago Daily Times 27 Nov 1939) noted that his focus on the farm was fattening cattle for market, Hereford breeding, and a love of horses, particularly Clydesdales. Hilda Macdonald died in 1940. After this time the family engaged a working manager, who with a housekeeper and a gardener cared for the homestead and estate.
In 1946 a 400 acres was acquired by the Government for three dairy farms under the Rehabilitation Scheme for returned servicemen.
In 1960 the estate was acquired by the current owner, grandson of Donald Macdonald. The homestead was relined and restored, with some reconfiguration of the service areas of the house to suit modern living.
The Edendale Homestead was one of the centres for 80th Jubilee celebrations for the Edendale Dairy Factory. A procession involving Donald Macdonald's original buggy, driven by his grandson, with his daughter and great-grandson as passengers (as well as a local dressed as Sir Thomas Brydone) paraded up the grand tree-lined driveway watched by some 2000 people at the homestead.
In 2007 the homestead remains in the ownership of Macdonald's descendents.
Edendale Homestead is located about one kilometre outside Edendale, a small town in Southland. The Edendale district is 45 kilometres inland from Invercargill, and is a farming area focused on dairying. The large Edendale dairy factory is located nearby.
A kilometre long sequoia-lined drive leads from State Highway I (Edendale-Woodlands Highway) to the Homestead. The Homestead sits next to Mararua Bush (a substantial remnant native forest). Surrounding the house itself are well developed gardens and grounds, including many mature trees which may date from the nineteenth century.
The house faces north and looks over the well-grassed paddocks. The viewscape from the house is protected by a covenant on the title of the adjoining block which was recently subdivided and sold.
To the west of the house are the outbuildings associated with the homestead: the former stables (more recently used as a grain processing area), and the building incorporating the dairy/cart shed and barn. A small pump house shelters the pump and bore that provides water for the homestead.
The outbuildings formerly included a men's quarters and cottage (since demolished), and a motor garage (destroyed by fire). The concrete foundations of these buildings remain.
Edendale Homestead is a substantial two-storey timber villa-style residence. The form of the building is basically a large return bay villa, with additional gables and lean-tos added to the south and east elevations. It has restrained detailing, most notable being the paneling and dentils around some of the bay windows.
The principle north elevation has a projecting gable on the right side. This gable has square bay windows with decorative paneling and corbels, with a hipped roof on the first floor. The windows are double-hung sash. The windows at the end of the hallway are round-headed and divided into six-lights. There is a veranda on the ground floor and a balcony on the first floor with carved balusters.
The east elevation has a faceted bay window projecting from the ground floor.
The west elevation has a square bay window, topped with a separate gable on the first floor. There are two single storey square bay windows with dentils and decorative paneling on this elevation. A metal fire escape (with window access from the bedrooms) runs the length of the first floor of the west elevation.
The house faces north, with the formal entrance on the north elevation.
The south elevation provides access to the service areas of the house, and is U-shaped. It has a single-storey lean-to porch. There is a narrow brick single storey brick addition, topped with a single gable timber structure which houses the bathroom on the ground floor, and a storage cupboard on the first floor.
The house is arranged around central hallways on the both floors. On entering the front door a wide hallway has provides access to the rooms alongside. The entrance doors, as with much of the joinery in the formal parts of the house in varnished. There is a timber arch over the entrance into the hallway.
The formal parlour is the first room on the right. The parlour has a decorative fire timber surround with a built in mirror. The plaster ceilings are a notable feature of this room. There is a dado rail.
Across the hallway is the formal dining room. This is an opulent room decorated in rich red tones (a colour noted to have been used in that room is the past, and chosen by the current owners for this reason). There is a decorative timber fire surround with tiling and an inbuilt mirror. There is an alcove formed by the bay window with a shallow arch above. The timber and paneling in the bay are varnished and are notable features of the room.
To rear of the house what is now the informal open plan living, dining room and kitchen. This area has been opened up. The original toilet room is notable for its pressed metal walls and ceiling (matching that in the upstairs bathroom). This area has been remodeled to suit modern requirements.
A staircase rises from the left side of the hallway, leading to the first floor landing, and the bedrooms. The staircase has a turned timber balusters and newel posts.
The upstairs landing runs the length of the first floor. There are eight bedrooms opening off the hall. Much of the house has been relined in Gibraltar board. Some of the bedrooms have fireplaces, others do not.
There is a small bathroom on the first floor, notable for its pressed metal ceiling and walls.
The outbuildings are located to the west of the homestead. The stables and the barn (which housed the cart shed, dairy as well as storage) are both single storey timber buildings.
The stable is a single gable structure with a lean-to addition to the north elevation. It originally provided stalls for 20 horses (four sets of stalls for five horses each, only 1 of those stalls remain. The stable was adapted for use as a granary in the 1960s and now houses several grain silos and other equipment associated with processing grain. Some parts of the stable are suffering from rot and water damage.
The barn is an L-shaped timber structure. It housed the cart shed, barn and work room in one wing, and the milking space for the house cows in the other. The dairy still has the stalls in place for the cows. The remainder of the building is now largely used for storage. Some parts of the barn are suffering from rot and water damage.
To the north of the stables and barn there are the concrete foundations of the garage and a cottage. There is also a small single gable pump shed which houses the bore and pump that provides water for the property. This and its accompanying storage tank used to provide gravity fed water supply to much of the farm. Of the storage tank, the concrete anchors for the legs survive.
The Homestead and outbuildings are situated in mature grounds. The kilometre-long driveway from the main road is a Wellingtonia-lined avenue and is a notable feature of the estate. The house and outbuildings are surrounded by other mature trees, and these make a significant contribution to the heritage value of the property. An undated plan of the Homestead Timber notes that the plantings included mature plantings of Pinus insignis, Sycamore, Cyprus lawsoniana, Macrocarpa, and Larch.
The history of Edendale is one of a pioneering association with the dairy industry, in particular the role of Thomas Brydone and William Davidson and the New Zealand and Australian Land Company in providing international examples of technology and context for factory dairy production in Canada, and then using that information to build a factory which led the way in dairy exporting in New Zealand.
The role of the New Zealand and Australian Land Company and the significance of Edendale as the centre of the Company's operations is similar in importance to Totara Estate and its contribution to the frozen meat industry. Totara Estate has a range of buildings associated with the operation of the farm in the nineteenth century - including the Carcass Hanging Shed, Granary, Stables, Men's Quarters and Cookshop (all Category I), and Homestead (Category II).
While Edendale does not have such a complete range of buildings the historical association and importance of the place is as strong as Totara, particularly given that the original dairy factory building has been replaced by the huge modern complex nearby at Edendale. The homestead in particular stands as the reminder of the importance of this period in the history of the dairy industry.
The NZHPT has registered a variety of buildings associated with the dairy industry including a dairy company office, examples of dairy workers' houses, and seven dairy factory buildings (the majority of them dating from the twentieth century. All but two are Category II; the exceptions are the Old Dairy Factory at Palmerston North (Record Number 7180), constructed in 1928; and, Springfield on the Otago Peninsula was the site of the first cooperative dairy factory in the country (Record Number 4715, Category I).
Springfield was the home of the Otago Peninsula Cheese Factory Company formed in 1871, and which operated from an 1860s farmstead and its ancillary buildings, until it moved first to a purpose built brick factory at nearby Pukehiki, eventually absorbed into the Taieri and Peninsula Dairy Company. This company focused on production for the domestic market, whereas Edendale was focused on export.
Homestead, stables and barn, tree-lined drive and mature planting surrounding the homestead.
Edendale Homestead is constructed of timber and has a corrugated iron roof.
Stables, Milking Shed and Barn are timber with corrugated iron roofs. | 2019-04-25T06:00:08Z | http://www.heritage.org.nz/the-list/details/7704 |
It all started when I was at my friend’s house in Crown Heights the weekend of Gimel Tammuz 1994. I asked her why some Lubavitchers were singing and clapping, at what seemed to be a levaya? She answered, “It says Moshiach will appear to die before he comes.” Woohoo! I went home with the bas mitzva present she had just given me, a clock with a picture of the Rebbe, eagerly awaiting the Rebbe to take us out of Galus… Throughout the years I got very discouraged that the Rebbe hadn’t taken us to Yerushalayim that day, even making fun of the whole thing. But I still felt very sentimental about that clock, which I brought with me everywhere. My high school principal wouldn’t help me apply to a Lubavitch seminary; my seminary principal discouraged me from doing Lubavitch shlichus the next year; a Lubavitch seminary wouldn’t hire me as a madricha for my 3rd year in Eretz Yisroel; and the 4th year Chabad of the Cardo said they might need me but never called. In a shiur we had on Moshiach (during my 2nd year of seminary), the rabbi said there will be a T’chiyas HaMeisim for tzaddikim before Moshiach comes. One girl asked my rav if Moshiach can be one of those tzaddikim who come up from it. He made some faces, gnarled, “I suppose so,” and changed the subject. Hmmm… One Shabbos (about two years later) in a friend’s caravan in Bat Ayin, her Lubavitch mother asked why I’m so into Breslov. When I told her it’s because Breslov is so into simcha, she said Lubavitch is too. And that Chabad is more intellectual, Breslov more emotional; so since I seem more intellectual, I should try Chabad. What impressed me very much was that chassidus Chabad has the same foundation as the mussar vaad I belonged to. A different friend in Bat Ayin joked, “I could see you running around shouting ‘Yechi’ – just don’t let them convince you the Rebbe’s still alive!” I reassured her that there’s nothing to worry about, since I was actually at the levaya. Baruch Hashem I had too many jobs in Yerushalayim, so Machon Alte had to wait almost a year. What gave me the final push to just drop everything and learn about Lubavitch, was when a Litvish friend (whose Breslov rebbetzin told her to learn Tanya every day) told me all these contradictory things about Lubavitch: On the one hand, Lubavitch women are very learned and make the best Bais Yaakov teachers; on the other hand, “There’s a whole book about the g’dolim’s issues with Chabad,” etc. I just had to get to the bottom of this, reminding myself that what Lubavitchers do can’t stop me from learning the chassidus. And hey, Moshiach’s whole origins are so intriguing and unusual, so that the Satan won’t realize how kadosh he is, and therefore won’t bother stopping him. Maybe everyone hates Chabad davka because it’s so true, because the Rebbe really is Moshiach!
I made a one month commitment to try Machon Alte, no matter what. Those first two weeks I felt the tension between myself and the Lubavitchers. They thought I was some spy or something, reporting back to Litvish-Land. I also started attacking them after some rabbi with a really smushed hat said our generation has an obligation to learn chassidus. How can he diagnose my g’dolim with a disease to which chassidus is the only cure? Is he saying my g’dolim aren’t serving Hashem properly? This same rabbi tried spooking us out that the Rebbe is in the classroom with us, and made the “ridiculous” claim that the Rebbe is our Moshe and has nevua! He said if we learn what Moshiach is and learn about the Rebbe, we’ll see it’s identical. One girl commented, “But he died.” He exclaimed, “I can’t believe this is being asked in these four walls! The Rebbe said this is the last generation of Galus! The Rebbe said the Beis HaMikdash will come down on 770 first!” He must be “one of those” that book warns about – I’ll have to be mekarev him. In the meantime, there was also tension from everyone back in Yerushalayim, including my rav, whom I really needed and respected. I justified being in Machon Alte by telling him I can’t be anti-Chabad if I don’t know what Chabad is! He couldn’t believe I was there already a whole week and still hadn’t figured it out, so he dropped the subject. I would lie awake most of the night coming up with all sorts of refutes for everything I had learned that day and wake up already thinking of new questions. And reading “that book” wouldn’t help because Lubavitchers had already put out another book refuting it. I would often go meditate on the mountains, calling out to Hashem, “In the z’chus of Rebbe Nachman, give me clarity!” Baruch Hashem there was one ex- Lakewooder there, Basya Richburg, my island of sanity. She would tell me how she also went through all these questions, and reassured me how peaceful I would feel when the struggle would be over. But I still had to fight it out myself – how do I know she didn’t fall for the same stuff all those other Lubavitchers are falling for? The real action started when I signed up to have a chavrusa. I wanted to know the deal with the Rebbe being Moshiach: he certainly could have been, and maybe will be, but what makes Lubavitchers rule everyone else out? The chavrusa asked how I came to Lubavitch, and before I could even finish telling her about the weekend I got my precious clock, she interrupted: “He didn’t die!” She sat there like a peaceful chassid while I yelled at her about everything you would imagine someone from a mussar vaad to. Despite all my “ingenious” refutes to her “flimsy” Torah sources, I was touched by how passionate she is about the Rebbe. I had never seen anyone care so much about a Torah leader. I met with her the next day to just listen – no arguing; just listening to why the Rebbe means so much to her. She said this is her life – she can’t fully explain it, but agreed to try. I sat there with my mouth open as she told me all these nissim the Rebbe did for her, even after Gimel Tammuz. I tried to overcome the magical feeling I got, like she had injected some spirit in me, by telling myself that this is how cults work, and I have to make a decision based on truth, not some “feeling.” One conversation I probably won’t ever forget was my “convincing” this chavrusa that a Rebbe gets in the way of us and Hashem. She closed her eyes and promised me, from a very deep place within herself, that the more mekushar you are to the Rebbe, the more connected you are with Hashem, and offered to teach me the “V’Ata Tetzaveh” maamer (which explains there’s an extension of Moshe in every generation whose role is to bring out our emunas Hashem.) But I knew her tricks – that when you see something in print it has a powerful effect on you, and she was already brainwashing me enough... By hashgacha pratis, a certain rebbetzin who was close with the biggest opponent to Chabad was visiting Tzfat. I tried arranging a meeting with her, because so far Lubavitchers seemed to really know what they’re talking about, so I was looking for more information to bring up with them. I was also hoping to show her where she’s wrong, because so far nothing my Litvish friends said about Chabad is true or relevant. She sent a message back with someone saying that once someone’s been in Machon Alte “that long” there’s no talking to them; and the Rebbe can’t be Moshiach because of Gimel Tammuz. I couldn’t believe she passed the opportunity to save my soul and recruit me to her seminary! About two weeks into Machon Alte, it was once just me, the smushed hat rabbi and his wife. I told him I figured out my real problem with chassidus: learning all these fancy kavanos and getting a high from connecting to Hashem takes away from doing a mitzva lishma (meaning, just because Hashem says so, regardless of the spiritual results.) When he gave me the answer I had been looking for the whole time but was waiting for a Lubavitcher to tell it to me on their own – that you need chassidus in order to fulfill the mitzvos to know, love, and fear Hashem – all barriers were broken. He was now my hero, and I was now chassidishe. The only question from then on was: Chabad or Breslov? Around the same time, after speaking to my chavrusa on a regular basis, it started to really sink in that although halacha does leave room for Moshiach dying, since halacha goes by what you see, there’s still no way to get around all those other sources (such as Yalkut Shimoni, Ramban, Rebbe Nachman, etc.) that say Moshiach will live forever, physically; that Moshe’s neshama is always mislabesh in the Nasi HaDor’s guf in the physical world (Likkutei Sichos, Vol. 26, page 7); that the Nasi HaDor is compared to the Even HaSh’siya, which is always found in the physical world without any change or being stored away (sicha of Shoftim 5751); and that the world can’t exist without the Nasi HaDor being physically alive (Chassidus 101, Tanya). Add to this the Rebbe’s outright statement that the uninterrupted eternal life of neshama in a guf is starting with him (Seifer Hisvaaduyos 5749 vol. 4, p.148). What does a Yid do when the Torah says one thing but her personal experience shows her the opposite? Baruch Hashem, Rashi already prepared us for this phenomenon by explaining that even though the Mitzrim embalmed Yaakov, he merely appeared to die, while in truth Yaakov lives forever. (By the way, “Nasi” stands for “Nitzutz Shel Yaakov Avinu.”) I guess the Arizal (Shaar Hagilgulim, perek 13) and Rashi (Daniel 12:12) knew what they were talking about when they said Moshiach would first be somewhat revealed, and then concealed before he’s fully revealed? That Lag B’Omer night in Meiron was the first time I was ever really happy R’ Shimon Bar Yochi revealed the Zohar to us. It was also the first time I was torn between wanting to hang out by the Na Nachers and moving on to the Lubavitch section! There were these two guys dancing and doing cartwheels with big Moshiach flags, blasting “HaRabbi Mi’Lubavitch, hu Moshiach.” I felt so proud to be part of the Rebbe’s people. On my way out of Meiron the next morning, I obtained my first little Moshiach flag. My chavrusa also brought me to my first Lag B’Omer tahalucha later that day. When my month commitment to Machon Alte was almost up, I had to decide if I would stay at the expense of losing my madricha job in the Heritage House in Yerushalayim. I was thinking about it on one of my long walks around Tzfat, when I felt as if the Rebbe put his hands on my shoulders. I heard the Rebbe tell me, “Nechama, zai shtill.” I understood the Rebbe wanted me to stick around Machon Alte. So I did. But it still gnawed at me that maybe my rav knows something I overlooked, which would make me rethink becoming Lubavitch. He got annoyed that I called to talk about it: “Look, I’m not going to try to talk you out of it; you like it, so good.” I wasn’t satisfied with that lame answer after all his hockening me about going there to begin with, so I pushed for a real reason. He asked if they think the Rebbe’s Moshiach. When I told him they have their sources, he said, “They’ve gone mad! He died. Gamarnu!” (Mind you, this is the same rav who, three years earlier, said he supposes Moshiach could come from the dead.) He got defensive when I tried clarifying if there’s a real hashkafic/halachik issue, or if he just thinks they’re silly. Finally he quipped, “If you have any more questions, turn another page in the sicha or fax a letter to the Ohel.” I still gleefully follow my rav’s advice to this day! So basically, the Litvaks I know have no solid, Torah-based reason to stay away from Lubavitch, and Lubavitchers have every good reason to come closer. It was sad and disappointing to realize this about the people I respected, but at the same time, relieving to know I finally found the emes I had been toying with the past eleven years.
One thing that surprised me throughout my stay in Tzfat was Lubavitchers who thought the Rebbe’s being Moshiach is a secret. Here I am, putting my life on hold to find the truth, and they’re hoarding information from me. I felt so deprived and left out. Why is the smushed hat rabbi and chavrusa the only ones open about the Rebbe’s own words and actions? Why must we hide the psak din that some other chassidishe rebbes signed, paskening that the Rebbe is Moshiach? Why did one rabbi insist it’s bad to say “Yechi,” when I see videos of the Rebbe encouraging it publicly? What makes the Moshiach flag a “chillul Chabad”? If it said, let’s say, “Torah,” would that be a “chillul Chareidim”? Many months later I was finally granted the privilege of learning that there was a time the Rebbe used to be very against chassidim publicizing him as Moshiach. That even though in 5751 the Rebbe was very pleased with the seifer Yechi HaMelech and then even gave his explicit approval of Yechi HaMelech HaMoshiach (whose goal is to explain the p’sak din regarding Moshiach), at first the Rebbe was the opposite of pleased, to say the least. That although we saw the Rebbe encouraging “Yechi” day in, day out – including the Yud Shvat 5753 live worldwide satellite broadcast – the Rebbe did get very upset earlier on when chassidim sang a niggun with the words “HaRebbe Moshiach Tzidkeinu” at the Shabbos Bereishis 5745 farbrengen. That even though Kehos got the Rebbe’s clear permission to print “Rebbe shlita Melech HaMoshiach” in their introduction to Besuras HaGeula, and the Rebbe himself openly discusses Moshiach’s identity in sichos he personally edited for newspaper publication, this was uncharacteristic of the Rebbe in the earlier years. And that all the stories of the Rebbe approving shluchim’s advertising him as Moshiach (such as those documented in V’Hu Yigaleinu/And He Will Redeem Us) came only after many famous stories of the Rebbe strongly reacting the opposite. Oh, I also learned that at first the Rebbe was opposed to becoming Rebbe. These two role models (smushed hat and chavrusa) who changed my life are able to help me because they are proud of everything the Rebbe says. They have emuna in and rely on the Rebbe, trusting that if the Rebbe becomes open about something, then certainly we have nothing to fear. They also really live with the Rebbe on a constant basis, are more passionate, happy, and peaceful. There’s a certain aura they radiate, stemming from pure emuna and hiskashrus with the Rebbe Melech HaMoshiach.
While visiting the Heritage House in Yerushalayim one Shabbos (five weeks into my stay in Machon Alte), I had a really bad nose bleed. Baruch Hashem, someone stopped it for me, but I still felt a major loss of oxygen and very weak. At one point I was alone in the house for about two hours. I finally lied down on the couch to die, said Shma, told Hashem I love Him and am sorry for making fun of the Rebbe. I was glad to at least leave this world as a chassid of the Rebbe. Maybe this was even my entire tafkid? Suddenly it occurred to me that I might live, and I remembered learning that one way to hold on to an inspirational experience is by taking on something concrete, which would make you relive the inspiration every time you do this thing. Nothing really appealed to me, until Hashem gave me a brilliant idea: I made a deal with Hashem that if He saves me from this with no brain damage, I would be bittul to the Rebbe shlita Melech HaMoshiach. I would even wear a sheitel after I got married (as opposed to those comfortable funky tichels I had my heart set on), would have a million kids, and would even leave Eretz Yisroel if the Rebbe sends me out. I would do anything and everything the Rebbe says. Within minutes I was feeling strong enough to go upstairs to get dressed and daven! I couldn’t find a Nusach Ari Siddur, but switched as soon as I got my hands on one. The next day, Erev Chag HaShavuos, I called the rabbi from Machon Alte to ask what to do different over Shavuos, now that I’m dedicated to Lubavitch. We officially finished the conversion when I got back to Tzfat. After going through some differences in minhagim and halachos, he told me what it means to be a Lubavitcher chassid: Be mekushar to the Rebbe, have a lot of Ahavas Yisroel, and do everything with the kavana of bringing Moshiach. I decorated my first Chitas cover with a quote from a Musar Seifer by Rav Yerucham Levovitz ZT”L, in the name of the Alter of Chelm: “The Rebbe said!” – and after that, nothing further is required… The goal of all the wisdom and understanding that passes between Rebbe and Talmid … is the student’s giving himself over, emuna in the Rav.
I still love Rebbe Nachman and have a lot of hakaras ha’tov for the simcha and strength his teachings gave me when I needed it. And the Rebbe’s being Moshiach doesn’t retroactively undo the fact that Rebbe Nachman sent one of his Chassidim the petek (Na Nach note). I still appreciate the kabalistic principles that a) the tenth song will be a four-letter tzaddik’s name built up one letter at a time (like Me Mena Menach Menachem) and b) doing that to a tzaddik’s name increases his kochos in the world. The truth is one doesn’t have to choose between Rebbe Nachman/Keter/Likkutei Moharan, and the Rebbe/Malchus/Sichos, because the Rebbe’s neshama klalis includes Rebbe Nachman; his sichos and Igros Kodesh include Likkutei Moharan (since the Rebbe learned Likkutei Moharan, even making a direct reference to it twice); and Malchus is both rooted in Keter and is the Keter of the s’firos below it. Even their names are the passive and active forms of the same shoresh. That’s why you’ll notice a petek necklace next to my Moshiach pin, and a big Na Nach sticker next to my Lubavitch s’farim.
Early on in my search through different hashkafos, a friend tried helping by telling me to think of our g’dolim. Since when you follow a gadol you end up with them, so if they’re wrong you’ll be in Gehinom with them. The thought of my g’dolim in Gehinom tickled my brain, and comforted me that “of course, Chareidi Litvaks are right.” After my commitment to Chabad, this friend asked what Lubavitch gives me that nothing else did? I told her it can’t be their systematic approach to learning and Yiddishkait, because we already had that in the Musar vaad we were part of for three years. And it can’t be chassidus, because I already had Breslov books and meditated regularly. The answer is, “The Rebbe.” She asked me to explain, and it was then that I started to understand why my chavrusa (who is now my mashpia) said she just couldn’t explain the concept of Rebbe; it’s our whole life. And thanks to those two role models, I can confidently say that I’d rather go to the Gehinom of a chassid than any gadol’s Olam HaBa. The story doesn’t end here. The stronger my emuna and hiskashrus, the stronger the Satan. Throughout my “shana rishona” of being Lubavitch, many people have showed me many things to make me seriously reconsider being a chassid of the Rebbe, chas v’shalom. To get clarity I tracked down people who could give me details of what that B’nei Brak rosh yeshiva said; but either they didn’t really know specifics, or they weren’t willing to tell me. I found that extremely frustrating: if a gadol openly says something, who are they to cover up for him? I thought we’re supposed to have emunas chachomim, and be proud of our g’dolim’s (and Rebbe’s!) announcements. I even hunted down that rebbetzin (who avoided me in Tzfat) and met her in her house. She tried turning the tables, asking me all sorts of questions, avoiding it, finally admitting she doesn’t really know what he said, absolutely refusing to refer me to those who do. She commented that I looked so pained, how someone so young shouldn’t have to carry such a burden. I let out my frustration: “It pains me that the whole world is against Chabad and doesn’t even know why! How come no one can tell me that gadol’s issue?” When I shared this with a Litvak, she was surprised, and referred me to a website that would spell out “all the problems with Chabad.” It had some pretty shocking things different g’dolim said about the Rebbe, in addition to a paraphrasing of a certain sicha from 5710 suggesting avoda zara, ch”v. I realized that the bottom line is: either the Rebbe is a tzaddik and his sichos are emes, or the opposite, chas v’shalom. So I called a really big rav who is known for his ahavas Yisroel, deciding that whatever this future gadol says will be it. He said he’s not qualified to answer if the Rebbe is a tzaddik or not, but offered to tell me that “the Rebbe never said he’s Moshiach, and certainly never said he would be after he dies, and it’s questionable if saying that the Rebbe is still alive is part of Torah.” (He also added that he’d still accept me even if I stay Lubavitch.) I clarified that I’m Meshichist because of the Rebbe’s sichos, and that’s why I want to know if he’s a tzaddik and his sichos are emes. He said he doesn’t know; he never learned the Rebbe’s sichos. Since I called to listen and not to debate, I thanked him very much, amazed at how he knows what the Rebbe never said – in those sichos he never learned. Over the next few months I did some research regarding the information on that website. Most of the stories and “quotes” from different g’dolim turned out to be not only untrue, but to be the opposite of how those g’dolim actually regard the Rebbe. I also learned that regarding that “avoda zara” sicha – this blogger obviously never learned the whole sicha, and very much misunderstood the one or two paragraphs he did read. However, the website did do a magnificent job showing how the Rebbe himself made it clear to us he’s The Final Moshiach, encourages “Yechi,” allows people to call him “Rebbe shlita Melech HaMoshiach” to his face, was pleased with the woman who handed him the “Yechi” tambourine, etc. I informed the website owner of the inaccuracies, and thanked him for spreading the Rebbe’s sichos all over the internet.
NO TURNING BACK – EVER!
The stormier the Satan’s wind of doubt, the stronger my enthusiastic devotion to the Rebbe burns, baruch Hashem. I still can’t get over how the Rebbe Rashab picked me, out of all my friends and family, to be Lubavitch. I certainly didn’t do anything to deserve it! You can’t even compare life as a Lubavitcher to the old world. It’s like going from Exile to Redemption, literally. Amen! | 2019-04-24T04:50:11Z | http://moshiachtv.blogspot.com/2006_12_14_archive.html |
The 2014 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas was an endurance sports car racing event held at the Circuit of the Americas near Austin, Texas on 20 September 2014. It served as the fourth of eight rounds of the 2014 FIA World Endurance Championship and was the second time the race was held as part of the championship. A total of 50,334 spectators attended the event.
The No. 8 Toyota TS040 Hybrid of Sébastien Buemi, Anthony Davidson and Nicolas Lapierre won the pole position with the fastest two-lap average lap time and maintained its start-line advantage until a monsoon fell on the track and stopped the race for 77 minutes. Audi's No. 2 R18 e-tron quattro of Marcel Fässler, André Lotterer and Benoît Tréluyer and Romain Dumas, Neel Jani and Marc Lieb in the No. 14 Porsche 919 Hybrid battled for the outright lead until the latter car slowed with engine problems and the former vehicle took the victory. The sister No. 1 Audi of Loïc Duval, Lucas di Grassi and Tom Kristensen finished in second place and the No. 8 Toyota completed the outright podium finishers in third.
The (Le Mans Prototype 1-Lightweight) LMP1-L category was won by the No. 12 Rebellion Racing Rebellion-Toyota of Nick Heidfeld, Mathias Beche, and Nico Prost. The Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) category finished with the No. 47 KCMG Oreca 03R of Richard Bradley, Matthew Howson and Tsugio Matsuda taking the team's first class victory in the World Endurance Championship, ahead of the No. 27 SMP Racing Oreca driven by Sergey Zlobin, Maurizio and Nicolas Minassian in second and the debuting Extreme Speed Motorsports HPD-ARX 03 of Ed Brown, Ryan Dalziel and Scott Sharp took third. Stefan Mücke and Darren Turner in the No. 97 Aston Martin Vantage won the Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Professional (LMGTE Pro) class and the British marque also took the Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Amateur (LMGTE Am) category with Paul Dalla Lana, Pedro Lamy and Christoffer Nygaard in the No. 98 Vantage.
Twenty-nine cars were officially entered for the 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas, with the bulk of entries in Le Mans Prototype 1 (LMP1) and Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2). The 2013 race winners, Audi Sport Team Joest, returned to defend their title. Three manufacturers were represented in LMP1, including a duo of cars entered by Audi Sport Team Joest, Toyota and Porsche. Kazuki Nakajima was not available to drive the No. 7 Toyota TS040 Hybrid because of a Super Formula commitment and was replaced by IndyCar Series driver Mike Conway. After spending the last three months recovering from a heavy crash during practice for the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Loïc Duval returned to Audi Sport Team Joest after doctors granted him medical clearance. The Kodewa-backed Lotus team moved up from the LMP2 category with their new CLM P1/01 but missed the first three races because the new car was not ready. In the month before its debut, Lotus named Super GT competitor James Rossiter, experienced sports car driver Christophe Bouchut and Formula Three European Championship race winner Lucas Auer as the trio to pilot the No. 9 car. Rebellion Racing was the other representative of the LMP1 privateer teams.
LMP2 consisted of four cars with twelve drivers. United SportsCar Championship participants Extreme Speed Motorsports debuted in the World Endurance Championship with a HPD ARX 03B-Honda driven by the team's regular drivers Scott Sharp, Ryan Dalziel and Ed Brown. Tsugio Matsuda returned from his four month hiatus from prototype car racing and joined Matthew Howson and Richard Bradley in driving the No. 47 KCMG Oreca 03R-Nissan. After SMP Racing rearranged their driver lineups for Le Mans, the team returned to their regular driver pairings for the rest of the season starting at the 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas. G-Drive Racing switched from the Morgan chassis to the new Nissan powered Ligier JS P2 monocoque. The Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Professional (LMGTE Pro) field consisted of four manufacturers (Aston Martin, Ferrari, Porsche and Corvette Racing), while the Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance Amateur (LMGTE Am) entrants were six teams: Aston Martin Racing, AF Corse, Prospeed Competition, Proton Competition, 8 Star Motorsports and Krohn Racing. Porsche Team Manthey changed their driver roster: Richard Lietz could not recover sufficiently from a fractured arm he sustained while practising at Virginia International Raceway. As a precaution, Lietz was replaced by Nick Tandy who was paired by Jörg Bergmeister in the No. 91 Porsche 911 RSR. Patrick Pilet moved to the No. 92 car to partner regular driver Frédéric Makowiecki.
Corvette Racing entered a Chevrolet Corvette C7.R with Tommy Milner and Wayne Taylor Racing's Jordan Taylor and Ricky Taylor competing in the company's first World Endurance Championship (WEC) race outside of the 24 Hours of Le Mans. James Calado missed Le Mans because he suffered from two brain haemorrhages as a consequence of a heavy practice accident. He did recover sufficiently to return to sports car racing and retook his role of sharing the No. 71 Ferrari 458 Italia with Davide Rigon at the 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas. Krohn Racing, who competed full-time in the 2012 and 2013 seasons, entered its No. 57 Ferrari 458 Italia for owner Tracy Krohn, his long-time teammate Niclas Jönsson and experienced racer Ben Collins. Matthieu Vaxivière returned to compete for Prospeed Competition after braking his vertebrae in a Formula Renault 3.5 Series accident in Monaco which forced him to miss Le Mans. He co-drove the Dempsey-Proton Racing Porsche 911 RSR. Enzo Potolicchio stopped driving for the rest of the season and his place in the 8 Star Motorsports Ferrari was taken by 24 Hours of Daytona class winner Jeff Segal. Nicki Thiim was absent because of a Porsche Carrera Cup Germany commitment at the Sachsenring and was substituted by Richie Stanaway.
The 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas was confirmed as part of the FIA World Endurance Championship's 2014 schedule in an FIA Endurance Commission meeting in Paris in January 2014. It was the fourth of eight scheduled endurance sports car round of the 2014 FIA World Endurance Championship, the second running of the event, and the season's sole North American race. It was held on 20 September at the Circuit of the Americas in Austin, Texas following two days of practice and qualifying. An agreement was reached by circuit officials, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) to run the race on the Saturday. WEC used the Circuit of the Americas' 3.427 mi (5.515 km) 20-turn Grand Prix layout.
Before the race Toyota drivers Anthony Davidson, Sébastien Buemi and Nicolas Lapierre led the Drivers' Championship with 80 points, 20 ahead of their nearest rivals André Lotterer, Marcel Fässler and Benoît Tréluyer of Audi Sport Team Joest and a further six in front of their two teammates Lucas di Grassi and Tom Kristensen. Rebellion Racing's Mathias Beche, Nico Prost and Nick Heidfeld were fourth with 42 points and part-time driver Marc Gené rounded out the top five with 36 points. Toyota led the Manufacturers' Championship with 115 points, one ahead of their nearest rivals Audi in second; the third-placed manufacturer Porsche had accumulated 60 points.
Going into the race the FIA Endurance Commission altered the balance of performance in LMP1 and LMGTE. The two Audi R18 e-tron quattros had its engine power altered by 0.3% but had a one percent in fuel flow per hour along with a small increase of fuel capacity by 0.1 litres (0.022 imp gal; 0.026 US gal). The minimum weight of the LMP1 privateer cars was reduced to 800 kilograms (1,800 lb) from the Le Mans limit of 810 kilograms (1,790 lb) as the CLM P1/01 and Rebellion R-Ones received a four percent increase in maximum fuel flow rate and a fifteen percent break in fuel energy per lap to increase their performance. In the LMGTE category the commission added an additional 20 kilograms (44 lb) of ballast to the Aston Martins to lower their performance.
Three practice sessions—two on Thursday and a third on Friday—were held before the Saturday race. The Thursday afternoon and evening sessions lasted 90 minutes; the third, one-hour session was held on Friday afternoon. The first practice session took place in overcast and cool weather conditions. The No. 2 Audi R18 e-tron quattro driven by Fässler led with the fastest lap time of the day, at 1 minute and 51.136 seconds, one-tenth of a second quicker than teammate Kristensen in second whose best lap was recorded late in the session. Brendon Hartley's No. 20 Porsche 919 Hybrid was third-fastest after leading the session in its opening minutes and both Toyota TS040 Hybrids rounded out the top five in LMP1-H. Davidson stopped his car near the exit of pit lane in the closing minutes of the session with a systems problem but continued after he restarted his vehicle. Olivier Pla was first to lead LMP2 but Dalziel ended as the fastest driver with a lap of 1 minute and 58.111 seconds. Pla fell to second and Howson was third. Darren Turner's No. 97 Aston Martin was the quickest car late on in LMGTE Pro while Stanaway helped the British marque to be fastest in LMGTE Am.
The second practice session was delayed for an hour because of a electrical thunderstorm that caused localised flooding around the circuit and it also prevented trackside marshals from taking up their posts due to local bylaws governing safety. Once the rain had abated enough to allow for cars to circulate the track, the session commenced and several drivers reported aquaplaning over the multiple heavy puddles that had formed on the circuit. The first red flag came out after seventeen minutes when Rigon beached the No. 71 AF Corse Ferrari off course between turns 17 and 18. The car was recovered back to the pit lane. After the restart, the rain let up and Davidson's No. 8 Toyota recorded the best lap of the session with a time of 2 minutes and 1.333 seconds. Kristensen placed the No. 1 Audi in second and Wurz's No. 7 Toyota was third. In LMP2, the No. 47 KCMG of Bradley was fastest with a time of 2 minutes and 17 seconds. Makowiecki topped the LMGTE Pro time sheets in Porsche Team Manthey's No. 92 and the No. 95 Aston Martin of Stanaway paced the LMGTE Am category.
In the final practice session, Kristensen put the No. 1 Audi at the top of the time sheets and Duval improved on his co-driver's form with a lap of 1 minute and 49.480 seconds. The No. 2 Audi of Fässler was second fastest and Toyota's No. 8 car of Davidson was third. The fastest Porsche was fourth courtesy of a lap from Neel Jani's No. 20 entry. Pla in the No. 26 was again the fastest driver in LMP2 with a lap of 1 minute and 56.601 seconds, eight-tenths of a second faster than Bradley's No. 47 KCMG vehicle. In LMGTE Pro, Aston Martin's No. 99 Vantage driven by Fernando Rees was quickest by four-hundreths of a second from the sister No. 97 entry of Stefan Mücke. Aston Martin was also the fastest manufacturer in LMGTE Am with Pedro Lamy's No. 98 Vantage from Paolo Ruberti in second place, driving the No. 90 8 Star Motorsports Ferrari.
Toyota chose to keep the No. 8 car in the garage before venturing onto the track with Davidson, who slid on a wet patch at turn 11 and aborted his first attempt. He subsequently set a lap time of 1 minute and 48.900 seconds and then recorded a 1 minute and 49.000 seconds effort. Buemi later relieved Davidson and his lap of 1 minute and 49.156 seconds gave the No. 8 entry a two-lap average effort of 1 minute and 49.093 seconds. This earned Buemi, Davidson and Lapierre their first pole position of 2014 and Toyota's third. They were joined on the grid's front row by Jani and Romain Dumas's No. 14 Porsche whose two-lap average was 1.190 seconds slower because Jani's best lap was disallowed transgressing energy recovery system limits that dictated the maximum amount of fuel each car could use. Hartley and Mark Webber qualified the No. 20 Porsche in third and Fässler and Lotterer put the No. 2 Audi in fourth from a second attempt by Fässler. Toyota's No. 7 car driven by Conway and Stéphane Sarrazin took fifth and di Grassi and Duval's No. 1 Audi completed the top ten after one of di Grassi's laps was deleted for violating energy recovery system limits because of a computer glitch. The LMP1-L class pole position was taken by Dominik Kraihamer and Fabio Leimer in the No. 12 Rebellion R-One with a two-lap average of 1 minute and 54.665 seconds, and was joined by the sister No. 13 entry of Heidfeld which stopped with a broken fly-by-wire throttle and halted the session for 4½ minutes. The No. 9 Lotus CLM P1/01 did not set a lap because of a gearbox selector failure although the team were granted dispensation to start the race but began one lap behind the rest of the field from the pit lane.
In LMP2, Roman Rusinov and Pla drove the No. 26 G-Drive Oreca to its third class pole position of the season and the team's second consecutive at the Circuit of the Americas with an average effort of 1 minutes and 58.075 seconds. Howson and Tsugio Matsuda joined them on the grid's front row in the No. 47 KCMG vehicle which was almost three-tenths of a second slower. The No. 30 Extreme Speed Motorsports HPD ARX-03b of Dalziel and Sharp began from third in the team's first World Endurance Championship race after Sharp appeared to struggle with the track conditions. Gianmaria Bruni and Toni Vilander, competing in AF Corse's No. 51 Ferrari, took the squad's fourth LMGTE Pro pole position in a row with a two-lap average effort of 2 minutes and 6.456 seconds, in a rain-affected session that made portions of the track dump. The two qualified 0.638 seconds in front of Mücke and Turner in the No. 97 Aston Martin. Makowiecki and Pilet's No. 92 Porsche Manthey car took third and their teammates Tandy and Bergmeister were fourth. Alex MacDowall and Rees' No. 99 Aston Martin completed the top five in class. Vaxivière was chosen to go a long stint and Emmanuel Collard drove on a drier track, enabling the duo to claim their first LMGTE Am pole position in the No. 75 ProSpeed Competition Porsche with a two-lap average time of 2 minutes and 8.271 seconds, less than a tenth of a second faster than Stanaway and Kristian Poulsen's No. 95 Aston Martin.
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold and .
Racing resumed 77 minutes later in safety car conditions and in fading light as some teams chose to make tyre changes. The change in positions meant both Audis led from the No. 14 Porsche and both Toyotas were a lap behind. The No. 2 Audi had been switched to the intermediate compound tyres after a strategy call from its race engineer Leena Gade, and the sister car was on dry compound tyres. Jani took the outright lead but a lack of engine power put his No. 14 Porsche behind Audi's No. 2 car of Fässler and later Lotterer. After establishing large enough of an advantage, a final pit stop for fuel for Fässler allowed the No. 2 Audi to win the entry's second consecutive win of the season after the 24 Hours of Le Mans. He was 53 seconds in front of di Grassi's No. 1 car in second and Buemi took the No. 8 Toyota to complete the outright podium in third. LMP1-L was dominated by Rebellion's No. 12 car ran without trouble and took the class victory. KCMG won a race-long battle between Extreme Speed Motorsports, SMP Racing and G-Drive and took its first class victory in the World Endurance Championship with the No. 47 Oreca. Aston Martin took both GTE classes with the No. 97 car winning in Pro and 98 entry took the Am class honours.
Class winners in bold and .
The result of the race meant Davidson, Lapierre and Buemi kept their lead in the Drivers' Championship to 96 points, but their advantage over Lotterer, Fässler and Tréluyer was reduced to eleven points. Di Grassi and Kristensen remained in the third position with 72 points. Beche, Heidfeld and Prost maintained fourth with 48 points and Dumas, Jani and Marc Lieb rounded out the top five with 45 points. In the Manufacturers' Championship, Audi (with 157 points) took the lead from Toyota (139 points) while Porsche remained in third with 82 points with four races left in the season.
^ a b c d "Austin: Die Starterliste zum Rennen". Motorsport Magazin (in German). 22 August 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
^ Fritzsche, Mario (1 August 2014). "Austin: Conway erstmals im Toyota" (in German). motorsport-total.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^ Handley, Jake (17 September 2014). "Loïc Duval Raring To Race Again at COTA". The Checkered Flag. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
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^ Barstow, Ollie (12 August 2014). "WEC: Extreme Speed for CotA LMP2 wild-card". Crash. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
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^ Goodwin, Graham (16 September 2014). "FIA WEC: Circuit of the Americas, Race Preview, LMP2". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 2015-04-13. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
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^ "Porsche shuffles its GTE Pro line-up for remaining WEC rounds". Autosport. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
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^ "Krohn Racing to Compete in FIA WEC Six Hours of Circuit of the Americas". Krohn Racing. 12 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^ Paulay, Emma (29 September 2015). "Matthieu Vaxivière: "Endurance is one of several options for the future"". Automobile Club de l'Ouest. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^ a b Goodwin, Graham (1 August 2014). "FIA WEC News Round-up: Ligier, New Prospeed Porsche, BoP & Corvette". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
^ Dagys, John (13 August 2014). "Segal: "I'm Hoping COTA is the Beginning of Something Bigger"". SportsCar365. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ "Fuji: Le-Mans-Siegertrio zurück bei Young Driver AMR" (in German). motorsport-total.com. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
^ a b c Howson, Mark (31 January 2014). "More Revisions To The WEC Calendar". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ a b c d Dagys, John (17 September 2014). "FIA WEC: All you need to know about this weekend's Six Hours of COTA". Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ a b c d e f "WEC Classification". FIA World Endurance Championship. Archived from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
^ a b c Dagys, John (18 September 2014). "Fassler Tops FIA WEC Practice 1 at COTA". SportsCar365. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ a b Goodwin, Graham (18 September 2014). "FIA WEC: Circuit of the Americas, Free Practice 1, Audi, ESM & Aston On Top". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ Watkins, Gary (19 September 2014). "Austin WEC: Audi and Toyota top a practice session each on Thursday". Autosport. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ a b Goodwin, Graham (19 September 2014). "FIA WEC: Circuit of the Americas, Free Practice 2, Stormy Weather". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ DiZinno, Tony (18 September 2014). "Davidson Leads FIA WEC COTA Practice 2 in Mixed Conditions". SportsCar365. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ a b Goodwin, Graham (19 September 2014). "FIA WEC: Circuit of the Americas, Free Practice 3 Report". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ Watkins, Gary (19 September 2014). "Austin WEC: Audi leads final practice with Loic Duval". Autosport. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
^ a b c d "Toyota takes 3rd pole of year ahead of 6hrs of COTA". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ a b Miller, Fiona (20 September 2014). "6 Hrs COTA LMGTE Qualifying: Ferrari and Porsche reign at COTA". FIA World Endurance Championship. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ a b c d Watkins, Gary (19 October 2014). "Austin WEC: Anthony Davidson/Sebastien Buemi put Toyota on pole". Autosport. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ a b c d e f g Dagys, John (20 September 2014). "Toyota Claims FIA WEC Pole at COTA". Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ "Toyota snatches WEC pole from Porsche in Austin". Speedcafe. 20 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ a b c Goodwin, Graham (20 September 2014). "FIA WEC: Circuit of the Americas, LMP Qualifying, Toyota take Pole, Ligier Do the Austin Double!". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ a b Goodwin, Graham (20 September 2014). "FIA WEC: Circuit of the Americas, GTE Qualifying, AF Corse Win Strategy Battle, New Prospeed 911 in Am". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ "FIA WEC 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas Qualifying Practice Final Classification" (PDF). FIA World Endurance Championship. 19 September 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
^ a b c d Dagys, John (21 September 2014). "Audi Wins FIA WEC Six Hours of COTA". SportsCar365. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ "6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas: FIA WEC: Race: Weather Report" (PDF). FIA World Endurance Championship. 20 September 2014. p. 1. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ a b c d Goodwin, Graham (21 September 2014). "FIA WEC: Circuit of the Americas, Race Report, LMP1". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ a b c d DiZinno, Tony (20 September 2014). "Massive Deluge Causes Chaos, Red Flag in COTA Second Hour". SportsCar365. Archived from the original on 6 December 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ a b c d Barstow, Ollie (21 September 2014). "WEC Austin: Audi strikes as storm scuppers Toyota hopes". Crash. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ Watkins, Gary (24 September 2014). "Austin WEC: Storm and crashes interrupt race, cause red flag". Autosport. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ a b Richards, Giles (21 September 2014). "Leena Gade's strategy pays off with Audi first and second in Austin". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ Goodwin, Graham (21 September 2014). "FIA WEC: Circuit of the Americas, Race Report, GTE Pro & GTE Am". DailySportsCar. Archived from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ "FIA WEC 6 Hours of Circuit of the Americas Race Final Classification" (PDF). FIA World Endurance Championship. 21 September 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014. | 2019-04-25T13:58:42Z | https://wiki2.org/en/2014_6_Hours_of_Circuit_of_the_Americas |
¶ 2 Leave a comment on paragraph 2 0 Atton states, “The value of alternative publications lies surely in their providing interpretations of the world, which we might not otherwise see, and information about the world we simply might not find anywhere else.”1 This is especially true for the zine sub-division of the alternative press. Duncombe defines zines as “non-commercial, non-professional, small-circulation magazines which their creators produce, publish and distribute by themselves.”2 This encompasses the independent and unique nature of zines, as well as the culture that surrounds them. Zines are made in a variety of formats and sizes, but are generally small, consisting of photocopied pages stapled together. They are also based on a variety of topics and can generally be seen as a way of documenting contemporary popular culture. While this has made them an important primary source material, from an information management standpoint zines have historically been overlooked. Bartel states that this relatively untapped resource serves to “add depth and scope to library collections, offering patrons a diversity of style, content, and subject matter unparalleled elsewhere.”3 The aim of this project is to formalize and legitimize the importance of zines, as well as to provide concrete examples of how to incorporate zines into both physical and digital collections.
¶ 5 Leave a comment on paragraph 5 0 This perceived neglect notwithstanding, many academic libraries have given a home to zines in the form of special collections. Some notable examples are zine collections in libraries at Barnard College, Michigan State University, and the University of Iowa.7 Some less formal, more DIY examples include the attempts of Lastufka and Sandler, who have created and continue to maintain a wiki devoted to the “history and culture of zines, independent media and small press.”8 Examples of independent libraries include Papercut Zine Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts; the Denver Zine Library in Denver, Colorado; and the Independent Publishing Resource Center in Portland, Oregon. Gardner frames this work as “a call for academic libraries to become more aware of the vast public interest in zines.”9 Anderson punctuates this sentiment by warning, “Unless aggressively pursued, librarians would be fortunate to be aware of even 10 percent of the publishers publishing today. The other 90 percent remain obscure.”10 Issues of access, preservation, and cataloging prevent many readers from engaging with zines.
¶ 6 Leave a comment on paragraph 6 0 The freedom from mainstream distribution and editorial constraints that characterizes zines also raises problems when considering how best to make their material available. As Stoddart and Kiser write, “Regardless of how zines are cataloged in the collection, the main objective is to make them available to patrons.”11 Issues of access are complicated by taking into consideration the individual author’s wishes.12 Many zinesters, as Herrada and Aul note, “have an unyielding sense of pride in their work, and decisions such as selling or even donating zines to libraries and archives can appear as serious compromises.”13 This wariness of institutionalizing their material places a burden on librarians and archivists to convince individual content creators of the worth of preserving their material in both formal and informal contexts; this is considered the primary challenge facing would-be collectors and catalogers of zines.14 These issues are further compounded when digitization is involved.
¶ 7 Leave a comment on paragraph 7 0 Academic libraries and archives have begun to recognize the need to house zines and other alternative media in collections, and some have already begun. However, there is still a gap in present knowledge when it comes to the specifics of collection management in these cases, both in academic and less conventional settings. This raises our question of how to create and maintain a collection of alternative media ephemeral items, whilst remaining true to the ethos and purpose underlying their production. Adhering to the ethos is a sensitive issue, as many zine authors are against organized collections, be they physical or digital. In his piece on library preservation of zines, Chepesiuk states, “Many zine publishers, moreover, do not want their zines preserved in a formal setting because they don’t want to be institutionalized; in fact, they often resent the fact that these institutions have zine collections.”15 This does not mean that any attempt at a collection of this type is ill conceived. However, it does necessitate the consideration of both the culture and physical nature of zines.
¶ 8 Leave a comment on paragraph 8 0 Koh argues, “Because the creation, publication, and distribution of zines are non-traditional by nature, it is no surprise that relying on the conventional methods of collection management will not suffice when building a zine collection.”16 This is a succinct synopsis of the issues inherent in cataloging zines—issues made all the more daunting by the library community’s general lack of familiarity with the medium. Bartel states that “zines … represent new territory for the majority of librarians, and even those familiar with zines and zine culture may find integrating them into the library a daunting task.”17 The systems explored and conclusions reached during our project should provide a framework to help the founding, maintenance, and development of future collections.
¶ 10 Leave a comment on paragraph 10 0 The Forgotten Zine Archive was originally created in 2004 by prominent Irish zine author Ciarán Walsh. It was made up of around 1,200 zines, donated by four separate collectors. While there was a basic structure to the collection, it was not fully cataloged. It was stored in a commercial warehouse space in Dublin’s North Strand that was being used semi-legally as a residential space by members of the Dublin punk, DIY, and independent scenes.18 The archive initially opened for a few hours every Sunday, but when the warehouse closed in 2005, the archive had to find a new location. Since then, Seomra Spraoi has housed the archive in various locations across the city.
¶ 11 Leave a comment on paragraph 11 0 Seomra Spraoi is an autonomous social center that has been in Dublin since 2004. It aims to create a non-hierarchical, anti-capitalist center run on a not-for-profit, environmentally self-sustaining basis. Its focus on inclusion rather than exclusion appeals to zinesters in part because of its opposition to censorship, which they perceive to be inherent in formal information settings. Seomra Spraoi and its inhabitants called on us to take an approach to collection-building that was quite different from what we learned during our formal training.
¶ 14 Leave a comment on paragraph 14 0 Initially, our promotion of the archive was conducted entirely by word of mouth among Seomra Spraoi users and through such social media platforms as Facebook and Twitter. We set up a dedicated email account to handle directed communication, but interested parties preferred messaging the archive’s Facebook page. Similarly, our blog withered from lack of reader interest and eventual skepticism on our part that its usefulness merited a commitment to maintaining it. Improving the archive’s online visibility proved vital to increasing the number of people visiting it, particularly as members of the public were unlikely to discover it during visits to the space.
¶ 15 Leave a comment on paragraph 15 0 As our work on the archive developed, we designed, distributed, and displayed flyers and posters at book fairs, cultural shows, and other zine events. Almost immediately the archive received offers of large quantities of zine donations, and requests for information on upcoming workshops and events.
¶ 17 Leave a comment on paragraph 17 0 The first step in actually organizing the collection involved taking an inventory and forming preliminary subject headings. We learned from this process that many zines were difficult to place in a particular genre, as they often dealt with multiple subjects. For example, the zine series Rambling Rose, by Kayt Darkrose, often featured both poetry and prose in equal measure. It was clear that the zine should be categorized under an artistic heading, but its subsection was not immediately apparent because neither artistic medium (poetry or prose) was used more than the other throughout the series. Such difficult-to-place zines helped our group decide that zines should be grouped according to their main topic (or the topic the zine devoted the most pages to, if many topics or genres were present). Following that, if a zine was part of a series, all issues in the series should be grouped together even if some would not necessarily belong to this subsection.
¶ 20 Leave a comment on paragraph 20 0 Following the inventorying sessions, we conducted research to find an effective way to classify and catalog zines. However, in the available literature there was a lack of consensus on how this should be done. For example, Stoddart and Kiser simply list various methods and the libraries that have used them, concluding, “Each library has developed its own system to meet its local needs and available resources.”21 With this in mind, our group decided to create a new, user-focused classification system based on information gathered from user surveys and previous correspondence with members of the zine community and zine librarians.
Artistic & Creative, which would contain all zines that featured poetry, short stories, art, comics, photography, etc.
Music, which would contain all zines discussing particular bands or music genres. This was given its own subject heading separate from Artistic & Creative due to the large volume of music-related zines.
Political & Social, which would contain all zines with such political themes as anarchism and communism, and such social themes as human rights and environmentalism.
Resources, which would contain instructional zines for such topics as bicycle repair or travel guides.
¶ 23 Leave a comment on paragraph 23 0 This consolidation into a few broad headings steered users into subjects for specific topics frequently broached in zines that were employed in total. For example, the “Music” subject heading has subheadings for alternative, electronic, punk, etc., while the “Political & Social” subject heading has subheadings for anti-capitalism, environmentalism, human rights, socialism, etc. Based on user suggestions and correspondence with Jenna Freedman of the Barnard Zine Library, we chose not to include geographical information as part of the subject heading organization.22 Further user suggestions recommended including such information on individual zine labels for cases in which that information would be useful.
¶ 25 Leave a comment on paragraph 25 0 After collecting and analyzing user survey data, we decided that standard cataloging was unlikely to prove useful. Since Seomra Spraoi does not employ an information specialist, we wanted to build a catalog that was user friendly and intuitive enough so that anyone encountering it for the first time could use it. Any catalog requiring specialist knowledge or prior research would not be used at all by the typical Seomra Spraoi visitor. This led us to use the website LibraryThing to custom build a catalog for our likely users.
¶ 26 Leave a comment on paragraph 26 0 We cataloged zines as monographs rather than journals because the majority of zines present in the archive are not part of any serial publication, and those that are often have few or non-consecutive issues. As Stoddart and Kiser mention, the “often erratic publication patterns [of zines] make handling them as a traditional serial problematic.”23 We used a metadata tagging system to cross-reference zines with subsections where a patron might alternatively search. For example, a zine that primarily focuses on punk music but also contains poetry and discusses anarchism would be tagged with “music,” “punk,” “poetry,” and “anarchism,” so as to be listed in search results for any of those terms. The archive’s account has a page that lists every tag used during the cataloging process, so a user can also remotely browse zines by topic. These tags use a controlled vocabulary agreed upon by the group (“anarchism” and “feminism” rather than “anarchist” or “feminist,” for example). We used 324 tags, with an average of four for each item.
¶ 27 Leave a comment on paragraph 27 0 For those browsing the physical collection, we installed a finding aid next to the archive; the guide contains a description of the four classification sections, all subsections, a short description of what sort of zines belong to each subsection, and a complete list of the archived zines, directing users to the appropriate subsection for each. Included in this document was a brief policy statement outlining criteria for inclusion, cataloging procedures, storage guidelines, and periodic weeding.
¶ 29 Leave a comment on paragraph 29 0 Initially, those of us involved in the Forgotten Zine Archive had been in favor of digitizing it, to ensure preservation for future use and to afford access to the collection for academic and leisure users from anywhere in the world. However, the politics of digitizing a collection housed as part of an anarchist collective complicated the process; among the issues raised by the unique situation of the collection were materiality, permission, and copyright. As such, these issues had to be considered by all available members of the collective before committing to a decision.
¶ 32 Leave a comment on paragraph 32 0 Among the archive’s and Seomra’s regular users, there is uncertainty over how best to digitize the archive, or whether it should be digitized at all. As Seomra is based on the principle of collective decision-making, a consensus would have to be reached among its members before we could proceed with digitization. Currently, the community is considering the digitization of zine covers—a compromise that is thought to give remote visitors to the collection a sense of what a given zine contains while minimally offending its creator or infringing copyright—though many zine authors would take umbrage at even this scale of digitization of their work. While all efforts will be made to contact the zinesters for permission, this task is time-consuming and often fruitless. Zines often contain minimal information about their authors, thereby making it extremely difficult to obtain permission to digitize them, and partly for this reason the digitization process will be greatly delayed.
¶ 33 Leave a comment on paragraph 33 0 Also under consideration is the piecemeal digitization of zines per request by individual researchers. This would consist of digitizing individual zines, or articles, and emailing them directly to the user. However, more research into copyright and fair use laws is needed before a conclusion is reached.
¶ 35 Leave a comment on paragraph 35 0 During our effort to develop and create the Forgotten Zine Archive, four main issues, which are likely to form the majority of challenges faced by any library or archive’s attempt at showcasing zines, presented themselves. The first issue is providing reasonable access in a non-secure informal setting without running the risk of damage or theft to inherently fragile, rare items.
¶ 36 Leave a comment on paragraph 36 0 Related to this is the vexing issue of preserving an item designed to be ephemeral. We opted for the relatively inexpensive use of polyester sleeves, acid-free cardboard magazine boxes, and backing boards—the same method employed to store vintage comic books. Like comics, zines are not designed with longevity in mind; librarians, therefore, just redouble their efforts at preservation.
¶ 37 Leave a comment on paragraph 37 0 In the search for an effective cataloging method, we had to consider that our user community was different from a community of library patrons, and our catalog therefore had to be complex enough to handle the array of subjects in our collection while also being “simple” enough for use by people not necessarily conversant with libraries.
¶ 38 Leave a comment on paragraph 38 0 Issues of access, cataloging methods, preservation, and target audiences are nothing new to information professionals, but when dealing with alternative media, the issues take on new meaning. The ethos and nature of the zine community is almost one of willful disorganization and rebellion; thus to try to create an organized collection of these items is challenging, to say the least. But it is vital to a culture to meet these challenges. If we disregard zines and their importance simply because they are difficult to categorize and maintain, we risk consigning Anderson’s “90 percent” to oblivion.
¶ 40 Leave a comment on paragraph 40 0 The authors each received an MLIS from University College Dublin, under Eric Cook. This paper is based on the archive they worked with for their thesis project. | 2019-04-26T06:28:09Z | http://www.archivejournal.net/essays/organizing-anarchy-the-revitalization-and-revamp-of-the-forgotten-zine-archive/ |
For detailed information on each step in the Screening process, please click on the tabs on this page.
The concept of duty of care identifies the relationship that exists between two persons (e.g. two individuals, an individual and an organization) and establishes the obligations that one owes the other, in particular the obligation to exercise reasonable care with respect to the interests of the other, including protection from harm.
Even before your organization starts the screening process an up to date code of conduct is a must. This document sets out the rules and norms that outline what is accepted by the organization and it also serves as the standard that you hold your volunteers accountable to.
Security safeguards should be implemented to ensure all personal information is protected from theft as well as unauthorized access, disclosure, copying, use or modification thereof. The level of safeguards employed shall be directly related to the level of sensitivity of the personal information collected. The more sensitive the information, the higher the level of security employed. Methods of protection and safeguards to be employed need to include but in no way be limited to locked files, offices and storage areas, security clearances and need to know access as well as technological measures such as passwords and encryption. This should be a standard practice with all of the association’s valuable information.
Some of the information in this section was taken from the ODHA Screening Toolkit in addition to Hockey Canada. Thank you to the Branch for sharing this information.
The first step in any risk management process is to assess the risk – understand what positions your organization requires, determine the trust factor for each position, identify what could go wrong in each position, and identify how bad it could be if something was to go wrong. Once you have answered those questions you can then determine the risk factor of each position.
Volunteers and employees who are active in more than one capacity should be screened for the position with the highest level of risk.
Finally, when a person moves from a position with a low level of risk to a position of high risk, appropriate screening will be carried out for the new high-risk position.
The position requires a volunteer to be alone and unsupervised with a participant.
The position requires a volunteer to develop a close, supportive relationship with a participant or group of participants.
The position may include a time when the volunteer is left unsupervised on a regularly scheduled basis.
The position may require driving of participants.
The position requires a volunteer to give information to participants or potential participants with a minimum of supervision.
The position requires a volunteer to act on behalf of the organization in an unsupervised setting.
The position requires the volunteer to handle money or food with a minimum of supervision.
The volunteer has access to the organization’s confidential files.
The position does not require close contact with participants or the public.
The first step for your association is to inventory the positions that you have and assess each position using the criteria above and the position description.
The first level of screening consists of effectively designing positions in your organization. Each position should have a specific set of conditions and responsibilities - and risks.
A position description is a powerful and necessary tool. It is used to define a position and to set ground rules for personnel – both paid and unpaid. Position descriptions protect personnel by formalizing roles, but also send a clear message to any potential abuser that your organization is serious about providing safety for participants and personnel.
A good job description is key to getting the right people into the right positions as it serves as a recruiting tool, outlines how people and duties relate to each other, and provides insight into what exactly the job entails.
Clear and precise position descriptions should be developed for each position within the Association. Responsibilities and expectations should be clearly laid out, including the position’s dos and don’ts. A clear position description should also indicate the screening requirements.
Recruiting volunteers can be a time-consuming process. Unfortunately, it often becomes a case of looking for a “warm body” to get the job done. A volunteer program is a two-way street; it must meet the needs of the organization and the needs of the volunteer.
Recruiting the “right” volunteer is crucial. Recruiting is a process rather than a problem. Securing volunteers should be done through a “recruitment process” rather than by taking the first individual who comes along. Because of this start the process early enough that it gives the organization the proper time to recruit, select, and screen the volunteer. Be concise and clear when advertising for volunteers by outlining the skills you want the volunteer to have.
The key to effective recruitment is a clear job description which defines the work to be done and lists the qualifications required to do the job. This will help ensure that the organization gets the right person to fill the position. Individuals responsible for recruiting and all potential volunteers should have a clear understanding of what the job involves.
Finally, be creative in your recruitment processes, are you constantly looking for coaches? Start mentoring your youth players. Are you looking to fill committees? Search outside the hockey circle.
Asking volunteers to complete an application form signals the seriousness of your organization’s commitment to screening and provides a paper trail that will protect both the volunteer and the organization. (Volunteer Canada).
Application forms collect basic information such as names and experience. In addition, an application form is one of the simplest ways to make the recruitment process fair and open. Application forms also makes it easier to for your recruiter and selection people to disseminate information. Finally, application forms give your organization the opportunity to communicate the recruitment process and requirements such as references and criminal/vulnerable sector checks.
Ensure your application form only asks for information related to the requirements of the position. For example: name, address, past work history, and references.
Information requests allowed before a volunteer is selected are much more restricted than information requests allowed after selection. For example: date of birth and criminal records information should only be requested once a person is recruited.
Do not ask for information about characteristics among the prohibited grounds of discrimination, as set out by federal and provincial statutes like race and sexual orientation.
Applications can include consent to complete a criminal records check and a vulnerable persons check for positions requiring these steps.
The interview is a chance to meet the person and really get to know them. You want to get a good idea of the person’s background, skills, availability, interests, qualifications, beliefs, the general fit for your organization, and explore any doubts about the suitability of the applicant.
Allowing the organization to communicate its selection processes, expectations, and job information.
Be wary of monosyllabic, or yes/no answers instead of more detailed responses. Note any inconsistencies when similar questions are asked in two or three different ways. Evasion, general and roundabout answers rather than specific information should raise flags.
Finally, the information provided by the applicant should not be taken at face value. After the interview, the information should be verified through references. Consent to do this is required in writing and should be included on the application form.
If someone is interested in changing positions within your organization you may still want to consider interviewing them for the position but in a less intensive process to ensure that they the right candidate.
A reference check may be the most effective screening step during the hiring process. References will confirm the background and skills of the applicant and will provide an outside opinion on the suitability of the person for the position.
One of the most important things is to get the person you are asking to provide truthful and relative information about the applicant, to accomplish this do not ask questions that can be easily answered in one word or phrase your questions to allow words to be put in the mouth of the reference.
Don’t assume that applicants will only give the names of people who will speak well of them. People often expect that references will not be contacted.
Contact other associations, sports, or volunteer organizations the applicant has worked for.
Make sure you have phone numbers for the candidate’s references.
Ensure you check references for everyone who applies for the same position.
Verify the identity of the person to whom you are speaking.
Describe the position clearly to the person giving the reference and ask about their skills and suitability for the position.
Identify the level of trust within the position, especially if the position involves working with children.
If the person sounds guarded or hesitant, perhaps the candidate was a problem. Remember, however, that some problems arise because of the supervisor, so get several references.
Because of the time commitment ask other trained volunteers or staff to help conduct the reference checks.
Have a standardized reference check questionnaire to ensure everyone is asked the same questions, including leaving space for the reference to make an overall comment on the person.
Proceed with reference checks until you have a signed release form, which you can include on the application form.
Reject the applicant based solely on one bad reference, check others.
If you have someone switching positions within your organization you may still consider seeking opinions from others with respect to the new position – remember if a person is great in one role it does not necessarily mean that person will excel in a different role.
This is a crucial step, however as mentioned before it is one step in the screening process so do not assume that this step negates your organization from doing the other steps in screening - a Criminal Records Check does not mean that the person has been fully screened.
It is important to know if someone has been convicted of a crime. The nature of that crime is also important because if a conviction is an abuse or harassment offence, it can be more pertinent than a conviction for shoplifting, depending on the position the volunteer will be filling. Not all criminal records exclude someone from volunteering in your organization. The position of the volunteer and the nature of the crime must be taken into consideration. Therefore, the organization also needs to determine how potential convictions will be handled.
A person may use an alias or share a name and birth date with a person who has been convicted of a crime which can create a false picture of your potential volunteer.
What will be done with the information and how will this information be stored because once received the organization is now responsible for the information?
Is the document kept, verified (and how), and/or destroyed?
If there is a cost involved with getting a check, who will bear that cost?
How will the organization handle an applicant who has a conviction on their Criminal Record Check?
How often will checks be done, at a bare minimum those new to the organization?
The potential risks involved in the position the individual is applying for, based on the participant group being served, the nature of the position and its activities, the setting in which it takes place, the way in which it is supervised, and the nature of the relationship created between the volunteer and the participant.
Those working with children should complete both the criminal records check and the vulnerable persons check. It should be noted that once a vulnerable persons check has been completed subsequent ones are not necessary as those convictions that appeared on that check are no longer pardonable.
Orientation and training of your volunteers are crucial to the success of your organization. This allows a person to understand the expectations of their role, how to fulfill their role, and the organization’s beliefs and values. Screening continues through the early period of the volunteer’s involvement, and should be ongoing throughout the entire engagement. This vigilance on behalf of the organization is a must – the responsibility does not end once the volunteer is in place.
Although training volunteers may use some of your organization’s resources, you will benefit in the long-run through better informed volunteers, better job performance, increased job satisfaction, safe environments and the opportunity to continue with the screening process. Make orientation and training events mandatory. Apart from providing an opportunity for you to pass on information, manuals and handbooks, and to answer questions, it gives you and other volunteers and staff members a chance to follow up on the placement. Refusal to attend, or constant excuses for not attending may signal that something could be wrong. Urge people to participate at these meetings; don’t always let them sit on the sidelines.
Screening is not finished once the person is in place.
A great screening program will continue over the long term to ensure that you have made the right decision. Therefore, supervision and evaluation is important as it allows the organization to confirm that they have made the right decision, correct any undesired behaviors before they become significant issues, or remove those that pose a risk to the organization or prevent the organization from achieving its goals. Finally, to truly develop your volunteers this should be ongoing and done to make your people better.
It is recommended that the identified level of risk associated with a volunteer position will determine the necessary degree of supervision and evaluation. If the risk is great, it should follow that the volunteer will be under close supervision. Frequent feedback in the first year is particularly important.
All supervision and evaluation processes should use the position description as a reference point. It should also take into account the organizations values and beliefs.
Go through the position description point by point; ask personnel to comment on how they think they are doing in each area, and how they enjoy their work.
Give feedback on their performance in each area.
Keep comments positive but clearly state any concerns.
Have the document signed by both personnel and evaluator; and file the document.
Should the organization feel they need to part ways with a volunteer, a formal evaluation process that is tied to the position description ensures such a difficult decision does not become personal.
Post Season don’t forget to thank the volunteer as they are the foundation of our game.
Finally, you might also want to consider asking the volunteers their views of your screening process.
The final step in the screening process is following up with your participants and volunteers to determine how well the person did in the position, how the organization did in supporting the participants as well as the volunteer, and any areas of improvement. Ensure that the volunteer is aware that any follow-up that happens is because of the level of risk in the position, and that there is nothing personal about it.
It is recommended that the Association has regular contact with participants and family members. Volunteers should be made aware of any follow-up activities that may occur. These could include spot checks for volunteers in high-risk positions.
Should the position require spot checks due to the risk level consider scheduling a time frame ahead of time, to help in managing the commitment required to do them. For example you may say our association will be observing practices throughout the month of November. | 2019-04-24T20:47:32Z | https://www.hockeyalberta.ca/members/game-conduct-management/screening/ |
That’s right, you’ve come to the right place if you want to get your knees fixed. There are many products for this. Like, knee pads, knee braces, knee sleeves etc. and If you have a knee pad that doesn't fulfill those 3 needs, then you need a new knee pad. And this reviews which is 3000+ long will guide into choosing the best knee pads for work that will be a perfect fit for you.
4 How to Clean a Knee Pad?
Provide premium cushion to the knees when you are working.
Provide the right balance of comfort and support.
Shield you from future knee related injuries and disease which can increase the cost of your health care.
The Dewalt knee pad provides ultimate protection against different kinds of knee injuries in various types of work including constructions, flooring, carpeting, gardening and tiling. The Dewalt knee pads are capable of providing cure and prevention against all types of knee diseases including the tendinitis or bursitis.
Non-skid cap: The Dewalt knee pad is designed to have a non-skid cap that make it easy for you to work on any floor without sliding or slipping. The cap features a heavy-duty material that is durable and defensive for working in any type of conditions.
Layered gel over polyethylene: The Dewalt knee pad comes with a layered gel over polyethylene that provides the right balance of comfort and support. The inclusion of the neoprene material in the inner lining of the knee pads gives your knees superior support and protections. Additional, the neoprene material makes the knee holds in place.
Slip-buckle fastener system: The slip-buckle fastener and adjustable straps provides a nice custom fit and stability.
Buy the Dewalt knee pads if you will spend most of your time kneeling not standing.
The inclusion of neoprene material triggers sweaty in the knees, because neoprene material is not breathable.
2 Piece hinge system: The dual hinge system supports a range of knee motion-kneeling, standing and turning without letting you feel resistance.
Elastic strap: The straps are attached to the hard shell of the knee pad and they offer custom secured fit. With this knee pad you will also find extra strap lack that flops easily making an elastic holder or wrap.
1/8 thin firm plastic: The plastic material is designed to let your perform different bent angles with your leg.
The hard plastic shell: It is foam of rubber padding. The pads are attached to the lower half of the shell only. The rubber looks like closed-cell types with the purposes of preventing sweat absorption. The rubber pads covers the entire inner surface of the lower shell to give your knees a custom snug fit and support on the elastic straps.
The knee pads are created for small or petite legs. They have a shorter Velcro that doesn't give rooms for bigger legs.
The Crain knee pads are capable of offering you maximum support. Their Velcro straps provide excellent adjustment for a snug fit without the tendency of sliding up and down. The Crain knee pads features durable material with great shock and impact absorption. You can last with these knee pads for more than 6 months with proper care and maintenance. They are excellent knee pads on the market, but the cloth material included in its design is what you may find disappointing especially if you work where there is grim. I have explained it more details in the con part of this item.
Heavy duty Velcro strap: The Velcro straps hold the knee pads in position to create an excellent comfort and support without pinching your knees.
Machine washable: These are removable knee pads. You can remove the shell and any other parts to clean the knee pads. You can either hand wash them or put them on a washing machine.
Quality neoprene material: The neoprene material included in this knee pads is soft and provides superior comfort on the knee cap. The knee cap easily straps around the leg pinching you behind the knees. Thanks to the dual trap above and below the knees that holds your leg in position.
The knee pads accumulate dirt, sawdust and other debris pretty first, that is because it has a cloth material. If you don't like washing, be careful on where you knee.
The Brutus knee pads are created with sufficient pads for added comfort and support to the knees. The Brutus knee pads are incomplete without its heavy duty hard-shell material for optimal performance. You will love the features included in this knee pads because they are what separates it from other knee pad on the market. If you don't like the heavy and bulky knee pads that slow your movement when working, then you can buy the Brutus knee pad.
In addition to being the most feather-like knee pads, you will also enjoy the unique features will give you added comfort and protection during work. Looking at the Brutus knee pad the one thing that stands out is the right amount padding that they have. Which is great for a feather like knee pad because you won't worry about its durability.
Cushioning: The Brutus knee pad is designed to provide premium cushioning and support to the knees. With their Velcro straps, you won't bother slipping or sliding while you are working.
Feather light: The knee pads are super light; you won't even feel them when you are working. And like most people, you will even forget that you have something on the knees, not only are they light but also flexible.
Most people are used to having the heavy-like knee pad and they may not find interest in trying the feather-light knee pads.
The Dewalt DG5224 knee pads are insanely cozy and they come with no skid surface on the knees. That means you won’t have to worry about sliding or slippery. This dewalt knee pads like its counterpart on this list, it can handle a range of knee motion and offer one of kind support and protection, making it the number one knee pads for professional contractors and DIYers. If you are avid lover of dewalt product, you will know they have an objective making durable products that are meant to last.
And this knee pads is no exception. The ballistic poly fabric material will tell you a lot. Because of that this knee pads can last for more than one year if taken well maintained and taken care.
Dual-layers, Ballistic Poly fabric and textures PVC outer shell: The ballistic poly fabric material is unique and makes this knee capable of lasting longer for more than 6 months in use. Its textures are designed in such a way that it leaves no scuff marks when you are working on hard floors.
Adjustable straps: The straps included in this knee pad play a very important role when it comes to comfort and fit. The adjustable straps makes the knee pad stays in place and facilitates a snug comfort fit at all times. This is a type of knee pad that mimic the characteristics that you will find in high-end straps.
There is a chaffing at the back of the knees and it i think it caused by the straps.
The fiskers knee pads are created to give you ultimate protection when you are working on your garden. They make kneeling down a breeze. And they will protect you from all kinds of knee injuries and diseases. When working on your garden, you don't have to be afraid going on your knees. The fiskers ultra-light knee pads have sturdy features that promote durability and premium comfort.
Features such as rough terrain and soft foam padding are included to give your knees premium cushion and impact on your knee cap. To learn more about its features, here is..
Washable: You can clean the fiskers easily with alight brush.
Moisture-proof outer shell: The inclusion of this material is to make the fiksers knee pad durable for long lasting performance.
The soft foam: The fiskers knee pad features lots of soft foam padding. They give the right amount of support and premium cushioning.
Adjustable straps: The fiskers knee pad make kneeling down a heaven and that is because they have unique adjustable straps that promote a snug fit and comfort.
The fiskers knee pad are excellent type of knee pad suited for that person that do lots of gardening. However, they may not provide you the same benefit if you large legs, because they have a short Velcro. On the other hand, if you have a small or petite leg, this knee pad will mean a lot to you.
Every person will have personal preferences to the choice of knee pads that they need. But knee protection is better than nothing at all. In same light, I have seen most people make the same mistake when it comes to choosing a knee protection. You see, knee pads are made different. For instance, if your job involves kneeling a lot, then you will need a different knee pads than those who whose jobs consist of kneeling occasionally. Your knees are important that if you don't take care of them now, they can affect you in the future. Here is a checklist that you can use to select a knee pad for the work you do.
Versality: When choosing a knee pad, you need something that can do lots of work. By that I mean something that can perform various tasks. For instance, let say that you are a sportsperson and you also do gardening, you may knee pads that solve both problems.
Durability: Lasting performance is what every buyer need when buying a knee pad for the first time. If you spend most of your time on your knees flooring, you will need a durable protective gear of high quality and premium performance. For those of you who want apparel pads, look for the one that have strong strapping with robust attachments. If you are mechanic, you will probably need knee pad that doesn’t dissolve in petroleum.
Price: Most of this knee pads will play around $10 to $100. The price is not the determinant factor of a high quality knee pad. What is important is the feature. If the features are guaranteed to satisfy your needs, then you and the knee pads are a perfect fit.
The size of the knee pad: Before you buy the knee pad you need to be accurate in your measurement. You need the right size that fits you snugly. It is not too tight to cut off your blood circulation or too lose that it hardly gives you any comfort. For proper sizing do the following: Check the strap size that fits your leg. Measure the size of your legs, take a tape measure and get the circumference of your legs. Then read the manufacturer's manual to see if the specs and the sizing of the knee pads. You can also check the Amazon sizing chart, it will help you know the right size of knee pad that you need. For those of you who are into flooring, you need to choose a bigger knee pad, the bigger the better. Big knee pad will give you more room and will conform perfectly to your leg. They also make movement much easier.
The gel cushioning, non-slip or armor: The materials used in the making of knee pad are different. If you want a high-end knee pad with proper custom fit, you will have to pay attention to the design and features. For instance, features like non-slip caps, gel layering and close cell foam are vital to the comfort and support of the knees. And you may need to pay higher if you are looking for these features in a knee pad. There are those people who do spend large part of their time kneeling down. In cases like this, a compressional sleeves style knee pads or thick outer armor will be ideal for you.
The type of work you do will determine what kind of knee pads you will need. For the following cases, here is what you need to look for in a knee pad.
Those who occasionally kneel down: A light flexible knee pad that won't bother you when moving around. A type 2 level 0 knee pad will be perfect for you.
Those who kneel often but never spend most of their time on the ground: The all-round knee pad will offer the necessary protection that you need. Choose type 2 level 1 knee pad that is flexible enough and allows you to feel comfortable.
Those who get up and kneel a lot: If your work involves such type of activities, then you need a heavy-duty knee pad. Heavy-duty knee pad are designed for impact and protection and shock absorption.
Those who work for long hours in on their knees and rarely get up or those who are into flooring: You need to choose a heavy-duty knee pad that will give you the right amount of cushioning and maximum protection to withstand any impact while you are on your knees.
How to Clean a Knee Pad?
If you are an avid visitor of any skate or knee pad forum, you will see that there is a concern about washing the knee pad in the washing machine. That the washing machine will break the foam and elastic in the knee pad. It happened when I tried that sort of things, until I learned how to do to it with a washing machine correctly.
For these to work perfectly, there are some few things that you need to keep in mind. You need oxygenated detergents. They will not interfere with or react with the knee pad. Before you begin to wash the knee pad, check to see if you can remove the hard-shell, the exterior one. The next step is for you to wash the knee pad without the hard-shell. Here is where you use the oxygenated detergents to do the trick.
For those who will use the washing machine, make sure that you separate the knee pads from any other clothes. Knee pad catch stains and it may soil some of your clothes in if washed together. You need to use warm or cold water in the washing machine and then put the oxygenated detergents inside for a gentle wash.
You need to leave the knee pads open.
Place them inside the mesh bag or pillow case.
The Velcro need to be attached to each other to prevent lint build-up.
Don't use to too much detergent when cleaning the knee pad.
Once you are done with your washing, rinse the knee pad with cold water.
The final step is to air dry the knee pad. Whether you washed by hand or washing machine, never use a drying machine to dry the knee pad. For better result, you may need to dry the knee pad in outside.
When you are involved in jobs like flooring and tiling, injuries are frequent and the knee pad becomes an important protective gear in the work. A study done by the Bastyr Center For National Health Websites shows that 56% of people who used a knee pads in their work decreased the risk of suffering from knee related diseases such as tendonitis or bursitis. When you are kneeling down, your kneecap will frequently come in contact with a hard floor. And the purpose of this knee pads to offer ultimate compression that prevents shock absorption and protect the knee cap from damage.
Working with unprotected knees will damage your knee cap, tendon or ligaments inside the knees. The cost of knee injury can be expensive and it may cost you even $1000 for a simple surgery on your knees. Compared to the cost of knee pad which in is the neighborhood. Wearing a knee pad will lower your health-care cost. Get a knee pad and save your health-care bill in the future.
You may not be a sportsperson, but wearing a knee pads during work, will improve efficiency at work. You won't feel pain and neither will you need to second-guess on whether you should kneel down or not.
They are different types of knee pads that you need to know. All of them come with different characteristics and features. Before purchasing a knee pad, you may need to know them before you decided the right fit for you. Here is a breakdown of what you need to know.
Hard-cap knee pad: They are created for swivel or sliding around. If your job involves carpeting around, this the type of knee pad that you will need.
Curved soft knee pad: The curved soft knee pad features a rubber cap that grips well together and allows for side to side movement that is common when working on flooring tasks. The curved soft knee pad are all round knee pads that are perfect when it comes to jobs that involve stationery kneeling. I would recommend this type of knee pad for any type of work because they offer superior protection and support. Additional, they support a range of motion movement by the knee.
Flat-cap knee pads: Flat-cap knee pads are flat in nature. They are also perfect for folks who kneel down a lot. Depending on the tasks that you do, you need to choose your knee pad wisely. I hope I have shed lights on this. My hope is that you have understood it.
From the best knee pads for work review, there is one thing that is clear. You have an informed decision into choosing a knee pad that will be ideal for your condition. If there is something that you can't choose on the basis of price is the knee pad. They are designed differently and have unique features. For instance, if your job involves lots of kneeling you will choose a different knee pad from that person whose job involves kneeling and standing. For better result, you may need to jot down the important features that you need in a knee pad before making the purchase. I hope this article has given you lots of information that you will ever know before making the purchase. | 2019-04-26T12:08:06Z | http://www.fixedmyknee.com/ |
Widespread urbanization over the next 20 years has the potential to drastically change the risk of malaria within Africa. The burden of the disease, its management, risk factors and appropriateness of targeted intervention across varied urban environments in Africa remain largely undefined. This paper presents a combined historical and contemporary review of the clinical burden of malaria within one of Africa's largest urban settlements, Nairobi, Kenya.
A review of historical reported malaria case burdens since 1911 within Nairobi was undertaken using archived government and city council reports. Contemporary information on out-patient case burdens due to malaria were assembled from the National Health Management and Information System (HMIS). Finally, an audit of 22 randomly selected health facilities within Nairobi was undertaken covering 12 months 2009-2010. The audit included interviews with health workers, and a checklist of commodities and guidelines necessary to diagnose, treat and record malaria.
From the 1930's through to the mid-1960's malaria incidence declined coincidental with rapid population growth. During this period malaria notification and prevention were a priority for the city council. From 2001-2008 reporting systems for malaria were inadequate to define the extent or distribution of malaria risk within Nairobi. A more detailed facility review suggests, however that malaria remains a common diagnosis (11% of all paediatric diagnoses made) and where laboratories (n = 15) exist slide positivity rates are on average 15%. Information on the quality of diagnosis, slide reading and whether those reported as positive were imported infections was not established. The facilities and health workers included in this study were not universally prepared to treat malaria according to national guidelines or identify foci of risks due to shortages of national first-line drugs, inadequate record keeping and a view among some health workers (17%) that slide negative patients could still have malaria.
Combined with historical evidence there is a strong suggestion that very low risks of locally acquired malaria exist today within Nairobi's city limits and this requires further investigation. To be prepared for effective prevention and case-management of malaria among a diverse, mobile population in Nairobi requires a major paradigm shift and investment in improved quality of malaria diagnosis and case management, health system strengthening and case reporting.
The intensity of malaria transmission in urban settlements of Africa is often considerably lower than the immediate peri-urban and rural surrounds [1–7] and driven largely by the presence of focal breeding sites developed for water storage or urban agriculture [8–12]. However, despite much reduced risks of acquiring malaria infections the diagnosis of clinical malaria in urban, low transmission areas remains common [13–16]. Rapid assessments of the malaria situation in four cities: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania , Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire , Cotonou, Benin and Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso have highlighted the high rate of over-diagnosis of malaria among febrile patients attending clinics; the focal nature of infection risks associated with seasonal agricultural activities; and the inadequacies of routine medical statistics that should provide a realistic surveillance of malaria risks in these urban areas of sub-Saharan Africa. The authors conclude that the extent, risk factors, disease burden and appropriateness of targeted interventions in urban areas of Africa remains unknown.
Africa is expected to experience rapid rates of urbanization with 54% of Africans living in urban areas by 2030 . This has the potential to radically change the landscape of malaria risk on the continent . It is increasingly recognized that presumptive treatment of malaria in areas of Africa under declining transmission intensity is increasingly inappropriate , may increase patients risks of severe outcomes from un-diagnosed conditions and increase unnecessary expense on limited public sector drug budgets or patients who have to pay for medicines. A multi-sectoral technical consultation on urban malaria in 2004 led to the Pretoria Statement, that stated the need to improve our understanding of the malaria risk extent, burden, diagnosis and targeted drug delivery in urban settings . Unfortunately, the reliability and completeness of routine health statistics in many African urban settings remains poor .
The city of Nairobi, Kenya has an interesting malaria history and the extent of locally acquired transmission has not been formally defined for over 50 years. Nairobi is located 1,795 m above sea level with a temperate climate and low temperatures (that can drop to 10°C in June/July), representing sub-optimal conditions for sporogony in the Anopheles . The cold seasonal temperature in Nairobi is thought to limit the development of the Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite stage in the salivary glands of the mosquito vector; however windows of transmission potential do exist within an average year and vary between years. The temperature limiting effects of transmission in Nairobi have largely underpinned the recent controversy on the likelihood of transmission of malaria within Nairobi and whether clinical malaria can be acquired within the city limits [26–30]. In an effort to improve the understanding of the malaria burden in Nairobi, this paper combines historical evidence of the reported clinical burden of malaria from the early 1900's as it grew in size to the present day and a contemporary audit of diagnoses made at government supported clinics across the city in 2010 to augment inadequate information systems reported data.
Reports of malaria cases since 1911 were reviewed from annual medical reports, authored by the Director of Medical Services for the Colony and Protectorate of Nairobi (1908-1964; missing 1909, 1911-1915) and the Medical Officer of Health, for the Nairobi Municipality (1930-1964; missing 1940-1945) retrieved from the Kenya National Archives Library, the Ministry of Health Library and the Macmillan Memorial Library in Nairobi. These extracted data were assembled to define reported malaria cases and triangulated with other published sources that described the various epidemics. Contemporary information on out-patient case burdens due to malaria were assembled from annual reports from the Ministry of Health's National Health Management and Information System (HMIS). Data are compiled by the health service information subsystem and are routinely collected through a network of facility units distributed throughout the country [31–34].
A database of geo-located health facilities in Kenya was used to identify all out-patient service providers in Nairobi that are supported by the Ministry for Medical Services (MoMS) or managed by the Local Authority (LA) and provide general out-patient care, i.e. are not specialist centres for TB, mental health or reproductive health or attached to district or tertiary referral hospitals. Of the universe of 52 MoMS or LA primary-level out-patient providers, 22 were randomly selected to form the basis of the present study (Figure 1). Survey tools were adapted from those used in Kenya to define the quality of malaria case-management [36, 37] and included: a) facility audit of available drugs, diagnostics, malaria guidelines and job aides, record keeping materials, weighing scales and other supporting commodities; b) interview schedule with health workers performing case-management on the day of the survey to determine health workers' demographics, exposure to training in malaria diagnosis and treatment and knowledge of standard recommended treatment protocols; and c) review of available attendance and laboratory records kept at the facility over the preceding 12 months to tally the monthly numbers of diagnoses made that included "malaria", those that did not include a diagnosis of "malaria", the number of diagnostic tests performed and the number reported positive among attendees. Five data collectors were recruited and trained in all survey procedures and the survey was undertaken between the 16th August and 6th September 2010. Data were entered from questionnaires and checked in Excel (Microsoft, USA) and analysis performed in STATA, version 11 (Stata Corp, College Station, Texas).
A division map of Nairobi showing the location of public health facilities in Nairobi. The red dot represents health facilities selected for the survey and the pink dots represent other health facilities run by MoMS or the LA in Nairobi. Surveyed facilities are as follows: 1 = Kangemi Health Centre; 2 = Dandora 2 Health Centre; 3 = Pumwani Dispensary; 4 = Lower Kabete; Health Centre; 5 = Kaloleni Sub-Health Centre; 6 = Jericho Health Centre; 7 = Waithaka Health Centre; 8 = Karen Health Centre; 9 = Ngong Road Health Centre; 10 = Langata Health Centre; 11 = Kahawa Health Centre; 12 = Kamiti Health Centre; 13 = Railways Training School Clinic; 14 = Kibera DO Health Centre; 15 = Westlands Health Centre; 16 = Karura Health Centre; 17 = Riruta Health Centre; 18 = Kariobangi Health Centre; 19 = Locomotive Health Centre; 20 = Mji Wa Huruma Dispensary; 21 = Soweto/Kayole Dispensary; 22 = Makadara Health Centre.
Ethical approval was provided by the Kenyatta National Hospital/University of Nairobi Ethics and Research Committee (reference number KNH-ERC/A/383).
Malaria has been a reported clinical problem since Nairobi was first established as a colonial headquarters in 1905. Over 14,000 malaria cases were recorded in Nairobi in 1913 . Malaria cases treated in government hospitals fluctuated between 2,500 and 3,600 per year between 1917 and 1919. The malaria burden remained high between 1921 and 1925 in Nairobi, with one major outbreak in 1922. For non-epidemic years 1916-1925 an average of 15.5 malaria deaths were recorded annually in government clinics across Nairobi accounting for approximately 4.1% of all hospital reported deaths across the country . In 1926 [38, 39], 1935 and 1940 [39, 40] Nairobi suffered from malaria epidemics of substantial proportions. In 1926, more than 12,000 cases were treated in hospitals and health centres around Nairobi and the Medical Officer of Health reported 130 deaths due to malaria . The epidemic in 1926 renewed the efforts to control malaria in Nairobi and its surveillance was improved . The political concern generated by this epidemic resulted in a decision by the government to make malaria a notifiable disease in 1930 [39, 41]. All medical practitioners, including those in private practices, were required by law to report all cases treated for malaria to the Medical Officer of Health. Laboratory confirmation was required for any cases deemed to be due to infections acquired locally. Malaria infections suspected to have been acquired in Nairobi were classified as 'locally acquired infections,' 'Nairobi infections,' or as 'contracted in Nairobi among residents' .
The malaria epidemic of 1935 followed a high incidence of malaria in 1934 (Figure 2). By the end of March 1935 there was a sudden rise in the number of cases and the epidemic reached its peak in May and then experienced a steep decline and was over by August. A total of 3,500 malaria cases were recorded, 96% of which were among Asian or African residents who made up all of the 58 deaths recorded during this period . By 1939, there were fewer cases of malaria reported and the death rate from malaria was the lowest recorded up to this point at 0.24 per 1000 persons . The malaria epidemic in 1940 caused a total of 8,324 malaria cases (6,342 cases among Nairobi residents) and 62 malaria deaths . The Army stationed in Nairobi was largely spared during this epidemic as strict measures had been undertaken to enforce regular compliance to the use of preventive measures and prophylactic drugs . The European population appeared to be largely unaffected by the 1940 epidemic.
Malaria morbidity among residents in Nairobi between 1930 and 1964. The blue line represents malaria cases among Europeans; the red line represents cases among Asians and the green line that among Africans. (Data assembled Annual Reports of the Medical Officer of Health 1930-1964; missing 1940 - 1945).
Between 1930 and 1964, annual reports indicate that the period with the highest number of malaria cases occurred between March and May. This seasonal pattern of malaria was consistent throughout the reports examined. The number of malaria cases would begin to rise in February and March and the peak would occur between the months of April and July. Overall, the trend since 1911 has been of a declining incidence punctuated with epidemics. Between 1930 and 1939 malaria accounted for 3.7% of the total number of deaths in Nairobi while from 1946 to 1964 it accounted for 1.2%. Notified malaria cases showed a significant decrease of autochthonous malaria from an annual average of 1,182 cases in the 1930s, to 317 cases in the 1940s to 250 in the 1950s and finally 49 cases in the 1960s during a period when the numbers of Nairobi residents had increased 35 times since the 1930's . Various reports suggested that aggressive control using recurrent operations such as oiling, cleaning of streams and drains, grass cutting and spraying with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) may have accounted to a large extent for this decline. Malaria was perceived to be a significant public health threat and between 1950 and 1961 the Municipal Council continued to invest on average 3.9% of the total health expenditure during this period on direct vector control [41, 42].
The accuracy and completeness of health information reporting on malaria across Nairobi began to decline from the 1970's and routine HMIS data are hard to locate for the city's case burdens. While it was accepted during the 1970's that transmission was possible in low lying areas of Nairobi the extent of over-diagnosis of locally acquired infections became a topic of investigation. A study conducted between October 1969 and June 1970 at the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) among 85 patients with suspected or 'clinical' malaria found only one patient with parasitologically confirmed malaria . In 1980, only 5% of adults admitted to the KNH with a diagnosis of malaria were finally confirmed as P. falciparum cases through microscopy .
A study of malaria out-patient diagnoses reported to the central Health Information System by public health facilities nationally showed that only 35% of expected reports between January 1996 and December 2002 were reported . The Annual Health Sector Report for 2008 on the reporting rates for outpatient morbidity found Nairobi the worst with 37% for timeliness and 42% for completeness . In 2007 only 3 health facilities reported any out-patient morbidity statistics. Despite the incomplete nature of the information, malaria remains the second most commonly diagnosed disease among attendees to out-patient clinics after respiratory tract infections between 2001 and 2008. Malaria was reported as responsible for out-patient consultations in 10.6% of attendances in 2001 (17,567 reported cases), 16% in 2005 (90,214 reported cases), 18% in 2006 (126,604 reported cases) and 16% in 2008 (120,782 cases) [31, 32, 45].
Of the 22 health facilities surveyed four (18%) were run by the MoMS and 18 (82%) were run by the LA. Twenty facilities had a functioning thermometer on the day of the survey. At least one type of weighing scales was available at each facility on the day of the survey although these varied in application for different weight groups (Table 1). Current malaria policy recommends that all facilities have parasitological diagnosis either by microscopy or Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) . Fifteen facilities (68%) routinely provided microscopy; none of the facilities had RDTs; on the day of the survey only 14 facilities (64%) had functioning microscopy services available. Eight facilities had at least one laboratory staff who had received in-service training in malaria microscopy, while six had at least one laboratory staff member who had been trained in RDT use.
Fourteen facilities (64%) had at least one of the three widely disseminated anti-malarial drug record books (Table 1). Of those with drug records, the level of completeness was high with 12 (86%) complete stock bin cards, 15 (88%) complete dispenser's book and 11 (65%) complete monthly summary forms. Fifteen facilities 68%) had out-patient record books available on the day of the survey, however only ten (46%) health facilities had contiguous data for the 12 months; nine (41%) facilities had incomplete out-patient records available. Six (27%) facilities did not have the original monthly reports at the facility and their data were retrieved from district headquarters, which keeps a copy of their data. Of the 15 facilities that had a functioning laboratory, only twelve had complete laboratory registers available for review for the preceding 12 months.
Health facilities were also assessed for availability of guidelines and wall charts that act as job aids for malaria case management. Most (68%) facilities had the malaria guidelines prepared for health workers in 2008 and the availability of the other guidelines was incomplete (Table 1). There was also a low coverage of wall charts with less than half of the facilities having any of the three wall charts that were in circulation nationally (Table 1). Nineteen health facilities had AL in stock on the survey day. Most sites had the different pack sizes available with 16 (73%) having the 6, 18 and 24 tablet packs in stock and 18 (82%) facilities had the 12 tablet packs in stock (Table 1). Thirteen (59%) facilities had a documented stock out of at least seven consecutive days of any of the AL packs in the past three months, May 2010 to July 2010 (Table 1).
On the day of the survey 29 out of the 31 health workers who were attending to out-patients were interviewed. Two health workers declined to participate. The health workers interviewed were either nurses (23%) or clinical officers (77%). Among the health workers, 20 (69%) were trained in malaria case management including the use of AL. The malaria case management training was received by one health worker in 2006; two in 2008; five were trained in 2009; and 12 in 2010. The only health worker with RDT training received the training in 2009. Eighteen (62%) health workers had access to the malaria guideline; seven (24%) had access to the malaria management chart booklet; and 11 (38%) had access to the Integrated Management for childhood Illnesses (IMCI) guideline. Supervision on malaria case management was low with only nine (43%) of the health workers having had a supervisory visit in the last three months. Of those who had a supervisory visit malaria case management was the topic for nine health workers. Topics covered in the malaria case management supervision included a review of malaria records, discussion with supervisor on case management, and observed consultations in six cases (67%), feedback was provided following 67% of supervisions.
Health workers were asked to provide a response to a series of questions related to recommended treatment regimens for malaria and the responses showed some variation between health workers in their knowledge of first line and second line recommended therapies for uncomplicated malaria (Table 2). Each of the 29 health workers was presented with a series of statements to determine their perceptions and acceptance of malaria parasite testing and treatment. Malaria parasitological testing was thought a necessary requirement of febrile patients in Nairobi by 48% of health workers and a minority (17%) reported they would still treat for malaria even when presented with a negative diagnostic result (Table 2).
Monthly tallies of all diagnoses were possible for all facilities; however, actual records of diagnosis were not kept at one facility (Makadara Health Centre). Retrieving the out-patient records proved time-consuming at each facility as non-current record books were scattered around the facility and for six facilities data had to be retrieved from district-level headquarters as these had not been returned to the facility. Among the 20 facilities where diagnosis-specific records were retrievable, out-patient consultations were tallied for 201 (83.8%) of a possible 240 facility-months. At five facilities it was possible to assemble records for all 12 months, however at one facility only six months of records could be assembled (Table 3). Across the recorded months a total of 380,335 out-patient consultations were documented of which 37,352 (9.8%) were classified as including a presumptive malaria diagnosis. Approximately equivalent proportions of out-patients aged less than five years (8.7%) or above five years (10.6%) were diagnosed with malaria (Table 3). The highest proportion of malaria diagnoses made amongst all age groups attending clinic between 2009-2010 was documented at the Karura Health Centre (31.6%; Table 3; Figure 1 code 16) and the lowest documented proportion was recorded at Kibera DO Health centre (1%; Table 3; Figure 1 code 14). Out of the 16 facilities where laboratory services were available, it was possible to assemble records for all 12 months at 10 facilities. Three facilities were missing one month of data while in the second and third facilities three and four months of data were missing respectively. Of the 37,544 blood samples sent to the 16 facilities with a laboratory, 5,540 (14.6%) malaria blood films were recorded as positive (Table 3). This includes both age groups of patients and the value varied from as low as 1.6% in Westlands (Table 3; Figure 1 code 15) to 31.4% in Kamiti (Table 3; Figure 1 code 12).
Despite unfavourable climatic conditions, Nairobi was historically an area where malaria was a common clinical problem with recurrent epidemics through to the end of the 1940s (Figure 2). Nairobi's population grew from an estimated 17,000 in 1910 to approximately 300,000 by 1964 . This growth brought with it changes in settlement patterns, regulations governing where people could live and a growth in urban infrastructure. By the 1960s, the recorded incidence of malaria had declined significantly (Figure 2) suggesting a receptive location for transmission, but effectively controlled. The documented efforts by the city council during this period are impressive and malaria was a priority for the administration of the time, ensuring that cases were confirmed and formed part of a notifiable disease surveillance system . Precisely how complete disease reporting was remains impossible to judge.
Between 1961 and 1999 Nairobi's population expanded to an estimated 2.14 million residents, living in a slightly expanded area to the boundaries of Nairobi of the 1960's. Population growth was driven by large-scale national in-migration for work and sub-regional migrants seeking refuge from war-torn neighbouring countries. This population pressure led to the early expansion of urban slums [49, 50]. Throughout this period very little information is available on the clinical and biological threats posed by malaria across the city. The coverage and completeness of health statistics declined and no documented evidence was available to suggest any city council or Ministry of Health allocations to malaria prevention or vector control specific to the city limits. This period probably reflects a more international decline in vertical programme interest in malaria following the abandonment of the Global Malaria Eradication Programme in Africa and the subsequent inclusion of malaria as part of general care provision through initiatives such as Primary Health Care and IMCI.
Health Information systems continued to provide challenges for the investigation of the extent and burden of malaria through to 2008. In 2007, only three health facilities reported to the Government's national HMIS. Despite the vagaries and incompleteness of the HMIS data what emerges is that malaria remains to be a very common diagnosis made at out-patient facilities across the city, second only to respiratory tract infections and contributing between 9-16% of the annual out-patient burden. To investigate the facility-level morbidity reports in more detail, records at 22 facilities were reviewed for a period of one year August 2009-July 2010. Following repeated searches and follow-up at district headquarters complete record books for 12 months were only available for 10 facilities reflecting a more basic weakness in the HMIS system beyond simply reporting to headquarters. At 21 health facilities a total of 201 months of out-patient information was available for review (Table 3). Of 159,117 paediatric diagnoses made, 13,856 (8.7%) were recorded as malaria; among adults 10.6% of 22,496 diagnoses were recorded as malaria. These reported burdens are not dissimilar to those noted from incomplete HMIS data between 2001 and 2008 and support a general view of patients and health workers resident and working in Nairobi that malaria is one of the most common morbid burdens they face. As reported from a wide variety of urban settings across Africa [17–20] and in Nairobi [26, 43, 52], the incidence of presumed versus confirmed malaria are often very different. At 14 facilities with a functioning laboratory and available record books of microscopy the results of 37,544 slides taken during the period of review showed that 14.6% were recorded as positive, ranging from 4% to 31% between facilities with half of the surveyed facilities reporting slide positivity rates above 10%. These data are hard to interpret without any sense of criteria used at each facility to request parasitological diagnosis or a measure of the accuracy of slide reading and recording. Nevertheless there is a strong suggestion that parasitologically-confirmed clinical malaria does present to health facilities in Nairobi. No documentation is ever made on travel histories, a significant risk factor for the diagnosis of malaria in Nairobi and it was impossible to link records in out-patient registers to records in laboratories where these existed. This lack of detail continues to hinder reliable estimations of malaria risks in Nairobi and differs significantly in the reported efforts made during the 1930's to ensure that autochthonous versus imported slide confirmed malaria were documented for each patient .
Accuracy of diagnosis is key to appropriate management of fevers in low transmission settings. Efforts are underway to scale up and improve national government run health facilities' abilities to reliably diagnose malaria. However, its success will depend on adherence to test results, adequate supplies of rapid diagnostic tests where laboratories do not exist and supplies to support microscopy where this is available. Both requirements demand appropriate training and supervision and a reliable information and commodity supply chain. The findings from 22 clinics and 29 health workers indicate weaknesses in drug supply (Table 1), information communication (many records not available at the facility or a means to record data, Table 1) and adequacy of previous in-service training on nationally recommended therapies and diagnosis. If clinical malaria is to be treated as a notifiable disease to target resources and identify foci for investigation and vector control, a significant investment is required to improve the existing health system deficiencies.
Only 52 government or local authority run clinics providing malaria treatment services to Nairobi's currently estimated population of 3.14 million people . As suggested from various household surveys the majority of Nairobi residents seek treatment for malaria outside the formal health care sector from private practitioners, mission and NGO run clinics and the retail sector [27, 54, 55]. Even with a functioning formal sector disease reporting and diagnostic service the use of treatment sectors outside of the formal government or LA managed sector would provide major limitations to the completeness and accuracy of a malaria notification system.
The possibility of locally acquired malaria infections in Nairobi remains a moot issue. Anopheles arabiensis larvae have been identified extensively across the city [Noboru Mikanawa, personal communication; 28, 56]. Studies of human infection prevalence among communities in the early 1980's and school children in 2009 from localities proximal to the health facilities shown in Figure 1 demonstrated P. falciparum infection prevalence between 2 and 14%. The specific identification of locally acquired versus imported infections has not been established and no study has identified sporozoite positive adult vectors in the city since the 1920s . As such the risks posed by local malaria transmission remain uncertain but from combined circumstantial evidence, including the reported slide positivity at 14 clinics between 2009-2010, clearly plausible. However, should transmission exist, responses to its prevention should be adapted to suit the epidemiological patterns that prevail. The promotion of universal coverage with insecticide-treated nets would be an inappropriate use of resources. A more intelligent approach to identifying, controlling and monitoring foci of transmission is probably a far better recommendation. The only entry point for this more reasoned approach to malaria prevention in Nairobi demands a rigorous case-detection system. This will require a major investment in the efficiency of HMIS, in-service training to effect a paradigm shift in how malaria is diagnosed, documented and reported across all sectors of health service provision and a response/investigation mechanism to meet the implicit needs of those who do report possible foci of transmission. While Kenya has made some progress in tackling the high disease burden across some stable endemic malaria conditions of rural communities though a national strategy developed to meet the needs of these communities it will require novel innovation to tackle existing high population density, very low transmission settings such as the city of Nairobi over the next 20 years.
DZ and RWS have received honoraria from Novartis Pharma for presenting and chairing, respectively, at their national malaria control programme best practice workshops in Africa. All other authors declare no competing interests.
SAM and RWS designed the study. SAM undertook the data collection and record reviews and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. EAO, AMN and DZ provide scientific guidance at the design stage and in the analysis of the primary data. EJ and SAO provided help and stewardship in collecting the facility level data. All authors contributed to the writing and completion of the final manuscript. | 2019-04-25T16:08:07Z | https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-10-138 |
When M. and I heard last weekend's weather was going to be so nice, we decided to road trip it on Saturday. I perused Google Maps for a bit, as well as Hilary Nagle's blog Maine Travel Maven. Hilary writes for the Moon travel guides and has a great website to help those from here and away discover new eats, stays, and activities in the great state of Maine.
We decided to head down to Cape Porpoise, M's old stomping grounds from Living in Maine, Round 1. So we packed a cooler with some wine, and drove down scenic Route 1 out to Cape Porpoise for lunch.
See the tiny lighthouse and a clammer?
After we drove through M's old neighborhood at Goose Rocks Beach (which would make for a totally romantic winter rental), we drove out to Cape Porpoise. There's not too much out at the point- just some restaurants, a lighthouse very far away, and a working dock with lots of workboats moored off of it.
Thanks to Hilary's advice (her favorite lobster shacks), we knew to have lunch at Cape Pier Chowder House. The Chowder House is right next to two other restaurants I want to try- Pier 77 and the Ramp. Pier 77 is the fine-dining version upstairs, while the Ramp is the bar/lounge downstairs with a delicious looking menu and playful decor (lobster buoys and old camp paraphernalia).
The Chowder House has indoor and outdoor seating, the latter being a big deck overlooking the mooring field. And, we were happy to see that they have a selection of wine and beer. After ordering, we took our ordered Shipyard Summers and sat on the deck to await our selection of fried food.
We almost ordered fries, but M. is a sucker for onion rings and when I saw that they were homemade, I hoped they be good. And were they ever. Look at that giant pile of fried! M. remarked over how they weren't greasy in the least.
We both thoroughly enjoyed our food- everything was hot, cooked just right, with soft buns and tartar sauce piled high. We did spend $33 for lunch, so not the cheapest option, but that's to be expected when eating seafood in Kennebunkport.
Afterwards, we drove into the Kennebunkport to walk around Dock Square, try some (terrible) wines at a wine tasting, and do some more tourist watching. Have you had any fun road trips I should recreate on one of our upcoming lovely fall weekends?
These summery, melty tomatoes were pictured on the cover of a recent Saveur magazine that my bf was nice enough to pick me up while traveling. Because it was on the cover, this beautiful picture been staring at me from the magazine rack and hanging out in the back of my mind.
Now that we're finally! rolling in tomatoes (yes!), I decided to make this recipe with a pint of cherry tomatoes, instead of the big ones in the recipe. Still delicious. And best of all, super easy.
Simply spread the tomatoes, garlic, and oregano (or thyme) out on a baking sheet and drizzle with olive oil. Roast in a hot oven (425 degrees F) for 20 to 25 minutes until tomato skins begin to split.
Saveur suggests serving the tomatoes with crusy bread or as a side dish to fish or chicken. I spread the roasted garlic on cheesy bread and topped it with the tomatoes, and it served as an awesome, light dinner.
Ah, a weekend with no obligations. No waking up early, my mind already racing with things to do that day. Just the Sunday paper, my kitchen, my boyfriend, and 48 hours of nothing. I did take the weekend to complete two food preservation projects I'd been wanting to do this season, but I don't consider that an obligation. I started my fermented pickles on Saturday, and on Sunday, I made corn relish. Yeehaw.
While I can't say they'll turn out alright, I can say that fermenting pickles is ridiculously easy. I started with 8 lbs. of pickling cucumbers, a 5-gallon food-grade bucket, some spices, and some vinegar.
After layering the spices and cucumbers in alternate layers, I added the brine and weighed down the cucumbers with a glass bowl and a brick from the sidewalk (I'll put it back, I promise!).
After my cukes were already to go, I just covered them with a kitchen towel and placed them under my dining room table. With the cool weather we're having, it's about 70 degrees in my apartment- the perfect temperature for fermenting.
Now I get to check them obsessively until they're done fermenting! They'll start to bubble soon, and then a few weeks later will stop. That's when the fermenting process is complete. I know those who value fermentation for its health benefits will disapprove, but I'm going to heat process my pickles when they are fully fermented. Then I'll be able to put up my pickles until winter, rather than try to store a 5-gallon bucket in my fridge.
I'll update you on the fermenting process when something changes!
And can I just say, making corn relish is a lot of work! I mean, I knew that, but yeah, still a lot of work. But it's well worth it, and the recipe for it (as well as fermented dill pickles) is below.
Boil ears of corn 5 minutes. Dip in cold water. Cut whole kernels from cob or use six 10-ounce frozen packages of corn. Combine peppers, celery, onions, sugar, vinegar, salt, and celery seed in a saucepan. Bring to boil and simmer 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. Mix mustard and turmeric in 1/2 cup of the simmered mixture. Add this mixture and corn to the hot mixture. Simmer another 5 minutes. If desired, thicken mixture with flour paste (1/4 cup flour blended in 1/4 cup water) and stir frequently. Fill jars with hot mixture, leaving 1/2-inch headspace.
Use the following quantities for each gallon capcity of your container.
Wash cucumbers. Cut 1/16-inch slice off blossom end and discard. Leave 1/4-inch of stem attached. Place half of dill and spices on bottom of a clean, suitable container. Add cucumbers, remaining dill, and spices. Dissolve salt in vinegar and water and pour over cucumbers. Add suitable cover and weight. Store where temperature is between 70ºF and 75ºF for about 3 to 4 weeks while fermenting.
For more information on fermenting, please visit the National Center for Home Food Preservation's page on fermenting.
Last night was the perfect Maine summer evening; we had friends, sat on the deck, drank wine, and watched the sunset. After the sun dropped, it was a little chilly and buggy, so we went inside for a big home cooked meal. Nights like these will make it OK when the daytime temperatures begin to cool, I no longer consider shorts and bikinis as appropriate weather wear, and sleeping under a thick comforter is the norm.
As we enjoyed the weather and company, we chowed on these little baked corn and lobster fritters, made by M. from a recipe in Hannaford's Fresh magazine.
The fritters are baked, not fried, making them feasible for a weeknight dinner, and surely better for you. Served with a lemon aioli, you won't miss the fried taste at all.
In a food processor, pulse garlic until finely minced. Add mayonnaise, mustard, lemon zest, lemon juice, and pepper. Pulse to combine until smooth. Transfer to a sealed container and refrigerate until ready to use.
Preheat oven to 375 degrees F. Spray 2 baking sheets with cooking spray and set aside. Spray a nonstick skillet with cooking spray and heat over medium-high heat. When pan is hot, add onions and saute until softened and starting to brown, about 4 minutes. Set aside to cool.
In a medium bowl, mix flour, baking powder, salt, and pepper. Set aside. In a large bowl, combine eggs, milk, and oil and whisk together lightly. Add reserved onions, corn, and lobster. Add dry ingredients and stir until just combined; be careful not to overmix.
Drop heaping tablespoons of the dough onto the prepared baking sheet, 2 inches apart; there should be 22 to 24 fritters. Bake for 12 to 14 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the center of a fritter comes out clean.
Preheat the broiler during the last 5 minutes of baking time. Place fritters under broiler for about one minute, until lightly browned. Serve warm with aioli dipping sauce. Top with lemon wedges if desired.
As a follow up to my How to Can Dilly Beans post, I'd like to share with you how to pressure can vegetables - in this case, beets.
Beets need to be canned in a pressure canner because they are a low-acid food. Low-acid foods (vegetables, meat, seafood, and dairy) can contain botulism, a deadly neurotoxin. In a pressure canner, high temperatures are achieved (250 degrees F and up), which kills any botulism spores that may be present. So please; don't mess around, and can your vegetables in a pressure canner. If you don't want to invest in a pressure canner, freezing is always a safe alternative to canning.
Here's my pressure canner: a 16-qt. Presto weighted gauge. The lid locks into place once all the jars are loaded inside, and the weight sits on top of the pressure vent in the middle of the lid. Newer models have emergency safety vents so they don't explode if they become over-pressurized.
Here's the weight, which can be changed to achieve 5, 10 or 15 pounds of pressure. A dial gauge is a gauge that reads the pressure inside the canner and displays it on a dial face, much like a tire pressure gauge. These gauges should be tested for accuracy yearly, so if you are buying a new pressure canner, I recommend a weighted gauge, since it will always be accurate.
Right away I noticed how pressure canning was different- you start by preparing your recipe. There's no big pot of water to boil and no sterilizing of jars needed. Just start washing and chopping vegetables.
First, the beets had to be boiled for 30 minutes to be able to peel the skins off. My recipe said the skins should peel off easily, but I found some skins slipped off easy and others flaked into pieces and were hard to remove.
Once I had all the beets peeled, I sliced the bigger beets into 1/2" slices and packed them all into jars, leaving 1" headspace.
I topped off the beets with some water that had been heated to a boil and applied the two-part lid and screwband. After preparing the beets, I followed the manufacturer's instructions for operating the pressure canner.
To operate the Presto canner, place the jars in the canner and add enough water to reach the first fill line. Lock the lid into place and turn the heat to high. The water will turn to steam and the canner will start to pressurize. When the canner reaches a certain pressure, a lock will pop into place, preventing the canner from opening until it is fully unpressurized.
The canner will begin to vent steam out of the vent in the top of the canner lid. When the steam is in a steady steam, start timing for 10 minutes. Once 10 minutes has passed, add the weight to the steam vent. The canner will come to pressure and cause the weight to rock back and forth. When the weight is rocking steadily, start your processing time, in this case 30 minutes at 10 lbs. of pressure.
After processing time is up, turn the heat off and wait for the canner to cool. The lid will open when the canner has lost all pressure, which was about another 30 minutes in my case. In total, pressure canning beets took three hours! I used 4 lbs. of beets and got 5 pint jars worth.
While pressure canning was a fun experience the first time, I don't see it becoming a part of my canning repetoire. It just took too darn long, and anyways, I can freeze most vegetables that need to be canned. And beets are available year round in Maine, anyway. But I hope that if you are interested in pressure canning, that you give it a try, since it can't be nearly as scary or hard as you might think it is.
The 2nd annual Backyard Locavore Tour is upon us again! The University of Maine Cooperative Extension staff, Master Gardener volunteers, and Master Food Preserver volunteers are bringing you twelve garden sites full of food preservation and gardening information, plus food samples.
From Freeport to Cape Elizabeth and all the way out to Standish, the 12 garden sites will cover composting, beekeeping, raising chickens, organic gardening, pest management, square food gardening, canning, freezing, drying, and root cellaring. There will be pickles, salsa, jam, herbal vinegars, relish, apple pie filling, and more to taste.
I will be at the East End Community Garden talking about pickling (with dilly beans to sample), so pick up your ticket today- only $15 for adults, $12 for seniors, and kids under 12 free- and start planning your route on this year's Backyard Locavore Tour. The weather is going to be beautiful tomorrow and you won't want to miss this year's DIY gardening and food preservation bonanza.
To purchase tickets, call 207-780-4205 or visit the Cooperative Extension office at 15 Chamberlain Avenue in Portland on the USM Campus.
Thanks to Avery Yale Kamila for a nice write-up in her Natural Foodie column and to Ray Routhier for spotlighting the Cooperative Extension's food preservation programming in last Sunday's Press Herald.
Ed Note: I tried a different type of wings at Binga's and fell in love. Check out my latest review to see what changed my mind.
When I first moved to Portland, I heard many people say the best wings in town could be found at Binga's Wingas. But before I could confirm this opinion, Binga's on Congress St. had a fire and shut down permanently. Now I know they have another location in Yarmouth, but I'm inherently lazy. Plus, with all the good wings to try in town, I didn't see the need to schlep to Yarmouth.
Binga's finally partnered with The Stadium to bring their wings back to Portland. So way back when, during the World Cup, I met Roomie A. and C. there to eat lunch, drink beer, and watch the men, I mean game.
The Stadium has a great selection of beers, and I knew from previous happy hours here that they always have great beer specials too. So I usually just ask what's on special and order that. It's like $2 Heinekens or something, but it's cheap and I love throwing caution to the wind and ordering whatever's on special.
There's a lot of TVs, and I mean a LOT. So if you're looking for a place to drink and watch a sports game, this is a front runner. There are even booths that have a TV in them. It's like a living room and bar in one! Dream come true.
Between my wings (6 for $6.49, ordered with Hot Buffalo sauce), and both of my roomies' sad, sad falafel wraps, we were not impressed. My wings were all right, but they were breaded, which I feel is unnecessary. The hot sauce was nice and hot, flavorful too- very Franks Red Hot-y- but when I asked for ranch with my wings, the bartender said, 'We only have blanch,' like everyone knows what blanch is. I had to ask, and she explained it's blue cheese and ranch mixed together. *record screech* Wha???
So, TV and beer? Yes. Food? Wings? Hell no. Pass! I bet they can fry french fries all right (not the sweet potato fries- those are breaded and gross), so maybe a plate of fries is as far as I'd go. But after a few beers and the drunk munchies kick in, we'll see how long my no food at the Stadium rule lasts.
I just may be the last person in town to make it to Bayside Bowl, and I'm glad I finally did. Of course, there's the bowling, which is awesome (I decided I should go more, so I don't throw every other ball in the gutter), but I was happy to learn that the food is good too.
M. and I went down to the bowling alley early last Friday night, before all our friends showed up to celebrate A.P.'s birthday. We snagged a seat at the bar, under a big skylight that let in lots of natural light. The bar has a fairly standard selection of local beers on tap, most of which are $4, except for Moosehead at $2.50.
The menu, however, is anything but standard. Definitely an eclectic mix of food, from chicken chimichangas to coconut curry chicken poppers. It's a fairly large menu, and I hope they have the talent in the kitchen to pull off such a wide variety of food.
Our double cheeseburger ($9) gave us every indication that they could though. The burgers are pretty thin, so even though our bartender asked us for a temperature on the burgers, they were pretty well done. But they were greasy enough and on a huge soft roll, so we didn't mind. The pile of homemade fries that came with the burger wasn't excessive, but plenty of food to split between the two of us without weighing us down for our bowling game later.
Our service at the bar was pretty bad- I'm not into the 'abrupt, rude bartender, just 'cuz we're at a bowling alley' act, but once we moved to a table in the bar, our server was very nice and accommodating- even happy to get us what we needed to cut and serve the birthday cake we brought in.
There was live music as well, which was really loud if you were in the bar area, but fine to listen to from the bowling lanes. But I really enjoyed the space, the food, and the atmosphere, so I'm looking forward to going back frequently for cheap eats and fun with friends. | 2019-04-19T22:56:39Z | http://www.blueberryfiles.com/2010/08/ |
Uppsala University, Medicinska vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Oncology.
Tollenaar, R. A. E. M.
van den Ouweland, Ans M. W.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of these studies was to compare efficacy and toxicity of docetaxel alone with the combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel for treatment of metastatic esophageal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: These studies enrolled patients with histopathologically verified squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or cardia. Between March 1997 and June 1999, 52 patients were enrolled in the initial Phase II study (Study 1). They were scheduled for treatment with docetaxel 100 mg/m2 every third week as a 1-h infusion. The second Phase II study between September 2000 and March 2003 included 65 patients (Study II). They were given docetaxel 30 mg/m2, administered as a 30-min i.v. infusion weekly for four times, followed by 2 weeks of rest, and gemcitabine starting with a dose of 750 mg/m2 (if well-tolerated 1,000 mg/m2) on days 1 and 15, followed by 3 weeks of rest. A new cycle began on day 36. Patients were premedicated with betamethasone 8 mg p.o. on the evening before, and 8 mg i.v. 30-60 min before the docetaxel infusion. Response was confirmed by computed tomography and assessed at 12 and 24 weeks. Toxicity was assessed according to WHO scales. RESULTS: In study I, 38 out of the 52 enrolled patients were valuable. Two patients experienced complete remission (CR) (5%), 10 patients partial remission (PR) (26%), nine patients stable disease (SD) (24%), and 17 patients showed progressive disease (PD) (45%). Toxicity mainly involved leukopenia, which in some cases required hospitalization and treatment with antibiotics. In Study II, 46 out of the 65 enrolled patients (70%) were assessable. Out of these, three patients (7%) had CR, eight patients (17%) had PR, 10 patients (22%) had SD, and 25 (54%) PD. Overall response was 24% while an additional 22% showed stable disease. Toxicity mainly consisted of leucopenia and pain. CONCLUSION: Docetaxel as a single agent is active in esophageal cancer, both in treatment naive and in previously treated patients with recurrent disease. The overall response rate was 31%, with a good-safety profile. The addition of gemcitabine is well tolerated, but adds no efficacy. Weekly administration of docetaxel may be less effective. It demonstrates moderate efficacy and the doses used provide an acceptable safety profile.
Purpose Minimal residual disease (MRD) is predictive of clinical progression in mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL). According to the Nordic MCL-2 protocol we prospectively analyzed the efficacy of pre-emptive treatment using rituximab to MCL patients in molecular relapse after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Patients and Materials MCL patients enrolled onto the study, who had polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detectable molecular markers and underwent ASCT, were followed with serial PCR assessments of MRD in consecutive bone marrow and peripheral blood samples after ASCT. In case of molecular relapse with increasing MRD levels, patients were offered pre-emptive treatment with rituximab 375 mg/m(2) weekly for 4 weeks. Results Of 160 MCL patients enrolled, 145 underwent ASCT, of whom 78 had a molecular marker. Of these, 74 were in complete remission (CR) and four had progressive disease after ASCT. Of the CR patients, 36 underwent a molecular relapse up to 6 years (mean, 18.5 months) after ASCT. Ten patients did not receive pre-emptive treatment mainly due to a simultaneous molecular and clinical relapse, while 26 patients underwent pre-emptive treatment leading to reinduction of molecular remission in 92%. Median molecular and clinical relapse-free survival after pre-emptive treatment were 1.5 and 3.7 years, respectively. Of the 38 patients who remain in molecular remission for now for a median of 3.3 years (range, 0.4 to 6.6 years), 33 are still in clinical CR. Conclusion Molecular relapse may occur many years after ASCT in MCL, and PCR based pre-emptive treatment using rituximab is feasible, reinduce molecular remission, and may prevent clinical relapse.
This study estimated the risk of second primary malignancies after Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) in relation to family history of cancer, age at diagnosis and latency, among 6946 patients treated for HL in Sweden in 1965-1995 identified through the Swedish Cancer Register (SCR). First-degree relatives (FDRs) to the HL patients and their malignancies were then ascertained together with their malignancies through the Multi-Generation Registry and SCR. The HL patient cohort was stratified on the number of FDRs with cancer, and standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) of developing SM were analysed. In the HL cohort, 781 SM were observed 1 year or longer after HL diagnosis. The risk for developing SM increased with the number of FDRs with cancer, SIRs being 2.26, 3.01, and 3.45 with 0, 1, or >or=2 FDRs with cancer, respectively. Hodgkin's lymphoma long-term survivors treated at a young age with a family history of cancer carry an increased risk for developing SM and may represent a subgroup where standardised screening for the most common cancer sites could be offered in a stringent surveillance programme.
Previous studies have shown increased cardiovascular mortality as late side effects in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) patients. This study identifies stratifying risk factors for surveillance and defines concepts for a clinical feasible and noninvasive prospective protocol for intervention of cardiovascular side effects. HL patients diagnosed between 1965 and 1995 (n = 6.946) and their first-degree relatives (FDR) were identified through the Swedish Cancer Registry and the Swedish Multigeneration Registry. For the HL and FDR cohort, in-patient care for cardiovascular disease (CVD) was registered through the Hospital Discharge Registry, Sweden. Standard incidence ratios of developing CVD for the HL cohort were calculated. A markedly increased risk for in-patient care of CVD was observed in HL patients with HL diagnosed at age 40 years or younger and with more than 10 years follow-up. In the HL survivors, a family history of congestive heart failure (CHF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) increased the risk for these diseases. The Swedish Hodgkin Intervention and Prevention study started in 2007. In the pilot feasibility study for prospective intervention (47 patients), about 25% of the cases had side effects and laboratory abnormalities. These patients were referred to a cardiologist or general practitioner. In the prospective cohort, a positive family history for CHF or CAD could be a stratifying risk factor when setting up a surveillance model. The prospective on-going study presents an intervention model that screens and treats for comorbidity factors. This article also presents an overview of the study concept.
The MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1 genes encode proteins of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex critical for proper maintenance of genomic integrity and tumour suppression; however, the extent and impact of their cancer-predisposing defects, and potential clinical value remain to be determined. Here, we report that among a large series of approximately 1000 breast carcinomas, around 3%, 7% and 10% tumours showed aberrantly reduced protein expression for RAD50, MRE11 and NBS1, respectively. Such defects were more frequent among the ER/PR/ERBB2 triple-negative and higher-grade tumours, among familial (especially BRCA1/BRCA2-associated) rather than sporadic cases, and the NBS1 defects correlated with shorter patients' survival. The BRCA1-associated and ER/PR/ERBB2 triple-negative tumours also showed high incidence of constitutively active DNA damage signalling (gamma H2AX) and p53 aberrations. Sequencing the RAD50, MRE11 and NBS1 genes of 8 patients from non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer families whose tumours showed concomitant reduction/loss of all three MRN-complex proteins revealed two germline mutations in MRE11: a missense mutation R202G and a truncating mutation R633STOP (R633X). Gene transfer and protein analysis of cell culture models with mutant MRE11 implicated various destabilization patterns among the MRN complex proteins including NBS1, the abundance of which was restored by re-expression of wild-type MRE11. We propose that germline mutations qualify MRE11 as a novel candidate breast cancer susceptibility gene in a subset of non-BRCA1/2 families. Our data have implications for the concept of the DNA damage response as an intrinsic anti-cancer barrier, various components of which become inactivated during cancer progression and also represent the bulk of breast cancer susceptibility genes discovered to date.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In a retrospective study using stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in medically inoperable patients with stage I NSCLC we previously reported a local control rate of 88% utilizing a median dose of 15Gyx3. This report records the toxicity encountered in a prospective phase II trial, and its relation to coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardio vascular disease (CVD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty patients were entered in the study between August 2003 and September 2005. Fifty-seven patients (T1 65%, T2 35%) with a median age of 75 years (59-87 years) were evaluable. The baseline mean FEV1% was 64% and median Karnofsky index was 80. A total dose of 45Gy was delivered in three fractions at the 67% isodose of the PTV. Clinical, pulmonary and radiological evaluations were made at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 36 months post-SBRT. Toxicity was graded according to CTC v2.0 and performance status was graded according to the Karnofsky scale. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 23 months, 2 patients had relapsed locally. No grade 4 or 5 toxicity was reported. Grade 3 toxicity was seen in 12 patients (21%). There was no significant decline of FEV1% during follow-up. Low grade pneumonitis developed to the same extent in the CVD 3/17 (18%) and COPD 7/40 (18%) groups. The incidence of fibrosis was 9/17 (53%) and pleural effusions was 8/17 (47%) in the CVD group compared with 13/40 (33%) and 5/40 (13%) in the COPD group. CONCLUSION: SBRT for stage I NSCLC patients who are medically inoperable because of COPD and CVD results in a favourable local control rate with a low incidence of grade 3 and no grade 4 or 5 toxicity.
Objectives To examine possible associations between socioeconomic status, management and survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods In a population-based cohort study, information was retrieved from the Regional Lung Cancer Register in central Sweden, the Cause of Death Register and a social database. ORs and HRs were compared to assess associations between educational level and management and survival. Results 3370 eligible patients with an NSCLC diagnosis between 1996 and 2004 were identified. There were no differences in stage at diagnosis between educational groups. A higher diagnostic intensity was observed in patients with high compared with low education. There were also social gradients in time between referral and diagnosis in early stage disease ( median time: low, 32 days; high, 17 days). Social differences in treatment remained following adjustment for prognostic factors ( surgery in early stage disease, high vs low OR 2.84; CI 1.40 to 5.79). Following adjustment for prognostic factors and treatment, the risk of death in early stage disease was lower in women with a high education ( high vs low HR 0.33; CI 0.14 to 0.77). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups with NSCLC receive less intensive care. Low education remained an independent predictor of poor survival only in women with early stage disease. The exact underlying mechanisms of these social inequalities are unknown, but differences in access to care, co-morbidity and lifestyle factors may all contribute.
Lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of neoplasias originating from B- or T-lymphocytes. In this thesis, we determined the genetic and immunophenotypic characterization of DLBCL and their prognostic impact. Moreover, genomic alterations associated with the transformation to DLBCL from Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and follicular lymphoma (FL) were elucidated.
In order to outline the impact of cytogenetic as well as immunophenotypic prognostic markers in DLBCL, we firstly studied a series of 54 DLBCL tumors using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and we identified several frequently occurring chromosomal imbalances. Loss of 22q was more often found in the diagnostic tumors with a more advanced clinical stage, while gain of 18q21 was more commonly identified in relapses. Secondly, we correlated the expression patterns of CD10, bcl-6, IRF-4 and bcl-2 with clinical parameters in a series of 173 de novo DLBCL patients. Patients with a germinal center (GC) phenotype displayed a better survival than the non-GC group. Expression of bcl-6 and CD10 was correlated with a better survival while bcl-2 expression was associated with a poor prognosis.
In approaching the HL transformation, two novel B-cell lines (U-2932 and U-2940), derived from patients with DLBCL following HL, were characterized. Interestingly, a translocation with materials from 2q and 7q as well as loss of material on 6q was found in both cell lines. For FL transformation, we assessed chromosomal alterations in a panel of 28 DLBCL patients with a previous history of FL. The DLBCL tumors displayed more chromosomal imbalances compared to FL tumors. Loss of 6q16-21 and gain of 7pter-q22 were more commonly found in the DLBCL counterparts, suggesting the chromosomal location of putative genes that may be involved in the transformation process.
In Sweden approximately 2800 new lung cancer patients are diagnosed every year. Radiotherapy is used with curative intention in certain groups of patients. The aim of this thesis is to study the basis of differences in radioresistance and the possibility to predict response to radiotherapy.
In the first study we investigated, using the comet assay, four lung cancer cell lines with different sensitivity towards radiation. A clear dose-response relationship for radiation-induced DNA single strand and double strand breaks were found. All cell lines showed a remarkably efficient repair of both the DNA single strand and double strand breaks one hour after irradiation. However, further studies in one radioresistant and one radiosensitive cell line demonstrated that repair during the first 15 min had the best accordance with radiosensitivity measured as surviving fraction.
In the second and third study, sequencing studies of the p53 gene were performed on cell lines as well as on tumour material. Cell lines that were expressing a mutation in exon 7 were associated with increased radiosensitivity compared with tumor cell lines with mutations in other exons. In the clinical study, 10 patients were found to be mutated in the p53 gene whereas the other 10 patients were not. No correlation to clinical parameters could be drawn.
In the fourth study, serum from 67 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer was investigated for the presence of p53 antibodies. P53 antibodies in sera, taken prior to radiation treatment, were associated with increased survival.
The summary of this thesis indicates that the p53 gene has an impact on the effect of radiotherapy in lung cancer. The presence of p53 antibodies might be of clinical interest for predicting survival after radiotherapy. Further studies on the importance of the p53 gene on early repair are of interest.
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Oncology. Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Tumor Biology.
For a PET agent to be successful as a biomarker in early clinical trials of new anticancer agents, some conditions need to be fulfilled: the selected tracer should show a response that is related to the antitumoral effects, the quantitative value of this response should be interpretable to the antitumoral action, and the timing of the PET scan should be optimized to action of the drug. These conditions are not necessarily known at the start of a drug-development program and need to be explored. We proposed a translational imaging activity in which experiments in spheroids and later in xenografts are coupled to modeling of growth inhibition and to the related changes in the kinetics of PET tracers and other biomarkers. In addition, we demonstrated how this information can be used for planning clinical trials. Methods: The first part of this concept is illustrated in a spheroid model with BT474 breast cancer cells treated with the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor NVP-AUY922. The growth-inhibitory effect after a pulse treatment with the drug was measured with digital image analysis to determine effects on volume with high accuracy. The growth-inhibitory effect was described mathematically by a combined E-max and time course model fitted to the data. The model was then used to simulate a once-per-week treatment, in these experiments the uptake of the PET tracers F-18-FDG and 3'-deoxy-3'-F-18-fluorothymidine (F-18-FLT) was determined at different doses and different time points. Results: A drug exposure of 2 h followed by washout of the drug from the culture medium generated growth inhibition that was maximal at the earliest time point of 1 d and decreased exponentially with time during 10-12 d. The uptake of F-18-FDG per viable tumor volume was minimally affected by the treatment, whereas the F-18-FLT uptake decreased in correlation with the growth inhibition. Conclusion: The study suggests a prolonged action of the Hsp90 inhibitor that supports a once-per-week schedule. F-18-FLT is a suitable tracer for the monitoring of effect, and the F-18-FLT PET study might be performed within 3 d after dosing.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of coincidence PET imaging as compared with dedicated PET/CT in cancer staging. Patients and Methods: Sixteen patients with thoracic malignancies referred to a PET/CT examination accepted to repeat the acquisition with a coincidence PET system. One experienced nuclear medicine physician compiled a report from the PET/CT examinations and the coincidence PET images. The reports were compared and evaluated according to the degree of agreement: no agreement, unsatisfactory, acceptable or satisfying agreement. Results: Satisfying or acceptable agreement between the PET/CT and the coincidence PET examination was found in 14 out of 16 patients (88%). The main issue for the examining physician was to anatomically locate the FDG uptake in the mediastinum in The coincidence PET images. Conclusion: The data from this small study imply that the staging results obtained with coincidence PET are in most cases concordant with those obtained with dedicated PET/CT.
BACKGROUND: To investigate the prognostic value of quality of life (QOL) relative to tumour marker carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, and the role of CA 19-9 in estimating palliation in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving chemotherapy. METHODS: CA 19-9 serum concentration was measured at baseline and every 3 weeks in a phase III trial (SAKK 44/00-CECOG/PAN.1.3.001). Patients scored QOL indicators at baseline, and before each administration of chemotherapy (weekly or bi-weekly) for 24 weeks or until progression. Prognostic factors were investigated by Cox models, QOL during chemotherapy by mixed-effect models. RESULTS: Patient-rated pain (P<0.02) and tiredness (P<0.03) were independent predictors for survival, although less prognostic than CA 19-9 (P<0.001). Baseline CA 19-9 did not predict QOL during chemotherapy, except for a marginal effect on pain (P<0.05). Mean changes in physical domains across the whole observation period were marginally correlated with the maximum CA 19-9 decrease. Patients in a better health status reported the most improvement in QOL within 20 days before maximum CA 19-9 decrease. They indicated substantially less pain and better physical well-being, already, early on during chemotherapy with a maximum CA 19-9 decrease of >= 50% vs <50%. CONCLUSION: In advanced pancreatic cancer, pain and tiredness are independent prognostic factors for survival, although less prognostic than CA 19-9. Quality of life improves before best CA 19-9 response but the maximum CA 19-9 decrease has no impact on subsequent QOL. To estimate palliation by chemotherapy, patient's perception needs to be taken into account.
The purpose was to analyze survival of patients with colorectal cancer and a positive family history for colorectal cancer in first degree relatives compared with those with no such family history and to determine whether differences in survival could be explained by known clinico-pathological factors. During 2000-2003, 318 consecutive patients with colorectal cancer answered a written questionnaire about their family history for colorectal cancer. During a 6-year follow-up, recurrences and survival were registered. Thirty-one (10%) patients had a first-degree relative with colorectal cancer, moreover two patients fulfilled the criteria of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer and were excluded. Patients with a first-degree relative with colorectal cancer had better survival and lower risk for recurrences compared to those with no relatives with colorectal cancer. In a multivariate analysis including age, gender, stage of disease, tumor differentiation, vascular invasion and family history, patients with first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer had lower risks for death (RR 0.37; 95% CI 0.17-0.78) and death from cancer (RR 0.25; 95% CI 0.08-0.80), compared to those with a no relative with colorectal cancer. The differences were seen in patients with colon cancer but not rectal cancer. Family history for colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative is an individual prognostic factor in patients with colon cancer and could not be explained by known clinico-pathological factors. The value of family history taking in patients with colon cancer is therefore not only to identify families with hereditary colorectal cancer, but also to add information to the prognosis of the patients.
Background: Previous studies have suggested plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) as a stage independent prognostic marker in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The aim was to validate plasma TIMP-1 and serum carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) levels as prognostic indicators in an independent population-based cohort of patients with CRC. Patients and methods: During 2000-2003, plasma and serum were collected preoperatively from 322 patients treated for primary CRC. TIMP-1 and CEA levels were determined by validated ELISA platforms. Results: High TIMP-1 and CEA levels each associated with poor overall survival (OS); TIMP-1 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-2.7) and CEA (HR 1.2; 95% CI 1.1-1.3), and disease-free survival (DFS); TIMP-1 (HR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.5-2.6) and CEA (HR 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1-1.4) in univariate analyses. In stratified analyses of stages II and III, TIMP-1 levels associated significantly with OS and DFS in stages II and III, associations were not found for CEA. Multivariate analysis for OS, including TIMP-1 and CEA levels and clinico-pathological baseline variables, revealed significant association of TIMP-1 (HR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3-2.4) but not CEA levels. Conclusions: This independent prospective validation study confirms the significant association between preoperative plasma TIMP-1 levels and survival of CRC patients: TIMP-1 provided stronger prognostic information than CEA. Thus, this study brings plasma TIMP-1 to the next level of evidence for its clinical use as a prognostic marker in CRC patients.
BACKGROUND: Secondary central nervous system (CNS) involvement by aggressive lymphoma is a well-known and dreadful clinical complication. The incidence and risk factors for CNS manifestation were studied in a large cohort of elderly (>60 years) patients with aggressive lymphoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 444 previously untreated patients were randomized to receive 3-weekly combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone or cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, vincristine and prednisone (CNOP) (doxorubicin substituted by mitoxantrone) chemotherapy with or without filgrastim. Prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate was given to patients with lymphoma involvement of bone marrow, testis and CNS near sites. RESULTS: In all 29 of 444 (6.5%) developed CNS disease after a median observation time of 115 months. CNS was the only site of progression/relapse in 13 patients while part of a systemic disease manifestation in 16 patients. In univariate risk factor analysis, CNS occurrence was associated with extranodal involvement of testis (P = 0.002), advanced clinical stage (P = 0.005) and increased age-adjusted International Prognostic Index score (aaIPI; P = 0.035). In multivariate analysis, initial involvement of testis remained significant and clinical stage was of borderline significance. The median survival time was 2 months after presentation of CNS disease. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of elderly patients with advanced aggressive lymphoma will develop CNS disease. CNS occurrence is related to testis involvement, advanced clinical stage and high aaIPI and the prognosis is dismal.
Because of the failure so far to find effective treatment for patients with advanced stages of melanoma, increasing efforts have been made to find prognostic factors identifying patients in the risk zone for development of metastasis.
This thesis investigates the prognostic powers of a few selected serological and immunohistochemical biomarkers.
In the first and second study, patients operated on for localized malignant melanoma were investigated regarding the prognostic impact of angiogenic serological markers and circulating levels of S100. We concluded that the S100 assays, especially S100BB, are potential biomarkers in patients with malignant melanoma, correlated to both survival and disease free survival. However, no such conclusion could be drawn from the first study, where we found no correlation to survival and investigated angiogenic markers.
In the third and fourth study four new potential immunohistochemical biomarkers where investigated in collaboration with the Swedish Human Protein Atlas Program, and those where TRP-1, galectin-1, DLG5 and syntaxin-7.
We found that TRP-1 correlated inversely with tumor stage and galectin-1 correlated to Ki-67.
DLG5 showed a significant inverse correlation to Ki67 and the expression of STX7 was inversely correlated to tumor stage, suggesting that decreased expression is associated with more aggressive tumors.
None of the investigated markers in study III and IV correlated with disease free survival or overall survival.
In the fifth and last study, we examined the expression of SOX10, a transcription factor, in different melanocytic lesions. Also, a proliferation assay was carried out in a human melanoma cell line. The results reveal the presence of SOX10 in different melanocytic lesions, with a weak inverse correlation to survival and a significant inverse correlation to T-stage. A significant decrease in proliferation rate for SOX10 silenced cells was found and our data also suggests an increased migratory response in SOX10 silenced cells.
BACKGROUND: Patients with metastazing malignant melanoma have a poor outcome and determination of thickness of the primary tumor remains as the most important prognostic predictor. The aim of this study was to use an antibody-based proteomics strategy to search for new molecular markers associated with melanoma progression. Two proteins, TRP-1 and galectin-1, were identified as proteins with enhanced expression in cells from the melanocytic lineage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Protein profiling of TRP-1 and galectin-1 together with proliferation marker Ki-67 and melanocyte marker Melan-A was performed in normal tissues from 144 individuals and in 216 different tumors using tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry. The protein expression pattern was further analyzed in a defined cohort of 157 patients diagnosed with invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma. RESULTS: Both TRP-1 and galectin-1 were highly expressed in normal melanocytes and melanoma. The expression of TRP-1 was inversely correlated with tumor stage (p=0.002, (R=-0.28)). Neither TRP-1 or galectin-1 was associated with overall or disease free survival (p>0.14, p>0.46 respectively). Ki-67 was associated with tumor stage and survival (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: TRP-1 and galectin-1 protein expression patterns were determined in normal and cancer tissues and both proteins were expressed in the majority of the malignant melanomas. There was no correlation between TRP-1 or galectin-1 expression and survival.
PURPOSE: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is considered standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, although the scientific evidence for the chemotherapy addition is limited. This trial investigated whether chemotherapy as part of a multidisciplinary treatment approach would improve downstaging, survival, and relapse rate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The randomized study included 207 patients with locally nonresectable T4 primary rectal carcinoma or local recurrence from rectal carcinoma in the period 1996 to 2003. The patients received either chemotherapy (fluorouracil/leucovorin) administered concurrently with radiotherapy (50 Gy) and adjuvant for 16 weeks after surgery (CRT group, n = 98) or radiotherapy alone (50 Gy; RT group, n = 109). RESULTS: The two groups were well balanced according to pretreatment characteristics. An R0 resection was performed in 82 patients (84%) in the CRT group and in 74 patients (68%) in the RT group (P = .009). Pathologic complete response was seen in 16% and 7%, respectively. After an R0 + R1 resection, local recurrence was found in 5% and 7%, and distant metastases in 26% and 39%, respectively. Local control (82% v 67% at 5 years; log-rank P = .03), time to treatment failure (63% v 44%; P = .003), cancer-specific survival (72% v 55%; P = .02), and overall survival (66% v 53%; P = .09) all favored the CRT group. Grade 3 or 4 toxicity, mainly GI, was seen in 28 (29%) of 98 and six (6%) of 109, respectively (P = .001). There was no difference in late toxicity. CONCLUSION: CRT improved local control, time to treatment failure, and cancer-specific survival compared with RT alone in patients with nonresectable rectal cancer. The treatments were well tolerated.
This thesis investigated the predictive and the prognostic powers of angiogenesis related markers in both operable and inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.
In the first and second study, we investigated the serological fractions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in 2 cohorts of patients with either operable or inoperable NSCLC.
Regarding operable NSCLC, we demonstrated significant correlations between VEGF and tumour volume and overall survival. Regarding bFGF, significant correlations with recurrent disease and survival were demonstrated. VEGF and bFGF correlated to each other and with platelet counts. In multivariate analysis, bFGF proved to be a significantly independent prognostic factor.
Regarding inoperable NSCLC, we demonstrated that patients with elevated bFGF levels before any treatment and during chemotherapy had a significantly poorer survival. During chemotherapy, each rise of one unit of bFGF (ng/L) corresponded to a 4 times increased risk of death. Regarding VEGF, elevated levels after radiotherapy corresponded with better survival. All prognostic information demonstrated in this study concerned patients with a, co-sampled, normal platelet count.
In the third study, three putative markers, HER-2, EGFR and COX-2, suitable for targeted therapies in resected NSCLC were investigated in a panel of 53 tumours and further investigated for a possible correlation with microvessel density. We demonstrated that HER-2 and COX-2 were mainly expressed in adenocarcinomas, whereas EGFR was only expressed in squamous cell carcinomas. COX-2 showed a trend towards a correlation with microvesssel density. The expression profile, HER-2+/EGFR-, was significantly correlated to poorer survival.
In the fourth study, a predictive model for recurrences consisting of p53, CD34 and CD105, and circulating serum fractions of VEGF and bFGF, was investigated. The two endothelial markers correlated with each other. CD105 expression correlated with p53 expression. No other significant correlations between markers could be demonstrated. A significant correlation between p53 overexpression and recurrent disease was demonstrated. The mutational status could not confirm the immunohistochemical correlation between p53 and recurrences.
In conclusion, the present thesis demonstrates that the angiogenic factors VEGF and bFGF analysed in sera have both predictive and prognostic information when measured in operable and inoperable NSCLC. Since HER-2 is overexpressed in NSCLC and linked with prognostic information, this marker might be a suitable target for therapy in NSCLC. Furthermore, in patients with operable NSCLC, p53 expression status was linked with recurrent disease and mean MVD. | 2019-04-24T08:40:54Z | http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/resultList.jsf?searchType=ORGANISATION&language=en&onlyFullText=false&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22organisationId%22%3A%221400%22%7D%5D%5D |
Apr. 23 5:51 PM PT6:51 PM MT7:51 PM CT8:51 PM ET0:51 GMT8:51 5:51 PM MST6:51 PM CST7:51 PM EST4:51 UAE (+1)02:5120:51 ET7:51 PM CT23:51 - Danny Green scored six points Tuesday on 2-of-5 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Orlando Magic 115-96. Green grabbed five rebounds and dished out three assists, tallying a plus-minus of +28 in his 28:22 on the floor. He tacked on two steals. Green went 2 of 5 from 3-point range.
Apr. 21 5:55 PM PT6:55 PM MT7:55 PM CT8:55 PM ET0:55 GMT8:55 5:55 PM MST6:55 PM CST7:55 PM EST4:55 UAE (+1)02:5520:55 ET7:55 PM CT23:55 - Danny Green scored eight points Sunday on 3-of-8 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Orlando Magic 107-85. Green grabbed two rebounds and had two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +10 in his 26:01 of playing time. He tacked on two steals. Green went 2 of 6 from 3-point range.
Apr. 19 5:51 PM PT6:51 PM MT7:51 PM CT8:51 PM ET0:51 GMT8:51 5:51 PM MST6:51 PM CST7:51 PM EST4:51 UAE (+1)02:5120:51 ET7:51 PM CT23:51 - Danny Green scored 13 points Friday on 5-of-11 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Orlando Magic 98-93. Green grabbed one rebound and had two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +10 in his 33:07 on the floor. He added one block and one steal. Green went 3 of 7 from 3-point range.
Apr. 16 6:53 PM PT7:53 PM MT8:53 PM CT9:53 PM ET1:53 GMT9:53 6:53 PM MST7:53 PM CST8:53 PM EST5:53 UAE (+1)03:5321:53 ET8:53 PM CT0:53 - Danny Green did not score Tuesday, going 0 of 4 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Orlando Magic 111-82. Green pulled down six rebounds and had two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +23 in his 22:21 on the floor. He added one block.
Apr. 13 3:59 PM PT4:59 PM MT5:59 PM CT6:59 PM ET22:59 GMT6:59 3:59 PM MST4:59 PM CST5:59 PM EST2:59 UAE (+1)00:5918:59 ET5:59 PM CT21:59 - Danny Green scored 13 points Saturday, going 4 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Orlando Magic 104-101. Green grabbed three rebounds and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of -8 in his 33:35 on the floor. He added one block and one steal. Green went 3 of 7 from behind the arc.
Apr. 9 6:45 PM PT7:45 PM MT8:45 PM CT9:45 PM ET1:45 GMT9:45 6:45 PM MST7:45 PM CST8:45 PM EST5:45 UAE (+1)03:4521:45 ET8:45 PM CT0:45 - Danny Green scored seven points Tuesday on 2-of-5 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 120-100. Green pulled down two rebounds and dished out four assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +10 in his 23:51 on the floor. He added one block and one steal. Green went 1 of 3 from 3-point range.
Apr. 7 10:48 AM PT11:48 AM MT12:48 PM CT1:48 PM ET17:48 GMT1:48 10:48 AM MST11:48 AM CST12:48 PM EST21:48 UAE19:4813:48 ET12:48 PM CT16:48 - Danny Green scored 21 points Sunday on 7-of-13 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Miami Heat 117-109 in overtime. Green grabbed three rebounds and had two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +18 in his 35:24 on the floor. He added two blocks. Green went 5 of 9 from behind the arc.
Apr. 5 5:45 PM PT6:45 PM MT7:45 PM CT8:45 PM ET0:45 GMT8:45 5:45 PM MST6:45 PM CST7:45 PM EST4:45 UAE (+1)02:4520:45 ET7:45 PM CT23:45 - Danny Green scored eight points Friday on 3-of-6 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Charlotte Hornets 113-111. Green grabbed three rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -7 in his 18:55 of playing time. He added one steal. Green went 2 of 3 from behind the arc.
Apr. 3 6:00 PM PT7:00 PM MT8:00 PM CT9:00 PM ET1:00 GMT9:00 6:00 PM MST7:00 PM CST8:00 PM EST5:00 UAE (+1)03:0021:00 ET8:00 PM CT0:00 - Danny Green scored two points Wednesday, going 1 of 5 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Brooklyn Nets 115-105. Green grabbed two rebounds and had three assists, tallying a plus-minus of +8 in his 24:56 of playing time. He added one block and three steals.
Apr. 1 6:12 PM PT7:12 PM MT8:12 PM CT9:12 PM ET1:12 GMT9:12 6:12 PM MST7:12 PM CST8:12 PM EST5:12 UAE (+1)03:1221:12 ET8:12 PM CT0:12 - Danny Green scored 29 points Monday on 11-of-15 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Orlando Magic 121-109. Green grabbed five rebounds and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +19 in his 27:58 on the floor. He added three blocks and two steals. Green went 7 of 10 from behind the arc.
Mar. 30 6:23 PM PT7:23 PM MT8:23 PM CT9:23 PM ET1:23 GMT9:23 6:23 PM MST7:23 PM CST8:23 PM EST5:23 UAE (+1)02:2321:23 ET7:23 PM CT0:23 - Danny Green scored eight points Saturday, going 3 of 5 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Chicago Bulls 124-101. Green pulled down three rebounds and dished out two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +10 in his 19:07 of playing time. He tacked on one steal. Green went 2 of 2 from behind the arc.
Mar. 28 6:18 PM PT7:18 PM MT8:18 PM CT9:18 PM ET1:18 GMT9:18 6:18 PM MST7:18 PM CST8:18 PM EST5:18 UAE (+1)02:1821:18 ET7:18 PM CT0:18 - Danny Green scored 15 points Thursday on 5-of-9 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the New York Knicks 117-92. Green pulled down four rebounds and had two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +24 in his 20:22 of playing time. He added one steal. Green went 5 of 8 from 3-point range.
Mar. 26 5:56 PM PT6:56 PM MT7:56 PM CT8:56 PM ET0:56 GMT8:56 5:56 PM MST6:56 PM CST7:56 PM EST4:56 UAE (+1)01:5620:56 ET6:56 PM CT23:56 - Danny Green scored eight points Tuesday on 3-of-4 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Chicago Bulls 112-103. Green pulled down two rebounds and dished out two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +10 in his 14:36 on the floor. He tacked on one steal. Green went 2 of 3 from behind the arc.
Mar. 24 4:38 PM PT5:38 PM MT6:38 PM CT7:38 PM ET23:38 GMT7:38 4:38 PM MST5:38 PM CST6:38 PM EST3:38 UAE (+1)00:3819:38 ET5:38 PM CT22:38 - Danny Green scored two points Sunday on 1-of-5 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Charlotte Hornets 115-114. Green pulled down four rebounds and dished out two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +16 in his 26:57 of playing time. He added two blocks and one steal.
Mar. 22 6:19 PM PT7:19 PM MT8:19 PM CT9:19 PM ET1:19 GMT9:19 6:19 PM MST7:19 PM CST8:19 PM EST5:19 UAE (+1)02:1921:19 ET7:19 PM CT0:19 - Danny Green scored 19 points Friday on 6-of-11 shooting as the Toronto Raptors lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder 116-109. Green grabbed seven rebounds and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -1 in his 35:19 of playing time. Green went 6 of 11 from behind the arc.
Mar. 20 8:35 PM PT9:35 PM MT10:35 PM CT11:35 PM ET3:35 GMT11:35 8:35 PM MST9:35 PM CST10:35 PM EST7:35 UAE (+1)04:3523:35 ET9:35 PM CT2:35 - Danny Green scored 17 points Wednesday, going 6 of 10 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Oklahoma City Thunder 123-114 in overtime. Green pulled down five rebounds and had six assists, tallying a plus-minus of -5 in his 35:59 of playing time. He added two steals. Green went 5 of 9 from behind the arc.
Mar. 18 6:26 PM PT7:26 PM MT8:26 PM CT9:26 PM ET1:26 GMT9:26 6:26 PM MST7:26 PM CST8:26 PM EST5:26 UAE (+1)02:2621:26 ET7:26 PM CT0:26 - Danny Green scored 13 points Monday, going 4 of 6 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the New York Knicks 128-92. Green pulled down four rebounds and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +32 in his 21:52 of playing time. Green went 3 of 4 from behind the arc.
Mar. 17 2:41 PM PT3:41 PM MT4:41 PM CT5:41 PM ET21:41 GMT5:41 2:41 PM MST3:41 PM CST4:41 PM EST1:41 UAE (+1)22:4117:41 ET3:41 PM CT20:41 - Danny Green scored 12 points Sunday on 4-of-9 shooting as the Toronto Raptors lost to the Detroit Pistons 110-107. Green pulled down three rebounds and had four assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +8 in his 30:12 of playing time. Green went 4 of 8 from 3-point range.
Mar. 16 8:22 AM PT9:22 AM MT10:22 AM CT11:22 AM ET15:22 GMT23:22 8:22 AM MST9:22 AM CST10:22 AM EST19:22 UAE16:2211:22 ET9:22 AM CT14:22 - Green (undisclosed) has been taken off the injury report for Sunday, according to The Athletic.
Analysis: Green has totaled just eight points in his last two games.
Mar. 14 9:12 AM PT10:12 AM MT11:12 AM CT12:12 PM ET16:12 GMT0:12 9:12 AM MST10:12 AM CST11:12 AM EST20:12 UAE17:1212:12 ET10:12 AM CT15:12 - Green missed Wednesday's practice with a sore ankle but will play in Thursday's game against the Lakers.
Analysis: The veteran guard has been shooting very well of late, connecting on 52.2 percent (36-of-69) of his 3-point attempts in 12 games since Feb. 9.
Mar. 14 6:58 PM PT7:58 PM MT8:58 PM CT9:58 PM ET1:58 GMT9:58 6:58 PM MST7:58 PM CST8:58 PM EST5:58 UAE (+1)02:5821:58 ET7:58 PM CT0:58 - Danny Green scored three points Thursday, going 1 of 3 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Los Angeles Lakers 111-98. Green grabbed four rebounds and dished out two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +9 in his 19:10 on the floor. He added two steals. Green went 1 of 3 from behind the arc.
Mar. 11 5:29 PM PT6:29 PM MT7:29 PM CT8:29 PM ET0:29 GMT8:29 5:29 PM MST6:29 PM CST7:29 PM EST4:29 UAE (+1)01:2920:29 ET6:29 PM CT23:29 - Danny Green scored five points Monday on 2-of-5 shooting as the Toronto Raptors lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers 126-101. Green pulled down one rebound and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -12 in his 19:48 on the floor. Green went 1 of 3 from 3-point range.
Mar. 10 2:17 PM PT3:17 PM MT4:17 PM CT5:17 PM ET21:17 GMT5:17 2:17 PM MST3:17 PM CST4:17 PM EST1:17 UAE (+1)22:1717:17 ET3:17 PM CT20:17 - Danny Green scored 15 points Sunday, going 5 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Miami Heat 125-104. Green grabbed six rebounds and dished out four assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +15 in his 26:09 on the floor. He tacked on one steal. Green went 5 of 8 from behind the arc.
Mar. 8 6:25 PM PT7:25 PM MT8:25 PM CT9:25 PM ET2:25 GMT10:25 7:25 PM MST8:25 PM CST9:25 PM EST6:25 UAE (+1)03:2521:25 ET8:25 PM CT1:25 - Danny Green scored 13 points Friday, going 5 of 8 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the New Orleans Pelicans 127-104. Green grabbed three rebounds and had two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +12 in his 23:47 of playing time. He added one block and one steal. Green went 3 of 4 from behind the arc.
Mar. 5 6:51 PM PT7:51 PM MT8:51 PM CT9:51 PM ET2:51 GMT10:51 7:51 PM MST8:51 PM CST9:51 PM EST6:51 UAE (+1)03:5121:51 ET8:51 PM CT1:51 - Danny Green scored 14 points Tuesday on 4-of-13 shooting as the Toronto Raptors lost to the Houston Rockets 107-95. Green pulled down five rebounds and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +19 in his 31:39 on the floor. Green went 4 of 13 from 3-point range.
Mar. 3 5:01 PM PT6:01 PM MT7:01 PM CT8:01 PM ET1:01 GMT9:01 6:01 PM MST7:01 PM CST8:01 PM EST5:01 UAE (+1)02:0120:01 ET7:01 PM CT0:01 - Danny Green scored six points Sunday, going 2 of 6 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Detroit Pistons 112-107 in overtime. Green grabbed two rebounds and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of -4 in his 29:14 on the floor. He added three steals. Green went 2 of 4 from behind the arc.
Mar. 1 6:52 PM PT7:52 PM MT8:52 PM CT9:52 PM ET2:52 GMT10:52 7:52 PM MST8:52 PM CST9:52 PM EST6:52 UAE (+1)03:5221:52 ET8:52 PM CT1:52 - Danny Green scored 11 points Friday, going 4 of 5 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 119-117. Green grabbed one rebound and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +13 in his 23:39 of playing time. Green went 3 of 4 from behind the arc.
Feb. 26 6:42 PM PT7:42 PM MT8:42 PM CT9:42 PM ET2:42 GMT10:42 7:42 PM MST8:42 PM CST9:42 PM EST6:42 UAE (+1)03:4221:42 ET8:42 PM CT1:42 - Danny Green scored six points Tuesday on 2-of-7 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Boston Celtics 118-95. Green pulled down three rebounds and dished out two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +8 in his 13:42 on the floor. He added one steal. Green went 2 of 4 from behind the arc.
Feb. 24 2:02 PM PT3:02 PM MT4:02 PM CT5:02 PM ET22:02 GMT6:02 3:02 PM MST4:02 PM CST5:02 PM EST2:02 UAE (+1)23:0217:02 ET4:02 PM CT21:02 - Danny Green scored 10 points Sunday, going 4 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Orlando Magic 113-98. Green grabbed six rebounds and dished out four assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +3 in his 27:17 of playing time. Green went 2 of 4 from 3-point range.
Feb. 22 6:02 PM PT7:02 PM MT8:02 PM CT9:02 PM ET2:02 GMT10:02 7:02 PM MST8:02 PM CST9:02 PM EST6:02 UAE (+1)03:0221:02 ET8:02 PM CT1:02 - Danny Green scored 17 points Friday, going 6 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the San Antonio Spurs 120-117. Green pulled down four rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +3 in his 28:59 of playing time. He tacked on one steal. Green went 5 of 7 from behind the arc.
Feb. 13 6:38 PM PT7:38 PM MT8:38 PM CT9:38 PM ET2:38 GMT10:38 7:38 PM MST8:38 PM CST9:38 PM EST6:38 UAE (+1)03:3821:38 ET8:38 PM CT0:38 - Danny Green scored 10 points Wednesday on 3-of-6 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Washington Wizards 129-120. Green pulled down four rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of -4 in his 27:30 of playing time. Green went 2 of 4 from behind the arc.
Feb. 11 5:59 PM PT6:59 PM MT7:59 PM CT8:59 PM ET1:59 GMT9:59 6:59 PM MST7:59 PM CST8:59 PM EST5:59 UAE (+1)02:5920:59 ET7:59 PM CT23:59 - Danny Green scored nine points Monday, going 3 of 8 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Brooklyn Nets 127-125. Green pulled down four rebounds and had five assists, tallying a plus-minus of +9 in his 32:54 of playing time. He added three steals. Green went 3 of 8 from 3-point range.
Feb. 9 6:09 PM PT7:09 PM MT8:09 PM CT9:09 PM ET2:09 GMT10:09 7:09 PM MST8:09 PM CST9:09 PM EST6:09 UAE (+1)03:0921:09 ET8:09 PM CT0:09 - Danny Green scored 14 points Saturday, going 5 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the New York Knicks 104-99. Green grabbed four rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +8 in his 29:38 on the floor. He added one block. Green went 4 of 6 from behind the arc.
Feb. 7 6:19 PM PT7:19 PM MT8:19 PM CT9:19 PM ET2:19 GMT10:19 7:19 PM MST8:19 PM CST9:19 PM EST6:19 UAE (+1)03:1921:19 ET8:19 PM CT0:19 - Danny Green scored 12 points Thursday, going 4 of 7 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Atlanta Hawks 119-101. Green grabbed four rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +3 in his 27:28 of playing time. He added one steal. Green went 1 of 4 from behind the arc.
Feb. 5 7:25 PM PT8:25 PM MT9:25 PM CT10:25 PM ET3:25 GMT11:25 8:25 PM MST9:25 PM CST10:25 PM EST7:25 UAE (+1)04:2522:25 ET9:25 PM CT1:25 - Danny Green scored two points Tuesday on 1-of-2 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Philadelphia 76ers 119-107. Green grabbed two rebounds and had four assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +6 in his 21:19 of playing time. He tacked on one steal.
Feb. 3 1:39 PM PT2:39 PM MT3:39 PM CT4:39 PM ET21:39 GMT5:39 2:39 PM MST3:39 PM CST4:39 PM EST1:39 UAE (+1)22:3916:39 ET3:39 PM CT19:39 - Danny Green scored four points Sunday on 2-of-4 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Los Angeles Clippers 121-103. Green grabbed three rebounds and had four assists, tallying a plus-minus of +8 in his 20:20 on the floor.
Jan. 31 6:24 PM PT7:24 PM MT8:24 PM CT9:24 PM ET2:24 GMT10:24 7:24 PM MST8:24 PM CST9:24 PM EST6:24 UAE (+1)03:2421:24 ET8:24 PM CT0:24 - Danny Green went scoreless Thursday, going 0 of 4 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Milwaukee Bucks 105-92. Green pulled down four rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -14 in his 12:43 of playing time. He added one block.
Jan. 27 6:14 PM PT7:14 PM MT8:14 PM CT9:14 PM ET2:14 GMT10:14 7:14 PM MST8:14 PM CST9:14 PM EST6:14 UAE (+1)03:1421:14 ET8:14 PM CT0:14 - Danny Green scored 10 points Sunday, going 4 of 6 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Dallas Mavericks 123-120. Green pulled down seven rebounds and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +8 in his 31:03 of playing time. He added two steals. Green went 2 of 3 from 3-point range.
Jan. 26 12:00 PM PT1:00 PM MT2:00 PM CT3:00 PM ET20:00 GMT4:00 1:00 PM MST2:00 PM CST3:00 PM EST0:00 UAE (+1)21:0015:00 ET2:00 PM CT18:00 - Green injured his left hand during Friday's game but will play Sunday at Dallas.
Analysis: The veteran sharpshooter has been on fire lately, hitting 18 of 36 3-point shots over a four-game stretch in which he's had outings of 24 and 22 points.
Jan. 25 6:59 PM PT7:59 PM MT8:59 PM CT9:59 PM ET2:59 GMT10:59 7:59 PM MST8:59 PM CST9:59 PM EST6:59 UAE (+1)03:5921:59 ET8:59 PM CT0:59 - Danny Green scored 22 points Friday on 8-of-14 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Houston Rockets 121-119. Green pulled down one rebound and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +12 in his 31:01 on the floor. He added one block. Green went 6 of 10 from behind the arc.
Jan. 23 6:01 PM PT7:01 PM MT8:01 PM CT9:01 PM ET2:01 GMT10:01 7:01 PM MST8:01 PM CST9:01 PM EST6:01 UAE (+1)03:0121:01 ET8:01 PM CT0:01 - Danny Green scored 10 points Wednesday, going 3 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Indiana Pacers 110-106. Green pulled down five rebounds and dished out three assists, tallying a plus-minus of -5 in his 26:52 of playing time. Green went 2 of 8 from 3-point range.
Jan. 22 5:35 PM PT6:35 PM MT7:35 PM CT8:35 PM ET1:35 GMT9:35 6:35 PM MST7:35 PM CST8:35 PM EST5:35 UAE (+1)02:3520:35 ET7:35 PM CT23:35 - Danny Green scored six points Tuesday, going 2 of 8 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Sacramento Kings 120-105. Green grabbed two rebounds and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of -6 in his 22:43 on the floor. He added one block and one steal. Green went 2 of 6 from behind the arc.
Jan. 19 6:09 PM PT7:09 PM MT8:09 PM CT9:09 PM ET2:09 GMT10:09 7:09 PM MST8:09 PM CST9:09 PM EST6:09 UAE (+1)03:0921:09 ET8:09 PM CT0:09 - Danny Green scored 24 points Saturday on 8-of-13 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Memphis Grizzlies 119-90. Green grabbed seven rebounds and dished out three assists, tallying a plus-minus of +22 in his 22:41 of playing time. He added one block and two steals. Green went 8 of 12 from 3-point range.
Jan. 17 6:22 PM PT7:22 PM MT8:22 PM CT9:22 PM ET2:22 GMT10:22 7:22 PM MST8:22 PM CST9:22 PM EST6:22 UAE (+1)03:2221:22 ET8:22 PM CT0:22 - Danny Green scored nine points Thursday on 3-of-6 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Phoenix Suns 111-109. Green pulled down one rebound and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +3 in his 26:12 on the floor. He tacked on one steal. Green went 1 of 3 from behind the arc.
Jan. 16 6:49 PM PT7:49 PM MT8:49 PM CT9:49 PM ET2:49 GMT10:49 7:49 PM MST8:49 PM CST9:49 PM EST6:49 UAE (+1)03:4921:49 ET8:49 PM CT0:49 - Danny Green scored 15 points Wednesday on 6-of-15 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Boston Celtics 117-108. Green grabbed six rebounds and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -7 in his 30:50 of playing time. He added one block. Green went 3 of 8 from 3-point range.
Jan. 13 12:26 PM PT1:26 PM MT2:26 PM CT3:26 PM ET20:26 GMT4:26 1:26 PM MST2:26 PM CST3:26 PM EST0:26 UAE (+1)21:2615:26 ET2:26 PM CT18:26 - Danny Green scored 16 points Sunday, going 5 of 12 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Washington Wizards 140-138 in double overtime. Green grabbed eight rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +3 in his 41:44 on the floor. He added two blocks and two steals. Green went 3 of 8 from behind the arc.
Jan. 11 6:01 PM PT7:01 PM MT8:01 PM CT9:01 PM ET2:01 GMT10:01 7:01 PM MST8:01 PM CST9:01 PM EST6:01 UAE (+1)03:0121:01 ET8:01 PM CT0:01 - Danny Green scored eight points Friday on 2-of-4 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Brooklyn Nets 122-105. Green pulled down two rebounds and dished out four assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +13 in his 25:26 of playing time. He added two blocks and three steals. Green went 2 of 3 from behind the arc.
Jan. 8 1:55 PM PT2:55 PM MT3:55 PM CT4:55 PM ET21:55 GMT5:55 2:55 PM MST3:55 PM CST4:55 PM EST1:55 UAE (+1)22:5516:55 ET3:55 PM CT19:55 - Green (rest) will not play Tuesday against the Hawks.
Jan. 6 5:53 PM PT6:53 PM MT7:53 PM CT8:53 PM ET1:53 GMT9:53 6:53 PM MST7:53 PM CST8:53 PM EST5:53 UAE (+1)02:5320:53 ET7:53 PM CT23:53 - Danny Green scored 15 points Sunday, going 5 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Indiana Pacers 121-105. Green did not grab a rebound but had an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +6 in his 19:23 on the floor. He tacked on one steal. Green went 5 of 8 from 3-point range.
Jan. 5 7:17 PM PT8:17 PM MT9:17 PM CT10:17 PM ET3:17 GMT11:17 8:17 PM MST9:17 PM CST10:17 PM EST7:17 UAE (+1)04:1722:17 ET9:17 PM CT1:17 - Danny Green scored 12 points Saturday on 5-of-7 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Milwaukee Bucks 123-116. Green pulled down nine rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +17 in his 40:26 on the floor. He added one block and one steal. Green went 2 of 3 from 3-point range.
Jan. 3 6:52 PM PT7:52 PM MT8:52 PM CT9:52 PM ET2:52 GMT10:52 7:52 PM MST8:52 PM CST9:52 PM EST6:52 UAE (+1)03:5221:52 ET8:52 PM CT0:52 - Danny Green went scoreless Thursday, going 0 of 7 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors fell to the San Antonio Spurs 125-107. Green pulled down four rebounds and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of -26 in his 25:58 of playing time. He added one block. Green struggled from behind the arc, missing all six of his attempts.
Jan. 1 6:09 PM PT7:09 PM MT8:09 PM CT9:09 PM ET2:09 GMT10:09 7:09 PM MST8:09 PM CST9:09 PM EST6:09 UAE (+1)03:0921:09 ET8:09 PM CT0:09 - Danny Green scored two points Tuesday on 1-of-4 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Utah Jazz 122-116. Green pulled down four rebounds and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +16 in his 30:39 on the floor. He added one block.
Dec. 30 4:30 PM PT5:30 PM MT6:30 PM CT7:30 PM ET0:30 GMT8:30 5:30 PM MST6:30 PM CST7:30 PM EST4:30 UAE (+1)01:3019:30 ET6:30 PM CT22:30 - Danny Green scored 10 points Sunday on 4-of-8 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Chicago Bulls 95-89. Green grabbed four rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +5 in his 29:04 of playing time. He added two blocks and two steals. Green went 2 of 5 from behind the arc.
Dec. 28 5:38 PM PT6:38 PM MT7:38 PM CT8:38 PM ET1:38 GMT9:38 6:38 PM MST7:38 PM CST8:38 PM EST5:38 UAE (+1)02:3820:38 ET7:38 PM CT23:38 - Danny Green scored two points Friday on 1-of-6 shooting as the Toronto Raptors lost to the Orlando Magic 116-87. Green grabbed four rebounds and had two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of -9 in his 18:25 of playing time. He added one block.
Dec. 26 6:10 PM PT7:10 PM MT8:10 PM CT9:10 PM ET2:10 GMT10:10 7:10 PM MST8:10 PM CST9:10 PM EST6:10 UAE (+1)03:1021:10 ET8:10 PM CT0:10 - Danny Green scored 18 points Wednesday, going 7 of 10 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Miami Heat 106-104. Green grabbed six rebounds and had two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +5 in his 33:56 on the floor. He added one steal. Green went 4 of 7 from behind the arc.
Dec. 22 6:12 PM PT7:12 PM MT8:12 PM CT9:12 PM ET2:12 GMT10:12 7:12 PM MST8:12 PM CST9:12 PM EST6:12 UAE (+1)03:1221:12 ET8:12 PM CT0:12 - Danny Green scored nine points Saturday on 3-of-12 shooting as the Toronto Raptors lost to the Philadelphia 76ers 126-101. Green pulled down three rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -7 in his 24:37 of playing time. Green went 1 of 5 from behind the arc.
Dec. 21 2:08 PM PT3:08 PM MT4:08 PM CT5:08 PM ET22:08 GMT6:08 3:08 PM MST4:08 PM CST5:08 PM EST2:08 UAE (+1)23:0817:08 ET4:08 PM CT20:08 - Green (left knee bruise) will play Saturday in Philadelphia after he sat out Friday against Cleveland.
Analysis: Green had been the only Toronto player to appear in all 33 games this season. He's averaging 9.7 points and 4.2 rebounds while ranking in the top 15 in the NBA with 75 made 3-pointers.
Dec. 19 6:10 PM PT7:10 PM MT8:10 PM CT9:10 PM ET2:10 GMT10:10 7:10 PM MST8:10 PM CST9:10 PM EST6:10 UAE (+1)03:1021:10 ET8:10 PM CT0:10 - Danny Green scored seven points Wednesday, going 2 of 8 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Indiana Pacers 99-96. Green pulled down two rebounds and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +6 in his 28:00 of playing time. He added one block and two steals. Green went 1 of 6 from 3-point range.
Dec. 16 6:31 PM PT7:31 PM MT8:31 PM CT9:31 PM ET2:31 GMT10:31 7:31 PM MST8:31 PM CST9:31 PM EST6:31 UAE (+1)03:3121:31 ET8:31 PM CT0:31 - Danny Green scored seven points Sunday on 3-of-9 shooting as the Toronto Raptors lost to the Denver Nuggets 95-86. Green grabbed five rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -2 in his 38:10 of playing time. He added one steal. Green went 1 of 4 from 3-point range.
Dec. 14 8:46 PM PT9:46 PM MT10:46 PM CT11:46 PM ET4:46 GMT12:46 9:46 PM MST10:46 PM CST11:46 PM EST8:46 UAE05:4623:46 ET10:46 PM CT2:46 - Danny Green scored 19 points Friday, going 6 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Portland Trail Blazers 128-122. Green grabbed 11 rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +2 in his 35:57 on the floor. He added two blocks. Green went 5 of 7 from 3-point range.
Dec. 13 9:18 PM PT10:18 PM MT11:18 PM CT12:18 AM ET5:18 GMT13:18 10:18 PM MST11:18 PM CST12:18 AM EST9:18 UAE06:180:18 ET11:18 PM CT3:18 - Danny Green scored 15 points Wednesday on 6-of-11 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Golden State Warriors 113-93. Green grabbed four rebounds and had five assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +12 in his 31:29 on the floor. Green went 1 of 5 from 3-point range.
Dec. 11 8:52 PM PT9:52 PM MT10:52 PM CT11:52 PM ET4:52 GMT12:52 9:52 PM MST10:52 PM CST11:52 PM EST8:52 UAE05:5223:52 ET10:52 PM CT2:52 - Danny Green scored nine points Tuesday, going 4 of 7 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Los Angeles Clippers 123-99. Green pulled down five rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +34 in his 27:45 on the floor. He added one block.
Dec. 9 4:39 PM PT5:39 PM MT6:39 PM CT7:39 PM ET0:39 GMT8:39 5:39 PM MST6:39 PM CST7:39 PM EST4:39 UAE (+1)01:3919:39 ET6:39 PM CT22:39 - Danny Green scored eight points Sunday on 3-of-7 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Milwaukee Bucks 104-99. Green grabbed five rebounds and had four assists, tallying a plus-minus of +7 in his 33:55 on the floor. He added three blocks and one steal. Green went 2 of 4 from 3-point range.
Dec. 7 6:52 PM PT7:52 PM MT8:52 PM CT9:52 PM ET2:52 GMT10:52 7:52 PM MST8:52 PM CST9:52 PM EST6:52 UAE (+1)03:5221:52 ET8:52 PM CT0:52 - Danny Green scored two points Friday, going 1 of 2 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Brooklyn Nets 106-105 in overtime. Green grabbed four rebounds and dished out two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +8 in his 34:03 of playing time.
Dec. 5 7:18 PM PT8:18 PM MT9:18 PM CT10:18 PM ET3:18 GMT11:18 8:18 PM MST9:18 PM CST10:18 PM EST7:18 UAE (+1)04:1822:18 ET9:18 PM CT1:18 - Danny Green scored five points Wednesday on 2-of-9 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Philadelphia 76ers 113-102. Green grabbed five rebounds and dished out three assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +5 in his 32:05 of playing time. He added one block. Green went 1 of 6 from behind the arc.
Dec. 4 10:31 AM PT11:31 AM MT12:31 PM CT1:31 PM ET18:31 GMT2:31 11:31 AM MST12:31 PM CST1:31 PM EST22:31 UAE19:3113:31 ET12:31 PM CT16:31 - Danny Green scored nine points Monday on 3-of-9 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Denver Nuggets 106-103. Green grabbed three rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +5 in his 31:10 of playing time. He tacked on two steals. Green went 3 of 7 from behind the arc.
Dec. 1 6:37 PM PT7:37 PM MT8:37 PM CT9:37 PM ET2:37 GMT10:37 7:37 PM MST8:37 PM CST9:37 PM EST6:37 UAE (+1)03:3721:37 ET8:37 PM CT0:37 - Danny Green scored 15 points Saturday, going 6 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Cleveland Cavaliers 106-95. Green grabbed seven rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +24 in his 31:37 on the floor. He added two blocks. Green went 3 of 5 from 3-point range.
Nov. 29 7:14 PM PT8:14 PM MT9:14 PM CT10:14 PM ET3:14 GMT11:14 8:14 PM MST9:14 PM CST10:14 PM EST7:14 UAE (+1)04:1422:14 ET9:14 PM CT1:14 - Danny Green scored 13 points Thursday, going 5 of 10 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Golden State Warriors 131-128 in overtime. Green grabbed five rebounds and dished out three assists, tallying a plus-minus of +16 in his 38:31 on the floor. He added two blocks and one steal. Green went 3 of 6 from behind the arc.
Nov. 27 6:37 PM PT7:37 PM MT8:37 PM CT9:37 PM ET2:37 GMT10:37 7:37 PM MST8:37 PM CST9:37 PM EST6:37 UAE (+1)03:3721:37 ET8:37 PM CT0:37 - Danny Green scored 14 points Tuesday on 5-of-9 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Memphis Grizzlies 122-114. Green pulled down four rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +6 in his 27:45 of playing time. He added one block. Green went 4 of 8 from 3-point range.
Nov. 25 4:35 PM PT5:35 PM MT6:35 PM CT7:35 PM ET0:35 GMT8:35 5:35 PM MST6:35 PM CST7:35 PM EST4:35 UAE (+1)01:3519:35 ET6:35 PM CT22:35 - Danny Green scored four points Sunday, going 2 of 6 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Miami Heat 125-115. Green grabbed one rebound and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +19 in his 29:13 of playing time.
Nov. 23 6:06 PM PT7:06 PM MT8:06 PM CT9:06 PM ET2:06 GMT10:06 7:06 PM MST8:06 PM CST9:06 PM EST6:06 UAE (+1)03:0621:06 ET8:06 PM CT0:06 - Danny Green scored nine points Friday, going 3 of 7 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Washington Wizards 125-107. Green pulled down three rebounds and had two assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +15 in his 24:42 on the floor. Green went 3 of 7 from 3-point range.
Nov. 21 6:13 PM PT7:13 PM MT8:13 PM CT9:13 PM ET2:13 GMT10:13 7:13 PM MST8:13 PM CST9:13 PM EST6:13 UAE (+1)03:1321:13 ET8:13 PM CT0:13 - Danny Green scored six points Wednesday, going 2 of 10 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Atlanta Hawks 124-108. Green grabbed three rebounds and added an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +15 in his 31:53 on the floor. He tacked on two steals. Green went 2 of 7 from behind the arc.
Nov. 20 5:41 PM PT6:41 PM MT7:41 PM CT8:41 PM ET1:41 GMT9:41 6:41 PM MST7:41 PM CST8:41 PM EST5:41 UAE (+1)02:4120:41 ET7:41 PM CT23:41 - Danny Green scored 13 points Tuesday, going 5 of 13 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Orlando Magic 93-91. Green grabbed three rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -4 in his 33:40 on the floor. He added one block and one steal. Green went 3 of 9 from behind the arc.
Nov. 17 6:32 PM PT7:32 PM MT8:32 PM CT9:32 PM ET2:32 GMT10:32 7:32 PM MST8:32 PM CST9:32 PM EST6:32 UAE (+1)03:3221:32 ET8:32 PM CT0:32 - Danny Green scored 17 points Saturday, going 7 of 7 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Chicago Bulls 122-83. Green grabbed four rebounds and dished out three assists, tallying a plus-minus of +35 in his 25:57 on the floor. He tacked on one steal. Green went 3 of 3 from behind the arc.
Nov. 16 6:02 PM PT7:02 PM MT8:02 PM CT9:02 PM ET2:02 GMT10:02 7:02 PM MST8:02 PM CST9:02 PM EST6:02 UAE (+1)03:0221:02 ET8:02 PM CT0:02 - Danny Green scored 11 points Friday on 4-of-10 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Boston Celtics 123-116 in overtime. Green pulled down five rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +18 in his 30:07 on the floor before fouling out. He added one block and one steal. Green went 3 of 7 from behind the arc.
Nov. 14 6:51 PM PT7:51 PM MT8:51 PM CT9:51 PM ET2:51 GMT10:51 7:51 PM MST8:51 PM CST9:51 PM EST6:51 UAE (+1)03:5121:51 ET8:51 PM CT0:51 - Green will play in Friday's game after he was removed Wednesday against Detroit in the third quarter with a sore lower back.
Analysis: Green has averaged 9.2 points and 3.9 rebounds this season.
Nov. 12 6:08 PM PT7:08 PM MT8:08 PM CT9:08 PM ET2:08 GMT10:08 7:08 PM MST8:08 PM CST9:08 PM EST6:08 UAE (+1)03:0821:08 ET8:08 PM CT0:08 - Danny Green scored three points Monday on 1-of-4 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the New Orleans Pelicans 126-110. Green grabbed three rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of -2 in his 22:44 of playing time. He added one steal. Green went 1 of 4 from behind the arc.
Nov. 10 1:49 PM PT2:49 PM MT3:49 PM CT4:49 PM ET21:49 GMT5:49 2:49 PM MST3:49 PM CST4:49 PM EST1:49 UAE (+1)22:4916:49 ET3:49 PM CT19:49 - Danny Green scored nine points Saturday on 3-of-7 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the New York Knicks 128-112. Green pulled down three rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +2 in his 21:07 on the floor. He tacked on three steals. Green went 3 of 7 from 3-point range.
Nov. 7 8:49 PM PT9:49 PM MT10:49 PM CT11:49 PM ET4:49 GMT12:49 9:49 PM MST10:49 PM CST11:49 PM EST8:49 UAE05:4923:49 ET10:49 PM CT2:49 - Danny Green scored six points Wednesday, going 2 of 10 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Sacramento Kings 114-105. Green grabbed five rebounds and dished out two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +11 in his 31:07 of playing time. He tacked on one steal. Green went 2 of 8 from 3-point range.
Nov. 5 7:50 PM PT8:50 PM MT9:50 PM CT10:50 PM ET3:50 GMT11:50 8:50 PM MST9:50 PM CST10:50 PM EST7:50 UAE (+1)04:5022:50 ET9:50 PM CT1:50 - Danny Green scored seven points Monday on 3-of-5 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Utah Jazz 124-111. Green grabbed two rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +6 in his 22:04 on the floor. He added one block and three steals. Green went 1 of 3 from 3-point range.
Nov. 4 8:04 PM PT9:04 PM MT10:04 PM CT11:04 PM ET4:04 GMT12:04 9:04 PM MST10:04 PM CST11:04 PM EST8:04 UAE05:0423:04 ET10:04 PM CT3:04 - Danny Green scored 15 points Sunday, going 5 of 8 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Los Angeles Lakers 121-107. Green grabbed three rebounds and had three assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +22 in his 25:57 on the floor. He added two blocks. Green went 5 of 8 from 3-point range.
Nov. 2 8:43 PM PT9:43 PM MT10:43 PM CT11:43 PM ET3:43 GMT11:43 8:43 PM MST9:43 PM CST10:43 PM EST7:43 UAE (+1)04:4323:43 ET9:43 PM CT2:43 - Danny Green scored eight points Friday, going 3 of 8 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Phoenix Suns 107-98. Green pulled down two rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of -2 in his 25:51 on the floor. He added one block and one steal. Green went 2 of 5 from 3-point range.
Oct. 30 6:18 PM PT7:18 PM MT8:18 PM CT9:18 PM ET1:18 GMT9:18 6:18 PM MST7:18 PM CST8:18 PM EST5:18 UAE (+1)02:1821:18 ET7:18 PM CT0:18 - Danny Green scored 10 points Tuesday, going 4 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Philadelphia 76ers 129-112. Green grabbed two rebounds and had four assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +20 in his 34:58 of playing time. He added one block and two steals. Green went 2 of 4 from behind the arc.
Oct. 29 6:52 PM PT7:52 PM MT8:52 PM CT9:52 PM ET1:52 GMT9:52 6:52 PM MST7:52 PM CST8:52 PM EST5:52 UAE (+1)02:5221:52 ET7:52 PM CT0:52 - Danny Green scored eight points Monday on 3-of-6 shooting as the Toronto Raptors lost to the Milwaukee Bucks 124-109. Green grabbed five rebounds and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of -6 in his 29:42 of playing time. He added one steal. Green went 2 of 3 from behind the arc.
Oct. 26 6:07 PM PT7:07 PM MT8:07 PM CT9:07 PM ET1:07 GMT9:07 6:07 PM MST7:07 PM CST8:07 PM EST5:07 UAE (+1)03:0721:07 ET8:07 PM CT0:07 - Danny Green scored 15 points Friday on 4-of-8 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Dallas Mavericks 116-107. Green grabbed eight rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +4 in his 30:18 on the floor. He added one block and one steal. Green went 4 of 7 from behind the arc.
Oct. 24 6:12 PM PT7:12 PM MT8:12 PM CT9:12 PM ET1:12 GMT9:12 6:12 PM MST7:12 PM CST8:12 PM EST5:12 UAE (+1)03:1221:12 ET8:12 PM CT0:12 - Danny Green scored six points Wednesday on 2-of-8 shooting as the Toronto Raptors topped the Minnesota Timberwolves 112-105. Green pulled down four rebounds and had three assists, tallying a plus-minus of +17 in his 31:27 of playing time. He added one block. Green went 2 of 5 from 3-point range.
Oct. 22 6:00 PM PT7:00 PM MT8:00 PM CT9:00 PM ET1:00 GMT9:00 6:00 PM MST7:00 PM CST8:00 PM EST5:00 UAE (+1)03:0021:00 ET8:00 PM CT0:00 - Danny Green scored 16 points Monday on 6-of-8 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Charlotte Hornets 127-106. Green grabbed six rebounds and dished out two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +18 in his 26:24 of playing time. He added two blocks and one steal. Green went 4 of 6 from behind the arc.
Oct. 20 6:08 PM PT7:08 PM MT8:08 PM CT9:08 PM ET1:08 GMT9:08 6:08 PM MST7:08 PM CST8:08 PM EST5:08 UAE (+1)03:0821:08 ET8:08 PM CT0:08 - Danny Green scored five points Saturday, going 1 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Washington Wizards 117-113. Green grabbed three rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +2 in his 30:56 of playing time. He tacked on one steal. Green went 1 of 8 from 3-point range.
Oct. 19 6:41 PM PT7:41 PM MT8:41 PM CT9:41 PM ET1:41 GMT9:41 6:41 PM MST7:41 PM CST8:41 PM EST5:41 UAE (+1)03:4121:41 ET8:41 PM CT0:41 - Danny Green scored 14 points Friday, going 5 of 8 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Boston Celtics 113-101. Green grabbed five rebounds and dished out three assists, accumulating a plus-minus of +25 in his 32:28 of playing time. He added one block and one steal. Green went 4 of 7 from 3-point range.
Oct. 17 6:35 PM PT7:35 PM MT8:35 PM CT9:35 PM ET1:35 GMT9:35 6:35 PM MST7:35 PM CST8:35 PM EST5:35 UAE (+1)03:3521:35 ET8:35 PM CT0:35 - Danny Green scored 11 points Wednesday, going 4 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors topped the Cleveland Cavaliers 116-104. Green grabbed five rebounds and did not have an assist, tallying a plus-minus of +15 in his 32:45 of playing time. He added two blocks and two steals. Green went 3 of 7 from 3-point range.
Oct. 11 9:26 PM PT10:26 PM MT11:26 PM CT12:26 AM ET4:26 GMT12:26 9:26 PM MST10:26 PM CST11:26 PM EST8:26 UAE06:260:26 ET11:26 PM CT3:26 - Danny Green scored 22 points Wednesday, going 7 of 9 from the field, as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Brooklyn Nets 118-91. Green grabbed four rebounds and had two assists, tallying a plus-minus of +9 in his 20:59 on the floor. He added five steals. Green went 6 of 7 from behind the arc.
Oct. 2 7:50 PM PT8:50 PM MT9:50 PM CT10:50 PM ET2:50 GMT10:50 7:50 PM MST8:50 PM CST9:50 PM EST6:50 UAE (+1)04:5022:50 ET9:50 PM CT1:50 - Danny Green scored five points Tuesday on 2-of-4 shooting as the Toronto Raptors fell to the Utah Jazz 105-90. Green grabbed three rebounds and added an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +2 in his 18:48 of playing time. He tacked on one steal. Green went 1 of 3 from 3-point range.
Sep. 29 6:47 PM PT7:47 PM MT8:47 PM CT9:47 PM ET1:47 GMT9:47 6:47 PM MST7:47 PM CST8:47 PM EST5:47 UAE (+1)03:4721:47 ET8:47 PM CT0:47 - Danny Green scored five points Saturday on 1-of-6 shooting as the Toronto Raptors defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 122-104. Green pulled down three rebounds and did not have an assist, accumulating a plus-minus of +14 in his 20:19 on the floor. Green went 1 of 5 from 3-point range.
July 18 7:02 AM PT8:02 AM MT9:02 AM CT10:02 AM ET14:02 GMT22:02 7:02 AM MST8:02 AM CST9:02 AM EST18:02 UAE16:0210:02 ET9:02 AM CT13:02 - Green is also headed to Toronto in the blockbuster trade that will also send Kawhi Leonard to the Raptors and DeMar DeRozan to the Spurs.
Analysis: The nine-year veteran isn't coming off a great season, but he's a better outside shooter than DeRozan and a solid defender who could step right in as Toronto's starting two guard. Green has shot 39.5 percent from beyond the arc for his career while averaging 8.8 points over 540 NBA games. | 2019-04-24T21:02:23Z | http://sports.arkansasmatters.com/nba/playerstats.asp?id=4651&team=28 |
Question: What is SCIET Dynamics?
Question: OK, but the popular theories start with the existence of matter and explain from there. Why is it necessary to begin with the "Void"?
Answer: Because the theories that start with matter cannot deal with anything that does not include matter in a causal role.
Question: So SCIET Dynamics is able to theorize in realms without matter?
Answer: Yes. It is derived from what is know about electromagnetics and gravity, the two forces that permeate space.
Question: Yes, but they aren't they the product of matter? How can you generalize about space without matter based on two forces that owe their existence to matter?
Answer: The theory depends on the ability of space to transmit these forces and how it does it, not on the forces themselves.
Question: What is it that is unique and original here?
Answer: The idea of twenty tetrahedral forms sharing a central point is the first and probably major new idea. Extending all the ideas that emerge from this creates many, many new concepts. It provides a starting point for the emergence of matter from the Void, allowing the Void to remain as a part of the material structure in the form of a balance point to the first intrusion, or difference in the void. The tetron is the basic form of emergence, but is unstable and moves into and out of existence. However, when grouped into twenty on a shared center point they create a sustainable intrusion from the Void, which I call the SCIETangle. The basic idea can be visualized with a model constructed of twenty tetrahedrons attached to a single center. The angles are not right to close the shape into a solid dodecahedron, they leave a gap which can be described as a pentagon at the vertices and a rectangle along the edges. The gap between the stable tetrahedral forms provides the instability that drives change presented here as the SCIET Cycle.
The tetrahedron is an ancient insight, but the idea about how it forms stable resonance patterns in sets of twenty is the new notion of SCIET Dynamics. Why it does this is as important as how.
At the conclusion of each cycle a portion of the energy that approached the center is bounced off and into an orbit of the center. It is this portion that remains from all movement that has accumulated to create the universe that we see. These are called by different names depending on their size and relationship, (SCIETorbitals, shells, layers, levels, lattice,) but they are the same phenomenon. The SCIETorbital is a closed capacitance sphere, by this I mean it does not interact with anything else except its adjacent SCIETorbitals and others that are the same value. The term "SCIET" refers the the complete cycle beginning with the Void and ending with a SCIETorbital value.
Question: So why is SCIET theory needed?
Answer: We need to be able to explain why things are as they are , it is not enough to be able to predict what will happen in a physics experiment, we need an overarching theory which explains physics and links it with all phenomena in a way that is simple for everyone to understand. We need a better description of reality.
Question: Did you originate the SCIET Theory?
Answer: Yes, with the help of God, angels and plenty of reading. You can read about the details in an article titled ``Origins" on this website in the Article Archive.
Question: How did you get involved with this idea?
Answer: I decided to pursue ideas as career. I made a committment to information that would do the most good, and I prayed. I write about it in the "Origins" section.
Question: Why did you choose the name SCIET ?
Question: Did you originate the SCIET math theory?
Answer: Yes, I've been working on it since 1974. I've really not met anyone working on anything similar. I asked the initial question and pursued it independently of anyone else. The theory provides a rationale for consciousness as a quality of space, separate from biology. It provides a basis for the existence of angels, guides and generally the idea of conscious, god centered universe, so I have to believe that I had help from a higher source.
Question: How do you "prove" that the SCIET is valid?
Answer: I'll have to wait for others to do that. I'm not a scientist or mathematician, so my intent has been to present a whole theory from the perspective of common sense. As time passes people will point out errors and test the ideas. In time the truth will out.
Question: You have said that your goal was to scientifically prove the existence of spirit. Would you say that it was a religious quest?
Answer: It's a spiritual quest, and it's nature is such that doctrine creates preconceptions and artificial limits. So spiritual, yes and religious, no. But I expect churches to react to this positively. In essence it confirms what they have been saying all along.
Question: Why are you publishing this idea on the web?
Answer: The web is where the constituency for these types of ideas congregate. In the years that I've been working on this I've realized that you can't hurry curiosity. The information has to be there when someone is ready for it though. There may only be a few thousands of people in the whole world who are open to these ideas.
Question: Is the SCIET math or science theory?
Answer: Neither and both. It's a reality theory. After I had the Gnostic insight I began looking for ideas that are true in nature as well as with pure reason, and in that sense it works with both realms. Within a few months of having the vision I determined that I would build on common sense concepts and let others translate what I wrote into their language of choice. My task is to create a new language understandable by children and I felt that any effort to learn existing physics and math would subvert the clear presentation of the original vision.
Question: Was there a key insight that led you to the SCIET math theory?
Answer: One idea that was crucial, was the realization that twenty tetrahedrons could share a single point, forming a loose assembly that was both stable and unstable. The tetrahedron is the most stable and basic form in nature, so seeing it in a fundamental role was not much of a stretch. I've been working with that since 1975, so it's a key insight that needed a lot of work to support it.
Question: What does SCIET Dynamics add to science?
Answer: SCIET Dynamics provides a scientific rationale for the how and why of nature. It is a descriptive language that can relate matter, energy and spirit and allow us to understand what we cannot see, because it is a natural mathematical extrapolation of what we can see.
Question: You say that the SCIET is a kind of topology. Isn't that the kind of math used to describe surfaces?
Answer: Well, yes. I named it a long time ago when I was still struggling to explain what I could see. The SCIET describes the distribution of charge in space as a three dimensional effect rather than a two dimensional map. It is a 3D map of charge, so "topography" might be a stretch now, but it I am not sure what existing type of mathematical discipline it would be classified under. Recently I started using a coined term "Spacimetry"(space+metric) as a general heading. The SCIET describes the polarity values of all locations during a moment in space, so a more inclusive term is appropriate.
Question: How does the SCIET do that?
Answer: It's the nature of space itself, how space reacts to change, defined as polarity. You need to log on to my web site and study the presentation. I can explain it, but illustrations make it so much easier. I like to emphasize that the SCIET is the basic pattern of space, and it is not limited to generating the stationary fields with matter. All interactions generate them.
Question: Are atoms just one type of SCIET?
Answer: They are the most important type of SCIET. They are what I call Causal Level SCIETs, which generate descendant systems that relate only within their families. Each Causal Level SCIET has twelve levels that each creates a descendant system. What we see as the surfaces of the proton and neutron is only one level. The electrons are the first descendant level and what we consider the visible universe is descended from these levels.
Question: How is gravity generated according to SCIET Dynamics?
Answer: Gravity is due to resonance and dissonance of the SCIETorbital layers along a SCIETline between two bodies. In this sense there is both push and pull gravitational effect. For instance a ball is dropping toward the earth and as it gets closer to the earth it enter stronger SCIETorbital layers surrounding the planet and resonates more powerfully with them, while at the same time it becomes more dissonant with the other bodies whose gravitational fields affect it. It is pulled toward the resonant field and repelled from the dissonant bodies. The SCIET cycle distributes this resonance within the bodies through subdivisions of the whole expressed at every defined point.
Question: That sounds a lot like holography, what about that?
Answer: It does solve the riddle of holography. The secret is that the phase information is time delayed, basically there are twelve levels or phases present at the same time. At first I was not looking for an answer to holography, but rather I was trying to understand how a falling object could distribute the gravitational effect throughout the whole object as it moved toward the earth. That was one of my primary "thought problems".
I knew that the line between the points contained a full set of phases, and at the same time the integrative effect needed to move around the twelve angles and levels, stepping down in length up in rate, and that this requires time. So how could it do both simultaneously? It's like a snapshot, containing elements of the past, up to that moment. The secret is that the line is a continuous dynamic made of all "moments" being processed by the system, and each "step" is a complete sequence of time, rather than one moment broken in to twelve parts. So you might say that the center to center relationship generates a collapsing wave that spirals around the center. Light is absorbed in this way, with the waves collapsing into every available frequency within the absorbing system. The SCIET is directly the source of holographic images.
Question: I've read that New Age mathematics will use a base 12 system. How does the SCIET relate to this idea?
Answer: Well, the SCIET is base twelve in the sense that it has 12 angles and 12 levels of dynamics in play simultaneously in the externalizing mode. The internalizing mode, which balances the twelve, has twenty angles, each of which is between three externalizing angles.
I have not experimented with the arithmetical side of the idea.
Question: Are the twenty amino acids related to this?
Answer: Yes, the twenty receptive harmonics are the basis of these building block proteins. While it is obvious that there is a reason for these amino acids to be central to all organic structures, their ability to produce a phi resonance provides an attractive assimilating pulse into the surrrounding space one of the secrets of life. Utilizing the twenty receptive resonances of the SCIET, the amino acids supply the phi resonance to their linked structures.
Question: There are many leading edge ideas on the web that involve assumptions like the ones in SCIET Dynamics. The concept of "subspace"( a la Star Trek) has been used by Dr. Courtney Brown to explain Scientific Remote Viewing. How does SCIET Dynamics account for "subspace"?
Answer: That is a more modern term for what has been called the "ether", and yes, the Single Cycle Integrative Effect explains that. Basically we use a new mathematical form (the SCIET) to create a way to describe atomic structure and then extrapolate the existence of a realm of very high frequency stationary fields that are coexistent to the atoms. In effect, they are as much a product of creation as protons, neutrons and electrons. It actually comes from the nucleon's internal structure.
The ether was a fluid-like concept, while the reality is rooted in the relativistic ability of space to define a value of location, time and distance without interference from any except those on the same exact time and distance parameters.
The stationary fields that originated with the creation event extend over a broad range, of course, but the range that emanates from matter is specific and voluminous. This range is what creates the effects of gravity and consciousness throughout space.
Question: So you are saying that the ether is real, but that it is not a fluid-like medium, but a realm of specific values?
Answer: Yes, and there are literally countless consequent values that have evolved from the original. That's where the dimensions or planes come from.
Question: OK, the "Big Bang" which created the universe has its own stationary field of subspace?
Answer: Wait, the big bang created A universe, not THE universe. And yes there is a value that was established then which is the basis of our "cosmic consciousness".
Question: OK, that must mean that a soul, or a "being" is a SCIET, a stationary field. Is it one that originated with the big bang?
Answer: I don't know. But I think not necessarily, beingness is something that ought to be able to transit formation events.
Question: Are we talking about the concept of god here?
Answer: I am talking of theoretics, God is a not a concept I address as a theory. God IS all that IS. I'm introducing a new language to discuss creation. The SCIET is just a kind of descriptor, like the words HERE and THERE. If you were able to continually define HERE with greater and greater precision, like when you point at something and the fingertip on your extended arm covers the area you're pointing at, and as you get closer, a smaller, more specific area is defined, ad infinitum.
Question: OK. Let's get back to Brown's Scientific Remote Viewing work at the Farsight Institute. You've read his book "Cosmic Voyage", are his assertions consistent with SCIET Dynamics?
Answer: Yes, the notion of simultaneous time is understandable as is the mobility of the viewer throughout space, but perceptions of the future are more like our collective plans than anything else. It's limited to the present extended forward. We can change our plans.
Question: Right. So how can a viewer visit any place and time?
Answer: The same way that you remember what happened to you yesterday- the universe is like a big mind. The difference between our experience of memory and thought with our brains and the experience of Remote Viewing is less than you might think. The SCIET provides a methodology for the brain to act as a transceiver to the mind which exists as a field centered within the brain. Our experience of consciousness is therefore a quality of the field, as is our memory. The firing of the synapses is both tuning and recording in this field. So we are talking about a process of memory and thinking that is outside of our bodies in space and time, but based on the very same principles, in which the future is a probable reality, rather than a certainty.
Question: How does SCIET Dynamics deal with Numerology?
Answer: Cultural archetypes are part of the collective field of consciousness, so the values that are assigned are relevant to the group mind within which they emerge. Our alphabet is shared in the same way by all English speaking peoples, each letter appears in same order, the same name and shape, so the collective sameness does trigger vibrational qualities in the mind that transcend the individuals experience. They form a sort of vibrational code separate from individual intent.
Question: I have seen many references to the number three as being a particularly significant number. Does SCIET Dynamics explain the importance of Three?
Answer: Yes, it embodies the creative principle. SCIET Dynamics always exists in space in a three dimensional state, and the idea of a plane or a surface doesn't apply, so the three is the result of the harmony of two spheres of effect. It is the vibrational harmonic that is created at the midpoint, where two points in space balance. All that is, is the result of the midpoint, of three. You have to study the SCIET to grasp the sense in which I am speaking of three here.
Question: What is the significance of the ten numerals in SCIET Dynamics?
Answer: That will take too long to answer here, but each number corresponds to a specific state of being or vibration. The SCIET uses twelve as a base and they are parts of a whole, as well as marks of sequence.
Question: Astrology is explained by SCIET Dynamics then?
Answer: Most definitely, the SCIET accounts for all the space surrounding a point, like astrology. I studied astrology for many years because it is alone in human culture as a clear example of the principles of SCIET Dynamics in action. Nothing else comes close.
Question: What about Sacred Geometry and SCIET Dynamics?
Answer: Systems of resonance and the balance of polarities create the forms of SCIET Dynamics. Sacred Geometry venerates the same forms, except that the SCIET is not recognized, but the relationship of the icosahedron and the do decahedron hint at it. The Golden Ratio or phi (1.618) is a pivotal component of SCIET Dynamics, holding a key insight about the relationship of the internal and external fields. You should see the tetron and PHI part of the SCIET presentation for a better understanding of that. | 2019-04-21T16:48:10Z | http://sciet.com/html/faq.html |
moved that Bill C-236, an act to repeal the Firearms Act and to make certain amendments to the Criminal Code, be read the second time and referred to a committee.
Mr. Speaker, it is an honour today to debate Bill C-236, an act to repeal the Firearms Act and to make certain amendments to the Criminal Code.
Today I will direct my remarks first to the people who are concerned about their own safety from criminals, especially criminals who misuse firearms.
Hon. members can imagine what it must be like for senior citizens to suffer home invasion at the hands of criminals with firearms. That is becoming a common crime in our bigger cities. It is one that is starting to make everybody sit up and pay attention. It was bad enough when somebody's mother or grandmother was afraid to go out at night and walk to the corner store to buy a little milk for her tea. Now those folks are afraid inside their own homes. Where is this going to stop?
The government and the media like to claim that crime is decreasing. But people I talk to tell me that crime is so heavy where they live that police do not even show up to investigate a break and enter unless somebody has been injured. The police are just too busy.
A big part of the reason for such crime is the lack of teeth in the Young Offenders Act. That is another part of the crime story. It is a fact that no single change is going to make Canadian society safe again. It is going to take hard work by politicians to make Canada a safe place again for our citizens.
We need a new young offenders act. We need a victims bill of rights. We need, as my bill provides, tough penalties for the criminal misuse of firearms. Instead of enacting these useful measures, which would produce measurable results, the government chose to require law-abiding owners of rifles and shotguns to file papers, jump through hoops and pay fees in another Liberal tax grab.
My private member's bill would repeal Bill C-68 and replace it with real protection against criminals and the misuse of firearms by enacting minimum jail terms that cannot be plea bargained away.
My bill states that using, having or claiming to have a firearm during the commission of or the attempt to commit a crime or in flight after committing a crime would require a judge to impose a minimum of five years' imprisonment or not more than 14 years.
My bill also states that if a firearm is actually discharged, not just waved around or pointed at victims of crime, the penalty will increase to a minimum of 10 years or a maximum of 14 years and that these sentences will be served consecutively, that is, after or in addition to other sentences.
Some people argue that five or 10 years is too harsh and too long a time for the poor criminal to spend in jail. The way many of our prisons are run today it is really like a trip to the country club, not serious punishment. But that is another matter not directly addressed today. Prison reform is one more piece of the puzzle that the government could have enacted to achieve measurable results in the fight against crime, but it abandoned that responsibility and instead decided to target law-abiding citizens.
If my bill were passed at least convicted offenders would be deprived of their liberty and kept where they could not do more harm to society in general. If some people object to this as being too harsh, I remind them to look at the victims of crime. Depending on the seriousness of the crime, it sometimes takes a victim many years, sometimes a lifetime, to recover from the ill effects.
Let us remember the parents all across Canada who have lost a child through the criminal misuse of firearms. Or let us think of those who got shot themselves, sustaining such injuries as loss of sight or even paralysis. Think of the many fine police officers who have been shot in the line of duty. When the criminal gets out of jail their victim or victims will still be serving their sentences.
Even what passes as a small offence today, like the waving around of a shotgun during the commission of a crime, may lead victims to have to change jobs or take medication or even get counselling because they cannot cope with the endless nightmares which result from being threatened with a firearm in the course of their supposedly normal working day.
When we let people out of jail after they have committed crimes like this we send a message if the sentence has not been harsh enough.
In some countries the use of a firearm in the commission of a crime is treated as a terrorist act, punishable by death.
Perhaps we in North America have seen too many crime shows on television and tend to take such things for granted. That is unfortunate. The North American society would be much better off if we considered the use of a firearm in the commission of a crime as the terrorist act it really is. It strikes a blow against the very foundation of our law-abiding society when criminals armed with firearms can prey on law-abiding citizens and be released with little or no time in jail.
Society must take a much more serious attitude toward the use of firearms in the commission of a crime. The best way to demonstrate that serious attitude is to demand that significant penalties be imposed on the criminal. That would send a message strong enough to shrink the demand for illegal firearms and to help dry up smuggling. It would be much easier to reduce smuggling if the smuggled items were not in demand. Criminals would soon learn that they cannot use many aspects of the law and loopholes such as using young people in the commission of crimes because those young people are dealt with by the Young Offenders Act.
Enacting serious penalties for the criminal misuse of firearms is a key component of Bill C-236.
Another key component of my private member's bill is the repeal of Bill C-68. Today some of my colleagues will focus on reasons to repeal Bill C-68. For example, it will do absolutely nothing to stop crime with firearms. Its cost is much higher than the government promised. The stats used to support its passage have since been shown to be grossly inaccurate. The funds could be much better used. It gives cabinet excessive powers. It infringes on the fundamental rights of citizens to enjoy private property without government interference. It crosses the line into provincial jurisdiction. It provides police with the excessive powers of search and seizure. And it can hand criminals a computerized list of the homes that have firearms for them to steal.
All of those points are serious and deserving of many hours of debate in the House. However, I will talk about one aspect of Bill C-68 which may be more serious than any of the others. That point is based on the fact that normally law-abiding citizens have not consented to register their firearms and shotguns. When I talk to them most of them tell me that they will not do so. As with the legislation to enact the GST, Bill C-68 will have the rare distinction of turning literally millions of normally law-abiding Canadian citizens into criminals.
When the general public not only does not agree with legislation but believes it to be wrong, that lack of agreement creates a climate which broadly tolerates what some people might describe as civil disobedience. Firearms owners generally view Bill C-68 as bad legislation. I certainly agree with them, as do many of my colleagues, not only this side of the House but also on the other side of the House. I know many people in rural Canada and nearly everyone assures me that they will not comply with the requirement to register their rifles and shotguns.
We are already well aware that millions of Canadians have lost faith in our governmental process to such an extent that they do not even vote. Their parents or grandparents may have shed blood on foreign soil to defend our democratic rights. Nevertheless, millions are ignoring their right to vote because they have lost faith in government.
In addition to the falling percentage of voters, millions of Canadians see themselves as being so overtaxed that they cannot get ahead no matter how hard they work. There is a widespread trend of people doing anything they can to avoid paying taxes, especially the GST. We even have a name for it. We now call it the underground economy.
When I was a child the only underground economy was mining. Those were the days when the average Canadian regarded the responsibility to vote as a primary concern and no law was lightly broken. Average Canadians cared about their country and their government because they believed this country and its government cared about them.
Instead today a broad cross-section of Canadians believe we are politicians who only care about ourselves, not statesmen acting in the best interest of the country. That sad fact has become the source of many jokes. One of the most feared sentences today in Canada is: “Hello, I am from the government and I am here to help you”.
Due to the passage of Bill C-68 soon we will have buried rifles and shotguns in backyards all across Canada. Some people, especially those who suffered under totalitarian regimes in other lands, view their firearms as the last defence against tyranny. Others who learned to hunt with their fathers and grandfathers see firearms as a basic element in their family traditions.
Ranchers, trappers and farmers as well as sport shooters and collectors do not look at firearms as weapons for criminals to use. They look at them as tools and an essential part of their everyday lives. It is not only the first nations people who see Bill C-68 as a threat to their culture. For many, Bill C-68 is the latest example of the urban lifestyle and urban values being crammed down the throats of the people living in rural areas today.
Together with the majority of people who live in my riding of Okanagan—Shuswap I see Bill C-68 as a sharp axe being used to hack at the base of the tree of our Canadian lifestyle. It is a solemn obligation of elected members of government to nourish that tree.
Instead we passed Bill C-68 which is helping to kill some of the most treasured aspects of our Canadian lifestyle. I believe every responsible member of parliament should work hard to repeal Bill C-68 to restore the Criminal Code to what it was before legislation was enacted and to pass tough new penalties for the criminal misuse of firearms.
As I mentioned, there are many other reasons parliament should repeal the act respecting firearms and other weapons, which is the formal title of Bill C-68 and which would happen by passing Bill C-236. First it was presented in parliament under false pretences. It was supposedly to reduce accidents by encouraging safer storage, but the fact is safe storage was already required by earlier legislation.
We determined that our statistics showed that there were 73 firearms involved in violent crime compared to the Department of Justice's findings of 623 firearms involved in violent crime.
Apparently some police forces consider a firearm to have been involved in a violent crime if a drug dealer happens to have firearms and ammunition stashed in his basement when he is arrested. Members of the House did not have such an interpretation in mind when they fell for the government's flawed arguments in support of Bill C-68. I will end on that note and hope everybody considers very carefully where Bill C-68 will take the country.
Mr. Speaker, in Canada we acknowledge and respect that there are legitimate uses of firearms by responsible and law-abiding Canadians. That is not at question at all.
Responsible law-abiding firearms owners have nothing to fear besides the fearmongering on the other side from the new Firearms Act. Canadians do not want to live in a country in which people feel they want or need to possess a firearm for protection. Further, if we in Canada want to retain our safe and peaceful character as a country—and it is the best country in the world to live in for the fifth time in a row—we should signal in every possible way that we will not tolerate and we will severely punish the use of firearms in the commission of crimes.
It is unfortunate the hon. member of Okanagan—Shuswap did not recognized that Canadians understand the Firearms Act and that the amendments to the Criminal Code of Canada which comprise Bill C-68 are an investment in crime prevention which will help build upon the culture of safety practised by responsible law-abiding firearms owners in Canada.
It might be a surprise for the opposition that 82% of all Canadians support the registration of all firearms, a majority in every province.
Of course they find this very funny. Seventy-two per cent of rural Canadians approve of registration. There is strong support for the universal registration of firearms across Canada. Bill C-68 establishes a framework to achieve a number of goals that relate directly to the safety of Canadians in their homes and on the streets.
It creates stiff sentences for those who use firearms in the commission of a crime. It creates systems and sanctions to deal with the smuggling of guns into Canada. It provides that all firearms in Canada must be registered, a cornerstone measure that will help police fight smuggling and do their job more effectively. It does all these things within a framework that respects the rights of responsible law-abiding gun owners.
Let us review for a moment the background of how the legislation came to be. The opposition keeps forgetting how many times we have debated the issue in the House. We were elected on the second mandate because of that piece of legislation. It was introduced into the House of Commons on February 14, 1995 through successive debates including an extensive list of amendments brought to the bill by committee and debated at third reading.
On and on we have debated the issue in the House of Commons. It has gone to committee. Canadians have had a chance to bring forth their opinions. Two major sets of regulations have been processed, the first being tabled in November 1996 and the second set being tabled in October 1997.
The standing committee reviewing the first set of regulations made 39 recommendations, 30 of which were accepted in whole or in part. The government accepted more than 93% of the justice committee's recommendations following extensive hearings on these regulations.
My point in this brief review is to ask the opposition why, in view of the extensive parliamentary involvement in both the legislation and the regulations and in view of the number of changes in accommodations which were made as the legislation passed through the House, we would even consider repealing Bill C-68, legislation that enjoys the support of 82% of Canadians.
Bill C-236 would have us believe that parliament's legislation does nothing to address the criminal misuse of firearms. Opposition members may wish to consult the Criminal Code in this respect. A significant number of offences in the code were modified to carry a minimum punishment of imprisonment for four years.
A significant number of offences in the code were modified to carry a minimum sentence of four years' imprisonment. These Criminal Code offences are found under the headings of causing death by criminal negligence, manslaughter, attempt to commit murder, causing bodily harm with intent, sexual assault with a weapon, aggravated sexual assault, kidnapping, hostage taking, robbery and extortion.
Other offences are found for a variety of criminal offences including activities such as weapons trafficking, possession for the purpose of weapons trafficking, manufacture of automatic firearms, automatic firearms importing and exporting when knowing it is unauthorized, and tampering with the serial number of a firearm.
We were very attentive to criminal activities in formulating the offence provisions of Bill C-68. Increasing the minimum terms, as the bill proposes, would add nothing useful to the general approach approved by parliament when it passed Bill C-68.
If the supporters of Bill C-236 really took the time to study the issue, they would also find that there have been a number of appeals of the four year minimum sentences over the past two years. All of them have been upheld on appeal as appropriate sentencing, expressing the will of parliament. They also express the will of the Canadian people, 82% of whom support this legislation, as I mentioned.
The licensing of firearms users is one of the central features of this legislation. Under Bill C-68, only people who are responsible and have not within the past five years been convicted of Criminal Code offences, of an offence involving violence against a person or the threat of such violence, of an offence involving criminal activity or of the contravention of the Food and Drugs Act or the Narcotic Control Act are eligible for licensing.
Registration is an important component of the act. Let me remind proponents of Bill C-236 that this aspect of the legislation was recently validated by the Alberta court of appeal. People who sell guns should know to whom they are selling. If the person buying the gun has a licence, there is some reasonable assurance that the person is a law-abiding, responsible person.
Safety is an essential component, and this is why persons with licences will have completed and passed the Canadian firearm safety course and will have at least the basics in respect of the safe handling and use of firearms.
Many of the lost or stolen firearms eventually come to the attention of the police. A system of registration will assist the police in returning these firearms to their rightful owners.
Since licensed users will have shown they were not involved in criminal activity and are otherwise responsible, and since guns will be registered, the police will have an invaluable tool to assist them in their fight against crime.
Opponents of the legislation contend that criminals will not register guns. However, the licensing and registration provisions will assist the police by providing them with additional tools to charge criminals and to fight organized crime.
Many guns come to Canada from the United States. The attitude in the United States with respect to guns is significantly different from that in Canada. The illegal movement of firearms into Canada is a problem of considerable magnitude and we recognize that. The registration system will register guns coming into and leaving Canada and the movement of those guns within the country.
Illegal shipments will be easier to stop. Customs officers will be able to identify shipments against the registration database.
Obviously the opposition finds this very funny. This is not a funny subject as far as we are concerned.
It will be possible to track down any firearm imported into and sold in Canada. Contraband reduction is an important tool through which the Firearms Act can contribute to crime reduction.
The Firearms Act allows honest and law-abiding sportsmen to continue to practice their sport. It is possible to buy and sell firearms, to hunt with a gun, to target shoot, to collect firearms, to display them in a museum and to practice all sorts of other sound activities favoured by gun owners.
To counter criminal activities in the country, the Department of Justice is attending to a wide range of criminal justice issues such as our crime prevention program, our efforts to improve youth justice, our intentions to address organized crime issues, which we have done, and our approach to firearms control.
In short, Bill C-236 seeks to return the system of gun control to the status it held before Bill C-68. In so doing it ignores the benefits of better licensing screening. It ignores the benefits of registration. It ignores the cherry picking that members opposite are suggesting in terms of the legislation. It is simply regressive legislation. Above all it is not responsive to Canadian people.
I said before, and I will close on this point, that there is strong support across Canada for the direction we are taking. We were re-elected on that point. We are implementing a reasonable system that respects and encourages responsible firearm owners in the safe practice of their sport.
Our legislation, which was ruled upheld by the Alberta Court of Appeal, respects the rights of responsible law-abiding gun owners at the same time as building a culture of safety in Canada.
Mr. Speaker, today we have the opportunity to discuss Bill C-236, an act to repeal the Firearms Act and to make certain amendments to the Criminal Code.
This bill, sponsored by a Reform member, proposes the total repeal of the Firearms Act, nothing more and nothing less. Unfortunately, the hon. member seems unaware that there is a very strong consensus that a certain degree of firearms control is desired by the people of Canada and of Quebec.
Thus, in stating that the Firearms Act does not meet any real need, and consequently does nothing except unduly infringe upon the property rights of honest citizens, the hon. member is engaging in a debate that is pointless, to say the least.
—something the Reform members clearly lack this morning—in order to clearly grasp the issue as a whole.
It must be recognized that in proposing the repeal of the Firearms Act the hon. member appears to wish to defend a legitimate right, the right to unrestricted right of ownership. The importance of that right cannot be overemphasized. Enjoyment of property is a fundamental right, and one that is protected by a number of important legal instruments.
In Quebec, for example, section 8 of the charter of rights and freedoms recognizes the following: “No one may enter upon the property of another or take anything therefrom without his express or implied consent”. The protection of right of ownership is nothing new.
There is a common law principle four centuries old and well entrenched in law, which states “a man's home is his castle”. Therefore, one cannot intrude on someone else's property with impunity, without incurring the anger of his fellow men. However, it would be against good citizenship to contend that our rights can be exercized irrespective of the common good.
Gun use cannot be viewed from a strictly personal point of view. Any argument solely based on individual property rights would just not fly. Living in a community necessitates compromises and, sadly perhaps, gun registration is one of these compromises, these reasonable measures to ensure our collective safety.
Living in society requires limitations on the exercise of our rights. These limitations are justified when public interest is at stake. Combating crime is certainly a collective concern. Rights may legitimately be limited when the safety of our fellow citizens is the basis for the proposed measures. On the face of it, the firearms legislation met that criterion.
As lawmakers, we could legitimately pass legislation for greater firearms control. We had to do it to ensure the safety of our children and the people around us.
Let us not fool ourselves: firearms are not like any other property, firearms can kill. In many cases, firearms are manufactured for a specific purpose: to harm or even to kill. That is not insignificant. Few if any people will argue with the fact that, even in the hands of conscientious individuals like police officers or hunters, firearms have all the makings of dangerous and potentially lethal weapons.
Out of respect for the victims of the misuse of firearms, we had to do what was necessary. As legislators, we had to approach this issue responsibly.
I have no doubt that, deep down, the Reform Party member is, as I am, very concerned about the safety of his fellow citizens. But suggesting that the Firearms Act be repealed is taking this concern much too far. There is no denying—and I am choosing my words carefully here—that the legislation has a number of flaws, but this does not mean it should be repealed.
One flaw is undoubtedly the fact that the Liberal government is moving much too quickly, criminalizing something that should not be criminalized, in order to look good or cover up its failure to give the public what it wants.
The government's bill is poorly drafted, costly and unenforceable, and the government has failed to build a consensus among the main groups of firearms users, particularly hunters and suppliers, who are fiercely opposed to it.
Nonetheless, it is very important to remember that a gun control bill is primarily intended to reduce crime and bring about a drop in the number of accidents caused by the mishandling of firearms. It is thus possible to be in favour of gun control but to question certain important aspects of the legislation, the unfortunate effects of which could have been avoided. That is the position in which I find myself.
However, the Reform Party member questions the very legitimacy of the Firearms Act, and that is where he loses me. Repeal is not the same as improvement.
By suggesting that this legislation simply be scrapped, the member is closing the door to any constructive discussion that might lead to a workable consensus benefiting everyone.
In the circumstances, it will come as no surprise to anyone that I have great difficulty supporting such a bill.
Mr. Speaker, I appreciate the opportunity to speak to my colleague's private member's bill which I support fully. Before going directly to the bill I think we should pass out some warnings.
On December 1 Bill C-68 will come into effect. We want to send a warning to all smugglers. Bill C-68 is coming in, so all smugglers beware. As of December 1 they can no longer smuggle guns as Bill C-68 will be in effect. But wait a minute. I thought smuggling was against the law long before Bill C-68 came in. This is what is so hilarious about this government. Suddenly it has come up with a bill that is probably going to cost $1 billion to implement. It is going to stop such things as smuggling.
We should send a warning out that effective December 1 all smuggling will cease. Mind you, we do not have any officers at the borders to prevent a lot of the smuggling from happening. We do not have money for that. We cannot supply any more police officers to enforce this because they are going to be very busy with the paperwork. They have to register all these guns that are causing such a problem. And according to their statistics that was totally false. The head of the chiefs of police was quite concerned that they supported this bill on false information put out by this government. He has been quoted from his letters to the justice minister as stating his disappointment about this false information being presented.
The idea that smuggling is going to be stopped because of Bill C-68 is just another farce. I imagine smugglers are having a good time laughing about that one. At no time has this Liberal government taken any initiative to put a stop to smuggling.
Standing on the bridge at Port Erie I watched the traffic coming and going across the border. I watched boats going across the river. I asked how they knew what was on the boats as no one was checking them. They said “We watch from the bridge. If they are like this, it is probably cigarettes; if it is like this, it could be booze; if it is like this, it is probably guns; and if it is like this, it is probably people. So if it is like this, maybe we will go after it”. They do not have any manpower. I asked what was on a truck that was going through the line and they said they did not know. I ask if there was somebody in pursuit and they said no, they did not have the manpower for that.
The government comes out with this huge document giving Canada's justice minister all kinds of power and authority through order in council to change things, that it will make a difference.
Two people were shot with shotguns in my riding. The people who did that are really going to be in trouble. They are going to face the Liberal law. They will probably get a life sentence, although wait a minute, they will be paroled in 25 years. I think that is mandatory. But who knows, even with Liberal justice, under section 745 of the Criminal Code, they could be out in 15 years. Yet we are getting tough with Bill C-68. Under Bill C-68 they will still get life and will have to be paroled in 25 years and they will still have the opportunity for a section 745 hearing. That is Liberal justice. And they wonder why people laugh.
In 1993 this government was elected and it was going to do something with the Young Offenders Act. It is almost 1999 and nothing has happened. The attorneys general across Canada are asking the Minister of Justice “When are you going to do something with that act?” Of course she is having a difficult time doing anything about it. I understand her caucus is not in agreement with it, but then I think she is glad they are balking about changing the Young Offenders Act. After all, it is a wonderful old Liberal document. It was enacted in 1984. Since then youth crime has escalated like we would not believe and it still is going up.
There are cries all across Canada. There is a member yapping off on the other side of the House. People in his riding are saying do something about youth crime. Since 1993 the Liberals have done absolutely nothing. But we have Bill C-68. According to the auditor general it is going to cost probably $1 billion to bring it into force. That is the auditor general's figure. We have already spent several hundreds of millions of dollars.
Let us look at another thing. In 1993 the government announced that there were over a million young people starving and in poverty in this country. Guess what it will announce in 1999. There are a million young people still living in poverty. Why does the government not take the money it is wasting on such things as Bill C-68 and do something for the needy? Why does it not take hundreds of millions of dollars and do something for them, instead of wasting its money on a document that will not have any effect?
Going back to those two people who were shot by shotguns in my riding, the next sometime somebody shoots somebody with a shotgun it will be registered. That will make the victims feel much better. I am sure a husband or a wife will be very glad that their spouse was shot with a registered shotgun. And the government wonders why people laugh at what it says. Liberal justice is a joke and people laugh at jokes.
There was an incident in Saskatchewan. Mrs. Lorraine Dewetter's husband was out in the field and his half-ton pick-up got stuck. He died in the field from a heart attack. The police discovered the fellow had a .410 gauge shotgun in the pickup. They picked the shotgun up and rightfully so. They went to the house to inform Mrs. Dewetter that her husband had died from a heart attack in the field. While they were there, they searched the house and confiscated three more weapons: a .22, another shotgun, and I do not know what else, all because of such things as Bill C-68. That is what those things bring in.
If we want to look at the history of registration it is not too difficult. Look at it. The main purpose of registration, regardless of what the Liberals say, is confiscation. That is the final result. That is the purpose of it.
When the Minister of Justice is given the authority by order in council to declare which things are illegal and which are not, it is pretty easy to do. Just start snapping fingers and they will make things illegal as they go along. And then we are doing a great job of attacking the wrong people, the law-abiding people of Canada.
All the criminals must think this is funny. Sixty years of registration of handguns and we do not see much change. In fact it has gotten worse. It did not solve any problems. Then we heard from the parliamentary secretary. I remember. She had a great statement. It is really important to get these registrations done because if we find a stolen gun, then we know to whom to return it. That is worth a million or so. It is worth spending lots of money on documents and using up a lot of police time to make sure that happens.
I do not know what kind of a world the Liberals live in when they talk about justice. People across this land are not happy at all with Canada's justice system. They want it changed. If, as I just heard, somebody would say to hang them, I would certainly believe there are those who probably would do just that. Maybe we should ask the 11 or 12 families of the victims of Clifford Olson whether or not that should be the penalty. Maybe we should take a little more seriously how people feel about the justice system, but the Liberals do not.
The government came up with Bill C-68 which will not change anything. I have carefully gone through the present Criminal Code. We have a safe storage law. We have laws against the criminal use of firearms in the commission of a crime. All those things are covered. The only thing that is not covered is registration, and the government had to write a huge document full of gobbledegook which does not change anything except the registration of firearms. It spent over a billion dollars, according to the auditor general.
When children are still facing poverty, when we have poverty on Indian reserves and on city streets it is a shame that we are spending money for things that will not be effective.
Mr. Speaker, I appreciate the opportunity to take part in the debate today.
The bill brought forward by the hon. member from the Reform Party is consistent with a long held position of the Conservative Party that the registry system under Bill C-68 is ill conceived and is in fact a reactionary piece of legislation that will not accomplish the goals it was set up to achieve.
Although the well intentioned persons who support the legislation have bought in the idea that somehow registering a shotgun will be an effective way for the government to respond to organized crime and violent crime, the sad reality is that this is not the case. Millions and millions of dollars are being spent by the government as a ruse to somehow hold itself up as being in favour of tougher legislation when it comes to the criminal use of firearms.
The reality is that the legislation focuses on law-abiding citizens. We have heard many members of the opposition and government members discuss who it will affect most. It will affect most farmers, fishermen, sportsmen, hunters, collectors, and individuals presently engaged in an activity which under the current law they are lawfully entitled to do. The legislation is now criminalizing with sanctions something that individuals participate in by their own free will, of their own volition.
In all reality one has to question the priorities of the government in the area of justice when it has decided to target law-abiding citizens as opposed to those who have been referred to on this side of the House as being the true criminals, those individuals who make the conscious decision to pick up a firearm and use it for an illegal purpose and not those individuals engaged in lawful activities which they are entitled to enjoy.
Let us get down to the root of Bill C-68. It is a tax on a law-abiding activity. The cost of that bill has become somewhat prohibitive in the minds of Canadians when a person looks at what it will eventually attach as a price tag. The initial assessment of the Minister of Justice who first dreamed up the piece of legislation was to be in the range of $85 million. Within months of its passage and movement in the direction of the gun registry it became clear this was not possible.
By September, the opening session of this year, 1998, the tab had run up to $133.1 million. As we approach the start-up date of December 1, one can only assume that it is in the range of $200 million. As the hon. member for Wild Rose mentioned there are estimates in the range of $500 million to $1 billion, to which he received a lot of heckling and acrimony from the government side.
How much does it cost in human life? Not one iota of evidence suggests that the legislation will save lives. Not one bit of linkage, statistical or otherwise, shows that registering shotguns will somehow save lives. That is simply not the case.
The police reaction to Bill C-68 is quite interesting. There have been statistics from the Canadian Police Association. The Canadian Chiefs of Police have spoken in favour of it. However, frontline police officers, those who are tasked with administering and enforcing the legislation, will tell us very quickly that they would far rather spend their time and efforts fighting real crime, not going with warrants to individual houses based on some premise that they might have a gun stored there illegally or that they might have an unregistered gun. They would far rather spend their time and efforts fighting real crime, not going with warrants to individual houses based on some premise that they might have a gun stored there illegally or that they might have, more important, to tie it to the legislation, an unregistered gun. It will become an overbureaucratic, time consuming exercise. Police officers admit they could spend their time in a far more effective and worthwhile effort helping to keep Canadian streets free from crime.
One questions the priorities. One questions the emphasis the government has placed on Bill C-68. Let us talk about how the bill was originally sold to the general public. There were tremendous statistics showing that the criminal use of shotguns and long guns was impacting on a rise in violent crime. The assistant commissioner of the RCMP wrote to the government and said “Wait a minute. These statistics are wrong. This is not true”.
These statistics were spun to effectively support the government's position that these guns had to be registered. These statistics were wrong. They were grossly exaggerated 10 or 100 times. The same statistics were used in the Supreme Court of Alberta in arguing a case which favoured the government by a slim three to two majority. It has now been appealed further to the Supreme Court of Canada. It begs the question why the government is to go ahead with the registry on December 1 knowing that it is before the courts?
It is always possible when a case goes before the court that judges in their wisdom decide legislation is unconstitutional. It appears that more and more of the provinces and the territories are joining in this effort, this court action, to somehow question the government priority on the issue. If that happens, why would we spend more money? It is another blatant waste of money by the government, throwing bad money after bad to somehow preempt the court. One has to question why the government is choosing to do this, knowing that a court challenge is pending.
It is interesting to note the absence of members of the NDP from this debate. They have been all over the board when it comes to gun registry. It would have been interesting to hear their remarks with respect to this bill.
The spin doctoring that has taken place is something of note. It is increasingly discouraging for Canadians to hear the government misquote statistics and their wishes in the Chamber and outside the Chamber when it comes to gun registry. One can always find statistics to support a position. That is not a difficult thing to do. However when one goes into the court of public opinion, one hears a completely different version of what Canadians want with respect to gun registry.
I want to be very clear in stating that the Progressive Conservative Party is very much in favour of gun control and gun registry, for that matter, when it comes to pistols, the weapon of choice, but registering long guns is simply asinine. It is going in the wrong direction when it comes to trying to fight crime, organized crime or otherwise.
Efforts should be put into shoring up our borders, into putting more money into policing budgets which we know have been drastically cut, and into better legislation aimed at organized crime or more sanctions for the criminal use of firearms. I am sure Canadians would applaud the government for those efforts if it were moving in that direction, but that is not the case.
The spin doctoring that has gone on is remarkable. The government has become very good at it. It has high priced individuals who spin its positions and tell Canadians effectively what it wants Canadians to believe. This is incredibly irresponsible on the part of the government.
The benefits of Bill C-68 are very negligible. One only has to look again at the government's use of statistics. Where are the statistics the government is relying on to say that it will save lives? They are completely absent from the debate because they do not exist. Is that not what it is all about? Should criminal justice not be about protecting people and saving lives?
Bill C-68 does not measure up. It does not meet those requirements. That is why we are supporting the private member's bill that has been brought forward. Let us end it now. Let us stop spending money and throwing bad money after bad to try to register long arms and shotguns that are not weapons of choice when it comes to crime.
The cost is only one aspect of the legislation, the cost and the use the government has made of these statistics. Thousands and thousands of Canadians appeared on Parliament Hill at the beginning of this session to express their outrage as to what would happen with this tax, this burdensome bureaucracy that will be put in place.
Bill C-68 is not indicative of what Canadians want. If anything, Canadians are crying out for a system that is simpler, more direct and delivers what it is supposed to deliver to Canadians.
Bill C-68 certainly does not deliver justice. It creates a false expectation for police and citizens. Police officers are already labouring under a CPIC system that they cannot rely on to be accurate. To suggest that we will have a national gun registry which will prevent a police officer from going to a house and knocking on the door, knowing there is or is not a gun behind that door, is completely asinine. It will not give the confidence police officers need to carry out their task.
Those are the reasons I put forward to support this private member's bill and I urge other members, particularly my colleagues in the NDP, to do the same.
Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to take part in the debate although I must say that was not my intention when I arrived here a few minutes ago.
For six weeks all parties on this side of the House have been engaged in directing questions toward the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister and solicitor general about what he did or did not say on October 1 on that now infamous airplane ride.
Frankly a lot of us, certainly in our caucus and in I suspect in other opposition caucuses, would have preferred to talk about other things than whether the solicitor general would stay in his post.
A farm crisis is going on in Saskatchewan. There is the employment insurance issue which my colleague from Acadie—Bathurst is trying to raise. What should we do with budget surpluses? There are any number of questions, but because of the intransigence of the government we have been stuck dealing with the future of the solicitor general.
Here we have a private member's bill which talks about something that will not be decided by the House of Commons until the Supreme Court of Canada rules some time down the road. The Alberta Court of Appeal ruled after September 21. The Reform opposition party members could not wait. Never mind uniting the right. They were busily concerned about uniting themselves by having the motion on firearms.
The case is going to the Supreme Court of Canada. It will not be decided here. It was decided here between 1993 and 1997 when Bill C-68 passed the House of Commons. I was not in the House at that time. I do not know whether it is a good bill or a bad bill, but I know that it will not come back to the House at least until the Supreme Court rules against it. Why are we wasting the time of the House of Commons and of the people of Canada talking about something that is totally irrelevant?
Mr. Speaker, it is no surprise to me that the NDP member who spoke to bill has not even read it. That is quite typical.
Bill C-68 was sold to the Canadian public and the House under extreme false pretences. We like to talk about the Alberta court and what happened there. Need I remind the House that four of the five judges said that it was an infringement on provincial jurisdiction. Due to the government saying that it was a criminal act they decided three to two that the federal government had that right to infringe on provincial jurisdiction under a criminal act. Even that was sold as a guise to the Canadian public.
We will be spending hundreds of millions of dollars to enact legislation that most law abiding citizens who own firearms will probably not comply with in the first place. While we are doing this I remind the government of its responsibility. The government's foremost responsibility is to the safety and well-being of its law abiding citizens.
What did the government do when it was at fault in terms of the legislation to compensate all hep C victims who contacted hep C through the tainted blood system? It said that we had no funds. It said it could not afford to pay them, but it can afford to put hundreds of millions of dollars into firearms registration while those with tainted blood are dying. I have to ask where the government's priorities are.
For years navy merchant marines have been fighting to be duly compensated for their war efforts. These people have suffered, been left maimed and some have died in acts of war in order to feed our troops, yet this government has stated time after time that there are not enough funds to pay these people but it can spend hundreds and millions of dollars on a useless act causing total disagreement across the country.
I have to wonder where the government's priorities are. Government members will say anything to be re-elected, in order to come back to the House, but they think nothing at all of the true victims. Instead they would impose another tax or levy on law abiding citizens of Canada, which is shameful. I hope those people on the other side can sleep at night when they enforce this act after they read the letters of those suffering from hep C. It is a disgrace.
The time provided for the consideration of Private Members' Business has now expired and the order is dropped from the order paper.
That in relation to Bill C-53, an act to increase the availability of financing for the establishment, expansion, modernization and improvement of small businesses, not more than one further sitting day shall be allotted to the consideration of the report stage of the bill and one sitting day shall be allotted to the third reading stage of the said bill and, fifteen minutes before the expiry of the time provided for government business on the day allotted to the consideration of the report stage and on the day allotted to the third reading stage of the said bill, any proceedings before the House shall be interpreted if required for the purpose of this order, and in turn every question necessary for the disposal of the stage of the bill then under consideration shall be put forthwith and successively without further debate or amendment. | 2019-04-21T00:41:54Z | https://openparliament.ca/debates/1998/11/23/claude-drouin-1/?page=1 |
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Reverse Mortgage Pros And Cons | Bankrate.com – The cons of a reverse mortgage. Despite their obvious appeal, reverse mortgages have some downsides. Another drawback is that reverse mortgages stipulate that you must stay in the house for the length of the loan. If you eventually end up moving in with family or to an assisted living facility.
Home Loans For Fair Credit Scores where to get home equity loans with fair credit | Credit Karma – credit karma offers free credit scores, reports and insights. Get the info you need to take control of your credit.. where to get home equity loans with fair credit. Good question? January 01, 2013 Reply. Your Credit Scores Should Be Free. And Now They Are. View your scores and reports.
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Reverse Mortgage Pros and Cons: Let's Start with the CONS! – Read our expert guide exploring Reverse Mortgage Pros and Cons, starting with the downsides! The Government Insured Reverse Mortgage has a maximum value currently of $679,650. This means that any additional value above that figure is not factored into the loan amount calculation.
The Pros and Cons of a Reverse Mortgage | Homes.com – A reverse mortgage is actually just a type of loan that allows homeowners to convert or effectively "sell back" a portion of their home’s equity to the bank for cash. Think of it like rolling back the clock on a regular mortgage.
Reverse Mortgage Pros and Cons | Discover the Pitfalls – Weighing The Pros And Cons Of A Reverse Mortgage Helps With Your Decision. Discover the Reverse Mortgage Downsides and Decide If It’s Right Eliminate any existing mortgage. Heirs are not personally liable if payoff balance exceeds home value. Heirs inherit remaining home equity after.
Pros and Cons of a Reverse Mortgage | SmartAsset – , Reverse mortgages are a financial tool marketed toward seniors who are looking to cash in on the equity in their homes. Before you take out this kind of loan, you need to weigh the pros and cons carefully. Here’s a reverse mortgage explained.
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Credit Requirements for an FHA Loan in 2019 – Credit Requirements for fha loans good credit history Makes it Easier to Qualify. applicants are now required to have a minimum FICO score of 580 to qualify for the low down payment advantage, which is currently at around 3.5 percent.. The interest rate any borrower is offered on a.
Bad Credit Mortgage Loans: Home Loans With Poor Credit – The bad credit mortgage is often called a sub-prime mortgage and is offered to homebuyers with low credit ratings. Due to the low credit rating, conventional mortgages are not offered because the lender sees this as the homebuyer having a larger-than-average risk of not following through with the terms of the loan.
How to get the mortgage you deserve as a gig worker – The main perk to VA loans is their no-down payment and low credit score requirements. A USDA loan is another option, An NQM could be an option. A non-qualified mortgage (NQM) is a loan that.
How to get a mortgage with poor or bad credit – There are a lot of options out there for consumers with low FICO scores,” says Randy Hopper, senior vice president of mortgage lending. years to build a good credit score, but you can hasten the.
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Beware the Balloon Loan for Used Car Financing – ThoughtCo – Beware the Balloon Loan for Used Car financing balloon loans are Good for the Lender and Rarely Good for the Consumer . Share Flipboard Email Print Beware lenders who want to get you into a used car with a balloon loan. (c) Getty Images Cars & Motorcycles.
How To Buy A Home With Low Income Going Home Again.to Retire – . home near campus and used part of the proceeds to buy a small condo. Another $600,000 went toward a nearly 5,000-square-foot home in Palco, a small town in the northwestern part of the state..
Getting A Car Loan? – Equity loans are available at low interest rates and are tax deductible. So, we now know the pros and cons of all auto-financing options. But what’s the best option? While there is no.
Car finance – the pros and cons | Parkers – Pros: Car is yours at end of loan. Cons: Payments are higher. pcp (personal contract Purchase) – This one has lower monthly payments, but with the option to pay a balloon payment at the end of the agreed term to take the car, or simply hand the keys back. Sometimes requires a deposit but value of car at the end of the term is guaranteed.
How Do You Get A Second Mortgage Second Mortgages Explained | The Truth About Mortgage – Once you’ve got a second mortgage, it will be increasingly difficult to get any additional financing, such as a third mortgage. While it’s probably not common that a homeowner should require a third mortgage, emergencies do happen, and you may mind yourself trapped if you need more funds for any other reason.
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Pros, Cons of Paying Down a Mortgage to Fund College – Financial planners say there are pros and cons to consider. Paying off your mortgage before. It’s also wiser to first pay off credit cards, car loans and other higher-interest debt and put funds.
How Reverse Mortgages Work How It Works – Reverse Mortgage Alert – A reverse mortgage, also known as the home equity conversion mortgage ( HECM) in the United States, is a financial product for homeowners 62 or older who.
Is A Balloon Payment Good Or Bad Decision: Best Reviews From. – Read on to become a borrower with maximum know-how about car loans. Is A Balloon Payment Good Or Bad Decision: Best Reviews From Experts The best 2017 guide on the pros and cons of a balloon payment.
Typical Closing Costs For Refinance Mortgage Today's Mortgage Closing Costs, Listed For All 50 States – Lower closing costs for home buyers and refinancing households means that less money is required at closing, which makes it easier to get mortgage-qualified all around. Lower costs also means it.
Know Your Mortgage: Balloon Mortgages – Quicken Loans – The good thing about balloon mortgages is how plainly the pros and cons of it are presented: You can have low monthly payments at a fixed rate for a much shorter amount of time than you would with a regular fixed-rate loan.
To lease or to loan? The pros and cons of auto financing – Business considerations aside, she concedes that leasing can be a viable option for someone who has little money to put down on a new car or can’t afford the monthly payments of a loan. "Leasing.
home equity loan Calculator – A home equity loan uses your house as collateral. When considering your application for a home equity loan or home equity line. credit history shows that you pay your bills on time » MORE: Do you.
Best Home Equity Line of Credit Alternatives – SuperMoney – Best Home Equity Line of Credit Alternatives. If you want to use your home as security to qualify for low interest rates but you don’t want a home equity line of credit, consider home equity loans and shared equity agreements.. home equity loans are very similar to HELOCs. The main difference is you get a lump sum instead of a line of credit.
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Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (HECMS): Good for Retirees? – Homeowners age 62 and older can use reverse mortgages to convert home equity into a lump-sum payment, annuity payments, a line of credit, or a combination of. The advisory business model’s emphasis.
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The Death of the Home Equity Line of Credit – That’s the home equity loan — more specifically, the home equity line of credit (HELOC. I think stock investors can benefit by analyzing a company with a credit investors’ mentality — rule out.
How do you calculate the debt-to-equity ratio? – The debt-to-equity ratio shows the proportion of equity and debt a company is using to finance its assets and the extent to which shareholder’s equity can fulfill obligations to creditors in the event.
home equity loan calculator – NerdWallet – What the home equity loan calculator does.. The tool will immediately calculate your current loan-to-value ratio. If you own at least 20% of your home (an LTV of 80% or less), you’ll probably.
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How Reverse Mortgages Work How Does A Reverse Mortgage Work | An Example to Explain How It. – Learn How a Reverse Mortgage Works. A Reverse Mortgage is a Loan Made by a Lender to a Homeowner Using the Home as Security or Collateral.
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Debt Equity Ratio : Formula, Analysis, How to Calculate, Examples – How to Calculate the Debt to Equity Ratio. To calculate the debt to equity ratio, simply divide total debt by total equity. In this calculation, the debt figure should include the residual obligation amount of all leases.
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Mortgage rates fall for the second week in a row – Mortgage rates moved lower again this week, only the second time this year that rates have fallen in. [Shopping around for a mortgage can save you thousands of dollars] Bankrate.com, which puts out.
Second Mortgages Explained | The Truth About Mortgage – Once you’ve got a second mortgage, it will be increasingly difficult to get any additional financing, such as a third mortgage. While it’s probably not common that a homeowner should require a third mortgage, emergencies do happen, and you may mind yourself trapped if you need more funds for any other reason.
What Is The Current Mortgage Interest Rate Today Mortgage rates taper off for Thursday – Several closely watched mortgage rates tapered off today. The average rates on. at 4.57 percent. At the current average rate, you’ll pay a combined $496.05 per month in principal and interest for.
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Student loans and mortgages duke it out for debt supremacy – A home mortgage used to be the biggest debt you might ever take on. Yet student loans, as they get bigger, are starting to elbow mortgages. or even surpass – their mortgages. "Most people do not.
Removing (Stripping) a Second Mortgage in Bankruptcy | AllLaw – Find out how you can get rid of a second (or third) mortgage in bankruptcy.
Fha Loan Second Time Home Buyer How Do I Apply for an FHA First Time Home Buyer’s Loan. – Applying for a first-time home loan through the federal housing administration federally backed program requires completion of the uniform residential loan application, Form 1003. Lenders have a.
How the Fed rate hike could affect your wallet – If the Fed continues to move slowly, as it has been, it may be a while before you see a change in mortgages. Reserve hikes interest rates for second time in a decade] Trying to guess exactly what.
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Home remodeling activity smashes records. Here’s what to know before you take on a big project – From there, average renovation spending spikes to nearly $7,500 using a cash-out refinance and to $9,300 to pay for projects with a home equity loan or line of credit, the Joint Center found. While.
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How to Refinance for Remodeling a House | Finance – Zacks – But if you have equity in your home, you can pay for the remodeling by completing a cash-out refinance. In this type of transaction, you refinance for more than what you owe on your mortgage loan.
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Refinancing Home To Remodel – United Credit Union – You’ve remodeled, redecorated, settled in and made it a home. refinancing, which allows you to tap into your home’s equity by taking an additional loan against the portion of your house you’ve alre. But if you have equity in your home, you can pay for the remodeling by completing a cash-out refinance.
Do I Qualify For A Construction Loan Keystart | Home Loans – Metro Home Loans. The Keystart Low deposit’ home loan is a variable interest rate loan which can be used by owner-occupiers to buy an established home or build a new house.It is available to both first and non-first home buyers and we lend across the State of Western Australia. Find out more Do I qualify ?
Best SONYMA Mortgage Lenders of 2019 – Working with local lenders, SONYMA offers reduced interest rates, lower down payments and. to consumers who are actively shopping for the best mortgage. The six key areas we evaluated include the.
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How to Get the Best Interest Rate on a Mortgage – Debt.org – How to Get the Best Interest Rate on a Mortgage.. Lenders are happy to oblige with shorter-term fixed-rate loans, as well as mortgages with variable rates. Which one works for you depends, again, on your circumstances and what you hope to achieve.
Mortgage rates on 30-year home loan hit 5 percent, a nearly 8-year high – Rates on the most common mortgage topped 5 percent for the first time. That’s $444 extra every year and $13,129 more in interest over the life of the loan.
Home Loans For Fair Credit Scores New House Construction Loan Getting Approved For A Construction Loan Bank OZK loans $81M to build Wynwood office building – The developers of 545wyn, the largest new office building in Miami’s Wynwood neighborhood, obtained a $81 million construction loan. arkansas-based bank ozk (NASDAQ: OZK) awarded the mortgage to 545 W.Poor Credit Home Loans, Bad Credit Mortgages – Poor credit home loans.. talk to lenders today that make home loans for people with low credit scores. There are no application fees or obligation.. Homeowners with fair and bad credit scores have found qualifying for sub-prime loans nearly impossible, so they are turning to FHA and VA.
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Are Liberals ready to take on the risk of shared equity mortgages? – They made a vow: they would try to take some action, but they would certainly not do anything that would make matters. it more difficult for homebuyers to qualify for a mortgage. And mortgage rates.
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Education | C&F Mortgage – Loan Verification. Your ability to make the regular payments on the mortgage and to afford the costs associated with owning a home are primary considerations during the loan approval process.
What Does Reverse Mortgage Mean What is a reverse mortgage? | Yahoo Answers – A reverse mortgage is a loan, and a lien is placed against the property. He does not lose the house when he gets a reverse mortgage; he still has full title to it.
Mortgage Rates Slide To 13-Month Low | Bankrate.com – Mortgage rates this week The 15-year fixed-rate mortgage rose to 4.41 percent from 4.26 percent. The 5/1 adjustable-rate mortgage rose to 4.42 percent from 4.35 percent. The 30-year fixed-rate jumbo mortgage rose to 4.95 percent from 4.82 percent.
Where Are Homeownership Rates Going? – The average rate. access mortgage credit, and the number of homes that are for sale. At the macro level, demographics can probably work as a force of challenge to economic growth and business.
What actions can policymakers take to avert the brewing national housing crisis? – Higher mortgage rates also have conflated with the robust house price growth. The first thing most people do when they plan to purchase a home is determine the largest monthly payment they can.
What Bank Finances Mobile Homes Cheapest Closing Costs Mortgage mortgage rates drop, Making Homebuying Less Costly – At 4.31 percent, the average 30-year fixed mortgage rate is at its lowest since February of last year. Borrowers may still pay closing costs which are not included in the survey.Vanderbilt Mobile Home Loans & Financing | Vanderbilt. – Vanderbilt offers a variety of programs for financing a manufactured home or financing a mobile home. We have a financing solution for you, whether you are a first-time homebuyer, have perfect credit, or have less than perfect credit. All loan programs are subject to credit approval.
Mortgage Rates Fast Approaching 5%, a Fresh Blow to Housing. – mortgage rates hit their highest level in more than seven years this week.. and bless their heart for doing it-that's what I've been preaching,”.
Mortgage Rates and an Improving Economy: How It Impacts You – How many times will the Fed raise rates this year? Should I lock in a mortgage rate now? How is the job market doing? Are housing prices.
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Tantrums And Tapers, TBAs And Mortgage Rates – By early 2014, Wells Fargo (NYSE:WFC), the nation’s largest mortgage lender, had laid off about 12% of its workforce in that financial space.The trigger was supposedly interest rates, according to.
Kingston Mortgages & Brokers, Low Mortgage Rates | The. – Why Choose The Mortgage Professionals as your mortgage broker? Kingston’s The Mortgage Professionals is the largest mortgage brokerage in Eastern Ontario.
How Are Mortgage Rates Determined? | The Truth About Mortgage – So just because the 10-year bond yield rises 20 basis points (0.20%) doesn’t mean mortgage rates will do the same. In fact, mortgage rates could rise 25 basis points, or just 10 bps, depending on other market factors.
What are the Qualifications for a Mortgage Loan? – It includes bill payment history and the number of outstanding debts in comparison to the borrower’s income. The higher the borrower’s credit score, the easier it is to obtain a loan or to pre-qualify for a mortgage. If the borrower routinely pays bills late, then a lower credit score is expected.
Guide to FHA Loan Types & Requirements – MagnifyMoney – With their flexible requirements and low barriers to approval, FHA loans are some of the easiest loans to qualify for. Here’s a look at FHA loan requirements.
FHA Loan Qualifications, Qualify for FHA, Mortgage Qualification – Both programs have the same loan to value requirements as home buying requires a 3.5% down-payment or a 96.5% loan to value and FHA refinancing needs 3.5% worth of equity to qualify. Find out if you are eligible for a FHA loan with bad credit.
What Is a Loan Contingency? – Contracts for purchasing a home commonly include a loan contingency clause. after pre-approval can jeopardize your chances of getting the mortgage. The house must also meet certain requirements.
How To Get A Mortgage For A Second Home What to Know About Getting a Mortgage on a Second Home. – While the process is very similar, getting a mortgage on a second home can be a little different than financing a primary residence. In this article.
How mortgage recasting works and how it can save you money – mortgage recasting offers two attractive benefits for homeowners with some extra cash in their pocket: lower monthly payments and less interest paid over the life of the loan. First, borrowers must.
Average Closing Cost To Refinance Average Cost of a Mortgage Refinance: Closing Costs and. – Average Cost of a Cash-Out Refinance. We found that by refinancing the remaining balance today of $142,500 and cashing out $17,500 for a combined $160,000 in new proceeds, we increase the overall interest expense for the new loan to $92,300 from $89,600, notwithstanding closing costs.Low Interest Mortgage Refinance How To Get A Mortgage For A Second Home Homebase Mortgages: Second Mortgages | Home Equity Loan. – We are Toronto’s leading mortgage broker for hard to place Second Mortgages, Home Equity Loans, Home Equity Lines of Credit (HELOC) and Private Mortgages.We also help Toronto homeowners with Mortgage Refinancing, Debt Consolidation and more.. Having a tough time getting approved by a bank on a loan or having difficulties with high credit card payments?goodbye refi: rising interest rates all but erase refinance demand – According to Ellie Mae’s report, refis made up 45% of all originations back in January, when mortgage rates were in the low 4% range. Since then, refis have dropped as interest rates have risen as.
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What's the Average Down Payment on a House? | The Lenders Network – 6 minute read. The first thing people think about when they think of a mortgage is the down payment. But how much do you really need to put down on a house. We’re going to look into the typical down payment homebuyers can expect.
What Down Payment is Required? – Yeah, it’s scary. Coming up with enough cash to put down when buying a house is the single biggest roadblock for most hopeful home buyers. But how much do you really need? A down payment is the cash.
How Much Money Should You Put Down on a House? – This article/post contains references to products or services from one or more of our advertisers or partners. We may receive compensation when you click on links to those products or services. Not.
How to keep your Inner Strength in times of great uncertainty: – She was defensive and would shut down the conversation altogether. It made the whole forgiveness factor so much harder. Almost impossible. I have my own suspicions that she was likely abused.
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Remembering the life and death of the Servants of God Jose Maria Ruiz Cano, Jesus Anibal Gomez, Thomas Cordero and Companions who gave testimony of their faith in Christ by the shedding of their blood and now shine in the Church with the crown of martyrdom.
• Photographs of the Martyrs or labels of their names and surname with an unlighted vigil candle. The candles will be lighted during the designated moment.
As a Claretian community, we are called today in this day of recollection to recall the memory of our sixteen brothers, who gave their lives as martyrs in the 27th and 28th of July and the 2nd of October of 1936.
In the eyes of the world the death of this handful of young missionaries can be a mere disappearance in time buried in oblivion. For us, however, they have reached the highest point of missionary life and become icons exemplars of vocational consistency and fidelity. They won the palm of martyrdom two days after the first group, the Claretian Seminarians of Cervera, entered the glorious cloud of witnesses who have gone before us.
As their heirs and successors, we remember these brothers of ours with great emotion. They lived and died as Claretians, sublimely consummating the mission: to be a living Eucharist, united to Jesus. They did not improvise anything. They simply testified the shedding of His blood that they had kept in the depths of their hearts. When you live in this way, the missionary life becomes precious and death becomes fruitful and fascinating. May their memory become for us a deep spiritual impulse, able to renew, sanctify and strengthen the spiritual and apostolic life of the congregation and of the Church in these difficult times.
brillando en vuestros labios palabras de perdón.
los surcos y las mieses, florece vuestro altar.
allá fuisteis promesas que saben a verdad.
EN LA NOCHE DE LA FE.
EN LA CRUZ DEL REDENTOR.
en ese largo viaje con ansia de volar.
la entrega fue más firme y más fértil la paz.
en busca de veneros y cumbres de otro Sol.
donde María espera; donde se palpa a Dios.
el odio nunca pudo vencer sobre el amor.
Maestros en la fe y en la fidelidad.
Si vuestra voz callaron, hoy somos vuestra voz.
a todos nos hermana un mismo Corazón.
aurora renovada sobre vuestra oblación.
The Lord God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who do not deliver us to death nor let his faithful know corruption (Ps 15) be with you all.
After the greeting of the celebrant, a reader comes to name one by one each martyr. As each name is loudly proclaimed, their last name is placed and the candles are lit.
• P. CANO JOSE MARIA RUIZ who died on July 27, 1936 in Siguenza (Guadalajara).
• The Missionaries in formation who were martyred on July 28, 1936 in Fernan Caballero (Ciudad Real).
• Finally, BRO. FELIPE GONZÁLEZ DE HEREDIA BARAHONA who died on October 2, 1936 also in Fernan Caballero (Ciudad Real) at the gates of the cemetery.
confessing the name of Christ.
and the fertility of their mission.
in the midst of adversity and persecution.
12My dear people, do not be surprised at the testing by fire which is taking place among you, as though something strange were happening to you. 13Instead, you should be glad to share in the sufferings of Christ because, on the day his glory is revealed, you will also fully rejoice. 14You are fortunate if you are insulted because of the name of Christ, for the Spirit of glory rests on you. 15I suppose that none of you should suffer for being a murderer, a thief, a criminal or an informer; 16but if anyone suffers on account of being a Christian, do not consider it a disgrace; rather let this name bring glory to God.
17The time of judgment has come and it begins with God’s household. If its beginning so affects us, what will be the end of those who refuse to believe in the Gospel? 18If the just one is barely saved, what will happen to the sinner and unbeliever? 19So, then, if you suffer according to God’s will, entrust yourself to the faithful Creator and continue to do good.
R. Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit.
by name lead me and guide me.
you, the faithful God, deliver me.
Your mercy is my joy and my joy.
Have you noticed my distress.
save me for your mercy.
The group of Claretian martyrs, our brothers, that the Church is going to beatify on the 13th of this month, and that we commemorate in this recollection are composed of Fr Jose Maria Ruiz Cano, priest, martyred on July 27, 1936, at Mount Otero, near the town of Siguenza (Guadalajara, Spain), the 14 students who were immolated on July 28, 1936 on the railroad tracks near the town of Fernan Caballero (Ciudad Real, Spain), and Brother Felipe Gonzalez, who offered his life in front of the Fernan Caballero Cemetery on October 2, 1936.
The P. José María Cano was the Prefect of the minor seminary that the Province of Betica once had in Siguenza (Guadalajara, Spain). He made an offering of his own life to the seated image of the Heart of Mary, who currently chairs the chapel of our Theology Community of Granada. At the feet of Our Lady, he uttered these words that a large group of postulant witnesses best kept in their memory: “If you want, Mother, one sacrifice, here I am; take me, but do not let anything happen to these innocents who have not harmed anyone.” And it happened that way. He was the only one who died in those dark days. All postulants entrusted to him, without exception, managed to survive and saved.
The blessed student martyrs, after being expelled out of from the Claret Theology House of Zafra (Badajoz, Spain), sought shelter in Ciudad Real, a place that seemed safer. But with the dark complexion that was taking the situation in that city, the superiors of the Province of Betica understood that the place does not guarantee protection either. And so, after receiving a false promise of security, they were determined to move to Madrid the fourteen students that were taking refuge there. But they were recognized as religious men despite their secular clothing disguise at the train station of Ciudad Real. At the first train stop, near the town of Fernán Caballero, militiamen forced them off the train with insults and death threats. Once on the ground, after being placed between the second and third railway track, barrage of bullets ended their lives while screaming: “Viva Cristo Rey, Viva Corazón de María.” It was July 28, 1936.
With them must be added Brother Felipe González, who was martyred on the 2nd of October 1936, not in the railroad station like the students, but at the gates of the cemetery, also in Fernan Caballero. For this geographical coincidence the group were joined in the process of their beatification.
The most precious treasure of the Church are the witnessing of the martyrs. From the early Christians, the primitive Church worshiped martyrdom as the most excellent service that one can give. A Martyr is someone who accepts “to die freely and resigned for the faith” (K. Rahner) The martyrial sacrifice is a spectacle that continues to impress those who looks upon it with clear eyes.
There is no one form of martyrdom. The forms of martyrdom of our martyrs, whose memory now we revere, were determined by immediate diverse circumstances. But within the diversity of forms comes and exists a common unmistakable note: The Martyrdom of each of them reproduces the event of the death and resurrection of Christ in the cross. And in them was fulfilled the prophetic words of Jesus: “If they have persecuted me, they will also persecute you.” (Jn 15:20).
But their epic should not lead to confusion. It should be noted that during the Spain’s religious persecution of 1936, our martyrs were not combatants in resistance, carrying guns in their hands or die trying to kill. Neither they fanatic revolutionaries attracted to messianic ideologies, or opposed to rabid and violent resistance in their desperate and extreme situation. As rightly noted by Benedict XVI, their testimony does not bring a message of social revolution like the Spartacus … but like Jesus, who was not for Barabbas’ political liberation. What brought them to it was their encounter with the living God, who transforms life and the world from within. That was the only powerful reason that kept them firm to the end.
Our brothers Martyrs of Fernan Caballero received the supreme gift of likeness and image of the Lord, who shed His blood for pure love. Like Christ, they gave their lives to those who took it from them. That was the only reason that moved them to embrace martyrdom. By this, they have overcome hatred and violent murder, and paradoxically, they were able to bring life out of death.
“Martyrdom is the supreme witness given to the truth of the faith: it means bearing witness even unto death. The martyr bears witness to Christ who died and rose, to whom he is united by charity. He bears witness to the truth of the faith and of Christian doctrine. He endures death through an act of fortitude. “Let me become the food of the beasts, through whom it will be given me to reach God.”(Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 2,473).
We might ask: Did they have fear of death? How naive are those who believe that faith is a morphine against the fear of death! Who, though they know that there is life bigger after life on earth, is not afraid of death? How do you not mind everything that you feel from within as you face an imminent tragedy? Our martyrs of Fernan Caballero were missionaries, but they were also human. For sure they had fears and hesitations, I am sure of that. They were not insensitive Titans. Their great ideals did not prevent them from loving this adorable world of ours. But they showed to bear in their souls a ‘greater love “.
This greater love tested their ability to suffer for following the missionary Christ. If ” there is no greater love than that who gives one’s life for one’s friends;” (Jn 15:13), our brothers showed the size of their love with what they did. They carried the cross of the persecution and death. They trusted God not only with their mind or feelings, but particularly with faith “like gold tested by fire” (cf. 1 Pet 1:7). Shouting “Viva Cristo Rey!” Sealed with blood for their fidelity to their vocation without yielding to the temptation of abandonment or betrayal or deny their discipleship. They knew that what truly kills life is not suffering, but the sadness of denying Christ. Their martyrdom proved the authenticity and consistency of their consecration to God who is love.
Martyrdom has no other reason than that of “the greater love” (cf. Jn 15:13). There is no reason to justify it outside “love.” Without a powerful ‘why’, it is as absurd as a useless decision. “If the proofs of natural selection are lost, why then, there are no proofs of natural selection; and there is an end of it ” sentenced Chesterton. And how was this love? Why this love led to the martyrdom of our brothers?
• They were martyrs because evil is very active and harmful. Their martyrdom, as all martyrdom, show us above all the “odium fidei” (hatred of the faith) in their excessive monstrosity and danger. Christ paid with death his opposition to the “world”. That very opposition continued against those who tried to follow Him consistently. As St. Augustine said: “It is not the suffering, but rather it is the cause, that makes authentic martyrs.” The stories of martyrdom unmask the mystery of iniquity that seeks to eliminate the history of God’s plan of salvation. If all death is in itself already terrible, a death caused by human evil is in its superlative degree. How can you find some beauty in the cruelty and monstrosity of evil and death? How do you explain that evil, at its best, destroys the bodies, but is unable to destroy what has been so loved and what has been lived?
• They were martyrs because they believed that Christ is risen. Evil and death have the last word, but not the final word on anything. I truthful words of the Lord Jesus who knows both sides of reality certifies. Our brothers believed in the Risen Christ and because of this the violent death was not able to stifle their hopes. Empowered by the Spirit “They conquered him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, for they gave up their lives going to death.” (Rev 12,11). They did not greedily protect their earthly life as the maximum value to keep. The sacrifice of their lives points to something higher. Their disappearance were not in vain or empty. Theirs was not a journey to the land of nowhere or the valley of oblivion. Rather it was the gesture of the triumph of Christ in glory. Because it is not enough to proclaim that he had risen; they have had to do this in a visible form. Only after death their lives had been safe, definitely invincible, returns only with light.
• They were martyrs because they died as authentic Christians. The martyrdom of our brothers makes them exemplary Christians. Death did not caught by surprise, for they knew they could die at any moment because the situation was very tense. It was not only unjust, but also cruel. Faith does not eliminate the pain or an anesthesia to sensitivity. Though at times enlightens up, mitigates pain when it is linked with hope. They died with dignity and nobility. Despair failed to degrade their soul. Their demeanor was dominion. Determined to be faithful to their missionary commitments, the moment of death gave them the last chance to take their lives into their hands and return them to their Creator. Therefore, they were able to give everything to God. They transformed the imposed violence into pleasing offering to the Lord of life. Consecrated by the Spirit and united to Christ, their sacrifice destroyed the sting of death (cf. 1 Corinthians 15.56) and made life flourish more abundantly.
Fueron mártires porque tuvieron la certeza del amor de Dios. Anticiparon la en¬trega de su vida mortal que era un precioso regalo de Alguien que les había amado primero con amor entrañable. El martirio fue su gran respuesta de amor al inmenso amor de Dios. Murieron comulgando con quien ya había muerto anteriormente por ellos. Experimentaron cómo Cristo les había alcanzado “de su alma en el más profun¬do centro” (san Juan de la Cruz), derribando de su trono al egoísmo y colocando en su lugar el amor. Y como Cristo es radical, les pedía el amor más absurdo que existe: el dirigido a quienes menos se lo merecían, a sus enemigos. Fue la quemadura del «amor loco» de Dios (P. Evdokimov) -que se llama misericordia- lo que les convirtió. “Cuando el amor no es locura, no es amor” (Calderón de la Barca). Si nuestros hermanos Már¬tires llegaron a arder en ese fuego, nos abren la esperanza que algún día lo logremos también nosotros. No sólo murieron por amor, sino también de amor. Dios no sólo les amaba; sino que además Él, como un mendigo, les pedía su amor depurado ya por el dolor. La vida no consiste en algo que hacer, sino en algo que amar. Gratis se da lo que vale mucho o… lo que no vale nada. Ellos lo dieron todo, gratis.
Fueron mártires porque fueron capaces de perdonar. El perdón es la única he¬rramienta capaz de hacer añicos las cadenas del odio. Al perdonar a sus verdugos actualizaron el mismísimo gesto que desde la cruz pronunció el Testigo Fiel: «Padre, perdónales, porque no saben lo que hacen». Nuestros hermanos Mártires no hicie¬ron otra cosa que poner en práctica aquella escandalosa petición del Crucificado. En ese relámpago de luz que acompaña a la muerte, entendieron hasta qué punto los hombres podemos cegarnos y volvernos ignorantes con el mal. Saramago decía que “todos somos ciegos que pueden ver, pero que no miran”. La más oscura de las trage¬dias humanas es la de ser ciegos e inconscientes al cometer el mal. Nuestros Mártires sabían que los humanos estamos hechos de esa torpe y ciega pasta, por eso no ne¬cesitaron maldecir ni condenar con asco a quienes segaban sus vidas. Los derrotaron con el perdón. Para unos misioneros con fuego en las entrañas no podía ser de otra manera. ¿No fue el perdón, en definitiva, la clave radical de toda la vida de Cristo? ¿No fue acaso la primera y última razón de su muerte? Y después de perdonar callaron para siempre, iniciaron su silencio. Todas las cosas verdaderamente importantes ocurren en silencio: se crece en silencio, se sueña en silencio, se ama en silencio, se piensa en silencio, se vive en silencio. Con su silencio, nuestros Mártires han hablado más que con sus palabras: «Non loquendo sed moriendo».
¿Qué nos enseñan nuestros Mártires a nosotros hoy?
Ellos se erigen ante nuestros ojos como maestros de vida misionera. Dicen que los «ca¬tecismos» hitlerianos explicaban a los niños la «vergonzosa» muerte de un Cristo aterrado en comparación con el heroísmo sonriente con que morían los jóvenes nazis por la patria. En absoluto es ese el magisterio de nuestros Mártires. Se colocan en sus antípodas. No hubo en su gesta ni un gramo de petulancia o de exhibicionismo. En su último abrazo a la muerte parecen decirnos: ¡Lo grave no es morir, sino morir inútilmente! Su martirio repre¬senta para nosotros un “test” de vida misionera, un control de calidad.
Porque al filo del martirio no hay posibilidad de engaño. En los momentos finales, las personas acreditamos con autenticidad lo que verdaderamente creemos. La muerte con¬sigue fulminar la vana palabrería, la apariencia hipócrita y la falsa fe. Las palabras y gestos de nuestros Mártires son, por ello, lecciones de vida. Después de muertos, nos siguen hablando desde la cátedra del ejemplo. Sus vidas no solamente deben ser conocidas y admiradas; constituyen sobretodo un poderoso imán que atrae y convierte. Nos ayudan a desempolvar y sacar a la luz lo que todos llevamos dentro: que podemos ser fieles hasta el final; que al mal sólo le vence el bien; que María está siempre a nuestro lado y que nuestra vida debe ser “sinceramente eucarística” (P. Casaldáliga). Lo meditamos despacio.
Es posible ser fieles hasta el final. Su primera lección nos espolea a tensar las fibras de nuestras intenciones más hondas y dirigirlas a su último fin. Pero, ¿cuál es nuestro fin último? El día de nuestra profesión religiosa abrazamos “la decisión de caminar en una vida nueva, orientando el corazón hacia Dios” (Cf. CC 52). Ante ese nuestro fin, el martirio del amor cotidiano (martirio “blanco” le llaman) y el martirio de sangre se completan y se llaman el uno al otro. Vivir bien orientados a veces duele, pero es el secreto de la paz y de la alegría que necesitamos y buscamos. Sabemos por experien¬cia lo amarga que es la desorientación. Tantas veces sentimos como H. Nouwen, que decía: “Quiero ser santo, pero me gusta todo lo que hacen los pecadores”. Nuestros hermanos Mártires nos advierten cuál es nuestro norte. Quien tiene una sólida razón para vivir, afronta las pequeñas o grandes mortificaciones y renuncias sin victimismos ni deserciones. El sentido de la vida es más importante que la vida misma. La batalla de la fidelidad se libra no sólo ni principalmente en la montaña del heroísmo, sino sobre todo en el llano de la cotidianeidad.
No se trata en absoluto de despreciar ni de antipatizar con nada; tampoco de cen¬trarnos en denunciar con acritud las incoherencias de los demás. La brújula de la vida misionera señala siempre hacia el amor de Dios. Y lo vivimos siempre en contextos donde reina el pecado, que fabrica flaquezas, miedos, egoísmos, mediocridad y trai¬ción. El Señor nos lo advirtió. Seguirle a Él acarrea dolores y cruces. Los más peligrosos son las que nacen dentro y tratan de demostrarnos con razones la inutilidad y el absur¬do de nuestra vocación. Jesús nos alienta: “¡Animo! No tengáis miedo, porque yo he vencido al mundo” (Jn 16,33). Nos acompaña y asiste en las dificultades. Nos conforta con la fuerza del Espíritu que es la fuerza del amor y de la seguridad en su infaltable cercanía.
El mal solo es derrotado por el bien. La memoria de nuestros mártires nos mues¬tra, además, que vivimos en un mundo difícil, en el que operan los poderes del mal que quieren organizarnos la vida desde la comodidad, los placeres o el poder. No es posible una vida misionera concordista. Evitar el duro combate contra el mal de este mundo no puede ser nuestro deseo primario ni la norma general. La fidelidad a la vo¬cación puede exponernos al conflicto no buscado ni deseado. Nuestros Mártires nos advierten de esa permanente refriega contra el mal en la que nos va la vida y, a veces, la muerte. Y hay estilos de morir. Podemos morir por enfermedad, por accidente, por vejez y decrepitud,… La manera eminentemente evangélica de morir es la Pascua: el amor libremente entregado. Como la de Jesús a quien “no le quitan la vida, sino que es él mismo quien la entrega” (Jn 10,18). Esta divisa debe ser la nuestra. Al final de nuestra existencia, como epitafio del sepulcro de cada misionero debiera colocarse lo que dice san Juan en su primera carta: “Nosotros hemos conocido el amor que Dios nos tiene y hemos creído en él” (1 Jn 5,11). No debe paralizarnos ni el dolor ni la muerte; no deben angustiarnos las dificultades ni los fracasos. A lo único que deberíamos tener pánico es la mediocridad, la incoherencia y la cobardía de quienes se atrincheran en un bunker defensivo, eludiendo la entrega.
La condición martirial de nuestra vocación ha de expresarse en la vida de cada día. Debe llevarnos a renunciar con prontitud a todos aquellos planteamientos de vida que inciten a la tibieza en la entrega, a la ambigüedad en las opciones, al descrédito espi-ritual. Hemos de hacer nuestras las palabras de Pablo: «Estoy crucificado con Cristo, he dejado atrás la vida dominada por el pecado, lo que ahora vivo es una vida nueva, en comunión con Cristo, en la presencia de Dios, de modo que es Cristo quien vive y actúa en mí» (cf. Gal 2, 19 y 20).
María nos acompaña siempre en nuestros sufrimientos. Cristo eligió la vocación de sufrir y de morir por la salvación del mundo. María no estuvo ausente de esa misión. Ella permaneció al pie de la cruz colaborando en la redención del mundo y cumpliendo su papel de madre del discípulo amado (cf. Jn 19,27). Desde aquella oscura tarde del calvario, entró en la misión de su hijo con el mismo oficio que tuviera en su origen: el de madre. Es claro que cuantos a lo largo de los siglos sigan a Cristo han de aceptar esa misma vocación de sufrir y morir con Él. Abrazados a esa misión son también urgi¬dos a acoger a María como madre. Bien sabemos los claretianos -y jamás lo podemos olvidar- que un hijo del Corazón de María “no piensa sino en orar, trabajar y sufrir…”.
Hemos sido llamados a “ser sinceramente eucarísticos”. San Ignacio de Antio¬quía, quien hacia el año 110, camino del martirio, escribía: “¿Cómo podríamos vivir sin Él?”4, es decir, ¿cómo vivir sin la fuerza interior que brinda el sacramento del cuerpo y de la sangre del Señor? Así lo entendieron los mártires de Fernán Caballero. Acepta¬ron libremente entregar su vida por Cristo, con Él y en Él. Rotos, pero enteros, se con¬virtieron en Eucaristía. El martirio es el supremo ejercicio de la libertad humana y, por ello, es el acto más pleno de amor; es la cima de la santidad. Murieron convencidos de que su aparente fracaso era redentor. Estaban unidos a Cristo, que es la Verdad que les hizo libres. (cf. Jn 8, 31-32.36). La vida verdadera que nos hace libres nos la muestra el Señor: “El que quiera venir detrás de mí, que renuncie a sí mismo, que cargue con su cruz y me siga. Porque el que quiera salvar su vida, la perderá; y el que pierda su vida a causa de mí, la encontrará” (Mt 16,24-25). Como el grano de trigo que cae en tierra y muere, la vida de los mártires se transfigura, se hace eucarística. “Sois aquello mismo que recibís, el Cuerpo de Cristo”, decía san Agustín5. El Papa, en el número 73 de su exhortación sobre la Eucaristía, dijo que hemos de vivir desde el octavo día, desde el domingo. De la misma manera que «la Eucaristía hace a la Iglesia y la Iglesia hace a la Eucaristía», se puede decir que «la Eucaristía hace al mártir y el mártir es Eucaristía».
Un hecho de vida ilustra palpablemente lo que estamos diciendo: hace ya años, mu¬rió un sacerdote, párroco de un pueblo del norte de Italia, cerca de Milán. Un tumor lo había postrado como Jesús en la cruz de una gran invalidez, y a esto se sumaba una ceguera casi total. Cuando se dirigía a celebrar una de sus últimas misas, asistido por otro joven sacerdote, le comentó: «Hace mucho tiempo, en un retiro, nos subrayaron que también en nombre propio, y no solamente como ministros, deberíamos decir las palabras de la Consagración: “Tomad y comed, éste es mi Cuerpo, mi pobre cuerpo. Esta es mi sangre”. En aquel momento no lo llegué a comprender completamente pero ahora sí. Es todo aquello que me queda por darle a mi gente. Lo digo siempre: “Este es mi cuerpo ofrecido por vosotros; esta es mi sangre ofrecida por vosotros”». Y mientras decía esto, le descendían las lágrimas a causa de la enfermedad de sus ojos. Era la secreta grandeza de su vida: dar el cuerpo y la sangre con Cristo por sus hermanos.
En su discurso a los universitarios de Stanford, Steve Jobs hablando de su muerte próxi¬ma dijo: “A nadie le gusta morir… pero la muerte es nuestro destino común: nadie esca¬pará a la muerte. Y así tiene que ser, porque la muerte es el mejor invento de la vida: es el agente de cambio de la vida. Elimina lo viejo y da paso a lo nuevo”. La muerte de nuestros Mártires es también agente de cambio, palanca de santificación. Ellos, que habitan ya en el misterio de Dios, nos inyectan un potente impulso de santidad. Su sangre es semilla de nuevas vocaciones y fuerza de crecimiento espiritual. Su Pascua es en verdad el motor más potente de transformación. Ellos no solo nos recuerdan que “no sólo que vamos a morir, sino que aún estamos vivos” (Chesterton).
Nuestro retiro no es solo un homenaje que desempolva su recuerdo. Es, sobretodo, un kairós que nos permite actualizar nuestro reconocimiento y nuestra gratitud hacia quienes tanto debemos. Ellos atravesaron el túnel oscuro del martirio, y al final vieron la luz y oye¬ron la música más hermosa. Una Congregación que cuente con hermanos de esa talla, aunque sea pequeña en número, es muy grande y su futuro es espléndido. Esta puede ser una parábola de nuestra vida: con frecuencia nos encontramos en un túnel oscuro en ple¬na noche, pero, por la fe, al final veremos luz y oiremos una hermosa música, percibiremos la belleza de Dios, del cielo y de la tierra, de Dios creador y de la criatura; y así, en verdad, spe salvi facti sumus (cf. Rm 8, 24).
The Lord says in the Gospel: “Whoever acknowledges me before men, I will also acknowledge before my Father who is in heaven” (Mt 10,32). Trusting in the intercession of our martyred brothers who testified their faith in the Risen Christ with their words and with their lives, let us call on the Lord to help us to us so that we may endure until the end. For every petition let us say: By the faith of our martyrs, hear us, lord.
• For the Pope, bishops, priests and deacons, religious and laity, working for evangelization would be inspired by the spirit of the martyrs who have gone ahead of us. Let us pray to the Lord.
• That the testimony of our martyrs continue to inspire the People of God to desire of knowing more Christ, to love Him and always follow Him with great coherence with the vocation to which each has been called. Let us pray to the Lord.
• That the blood of our martyrs shed through love like that of Christ may be converted into seeds of new missionary vocations who, throughout the world, delivers with passion the proclamation of the Kingdom. Let us pray to the Lord.
• For those who persecute and denigrate the Christians or those who are culturally, socially, politically marginalized because of their faith, that they may receive the light of the Spirit that will move them to conversion and know that following Christ is the best service that they can render to humanity. Let us pray to the Lord.
• For our congregation who counts among its members to this group of servants of God whom we remember today, that the Holy Spirit maintain our holiness in our missionary life and in our contribution to the works of evangelization. Let us pray to the Lord.
• That our families, Christian and religious communities may keep as a precious heritage the living testimony of our martyrs and be for them a permanent stimulus in their fidelity to their vocation especially in difficult times. Let us pray to the Lord.
• For all of us, so that we may find the Word and in the Eucharist that we frequently receive, the strength we need to endure trials and sufferings that carries the consistency and fidelity to live with the demands of our respective vocation. Let us pray to the Lord.
God our Father, you have given to our brothers Martyrs of Siguenza and Fernan Caballero the courage not only to be coherent to the teachings of Jesus Christ, but also to give their lives in witness of his divinity, grant us also the strength to be worthy followers of the Gospel. We ask this through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
We ask you Lord to fulfill in us the drama of the Mount of Olives, the internal struggle of a lifetime and the work that Jesus performed. United with Him and reminded of our Martyrs, who is one with the Father’s will, let us all pray the Lord’s Prayer.
for the salvation of all mankind.
and grant you His grace.
Let Him turn towards you and give you peace.
PreviousWhat do our martyrs evoke in you? | 2019-04-20T02:15:47Z | http://www.claretphilippines.com/recollection-on-the-martyrs-of-fernan-caballero-siguenza/ |
5Is it not time we were at work?
6My old Master he'll be stirring anon.
12That I do verily think he'll read out his wits.
19When here Ale shall miscarry, only by the starres.
21Be no body in comparison to him.
221. Well, Masters, come, shall we to our Hammers?
24And then to work roundly.
252. I, agreed, go in Hodge.Exeunt omnes.
32Adds comfort to my spirit that mounts on high.
36My Books is all the wealth I do possess,Here withinthey must beat with their Hammers.
38O, Learning, how divine thou seems to me!
39Within whose armes is all felicity.
42Leave off, I say, you mad me with the noise.
43Enter Hodge, and the two Men.
45Will you not let us work for you?
46Crom. You fret my heart, with making of this noise.
48Fret your father's purse if you let us from working.
51But here comes my old Master now.
53Old Crom. You idle knaves, what are you loytring now?
54No Hammers walking, and my work to doe?
55What, not a heat among your work to day?
56Hod. Marry, sir, your son Thomas will not let us work (at all.
60That sweat for thee, knave? labour thus for thee?
61Crom. Father, their Hammers do offend my Studie.
63I cry you mercy, are your eares so fine?
65I will not have my Anvil stand for thee.
66Crom. There's money, father, I will pay your men.
67He throws Money among them.
71To scatter it among these idle knaves?
76As fine as is King Henrie's house at Sheen.
87In to your work, knaves; hence saucie Boy.
88Exeunt all but young Cromwell.
91Are not all creatures subject unto time?
105Yet keeping on his course growes to a Sea.
108Now who within this Land a greater man?
110That thou may'st live to flourish and controule.
112Old Crom. Tom Cromwell, what Tom I say.
113Crom. Doe you call, sir?
117Crom. Father, I have, please you to call him in.
118Old Crom. That's well said, Tom, a good Lad, Tom.
122Crom. I have, sir, here it is, please you peruse it.
123Bow. It shall not need, we'll read it as we go by water.
125May doe you good, and if you like of it.
130If with your liking it stand, Master Cromwell.
132In love and duty for your kindnesse shown.
134Get between thee and home, Tom.
138Ho, a Cup of Beer here for Master Bowser.
139Bow. It shall not need, sir: Master Cromwell, will you(go?
140Crom. I will attend you, sir.
142God speed thee, good Tom.Exeunt omnes.
143Enter Bagot a Broker solus.
145And by their losse must Bagot seek to gain.
149A Merchant-Banckrupt, whose Father was my Master.
156And in good time, see where the Merchant comes.
158Good morrow to kind Master Friskiball.
160And whats the newes your are so early stirring?
161It is for gain, I make no doubt of that.
162Bag. It is for the love, sir, that I bear to you.
163When did you see your debtor Banister?
166As I doe think he shames to see his friends.
169And here they will be with him presently.
173And were it known to some, he were undone.
183But for the kindnesse that I bear to you.
188And with him, as I take't, the Officers.
189Enter Banister, his Wife, and two Officers.
192Now altogether down-cast by your meanes.
196Did rob, disrobe, and spoil us of our own.
201To pay his debts, yet will not be known thereof.
204Ingratefull villain for to use me thus.
205Bag. What I have said to him is nought but truth.
206Mi. Ba. What thou hast said springs from an en-(vious heart.
219I pray rise up, you shall have your desire.
227For God doth know what to my self may fall.
231If I forget this kindness you have shown.
233For your good fortune and success shall pray.
236I will to Florence to my native home.
241Remember what I say, Bagot, farewell.
243My fare's but simple, but welcome heartily.
246Is this the thanks I have for all my pains?
250Well, I will be revenged upon this Banister.
257By heaven and earth I'le make his plague the greater.
269A just requital of false trecherie.Exit.
271fore him, casting of account.
272Crom. Thus far my reckoning doth go straight & even.
277Experience is the jewel of my heart.
279Post. I pray, sir, are you ready to dispatch me?
280Cro. Yes, here's those summes of money you must carry.
281You go so far as Frankford, do you not?
288There's two Angels to buy you spurrs and wands.
289Post. I thank you, sir, this will adde wings indeed.
290Crom. Gold is of power to make an Eagles speed.
292What Gentlewoman is this, that grieves so much?
293It seems she doth addresse her self to me.
296Crom. My name is Thomas Cromwell, Gentlewoman.
301Against one Banister a Merchant fallen into decay.
310And God no boubt will treble blesse your gain.
312In any thing that lies within my power.
314An Angels voice may move a damned devil.
315Crom. Why is he come to Antwerp, as you hear?
316Mi. Ban. I heard he landed some two hours since.
323To do you good, no way I will neglect.
324Mi. Ban. That mighty God that knows each mortals (heart.
325Keep you from trouble, sorrow, grief and smart.
337And shortly shall have gyves upon his heels.
341And all his children die for want of food.
357And in good time, see where he is: God save you, sir.
358Crom. And you, pray pardon me, I know you not.
360The man that sent to you the Bills of debt.
376Thus should I doe, pardon, I speak my mind.
386This is the onely way to bring your gain.
389Before I'de live so base a slave as thou.
391Of seeming virtue, and a Devil within?
393Poor Banister ne're had been troubled here.
397It will be thought that you are otherwise.
398Crom. Will it be thought I am otherwise?
400Shall Cromwell live to have his faith misconster'd?
409Let Banister some favour of you find.
413For I must straight unto the Governour.
419Hereafter, time in travel shall be spent.
420Enter Hodge, his Father's man.
444might put some English Beer into my belly.
446How doth my Father? what's the newes at home?
458What say'st thou, Hodge, wilt thou bear me company?
466would I down a my knees, and call upon Vulcan.
467Crom. And why upon him?
471some care yet of me.
472Crom. A good conceit: but tell me, hast thou din'd yet?
473Hod. Thomas, to speak the truth, not a bit yet, I.
475And farewell Antwerp, if I come no more.
476Hod. I follow thee, sweet Tom, I follow thee.
479Banister, his Wife, and two Officers.
481What dislike, I pray? what was the cause?
485And doth not love to eat his bread at home.
486Gov. Well, good fortune with him, if the man be gone.
488To fit our turns, his dealings were so honest.
490What doe you say? what, will you take my price?
491Bag. O, sir, you offer too much under foot.
493What's that in payment of five thousand pound?
495Before I got so much it made we sweat.
499His substance all is gone, what would you have?
507And where nought is the King must lose his right.
511To doe him good I will not bait a penny.
513A mighty ebbe follows a mighty flood.
519By whom my hopes and joyes are butchered.
520Bag. Alass, fond woman, I prethee pray thy worst.
521The Fox fares better still when he is curst.
522Enter Master Bowser a Merchant.
525What's the best newes? how doth all our friends?
530My haste and businesse doth require so.
531Gov. Before you dine, sir? what, go you out of town?
533I must away, there is no remedy.
536Bow. You may, sir, and so shall all the City.
546Shall have a hundred pound for their reward.
547Ban. How just is God to right the innocent?
551Officers, look to him, hold him fast.
557In England where his villanies are known.
560Let go my armes, let me run quick to hell.
561Bow. Away, bear him away, stop the slaves mouth.
565Gov. I heard this Bagot was a wealthy fellow.
576And keep it for him, his name is Banister.
579This is that Banister, and this his Wife.
581To bring such tidings as may comfort you.
583For by these newes my life is newly bred.
586And last to you that these good newes doe bring.
588For finding Bagot, I freely give to you.
590I'le bear you company, when you crosse the Seas.
592Stands with your liking, I'le wait on you.
597Knaves have their due, and you but what you merit.
601Hodg. Call ye this seeing of fashions?
603O, Master Thomas, we are spoiled, we are gone.
611Crom. Well, Hodge, what remedy?
612What shift shall we make now?
620were gone, there lay I, there lay Hodge.
621Crom. Hodge, I believe thou must work for us both.
622Hod. O, Master Thomas, have not I told you of this?
626Thomas, what do you call the fellows that rob'd us?
631at Putney, at the Ale there.
638Will do it, what, hast thou set them up?
641And not altogether look on us,One stands at one end, and one at tother.
642But to relieve us, O cold, cold, cold.
649To fall into the desperate hands of thieves.
651God save you, sir, are you an Englishman?
652Crom. I am, sir, a distressed Englishman.
653Fris. And what are you, my friend.
657bed for his sake, sir.
661Of their estate, and not relieve their need?
670A man that alwayes loved your nation.
676Your name shall still be in my hearty prayer.
678Your want shall better be reliev'd then thus.
687I must be gone to aid him, there's no shift.
692All good a man can wish, I do bequeath.Exit Friskib.
694There's few such men within our Climate bred.
695How say you now, Hodge, is not this good fortune?
700Then I shall with making Horseshooes in a whole year.
704I shall deceive their subtle treachery.
707Enter Bedford and his Host.
709By such base slaves, in such a place as this?
713And am I now betraid unto my death?
714Some of their hearts bloud, first shall pay for it.
715Host. They do desire, my Lord, to speak with you.
718By all my hopes, my Life shall cost them dear.
720And if I must die, then I'le die with Honour.
724And so to send your body unto France.
734Stand back, or else thou run'st upon thy death.
742And a poor swain that attends on him.Exit servant.
746His words would be as chaffe against the wind.
749Alive he winnes me not; then 'tis no conquest.
750Enter Cromwell like a Neapolitan, and Hodge with him.
751Crom. Sir, are you the Master of the house?
755And this my Pesant here to tend on us.
756Host. With all my heart, God grant you do some (good.
757Exit Host. Cromwell shuts the door.
758Bed. Now, sir, what's your will with me?
759Crom. Intends your Honour, not to yield your self?
761Is this your eloquence for to perswade me?
764But Cromwell your servant, and an Englishman.
765Bed. How? Cromwell? not my Farrier's son?
766Crom. The same, sir, and am come to succour you.
768Many a time and oft have I shooed your Dapper Gray.
769Bed. And what avails it me, that thou art here?
775Then were you safe, despight of all their force.
778How then is't possible, we should escape?
786How doth your honour like of this device?
787Bed. O, wondrous good: But wilt thou venture, Hodge?
790And do agree, to set thee free, do Fortune what she can.
791Bed. Come then, let's change our apparel straight.
792Crom Go, Hodge, make haste, lest they chance to call.
793Hod. I warrant you I'le fit him with a Sute.
796And that the Earl may safely scape away.
801Then such a noble Earl as he should fall.
803Since he is gone, to whom their hate is bent.
804My Lord, have you dispatched?
807Bed. How dost thou like us, Cromwell, is it well?
814Is it not most Gentleman-like to be melancholy?
816And take state upon thee.
820Bed. No, trust me, Hodge.
824Crom. Go take thy place, Hodge, I will call them in.
825Hodge sits in the study, & Cromwell calls in the States.
826All is done, enter and if you please.
827Enter the States, and Officers with Halberts.
828Gov. What, have you won him? will he yield himself?
830Doth yield himself to be disposed by you.
832So let him go, whither he please himself.
834Please you to give me safe conduct thither.
836And see him safe delivered presently.Exit Cromwell,and Bedford.
838O, he is writing, stand apart a while.
843get and to Dority, and so to all the youth of Putney.
846But stay, he doth address himself to sing.
850You'd change your merry vein to sudden sorrow.
854Therefore stand off, and come not near my Honour.
855Gov. My Lord, this jesting cannot serve your turn.
859A Noble Earl, a Lord par-dy.
860Gov. What means this Trumpet's sound?
861A Trumpet sounds. Enter a Messenger.
862Cit. One come from the States of Mantua.
863Gov. What, would you with us, speak, thou man of (Mantua?
872That shall return unlesse you send him back.
873Gov. O this misfortune, how it mads my heart?
876The Earl being gone? a plague upon it all.
879One that hath gulled you, that hath bored you, sir.
880Gov. Away with him, take hence the fool you came for.
881Hod. I, sir, and I'le leave the greater fool with you.
884Hod. My friend, afore, my Lordship will follow thee.
887Within few dayes I hope to see thee crost.Ex. om.
889Cho. Thus far you see how Cromwell's fortune passed.
897The Earl to France, and so they both doe part.
899Skip some few yeares, that Cromwell spent in travell.
903An hour shall show you what few yeares did cherish.
913And the attendants of the great Lord Chancellor.
919In a most learned, yet unaffecting spirit.
924Full bowles, and ample banquets will seem scant.
926Assure you I will shew my utmost duty.Exit Crom.
931That one day will prefer thy destiny.
936And look you all things be in perfect readinesse.
947Yet welcome now, and all that tend on you.
948Wol. Thanks to the kind Master of the Rolles.
956Being us'd to fast, it breeds lesse pain.
967Are in my judgement Spains three-headed Devil.
969Who stagger after in blind imitation.
976Yet have they force, to force men to the wall.
977Wol. Sir Christopher, is that your man?
987Yet did it please my eye, content my mind.
989And Princes Courts as you have travelled?
997But that she laugheth the others unto scorn.
1000Sir Christopher, will you part with your man?
1002And now I see he hath preferr'd himself?
1003Wol. What is thy name?
1007Gardiner, give you kind welcome to the man.
1009Moor. My Lord, you are a royal Winner.
1012If we come often, thou maist shut thy door.
1019And so, kind Master of the Rolls, farewell.
1022That ne're will leave to love, and honour you.
1025The Musick playes as they go out.
1026Cho. Now Cromwells highest fortunes doth begin.
1038And look to have your liking ere the end.
1041Sir Christopher Hales, and Cromwell.
1046My Lord of Winchester, is it not so?
1053Then any way I look'd for, or deserv'd.
1055Then I prove true unto my Soveraigne.
1057 writings, I, or no?
1064My Countries love, commands me that to hate.
1066Because he sought to work my Countries thrall.
1070And show those writings which he longs to see.
1073Bed. How now, whose this, Cromwell?
1075Thou once did'st save my life, did'st thou not, Cromwell?
1078Then for my self vainly to report it.
1082A Russel yet was never found ingrate. Exit.
1085For fear, and love: and now who lower lies?
1088To morrow, envy and ambition quells.
1090May boldly say the wretches death is nigh.
1092Was too too violent to last over-long.
1094Melts them, to ruine his own fortune brings.
1095Enter the Duke of Suffolk.
1097Arise Sir Thomas Cromwell, thus begins thy fame.
1098Enter the Duke of Norfolk.
1103Creates thee one of his Highness Privie Council.
1353And if they will not see you paid, I will.
1355That helpt me in my greatest need of all.
1357Alass, what duty is too much for him?
1359And therefore cannot doe too much for him.
1361Else might I have gone supperlesse to bed.
1363That Cromwell no way can repay agen.
1365And to good stomacks is no greater wrong.
1367Enter Gardiner in his Study, and his man.
1368Gard. Sirrah, where be those men I caus'd to stay?
1369Ser. They do attend your pleasure, Sir, within.
1374Or Gardiner will fail in his intent.
1380And dares not gain-say what we do set down.
1385To venture both your lives to do me good.
1396Therefore we'll shield you from ensuing harmes.
1403And by it shall you purchase Grace from Heaven.
14041. Now sir we'll undertake it, by our Soules.
14052. For Cromwell never loved none of our sort.
1409For presently the Dukes mean to be here.Exeunt Wit.
1415But now no more, for here the Dukes are come.
1416Enter Suffolk, Norfolk, and the Earl of Bedford.
1417Suff. Good even to my Lord Bishop.
1418Nor. How fares my Lord? what, are you all alone?
1421And in such haste: What came you from the King?
1424Gard. O what a dangerous time is this we live in?
1430I fear the King and all the Land will rue it.
1431Bed. Another Thomas? pray God it be not Cromwell.
1432Gard. My Lord of Bedford, it is that Traitor Cromwell.
1433Bed. Is Cromwell false? my heart will never think it.
1435Or proof have you of this his treachery.
1441Of our King Henry, what is this but Treason?
1442Bed. If it be so, my heart doth bleed with sorrow.
1443Suff. How say you, friends; what, did you hear these(words?
14441. Wit. We did, an't like your grace.
1448Which we had waited for two yeares and more.
1449Suff. How long is't since you heard him speak these(words?
14502. Wit. Some half a year since.
1451Bed. How chance that you conceal'd it all this time?
14521. Wit. His Greatness made us fear, that was the cause.
1461An if he were not fearfull of his death?
1462Suff. My Lord, these likelihoods are very great.
1464Their proofs are great, but greater is my heart.
1469Therefore take heed, be wary what you do.
14702. Wit. My Lord, we speak no more but truth.
1473Until the day of tryal.
1474Gard. They shall, my Lord; ho, take in these two men.
1478You know the King will credit none but him.
1479Nor. 'Tis true; he rules the King even as he pleases.
1480Suff. How shall we do for to attache him then?
1485He shall be executed without a publick triall.
1486This Act my Lords, he caus'd the King to make.
1488And now it is like to fall upon himself.
1490We must be wary, else he'll go beyond us.
1494Let us arrest him, send him to the Tower.
1495And in the morning, cut off the traitors head.
1497This is the day that Cromwell must go down.
1499He shak'd my heart, but I will shave his head.Exeunt.
1506Who little knows how near's his day of doom.
1508though he would speak to him: he goes on.
1512So fare you well, for I must needs be gone.
1514Bed. You must, well, what remedy?
1517Whose busie for thy life: thou think'st not so.
1518Enter Cromwell and the train again.
1519Crom. The second time well met my Lord of Bedford.
1523At Lambeth, soon my Lord, we'll talk our fill.
1525Bed. How smooth and easie is the way to death.
1530On earnest matters that concerns the State.
1533I, and our last, I fear, and if he come.
1538To Lambeth do I go, a wofull man.Exit.
1539Enter Cromwell and his train.
1543How now my friend, would'st thou speak with me?
1545he puts it in his pocket.
1546Mes. Sir, here's a Letter from my Lord of Bedford.
1548Hold, take those Angels, drink them for thy pains.
1550Because he sayes it doth concern you near.
1553Set on before there, and away to Lambeth.Exeunt omnes.
1555jeant at armes, the Herald, and Halberts.
1559Her. This is to give notice to all the Kings subjects.
1564So God save the King.
1567For whil'st thou livest truth cannot stand.
1570Drown them if they come on, Serjeant your office?
1571Enter Cromwell, they make a lane with their Halberts.
1572Cro. What means my Lord of Norfolk by these words?
1574Gar. Kill them, if they come on.
1576I do arrest your honour of high treason.
1577Crom. Serjeant, me of treason?
1578Cromwell's men offer to draw.
1579Suff. Kill them, if they draw a sword.
1581Who dares accuse Cromwell of treason now?
1583Your Dove-like looks were view'd with serpents eyes.
1589Indeed what tongue dares speak so foul a lie?
1591And is it time the King had note thereof.
1599'Gainst whom hath Cromwell then committed treason?
1601Mean time with patience content your self.
1603O, dear friend Bedford, dost thou stand so near?
1605And whether is't? which way must Cromwell now?
1607Lieutenant, take him to your charge.
1609Let me conferre a little with my men.
1610Gar. As you go by water so you shall.
1611Crom. I have some businesse present to impart.
1612Nor. You may not stay, Lieutenant, take your charg.
1613Crom. Well, well, my Lord, you second Gardiners text.
1614Norfolk, farewell, thy turn will be the next.
1615Exit Cromwell and the Lieutenant.
1616Gar. His guilty Conscience makes him rave, my Lord.
1617Nor. I, let him talk, his time is short enough.
1619That would not shed a tear for you.
1620Bed. It grieves me for to see his sudden fall.
1621Gar. Such successe wish I unto Traitors all.Exeunt.
16231. Why? can this newes be true? is't possible?
1625I hardly will believe it can be so.
1629And afterward committed to the Tower.
16301. What was't for Treason that he was committed?
1633And if he die, then all my state is gone.
1635Because the King did favour him so much.
1640Must not be great, for then he is envied at.
1643Of others they as much more envied are.
1645He did so many charitable deeds.
1650What, will you go along unto the Court?
1652How men will judge what shall become of him.
1655There I am sure to hear more newes then you.
16561. Why then soon will we meet again.Exeunt. | 2019-04-19T01:32:01Z | http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/doc/Cro_F3/complete/ |
Now with Added Layer of Memory Foam for Premium Comfort!
The new and improved Contoured bed wedge now comes with a 2cm layer of memory foam on top of the product to give an even more superior comfort feel. This memory foam layer is removeable if you are prefer firmer support. This added adjustable option gives another comfort option to ensure that maximum comfort and effectiveness are achieved.
Scalloped top surface provides a safer sleeping position for those who want or need to sleep or rest in an elevated position.
Adjustments enable angle to be from 15° to 10°.
Can be used on the bed, couch or floor.
Available in Quilted or Waterproof versions.
The wedge pillow for acid reflux & heartburn.
4 different height options available - measured from middle of product.
- 25cm with both the memory foam layer and with the foam insert left in the product.
- 23cm with the memory foam layer removed and with the foam insert left in the product.
- 17cm with both the memory foam layer and the foam insert removed from the product.
Steri-Plus (waterproof) Version - suitable for hospitals, assisted care, when product is being shared or when incontinence may be a factor.
Our Contoured Bed Wedge is proudly made in Australia by us, an Australian owned company, utilising the world class manufacturing and health and safety standards that Australia upholds.
Minimise pressure: The angle and surface contour minimises pressure on lower back and buttocks.
Secure: Contoured scalloped surface moulds to body's contours giving the user a secure feeling.
Designed to be used with a low pillow.
Adjustable: Height and angle can be changed by removing an internal wedge to lower the bed wedge.
Eases breathing difficulties - comfort of people who suffer from CHF (congestive heart failure) and other and congestive heart conditions, who have shortness of breath and coughing when lying flat.
Helps relieve respiratory discomfort and ease breathing problems due emphysema, asthma, chest congestion, bronchial, GERD or other breathing constraints.
Alleviates back pain due to load bearing on the lower back while sleeping, convalescing periods or in hospital.
Encourages correct spinal alignment and provides body hugging support, thus helping relieve back conditions which cause pain and stress.
'Bed Wedge - Relaxer Recliner' is ideal for those persons suffering medical conditions requiring an angled sleeping position.
It's angle was arrived at after consultation with health specialists to find the most appropriate slope and contours.
Very good for the treatment of GERD and other disorders.
The 'Bed Wedge - Relaxer Recliner' is designed for use with a low pillow to ensure the neck is in line with the spine's natural curvature. Eliminates the need for a bed riser.
Watch TV in bed and be supported:Convalescents and accident victims find it impossible to watch TV from a flat position.
With the Contoured Bed Wedge you are immediately in the perfect position to read or to watch television in bed.
Elevates and supports the upper body, allows easier breathing and digestion. Perfect for reading in bed, sleeping, or simply relaxing in an elevated position. Predominantly designed for back sleeping. Very useful for the prevention of GERD.
Please note the Bed Wedge Support does not come with pillow. Model with pillow is for illustration purposes only.
The best wedge pillow for acid reflux & heartburn.
Contoured Bed Wedge elevates your head and supports your upper torso when sleeping or resting in bed to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of acid reflux, heartburn or gastric reflux (GERD - Gastroesoplhageal Reflux Disease) and other medical problems such as asthma, bronchial or breathing constraints, hiatus hernia, and heart conditions.
The elevation achieved through the use of the contoured bedwedge has also been found to be very useful in the treatment of Barrett's oesophagus or Barrett's condition as well as GERD.
Ideal for home, nursing homes and hospitals for people needing to sleep in an elevated or angled sleeping position.
Elevates and supports the head, neck, back and shoulders to support your body while sleeping, reading, or resting.
An very well received pillow for heartburn, pillow for GERD and pillow for Reflux.
Inner: Do not immerse in water. Dab clean with a solution of warm water and mild detergent. Do not machine wash. Do not tumble dry.Dry flat away from direct sunlight.
Quilted Cover: Not designed for repeated washing. (To avoid damage to the foam from constant removal of cover, leave cover permanently and cover with tailored overslip. Hand wash warm water mild detergent. Do not bleach. Do not machine wash. Do not tumble dry. Line dry, warm iron. Dry cleanable.
Steri-Plus Cover: It resists moisture, and is easily cleaned by wiping down with mild detergent warm water, and hung to dry. Wipe stains using a non-phenolic disinfectant in a diluted solution. Do not bleach. Do not machine wash. Do not tumble dry. Line dry. Do not iron.
Optional tailored over slip: Normal wash and Dry. Do not use chlorine bleach.
Service rating : Best ever pillow! Assists people with GERD and sinus problems. Alleviates systems because the wedge pillow elevates the upper torso.
This is my second wedge pillow. Excellent quality.
Product : Best quality pillow for people with sinus or digestive issues.
Service rating : Was very happy with service . Found the pillow comfortable.
Service rating : Pillow is very good quality and is aiding my husband at night as he often wakes up coughing wearing sleep apnoea mask, now he sleeps through as he is slightly elevated.
Product : Package was well wrapped and purchase was efficiently handled online.
Service rating : Online purchase process was efficient.
Product : It just doesn't work, too big a jump from the bed to the lowest part of the pillow leading to back ache. The smell from the foam material was overpowering and nauseous . The adjustment options weren't effective.
Service rating : Prompt and efficient service. Detailed product descriptions made choosing the right product easy.
Product : Comfortable for resting and reading and enabled better night sleep due to relieving dizziness symptoms.
Service rating : Great fast service. Would definetly purchase products again.
Product : Suffering from acid reflux I have tried using several pillows at night but it did not work as it affected my back and/or neck.
The Contoured Bed Wedge is great. Relief from acid reflux without discomfort in back and neck.
Service rating : PIllow - as expected. We've had one before and replaced it with same as we were very happy with it.
Ordering and checkout was great. No issues whatsoever.
Delivery was not so good. Fastway Australia was delivering. The pillow was delivered to the wrong address. I called Fastway and initially were quite rude and tried to convince me that it wasn't the case. After many attempts to explain to them they finally realised their error and promised to rectify "within the next 2-3 business days". Having not heard from them at all after that I picked up the item myself from the wrong address (fortunately the people at the other address were kind enough to keep pillow packed and safe). There was no signature required on delivery and Fastway (on their tracking record) automatically had "authority to leave".
Product : This thing is great. This is out second one and it is as good as our first one which lasted more than 5 years. Buy this with confidence.
Service rating : So very comfortable. Wish it is not so expensive, would like to buy another one. Love the delivery tracking notifications and my parcel arrived within 7days.
Product : Just what I needed. So very comfy. Exactly what the spec details said it would be like.
Service rating : Not at all uncomfortable and just what I needed. A good alternative to spending a fortune on an adjustable bed.
Product : Fantastic alternative to spending a fortune on an adjustable bed.
Service rating : Ordering was very easy, delivery very prompt and the product excellent quality.
Product : It is comfortable and easy to sleep on.
Product : This was purchased for my elderly Mother. Mum has had much better sleeps since using the pillow.
Service rating : Delivery was speedy and efficient.
Service rating : It was a completely no hassle order and arrived within the stipulated time.
Product : What I said above was meant for the wedge pillow and cover.
Service rating : Very comfortable and it suit its purpose.
Product : Quick and easy to do. Quick delivery to my door.
Service rating : An easy purchase of a good product with quick delivery.
My purchase was delivered promptly and safely.
Service rating : The whole process of ordering, communication with the buyer and delivery was seamless.
Product : After a recent diagnosis of GERD, and trying to sleep on three pillows and sometimes four it was not a satisfactory situation which resulted in a sore neck and back. After purchasing the Contoured Bed Wedge, recommended by a colleague, I now have undisturbed sleep and comfort. Thank you!
Product : The wedge is extremely comfortable - I love it. Has I proved asthma and reflux. Only little thing is I slide down the wedge a little when sleeping.
Service rating : It has helped my post nasal drop and has cut down my night coughing.
Product : Turn up as I expected, no complaining.
Service rating : Ordering online was straight forward, and there were no problems with delivery.
Product : Purchased the Angled Sleeping Wedge Pillow for my husband, to assist with sleep disturbance due to reflux. The product has been very effective in assisting with this problem. It's also very comfortable as a prop for reading or resting.
Service rating : After having surgery, the use of this pillow ensured I had a comfortable night every night and could sleep well.
Product : It fits and is comfortable.
Service rating : Comfortable. Effective against acid reflux. Delivery was quick!! I received the item within 3 days!
Service rating : Product is excellent.
Communication regarding purchase and delivery poor.
Product : Very pleased with the pillow, and wished I'd invested in one years ago ????
Service rating : well informed web site, ease of transaction and prompt delivery , all made you guys a great company to deal with, will be shopping again soon!
Product : My wife is so thankful for its support and design, thanks so much!
Service rating : Delivered promptly and website and service very good.
Product : Absolutely love, love, love this product. Wish I had bought it years ago.
Service rating : It would be ideal to have pillow cases available for the bed wedges.
Product : This product has made a huge difference with sleeping with severe nerve pain at least now I can get a good night's sleep and wake refreshed. Thank you.
Service rating : Great service arrived promptly also for acid reflux great relief best sleep for a long time.
Service rating : Robyn was excellent in solving a shipping problem not associated with your company!
Product : Pillow wedge was the perfect solution to elevate my significant other to help with her congestive heart failure symptoms during sleep! Ordered a second wedge for her Mother, the removable wedge insert is a great idea, allowed her Mother's wedge to be adjusted to a lesser angle.
Service rating : This Australian made pillow was delivered from Australia to New Zealand in less than a week.
Thank you for outstanding product and customer service.
The design and comfort is superb.
Great advantage in being able to adjust the height.
Service rating : I ordered online so had no interaction verbally. The response was efficient and prompt.
Product : The pillow has been a lifesaver for me - I can sleep again!
i bought this for my mum and she finds it very comfortable and I think does help her with her reflux issues. Just one thing the insert wedge which makes it higher was torn when I took it out as it was still attached at the seam and so very flimsy at the thin side that when I removed it it just tore a small section off the thin edge. Fortunately we don't use it with the wedge as it was too high for mum to be comfortable.
Service rating : Delivery occurred the next day.
Service rating : This is a decent company with great products. I would highly recommend them to people that need better support and/or positioning aides. I brought 3 items for a family member who is very ill and they have provided a lot of relief for them whilst resting in bed - which they often are due to their illness. The prices are expensive, but it is worth it to provide relief for the person suffering. I would definitely buy again. Only issue I had was finding a cover as the ones you can buy from this website have previously been noted to be of poor quality, which my family member also found, but, its better than nothing.
But still think it would be a really great idea for this company to create a variety of colored pillow covers for the pillows and positioning aides as they are unusual shapes and sizes and its difficult to find someone to make a cover for you and get the sizing perfect. If the company takes this on, it would fantastic if you could make the covers in a high thread count with quality stitching, as well as a flannelette option for colder months for people who use the positioning aides every day. As for colors, I would love to see in both a high thread count cotton sheet and the flannelette a white, cream, beige, blue to start with, and if they prove popular maybe you could do custom ordered colors?
Product : I brought this as a gift for a family member with severe chronic reflux to the point a peg feed is being discussed as the valve to hold food down doesn't work properly so when they lean forward or bend down for too long the food just comes out, they also have a number of other illness's causing them severe chronic pain. This contoured bed wedge has been a fantastic help to them, the amount of vomiting has decreased over 60% and they no longer wake up at night with the sudden urge to vomit. They also had difficulty keeping medication down in the morning as they would take the meds and lie down as their pain is often more severe in the morning, but then gravity and that malfunctioning valve would allow the water and meds to flow up and they would vomit them up, but now this also has been reduced by at least 90%. If you have reflux anything similar to this, I urge you to buy this, you wont be disappointed. They also stated the cushion is comfortable for their back, because prior if they were in bed in pain it would be a painful mission to sit up and drink something at times, but now they have to lean up much less to have a drink causing them less pain. I really thank you for this cushion, it has made a significant positive impact for my family member.
I would definitely buy again. Only issue I had was finding a cover as the ones you can buy from this website have previously been noted to be of poor quality, which my family member also found, but, its better than nothing. But still think it would be a really great idea for this company to create a variety of colored pillow covers for the pillows and positioning aides as they are unusual shapes and sizes and its difficult to find someone to make a cover for you and get the sizing perfect. If the company takes this on, it would fantastic if you could make the covers in a high thread count with quality stitching, as well as a flannelette option for colder months for people who use the positioning aides every day. As for colors, I would love to see in both a high thread count cotton sheet and the flannelette option in a white, cream, beige, blue to start with and if they prove popular maybe you could do custom ordered colors?
Service rating : Delivery was very quick, and the packaging was good.
Product : It's good, but I keep sliding off and waking with my head and pillow resting on the bottom edge. I'm trying to work out a way of staying up. Any suggestions? I don't think I can velcro myself on.
Service rating : the postage was bit too expensive; service was good!
Product : Wedge pillow is excellent, it helps a lot to my reflux, i definitely sleep better with it.
Service rating : I cannot find anywhere to rate your service. However, the service was 100%.
Product : I purchased the wedge pillow because I have acid reflux. However, a wonderful additional benefit is that I have 70% less pain with arthritis in my neck, shoulders and parts of my back, when sleeping. Before using the pillow I was in pain most of the night.
Product : Excellent, premium quality product! My apnea events have been reduced: This product, allows nasal sinuses to drain more efficiently (great for the cold & flu season). Also, In raising the head position, this product also minimizes throat collapse & tongue roll-back. So impressed, that I have already purchased another for my 6-year-old. Will be purchasing another (2) units soon!
Service rating : Prompt service, even a phone call to find out where to leave the parcel.
Product : It seems to work very well.
Good service. Delivery was on time.
I now get a great sleep every night. Oh and apparently the snoring has stopped.
Product : Well made. sits on bed well . Much cheaper than purchasing a bed with adjustable headrest a la hospital version. Wide enough to hold head in place.
Service rating : Easy ordering and fast delivery.
Product : Love the product. I have a sliding hiatus hernia so having my upper body elevated helps to get a good nights sleep.
Service rating : I thought the service from this company was excellent.
Product : I think this product is good but it seems very expensive for what it actually is... ie a carefully cut piece of foam!
Service rating : Website easy to use and prompt service.
Product : Description matched product recieved. Exacrly what we were looking for.
Service rating : Easy ordering and fast delivery to New Zealand. Excellent service.
Product : Happy with the product - good size and comfortable to lie on. As a side sleeper I found the full height wedge too high for comfort, but am managing much better since I removed the small foam insert. Pillow probably works best for back sleepers.
Service rating : A high price, but an excellent product supplied without undue fuss.
Product : An excellent wedge with a well-made cover.
Service rating : Excellent! Excellent quality products, kind service, and speedy delivery. I had placed a large order online, and found the Steri-plus cover on the bed wedge to not suit my hubby's needs as well as the quilted cover might have. I called and explained, and instead of charging me for an additional order of a quilted cover, I was sent one for free as a replacement to the Steri-plus cover. THAT is true quality--and most generous and compassionate--service! Thank you so much!!
Product : Excellent product. The bed wedge is perfect for reflux sufferers or for those with throat, esophagus, or stomach cancer who need to sleep at a slant or in a semi-upright position. I found that the Steri-plus cover was a bit too slippery (even with the overslip over it) and did not seem to "breathe" well. The quilted cover proved to be perfect for my hubby's needs.
Service rating : The items I ordered were delivered very quickly.
Product : The bed wedge has helped my health problem however the contour is too deep for me and I have had to place a rolled up towel underneath the wedge.
Service rating : Excellent service!!
Product : Absolutely worth every cent!! It has helped greatly in eliminating the symptoms I experience suffering with Barrett's oesophagus. This pillow holds it's shape well yet is soft enough to get a good nights sleep. I'd recommend this pillow to anyone suffering from reflux related conditions.
Service rating : Easy ordering process and prompt delivery.
Product : Purchased for my mother and it helps her breathing.
Product : excellent product. Super comfy. VERY large, takes up 1/2!the width of king sizeed bed. Fosm could have been a bit firmer/denser as it started to "flatten & squash within a week.
Service rating : Purchased the pillow + bed wedge for myself. Gastric Reflux + positional vertigo disappeared and not returned. Brilliant products.
Product : Purchased the bed wedge for husband as suffers sleep apnoea - noisy snoring for years. He now sleeps all night without snoring. He was very sceptical about the wedge but now a very happy chappy.
Service rating : Delivered quickly!
Product : A jersey or flannelette pillow case would make it more luxurious.
Product : I found it uncomfortable and a little too hard for me. I am also a side sleeper which is not ideal on that pillow, but that is my problem!
I'm very happy with the pillow, as I can now enjoy a rest full nights sleep as I suffer from sleep apnea and needed to find a solution for my problem.
Service rating : Delivery was very fast and instructions on where to deliver the pillow were followed. My experience with deliveries from other companies has not been the same.
Product : It has made a big difference to reflux during the night. Nice and wide. I do need to pop in a small pillow just to support my lower back/tailbone as I have a sway back.
Service rating : Very efficient and delivery was very quick.
Product : It worked beyond expectations, best night sleeps since using it.
Service rating : Good prompt service.
Product : It's pretty hard to get used to bid certainly makes a difference to my gastric condition.
Service rating : Very prompt.
Product : Met my needs perfectly.
Service rating : expensive (compared to same product from the US), but arrived quickly and without complications. good web site.
Product : A brace is needed so as not to slide down the bed.
Service rating : Delivery was prompt.
Product : Although the product is useful for reading in bed I am finding it difficult to sleep on. I like to sleep on my side which is hard to do with the wedge. I also find that I am sliding down the wedge when I am asleep.
Product : Works well when have bronchial breathing problems. Does what it was made for.
Service rating : Excellent service. Very responsive. Order processed and delivered very quickly.
Product : Have had one of these pillows before. Very comfortable and a good quality product.
Product : Happy with the cover though think it better if the cover goes entirely around the pillow with zip for example - but generally satisfied with cover.
Still getting used to it. Reflux problem reduced.
Service rating : Service was excellent. The person who took the order was helpful and answered all my questions, and delivery was prompt.
Product : My husband who is 81 and has a few health problems including sleep apnoea, is again enjoying a good night's rest on the Bed Wedge and the Leg Wedge. After Christmas I intend to purchase a Leg Wedge for myself.
Service rating : Excellent, fast, efficient service.
Product : This is an excellent wedge that provides support for participants on our retreats who need to lie down.
Service rating : Very good service from ordering to delivery.
Product : Very comfortable many thanks.
Service rating : Excellent operators sorted out my troubled attempt to make an order via the internet. I am very appreciative.
I was impressed by the message in your internet advertisement. I looked at it several times. Thank you.
Product : Could not be any better. Husband has chronic heart failure and is often short of breath. Used the pillow on the afternoon it arrived and he was a happy man - I was a very happy woman and we both have had better sleep since the pillow arrived last week. I am very , very grateful.
Service rating : Quick postage, quality products.
Product : Comfortable wedge with a nice quality cover. As with the leg relaxer though, I'm taking a point off for the strong chemical odour of the foam. I had to unzip the cover and leave the foam out for almost a week but it's fine now.
Service rating : The pillow was the best thing that I have purchased for my 86 year old mother. She is now very comfortable.
Service rating : Speedy despatch, very efficient.
Product : Very happy with this product. Would not hesitate to recommend the bed wedge to anyone who suffers from gastric reflux.
Service rating : Your phone service was good but as I said below, I would have like to have been warned that the foam would off-gas with a strong chemical smell. i get asthma & ezcema so I can't use the leg relaxer, without getting sick.
Product : the wedge also had the same strong odour, but having washed cover twice & whether it is because it is not encased in sheets, it now doesn't smell, so I can use it. I think the wedge is a good product & I'm glad I've bought it, but the products are expensive, so I'm very disappointed with the leg relaxer. also I think the covers should be finished better, as they will possibly fall apart after a few washes.
I have swallowing problems because of a brain injury. For two years I struggled to sleep without intense pain in my neck/swallowing. I wish I got this pillow ages ago - I have been sleeping pain free and almost feel human again! That is priceless.
Service rating : Fast delivery!!
Service rating : The service was excellent. I was able to track the whereabouts of the parcel at all times.
Product : Love it. It is beautifully contoured and is very comfortable to sleep on. Very happy with the service and product.
Service rating : Very prompt service, which I appreciated greatly.
Product : It does the job with reflux, though I can't use it every night, as lying on your side whilst using it is bad for the hips... but if you suffer bad reflux, even the occasional use can help get a good night's sleep.
Pros: Does the job. Gets you to sleep.
Product : Very helpful - we're slipping down a bit which means not getting full benefit of being raised, - we might need a foot stop too.
Service rating : I was very impressed that I had my order within 4 working days of ordering online.
Product : This my second wedge pillow - have used it for about 5 years because of my reflux. Take it everywhere with me literally can't sleep without it.
Very prompt service on delivery.
Service rating : The process was simple and the delivery time was excellent. Well done.
Product : It is excellent in terms of looks and make - it is taking a little bit of time getting used to sleeping like this but this is not about the product but being propped up. I would have no hesitation in recommending your products!
Product : Foam is a bit warm to sleep on and would be a little more comfortable with a memory foam layer on top.
Service rating : Not clear on your website what the difference in pillow covers is. I ordered wrong sort and had to order another one to get the right one for me. Pillow took over a week to be delivered, I thought it would have been quicker considering you use a courier. Most couriers offer next day delivery.
Product : Pillow wedge is good. However the second pillow case I ordered is flimsy and not nearly worth the $29.90 you charge for it. I would suggest you use thicker material.
Product : I was disappointed because all the photos show the wedge and the pillow on top thought I was getting both for that price.
Pillow has definitely allowed both the patient (my husband) and I get a good nights sleep. No waking up to vomit.
Service rating : Very helpful website & description of products. Fast & efficient delivery.
Product : Fantastic sleeping position while recovering from back problems over several weeks. Still use it, cut to half height under mattress to raise head a little - greatly reduces morning face puffiness & sinus problems.
Product : Thanks for your fabulous product. It has really reduced my reflux problem.
Service rating : As I said, the service was excellent.
Product : Would have liked to be able to vary the height a little more. Would also have liked it to be wider.
Product : Great. Exactly what I am looking for.
Product : Fast service, great product. I sleep in peace at last !!!
Service rating : I find that the service and delivery of my Therapeutic products is very fast and efficient.
Product : My Bed Wedge is GREAT! It enables me to get up out of bed very easily,where as before I was having trouble getting out. It has also taken the pressure away from my lower back and I am now on 3 weekly visits to my Chiropractor instead of twice weekly with rotated hips. I also find that when I wake up in the morning, I am still in the same position as when I went to bed, which is fantastic, as my spine is in a much better position all night. In all.................Thank you Therapeutic!!!!!!!!!
Products were dispatched & received extremely fast which was excellent.
Service rating : service excellent information and brochure included in packaging also very good.
Service rating : Your product was sent very promptly .
Product : The wedge is extremely comfortable and enables me to have the best nights sleep that I have had in months. Thank you so much.
Product : see above for our comments.
Service rating : The product is well made and very comfortable. The only problem is that it's easy to slide down the wedge during the sleep cycle, reducing the height of the head and chest.
Product : Both work well together and are effective.
Service rating : All equipment came quickly and was easy to choose from the web site.
Product : It helped my husband when he had lung cancer to sleep at a good angle but towards the end of his life, the wedge at the base of the pillow was too rigid for him.
Can you explain your wedge?
The adjustable Contoured Bed Wedge is popular because it allows you to rest or sleep at an angle of around It also features a sleeve which you can delete to lower the angle for personal comfort and medical requirement.
Why is the Contoured Bed Wedge pillow better than other wedges on the market?
The Contoured Bed Wedge pillow is longer than most wedges available and supports the head, chest and shoulders. Simply raising the head on pillow causes the body to bend in the middle and actually makes reflux worse. When not sleeping on your Contoured Bed Wedge, lean against it for reading or watching TV. It will slide easily under most beds. The bed wedge has a built in scallop shape to help keep you in position and is also adjustable for two different sleeping angles.
Do I have to sleep on my back to get the benefits of the Contoured Bed Wedge pillow?
No, you may sleep on your side or on your back and you will still get a better night's sleep.
How do I cover my Contoured Bed Wedge pillow?
The Contoured Bed Wedge pillow comes in a removable quilted or waterproof cover. These covers are not designed for regular washing. It is preferable to use a tailor made poly cotton covers on the wedge.
Can I still use my own pillow when sleeping on the Contoured Bed Wedge pillow?
Yes. Most people sleep comfortably when placing their own pillow on the Contoured Bed Wedge pillow. Try sleeping with and without your pillow and see what is more comfortable for you.
Yes. Water beds do not give as much support as regular mattresses, but the Contoured Bed Wedge pillow will still be effective.
Who can benefit from sleeping on Contoured Bed Wedge?
People with GERD, reflux, hiatus hernias, asthma, respiratory diseases, snoring problems, heart patients, pregnant women, or anyone who will sleep better elevated.
Does it take time to get used to sleeping on Contoured Bed Wedge?
It may take a night or two to get used to the benefits of your new sleeping position. Most people find it only takes one night to love their Contoured Bed Wedge.
Is Contoured Bed Wedge returnable?
Health regulations prohibit the return of pillows. Contoured Bed Wedge pillows and pillow covers are guaranteed against defects.
Does the Bed Wedge help with snoring?
We have had some pretty good feedback with the bed wedge helping snoring but i think getting of ones back will have a better result and get on ones side so i usually suggest of a contour pillow of some description used along with a side sleeper which will help to stay on ones side. If this doesn't work then often the bed wedge is a good option to try down the track. Hope this info helps.
In February this year I was diagnosed with secondary liver cancer after earlier having had major surgery for a very rare bowel cancer. I have really struggled to sleep since that time due to the chemo drugs and their effects and pain. The past two nights I have used the pyramid pillow and for the first time since February have actually been able to have more than an hours sleep at a time and I am not getting up feeling like my back and neck have been broken as I struggled with several pillows. The pillow is extremely comfortable for sitting and reading in bed. When I lie down to sleep I move the pyramid pillow down a bit and use a very soft pillow on top………bliss. I can’t thank you enough.
Usually when people have a heart condition of some description they are recommended to use a product that puts their heart above the rest of their body - which takes pressure off it - by encouraging gravity to help with the pumping of blood. In this case our main recommendation would be the bed wedge support. It will elevate the body and be on such an angle that there is relief for the heart but it is also comfortable enough to sleep. The snoring aspect is a more difficult one and normally this is result of weight and back sleeping as well as other factors. If your Dad were to get a pillow he was comfortable to side sleep on then this should help his snoring. The complete sleeper original is one of our most popular pillows and usually a good recommendation for those hoping to reduce snoring. It gets some pretty good feedback from most users. The bedwedge can be used for side sleeping either at its normal angle or with the reduced angle with the insert removed but it might take a little getting used to for your Dad. Please let me know what else we can assist with at any time.
My doctor told me to purchase a wedge pillow because of my acid reflux. What type should I by. Do I also need to buy a special pillow?
The pillow i would recommend for you is the Bed Wedge in Quilted cover (and cotton slip). It is a really well received product that works very well for GERD and ACID Reflux. The quilted cover is the more popular version but if you require a waterproof cover for any reason the Sterri-plus might be worth considering. Please call on 03 8585 6685 if we can be of more assistance.
Hi, just looking at your contoured bed wedge - angled sleeping wedge. Does this include the item in the photos for the legs also?
The bedwedge does just come as a wedge on its own. It does however come with the option of a memory foam insert to go on the top for added comfort. You will need to call us on 03 8585 6685 to have the memory foam segment added for you complimentary. The other product is the leg relaxer leg support and the pillow used in the images is naturelle low pillow.
How can I tell that this is the right size and slope for me?
We do have a removeable insert in the product so the angle can be slightly lowered if need be to 15 degrees which might suit a little if you find the Bed wedge too high initially. We do at 18 degrees the product with insert because we found this to be the highest angle where one can really comfortably sleep. If higher is required for the resting then people have found by placing two pillow across the base of the bedwedge they can again raise the angle but also keep the product stable. Please call if we can be of further assistance.
We have very good success with our clients using the contoured bed wedge to help with their acid reflux conditions. This would definitely the product i would recommend. It can be adjusted to be used at a lower angle but in truth i think most people find it most suitable as it is.
Basically we always recommend the quilted version as it is more comfortable. The only time we recommend the sterri plus version is if you require a water proof product or if product is being used by a number of different users. Please call if i can be of further assistance.
Hi, I have sleep apnea and acid reflux problem. This means I have to have my head elevated when I sleep. Otherwise I constantly cough and clear my throat. I have been trying to use 3 ordinary pillows to prop me up, but this has been unsuccessful. Can you recommend a product for my situation.
The pillow we have the most amount of success with is the contoured bed wedge which is purposefully designed to put you on an elevated angle and help with you acid reflux. It is quite comfortable to sleep on and we get very good reviews overall. Happy to chat further if you require but here is the link to the product and i think you will find it very helpful.
The bed wedge will help with comfort in regards to sitting in bed and being on an angle but i cant say how it will help with your back pain as there are so many different reasons for back pain. If the pain is being caused by lying down horizontally then being on an angle might help. We can put a layer of memory foam in with the bed wedge also which will help with pressure relief but again it really depends on where the pressure is. Happy to chat further if you would like to call us on 03 8585 6685.
The bed wedge does just come in the one size and tends to fit all but the tallest people (ie over 6 foot 6). The contours are vertical and not very noticeable. You can remove segment inside teh wedge should you find angle to high. Also the bed wedges now come with a memory foam layer on top to add another comfort option.
It seems that this bed wedge would be suitable for sinusitis/ear infection problems as it should allow the sinuses to drain better with head elevated. Could you comment on this please?
I would imagine that anything that elevates your head should help with drainage for both ears and sinus. We usually have very good response to this product so hopefully you would find it of benefit. Please contact us if we can help with more questions or anything else that you might need.
The Bed Wedge is primarily designed for back sleeping but many users find it very beneficial on their sides and will usually take the middle section out to drop the angle a little bit for better comfort on their side.
Hi Tracey, Sorry i am really not sure what to recommend. Has your doctor or surgeon made any recommendations for a sitting or lying position in bed? We have some products that may be helpful but def best to consult your surgeon on what might be beneficial for you. Warm regards, BRett.
I'm looking for a pillow that will allow a lady with right and left shoulder injuries to sleep in bed semi-inclined with her arms supported. Currently she is sleeping on a recliner chair because she cannot get comfortable.
Thanks for you contact and i am sure we can help. I would perhaps recommend the contoured bed wedge support to give her the elevation that she requires in bed and then perhaps this product (or we can purpose make a different design to better suit) to give her arms some higher support if that is what is required). Can i ask you to please give me a call to discuss further on 03 8585 6685 and can make sure that we are on the right track together.
Would the contoured Bed Wedge plus the Leg Relaxer mimic the effects of a zero gravity bed? I had spinal surgery in January but still get Bursitis and Ciatica (spelling??) pain from time to time.
Hi Shan, The seating position is very similar to the zero gravity chair with the exception that the zero gravity chairs move around depending on where you have your body weight positioned. The products can be used either together or seperately depending on what your requirements are. I would have thought they would be of some benefit for the sciatica and perhaps the bursitis depending on where you are suffering. Happy to chat further if you have some more questions. Warm regards, Brett.
Do you have heart pillows which assist in recovery for open heart surgery?
The short answer is that it can and many people have put bed wedge under mattress. However it is more specifically designed to go on top of the mattress as the extra weight from the mattress may cause the bed wedge to have a lesser lifespan in that it may squash down more quickly. Please give us a call to discuss if you have any questions.
Is this wedge pillow memory foam? also is there any chemical odour at all? I ask as i purchased one from another Aust. manufacturer which did & it caused a severe asthma attack..I have been looking for another one preferably Aust made so i'm hoping yours will be suitable, thanks.
Our trad and memory foam products are all Aussie made and shouldnt have an odour though new foams usually have a new foam smell. The wedge is not memory foam as that would not give enough support but a memory foam insert can be added so as to give the feel of memory foam. Please contact office 0n 03 8585 6685 shoud you have any further questions at all. Warm regards Brett.
Hi Kath, Dimensions of the pillow are 68 cm wide x 75 cm long x 25 cm high x 4 cm at lowest end in middle (7cm on lowest end on side). There is also an additional memory foam sleeve that can be inserted into the top of the bed wedge pillow to give it a little extra comfort. This is a new item and if you would like to order please contact your nearest stockist. Regards, Brett.
We dont at present have a wedge to go under the mattress. We have found that given a lot of beds are quite rigid (ie inner spring) the dont tend to bend at the right angle for a wedge like this to work. We find that the contoured bed wedge works very well and is quite easy to move around also. I have looked into the under mattress option and will see if we can get something that may work in a similar fashion. If you would like to view our wedge for your convenience please let me know and i can recommend a nearby stockist. Please call 03 8585 6685 and we can assist your questions.
The Bedwedge does not come with the pillow featured in the picture. That pillow is the naturelle low pillow. As most people will be resting on their back while using the bed wedge the naturelle low pillow is a great option and very well received when being used with the bed wedge.
Can I still use the bed wedge send sleep on my side, I have Scleroderma and am a restless sleeper.
Hi Tracy, While more specifically designed for back sleepers the bed wedge is often used for side sleeping. Most users will take out the wedge in the middle of the product to decrease the angle marginally for more comfort when sleeping on your side. I don't know how it will help exactly for scleroderma but sufferers of many conditions including GERD, Reflux, Bronchial infections, Fluid on the lungs and many other back related conditions do find the product to be of good benefit.
I have been suffering from GERD for over 15 years, I was diaognised with Barrett's esophagus 12 months ago. I have been using 2 pillows to sleep, but still wake up with the heart burn. Will this wedge pillow really help? And what exactly should I get, the list of things on the drop down list is confusing.
We have really good feedback regarding the use of our bedwege as a sleeping age for those that suffer Gerd and i have discussed the product with those who have Barretts oesopahagus in the past who have purchased the products in relation to the Bed Wedge in helping with the condition. I havent heard back the feedback with regards to the Barretts but normally if a product does not have any positive benefits we will hear back from a client for something else that may. There is also a memory foam layer that is now available to go on top of the bedwedge to give you a memory foam bed wedge feel but still provide good support. Please contact us on 03 8585 6685 and we can help you regarding any questions on GERD and perhaps you can let us know what might help you with your Barretts esophagus. Regards, Brett.
While not coming as a full memory foam wedge which would not be supportive enough we do supply memory foam top layer which can be either added to the product for a little bit more extra comfort and that memory foam feel if you require. Please call us if you would like to have this added with your order. Warm regards, Brett Parnham.
I have used your bed wedge and pillows with great success. I am seeking a "wedge" suitable for keeping sheets/blankets off my feet. The one I have been using for 25 years is actually disintegrating and having trouble sourcing another. Do you stock this product?
Yes we do stock this product at all times and we can send out to you if you would like. Please give us a call on 03 8585 6685. Warm regards. Brett.
Do you have a showroom for your wedge support cushion? And how is the sleeper stopped from slipping down the wedge?
Yes we have places where the products can be viewed all over Australia. Please contact our head office on 03 8585 6685 and we will be able to advise of a showroom nearby to you. Sliding down the wedge is not usually an issue. If it is you can either lower the angle of the product by removing the insert or simply use a sheet that is not too slippery and pyjama bottoms that are not to slipper so that you are less likely to slip. The bed seat and also the leg relaxer are often used alongside the products to prevent going further down the bed.
I need to find a wedge support for my mum. She suffers from Rotator Cuff Tears, Massive Cuff Tears, Subscapularis Tendon Tears all of them are partial. I need good soft support for her to be able to sleep at night. She is always in pain during her sleep.
I would recommend the bedwedge with an extra layer of memory foam. Please call us and we can discuss the needs of your mother in more detail on 03 8585 6685.
Will this wedge help reduce Reflux from hiatus hernia?
The feedback we get regarding the bed wedge suggests that it helps with most reflux though i cant comment specifically on hiatus hernia. The angle is comfortable enough to continue to sleep but also enough to provide relief. The angle can be changed by removing the insert if a lower angle is preferred. Please give us a call on 03 8585 6685 and happy to help further with all of your questions. Warm regards, Brett.
Looking for the best options for sleep with gord, hiatus hernia and Barrett's esophagus .
This product gets very good reviews for both Gord and Barretts esophagus. I am not sure about the hiatus hernia but from my brief reading i cant see any downside to using the product. The product can also be adjusted to lower the angle if that is your preference also. Please call us on 03 8585 6685 and we can help with any questions that you may have. Warm regards, Brett.
Re reviews, Is there still odours with the product.? Is slipping down really a problem?
I haven't heard of their ever being an issue with odour on the product to be honest. The bed wedge is an open cell foam and is completely inert after foaming has been completed. It uses a CO2 as a blowing agent (which gives the foam its buyoncy) so there shouldnt be any odour at all. Please give us a call if you have any further questions at all. (03) 8585 6685.
Hi Debbie, The height of the back of the bed wedge is 26cm on the sides and then approx 24cm in the middle of the back of the wedge where there is a slight concave. Hope this information is helpful. Warm regards, Brett.
Hi John, I think the bedwedge should work really well for your wife. You can adjust the angle though i think she would probably most like to have the insert in to keep on a decent angle. Please feel welcome to give us a call on 03 8585 6685 and happy to discuss at any time. Warm regards, Brett.
I am looking for a pillow wedge which will provide a 30 degree head elevation. What would you recommends? Kind regards, Ceridwen.
Are there any comfort advantages with the quilted contoured bed wedge?
Is there two heights available. I need one wedge to sit up, thus it needs to be at least 30 - 40 cm. One wedge for sleeping, at least 20cm.
what is the difference between quilted cover vs Steri-plus cover?
The sterri plus is waterproof cover and we only recommend that if product is being shared among users or if incontinence is an issue. For all others we recommend the quilted version. Warm regards, Brett.
what is a sterri-plus ????
May I know if you have a retail shop in Adelaide that we can have a look at the product before we purchase?
All these products can I see them in Cheltemham, do you have store there or is it just HO. Opening hours??
What does " give permission to leave " mean?
I have the mild Sleep Apnoea, do you have anything that will help me?
Hi K, Dimensions for bedwedge can be seen below. Size 68 cm wide x 75 cm long x 25 cm high x 4 cm at lowest end in middle (7cm on lowest end on side). Quilted Cover Cotton with polyester wadding Inner All-new 100% open cell 'breathing' urethane foam. Steri-Plus Outer Cover Moisture and bacteria-resistant polyurethane ply bonded to a knitted polyester backing. Optional tailored over slip Polycotton Manufactured Made in Australia Please let me know if you have any further requirements that we can help with. Warm regards, Brett.
can we have a free trial? my husband needs something to stop reflux after surgery.
Do you have a product suitable for side sleepers which would assist with GERD?
Where can I shop to see this pillow in Melbourne area and buy if suitable.I have a hiatus hernia. I leave in Essendon area.
Please let us know how we can assist. Thanks. Brett.
Is it possible to sleep on the side with this pillow?
I have chronic sinisitus and have to sleep with head fairly high up or I can't breathe. Am suffering bad buttock pain through sleeping with several pillows under my head - any suggestions?
Hello, Please contact our one of our distributors at qld rehab - Coast Showroom and they will have plenty of stock. 7 Dover Drive Burleigh Heads Qld 4220 | [email protected] | Tel: 1300 894 142 | Fax: 1300 802 710 Anything else please let me know and happy to help on 03 8585 6685. Warm regrds, Brett.
Can the head support be removed from the contoured bed wedge?
Hi There. I have some questions on your product "Contoured Bed Wedge - Angled Sleeping Wedge with Memory Foam Comfort"
could you tell me the degrees the bed wedge is please?
Hello, do you sell your products in Sydney?
what is the cost of the contoured bed wedge- angled sleeping wedge with memory foam comfort? Is that the two pieces to support legs and upper back?
Is the pillow range available for sale in shops in Adelaide Sth Aust so that i can work out if it's suitable for me?
Yes it is available throughout Adelaide. Please give our SA agent a call on 0412 808 830 and they will be able to recommend a nearby stockist of the products for you. warm regards, Brett.
Hello I am looking for product for Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Any recommendation? Thank you.
Hi there. I was just wondering how you justify the price of this item when compared with other apparently similar products on the market ranging between $40-100? Please could you explain why you think your product is superior and therefore worth the higher price. Thank you.
I have bought a wedge but am wondering if it's designed to be used with the pillow as shown in the picture (if so what type of pillow is that) or just by itself or with any pillow? Thanks.
Hi Paul, The bed wedge will be approx 20cm with the inner insert removed and if the memory foam layer is removed then it will probably be about 18cm high. Please give us a call if we can help with further questions at anytime. Warm regards, Brett.
Do you have a supplier in Brisbane that we could pick up from?
Thanks for your enquiry. Sleep specialists can recommend using slight elevation to assist with sleep issues. If you are located around Cheltenham, Melbourne you are welcome to visit our showroom and try either the Bed wedge or Adjusta Wedge product.
May I ask how long is the delivery time to where I live in Darwin postcode 0810? Just recently suffering from acid reflux from pregnancy and wish to have it sooner than later. Is it standard charge for postage or more for express and what are the delivery time for those? Many thanks.
If I purchase the quilted version, can I remove the cover and wash it or do I need to purchase with the cotton overslip?
Hi, do you ship to Singapore. How much will shipping cost be? Thank you. | 2019-04-24T00:07:46Z | https://www.the-pillow.com.au/circulation-support/bed_wedge_more |
We are extremely grateful to those authors who took advantage of this offer in 2014 and a list of those authors and their articles for July-Dec 2014 may be found here. This fiction novel covers a raccoon hunt by Blackie Scantling and two boys, one of whom, Cotton Kinney, is the hero of the story. Twenty two million Americans were misdiagnosed last year and over 100,000 died as a result. Jack Elbon's "My Journey: West Virginia to Korea and Back to WVU," is the best-selling tale of the author's life, beginning in poverty and continuing through music conservatory, the Korean War, and beyond. In My Journey: West Virginia to Korea and back to WVU, author Jack Elbon tells the story of his incredible life.
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Phillip Adcock is a commercial psychologist and managing director of a number of human behaviour analysis companies operating in 17 countries. United Kingdom -- As a retired Head of Department English teacher, Barry Rickson knows that a good story isn't one hastily thrown together. Synopsis: It is January 1939, and Frank Eberhardt, a young, good-looking university student from Pennsylvania, has taken his father's advice to have a year off from his studies to undertake work experience at the giant German chemical plant of IG Farben in Bremen.
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This year the frequency of publication and number of books in each basket will vary and while we still have book reviewers at Magic City we unfortunately can't do book reviews for every book. At the end of last year our book reviewers cut back on their book requests while waiting to see what changes would occur with a new editor in 2015. It also covers home life in the Texas outback, the threats and defeat of a bad guy, a baby being born, and other typical incidents of early-twentieth-centure rural Texas. Tunde Alaofin calls for a proposal of healthy partnerships between doctors, patients and software in an effort to make quick and more accurate diagnoses of diseases in patients.
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Boye holds her bachelor's degree in Theology and a master's degree in Christian counseling. In tutoring middle-school kids, Verna Safran has found that very few know what their rights are as guaranteed in the Constitution. Hill was unsurpassed in getting right the improved thinking, goals, and action needed for obtaining excellence. He began his career in 1967 with Shell Chemical, before working in motivational sales and running a small chemical plant from 1972 through 1974. However the circle are determined to bring her back into the fold, to use her powers for their means, including resurrecting their leader from the dead.
In his powerful new autobiography, one microbiology specialist offers a rare "access all areas" pass not only into his work, but into a private life that is equally as exciting. I use a 'descriptive diagnosis' tool to rationalise the use of antimicrobial drugs and enable patients to understand the management of their infections.
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With the book baskets now recommenced our reviewers have once again started requesting books and once those books are received and read, will once again be offering us their reviews. Now a new book, Life Savers: How the Use of Medical Diagnostic Software, as a Second Opinion to Your Doctor's Diagnosis, Can Save Your Life, shows how this can be prevented. He shows how technology can empower patients with necessary diagnostic tools to make sense of their symptoms and change the way they speak to their doctors forever.
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I was then appointed as a consultant microbiologist in East Kent where I worked for 30 years.
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The Executioner is a guide to excellence in developing your thinking, goals, positive mental attitude, courage, will-power, people, business, and mastery, and over-coming self-doubt. When a student journalist interviews the two activists, the teacher in charge of the school newspaper withholds the article.
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1941_01. “Széchenyi igy gondolta.” [Such was Széchenyi’s view.] Sziv [Heart] (1 December 1941), p. 1.
1951_01. “Protestáns visszhang - Katolikus válasz.” [Protestant Echo - Catholic Reply.] Katolikus Szemle [“Catholic Review,” published in Rome in Hungarian.] 3 (1951), pp. 32-34 in 4°.
1952_01. “Új törekvések as Egyház hivő megértésére.” [New Trends toward a Spiritual Understanding of the Church.] Katolikus Szemle 4 (1952), pp. 19-22 in 4°.
1953_01. “Stockholmtól Lundig: Az ekuménikus mozgalom iránya és szelleme.” [From Stockholm to Lund: The Direction and Spirit of the Ecumenical Movement.] Katolikus Szemle 5 (1953), pp. 16-19 in 4°.
1954_01. “Ekuménikus Kongresszus Evanstonban.” [Ecumenical Congress in Evanston.] Katolikus Szemle 6 (1954), pp. 103-107 in 4°.
1954_02. “Szent Pál - Krisztus harsonája.” [Saint Paul: Christ’s Trumpet.] A Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap Évkönyve [Yearbook of the South-American Hungarian News.] São Paolo: Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap, 1954, pp. 19-23.
1954_03. “In His Image.” Image (mimeographed Literary Bulletin of Saint Vincent Seminary, Latrobe, PA) 1/2 (May 1954), pp. 3-6.
1954_04. “Istenhez láncolva.” [Chained to God.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (21 March 1954).
1954_05. “Krisztus mint regényhös.” [Christ as novel-hero.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (28 March, 4 April and 11 April 1954).
1954_06. “Három R és ami utána következik.” [The Three R’s and Their Consequences.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (25 April 1954).
1954_07. “Az éhezö emberiség.” [Mankind in the Grip of Hunger.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (2 May 1954).
1954_08. “Kereszténység és irodalom.” [Christianity and Literature.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (9 May and 16 May 1954).
1954_09. “Ismét a három R.” [The Three R’s Again.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (23 May 1954).
1954_10. “Washington magyar ezredese.” [Washington’s Hungarian Colonel.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (6 June 1954).
1954_11. “Magyar fiataloknak: Gettysburgtól a Don Kanyarig.” [To Young Hungarians: From Gettysburg to the Don’s Bend.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (13 June 1954).
1954_12. “McCarthy és a macartizmus.” [McCarthy and McCarthyism.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (4 July 1954).
1954_13. “Az én rögeszmém.” [My Fixed Idea.] Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap (4 July 1954).
1956_01. “Chance and Evolution.” Civitas Dei: A Magyar Katolikus Tudományos és Müvészeti Akadémia Káldi György Társasága Tudományos Évkönyve [Scientific Yearbook of the Káldi György Society of the Hungarian Catholic Academy of Arts and Sciences, Saint Norbert College, West De Pere, WI] 1 (1956), pp. 46-67.
1957_01. Les tendances nouvelles de l’ecclésiologie. [New Trends in Ecclesiology.] (Rome: Casa Editrice Herder, 1957), 274pp. Doctoral Dissertation for STD [Sacrae Theologiae Doctoratus], Pontificio Ateneo S. Anselmo, Rome, 1950.
1958_01. “A Study of the Distribution of Radon, Thoron, and Their Decay Products above and below the Ground.” Jointly with Victor F. Hess. Journal of Geophysical Research 63 (1958), pp. 373-390.
1958_02. “A csillagászat új utjai.” [The New Paths of Astronomy.] Katolikus Szemle 10 (1958), pp. 26-32.
1958_03. “A világegyetem kialakulása.” [The Evolution of the Universe.] Katolikus Szemle 10 (1958), pp. 71-78.
1958_04. “Az élet eredete.” [The Origin of Life.] Katolikus Szemle 10 (1958), pp. 123-129.
1958_05. “Van-e élet más égitesteken?” [Is There Life on Other Celestial Bodies?] Katolikus Szemle 10 (1958), pp. 169-176.
1959_01. “The Ecclesiology of Abbot Vonier.” The American Benedictine Review 10 (1959), pp. 163-175.
1959_02. “Relativitás és abszolutum.” [Relativity and the Absolute.] Katolikus Szemle 11 (1959), pp. 41-54.
1959_03. “A világűr küszöbén: A Nemzetközi Geofizikai év eredményei.” [On the Threshold of Outer Space: The Results of the International Geophysical Year.] Katolikus Szemle 11 (1959), pp. 123-134.
1959_04. “Hit és tudomány Newton müveiben.” [Faith and Science in Newton’s Works.] Katolikus Szemle 11 (1959), pp. 210-220.
1960_01. “A titokzatos anyag.” [The Mysterious Matter.] Katolikus Szemle 12 (1960), pp. 132-136, 203-211.
1961_01. “A klasszikus fizika utja.” [The Road of Classical Physics.] Katolikus Szemle 13 (1961), pp. 42-53.
1961_02. “A titokzatos gravitáció.” [The Mysterious Gravitation.] Katolikus Szemle 13 (1961), pp. 125-136.
1961_03. “Rádiócsillagászat.” [Radioastronomy.] Katolikus Szemle 13 (1961), pp. 210-219.
1961_04. “A természettudomány születése.” [The Birth of Natural Science.] Katolikus Szemle 13 (1961), pp. 282-293.
1961_05. “Rádiócsillagászat.” Délamerikai Magyar Hirlap, 17-24-31 December 1961, 7-14-21 January 1962. Reprint in six installments of 1961_03.
1962_01. “A modern tudomány kezdetei.” [The Beginnings of Modern Science.] Katolikus Szemle 14 (1962), pp. 134-144.
1963_01. Les tendances nouvelles de l’ecclésiologie. Reprint edition of 1957_01.
1965_01. “Új fejezet a csillagászatban?” [A New Chapter in Astronomy?] Katolikus Szemle 17 (1965), pp. 77-79.
1965_02. “Van-e élet más égitesteken?” [Is There Life on Other Celestial Bodies?] Katolikus Szemle 17 (1965), pp. 362-365. Revised reprint of 1958_05.
1966_01. The Relevance of Physics. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), 604pp.
1967_01. “Recent Orthodox Ecclesiology.” Diakonia 2 (1967), pp. 250-265. English translation by J.M. Desjardins of pp. 99-105 of 1957_01.
1967_02. “The Role of Faith in Physics.” Zygon 2 (1967), pp. 187-202.
1967_03. “Olbers’, Halley’s, or Whose Paradox?” American Journal of Physics 35 (1967), pp. 200-210.
1969_01. Brain, Mind and Computers. (New York: Herder and Herder, 1969), 267pp.
1969_02. The Paradox of Olbers’ Paradox: A Case History of Scientific Thought. (New York: Herder and Herder, 1969), 269pp.
1969_03. “Goethe and the Physicists.” American Journal of Physics 37 (1969), pp. 195-203.
1969_04. “Introductory Essay” to: Pierre Duhem. To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo. Trans. E. Doland and C. Maschler. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), pp. ix-xxvi.
1970_01. Festrede am Jubiläumstage der Olbers-Gesellschaft [Official speech for the Jubilee of the Olbers Society]. (Bremen: Olbers-Gesellschaft, 1970), 15pp. The English version can be found in 1991_03.
1970_02. “Olbers als Kosmologe” [Olbers as Cosmologist]. Nachrichten der Olbers-Gesellschaft 79 (October 1970), pp. 5-13 in 4°. The English version can be found in 1991_03.
1970_03. “Drei kosmologische Vorträge von Wilhelm Olbers” [Three Cosmological Essays by Wilhelm Olbers]. Nachrichten der Olbers-Gesellschaft 79 (October 1970), pp. 14-28. The English version can be found in 1991_03.
1970_04. “New Light on Olbers’ Dependence on Chéseaux.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 1 (1970), pp. 53-55.
1970_05. “Re: ‘Jaki and Goethe’.” American Journal of Physics 38 (1970), p. 546.
1970_06. The Relevance of Physics. Reprint of 1966_01.
1971_01. “The Milky Way before Galileo.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 2 (1971), pp. 161-167.
1971_02. “Le Prix Lecomte du Nouy: Discours de remerciements. Rev. Stanley Jaki, Lauréat du Prix américain Lecomte du Nouy.” Cahiers de l’Association Lecomte du Nouy 3 (Spring 1971), pp. 9-15.
1972_01. The Milky Way: An Elusive Road for Science. (New York: Science History Publications; Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1972), xi + 352pp.
1972_02. Address given on accepting the Lecomte du Nouy Prize for 1970. Cahier Bilingue de l’Association Lecomte du Nouy N° 2 (Spring 1972), pp. 48-54. English translation of 1971_02.
1972_03. “The Original Formulation of the Titius-Bode Law.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 3 (1972), pp. 136-138.
1972_04. “The Milky Way from Galileo to Wright.” Journal for the History of Astronomy 3 (1972), pp. 199-204.
1972_05. “Das Titius-Bodesche Gesetz im Licht der Originaltexte.” Nachrichten der Olbers-Gesellschaft 86 (October 1972), pp. 1-8.
1972_06. “The Early History of the Titius-Bode Law.” American Journal of Physics 40 (1972), pp. 1014-1023.
1972_07. “Brain, Mind and Computers.” Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 24/1 (1972), pp. 12-17.
1972_08. “No Other Options.” Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 24/3 (1972), p. 127. Letter to the Editor, regarding a critique to 1972_07.
1972_09. “The Titius-Bode Law: A Strange Bicentenary.” Sky and Telescope 43 (1972), pp. 280-281.
1972_10. Review of: P.A.T. Gunter (ed. and trans.). Bergson and the Evolution of Physics. (Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1969). Zygon 7 (1972), pp. 138-139.
1973_01. “God and Creation: A Biblical-Scientific Reflection.” Theology Today 30 (1973), pp. 111-120.
1973_02. “Science morale et éthique scientifique.” Cahier Bilingue de l’Association Lecomte du Nouy N° 4 (Spring 1973), pp. 15-30.
1973_03. “Ethical Science and Scientific Ethics.” Cahier Bilingue de l’Association Lecomte du Nouy N° 4 (Spring 1973), pp. 47-61. English version of 1973_02.
1973_04. “The Last Century of Science: Progress, Problems and Prospects.” Proceedings of the Second International Humanistic Symposium. Athens: Hellenic Society for Humanistic Studies, 1973; pp. 248-264.
1973_05. Review of: M.N. Richter. Science as a Cultural Process. (Cambridge, MA: Schenken Publishing Company, 1972). Isis 64 (1973), p. 544.
1973_06. Review of: L.S. Swenson, Jr. The Ethereal Aether: A History of the Michelson-Morley-Miller Aether-Drift Experiments 1880-1930. (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1972). American Scientist (January-February 1973), p. 104.
1973_07. Articles in The McGraw-Hill Encyclopaedia of World Biography. 12 vols. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973). On the following scientists: Ampère 1:164-165, Becquerel 1:453-454, Bohr 2:44-47, Boltzmann 2:52-54, Born 2:82-83, Bothe 2:100-101, Brahe 2:140-141, Carnot, S. 2:380-381, Chadwick 2:459-460, Clausius 3:25-26, Cockcroft 3:61-62, Copernicus 3:61-62, Curie, M. 3:213-215, Debye 3:213-215, Dirac 3:389-390, Fizeau 4:131, Fourier 4:173, Fraunhofer 4:207-208, Fresnel 4:233-234, Galileo 4:289-292, Hamilton 5:62-64, Helmholtz 5:177-179, Hertz 5:243-244, Joliot-Curie 6:50, Kepler 6:176-179, Kirchhoff 6:214-215, Lorentz 6:568-569, Napier 8:61-62, Oersted 8:183-185, Ohm 8:191-192, Regiomontanus 9:133-134, Roentgen 9:247-249, Vesalius 11:132-133, Waals, van der 11:197-198, Wigner 11:357-358, Wilson, C. 11:397-398.
1974_01. Science and Creation: From Eternal Cycles to an Oscillating Universe. (New York: Science History Publications; Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1974), 367pp.
1974_02. “Scientific Ethics and Ethical Science.” Philosophy and Humanistic Literature: Three Scientific Communications. (Athens: Hellenic Society for Humanistic Studies, 1974), pp. 39-53.
1974_03. “The Better Part of Kohoutek.” Hallmark News (South Orange, NJ: Seton Hall University) 5/2 (Spring 1974), pp. 4-5.
1975_01. Translation from the Italian, with an Introduction and notes, of: Giordano Bruno. The Ash Wednesday Supper. (The Hague/Paris: Mouton, 1975), 174pp.
1975_02. The Milky Way: An Elusive Road for Science. (New York: Science History Publications, 1975). Paperback reprint of 1972_01.
1975_03. “A Hundred Years of Two Cultures.” The University of Windsor Review 11 (1975), pp. 55-59.
1975_04. “Knowledge in an Age of Science.” The University of Windsor Review 11 (1975), pp. 80-103.
1975_05. Culture and Science. (Windsor, Canada: University of Windsor Press, 1975), 52pp. Reprint with new pagination of 1975_03 and 1975_04.
1975_06. “The Edge of Precision.” In: John F. Hanahan (ed.). The Ascent of Man: Sources and Interpretations. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1975), pp. 257-262. Reprint of 1966_01, pp. 273-279.
1975_07. Review of: N.R. Hanson. Constellations and Conjectures. W.C. Humphreys, Jr. (ed.). (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1973). Isis 66 (1975), pp. 110-112.
1976_01. Translation from the German, with an Introduction and notes, of: J.H. Lambert. Cosmological Letters on the Arrangement of the World-Edifice. (New York: Science History Publications; Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1976), vii + 245pp.
1976_02. “Theological Aspects of Creative Science.” In: W.A. McKinney (ed.) Creation, Christ and Culture: Studies in Honour of T.F. Torrance. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1976), pp. 149-166.
1976_03. “Von subjektiven Wissenschaftlern zur objektiven Wissenschaft.” In: W. Becker and K. Hübner (eds.). Objectivität in den Naturwissenschaften. (Hamburg: Hoffman and Campe, 1976), pp. 154-168. German translation of 1977_01.
1976_04. “The Five Forms of Laplace’s Cosmogony.” American Journal of Physics 44 (1976), pp. 4-11.
1976_05. Review of: F. Ferré. Shaping the Future: Resources of the Post Modern World. (New York: Harper and Row, 1976). Theology Today 33 (1976), pp. 315-317.
1977_01. “From Subjective Scientists to Objective Science.” In: Proceedings of the Third International Humanistic Symposium. (Athens: Hellenic Society for Humanistic Studies, 1977), pp. 314-336.
1977_02. “Lambert: Self-taught Physicist.” Physics Today 30 (September 1977), pp. 25-32.
1977_03. “Dunkle Regenten als Vorläufer schwarzer Löcher.” Nachrichten der Olbers-Gesellschaft 107 (December 1977), pp. 3-10.
1977_04. “The History of Science and the Idea of an Oscillating Universe.” In: W. Yourgrau and A.D. Breck (eds.). Cosmology, History and Theology. (New York: Plenum Press, 1977), pp. 233-251.
1977_05. “An English translation of the Third Part of Kant’s Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens.” In: W. Yourgrau and A.D. Breck (eds.). Cosmology, History and Theology. (New York: Plenum Press, 1977), pp. 387-403.
1978_01. Planets and Planetarians: A History of Theories of the Origin of Planetary Systems. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press; New York: The Halstead Press of John Wiley Inc., 1978), vi + 266pp., with 42 illustrations.
1978_02. The Road of Science and the Ways to God: The Gifford Lectures, Edinburgh, 1974-1975 and 1975-1976. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1978), 478pp.
1978_03. Brain, Mind and Computers. (South Bend, IN: Regnery Gateway, 1978), 267pp. Second paperback edition with a new Preface of 1969_01.
1978_04. And on This Rock: The Witness of One Land and Two Covenants. (Notre Dame, IN: Ave Maria Press, 1978), 128pp.
1978_05. The Origin of Science and the Science of its Origin: The Fremantle Lectures. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press; South Bend, IN: Regnery Gateway, 1978), viii + 160pp.
1978_06. “Decision-Making in Business: Amoral?” In: Trends in Business Ethics. Nijenrode Studies in Business 3. (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978), pp. 1-10.
1978_07. “Ethics and the Science of Decision-Making in Business: A Specification of Perspectives.” In: Trends in Business Ethics. Nijenrode Studies in Business 3. (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978), pp. 141-156.
1978_08. “Paradoxes in Cosmology.” Cahiers Fundamenta Scientiae (Strasbourg) 82 (1978), pp. 33-36.
1978_09. “A Forgotten Bicentenary: Johann Georg von Soldner.” Sky and Telescope 6 (June 1978), pp. 460-461.
1978_10. “Johann Georg von Soldner and the Gravitational Bending of Light. With an English translation of his Essay on it published in 1801.” Foundations of Physics 8 (1978), pp. 927-950.
1978_11. “Lambert and the Watershed of Cosmology.” Scientia (Milan) 113 (1978), pp. 75-95.
1978_12. “Lambert e lo spartiacque della cosmologia.” Scientia (Milan) 113 (1978), pp. 97-114. Italian translation of 1978_11.
1978_13. “The Metaphysics of Discovery and the Rediscovery of Metaphysics.” Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 52 (1978), pp. 188-196.
1978_14. Review of: H. Schwarz. Our Cosmic Journey: Christian Anthropology in the Light of Current Trends in the Sciences, Philosophy, and Theology. (Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg, 1977). Theology Today 35 (1978), pp. 360-362.
1979_01. “Das Gravitations-Paradoxon des unendlichen Universums.” Südhoffs Archiv 63 (1979), pp. 105-122. German version of 1990_24.
1979_02. “The Reality Beneath: The World View of Rutherford.” In: M. Bunge and W.R. Shea (eds.). Rutherford and Physics at the Turn of the Century. (New York: Dawson and Science History Publications, 1979), pp. 110-123.
1979_03. “The Forces and Powers of Nature.” Theology Today 36 (1979), pp. 87-91.
1979_04. “Sur l’édition et la réédition de la traduction française des Cosmologische Briefe de Lambert.” Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 32 (1979), pp. 305-314.
1979_05. “The Cosmological Letters of Lambert and His Cosmology.” Colloque International Jean-Henri Lambert (1728-1777). (Paris: Editions Ophrys, 1979), pp. 291-300.
1979_06. “‘And on This Rock...’ Divine Origin of the Papacy.” The Wanderer (13 December 1979), pp. 1 and 6.
1979_07. “Science and Christian Theism: A Mutual Witness.” Scottish Journal of Theology 32 (1979), pp. 563-570.
1979_08. “Reichenbach’s Writings.” Review of: H. Reichenbach. Selected Writings, 1909-1953. M. Reichenbach and R.S. Cohen (eds.). 2 vols. (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1979). Nature 282/5734 (1 November 1979), pp. 114-115.
1979_09. Review of: E.M. Klaaren. Religious Origins of Modern Science: Belief in Creation in Seventeenth-Century Thought. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1977). Theology Today 35 (1979), pp. 496-497.
1979_10. Review of: R. Jaquel. Le savant mulhousien Jean-Henri Lambert (1728-1777): Etudes critiques et documentaires. (Paris: Editions Ophrys, 1977). Isis 70 (1979), p. 178.
1979_11. “The Chaos of Scientific Cosmology.” In: D. Huff and O. Prewett (eds.). The Nature of the Physical Universe: 1976 Nobel Conference. (New York: John Wiley, 1979), pp. 83-112. Text of a speech given at the Conference on 7 October 1976, in Saint Peter, MN.
1980_01. Cosmos and Creator. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1980), xii + 168pp.
1980_02. The Road of Science and the Ways to God. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1980), vii + 478pp. Phoenix Paperback reprint of 1978_02.
1980_03. “Re-opening the Case for Natural Theology.” Review of: A.R. Peacocke. Creation and the World of Science: The Bampton Lectures 1978. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979). Nature 284/5758 (24 April 1980), pp. 667-668.
1980_04. Review of: G. Tauber, Man’s View of the Universe. A Pictorial History: Evolving Concepts of the Universe from Ancient Times to Today’s Space Probes. (New York: Crown Publishers, 1979). Isis 71 (1980), p. 668.
1980_05. “‘And on This Rock...’ Divine Origin of the Papacy.” Reprint, by the Wanderer Press, in brochure form with new Foreword, of 1979_06.
1980_06. “A Brief Reminiscence.” In: Henry Francis Regnery, 1945-1979, In Memoriam. (Three Oaks, MI: 1980), p. 91.
1981_01. Translation from the German, with an Introduction and Notes, of: Immanuel Kant. Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1981), 302pp.
1981_02. Cosmos and Creator. American edition of 1980_01. (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1981).
1981_03. “Chance or Reality: Interaction in Nature versus Measurement in Physics.” Philosophia (Athens) 10-11 (1980-1981), pp. 303-322. Also in: Science and Theology Seminar Papers, n. 2 (1986), pp. 86-102 (Oxford: Farmington Institute for Christian Studies, 1986).
1981_04. “De la science-fiction à la philosophie.” In: Science et antiscience. Collection: Recherches et débats. (Paris: Centurion, 1981), pp. 37-51. Lecture given at the Colloque organized by the Sécretariat international des questions scientifiques (SIQS) of the Mouvement International des Intellectuels Catholiques (a branch of Pax Romana), (Chantilly, 31 October-1 November 1979). French shorter version of 1990_18. The French title has been decided by the publisher, not by the author.
1981_05. “Lo absoluto bajo lo relativo: Unas reflexiones sobre las teorias de Einstein.” Anuario Filósofico (Pamplona: Universidad de Navarra) 14, n.1 (1981), pp. 41-62. Spanish original of 1985_03.
1981_06. “Religion and Science: The Cosmic Connection.” In: J.A. Howard (ed.). Belief, Faith and Reason. (Belfast: Christian Journals, 1981), pp. 11-28.
1981_07. “The Business of Christianity and the Christianity of Business.” Conference on World Religions and Business Behavior. Documents. (Nijenrode, The Netherlands: The Netherlands School of Business, 1981), pp. 206-229.
1981_08. Author’s Abstract of The Road of Science and the Ways to God (1978_02). The Monist 64 (1981), p. 126.
1981_09. Author’s Abstract of Cosmos and Creator (1980_01 and 1981_02). The Monist 64 (1981), p. 420.
1981_10. “Il caos della cosmologia scientifica.” In: D. Huff and O. Prewett (eds.). La natura dell’universo fisico. (Torino: P. Boringhieri, 1981), pp. 88-114. Italian translation of 1979_11.
1982_01. “The University and the Universe.” In: J.R. Wilburn (ed.). Freedom, Order and the University. (Malibu, CA: Pepperdine University Press, 1982), pp. 43-68.
1982_02. “Il caso o la realtà.” Il Nuovo Areopago 1/2 (1982), pp. 28-48. Italian translation of 1981_03.
1982_03. “Zufall oder Realität.” Philosophia naturalis 19 (1982), pp. 498-518. German translation of 1981_03.
1982_04. “From Scientific Cosmology to a Created Universe.” Irish Astronomical Journal 15 (1982), pp. 253-262.
1982_05. Author’s Abstract of Universal Natural History (1981_01). The Monist 65 (1982), p. 281.
1983_01. Et sur ce Roc: Témoignage d’une terre et de deux testaments. (Paris: Téqui, 1983), 111pp. French translation of 1978_04.
1983_02. Angels, Apes and Men. (La Salle, IL: Sherwood Sugden and Company, 1983), 128pp.
1983_03. “The Wronging of Wright.” In: A. Van der Merwe (ed.). Old and New Questions in Physics, Cosmology, Philosophy and Theoretical Biology. Essays in Honor of Wolfgang Yourgrau. (New York: Plenum, 1983), pp. 593-605.
1983_04. “E su questa pietra ....” Il Nuovo Areopago 2/4 (1983), pp. 197-214. Italian translation of pp. 45-52 and 93-102 of 1978_04.
1983_05. “The Greeks of Old and the Novelty of Science.” Arete Mneme: Konst Vourveris. Vourveris Festschrift. (Athens: Hellenic Humanistic Society, 1983), pp. 263-277.
1983_06. “The Physics of Impetus and the Impetus of the Kuran.” International Conference on Science in Islamic Polity - Its Past, Present and Future: Abstract of Papers, 19-24 November 1983, Islamabad. (Islamabad: Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Pakistan and Organization of Islamic Conference, 1983), pp. 36-37. For full text, see 1985_07.
1983_07. “Cosmology as Philosophy.” 16. Weltkongress für Philosophie 1978. (Frankfurt am Main/Bern/New York: Peter Lang, 1983), pp. 149-154.
1984_01. Uneasy Genius: The Life and Work of Pierre Duhem. (Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff, 1984), xii + 472pp.
1984_02. “Maritain and Science.” The New Scholasticism 58 (1984), pp. 267-292.
1984_03. “Chesterton’s Landmark Year: The Blatchford-Chesterton Debate of 1903-1904.” The Chesterton Review 10 (1984), pp. 409-423.
1984_04. “God and Man’s Science: A View of Creation.” In: L. Morris (ed.). The Christian Vision: Man in Society. (Hillsdale, MI: Hillsdale College Press, 1984), pp. 35-49.
1984_05. “The Creator’s Coming.” Homiletic and Pastoral Review 85/3 (December 1984), pp. 10-15.
1984_06. Introduction to: E. Gilson. From Aristotle to Darwin and Back Again. Trans. J. Lyon. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984), pp. xii-xviii.
1984_07. “From Scientific Cosmology to a Created Universe.” In: R.A. Varghese (ed.). The Intellectuals Speak Out About God. (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1984), pp. 61-78. Reprint of 1982_04.
1984_08. “An Author’s Reflections.” The Dawson Newsletter 3/2 (Summer 1984), pp. 6-8.
1984_09. “The History of Science and the Idea of an Oscillating Universe.” The Center Journal 4 (1984), pp. 131-165. Reprint of 1977_04 with a new postscript.
1984_10. Review of: P. Redondi. Epistemologia e storia della scienza. Le svolte teoriche da Duhem a Bachelard. (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1978). Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 37 (1984), pp. 85-87.
1984_11. Review of: A.R. Peacocke (ed.). The Sciences and Theology. (Stocksfield: Oriel Press, 1984). The Heythrop Journal 25 (1984), pp. 391-393.
1984_12. Review of: L. Bouyer. Cosmos. Le monde et la gloire de Dieu. (Paris: Cerf, 1982). Downside Review 102 (1984), pp. 301-307.
1984_13. “Back to the Origin.” Review of: P. Bowler. The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti Darwinian Theories in the Decades around 1900. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1983). The Tablet 238, 7492 (11 February 1984), pp. 135-136.
1984_14. “Scientists on Science and God.” Review of: F. Hoyle, The Intelligent Universe (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984), Sir John Eccles and D. Robinson, The Wonder of Being Human: Our Brain and Our Mind (New York: The Free Press, 1984), P. Davies, Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984). Reflections (The Wanderer Review of Literature, Culture and the Arts) 3/4 (Fall 1984), p. 9.
1984_15. “Showdown?” Review of: V. Long. Upon This Rock. (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1983). Reflections 4/1 (Winter 1984), p. 20.
1985_01. Angels, Apes and Men. (La Salle, IL: Sherwood Sugden and Company, 1985), 128pp. Reprint of 1983_02.
1985_02. Introductory Essay to: Pierre Duhem. To Save the Phenomena. Paperback reprint of 1969_04.
1985_03. “The Absolute Beneath the Relative: Reflections on Einstein’s Theories.” Intercollegiate Review 20/3 (Spring/Summer 1985), pp. 29-38. English version of 1981_05.
1985_04. “Christ, Catholics and Abortion.” Homiletic and Pastoral Review 85/6 (March 1985), pp. 7-15.
1985_05. “The Creator’s Coming.” Faith Magazine 17/3 (1985), pp. 10-14. Reprint of 1984_05.
1985_06. “On Whose Side is History?” National Review (23 August 1985), pp. 41-47.
1985_07. “The Physics of Impetus and the Impetus of the Koran.” Modern Age 29 (1985), pp. 153-160. Full text of 1983_06.
1985_08. “Chance or Reality.” Freiheit und Notwendigkeit in der Europäischen Zivilisation: Perspektiven des modernen Bewusstseins. Referate und Texte des 5. Internationalen Humanistischen Symposiums 1981. (Athens: Hellenic Humanistic Society, 1985), pp. 303-322. Reprint of 1981_03.
1985_09. “Christian Culture and Duhem’s Work.” Downside Review 103 (April 1985), pp. 137-143. Reprint of 1984_08.
1985_10. “Worlds Fragmented.” Review of: J. Polkinghorne. The Way the World Is. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1984). National Review (22 March 1985), pp. 53-55.
1985_11. Review of: P.B. Medawar. The Limits of Science. (New York: Harper and Row, 1984). Reflections 5/1 (Winter 1985), p. 9.
1985_12. “Creation and Monastic Creativity.” Monastic Studies (Toronto) 16 (Christmas 1985), pp. 79-92.
1985_13. “The Teacher: Dr. Victor Hess. The Student: Rev. Stanley Jaki.” Fordham (New York) (Fall 1985), pp. 10-11.
1985_14. Foreword to: P. Duhem. Medieval Cosmology: Theories of Infinity, Place, Time, Void and the Plurality of Worlds. R. Ariew (ed. and trans.). (Chicago: University Press, 1985), pp. xi-xviii.
1985_15. “Science and Hope.” The Hillsdale Review 7/2 (1985), pp. 3-16.
1985_16. “Dawson and the New Age.” Review of: C. Dawson. Christianity and the New Age. Reprinted with an Introduction by John J. Mulloy. (Manchester, NH: Sophia Institute Press, 1985). The Hillsdale Review 7/3 (1985), pp. 57-60.
1986_01. Science and Creation: From Eternal Cycles to an Oscillating Universe. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1986), viii + 377pp. Reprint with a postscript of 1974_01.
1986_02. Lord Gifford and His Lectures: A Centenary Retrospect. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press; Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1986), 138pp.
1986_03. The Keys of the Kingdom: A Tool’s Witness to Truth. (Chicago: The Franciscan Herald Press, 1986), iv + 226pp.
1986_04. Chesterton: A Seer of Science. (Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986), x + 164pp.
1986_05. Chance or Reality and Other Essays. (Lanham, MD/London: University Press of America; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1986), viii + 250pp. Reprint in one volume, with a Preface, of: 1967_02, 1969_03, 1975_03, 1975_04, 1976_02, 1977_01, 1981_03, 1982_01, 1983_05, 1984_02, 1984_03, 1985_06, 1985_09.
1986_06. “Order in Nature and Society: Open or Specific.” In: G.W. Carey (ed.). Order, Freedom and the Polity (Critical Essays on the Open Society). (Lanham, MD/London: University Press of America; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1986), pp. 91-111.
1986_07. “Man of One Wife or Celibacy.” Homiletic and Pastoral Review 86/4 (January 1986), pp. 18-25.
1986_08. “Un siècle de Gifford Lectures.” Archives de Philosophie 49 (1986), pp. 3-49. French translation of Chapter 1 of 1986_02.
1986_09. “The Case for Galileo’s Rehabilitation.” Fidelity 5/4 (March 1986), pp. 37-41.
1986_10. “A Most Holy Night.” Review of: R. Laurentin. The Truth of Christmas Beyond the Myths: The Infancy Narratives of Christ. (Petersham, MA: St. Bede’s Publications, 1986). Reflections 5/3 (Summer 1986), pp. 1, 21.
1986_11. “Cosmic Stakes.” Review of: J.D. Barrow and F.J. Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), J.D. Barrow and J. Silk, The Left Hand of Creation: The Origin and Evolution of the Expanding Universe (New York: Basic Books, 1983), and H.R. Pagels, Perfect Symmetry: The Search for the Beginning of Time (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985). Reflections 5/3 (Summer 1986), p. 8.
1986_12. “Monkeys and Machine-Guns: Evolution, Darwinism and Christianity.” Chronicles 10/8 (August 1986), pp. 15-18.
1986_13. “The Intelligent Christian’s Guide to Scientific Cosmology” or “Intelligence and Cosmology.” Faith and Reason 12/2 (1986), pp. 124-136.
1986_14. “Science and Censorship: Hélène Duhem and the Publication of the Système du Monde.” Intercollegiate Review 21/2 (Winter 1985-1986), pp. 41-49.
1986_15. “The Impasse of Planck’s Epistemology.” Philosophia 15-16 (Athens) 1985-1986, pp. 467-488.
1986_16. “Science for Catholics.” The Dawson Newsletter 5/4 (Winter 1986-1987), pp. 5-11.
1986_17. “Das Weltall als Zufall - ein Mythos von kosmischer Irrationalität.” In: H. Lenk et al. (eds.). Zur Kritik der Wissenschaftlichen Rationalität. (Freiburg/München: Karl Alber, 1986), pp. 487-503. German version of 1990_14.
1986_18. “G.K.C. as R.C.” Faith and Reason. 12/3-4 (1986), pp. 211-228.
1987_01. And on This Rock: The Witness of One Land and Two Covenants. (Manassas, VA: Trinity Communications, 1987), 128pp. Second Edition, revised and extended of 1978_04.
1987_02. Uneasy Genius: The Life and Work of Pierre Duhem. Second paperback edition of 1984_01.
1987_03. Premices Philosophiques. Edition with introduction in English of Pierre Duhem’s early essays on the history and philosophy of physics. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1987), xiii + 239pp.
1987_04. “Address on receiving the Templeton Prize.” In: Templeton. 1987 Templeton Prize. (Nassau, Bahamas: Lismore Press, 1987), pp. 10-11, 14-17. Also in: Occasional Papers, n. 24 (1987), (Oxford: Farmington Institute for Christian Studies, 1987), pp. 1-4 Also in: The Wanderer (22 October 1987), p. 8.
1987_05. “Miracles and Physics.” The Asbury Theological Journal 42/1 (Spring 1987), pp. 5-42.
1987_06. “Teaching of Transcendence in Physics.” American Journal of Physics 55/10 (October 1987), pp. 884-888.
1987_07. “Science and Religion.” In: M. Eliade (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. (New York: MacMillan, 1987). Volume 13, pp. 121-133.
1987_08. “A Theologian and Scientist Talks about Creator and Church.” Interview by M.L. Mudde in: The Wanderer (13 August 1987), p. 3.
1987_09. “Newman’s Logic and the Logic of the Papacy.” Faith and Reason 13/3 (1987), pp. 241-265.
1987_10. “Scienza, Dio, Progresso.” In: R. Barbieri (ed.). Uomini e Tempo Moderno. (Milan: Jaca Book, 1987), pp. 181-183.
1987_11. “Maritain and Science.” In: D.W. Hudson and M.J. Mancini (eds.). Understanding Maritain: Philosopher and Friend. (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1987), pp. 183-200. Reprint of 1984_02.
1987_12. “Le physicien et le métaphysicien. La correspondance entre Pierre Duhem et Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange.” Actes de l’Académie Nationale des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Bordeaux 12 (1987), pp. 93-116. French original of 1989_06.
1987_13. “The Modernity of the Middle Ages.” Modern Age 31 (Summer/Fall 1987), pp. 207-214.
1987_14. “Normalcy as Terror. The Naturalization of AIDS.” Crisis 5/6 (1987), pp. 21-23.
1987_15. “Science: From the Womb of Religion.” The Christian Century (7 October 1987), pp. 851-854. Reprint of 1987_04.
1987_16. “Hit, Tudomány, Haladás.” Vigilia (Budapest) 52/8 (1987), pp. 620-624. Hungarian translation of 1987_04.
1987_17. “El hambre basica de la humanidad.” Nuestro Tiempo (Madrid) 71 (October 1987), pp. 48-61; Spanish translation of 1987_04.
1987_18. “The Absolute Beneath the Relative: Reflections on Einstein’s Theories.” In: D.P. Ryan (ed.). Einstein and the Humanities. (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), pp. 5-18. Reprint of 1985_03.
1987_19. Angels, Apes and Men. Second printing of 1983_02.
1987_20. “Pierre Duhem et la philosophie des sciences au XXe siècle.” Communio (Paris) XII, 2 (March-April 1987), pp. 80-100. Text of a conference given at the University of Bordeaux, 29 November 1984.
1987_21. Text of the homily given in occasion of the marriage of Thomas Packer Willingham and Maria Reneé di Liberti, 14 November 1987, in Birmingham, Alabama, 4pp.
1987_22. “Blindness in The Blind Watchmaker.” Review of: R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 1986), Reflections 6/2-3 (Spring/Summer 1987), p. 6.
1988_01. The Savior of Science. (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1988), 268pp.
1988_02. The Absolute Beneath the Relative and Other Essays. (Lanham, MD/London: University Press of America; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1988), viii + 233pp. Reprint in one volume, with a Preface, of: 1972_07, 1973_04, 1974_02, 1978_13, 1984_04, 1985_03, 1985_07, 1985_15, 1986_06, 1986_12, 1986_14, 1986_15. First publication of: 1988_17 and 1988_18.
1988_03. The Physicist As Artist: The Landscapes of Pierre Duhem. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1988), vi + 188pp. in 4° (Introduction with 235 illustrations in half tone and ten color plates).
1988_04. La strada della scienza e le vie verso Dio. Italian translation of 1978_02. (Milan: Jaca Book, 1988), 482pp.
1988_05. “Bible, Science, Church.” Review of: C.A. Russell, Cross-Currents: Interactions between Science and Faith. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1985). Reflections 7/1 (Winter 1988), p. 2.
1988_06. “The Universe in the Bible and in Modern Science.” In: VV. AA. Ex Auditu. An International Journal of Theological Interpretation of Scripture Volume III. (Pittsburgh, PA: Pickwick Publications, 1988), pp. 137-147.
1988_07. “The Three Faces of Technology: Idol, Nemesis, Marvel.” Intercollegiate Review 23/2 (Spring 1988), pp. 37-46.
1988_08. “Physics and the Ultimate.” Ultimate Reality and Meaning 11/1 (March 1988), pp. 61-73.
1988_09. “Evicting the Creator.” Review of: S.W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time. From the Big Bang to Black Holes. (New York: Bantam Books, 1988). Reflections 7/2 (Spring 1988), pp. 1, 20, 22.
1988_10. “Big Bang di errori.” Review of: S.W. Hawking, Dal Big Bang ai buchi neri. Breve storia del tempo. (Milan: Rizzoli, 1988). Il Sabato (15-21 October 1988), pp. 33-34. Abbreviated Italian version of 1988_09.
1988_11. “Language, Logic, Logos.” The Asbury Theological Journal 43/2 (Fall 1988), pp. 95-136.
1988_12. “La science: enjeu idéologique.” Interview in: L’Homme Nouveau (Paris) (7-21 August 1988), p. 4.
1988_13. “The Only Chaos.” This World 22 (Summer 1988), pp. 99-109.
1988_15. “Moños y metralletas: evolución, darwinismo y cristianismo.” Nuestro Tiempo 75 (May 1988), pp. 116-123. Spanish translation of 1986_12.
1988_17. “The Role of Physics in Psychology: The Prospects in Retrospect.” In: 1988_02, pp. 85-101.
1988_18. “The Demythologization of Science.” In: 1988_02, pp. 198-213.
1988_19. “Sì. Si sbagliano tanti goal.” Interview by M. Gargantini in: Il Sabato (Milan) (10-16 September 1988), p. 27.
1989_01. God and the Cosmologists. (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway; Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1989), vii + 286pp. Farmington Institute Lectures, Oxford, 1988.
1989_02. Miracles and Physics. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1989), 114pp. Reprint with an Introduction and minor changes of 1987_05.
1989_03. Brain, Mind and Computers. (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1989), 316pp. Third edition with a new Foreword of 1969_01, and the addition of 1988_11.
1989_04. “Science: Revolutionary or Conservative?” Intercollegiate Review 24/2 (Spring 1989), pp. 13-22.
1989_05. Introduction to: P. Duhem. Au pays des Gorilles. (Paris: Beauchesne, 1989), pp. iii-xi.
1989_06. “The Physicist and the Metaphysician.” The New Scholasticism 63 (1989), pp. 183-205. English version of 1987_12.
1989_07. “Meditations on Newman’s Grammar of Assent.” Faith and Reason 15 (1989), pp. 19-34.
1989_08. Contributions at the 1988 Meeting per l’amicizia fra i popoli. In: VV. AA. Il libro del Meeting ‘88. Cercatori di Infinito. Costruttori di Storia. (Rimini: Meeting per l’amicizia fra i popoli, 1989), pp. 55-57, 62-63, 203-204.
1989_09. Introduction to: S.L. Jaki (ed.). Newman Today. (The Proceedings of the Wethersfield Institute, Volume 1, 1988). (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1989), pp. 7-16.
1989_10. “Newman’s Assent to Reality, Natural and Supernatural.” In: S.L. Jaki (ed.). Newman Today. (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1989), pp. 189-220.
1989_11. “L’assoluto al di là del relativo: riflessioni sulle teorie di Einstein.” Communio 103 (Jan-Feb 1989), pp. 103-119. Italian translation of 1985_03.
1989_12. “Thomas and the Universe.” The Thomist 53 (1989), pp. 545-572.
1989_13. “The Virgin Birth and the Birth of Science.” Downside Review 107 (October 1989), pp. 255-273. With five illustrations.
1989_14. “Evicting the Creator.” Review of: S.W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time. From the Big Bang to Black Holes. (New York: Bantam Books, 1988). Reviews in Science and Religion 14 (May 1989), pp. 5-16. Reprint of 1988_09.
1989_15. “Cosmologia e religione.” Synesis 6/4 (1989), pp. 89-100. Italian translation of 1990_26.
1990_01. The Purpose of It All. (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway; Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1990), xi + 294pp. Farmington Institute Lectures, Oxford, 1989.
1990_02. The Only Chaos and Other Essays (Lanham, MD: University Press of America; Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1990), 288pp. Reprint in one volume, with a Preface, of: 1988_13, 1987_13, 1984_09, 1989_04, 1988_07, 1987_14, 1988_09, 1987_06, 1988_08, 1988_06, 1987_04. First publication of: 1990_14, 1990_15, 1990_16, 1990_17, 1990_18, 1990_19.
1990_03. Catholic Essays (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1990). Reprint, with an Introduction, of: 1986_16, 1986_09, 1984_05, 1986_10, 1985_04, 1986_07, 1986_18, 1981_07, 1986_13. First publication of: 1990_20.
1990_04. Cosmos in Transition. Essays in the History of Cosmology (Tucson, AZ: Pachart Publishing House, 1990). Reprint, with an Introduction, of: 1971_01, 1972_04, 1978_11, 1983_03, 1976_04, 1972_06, 1978_10, 1990_24, 1979_11.
1990_05. The Savior of Science. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1990). UK edition of 1988_01.
1990_06. A Tudomány Megváltója. (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1990), 278pp. Hungarian translation by K. Scholtz of 1988_01.
1990_07. Science and Creation: From Eternal Cycles to an Oscillating Universe. (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1990), viii + 377pp. American edition of 1986_01.
1990_08. Ciencia, Fe, Cultura. (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 1990), 208pp. Spanish translation by A. Artigas of: 1975_03, 1975_04, 1977_01, 1967_02, 1976_02, 1974_02, 1988_15, with an introductory essay (“La Obra de Stanley L. Jaki”) by M. Artigas.
1990_09. “Socrates, or the Baby and the Bathwater.” Faith and Reason 16 (1990), pp. 63-79.
1990_10. “Determinism and Reality.” In: The Great Ideas Today 1990. (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1990), pp. 277-302.
1990_11. “Science and the Future of Religion.” Modern Age 33 (Summer 1990), pp. 142-150.
1990_12. “Christology and the Birth of Science.” The Asbury Theological Journal 45/2 (Fall 1990), pp. 61-72.
1990_13. “Cosmology and Religion.” Philosophy in Science, Volume 4 (1990), pp. 47-81.
1990_14. “The Cosmic Myth of Chance.” In: 1990_02, pp. 17-30. English original of 1986_17.
1990_15. “The Transformation of Cosmology in the Renaissance.” In: 1990_02, pp. 46-62.
1990_16. “Extra-terrestrials and Scientific Progress.” In: 1990_02, pp. 92-103.
1990_17. “Physics or Physicalism: A Cultural Dilemma.” In: 1990_02, pp. 162-178.
1990_18. “Science and Antiscience.” In: 1990_02, pp. 179-200. Revised English original of 1981_04.
1990_19. “The Hymn of the Universe.” In: 1990_02, pp. 233-245.
1990_20. “Commencement.” In: 1990_03, pp. 167-176. Address at the graduation of the Class of 1989, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA.
1990_21. “Pierre Duhem: Physicien et paysagiste.” In: Colloque Pierre Duhem (1861-1916). Scientifique, Ancien Elève de Stanislas. Samedi 3 Décembre - Dimanche 4 Décembre 1988. Actes du Colloque (Paris: Stanislas. Classes Préparatoires, 1990), pp. 47-54.
1990_22. “Katolikus Tudomány.” Vigilia (Budapest) 55 (March 1990), pp. 168-174. Hungarian translation of 1986_16.
1990_23. “Krisztológia as a modern tudomány születése.” Jel [Sign] (Budapest) 2/5 (1990), pp. 7-12. Hungarian translation of 1990_12.
1990_24. “The Gravitational Paradox of an Infinite Universe.” In: 1990_04, pp. 189-212. English original of 1979_01.
1990_25. The Virgin Birth and the Birth of Science. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1990), 32pp. Reprint in booklet form of 1989_13. With five color illustrations.
1990_26. “Cosmology and Religion.” Athéisme et Foi (Vatican City) 25/3 (1990), pp. 252-265. English original of 1989_15.
1990_27. “Newman and Science.” Downside Review 108 (October 1990), pp. 282-294.
1990_28. “Science: Western or What?” Intercollegiate Review 26/1 (Fall 1990), pp. 3-12.
1990_29. Review of: D.L. Sepper. Goethe contra Newton: Polemics and the Project for a New Science (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988). American Historical Review 95 (1990), pp. 1492-1493.
1990_30. Introduction to: E. Gilson. Methodical Realism. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1990), pp. 7-15.
1990_31. “A modern tudományos kozmologia és a kozmologiai istenérv.” Jel 2/6 (1990), pp. 9-17. Hungarian translation of 1990_13.
1990_32. “La cristologia e l’origine della scienza moderna.” Annales theologici 4/2 (1990), pp. 334-348. Italian translation of 1990_12.
1990_33. “Sushchestvnet li Sozdatel?” [Does a Creator Exist?] In: Obshchestvennye nauki Akademiia nauk SSSR 6 (1990), pp. 170-180. Russian translation of a lecture delivered in English in Moscow, 22 June 1989.
1990_34. “La fisica alla ricerca di una realtà ultima.” Cultura e Libri (May-June 1990), pp. 21-41. Italian translation of 1988_08.
1990_35. “Energétisme.” In: Encyclopédie philosophique universelle. II. Les notions philosophiques. Tome I. Philosophie occidentale: A-L. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990), pp. 784-785.
1990_36. Angels, Apes and Men. (La Salle, IL: Sherwood Sugden and Company, 1990), 128pp. Third printing of 1983_02.
1990_37. “¿Hay un diálogo de sordos entre teólogos y científicos?” Interview in: Palabra (Madrid) 308 (XII-1990), pp. 36-38.
1991_01. Scientist and Catholic: Pierre Duhem. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1991), 278pp.
1991_02. Pierre Duhem: Homme de science et de foi. (Paris: Beauchesne, 1991), 275pp. French translation by F. Raymondaud of 1991_01.
1991_03. Olbers Studies. With Three Unpublished Manuscripts by Olbers (Tucson, AZ: Pachart Publishing House, 1991), 96pp. Collection of essays with an Introduction. English version of 1970_01, 1970_02, 1970_03 and reprint of 1970_04.
1991_04. Erre a sziklára. (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1991), 156pp. Hungarian translation by Z. Jáki and C. Schilly of 1987_01.
1991_05. Dio e i cosmologi. (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1991), 237pp. Italian translation by M.L. Gozzi of 1989_01.
1991_06. “The Mind: Its Physics or Physiognomy.” Review of: R. Penrose, The Emperor’s New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics (New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), xiv + 466pp. Reflections 10/2 (1991), pp. 1, 14-15. Also in: Reviews in Science and Religion (February 1991), pp. 9-16.
1991_07. “Newman and Evolution.” Downside Review 109 (January 1991), pp. 16-34.
1991_08. “Física y religión en perspectiva: Los científicos y la filosofía.” Interview by M. Baldwin and P. Pintado Mascareño in: Atlántida (Madrid) (January-March 1991), pp. 76-82.
1991_09. “An Interview with Dr. Stanley Jaki.” The Observer of Boston College 9 (April-May 1991), pp. 12-13, 17 in 4°. English original of 1991_08.
1991_10. “Undeceivably Infallible.” The Wanderer (25 July 1991), pp. 4, 6.
1991_11. Commencement Address. Christendom College, 12 May 1991. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press). Brochure of 16pp. Also in: Faith and Reason 17/2 (1991), pp. 123-135.
1991_12. “Beyond the Tools of Production.” In: Reflections on the 100th Anniversary of Rerum Novarum. Wanderer Supplement (16 May 1991), pp. 5-7 in 4°.
1991_13. Preface to: P. Duhem, The Origins of Statics (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991), pp. vii-xv.
1991_14. “A teremtés és a monasztikus kreativitás.” In: Corona fratrum, (Pannonhalma: Pannonhalmi Foapátság, 1991), pp. 77-90. Hungarian translation by Z. Jáki of 1985_12.
1991_15. “A teremtő kilakoltatása.” Jel 3/1 (1991), pp. 5-7. Hungarian translation of 1988_09.
1991_16. “Krisztus, a katolikusok és az abortusz.” Jel 3/3 (1991), pp. 70-74. Hungarian translation of 1985_04.
1991_17. “A meg nem csalható csalatkozhatatlanság (Infallibilitás és kollegialitás).” Jel 3/4 (1991), pp. 99-104. Hungarian translation of 1991_10.
1991_18. “Jogosult-e Galileit rehabilitációia?” Jel 3/5 (1991), pp. 135-140. Hungarian translation of 1986_09 with some additions.
1991_20. “Expulsar al Creador.” In: VV. AA. Física y religión en perspectiva. (Madrid: RIALP, 1991), pp. 145-158. Spanish translation by J.A. Gonzalo of 1988_09.
1991_21. “Física y Religion en perspective: Coloquio.” In: VV. AA. Física y religión en perspectiva. (Madrid: RIALP, 1991), pp. 176-187. Spanish translation by F. del Olmo of the English part of the speeches.
1991_22. Introduction to: P. Duhem. German Science. Trans. J. Lyon. (La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing Co., 1991), pp. xiii-xxv.
1992_01. Reluctant Heroine: The Life and Work of Hélène Duhem. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1992), xii + 335pp. With illustrations.
1992_02. Genesis 1 Through the Ages. (London: Thomas More Press; New York: Wethersfield Institute, 1992), xii + 317pp. With illustrations.
1992_03. Universe and Creed. The Père Marquette Lecture in Theology 1992. (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1992), 86pp.
1992_04. “A Seminar with Father Stanley Jaki.” In: R.A. Brungs, M. Postiglione (eds.). Proceedings of ITEST Workshop, 18-20 October 1991. (St. Louis, MI: ITEST Faith/Science Press, 1992), pp. 63-159.
1992_05. The Relevance of Physics. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1992), xii + 604pp. Paperback reprint of 1966_01 with a Preface to the new edition.
1992_06. Il Salvatore della scienza. (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1992), 228pp. Italian translation by B. Bosacchi of 1988_01.
1992_07. Spacitel nauki. (Moscow: Greko-latinskii kabinet, 1992), 315pp. Russian translation by I. Lupandin of 1988_01. With a preface by the translator.
1992_08. Az ország kulcsai: Egy eszköz tanuságtétele. (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1992). Hungarian translation of 1986_03.
1992_09. Isten és a kozmológusok. (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1992), 291pp. Hungarian translation of 1989_01.
1992_10. Krisztus, Egyház, tudomány [Christ, Church, Science.] (Budapest: Jel, 1992), 174pp. Reprint, with an Introduction of: 1987_16, 1992_19, 1990_23, 1991_15, 1992_21, 1991_14, 1990_22, 1991_18, 1991_16, 1991_17, 1992_20.
1992_11. Csodák és fizika. (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1992), 91pp. Hungarian translation of 1989_02.
1992_12. “Telltale Remarks and a Tale Untold.” In: C. Wybrow (ed.). Creation, Nature, and Political Order in the Philosophy of Michael Foster (1903-1959). (Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1992), pp. 269-296.
1992_13. “Christ and Science.” Downside Review 110 (April 1992), pp. 110-130.
1992_14. “Creation Once and for All.” In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual National Wanderer Forum, 18-19 October 1991. (St. Paul, MN: Wanderer Forum Foundation, 1992), pp. 6-11 in 4°.
1992_15. “The Nonsense and Sense of Science.” In: H. Owens (ed.). A Warning is Given. (Woodstock, MD: Apostolatus Uniti, 1992), pp. 43-46.
1992_16. “Universe and Creed.” Introduction to the Père Marquette Lecture. The Wanderer (14 May 1992), p. 7.
1992_17. “L’evidenza scientifica della finalità.” In: Cultura e libri 80 (August-September 1992), pp. 13-18. Italian translation of pp. 170-174 of 1990_01.
1992_18. “Cristo, los catolicos y el aborto.” (Madrid: Premio Fundacion Adevida, 1992), 15pp. Spanish translation of 1985_04.
1992_19. “Krisztus és a természettudomány.” 16pp. Hungarian translation by M. Sághy of 1992_13.
1992_20. “Egynejű vagy nőtlen papság.” Jel 4/1 (1992). Hungarian translation of 1986_07.
1992_21. “Az elme fizikája vagy fiziognómiája.” Jel 4/2 (1992), pp. 40-43. Hungarian translation by M. Sághy of 1991_06.
1992_22. “Lehet-e keresztény szintézis?” [Is a Christian Synthesis Possible?] Jel 4/4 (1992), pp. 105-108.
1992_23. “Genezis 1. fejezet: A kozmosz keletkezése?” Jel 4/6 (1992), pp. 167-172. Hungarian translation of 1993_10.
1992_24. “Christology and the Birth of Modern Science.” In: Church and Theology: Festschrift for Dr. Jong Sung Rhee’s Seventieth Birthday. (Seoul: Christian Literature Society, 1992), pp. 769-785. Reprint of 1990_12.
1992_25. “L’absolu au delà du relatif. Réflexions sur Einstein.” Communio 17/4 (1992), pp. 135-149. French translation of 1985_03.
1992_26. “Duhem, Pierre.” In: Encyclopédie philosophique universelle. Vol. III. Les oeuvres philosophiques. Dictionnaire. Tome I. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1992), pp. 2376-2378.
1992_27. Newman oggi. (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1992), 229pp. Italian translation by S.I. Voicu of 1989_09 and 1989_10.
1992_28. Interview in: The Houston Clarion, Houston, 2/4 (March 1992), pp. 7, 16.
1993_01. Is There a Universe? (New York: Wethersfield Institute; Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993), viii + 137pp. The Forwood Lectures for 1992.
1993_02. Bog i kozmologi. (Moscow: Allegro Press, 1993), 321pp. Russian translation by I. Lupandin of 1989_01.
1993_03. Mi az egész értelme? (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1993), 280pp. Hungarian translation of 1990_01.
1993_04. Világegyetem és hitvallás. (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1993), 85pp. Hungarian translation of 1992_03.
1993_05. “Medieval Christianity: Its Inventiveness in Technology and Science.” In: A.M. Melzer, J. Weinberger, M.R. Zinman (eds.). Technology in the Western Political Tradition. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 46-68.
1993_06. “Gilson and Science.” In: J. Lehrberger (ed.). Saints, Sovereigns, and Scholars: Studies in Honor of Frederick D. Wilhelmsen. (New York: Peter Lang, 1993), pp. 31-47.
1993_07. “The Last Word in Physics.” Philosophy in Science 5 (1993), pp. 9-32.
1993_08. “History as Science and Science in History.” Intercollegiate Review 29/1 (Fall 1993), pp. 31-41.
1993_09. “Patterns versus Principles: The Pseudo-scientific Roots of Law’s Debacle.” The American Journal of Jurisprudence, 38 (Fall 1993), pp. 135-157.
1993_10. “Genesis 1: A Cosmogenesis?” Homiletic and Pastoral Review 94/3 (August-September 1993), pp. 28-32, 61-64.
1993_11. “The Purpose of Healing.” The Linacre Quarterly 60/1 (February 1993), pp. 5-15.
1993_12. “Az ember igazi eredete.” [The True Origin of Man.] Jel 5/1 (1993), pp. 3-6 in 4°. Lecture given at the Hungarian World Congress on Bioethics, Budapest, 6-8 June 1992. The English version can be found in 2001_02.
1993_13. “A hála értelme.” [The Meaning of Gratitude.] Jel 5/2 (1993), pp. 80-81 in 4°.
1993_14. “Bioetika és keresztény következetesség.” Jel 5/4 (1993), pp. 105-108 in 4°. Hungarian version of 1994_09. Lecture given at the International Congress of Christian Bioethics, Budapest, 16 June 1993.
1993_15. “Az élet kettös védelme: természeti és természetfeletti.” Jel 5/5 (October 1993), pp. 135-140 in 4°. Hungarian translation of 1994_08.
1993_16. “A természettudomány eredete.” (Győr: Keresztény Ertelmiek Szövetsége, 1993), 15pp. Discourse on the dedication of the Jedlik Ányos auditorium. Széchenyi István Technical University, Győr, 25 November 1991. Available also in a pro manuscripto version.
1993_17. “Adam Lord Gifford.” In: Dictionary of Scottish Theology (Edinburgh: R. & R. Clark, 1993), p. 358.
1993_18. The Background of Humanae Vitae Peter’s Chair: a Professorial Chair? (Gaithersburg, MD: Human Life International, 1993), 16pp. Lecture given at the International Congress of Human Life International, Houston, 17 April 1993.
1993_19. “The Relationship between Theology and Science.” Our Sunday Visitor (Huntington, IN) (14 February 1993), pp. 8-9. Interview on the Galileo affair.
1993_20. Narodziny z Maryi panny a narodziny nauki. (Wroclaw: TWE, 1993), 36pp. Polish translation of 1990_25.
1993_21. “La realtà dell’universo.” [The Reality of the Universe]. In: M. Sánchez Sorondo (ed.). Physica, Cosmologia, Naturphilosophie: Nuovi approcci. (Rome: Herder and Università Lateranense, 1993), pp. 327-341.
1993_22. “A gyógyítás célja.” Jel 5/6 (1993), pp. 167-172 in 4°. Hungarian translation of 1993_11.
1994_01. Presentation, introduction and notes to: Lettres de Pierre Duhem à sa fille Hélène. (Paris: Beauchesne, 1994), 237 pp.
1994_02. Lo scopo di tutto. (Milan: Ares, 1994), 283pp. Italian translation by M.L. Gozzi of 1990_01.
1994_03. Zbawca nauki. (Poznań: W drodze, 1994), 211pp. Polish translation of 1988_01.
1994_04. Introduction to: J.H. Newman. Anglican Difficulties. (Certain Difficulties Felt by Anglicans in Catholic Teaching.) (1850; Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1994), pp. v-xlii, and “Notes on Anglican theologians mentioned by Newman,” pp. 277-283.
1994_05. Introduction to: A. Carrel. The Voyage to Lourdes. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1994), pp. 5-36.
1994_06. “Ecology or Ecologism.” In: G.B. Marini-Bettolo (ed.). Man and His Environment. Tropical Forests and the Conservation of Species. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1994), pp. 271-293. Contribution given during the Study Week promoted by the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 14-18 May 1990.
1994_07. “Liberalism and Theology.” Faith and Reason 20 (Winter 1994), pp. 347-368.
1994_08. “Life’s Defense: Natural and Supernatural.” The Linacre Quarterly 61/1 (February 1994), pp. 22-31. Reprint of 1993_18.
1994_09. “Consistent Bioethics and Christian Consistency.” The Linacre Quarterly 61/3 (August 1994), pp. 87-92. English version of 1993_14.
1994_10. “Genesis 1: A Cosmogenesis?” Faith (London) 1994. Reprint of 1993_10.
1994_11. “Teológia és liberalizmus.” Jel 6 (September 1994), pp. 201-207. Hungarian version of 1994_07.
1994_12. A Szüzi szülés és a tudomány születése. (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1994), 35pp. Hungarian translation of 1990_25.
1994_13. “Szent Péter széke: egy professzori katedra?” Jel 6 (January-February 1994), pp. 4-7, 39-40. Hungarian translation of 1993_18.
1994_14. “Computers: Lovable but Unloving.” Downside Review 112 (July 1994), pp. 185-200.
1994_15. “Authoritatively No-Authority to Ordain Women.” The Wanderer (30 June 1994), pp. 4, 8.
1994_16. “Two Miracles and a Nobel Prize: The semicentennial anniversary of the death of Alexis Carrel.” Catholic World Report (November 1994), pp. 60-63.
1994_17. Kozmogenezis-e a Genezis 1? [Genesis 1, a Cosmogenesis?]. (Budapest: JEL, 1994), 24pp. Hungarian translation by Z. Jáki of an extended version, with notes, of 1993_10.
1994_18. “A bioetika etikai megalapozá.” Jel 6/8 (October 1994), pp. 237-242. Hungarian version of 1995_12.
1995_01. Patterns or Principles and Other Essays. (Bryn Mawr, PA: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 1995), viii + 235pp. Reprint in one volume, with an Introduction, of: 1993_09, 1994_06, 1990_09, 1993_05, 1992_12, 1990_10, 1993_08, 1990_28, 1993_06, 1992_15, 1991_06, 1993_07.
1995_02. Lord Gifford and His Lectures: A Centenary Retrospect. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1995), viii + 168pp. Second Edition, revised and extended of 1986_02.
1995_03. Bóg i kosmologowie (Raciborz: RAF i Scriba; Wroclaw: TWE, 1995), 215pp. Polish translation by P. Bołtuć of 1989_01.
1995_04. Postscript to the reprint of: J.H. de Groot. The Shakespeares and “the Old Faith.” (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1995), pp. 258-276.
1995_05. Introductory Essay to the reprint of: K.A. Kneller. Christianity and the Leaders of Modern Science: A Contribution to the History of Culture during the Nineteenth Century. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1995), pp. vii-xxviii.
1995_06. Introductory Essay to the reprint of: A. Barruel. Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1995), pp. xi-xxxvii.
1995_07. “Cosmology: An Empirical Science?” Philosophy in Science 6 (1995), pp. 47-75.
1995_08. “To Awaken from a Dream, Finally!” Review of: S. Weinberg. Dreams of a Final Theory. (New York: Pantheon, 1993). Philosophy in Science 6 (1995), pp. 159-173.
1995_09. “Angels, Brutes and the Light of Faith.” Crisis (January 1995), pp. 18-22.
1995_10. “The Sabbath-Rest of the Maker of All.” The Asbury Theological Journal 50/1 (Spring 1995), pp. 37-49.
1995_11. “Beyond Science.” In: W.A. Rusher (ed.). The Ambiguous Legacy of the Enlightenment. (Lanham, MD: University Press of America; Claremont, CA: Claremont Institute, 1995), pp. 208-213.
1995_12. “The Ethical Foundations of Bioethics.” The Linacre Quarterly 62/4 (November 1995), pp. 74-85.
1995_13. Introduction to: P. Duhem. Wi Li Li Lun Ti Mu Ti Yü Chieh Kou. (Beijing: State Publishing House, 1995), pp. 1-11. Chinese translation by Zhang Lai-ju of Pierre Duhem. La Théorie physique: son objet - sa structure.
1995_14. “Két csoda és egy Nobel-dij.” Jel 7 (February 1995), pp. 45-47. Hungarian translation of 1994_16.
1995_15. “Kényszerzubbony viselése nélkül.” [Without wearing a straitjacket.] Interview in: Magyar Nemzet (Budapest) (15 April 1995), p. 18 in 4°.
1995_16. “Cosmologia: ¿Una ciencia empirica?” In: J.A. Gonzalo et al. (eds.). Cosmologia astrofísica: Cuestiones fronterizas. (Madrid: Alianza Universidad, 1995), pp. 248-270. Spanish version of 1995_07.
1995_17. “Fede e ragione fra scienza e scientismo.” Interview in: Cristianità 239 (March 1995), pp. 15-20.
1995_18. “A Győri Bencés Gimnázium Jedlik termének felavatása.” [Dedication of the Jedlik room of the Benedictine Gymnasium in Győr]. A Czuczor Gergely Bencés Gimnázium Évkönyve 1994-1995. (Győr: 1995), pp. 17-23.
1995_19. “Angyalok, állatak és a hit fénye.” Communio (Christmas 1995), pp. 32-42. Hungarian translation of 1995_10.
1995_20. Introduction to: A. Carrel. Utazás Lourdes-ba. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 1995), pp. 5-48. Hungarian translation by M. Sághy of 1994_05.
1996_01. Bible and Science. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1996), vi + 218pp.
1996_02. L’origine de la science et la science de son origine. (Paris: ESKA, 1996), 144pp. French translation by M. Bouin-Naudin of 1978_05.
1996_03. A fizika látóhatára. (Budapest: Abigél, 1996), 612pp. Hungarian translation of 1966_01.
1996_04. Ciencia y Fe: Pierre Duhem. (Madrid: Ediciones Encuentros, 1996), 259pp. Spanish translation of 1991_01.
1996_05. Van-e Univerzum? (Budapest: Abigél, 1996), 143pp. Hungarian translation of 1993_01.
1996_06. Introductory Essay to: H.E. Manning. The True Story of the Vatican Council. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1996), pp. vii-xxxii.
1996_07. Introductory Essay to: Saint John Fisher. The Defence of the Priesthood. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1996), pp. vii-xxix.
1996_08. Introductory Essay to: J.-F. Stoffel, Pierre Duhem et ses doctorands: Bibliographie de la littérature primaire et secondaire. (Louvain-la-Neuve: Université catholique de Louvain, 1996), pp. 9-19.
1996_09. “A Gentleman [Newman] and Original Sin.” Downside Review 114 (July 1996), pp. 192-214.
1996_10. “Catholic Church and Astronomy.” In: History of Astronomy. An Encyclopedia. (New York: Garland Publishing Company, 1996), pp. 127-131.
1996_11. “The Inspiration and Counter-Inspiration of Astronomy.” The Asbury Theological Journal 51/2 (Fall 1996), pp. 71-87.
1996_12. “Words: Blocks, Amoebas, or Patches of Fog? Artificial Intelligence and the Conceptual Foundations of Fuzzy Logic.” In: B. Bosacchi, J.C. Bezdek (eds.). Applications of Fuzzy Logic Technology III, vol. 2761. (Bellingham, WA: SPIE, 1996), pp. 138-143. Proceedings of the Conference of the International Society for Optical Engineering, Orlando, FL, 10-12 April 1996.
1996_13. “A Telltale Meteor.” The Wanderer (22 August 1996), p. 6 in 4°.
1996_14. “What Would the Darwinists Say?” The Wanderer (28 November 1996), p. 9, in 4°.
1996_15. “Egy árulkodó meteorit.” Jel 8 (November 1996), pp. 3-4. Hungarian translation of 1996_13.
1996_16. “Van-e utolsó szó a fizikában?” Fizikai Szemle (Budapest) 46/8 (August 1996), pp. 274-280. Hungarian translation of 1993_07.
1996_17. “Jedlik Ányos: Az utols-mágus.” In: Magyar Villamos Művek (Budapest: Közleményei, 1-2/1996), pp. 77-78, in 4°. Discourse for the centenary of Jedlik Ányos at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 12 December 1995. Also in: Jedlik Ányos emlékezete (Budapest: Uniprint Nyomda KFT, 1996), pp. 10-18.
1996_18. Extract of 1996_17. Elektrotechnika (April 1996), pp. 180-181 in 4°.
1996_19. “Még sok a megoldatlan kérdés a fejlödéstanban.” Magyar Nemzet (5 November 1996), p. 12.
1996_20. “Le sabbat du Créateur de l’univers.” Revue des Questions Scientifiques 167 (1996), pp. 355-373. French translation of 1995_10.
1996_21. “A Közepkori keresztényseg találékonysága a tudomában és a tudomániban.” In: Országos Műszaki Múzeum Evkönyve. (Budapest: 1996), pp. 11-32. Hungarian translation of 1993_05.
1996_22. “Amit Isten mértékkel teremtett, csak mérésekkel igazolató.” Interview in: Természet Világa (Budapest), 1996/8, pp. 361-363.
1996_23. “Shectodniev: Kozmogenezis.” Philosophskii poick 3 (1997), (Minsk: Propilei), pp. 63-74. Russian translation of 1993_10.
1996_24. “Simplicity before Complexity” or “Second General Commentary.” Lecture given at the Plenary Session of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 27-31 October 1992, and printed in: B. Pullman (ed.). The Emergence of Complexity in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1996), pp. 423-431.
1996_25. “Jedlik Ányos emlékezete.” Interview in: Jel 8/3 (March 1996), pp. 92-94.
1996_26. “A Tudomány és a hit nem allithato szembe egymassal.” [Science and faith cannot be in conflict.] Interview in: Új Ember (Budapest) (24 November 1996), p. 6.
1997_01. Theology of Priestly Celibacy. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1997), 223pp.
1997_02. And on This Rock: The Witness of One Land and Two Covenants. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1997), viii + 169pp. Third enlarged edition of 1978_04.
1997_03. Világ és Vallás. [World and Religion.] (Budapest: Abigél, 1997), 163pp. Reprint, with a Preface, of the following essays already published in Hungarian: 1993_12, 1993_15, 1993_22, 1993_14, 1992_22, 1994_13, 1994_11, 1995_19, 1996_15, 1996_19, 1995_15, 1995_14, 1995_18, 1996_17, 1993_13; and of the first chapter of: P. Haffner. Creation and Scientific Creativity: A Study in the Thought of S.L. Jaki. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1991).
1997_04. Biblia és Tudomány. (Budapest: Abigél, 1997), 240pp. Hungarian translation of 1996_01.
1997_05. “Did the Pope Surrender to Evolutionary Theory?” The Wanderer (30 January 1997), p. 4 in 4°.
1997_06. “I limiti di una scienza senza limiti.” In: F. Barone, G. Basti, C. Testi (eds.). Il Fare della scienza: I fondamenti e le palafitte. (Padua: Il Poligrafo, 1997), pp. 13-30. Italian translation of 1999_07.
1997_07. Introductory Essay to: J.-B. Bossuet. History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1997), pp. vii-xxxv.
1997_08. Introductory Essay to: C. Hollis. Erasmus. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1997), pp. vii-xxxii.
1997_09. “Newman and Miracles.” Downside Review 115 (July 1997), pp. 193-214.
1997_10. “Natural Reason and Supernatural Revelation.” Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly 20/4 (Fall 1997), pp. 22-29.
1997_11. “The Biblical Basis of Western Science.” Crisis (October 1997), pp. 17-20. Text of a lecture given on 26 April 1997 at The Philadelphia Society, Philadelphia.
1997_12. “The Origin of the Earth-Moon System and the Rise of Scientific Intelligence.” In: Commentarii IV/3. Plenary session on the beginning and early evolution of life, 22-26 October 1996. Part I. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1997), pp. 321-331.
1997_13. “Klónozás és érvelés.” Magyar Bioetikai Szemle (1997/3), pp. 1-9. Also in: Communio (Budapest) (1997/3), pp. 48-60. Hungarian version of 1998_08.
1997_14. “Ordenadores: Maquinas Amables pero incapaces de amar.” In: Tecnología. Hombre y Ciencia (Madrid: Associacion Juve, 1997), pp. 183-193. Spanish translation of 1994_14.
1997_15. “Los limites de una ciencia ilimitada.” In: Tecnología. Hombre y Ciencia. (Madrid: Associacion Juve, 1997), pp. 242-256. Spanish translation of 1999_07.
1997_16. “Jáki Szaniszló Széchenyi díjas.” Jel 9 (October 1997), pp. 252-253.
1997_17. “Science, Culture, and Cult.” In: G.B. Marini Bettolo, P. Poupard (eds.). Science in the Context of Human Culture II, Acts of the Conference on Culture and Religion, 30 September-4 October 1991. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1997), pp. 93-118.
1997_18. “A Föld-Hold rendszer és a tudomány megjelenése.” A Czuczor Gergely Bencés gimnázium Évkönyve 1996-1997. (Győr: 1997), pp. 16-26. Hungarian translation of 1997_12.
1997_19. “Következetes bioetika és keresztény következetesség.” Magyar Bioetikai Szemle (1997/1-2), pp. 1-5. Reprint of 1993_14.
1997_20. “Alistair Cameron Crombie (4-11-1915, † 9-2-1996).” In: Commentarii IV/3. Plenary session on the beginning and early evolution of life, 22-26 October 1996. Part I. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1997), pp. 57-60. Commemoration of a deceased Pontifical Academician.
1998_01. God and the Cosmologists. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press; Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1998), xii + 286pp. Second, revised, and entirely reset edition, enlarged with a Postscript, of 1989_01.
1998_02. Genesis 1 Through the Ages. (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press; Royal Oak, MI: Real View Books, 1998), x + 301pp. Second enlarged edition of 1992_02.
1998_03. The Virgin Birth and the Birth of Science. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1998), 32pp. Revised and reset edition of 1990_25.
1998_04. Tudomány és Világnézet. (Science and Philosophy) (Budapest: Lexica, 1998), 268pp. Collection of essays in Hungarian, including the translation of 1997_06, 1996_11, 1997_05, 1996_12, 1994_06, 1997_11, 1998_06, and the reprinting of 1996_21, 1997_17, 1997_10, 1998_14, 1997_13.
1998_05. A papi cölibátus teológiája. (Budapest: Agapé/Ecclesia, 1998), 256pp. Hungarian translation by E. Kovács of 1997_01.
1998_06. “Pluralism in Education and Education in Pluralism.” Journal of Education 180 (3, 1998), pp. 67-84.
1998_07. “Cosmic Rays and Water Spiders.” In: J.M. Templeton - K.S. Giniger (eds.). Spiritual Evolution: Scientists Discuss Their Beliefs. (Philadelphia, London: Templeton Foundation Press, 1998), pp. 67-97.
1998_08. “Cloning and Arguing.” The Linacre Quarterly 65/1 (February 1998), pp. 5-18.
1998_09. “Newman: A Mystic?” Downside Review 116 (April 1998), pp. 143-145.
1998_10. “Newman and his Converts: An Existential Ecclesiology.” Catholic Dossier 4/1 (January-February 1998), pp. 17-28.
1998_11. The One True Fold: Newman and his Converts. (Royal Oak, MI: Real View Books, 1998), 32pp. Brochure reprint of 1998_10.
1998_12. “Believe in Extraterrestrials? You’d be better Moonstruck.” National Catholic Register (15-21 February 1998), p. 9 in 4°.
1998_13. “A lényeg lényegtelenítése.” [The Dilution of Essence] Magyar Bioetikai Szemle 4 1998, pp. 15-21.
1998_14. “Más világok üzengetnek? Vagy inkább figyeljünk a Holdra?” [Do other worlds beckon? Or should we rather watch the Moon?] Jel 9/8 (September 1998), pp. 3-4. Hungarian translation of 1998_12.
1998_15. “Eutanázia, Bioetika és Társadalom.” (Euthanasia, Bioethics, and Society.) Jel 10/2 (February 1998), pp. 42-46.
1998_16. “A Változás paradoxona.” Jel 10 (December 1998), pp. 291-293. Hungarian translation of 2000_30.
1998_17. “Science and Religion in Identity Crisis.” Faith and Reason 23/3-4 (1997-98), pp. 201-223.
1998_18. “Two Miracles and a Nobel laureate.” Bulletin n. 60E of the Secretariat for Scientific Questions (Pax Romana), pp. 7-12.
1998_19. Universe and Creed. The Père Marquette Lecture in Theology 1992. (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1998), 86pp. Paperback reprint of 1992_03.
1999_01. Means to Message: A Treatise on Truth. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999), 233pp.
1999_02. God and the Sun at Fatima. (Fraser, MI: Real View Books, 1999), ix + 381pp.
1999_03. Miracles and Physics. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1999), viii + 99pp. Revised and reset edition of 1989_02.
1999_04. The Creator’s Sabbath Rest: a Clue to Genesis 1. (Royal Oak, MI: Real View Books, 1999), 32pp.
1999_05. Ádvent és Tudomány. [Advent and Science] (Budapest: Ecclesia, 1999), 73pp. Four lectures given in Budapest at the end of November 1999.
1999_06. To Rebuild or not to Try? [The Temple of Jerusalem] (Royal Oak, MI: Real View Books, 1999), 32pp.
1999_07. “The Limits of a Limitless Science.” The Asbury Theological Journal 54/1 (Spring 1999), pp. 23-39. English original of 1997_06.
1999_08. “Two Lourdes Miracles and a Nobel Laureate: What Really Happened?” The Linacre Quarterly 66/1 (February 1999), pp. 65-73. Text of the Joseph M. Gambescia lecture given at the conclusion of the 19th World Congress of FIAMC (International Federation of Catholic Medical Associations), New York, 13 September 1998.
1999_09. Retroscena della Humanae vitae. Il seggio di Pietro: Un seggio cattedratico? (Rome: Vita Umana Internazionale, 1999[2000*]), 17pp. Italian translation of 1993_18. * The date on the booklet is 1999, but the actual publication was delayed.
1999_10. “Mit is JEL-ent KÉSZ-nek lenni?” [What does it mean to be Ready?] Jel 11 (September 1999), pp. 195-199.
1999_11. “A jövő bioetikája és a lélek jövője.” [The Future of Bioethics and the Soul’s Future.] Magyar Bioetikai Szemle 4 (1999), pp. 1-7.
1999_12. “Newman és az evolúció.” Communio (Budapest) 7/2 (1999), pp. 43-70. Hungarian translation of 1990_27.
1999_13. “A Tudomány nem képes felismerni a világegyetem létét.” [Science cannot demonstrate the existence of the universe.] Interview in: Új (Budapest) (28 November 1999), p. 6.
1999_14. “A Szentirás más, mint fizikakönyv.” [Holy Scriptures are not a physics textbook.] Interview in: Magyar Nemzet (1 December 1999), p. 12.
1999_15. Bible and Science. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 1999), vi + 218pp. Reprint of 1996_01.
2000_01. Newman’s Challenge. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000), viii + 321pp. Reprint in one volume, with a Foreword, of: 1996_09, 1997_09, 1995_09, 1994_04, 1987_09, 1989_10, 1989_07, 1990_27, 1991_07, 1998_09, and pp. 159-170 from 1997_01. First publication of: 2000_26, 2000_27, 2000_31.
2000_02. The Limits of a Limitless Science and Other Essays. (Wilmington, DE: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2000), ix + 246pp. Reprint in one volume, with an Introduction, of: 1999_07, 1998_12, 1994_14, 1997_11, 1996_11, 1996_12, 1995_11, 1996_13, 1995_07, 1995_08, 1997_17, 1998_07. First publication of: 2000_28, 2000_29, 2000_30.
2000_03. Praying the Psalms. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000), v + 237pp.
2000_04. Christ and Science. (Royal Oak, MI: Real View Books, 2000), 32pp.
2000_05. Giordano Bruno: A Martyr of Science? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2000), 32pp.
2000_06. Maybe Alone in the Universe, after All. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2000), 32pp.
2000_07. The Sun’s Miracle or of Something Else? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2000), 32pp.
2000_08. Advent and Science. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2000), 92pp. English version of 1999_05.
2000_09. The Savior of Science. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000), vi + 253pp. Revised second edition of 1988_01.
2000_10. The Paradox of Olbers’ Paradox: A Case History of Scientific Thought. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2000), viii + 325pp. Revised and extended second edition of 1969_02.
2000_11. “The Origin of the Earth-Moon System and the Rise of Scientific Intelligence.” Reprint of: 1997_12 in: Anales de fisica (Madrid) 95 (2000), pp. 197-202.
2000_12. Isten és a nap Fatimában. (Budapest: Ecclesia, 2000), 340pp. Hungarian translation by G. Somogyi of 1999_02.
2000_13. “Numbers Decide: or Planck’s Constant and Some Constants of Philosophy.” In: J.A. Gonzalo (ed.). Planck’s Constant 1900-2000. An Academic Session at UAM. 11 April 2000. (Madrid: UEA Ediciones, 2000), pp. 108-134.
2000_14. “God, Nature, and Science.” In: Gary Ferngren (ed.). The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition: An Encyclopedia. (New York: Garland Publishing, 2000), pp. 52-60.
2000_15. “The Catholic Intellectual.” Catholic Dossier 6/1 (2000), pp. 8-16.
2000_16. “Faith, Reason and Science.” Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly 23/2 (Spring 2000), pp. 8-15.
2000_17. “The Immaculate Conception and a Conscience Immaculate.” Catholic Dossier 6/4, pp. 4-11.
2000_18. Introduction to: K. Stern. The Pillar of Fire. (New Hope, KY: Urbi et Orbi/Remnant of Israel, 2000), pp. vii-xxviii.
2000_19. Miért él a kérdés: Van-e Isten? [Why the question: Is there a God?] (Budapest: Igazságért Alapítvány, 2000), 75pp.
2000_20. Preface to the reprint of: V. Ferenczy. Jedlik Ányos élete és alkotásai (Life and Work of Jedlik Ányos). (Győr: Bencés Gimnázium, 2000), pp. ix-xi.
2000_21. “Bioetika és kulturháboru.” (Bioethics and Culture War). Magyar Bioetikai Szemle 4 (2000), pp. 12-19.
2000_22. “A számok döntenek: a Planck állandó és a filozófia állandói.” (Budapest: Igazságért Alapítvány, 2000), 39pp. Hungarian version of 2000_13.
2000_23. “Egy város, egy Jedlik, egy egyetem.” (Győr: City Council, 2000), 15pp. Discourse given on 22 February 2000 at the City Hall of Győr at the presentation of 2000_12.
2000_24. “Katolikus értelmiségi.” Communio (Budapest) 8/3 (Christmas 2000), pp. 49-70. Hungarian translation by L. Szabó of 2000_15.
2000_25. Review of: R. Taton, C. Wilson (eds.). Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics. Part B. The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. General History of Astronomy 2. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). Isis 91 (June 2000), pp. 329-331.
2000_26. “Always Challenged and Forever Challenging.” In: 2000_01; pp. 1-19.
2000_27. “Faith and Church History.” In: 2000_01; pp. 179-196.
2000_28. “Science and Religion in Identity Crisis.” In: 2000_02; pp. 161-179. Text of a lecture given on 2 April 1991 at the University of Kentucky, Lexington.
2000_29. “The Reality of the Universe.” In: 2000_02; pp. 105-117. English version of 1993_21.
2000_30. “The Paradox of Change.” In: 2000_02; pp. 203-212. Text of a Baccalaureate address given on 22 May 1998 at Drew University, Madison, NJ.
2000_31. “Convert and Converts: An Existential Ecclesiology.” In: 2000_01; pp. 79-106.
2000_32. “Giordano Bruno ‘martire della scienza’?” Interview in: Cristianità 299 (May-June 2000), pp. 13-16.
2001_01. Newman to Converts: An Existential Ecclesiology. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), xii + 529pp.
2001_02. The Gist of Catholicism and Other Essays. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), vii + 253pp. Reprint in one volume, with a Foreword, of: 2001_13, 2000_15, 2000_16, 2000_17, 1994_07, 1991_10, 1993_18, 1994_15, 1993_11, 1994_08, 1994_09, 1995_12, 1996_10, 1998_18, 1992_14, 1991_12 and the English version of 1993_12, 1998_13, 1999_11.
2001_03. The Keys of the Kingdom: A Tool’s Witness to Truth. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), vii + 228pp. Second revised edition of 1986_03.
2001_04. Fourteen Stations. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), 33pp. Meditations on the Way of the Cross, with illustrations by Judith B. Kopp.
2001_05. Galileo Lessons. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), 32pp.
2001_06. Jesus, Islam, Science. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), 32pp.
2001_07. Why the Question: Is there a God? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), vii + 71pp. English version of 2000_19.
2001_08. Chesterton: A Seer of Science. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), xvi + 164pp. Reprint with a Foreword to the New Edition of 1986_04.
2001_09. Földöntúliak a világegyetemben? A Holdunk válasza. (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2001), 60pp. Hungarian translation of 2000_06.
2001_10. A Keresztút tizennégy állomása. (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2001), 34pp. Hungarian version of 2001_04 with illustrations by Peggy Peplow Gummere.
2001_11. Miért él a kérdés: van-e lélek? (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2001), 83pp. Hungarian version of 2001_06.
2001_12. “A Thousand Years from Now.” Modern Age (Winter 2001), pp. 6-15.
2001_13. “The Gist of Catholicism.” Catholic Dossier 7 (January-February 2000), pp. 17-28.
2001_14. Introduction to: H. Wilberforce. Why I Became A Catholic. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2001), pp. 1-10.
2001_15. “The Christological Origins of Newton’s First Law.” In: Science and the Future of Mankind (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2001), pp. 393-407. Lecture given at the Jubilee Plenary Session of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 10-13 November 2000.
2001_16. “Newman: Myths and Facts.” New Oxford Review (November 2001), pp. 19-24.
2001_17. “The Power and Poverty of Science.” The Asbury Theological Journal 56 (Fall 2001), pp. 49-66.
2001_18. “The Logic of Resurrection.” Sensus Communis 2/4 (2001), pp. 367-386.
2001_19. “A Feltámadás logikája.” Jel 13/5 (May 2001), pp. 3-6; 13/6 (June 2001), pp. 3-7. Hungarian version of 2001_18.
2001_20. “Jákob létrájától a kánai menyegzőig és vissza.” [From Jacob’s ladder to the Wedding in Cana.] Jel 13 (October 2001), pp. 5-7. Text of the homily given in occasion of the marriage of Maria Raunio and Gergely Bogányi, at Zebegény (Hungary), on 23 June 2001.
2001_21. “John Henry Newman, a XIX. század bíborossá vált konvertitája” (“Newman: Mitoszok és tények.”) Jel 13 (December 2001), pp. 15-16. Hungarian version of 2001_16.
2001_22. “Los Mensajes de Génesis 1.” [The messages of Genesis 1.] In: S.L. Jaki, R. Estartus. Una Mirada al cielo: Ciencia y Catolicismo. (Piura, Perú: Publicaciones Universida de Piura, 2001), pp. 1-40. A text still unpublished in English and translated by W. González.
2002_01. A Mind’s Matter: An Intellectual Autobiography. (Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2002), xiv + 309pp. Contains a list of the author’s publications, up to the first months of the year 2002, at pp. 259-309. Two additional chapters have been printed: “Five Years Later” (2006_11) and “Three More Years” (2011_04).
2002_02. Why the Question: Is There a Soul? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2002), vii + 68pp.
2002_03. Why Believe in the Church? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2002), vii + 74pp.
2002_04. Why Believe in Jesus? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2002), viii + 79pp.
2002_05. Fifteen Mysteries. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2002), vi + 81pp. Meditations on the Rosary. With 15 illustrations by Hank Tucker.
2002_06. Eszközadta üzenet. (Budapest: Jel Kiadó, 2002), 360pp. Hungarian translation by M. Sághy of 1999_01.
2002_07. Edition with introduction and notes of: J.H. Newman. Conscience and Papacy. [Letter to the Duke of Norfolk.] (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2002), lxxix + 188pp. With Two Appendixes.
2002_08. The Litany of Saint Joseph. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2002), x + 117pp. With four illustrations by Hank Tucker.
2002_09. “The Malines Conversations and What Was Malign There?” New Oxford Review (July-August 2002), pp. 25-33.
2002_10. “Newman’s Idea of the University and the Supernatural.” Sensus Communis 3/1-2, (January-June 2002), pp. 59-74.
2002_11. “The Relevance of Materials Science.” Ferroelectrics 267 (2002), pp. 77-89. Invited address for the Tenth World Congress on Ferroelectricity, Madrid, 3-6 September 2001.
2002_12. “Cosmology in Science and Theology: Some Perennial Differences.” In: E. Martikainen (ed.). Infinity, Causality and Determinism. (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2002), pp. 193-204.
2002_13. “The Science of Education and Education in Science.” In: The Challenges for Science: Education for the Twenty-First Century. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2002), pp. 56-72. Lecture given at the Working Group of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Rome, 19-21 November 2001.
2002_14. “Myopia about Islam with an Eye on Chesterbelloc.” The Chesterton Review 28/4 (Winter 2002), pp. 485-502.
2002_15. “Mennyiségek és minden más.” [Quantities and everything else.] In: Sz. Vizi et al. (eds.). Agy és Tudat. (Budapest: BIP, 2002), pp. 95-101. Invited address for the Symposium of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 18 April 2001. Hungarian original of 2003_26.
2002_16. “Az egészséges házasfél és a házasság egészsége.” [The healthy marriage partner and the health of marriage.] Magyar Bioetikai Szemle 8/1 (2002), pp. 1-7.
2002_17. ldquo;A szó elsöbbsége: A hit és tudomány közös alapja.” [The primacy of the word and the common ground of faith and science.] Jel 14/4 (April 2002), pp. 99-102.
2002_18. Jézus, iszlám, tudomany. (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2002), 82pp. Hungarian translation of 2001_06.
2002_19. “Islam, Scienza e Cristianesimo.” Nuntium (Rome) 6/18 (2002), pp. 123-132. Italian shorter version translated by B. Scolart of 2003_22.
2002_20. Miért higgyünk az Egyházban? (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2002), 91pp. Hungarian translation of 2002_03.
2002_21. “Nem-darwini darwinizmus.” Jel 14 (November 2002), pp. 263-266. Hungarian original of 2003_25.
2002_22. “Newman és az angyalok.” [Newman and the Angels.] Jel 14 (December 2002), pp. 294-298. Hungarian translation of 1995_09.
2002_23. Miért higgyünk Jézusban? (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2002), 94pp. Hungarian translation of 2002_04.
2003_01. Numbers Decide and Other Essays. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2003), viii + 267pp. Reprint in one volume, with an Introduction, of: 2000_13, 2001_17, 1998_06, 2002_13, 2002_14, 1997_12, 1998_08, 2002_12, 2002_11, 2001_12. First publication of: 2003_16, 2003_22, 2003_23, 2003_25, 2003_26.
2003_02. Why the Mass? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2003), viii + 76pp.
2003_03. Original Sin? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2003), viii + 77pp.
2003_04. Confidence in God? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2003), viii + 76pp.
2003_05. Twenty Mysteries. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2003), viii + 103pp. Meditations on the Rosary. With 20 illustrations by Hank Tucker. Enlarged edition of 2002_05.
2003_06. Szent József litániája. (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2003), 117pp. Hungarian translation of 2002_08.
2003_07. Miért van szentmise? (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2003), 88pp. Hungarian translation of 2003_02.
2003_08. Newman kihivása. (Budapest: Jel Könyvkiadó, 2003), 380pp. Hungarian translation by D. Kerényi of 2000_01.
2003_09. A zsoltárok Imádkozása. (Budapest: Jel Könyvkiadó, 2003), 308pp. Hungarian translation by Z. Jáki of 2000_03.
2003_10. A Rózsafüzér húsz titka. (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2003), 103pp. Hungarian translation of 2003_05.
2003_11. Edition with introduction and notes of: J.H. Newman. The Mother of God. [A Letter Addressed to the Rev. E.B. Pusey, D.D. on his recent Eirenicon.] (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2003), lxxxi + 151pp.
2003_12. Edition with introduction and notes of: J.H. Newman. An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine. (1845; Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2003), cxviii + 433pp.
2003_13. Evolution for Believers. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2003), 32pp.
2003_14. “A Non-Thomist Thomism.” Sensus communis 4/1 (January-March 2003), pp. 75-88.
2003_15. “Myopia with Lynx-Eyes about a Text of Aristotle.” Sensus Communis 4 (April-September 2003), pp. 145-163.
2003_16. “From World Views to Science and Back.” In: The Cultural Values of Science. Proceedings of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2003), pp. 124-139. Lecture given at the Plenary Session of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Rome, 8-11 November 2002.
2003_17. “Newman, an ‘Apostate’?” Review of: F. Turner. John Henry Newman. The Challenge to Evangelical Religion. (London: Yale University Press, 2002). New Oxford Review (May 2003), pp. 37-46.
2003_18. “A parazita társadalom és élösködö családjai.” [The Parasitical Society and its Parasitic Families.] Magyar Bioetikai Szemle 9/1 (2003), pp. 2-8.
2003_19. “Kézművesek példaképe.” [Model of workers.] Jel 15 (May 2003), pp. 150-151. Text from chapter 16 of 2003_06.
2003_20. “Amit Isten szétválasztott . . . Megjegyzések a tudományról és vallásról.” [What God has separated... Reflections on science and religion.] Jel 15 (September 2003), pp. 205-208.
2003_21. Egy elme világa - Szellemi önéletrajz hitről és tudományról. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 2003), 440pp. Hungarian translation by Boldizsár Fejérvári of 2002_01.
2003_22. “Islam and Science with the Eyes of a Muslim Physicist.” In: 2003_01; pp. 121-142. Text of a speech given on 24 April 2002 at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome.
2003_23. “Giordano Bruno’s Place in the History of Science.” In: 2003_01; pp. 213-246. Text of a speech given on 17 February 2000 at the Giordano Bruno Conference, held at the Università “La Sapienza” in Rome.
2003_24. “Az ötödik dicsőséges titok.” [The fifth glorious mystery.] Jel 15/8 (October 2003), p. 34.
2003_25. “Non Darwinian Darwinism.” In: 2003_01; pp. 57-66. Text of a speech given on 23 April 2002 at the International Congress on Evolution, held at the Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum in Rome. English version of 2002_21.
2003_26. “Quantities and Everything Else.” In: 2003_01; pp. 191-196. English version of 2002_15.
2004_01. The Church of England as Viewed by Newman. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2004), viii + 361pp.
2004_02. Questions on Science and Religion. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2004), viii + 201pp.
2004_03. Thy Kingdom Come? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2004), viii + 76pp.
2004_04. Resurrection? (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2004), viii + 79pp.
2004_05. Death? (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2004), viii + 75pp.
2004_06. Eredeti bün? (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2004), viii + 92pp. Hungarian translation of 2003_03.
2004_07. Bizzunk Istenben? (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2004), viii + 93pp. Hungarian translation of 2003_04.
2004_08. Feltámadás? (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2004), viii + 91pp. Hungarian translation of 2004_04.
2004_09. “A Late Awakening to Gödel in Physics.” Sensus communis 5 (2004), pp. 153-162.
2004_10. “The Metamorphoses of Human Dignity.” Aquinas (Rome) 57 (2004), pp. 284-291.
2004_11. The Brain-Mind Unity: The Strangest Difference. (Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2004), 32pp.
2004_12. Science and Religion: A Primer. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2004), 32pp.
2004_13. Eastern Orthodoxy’s Witness to Papal Primacy. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2004), 32pp.
2004_14. “Az emberi méltóság metamorfózisai.” Magyar Bioetikai Szemle 10/1 (2004), pp. 1-8. Hungarian translation of 2004_10.
2004_15. Review of: E. Norman, Anglican Difficulties: A New Syllabus of Errors. (London: Morehouse Publishing, 2004). Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly 27/3 (Fall 2004), pp. 52-55.
2004_16. “Beszéd a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia Székházában, 2003 november 19.-én.” [Speech at the Hungarian Academy of Science, 19 November 2003.] Jel 16 (2004). Text of a speech on the occasion of the presentation of 2003_21.
2004_17. “Egy megkésett ébredés Gödel a fizikában.” Fizikai Szemle (Budapest) 54/10 (October 2004), pp. 338-343. Hungarian translation by Z. Hetesi of 2004_09.
2004_18. Extended Introduction to the reprint of 1994_04: J.H. Newman. Anglican Difficulties. (Certain Difficulties Felt by Anglicans in Catholic Teaching.) (1850; Pinckney, MI: Real View Books, 2004), pp. v-xlii.
2004_19. Un miracolo del sole, o di qualcos’altro? (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2004), 43pp. Italian translation of 2000_07.
2004_20. “Il teorema di Gödel: Un tardivo risveglio dei fisici.” Emmeciquadro (Milan) 22 (December 2004), pp. 12-22. Italian translation of 2004_09.
2004_21. Miért él a kérdés: Van-e Isten? [Why the question: Is there a God?] (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2004), 75pp. New edition of 2000_19.
2004_22. Bible and Science. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 2004), vi + 218pp. Reprint of 1996_01.
2004_23. Theology of Priestly Celibacy. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 2004), 223pp. Reprint of 1997_01.
2004_24. Miracles and Physics. (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 2004), viii + 99pp. Reprint of 1989_02.
2005_01. Apologetics as Meant by Newman. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), xv + 419pp.
2005_02. Themes of Psalms. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), viii + 93pp.
2005_03. The Purpose of It All. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), vii + 261pp. Revised reprint of 1990_01.
2005_04. The Road of Science and the Ways to God. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), x + 478pp. Reprint with a new Foreword of 1978_02.
2005_05. The Drama of Quantities. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), viii + 76pp.
2005_06. The Litany of Loreto. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), vii + 224pp.
2005_07. Evolution for Believers. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), 32pp.
2005_08. Science and Religion: A Primer. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), 32pp.
2005_09. Intelligent Design? (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2005), 32pp.
2005_10. A fizika látóhatára. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 2005), 576pp. Revised edition of 1996_03.
2005_11. Isten és a nap Fatimában. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 2005), 340pp. Reprint of 2000_12.
2005_12. Halál? (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2005), viii + 93pp. Hungarian translation of 2004_05.
2005_13. A Mennyiségek drámája. (Budapest: ValóVilág, 2005), viii + 93pp. Hungarian translation of 2005_05.
2005_14. A tudomány és vallás kapcsolatának ábécéje. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 2005), 97pp. Hungarian translation by D. Kerényi of 2004_12.
2005_15. “Relativity and Religion.” Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly 28/3 (Fall 2005), pp. 17-21.
2005_16. “Teremtés, Krisztus, Tudomány.” Jel 17/7 (September 2005), pp. 197-202. Hungarian translation of 2006_18.
2005_17. Ciencia, teologia y torres gemelas: cuestiones candentes sobre islam y cristianesimo. (Madrid: Vozdepapel, 2005), 106pp. Spanish translation of 2001_06, 2000_04, 2004_09.
2005_18. “Christianity: From a Corner into Many Others, and yet not Cornered.” Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly 28/4 (Winter 2005), pp. 6-12.
2005_19. “Non-Darwinian Darwinism.” In: R. Pascual (ed.). L’evoluzione: Crocevia di scienza, filosofia e teologia. (Rome: Edizioni Studium, 2005), pp. 40-52. Reprint of 2003_25.
2005_20. “Sarokból sarokba lökve, mégsem sarokba szorítva.” Jel 17 (December 2005), pp. 291-296. Hungarian translation by K. Dénes of 2005_18.
2005_21. “Quello che Dio ha separato... Riflessioni sulla scienza e la religione.” 21mo Secolo Scienza e Tecnologia (February 2005), pp. 39-43. Italian translation of 2003_20.
2005_22. Un miracolo del sole, o di qualcos’altro? (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2005), 43pp. Revised reprint of 2004_19.
2005_23. “Una tardiva presa di coscienza di Gödel in fisica.” 21mo Secolo Scienza e Tecnologia (November 2005), pp. 29-33. Italian translation by G. Formica of 2004_09.
2005_24 Fundamentos Éticos de la Bioética. (Madrid: Ciencia y Cultura, 2005), 112pp. Spanish translation by P. Cervera, with an Introduction, of: 1993_12, 1993_11, 1994_08, 1994_09, 1995_12, 1998_13, 1999_11, 2004_10, 2003_18, 2006_20.
2006_01. A Late Awakening and Other Essays. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2006), viii + 261pp. Reprint in one volume, with an Introduction, of: 2004_09, 2003_15, the English version of 2003_20, 2005_15, 2004_10, 2003_18, a longer version of 2000_18, 2003_14, 1989_12. First publication of: 2006_08, 2006_09, 2006_15, 2006_16, 2006_17, 2006_18, 2006_19, 2006_20.
2006_02. Angels, Apes and Men. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2006), ix + 132pp. Completely revised edition of 1983_02.
2006_03. “On a Discovery of Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem.” In: Paths of Discovery. Plenary Session, 5-8 November 2004. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2006), pp. 49-60.
2006_04. Darwin’s Designs. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2006), 16pp.
2006_05. Fundamentos Éticos de la Bioética. (Madrid: Ciencia y Cultura, 2006), x + 108pp. Second reset edition of 2005_24. Spanish translation by L. Guerra Menéndez.
2006_06. Neo-Arianism as Foreseen by Newman. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2006), vi + 255pp.
2006_07. Archipelago Church. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2006), viii + 77 pp.
2006_08. “Chesterton a Seer of Science.” In: 2006_01; pp. 191-202. Text of a lecture given at the Chesterton Society (Minneapolis, MN), 18 June 2004.
2006_09. “Heretics and Dogmatists: or The Gist of Chesterton’s Heretics.” In: 2006_01; pp. 203-216. Text of a lecture given at the Chesterton Society (Minneapolis, MN), 16 June 2005.
2006_10. “Relativitás és vallás.” Jel 18 (January 2006). Hungarian translation of 2005_15.
2006_11. “Five Years Later.” First additional chapter to: A Mind’s Matter: An Intellectual Autobiography (2002_01), 16pp. The second additional chapter is: 2011_04.
2006_12. Le Litanie di San Giuseppe. (Rome: Aracne Editrice, 2006), 125pp. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2002_08.
2006_13. Cristo e la scienza. (Verona: Fede & Cultura, 2006), 46pp. Italian translation by M. Rivatelli and A. Colombo of 2000_04.
2006_14. Introduction to: J. Beaumont. Converts to Rome: A Guide to Notable Converts from Britain and Ireland during the Twentieth Century. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2006), pp. 1-6.
2006_15. “Pierre Duhem: Uneasy Genius.” In: 2006_01; pp. 33-48. Expanded form of the text of a lecture given at the University of Lisbon, 12 October 2002.
2006_16. “Christ and the History of Science.” In: 2006_01; pp. 49-62. Expanded form of the text of a lecture given at the University of Lisbon, 13 October 2002.
2006_17. “Christ, Creation, and Science.” In: 2006_01; pp. 79-92. Text of a lecture given at the University of Navarra, 26 April 2005, and at the Catholic Forum of the Cathedral of Lancaster, 4 May 2005.
2006_18. “Christ, Extraterrestrials and the Devil.” In: 2006_01; pp. 93-106. Text of a lecture given at the Catholic Forum of the Cathedral of Lancaster, 22 July 2005.
2006_19. “Purpose Redux.” In: 2006_01; pp. 117-136. Text of a lecture given at the Catholic University of America (Washington, DC), 24 January 2003.
2006_20. “A Dire Need and Vain Hopes. Bioethics at the Third Millennium.” In: 2006_01; pp. 157-170. English text of a lecture given at the Hungarian Society of Bioethics (Budapest), 8 September 2004.
2006_21. Introductory note to: Sigrid Undset. Through Moral Crises to Catholicism. [Reply to a Parish Priest.]. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2006), pp. 2-5.
2006_22. The Litany of the Sacred Heart. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2006), viii + 152pp.
2006_23. The Savior of Science. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Boos, 2006), vi + 253pp. Reprint of 2000_09.
2007_01. Justification as Argued by Newman. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2007), viii + 286pp.
2007_02. Sigrid Undset’s Quest for Truth. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2007), viii + 296pp.
2007_03. Mary’s Magnificat. (Port Huron: MI: Real View Books, 2007), 46pp.
2007_04. Fifty Years of Learning. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2007), 16pp. A special booklet for the fiftieth anniversary of the opening of the Woodside Priory School, Portola Valley, California (2007).
2007_05. Introduction to: J. Beaumont. Jewish Converts. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2007), pp. 1-2.
2007_06. The Ethical Foundations of Bioethics. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2007), viii + 136pp. Reprint in one volume, with a Foreword, of: 1993_12, 1993_11, 1994_08, 1994_09, 1995_12, 1998_13, 1999_11, 2004_10, 2003_18, 2006_20, 1985_04.
2007_07. Il Messaggio e il suo Mezzo. Un Trattato sulla Verità. (Verona: Fede & Cultura, 2007), 259pp. Italian translation by B. Danese of 1999_01.
2007_08. L’Héroine malgré elle: La vie et l’oeuvre d’Hélène Duhem. (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2007), 321pp. With 16 pages of illustrations. French translation by A. Bresson of 1992_01.
2007_09. Disegno intelligente? (Verona: Fede & Cultura, 2007), 46pp. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2005_09.
2007_10. La Unidad cerebro-mente: Una differencia muy extrana. (Port Huron, MI: Real View Books, 2007), 36pp. Spanish translation by M. Bedolla of 2004_11.
2007_12. The Litany of The Holy Name. (Port Huron: MI: Real View Books, 2007), vii + 141pp.
2007_13. Evolúció hívőknek. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 2007), 98pp. Hungarian translation by D. Kerényi of 2003_13.
2007_14. “Stanley Jaki: la disfida dei darwinisti.” Interview by L. Fazzini in: Avvenire (22 May 2007), p. 31.
2008_01. Zechariah’s Canticle and Ours. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2008), viii + 64pp.
2008_02. Impassable Divide, or the Separation between Science and Religion. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2008), vii + 108pp.
2008_03. Domande su scienza e religione. (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2008), 199pp. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2004_02.
2008_04. “Science as Prediction and the Unpredictability of Science.” In: W. Arber, N. Cabibbo, M. Sánchez Sorondo (eds.). Predictability in Science: Accuracy and Limitations 3-6 November 2006. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2008), pp. 194-202.
2008_05. The Perennial Novelty of Jesus. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2008), viii + 83pp.
2008_06. The Apostles’ Creed: A Commentary. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2008), viii + 100pp.
2008_07. Arcipelago Chiesa: A quarant’anni dal Concilio. (Verona: Fede & Cultura, 2008), 76pp. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2006_07.
2008_08. Ours a Dearest Father: Thoughts on the Lord’s Prayer. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2008), x + 81pp.
2008_09. “Relatività e Religione.” 21mo Secolo Scienza e Tecnologia (May 2008), pp. 33-37. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2005_15.
2008_10. Hail Mary, full of grace: A Commentary. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2008), x + 84pp.
2008_11. Introduction to: J. Beaumont. Converts from Britain and Ireland in the 19th Century. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2008), pp. vii-viii.
2008_12. “A message to the Third World?” InFORM, a Catholic Review (Taizhong, Taiwan) (Winter 2008), pp. 10-15.
2008_13. The Parable of the Good Samaritan. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2008), 32pp.
2009_01. The Eight Beatitudes: A Commentary. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2009), viii + 82pp.
2009_02. The Garden of Eden: Why, Where, When, How Long? (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2009), 32pp.
2009_03. Gesù, Islam, Scienza. (Verona: Fede & Cultura, 2009), 48pp. Italian translation by E. Canetta and A. Colombo of 2001_06.
2009_04. The Drama of Guadalupe. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2009), 36pp.
2009_05. A Galilei ügy tanulságai. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 2009), 80pp. Hungarian translation of 2001_05.
2009_06. El Drama de las Cantidades. (Madrid, Ciencia y Cultura, 2009), 101pp. Spanish translation by J.G. González and L. Guerra Menéndez of 2005_05.
2009_07. What is the Mass? (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2009), 32pp.
2009_08. “Evolution as Science and Ideology.” In: W. Arber, N. Cabibbo, M. Sánchez Sorondo (eds.). Scientific Insights into the Evolution of the Universe and of Life. The Proceedings of the Plenary Session 31 October - 4 November 2008. (Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 2009), pp. 517-526. A short discussion follows at pages 527-529.
2010_01. Le ravin infranchissable entre science et religion. (Paris: ESKA, 2010), 105pp. French translation by J. Vauthier of 2008_02.
2010_02. Il confine invalicabile o la separazione fra scienza e religione. (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2010), 117pp. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2008_02.
2010_03. The Litany of the Most Precious Blood. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2010), viii + 110pp.
2010_04. Introduction to: J. Beaumont. Early Converts (2008). In: J. Beaumont. Roads to Rome. (South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s Press, 2010), pp. 482-483 (Appendix Three). Also included are a reprint of 2006_14 at pp. 473-476 (Appendix One), and of 2008_11 at pp. 477-481 (Appendix Two).
2010_05. A teremtő megpihent a hetedik napon. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 2010), 70pp. Hungarian translation of 1999_04.
2011_01. Lectures in the Vatican Gardens. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2011), xvi + 201pp. A collection of all the lectures given at the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. Reprint in one volume, with a new Introduction of: 1994_06, 1996_24, 1997_17, 1997_12, 2001_15, 2002_13, 2003_16, 2006_03, 2008_04, 2009_08. First publication of: 2011_02.
2011_02. “The Demarcation Line between Science and Religion.” In: 2011_01, pp. 183-196. Text of a speech given at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) on 13 March 2008, in Rome.
2011_03. Dieu et les astrophysiciens. (Paris: ESKA, 2011), 252pp. French translation by J. Vauthier of 1989_01.
2011_04. “Three More Years.” Second additional chapter to: A Mind’s Matter: An Intellectual Autobiography (2002_01), 22pp. The first additional chapter is: 2006_11.
2011_05. The Mirage of Conflict between Science and Religion. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2011), viii + 87pp.
2011_06. Az agy, az elme és a számítógépek. (Budapest: Kairosz Kiadó, 2011), 336pp. Hungarian translation of 1989_03.
2012_01. Perché credere in Gesù? (Rome: Nova Millennium Romae, 2012), 119pp. Italian translation by A. Perlasca and A. Colombo of 2002_04.
2012_02. Perché credere nella Chiesa? (Rome: Nova Millennium Romae, 2012), 119pp. Italian translation by A. Perlasca and A. Colombo of 2002_03.
2012_03. I fondamenti etici della bioetica. (Verona: Fede & Cultura, 2012), 143pp. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2007_06.
2012_04. Des anges, des singes et les hommes. (Paris: ESKA, 2012), 124pp. French translation by J. Vauthier of 1983_02.
2013_01. Universo e Credo: La Père Marquette Lecture in teologia del 1992. (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2013), 65pp. Italian translation of 1992_03. Translation of the Introduction written by Earl Muller, SJ (and revision of the translation) by A. Colombo.
2014_01. Il miraggio del conflitto tra scienza e religione. (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum - IF Press, 2014), 93pp. Italian translation by A. Giostra of 2011_05.
2014_02. Uncodified Conspiracy and Other Essays. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2014), x + 309pp. Reprint in one volume, with an Introduction, of: 1995_06, 2006_03, 2008_04, 2005_15, 1979_02, 2011_02, 2005_18, the English version of 2003_20, 1996_11, 2002_11, 2007_04. First publication of: 2014_03, 2014_04, 2014_05, 2014_06, 2014_07, 2014_08, 2014_09, 2014_10, 2014_11, 2014_12, 2014_13.
2014_03. “Dickens, Darwin, and Chesterton.” Invited lecture given at the 25th Annual Conference of the American Chesterton Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, on June 16, 2006, under the title, “Dickens and Darwin: Two giants who never met, not even in the mind of the giant called Chesterton.” In: 2014_02, pp. 37-47.
2014_04. “Darwin’s Designs.” Invited lecture given in Shrewsbury in February 2005 as part of the annual celebration of Darwin’s birthday. The lecture had for its subtitle: “From the Origin of Species to Erewhon (nowhere) and back to somewhere.” In: 2014_02, pp. 49-64.
2014_05. “The Blessing and Bane of Quantities.” Address delivered at the annual academic convocation at Ave Maria University, Naples, Florida, on February 15, 2005. In: 2014_02, pp. 65-76.
2014_06. “Knowledge, Personal and Impersonal: Reflections on Polanyi’s Thought.” This essay was invited by the American Polanyi Society for its meeting (June 14, 2008) on the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Polanyi’s Personal Knowledge, but actually not presented. In: 2014_02, pp. 129-140.
2014_07. “From a Chain of Instant Nows to an Eternal NOW.” This essay with the subtitle, “Reflections on the brain-mind relationship and its bearing on spirituality,” was presented in Spanish at the “Segundo Encuentro Mundial SER,” Monterrey, Mexico, September 27, 2007. In: 2014_02, pp. 153-166.
2014_08. “Hail Mary: A Legal Dilemma.” A lecture given at Ave Maria Law School, Naples, Florida, on Monday, September 12, 2005, when the Senate Judicial Committee began its three-day hearing in the matter of Judge Roberts’ nomination as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In: 2014_02, pp. 181-194.
2014_09. “Pragmatism Then and Now: From Tacit Amorality to Public Immorality.” Invited lecture given at the Metanexus Conference, Madrid, July 14, 2008, co-authored with Lucía Guerra Menéndez. In: 2014_02, pp. 211-216.
2014_10. “Priestly Celibacy.” Article written in July 2006 for a Hungarian Protestant theological periodical, but not published. In: 2014_02, pp. 217-232.
2014_11. “Newman: An Anti-Liberal or Much More?” Text of a speech given in 2006. In: 2014_02, pp. 233-242.
2014_12. “The Mind and Its Now.” Essay first read at the Metanexus Conference, Madrid, July 15, 2008. In: 2014_02, pp. 243-249.
2014_13. “The Christian Spark for Exact Science.” Lecture given on April 4, 2008, at Lubbock Christian University, Lubbock, Texas. In: 2014_02, pp. 251-258.
2014_14. Lezioni da Galileo (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2014), 50pp. Italian translation by A. Giostra of 2001_05.
2014_15. Le cerveau, l’intelligence, et l’ordinateur (Paris: ESKA, 2014), 189pp. French translation by J. Vauthier of 1989_03.
2015_01. Reprint of the Introductory Essay 1996_07 to the new, entirely reset, edition of: Saint John Fisher. The Defense of the Priesthood. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2015), pp. vii-xxxiv.
2015_02. Bibbia e scienza: All’origine di un rapporto inscindibile. (Verona: Fede & Cultura, 2015), 253pp. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 1996_01.
2015_03. Angely, obezyany i lyudi. Russian translation by I. Lupandin of 1983_02. With a preface by the translator. Available on the site: http://www.proza.ru/2009/10/07/694. * The copyright date on the site is 2009, but the actual publication was completed in 2015.
2016_01. Science and Creation: From Eternal Cycles to an Oscillating Universe. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2016), xiv + 375pp. A new, revised, and entirely reset reprint, with a new Foreword by P.J. Floriani, of 1986_01.
2017_01. Domande su scienza e religione. (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2017), 211pp. A second and revised edition, with an Index of Names, of the Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2004_02. The first edition is 2008_03.
2017_02. La nascita verginale e la nascita della scienza. (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2017), 34pp. Italian translation by A. Giostra and A. Colombo of 1998_03.
2018_01. Il Dramma di Guadalupe. (Rome: Ateneo Pontificio Regina Apostolorum, 2018), 48pp. Italian translation by A. Colombo of 2009_04.
2018_02. Miracles and Physics. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2018), viii + 99pp. Third revised edition of 1989_02.
2018_03. Myths and Facts about Newman. (New Hope, KY: Real View Books, 2018), x + 95pp. Reprint in one volume, with a Foreword by J. Beaumont, of: 2001_16, 2003_17, 2002_10, 2002_09, 2004_15. First publication of: 2018_04, 2018_05.
2018_04. “Newman in His Letters on the Development of Doctrine.” A lecture given to a group of graduated students in theology at the Catholic University of America on October 14, 2003. In: 2018_03, pp. 59-69.
2018_05. “Newman’s Search for the Church.” Address given at St. Mary’s Priory, New Haven (CT), on May 2, 2003. In: 2018_03, pp. 71-83.
2019_01. Tsel’ vsego sushchestvuyushchego. Russian translation by I. Lupandin of the first four Chapters of 1990_01. Available on the site: http://www.proza.ru/2018/04/13/698. | 2019-04-22T12:07:46Z | http://sljaki.com/publications.html |
Orthostatic intolerance just got a bit more complex. That was actually good news. Hopefully chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) will soon get more complex in the same way.
Usually when we think of problems standing or orthostatic intolerance (OI) we think about postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), which is characterized by a greatly increased heart rate upon standing. There’s also, less commonly, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing).
Several types of orthostatic intolerance had been identified but at least one was still missing.
Both disorders produce similar symptoms (lightheadedness, dizziness, headache, nausea, fatigue, shortness of breath) upon standing that are relieved by lying down. Both also feature sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity and reduced blood flow to the brain (cerebral hypoperfusion).
But neither condition describes everyone. Dr. Peter Novak, Chief of the Autonomic Neurology Division within the Department of Neurology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston knew there was more to the OI story than was meeting the eye. He had plenty of patients with orthostatic intolerance (problems standing without having symptoms), which didn’t fit into either of those categories. He decided to dig deeper, and when he did, he uncovered what appears to be a new kind of OI.
Novak found this group by putting patients with orthostatic intolerance but without POTS or blood pressure problems (or ME/CFS or fibromyalgia for that matter) through tilt table tests while measuring their CO2 levels and blood flow to the brain.
He discovered that these mystery patients had something called hypocapnic cerebral hypoperfusion; i.e., upon being tilted they were emitting abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and had disturbingly low blood flow to the brain.
Hypocapnia or low CO2 levels are not new to orthostatic intolerance; low CO2 levels appear to be common in POTS, for instance, but no one had uncovered a group of OI patients who only had hypocapnia.
Low CO2 levels are often associated with deep breathing or hyperventilation syndrome – a tricky diagnosis. Hyperventilation is divided into two types – secondary (caused by physiological factors) or primary (caused by psychological factors such as anxiety). The MERCK Manual focuses almost entirely on primary hyperventilation.
The new group had low levels of CO2 and low blood flows to the brain but no increases in heart rate or drops in blood pressure.
Novak did everything he could to knock out the physiological factors group by preventing anyone with a disorder/problem that could cause hyperventilation (lung disorders, low blood pressure, severe metabolic abnormalities, central nervous system disorders (FM, ME/CFS), drugs and high amounts of pain) from participating in the study.
That would seem to leave anxiety as the only remaining cause of OI for this group, but that wasn’t the case. The field is so unexplored that Novak couldn’t come to any conclusions about what caused the low CO2 levels he’d seen.
This group of patients, which appears to be fairly common, has apparently gone under the radar for years. Novak noted that more than 80% of the patients in this study had been referred to him as suspected POTS patients. Most doctors would have likely given them a tilt table test, found no evidence of POTS, and sent them on their way.
If you experience problems standing – and don’t have POTS or OH – you may have HCH.
Novak reminds me of his colleague, pulmonologist David Systrom, who, while working at the same hospital, gave patients with idiopathic (i.e. unexplained) exercise intolerance (including people with ME/CFS, POTS) a deeper look. These people, also not uncommon, had passed fruitlessly through the medical system for years. Systrom decided to use his invasive cardiopulmonary testing to examine them in detail, and uncovered a fascinating group of patients.
Next, Novak will try to differentiate these groups further and determine if hypocapnic cerebral hypoperfusion is commonly found in POTS, and whether it is an entirely different disease or exists on a spectrum of orthostatic intolerance disorders.
The central takeaway from this study is that if you have problems standing, and have been tested for OI and been found wanting because you didn’t display a high heart rate or a drop in blood pressure, an end-tidal CO2 test might be the test for you.
If that’s so, you should tell your doctor that low CO2 levels have been linked to low blood flow to the brain in OI. Low CO2 levels have been found in ME/CFS and FM dating back to 2007 and 2010. In fact, ME/CFS and FM were two of the three diseases that Novak reported exhibited hypocapnic hypoperfusion in his paper.
Novak noted that the “spectrum of orthostatic intolerance is broad, complicated, and includes several overlapping presentations”, but one factor, thus far, links them together. So far, every form of OI, including hypocapnic cerebral hypoperfusion, has had one thing in common – a decrease in blood flow to the brain while standing. Problems getting proper blood flow to the brain may be the core feature of all these forms of orthostatic intolerance.
That, interestingly, was the same conclusion Dr. David Bell came to almost twenty years ago in chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS).
Almost twenty years ago Dr. Bell concluded that people with ME/CFS were having trouble getting blood to the brain. He explained his thinking in a vivid example, republished on Health Rising as “When Panic Isn’t: Dr. Bell on Maggie’s ME/CFS and Fibromyalgia Story“.
Maggie had been doggedly looking for an answer to health problems for ten years when she met up with Dr. Bell. She’d repeatedly been diagnosed with panic disorder, but the exhaustion she felt, her cognitive problems, her leaden feeling legs, etc. didn’t signal panic to him at all. They signaled ME/CFS.
Twenty years ago Dr. Bell asserted problems getting blood to the brain was a key feature in ME/CFS.
Blood volume and standing tests revealed real physiological abnormalities. Maggie was fine until about the ten-minute mark of her standing test when she began experiencing fatigue, pain, lightheadedness and a feeling of panic. At that point her heart rate, blood pressure and epinephrine (adrenaline) levels shot up. She was diagnosed with hyperadrenergic POTS, low blood volume, orthostatic diastolic hypertension, as well as ME/CFS and FM.
We don’t know if Maggie also had hypocapnia, but it doesn’t matter. Her panicked feeling was probably the result of her epinephrine levels going bananas in an attempt to get more blood to her brain. In the end, Bell felt that some form of panic or agitation was a core part of ME/CFS, but it was not a psychological problem – it was the result of low brain blood levels – the same core problem Novak found in his hypocapnic patients who did not have ME/CFS or FM.
A fascinating study also suggested that reduced blood flows to the brain is perhaps the key issue for one group of ME/CFS patients. When researchers were able to temporarily fix that issue their symptoms completely disappeared.
This group of younger ME/CFS patients looked quite normal lying down, but tilting them up sent their systems haywire. Relative to the healthy controls, their heart and breathing rates increased by about 50%, their CO2 levels dropped by 25%, and they experienced a 50% drop in blood flow to the brain. Not surprisingly, their cognitive performance also dropped dramatically.
Remarkably, phenylephrine, a blood vessel constrictor, returned brain blood flows to normal and removed the symptoms of one group of ME/CFS patients.
Remarkably, all those symptoms were reversed with the administration of phenylephrine. The ME/CFS patients’ cardiovascular and cognitive test results normalized leaving them looking like healthy controls. The authors believed phenylephrine fixed the central problem in this group of patients – reduced blood flow to the brain.
Phenylephrine causes the blood vessels, interestingly, to narrow (vasoconstrict). Its success suggested that either not enough blood was flowing to the brain and/or inflammation was dilating the blood vessels. Either way the pressure needed to move their blood into smaller blood vessels was missing.
Phenylephrine, interestingly, is often used in hospitals to increase blood pressure and reduce the vasodilating (blood vessel opening) effects of systemic inflammation and sepsis. That’s an interesting finding, given the possibility that ME/CFS may be an atypical form of sepsis – something Dr. David Bell also suggested years ago.
Novak’s identification of new kind of orthostatic intolerance suggests that the deeper researchers dig the more there is to find. They also, suggest, though, that all kinds of OI may link back to one central problem – the inability to get sufficient amounts of blood to the brain. Stewart’s study suggests that the same core problem is afflicting at least one subset of ME/CFS patients.
They also suggest that some of the problems found in ME/CFS/FM are not unique to it. Novak’s experience was similar to David Systrom who found that a whole raft of patients (ME/CFS, FM, POTS and others) had problems with preload or mitochondrial functioning which impaired their ability to exercise.
Interestingly, by reducing blood flows to the heart, the preload problems Systrom found could conceivably affect blood flows to the brain. Dr. Shungu’s brain lactate findings, the reduced blood volume in ME/CFS, and Ron Davis’s red blood cell studies are adding other blood flow elements into the picture.
Since those studies have not been done in Novak’s or Systrom’s patients, we don’t know if those findings apply to them, but it’s looking more and more like some of the core issues involving blood flows and blood vessels occurring in ME/CFS are probably occurring in other diseases. Given how terribly debilitating ME/CFS, in particular, can be, it makes sense that it’s impacting very basic physiological processes. Ron Davis has repeatedly stated that he believes understanding ME/CFS will accelerate our understanding of other diseases.
So did Dr. Bell almost twenty years ago.
CFS, and the patients who suffer from it, have a great deal to teach those of us who have made medicine our life. Once researchers unravel the physiologic mechanisms of this illness, the discoveries will help unravel basic mechanisms of unnumbered other diseases.
Does it make sense in regards to these findings that a CFS/FM sufferer feels significantly better during pregnancy because of increased blood flow?
I have the same Experience. I was Able to Walk on High heels when pregnant, which wasn’t possible for many years before.
I felt better when I was pregnant also. I also got pregnant with alarming ease. I had no idea how others might have felt during these times. It looks more and more like it’s been a life-long set-up that has now devolved into a lot of suffering.
Is it possible that an extreme episode of reduced brain blood flow may result in loss of memory for well practiced info such as one’s phone number or address? Similar to effects of a stroke but with no damage to blood vessels.
At worst I sometimes forgot my own name and couldn’t remember it even when I tried for five minutes before giving up.
After a crash I also lost basic knowledge on how to stand up from a chair when seated at a table or how to walk around my bed taking 90 degrees turns. I just had no clue on how to coordinate movements for both and had to actively relearn them.
So memory loss is definitely part of a bad spell of ME. Both temporary and more permanent with ability to relearn.
So far I believed it was due to the conditions the brain experiences when having ME can differ so much compared to the conditions when you learned the knowledge or skill that it fails to recall it. A bit like some people only can play darts when drunk but not when sober because they only play when drunk.
Nice to hear good doctors find new types of OI. I often state I have some form of OI but no POTS.
“With hyperventilation therapy, patients experienced a mean decrease in PaCO, from 35 ± 5 to 27 ± 5 mm Hg and in ICP from 20 ± II to 13 ± 8 mm Hg (p A whooping average of 35% drop in Intra Cranial Pressure should be a God-send gift for most patients with ME and or FM. Many recent blogs Cort posted deal with the strong association between too high ICP and ME/FM.
=> Reversed, if there were not an average drop in ICP by 35% or ICP going from 1x to 0.7x, not hyperventilating would increase ICP from 0.7x to 1x or an increase of 43% in ICP!
=> If indeed too high an ICP would be an important part in our diseases and higher ICP would correlate with more severe disease then increasing the already far too high ICP by another 43% by NOT hyperventilating would be an utterly debilitating and outright dangerous thing to do very likely to be far worse then the strong problems caused by poor blood flow to the brain.
=> Maybe we have here a main reason as to why we continuously hyperventilate and live with constant hypocapnia?
As to why hyperventilation would reduce ICP, this makes sense too.
* Blood from hart outlet has 100 units C02 per volume of blood.
=> arteries are more dilated then veins making blood easier to flow back to hart.
* Blood from hart outlet has 75 units C02 per volume of blood.
BUT: in the hyperventilation case ratios change. Numbers strongly suggest that in the hyperventilation the hypocapnia will hamper blood flow towards the brain more then it will hamper blood flow from the hart to the brain.
* The nightmares are extremely vivid, full color, plenty of different types of action… and this seems to be a *very* strange thing for the brain to do as it should require plenty and plenty of energy to “produce” them. That is not something we would expect happens in a ME patient and certainly not in the moment of highest trouble.
IF the hypothesis is wright the totally weird, counterproductive and absurd would further improve reduction of blood pooling in the brain. The absurd would become the unlikely desired!
And it goes together with (part) of my “strange” nightly routine. One of the things that helps quite well is getting out of bed and just sit on a chair for 15 minutes. I thought since quite some time it was for “helping flow blood that pools in the brain back to the hart”. In the context of this and previous comment this totally makes sense.
Many people may think lying down improves blood flow to the brain due to gravity. It does: TO the brain, not away FROM the brain. That’s the reverse due to lack of help of gravity. As the night passes, pooling gets worse until it gets very problematic late at night / early morning.
Pre-constricting blood vessels body-wide by having low NO production should help too. It will restrict blood flow for sure, but it will improve the removal of blood versus the inflow of blood. It seems this is another mechanism not causing blood to pool but rather helping reducing blood pooling at the cost of poor body-wide blood flow. As such it resembles a lot an anti inflammatory measure produced by the body.
For those who might ask, I’ll write about my nightly ritual in the forum. I’m gradually building up to it in the “Me current improvement series”. Please have a little bit more patience if interested.
You are genial !That makes total sense to me. I will experiment sitting up in a chair for a bit when I awake early in the morning and my legs hurt and my adrenaline is throbbing .
I’m mainly a good observer who has decided to look into some of those “totally impossible things” that happen over and over and over again. That’s likely unexplored territory where there is much to gain ;-).
Just moving a little bit the legs around when sitting helps too. Both legs and head seem to be zones of trouble in this sort of OI kinda thing. A few slow moves (while remaining sitting) up or forward go a long way.
It works both late midnight and early morning. I learned to do it most times when I wake up. In the beginning that meant I had barely any sleep left as it was chopped into pieces, but still I felt better. Now I wake far less often then before while having better health. Sometimes I’m a bit lax and just turn around and go and sleep again ;-). No need for perfection, just improvement. I skip a bit more in the morning as I often have a hard time to fall asleep again (in the morning, mid-late nights I just fall asleep asap). In the morning I just go to the toilet and back and fall often asleep again.
Please make observations while trying this out. Also take a look at symptoms as rapid or irregular hart beat, fast breathing, light headiness, chest pain in the morning… and please feel free to report any positives or negatives. I’d be very happy to learn more. When this topic would have died out, I’m also mail-able via Healthrising forum under the name dejurgen.
dejurgen : Read : The Downside of Upright Posture by Michael Flanagan, DC – a chiropractor with training in Neurology and physical anthropology – skull structure and how mammals, like whales and elephant seals, compensate for pressure changes. Yes, drainage from the brain is extremely important – and he discusses this. Sadly, Dr. Flanagan died in 2016.
=> Reversed, if there were not an average drop in ICP by 35% or ICP going from 1x to 0.65x, not hyperventilating would increase ICP from 0.65x to 1x or an increase of 54% in ICP!
On your “nocturnal moving around” hypothesis: throughout my gradual reversal of FM, I have been hyper-hydrating, involving drinking a lot of water and taking a lot of magnesium. I have tolerated higher frequency of urination as a side effect, as the benefits are clear. This includes getting up to urinate 2-3 times per night. I have long suspected that this enforced movement during the night, is also of beneficial effect.
I am convinced that “lack of movement” is when the worst fascial adhesions occur. The morning after some unusually high intensity exercise was always an ordeal, with stiffness, elevated pain, “muscle tissue tearing” sensations on movement, and extreme proneness to cramps on certain movements (eg flexing the ankles).
I hypothesize that the toxins produced by anaerobic exercise in particular, catalyse an increased adhesiveness of the fascia via the composition of the interstitial fluid, and adhesions occur during the next period of immobility.
On the other hand, I believe that “exercise avoiders” spiral down into debilitation from ever-greater encroachment of adhesions throughout their muscular system, even if they are not provoking this with anaerobic exertion. But deconditioning results in more and more mild forms of exertion becoming anaerobic, and the victim spirals ever-downwards in a vicious circle of effects. Even going shopping or taking a shower, followed by a return of inactivity, is deadly.
I have experienced massive benefit from increasing my aerobic threshold, as a by-product of avoiding anaerobic exertion but doing large amounts of low-intensity exercise. I can now do a lot while remaining aerobic (and not triggering relapses), that in the past would have required anaerobic exertion and would have triggered a relapse overnight.
I don’t say that getting up and moving around several times a night was “the” important self-help factor, only that it is one of many things that all help break out of a vicious circle for which there are many contributing factors. If one thinks in terms of interstitial adhesiveness, many things fall into place.
A lot of these new findings still don’t contradict my hypothesis about FM. I’ve beem saying for years that the stiffening, adhesions, and clumping of muscle fascia at crucial points around the body where there are complex intersections of both muscles and blood vessels, literally constricts blood flows in certain positions. The constrictions are “physical”, like slightly crushed copper pipes in a car’s engine coolant system.
This is not the same as vasoconstriction, which applies to the entire blood vessel. It is constrictions from external pressure at specific locations. Arguably, systemic vasoconstriction may increase systemic pressure to allow more flow through the externally squeezed points.
The other thing we know far too little about is what is going on in the “interstitial” spaces. The adhesiveness of fascia relates very much to the health of the interstitial fluids. The health benefits of Yoga and other movement routines is not “superstition”, it is straight-out medical biology, if you think of it in terms of mobilisation of interstitial fluids, preventing stagnation, local infection, and adhesiveness.
But there may be a lot more going on in “The Interstitium” than merely some kind of “inert” lubricant fluid movement – there may be actual vital biochemistry occurring that we know nothing about. Eastern medicine that refers to “energy flows” independent of blood vessels (and lymph vessels) may be vindicated yet.
I agree. I think the blood flow problem is system-wide. My painful muscles which sure feel like fascia problems to me – would agree as well.
If the small blood vessels are not working – then they must be impacting the fascia I would think.
I am a physiatrist (MD) that specializes in physical modalities for FM and ME/CFS. I was an ND prior. My most central modalities are Thai/Yoga therapy with myofascial techniques and teaching a host of controlled breathing techniques to raise or lower HR/BP. My clinical experience is that these work and work well.
According to Devin Starlanyl in her book on fascia pain, research has already identified a range of toxins that are present in what she and a network of researchers centred on Travell and Simons call “trigger points” (but she also calls them “nodules” of “contractured” fascia tissue, which is far more correct). Calling these “trigger points” immediately causes confusion with the common use of this term, which is not synonymous with lumps of stuck fascia tissue at all. This leads to otherwise very helpful scholarship being dismissed as a product of a confused mind, by “experts” vested in the mind / CNS / drugs racket.
@Neilly Buckalew: thanks for doing so much needed work for FM/ME patients and thanks for taking interest in patients thoughts and concerns!
* Do fascia stick/glue to each other; if so, what is their “glueing” power and how does it compare to other sort of glue?
* Do fascia stick to other tissue? Same questions.
* What shape and size are individual cells once they are released from the strain of surrounding cells? How does it compare to cells of healthy people and cells of FM patients outside these lumps?
* Are these cells elongated? How does their volume compare to that of healthy cells (could indicate leak or overstretching by weak cell walls)? Are they bend (could indicate asymmetric change in material properties/composition/accumulation of toxins/asymmetric damage in cell wall)?
* Are they contracted e.g. shorter and wider e.g. more round shape?
I took out the latter as it demonstrates the importance of asking such questions. IF they were noticeably more round shaped for equal volume compared to healthy cells then a very identical process could be at work that makes RBC in ME patients round: strong oxidative stress damaging the cell wall.
1) cell surface area would reduce, reducing exposure to oxidative stress external to the cell (ROS in the liquid the fascia are bathing in).
2) reduced cell surface area equals to a thicker cell wall (because the same mass used for the cell wall is spread over less surface area), better protecting the cell from ROS.
1) If this effect took place on a fairly large scale it would shorten fascia, making muscle/fascia more tense and reducing range of motion.
2) As this mechanism would very likely be not homogeneous, it would cause a lot of local bending the fascia into irregular structures. Hard to predict how that would look, but knotty would be possible.
3) If I recall correct, fascia are more open type of structures. Having more round cells would reduces the amount of open space (filled with liquid) and make the fascia more dry as you mention.
Think about 1) and 3) like having all the iron beams in the Eifel tower replaced by beams half as long but twice the cross section area. Smaller tower, less open space between iron beams.
For 2) Think about the above but do not shorten all beams by a factor of two. Shrink each of them with an individual random factor between 1.9 and 2.1 (and change cross section area to maintain constant volume).
=> the result of doing the latter would be a very much shortened tower that is very bend in all kind of directions and has extremely strong local tension points making it nearly snap apart.
The above is just one of many possible outcomes of studying material properties IMO.
I have taken a class in blood vessel manipulation to relieve these kinks that you talk about. The most dramatic result for me came from a release of a neck/shoulder blood vessel restriction. One should be able to find practitioners in many metropolitan areas. Google should be able to help you out.
That was a really important one for me too.
* Did it cause a remarkable and fairly rapid drop in pain levels?
* Where you hypothermia before and if so did that change with this treatment too?
I saw dr Novak for a number of years. Was 28 at the time went from great shape healthy to horribly ill. Had the low blood to the brain diagnosed by transcarnial Doppler. Pots tilt table. Turned out I had undiagnosed Lyme disease after many months of treatment and over a year of recovery time things have pretty much normalized.
Congratulations. So Lyme disease can cause this as well! Fascinating..I wonder what the bug is doing to cause the low blood flows to the brain? That is really interesting.I wonder if its neuroinflammation resulting in dilated blood vessels in the brain?
The treatment I guess was antibiotics?
I was one of the patients who Dr Stewart gave phenylephrine. It did “cure” my symtpoms for the day. Though things wore off. Clearly I creasing CBf helped me a lot.
Ha! Thanks for sharing that. I wonder how many people this applies to. Do you have POTS?
The oral version of phenylephrine works fine. It just has poor oral bioavailability.
My experience with Alpha-Adrenergic blockers Hytrin (terazosin). After rising and walking a short distance without any faintness I came to on the floor so weak could not move for several minutes,this happened three times, very scary. After research stopped the med no more problems.
wondering if that is why the “Meyers Cocktail” infusions work so well for a short while, not necessarily the micro-nutrients in them, but the extra fluid in the blood increasing blood volume and blood flow?
This hypothesis is a bit complicated for me to understand, but I’m going to try taking a phenylephrine tablet this morning and see if it seems to help my OI. Thanks so much, Cort, for this research review. Your work on our behalf is invaluable.
Sarah R, I’m heading to the drug store today!!! And hear, hear to Cort… three cheers ?
Cognitive problems prevent me from completely understanding all of this info but I guess I don’t have to because I’m seeing Dr Chheda at Center for Complex Diseases. I have used 1-2 liters a day of IV saline for over a year. I can tell when I need it because of increase in cognitive problems, i.e. understanding people, finding words, the start of a headache, the need to lay down and completely remove myself from stimulation. I know some of this may not relate to OI but it’s interesting that I feel better after having saline. The Meyers Cocktail I tried 15 yrs ago lasted for about 1/2 hour. B12 shots and B supplements did nothing. But I just found out I have the MTHFR gene so that was the cause of the B vitamins not being metabolized, I think.
Dr, Cheney found low blood volume. This would cause not enough blood getting to the brain. But what causes low blood volume? Maybe eating extra salt helps??
As to the tilt table test – they may not be having the patient stand long enough. I passed out with no blood pressure at 28 minutes. I don’t think the docs know to test that long.
Lyme? Yes, but then why do some never recover on antibiotics? MAYBE some have an ongoing autoimmune response.
Yes, they may not be doing the tilt table test right. Low blood pressure often takes quite a while to show up.
It’s kind of amazing to me that no one had gone deeper into the causes of low blood volume.
My problems keep having me circle back to some kind of sleep disorder. But my home overnight pulse oximeter records a reasonable 90-99% O2 sat with a few apnea events yet I feel ill upon awakening. The one thing I’ve seen is many heart rate events where my heart rate sky rockets many times during the night with NO apnea or other visible or audible signs. I’ve used my home surveillance system to record audio and video and watched and listened during heart rate and apnea events. I see nothing to alert me.
I now see where I have no way of monitoring CO2 and hypocapnia while sleeping. It could be happening due hyperventilation or something else resulting in resulting in cerebral vasoconstriction. I asked multiple doctors why sleeping with supplemental O2 sometimes made a big difference but showed no “significant” O2 sat improvement. They said O2 sat said I was ok. One said my description sounded like a a shift in the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve but that wasn’t possible. I investigated what might cause this including abnormal mitochondria and inadequate O2 tissue delivery at the cellular level.
Now I see it could actually be as simple as excess CO2 elimination and resulting effect on my brain blood O2 delivery.I have seen my Anion Gap varies wildly and is mostly high. Blood CO2 or bicarbonate levels (an anion) are adjusted by various mechanisms to offset cations.
But the CO2 or Bicarbonate is mostly provided by respiration. So respiration issues that reduce CO2 can show up in the Anion Gap.
Has anyone seen a reasonable home CO2 monitor that would allow breathing levels to be monitoring during wake and sleep to look for hyperventilation or other causes that might be causing hypocapnia and its resulting effects?
I’m not familiar with measurements taken at home, but have you read any of the research on upper airway resistance syndrome? In particular, studies Stanford University and Dr. Steven Park describe this in detail and connect it to orthostatic intolerance. I’ve listened to a recent podcast Dr. Park produced proving that arousals are just as important as apnea events but aren’t routinely reported on standard sleep studies. This makes sense in my case. I have mild sleep apnea and feel faint on standing, etc. if my mandibular advancement device isn’t adjusted correctly. That tells me that my airway size definitely correlated with how I feel…definitely not cured but tremendously better.
Am I right that this links to the Hummingbird device? If I remember correctly, this increases blood flow. Would this help here?
I think it’s possible. If the Hummingbird can increase blood flows in the lower body it might be able to increase preload and thus blood flows to the brain. Low blood flows to the brain may be the key issue for all kinds of orthostatic intolerance..
I wonder if vasodilation explains the alcohol intolerance. Or is there a known explanation for that?
Has anyone tried botox injections into the trapezious muscle to relax it and increase blood flow to the head and neck area?
That was supposed to be trapezius muscle.
I’m too wasted to follow everyone’s in depth comments right now. Do I understand correctly that there is no medical treatment available even if you are diagnosed with this new form OI? In other words, is it worth it to take my limited energy to go back to my OI cardiologist at this time?
Another great article Cort, well done!
Do we have a scientific citation validating the test we could show a doctor in the event one scores positive?
Stand up straight for 8 minutes.
If you start to feel ill stop and rest for a while.
Unfortunately I don’t know that there is. It’s been quite a while but if there was a citation I hope I would have put it in.
I have a lot of untangling and re-reading this to do— SO much of this spoke to my experience, not fitting with many traditional POTS symptoms, but definitely having parasympathetic misfiring. The sorts of things that are listed in the ‘POTS may also cause…’ lists that seem to include any symptom you can imagine.
I have a strange pattern when in a hard crash. There’s other signs, but I noticed (b/c was on IVIG and got a blood O2 monitor)—when I’m really sick, my blood O2 is 99 or 100. It’s normally 97. It’s not a huge difference, but it’s extremely consistent. I don’t know if I’m hyperventilating (I try very hard to control my breathing) or if the O2 in my blood is not being used properly, and then shows higher blood O2 levels. I’m not sure if the analogy fits, but I know I have testosterone that is being produced but other indicators show it’s not being used/taken up in my system. | 2019-04-20T16:49:04Z | https://www.healthrising.org/blog/2019/02/01/hypocapnic-cerebral-hypoperfusion-orthostatic-intolerance-chronic-fatigue-syndrome/ |
Vietnam’s automotive industry has seen significant growth in recent years, but is still relatively modest when compared to those of neighbouring countries. According to official figures published by the Vietnam Automobile Manufacturers’ Association, automotive sales in Vietnam have reached a level of approximately 250,000 vehicles per year. Although sales figures dipped in the first half of 2017, industry analysts expect automotive sales to continue to increase in the coming years as Vietnam’s young and growing middle class expands its appetite for cars. However, despite the increasing popularity and affordability of cars, for the time being Vietnam very much remains a country of motorbikes with approximately 45 million motorbikes on the roads and annual sales approaching 3 million.
Despite the increasing local demand for cars, Vietnam is largely an automobile-assembling, rather than automobile-producing, country. There are few local parts suppliers, meaning the vast majority of automobile parts used by in-country automobile manufacturers are imported. Imports of completely built units are also experiencing faster growth than domestically assembled units, and in recent years represented approximately 30 per cent of total sales within Vietnam. Although Vietnam’s tariff reduction commitments under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Agreement on Trade in Goods will likely open the market further to lower-cost imports from regional car-producing countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, local real estate giant Vingroup JSC has announced plans to debut ‘Made in Vietnam’ cars under the ‘Vinfast’ brand by 2019.
The Vietnamese automotive industry is regulated and supervised by both the Vietnam Register under the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The Ministry of Transport has oversight over technical and environmental standards of automobiles, while the Ministry of Industry and Trade is responsible for regulating imports of automobiles and automobile parts.
Local assemblers of ‘completely knocked down’ (CKD) vehicles (ie, those that are imported for assembly in Vietnam) must ensure that assembled units satisfy technical and environmental standards set by the Vietnam Ministry of Transport. For that purpose, Circular No. 30/2011/TT-BGTVT of the Ministry of Transport requires automotive designs to be appraised and approved (as evidenced by a certificate of design appraisal) and the final product to be tested for satisfaction of relevant technical standards (as evidenced by a certificate of quality technical safety and environmental protection) before being permitted into circulation. The final products are also subject to ongoing annual or irregular inspection by the Vietnam Register under the Ministry of Transport.
‘Completely built up’ (CBU) vehicles (ie, those that are imported fully assembled) must undergo a homologation process and receive a certificate of homologation issued by the Vietnam Register. Vehicles exempt from homologation requirements must obtain a notice of exemption from homologation also issued by the Vietnam Register. In order to be exempt from homologation requirements, a vehicle must satisfy each of the following conditions: (i) the vehicle is completely new; (ii) the vehicle was manufactured within three years prior to the date of import; and (iii) the vehicle was either examined in accordance with a treaty or agreement on mutual recognition of technological standards to which Vietnam is a signatory or was manufactured by a foreign vehicle manufacturer that has obtained ‘CoP’ (conformity of production) clearance from the Vietnam Register.
Decree 116/2017/ND-CP took effect from 1 January 2018 and requires automobile importers to obtain an automobile import licence from the Ministry of Industry and Trade. Decree 116 also imposes more rigorous quality inspection requirements and a list of business conditions regarding facilities, human resources, labour safety and hygiene, fire safety and environmental protection, among others. Automobile manufacturers and assemblers must obtain a certificate of compliance with these conditions from the Ministry of Industry and Trade, and have been given a grace period of 18 months from 17 October 2017 to comply with the conditions of new Decree 116.
Individual vehicle owners must register the vehicle with the competent Police Department and purchase and maintain automobile insurance throughout the period of use. Vehicle owners must also undergo periodic inspections and obtain an inspection certificate issued by the Vietnam Register.
Most foreign automobile manufacturers operate in Vietnam through manufacturing joint venture companies entered into with local (often state-owned) companies. Automobile parts are for the most part imported from outside Vietnam, although there is a small local supplier market as well.
Because the distribution sector is not completely open to foreign investors (in other words, foreign investors and certain foreign-invested companies established in Vietnam engaging in distribution activities are subject to legal requirements not applicable to purely domestic companies), foreign-invested manufacturing companies typically work with local distributor networks and agents to distribute fully assembled vehicles into the market. Local distributors and qualified importers also engage in import and distribution of CBU vehicles from outside Vietnam.
Decree 116/2017/ND-CP requires automobile importers to obtain an automobile import licence from the Ministry of Industry and Trade. One of the licensing conditions is that such importers have warranty and maintenance shops and are authorised by the relevant foreign automobile manufacturers to recall defective imports. Decree 116 also requires quality inspections to be conducted on every batch of newly imported cars.
Restructuring or termination issues with distributors are typically resolved in accordance with the relevant distribution or agency agreement between the manufacturer and the distributor. If the distributor relationship is structured as a principal-agent relationship, the Commercial Law of Vietnam provides for compensation upon termination equal to the average monthly remuneration of the distributor for each year of acting as agent for the manufacturer, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the parties. No compensation upon termination is payable in the case of a distribution agreement unless so agreed by the parties.
Foreign investment activities in Vietnam, including M&A and JV transactions, are subject to completion of a licensing process that can be time-consuming and appear, at times, to be unpredictable and arbitrary. Acquisition of shares or other equity in an existing company is usually more straightforward than establishment of a new company, but in either event relevant licensing formalities must be complied with.
In order to establish a new company in Vietnam, a foreign investor must first obtain an ‘investment registration certificate’ (IRC) issued by the provincial Department of Planning and Investment or the management board of special zones (eg, an industrial zone, export-processing zone, high-tech zone or economic zone) where the new company will be located. Certain special or large-scale projects also require approval from the Prime Minister, National Assembly or local People’s Committee. After obtaining the IRC, a second licensing process must be undertaken to apply for an ‘enterprise registration certificate’ (ERC), which serves as the business licence of the company and signifies completion of its establishment.
An IRC is not required in the case of acquisition of shares or other equity in an existing company in Vietnam. However, consent from the provincial Department of Planning and Investment is required if the foreign investor is acquiring shares in a company which operates a ‘conditional’ business or the acquisition results in 51 per cent or more of charter capital of the target company being held by one or more foreign investors.
Some business sectors or activities are also restricted or subject to additional conditions if the company has foreign investment capital, so a potential foreign investor should carefully consider any impact the investment may have on the existing or contemplated operations of the target company.
in addition to the aforementioned specific incentives, the government may provide support for large-scale automotive projects on a case-by-case basis.
Generally speaking, barriers to entry into the market are more commercial than legal. For example, Vietnam’s underdeveloped road infrastructure and cultural preference for motorbikes act as a check on the further development of the domestic automotive industry. Substantial taxes imposed on automobiles in Vietnam, including import taxes, value added taxes and special consumption taxes (which can be as high as 150 per cent and apply to both imported and locally produced vehicles), also make them unaffordable to the vast majority of the local population.
The most relevant automotive-related product compliance safety and environmental regulations are set out in Circular No. 30/2011/TT-BGTVT dated 15 April 2011 issued by the Ministry of Transport (governing the production of CKD vehicles), Circular No. 31/2011/TT-BGTVT dated 15 April 2011 issued by the Ministry of Transport (governing the import of CBU vehicles) and Circular No. 70/2015/TT-BGTVT dated 9 November 2015 (setting out duties applicable to car owners).
Non-compliance with these regulations can result in administrative penalties including monetary fines or revocation of relevant licenses and certificates. The Vietnam Register under the Ministry of Transport also has the power to inspect the quality and standards of domestic automobile manufacturers on a regular or irregular basis to ensure compliance with relevant regulations.
Specific rules apply to product recalls in the automotive industry. According to Circular No. 30/2011/TT-BGTVT, an automobile manufacturer must recall its products if they fail to comply with any applicable technical standards or cause (or may cause) danger to humans or property as a result of technical errors. The manufacturer must recall its products within five days of discovering the technical error and must notify the Vietnam Register in writing to propose a recall plan. Within five days from the date of receipt of such notification, the Vietnam Register must approve the plan (or suggest changes to it) and the manufacturer must recall its products in accordance with the approved plan. The manufacturer must also report the results of the recall plan to the Vietnam Register. Failure to comply with the regulations on product recalls may result in the manufacturer’s certificate of quality technical safety and environmental protection for the affected class of automobile to be suspended or withdrawn.
Both the Civil Code of Vietnam and the Law on Protection of Consumers’ Rights provide a basis for liability for damage caused by manufactured or imported products, including automobiles and automobile parts. The Civil Code sets out the broad principle that individuals or legal entities engaged in production or other business activities are liable for damage caused to consumers as a result of such individual or legal entity’s failure to ensure the quality of goods they manufacture or pass on to consumers. The Law on Protection of Consumers’ Rights addresses product liability more specifically and provides that manufacturers and importers (including organisations or individuals who affix a commercial name on the goods or use a trademark or commercial indication identifying such organisation or individual as the manufacturer or importer of such goods) shall be liable for any damage caused by defective products manufactured or imported by them. In addition, where the manufacturer or importer of a defective product is unable to be identified, the direct supplier of the defective goods shall be liable for damage suffered by consumers as a result of such defect.
Notwithstanding this basis for liability set out in the law, it has not yet been a common practice in Vietnam for consumers to bring claims for compensation (either individually or as a class) against manufacturers or importers of automobiles, automobile parts or other products for damages caused by defective products. One reason for this is the relatively poor reputation of Vietnam’s legal system, and in particular its courts, which are seen as more often than not time-consuming, costly, unpredictable and arbitrary in both proceedings and result.
Vietnam’s Competition Law is aimed at preventing acts of unfair competition as well as acts that restrict competition to an unacceptable degree. Acts that can serve to restrict competition include those that reduce, distort or prevent competition in the market through economic concentration (eg, mergers, acquisitions or other types of business combination transactions), abuse of dominant market position or monopoly or agreements to restrict competition (eg, agreements to divide the market to minimise or eliminate competition). Acts of unfair competition are those that are contrary to general standards of business ethics and which cause or may cause damage to the interests of the state and/or to the legitimate rights and interests of other enterprises or consumers.
The Competition Law requires notification to the Vietnam Competition Authority (VCA) prior to completion of any merger, acquisition or other business combination transaction that will result in a combined market share of greater than 30 per cent, and prohibits any such transaction that would result in a combined market share of greater than 50 per cent. The VCA has not, however, historically taken an aggressive approach to enforcement of Competition Law provisions, and we are not aware of any cases in which the authorities have accused an automotive company of violating applicable Vietnamese competition or antitrust regulations.
Because Vietnam’s court system is relatively unsophisticated and is perceived as being both arbitrary and unpredictable, most disputes in Vietnam are resolved outside of the formal legal system through commercial negotiations or amicable settlement of claims. This is particularly true in the case of product manufacturers or distributors who may be concerned that adverse news coverage or other publicity could negatively impact their brand in the eyes of consumers. Because most claims are handled outside of formal legal channels, and because Vietnam does not have a system of binding case law or other legal precedents, it is difficult to say with any degree of certainty what kinds of disputes have been experienced in the automotive industry. One can speculate, however, that disputes would be likely to arise from issues such as product liability and warranty periods.
When a dispute arises, the aggrieved party may seek one or more remedies including not only damages for loss but also interim or equitable remedies such as specific performance, temporary cessation of contractual performance or termination or rescission of contract. Injunctive relief may also be available upon petition to the competent court.
The process for dealing with a distressed supplier will depend on the terms of the contract between the supplier and the manufacturer or customer, including any remedy provisions included therein. However, where a supplier is, or is at risk of becoming, insolvent, a manufacturer or other customer of the supplier may also petition a court to initiate bankruptcy proceedings and join the list of creditors seeking recovery.
The most significant disputes in the automobile industry in Vietnam relate to counterfeiting of automobile parts and fittings and domain name disputes.
As a member of the World Trade Organization, Vietnam has established a relatively comprehensive legal framework to register and protect intellectual property rights. In case of infringement or other violation of existing intellectual property rights in Vietnam, the owner of such rights may pursue relief through administrative, civil or, in some cases, criminal proceedings. In practice, administrative relief for infringement of intellectual property rights is more common (and easier to obtain) in Vietnam. However, although administrative relief is cost-effective to obtain and generally results in an immediate cessation of the infringement, it has proven to have a somewhat low deterrent effect overall. To date, civil and criminal causes of action have been limited to instances of deliberate counterfeiting.
Generally speaking, intellectual property disputes are not easily resolved due to the intangible nature of the assets and, particularly in the case of patents or industrial designs, the highly technical knowledge that is often in question. This is especially the case in Vietnam, where courts and enforcement agencies are neither sophisticated nor experienced in handling highly complex or technical disputes.
Vietnamese employment regulations are extremely ‘employee friendly’, and in disputes relating to employment, Vietnamese courts and other administrative authorities generally sympathise with employees over employers. Even in cases of clear wrongdoing, it is extremely difficult to terminate an employee without his or her consent and willingness to cooperate.
Companies are not obligated to establish a trade union for employees, but must recognise and support trade unions established by employees or, in absence of such an in-house trade union, the relevant district-level trade union.
Companies with 10 or more employees must enact and register with the authorities a written set of ‘internal labour rules’. An employee may only be disciplined in accordance with the internal labour rules enacted by the company or pursuant to the limited (and poorly defined) offences provided for in the Labour Code. The internal labour rules must be agreed with the company’s in-house trade union or, in its absence, the district-level trade union or a majority of company employees. The relevant trade union must also participate in cases in employee discipline or where changes are being made to the rights or responsibilities of company employees.
Although Vietnam is not at the forefront of automotive technological and mobility advances, car-sharing applications such as Uber and Grab have experienced rapid growth in popularity since their relatively recent entry to the market. Legal regulations have not yet caught up to these developments as legislators and regulators struggle to understand the new business models and create an appropriate legal framework for services provided by platform companies engaged in the ‘sharing economy’. Vietnam’s largest taxi firm Vinasun is currently suing GrabTaxi Vietnam under Vietnam’s competition law for ‘unhealthy competition’, but both passengers and drivers continue to flock to ride-hailing firms due to widespread dissatisfaction over the service provided by traditional taxi companies.
Traditional transportation services such as taxi or car hire services are currently regulated by Decree No. 86/2014/ND-CP. The government is currently preparing a draft decree to replace Decree No. 86/2014/ND-CP with an aim to improve current regulations on transportation services as well as regulate the business activities of drivers who work in association with car-sharing companies such as Uber or Grab. There has been no indication to date as to the likely timeline for issuance of the new decree.
The first autonomous car in Vietnam was also introduced in 2017, using software developed by local company FPT Software. There are currently no regulations in place governing autonomous vehicles in Vietnam. | 2019-04-20T08:35:36Z | https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=e686c06e-b99d-4159-b99f-8624097db4a0 |
VOLUME 2 NUMBER 1 MARCH 1948 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •_ __ 230 PARK AVENUE NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
on China and Peripheral Areas at Harvard University, which presents area materials through the " integrated course" system. 2 Both Harvard and Columbia, however, emphasize discipline beyond the first year or so of area study, and at least on the doctoral level the student must satisfy the normal requirements for the degree in one of the disciplinary departments. There is no attempt to train "area specialists" as such on this level but rather to train social scientists and humanists with the additional knowledge of an important area of the world. As Mr. Robinson pointed out, " Area programs demand more, not less, than the normal departmental requirements." This obviously poses the problem of adding at least one year to the time necessary for the Ph.D. degree for the student who would combine area study with his discipline. There is compensation for this additional burden, however, as George E. Taylor pointed out, since acquisition of area specialization adds another qualification to the well trained political scientist, economist, or anthropologist. The conference seemed to agree that a discipline is the core to which area knowledge should be added.
ships, responsible for the selection of persons and institutions to pa!ticipate in the program, and for the supervision of educational activities. The Board has delegated the preliminary screening of applicants and related services for grants to three agencies. These are: for grants to those desiring to go abroad as students, the Institute of International Education; for those wishing to teach abroad in national elementary or secondary schools, the U. S. Office of Education; and for those who wish to teach in institutions of higher learning or to pursue postdoctoral work abroad, the Conference Board of Associated Research Councils. The Conference Board will also screen applicants for teaching positions in American elementary and secondary schools in foreign countries. The Department of State is charged with the general administration of the Act, and provides the Secretariat for the Board of Foreign Scholarships. As agreements are concluded with each participating country, an Educational Foundation is set up in that country to administer the program there. Opportunities: To initiate the program in China, the Board of Foreign Scholarships announced that opportunities are now available for 20 United States graduate students to study in institutions of higher learning in China. Persons wishing to inquire about these scholarships, and to obtain application forms, should write to the Institute of International Education, 2 West 45th Street, New York 19, N. Y. The Board has also announced opportunities for 20 United States professors and 10 postdoctoral research scholars to teach or carryon research in connection with institutions of higher learning in China, and similar openings for 6 United States professors in Burma. Inquiries about these grants should be addressed to the Conference Board of Associated Research Councils, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington 25, D. C. . Selection of candidates in general will be guided by excellence of scholastic or professional achievement, and preference will be given to veterans of World Wars I and II. Applicants will be expected to demonstrate a proficiency in the language of the country to which they plan to go wherever it is essential to the project which they propose to undertake. No action can be taken on applications for Fulbright grants in countries other than China and Burma until an agreement has been signed with the particular country. In the meantime requests for information on future programs may be , addressed to the Division of International Exchange of Persons, Department of State, Washington 25, D. C.
• Mr. Holland was until recently Assistant Director of the Office of Information and Educational Exchange. Department of State. and also Executive Secretary of the Board -of Foreign Scholarships. 1 A recent ruling of· the Solicitor General of the Veterans Adminis· tration makes it possible for veterans to receive benefits under the G.I. Bill and the Fulbright Act concurrently.
COMMITTEE BRIEFS the National Research Cpuncil (secretary), Carl W. Blegen of the University of Cincinnati, Dedev. W. Bronk of the National Research Council, George S. Counts of Teachers. College, Fred Eggan of the University of Chicago, Mortimer Graves of the American Council of Learned Societies, and Pendleton Herring of the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Gordon T. Bowles of Harvard University has been appointed executive secretary of the committee. Messrs. Eggan and Herring represent the Social Science Research Council. An exploratory committee to consider afresh the desirability and functions of some form of continuing organization concerned with research in the Latin American field, in lieu of the former joint Committee on Latin American Studies, has been appointed by the Conference Board. The members of the exploratory group are John P. Gillin of the University of North Carolina (chairman), W. Rex Crawford of the University of Pennsylvania, Henry Grattan Doyle of George Washington University, Hayward Keniston of the University of Michigan, and Julian H. Steward of Columbia University, with Charles Wagley of the Social Science Research Council serving as secretary. The commIttee has been asked to formulate its recommendations by June.
AGRICULTURAL MARKETING RESEARCH Frederick V. Waugh (chairman), John D. Black, A. C. Hoffman, Theodore W. Schultz, Herman M. Southworth, Leland Spencer, Frank J. Welch, H. R. Wellman, Walter W. Wilcox; staff, R. G. Bressler, Jr. The membership of the committee has been increased through the recent appointment of Walter W. Wilcox of the University of Wisconsin. The introductory sections of the proposed appraisal and planning report on agricultural marketing research, which is being sponsored by the committee, have been completed by R. G. Bressler, Jr.; and progress is being made on succeeding sections, especially those concerned with marketing efficiency and costs and the efficiency of the pricing mechanism. AREA RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS Philip E. Mosely (chairman), Cora Du Bois, Merle Fainsod, Robert B. Hall, Thorsten Sellin, Charles Wagley, Walter L. Wright, Jr.; staff, Laura Barrett, secretary to the committee. The committee was appointed in January to administer the new program of fellowships and travel grants for research in world areas, planned by the Committee on World Area Research and made possible by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. An announcement concerning this program appears on page 12, infra. An organizational meeting of the committee was ~eld on February 8 and one award was made, as listed on page 1 1.
ECONOMIC HISTORY Arthur H. Cole (chairman), Earl J. Hamilton, Herbert Heaton, John G. B. Hutchins, Harold A. Innis, Leland H. Jenks, Edward C. Kirkland, Frederic C. Lane, Robert Warren. The committee has made a grant to Harry H. Pierce of Syracuse University to aid him in a study of the contributions of local communities in New York State to the development of railroads in that area. Arrangements have been made with the Harvard University Press for publication of the next several volumes in the series sponsored by the committee. Economic Policy and Democratic Thought: Pennsylvania, I776-I860 by Louis Hartz was published in February. Revolution . in Glassmaking by Warren C. Scoville and the two-volume work, Men, Cities, and Transportation: A Study in New England History, I820-I900, by Edward C. Kirkland are scheduled for publication in May and June, respectively. The committee has accepted for publication a document by John W. Cadman, Jr., formerly of Princeton University, on the development of the corporation in New Jersey before 1875. As a part of its promotion of research on the history of entrepteneurship the committee sponsored a conference of persons working in that field, in Philadelphia, on February 28-2 9.
research planning memoranda was continued with the publication, in January, of Council Pamphlet 5 by Carroll L. ShartIe, Vocational Counseling and PLacement in the Community in Relation to Labor Mobility, Tenure, and Other Factors.
EXPLORATORY COMMITTEE ON A RECORDS MANAGEMENT CENTER Thomas C. Cochran (chairman), Arthur H. Cole, Jackson S. Hutto, Emmett J. Leahy, Roy F. Nichols. The committee was appointed in January, following earlier explorations under the auspices of the American Historical Association, to examine the feasibility of and draft plans for establishing, a national records management center. The proposed center would be concerned with Improving the preservation, accessibility, and standards of use of business and institutional records for research purposes.
(Joint with the National Research Council) Samuel A. Stouffer (cllairman), S. S. Wilks (vice-chairman), P. G. Agnew, Edward Battey, Hadley Cantril, Archibald M. Crossley, W. Edwards Deming, Robert F. Elder, George Gallup, Philip M. Hauser, Carl I. Hovland, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Rensis Likert, Darrell B. Lucas, Elmo Roper, Walter A. Shewhart, Frank Stanton, C. L. Warwick; staff, Elbridge Sibley, Frederick F. Stephan, Philip J. McCarthy.
HOUSING RESEARCH Richard U. Ratcliff (chairman), Howard G. Brunsman, Nicholas J. Demerath, Ernest M. Fisher, John M. Gaus, Robert B. Mitchell, Arthur M. Weimer, Louis Wirth, Coleman Woodbury; staff, Gerald Breese.
Advisory subcommittees have been appointed for each' of the three major projects sponsored by the committee. For sampling studies directed by Frederick F. Stephan the following persons serve as an advisory body: Messrs. Wilks (chairman), Deming, and Lazarsfeld of the joint committee, with William G. Cochran and Raymond J. Jessen of Iowa State College, Raymond Franzen and Alfred Politz of New York City, Morris H. Hansen of the Bureau of the Census, and J. Stevens Stock of the Opinion Research Corporation. The advisory subcommittee on the study of interviewer effect, which is being conducted by the National Opinion Research Center under the direction of Clyde W. Hart, consists of the following members and staff of the joint committee: Messrs. Stephan (chairman), Crossley, Deming, Gallup, Lazarsfeld, Likert, and Roper. The study of the use of panels, which has been initiated under the direction of Paul Lazarsfeld by the Columbia University Bureau of Applied Social Researcll, has the aid of tile following subcommittee: Messrs. Deming, Elder, Hart, Hovland, Lucas, and Stephan, witIl Samuel Barton of Industrial Surveys, A. Ross Eckler of the Bureau of the Census, Tjalling Koopmans of the University of Chicago, and A. Wells Wilbor of General Mills, Inc.
Coast states to expand their recording and analysis of labor statistics, and to undertake labor market research com. parable to that conducted in California. In attendance were a number of key persons from state offices of Oregon and Washington. PACIFIC COAST COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL STATISTICS Davis McEntire (chairman), Maurice I. Gershenson, George M. Kuznets, William Robinson, Calvin F. Schmid, Dorothy S. Thomas. In response to a request by the chairman of the commit. tee, arrangements were made in December for a visit to the San Francisco Bay Area by Morris H. Hansen, Special Assistant to the Director, Bureau of the Census. The purpose of Mr. Hansen's visit was to inform social scientists in this area of the progress made in sampling procedures by the Census Bureau, and to advise them on similar problems being encountered in their own research projects. Meetings sponsored by the committee on December 19 were devoted chieHy to discussion of sampling methods in population estimates. Approximately 25 persons participated. On the following day a session was held on the problem of response error in agricultural income surveys. George M. Kuznets conducted the discussion, centering on a study carried on cooperatively by the University of California and the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Mr. Hansen also met with the Pacific Coast Committee on Community Studies, with Jerzy Neyman's seminar in mathematical statistics, and gave two public addresses, one arranged by Harold E. Jones and the Extension Division of the University of California, and the other by the San Francisco chapter of the American Statistical Association.
(Joint with the American Council of Learned Societies) Philip E. Mosely (chairman), Ernest J. Simmons (secretary), Percy W. Corbett, Merle Fainsod, Robert J. Kerner, Geroid T. Robinson, S. Harrison Thomson, Rene Wellek. This joint committee was appointed in February at the suggestion of the ACLS which had long IlIaintained a com路 mittee in this field with members drawn from social science disciplines as well as from the humanities. This group recently recommended that its sponsorship be widened, because its program is of interest to scientists and scholars in many fields. It is concerned with the improvement of tools and methods for Russian and Slavic studies, with promoting systematic research in its field in different institutions, with development of the American Slavic Review as an organ of publication, and with effecting means of improving the How of Russian materials to research institutions in this country.
PUBLIC LIBRARY INQUIRY Robert D. Leigh (chairman), Ralph A. Beals, J. Frederic Dewhurst, Donald G. Marquis, Mary U. Rothrock, Richard H. Shryock, Malcolm M. Willey; staff, Robert D. Leigh, director. The 23 specific studies of the American public library constituting the inquiry'S major activity are progressing, and present schedules call for their completion by the end of September. The integration of the studies and prepara. tion of the final general report will occupy the four subse. quent months. The first draft of the report should be ready for review by the committee and members of the profession about February 1, 1949, and publication will follow. It is expected that six or more of the special studies will be issued as separate reports under the committee's auspices. The specific studies now under way involve intensive analysis of libraries in a sample of 66 communities, urban and rural. Five staff members, including the director, have divided the sample for visits and interviews to obtain ma路 terial on library controls, pressures, organization, and rela.
The committee also granted extensions of awards pre. viously made to the following fellows of the Council: Alexander Erlich, New School for Social Research; Louis Guttman, Cornell University; and John A. Scott, Columbia University. , The members of the committee in charge of these awards are Leonard S. Cottrell, Jr. (chairman), Fred Eggan, Glen Heathers, Philip E. Mosely, Elbridge Sibley, and Paul Webbink. Laura Barrett is secretary to the committee, and all inquiries concerning fellowships should be addressed to her at the New York office of the Council.
Committee on Social Aspects of Atomic Energy. In. troduction by Frederick Osborn. Princeton: Prince. ton University Press. In press. Pp. c. 140. $2.50. Economic Policy and Democratic Thought: Pennsyl. vania, I776-I860 by Louis Hartz. Sponsored by the Committee on Economic History. Cambridge: Har. vard University Press, 1948. Pp. 883. $4.00 . Social Problems on the Home Front: A Study of WarTime Influences by Francis E. Merrill. Prepared with the aid of the Committee on War Studies. New York: Harper &: Brothers. Pp. 25 8. $3.50 • Handbook of Latin American Studies: I944, No. 10. Sponsored by the Library of Congress and the former joint Committee on Latin American Studies.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1947· Pp. 440. $7.00. SSRC BULLETIN AND PAMPHLET SERIES The Recruitment, Selection, and Training of Social Scientists, Bulletin 58, by Elbridge Sibley. In press. Pp. c. 160. $1.50. Vocational Counseling and Placement in the Com. munity in Relation to Labor Mobility, Tenure, and Other Factors, Pamphlet 5, by Carroll L. Shartle with the assistance of Sanford Cohen. January 1948. Pp. 18. 25 cents. All numbers in the Council's bulletin and pamphlet series are distributed from the New York office of the Council.
ANNOUNCEMENT AREA RESEARCH TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS AND TRAVEL GRANTS With the aim of training social scientists for research on major world areas and promoting research to increase understanding of those areas and their peoples, the Council is offering during 1948 predoctoral and postdoctoral area research training fellowships and travel grants for research in foreign ar~as. Citizens and permanent residents of this country and Canada are eligible. Preference is given to candidates in social science fields, but applications for training in area research in closely related humanistic or natural science fields are considered. Applicants for predortoral fellowships must have ful. filled all requirements for the Ph.D. in a social science or related field except completion of a dissertation. Prefer. ence is given to candidates whose graduate training has centered in systematic interdisciplinary study of an area, and who are not over 30 years of age. but persons without previous area training may apply. Candidates for postdoctoral fellowships must have dem. onstrated their capacity for productive research in a social science or related field. Previous knowledge of the area to be studied is desirable but not prerequisite. Preference is given to applicants not over 35 years of age. Candidates for either type of fellowship must submit a program of study and research which is directly related to the understanding of a major world area and its people. The program is judged on its potentialities for contribut.
Incorporated in the Stale of Illinois, December 27.
ing to such understanding and for advancing the individual in a research and teaching career concerned with that area. Predoctoral candidates may present a subject for a dissertation as a research project. Candidates without previous knowledge of the area of interest must present a plan of preparation for foreign research and this plan normally will be carried out in an appropriate area center or program. Fellowships are awarded for one year but programs for a longer period may be submitted; requests for extensions of tenure will be considered on the basis of performance during the fellowship year. Stipends vary according to time to be spent outside the United States and the transportation and living costs involved. A budget for these expenses must accompany each application. Travel grants are available to mature area specialists. without reference to age, whose competence in research in a particular area has been demonstrated by published work and who need to visit the area to further research in progress. Before applying to the Council other possible sources of aid should be canvassed, as these grants nor· mally will be supplementary and will not exceed $2,500. Applications received by April I, 1948, will be consid. ered for awards in June; those received after April I will be considered for awards in November. Inquiries or re· quests for application blanks, which should indicate age, academic status, and nature of program contemplated, should be sent to Laura Barrett, Secretary to the Committee on Area Research Training Fellowships. at the Council's New York office. | 2019-04-21T19:51:49Z | https://issuu.com/ssrcitemsissues/docs/items_vol02_no1_1948?e=24618429/35299811 |
Daniel Robbins has been on death row for nineteen years (half of his life) when the execution warrant arrives.
29 October 2004. One minute after midnight.
29 October is my birthday, so the date instantly hooked me in. When we’re young we count down the days – or sleeps! – to such dates; imagine counting down to your own death, or that of someone you love.
Robbins had a troubled upbringing, in and out of care, and there’s now no one in the outside world who’s in contact with him. But he remembers one thing his real mother taught him: Truth is not necessarily what people want to hear, and now he’s in prison because he failed to tell the truth – the truth about how, in 1985, he came to shoot dead 15-year-old Shep Stanley. Shep’s father is Deputy Sheriff Nathaniel Stanley (Nate), and it was he who found the fatally wounded boy. He cradled Shep while he bled to death, and his testimony helped put the 19-year-old shooter in the state penitentiary, and on death row.
Shep’s mother, Irene, is beside herself, depressed and suffocated by pain. Shep was the apple of her eye, her world. Even her daughter, Bliss, feels left out. Believing she couldn’t cope with hearing the truth about what really happened on the night of her son’s murder, Nate keeps the secret for nineteen years. Until, that is, he discovers his wife has been secretly writing to the condemned man for years … that she’s forgiven him. Incensed beyond control he blurts out the truth. The revelation catapults Irene into a frenzy of activity which takes her all the way to the window opposite her son’s killer.
The book, The Crying Tree ( a perfect title) is cleverly structured. The first section flips between the years leading up to the murder and its aftermath (1983-1990) – and the days immediately after the death warrant comes through (the first two days of October 2004). The second part picks up at 1995 and takes us up to 7 October 2004. The third and fourth sections inch us ominously through the remaining days of October 2004 as the condemned man counts down the rest of his mortal life.
But his careful planning and preparation is thrown into chaos when the murdered man’s mother writes to him … when she arrives seeking mercy … when her daughter supports her – a woman who is herself a criminal prosecutor who’s ‘probably put more men to death than he had sitting in his entire unit‘! It’s a ‘compellingly outrageous‘ situation to be in.
The author of this superb book, Naseem Rakha, an acclaimed journalist, doesn’t shirk the big questions either. The rightness of capital punishment. The Biblical understanding of Do Not Kill. Religion and homosexuality. The meaning and consequences of forgiveness. How grief affects people. Punishment and imprisonment. Nature versus nurture. Weighty questions all.
– a face ‘buttered with sympathy’ or ‘buffed of expression and the eyes drained of color’, of – a man running to ‘get as far away from himself as possible’.
– the women in a backwater, ‘their long flannel shirts covering up what gravity had claimed’.
– the people in the tavern ‘strung out on a line waiting for life to turn better’.
Her masterly handling of suspense and conflict, particularly in the chambers where the deed will be/is done, chills the spine. I experienced a CT procedure recently which necessitated everyone else leaving the room leaving me alone in the tunnel with an IV infusion to automatically shoot dye into my veins and thence into my heart, while a robotic disembodied voice warned me it was coming, and my body reacted strangely to the substance. It felt weirdly isolating. And I could see parallels. Only, in my case, I lived to recall the experience!
A masterpiece from a hugely talented writer.
Some time ago I listened to one of these programmes where people tell their stories of good triumphing over tragedy. In this case it was a woman called Zoe, who told of her experience losing 5 early pregnancies. The consultant, she alleged, had told her not to even start looking for support; there was nothing out there. In response she set up her own helpline: originally called Saying Goodbye, now the Mariposa Trust.
Actually, it’s not true there’s nothing out there. I worked in the field of parental loss for decades, and there are a number of organisations that reach out to grieving families in their need. As a researcher, I myself studied what bereaved parents want and need, and my findings were widely disseminated.
Which all brings me to today’s subject. It’s important not to forget that what we do builds on the shoulders of others; often of giants. And it’s the same in literature. We’ve all benefitted from reading other people’s work – volumes they’ve laboured over, struggled with, paid a heavy price for. Sometimes we aren’t even consciously aware that these writings are impinging on us, altering our way of thinking, touching us at some deep level.
I’ve had a weird sensation of deja vu this week. I’ve been reading One Life by Rebecca Frayn. It tells the story of Rose and Johnny, a young couple who unexpectedly discover a deep desire for parenthood. But unfortunately Johnny is sub-fertile, and Rose is unable to get pregnant even with medical help (IVF, ICSI).
I explored the scenario of infertility in two of my own early novels: Paternity and Double Trouble, so of course I was fascinated to see how Frayn tackled it. I’m not suggesting for one moment that this author has copied my work – her approach is quite different, and I don’t suppose she even knows of my existence! But we are neither of us entering virgin territory, we are both building on what has gone before, maybe our own experiences, certainly those of others who’ve delved into these sensitive areas before us, in factual accounts as well as in the world of make-believe.
And this is where fiction especially comes into its own, because it has a dual effect, touching the heart as well as the intellect. It allows and encourages us to get inside the skin of people like Rose and Johnny, to empathise with their emotions, and hopefully emerge more understanding, more open-minded, more supportive, more compassionate. My raison d’etre. I’m delighted to find another debut novelist entering into my world.
Well, it just goes to show – reading is such a subjective experience.
I turned to I Saw a Man by Owen Sheers because it’s billed as ‘the most stylish thriller’ … ‘taut’ … ‘suspense almost physically frustrating’ … ‘exemplary thriller, clever, classy, slick’ … ‘extraordinarily tense and powerful’ …all the kinds of accolades we’d all like to receive about our writing, huh? And just the masterclass to help me make my own current writing more taut and unputdownable.
What a let down. OK, the essential thread of suspense is there – a bereaved man, a writer, Michael Turner, walking into his neighbours’ house because he sees the back door open and worries that intruders have entered it. Once inside, he’s distracted by a sense of his late wife’s presence which lures him upstairs into hitherto unknown territory. Up there, he unwittingly causes and witnesses a terrible accident, but can’t do anything about it without revealing his own trespass. The knowledge haunts him. Meanwhile his neighbour is also harbouring a massive burden of guilt, lying about his activities. Who will do or say what? Whose secrets will come to light first? What will the repercussions be? And hovering in the background, is the man who pressed the button that resulted in the collateral death of Michael’s wife.
So far, so I-want-to-know-what-happened. But for me, it felt hollow. Far too much description and backstory slowing the pace. The characters spineless and selfish. The ‘crimes’ unworthy of so much weight. Some of the main threads going nowhere. I’m sure these criticisms are in large part a measure of how much I’m currently agonising over the balance in my own domestic thriller, but authors are always critical readers, and I make no apology.
Although I’d personally take issue with some of the simplistic sentence construction, there are, however, a number of beautifully lyrical passages, commensurate with Sheer’s reputation as a poet.
And he weaves in some occasional surprisingly insightful wisdom. Not surprising maybe in a book about how men cope with grief.
He laughed, thinking she was joking, but then saw that she wasn’t.
And that’s where I part company from the gushing critics. My chemical reaction with this book fizzled rapidly like a damp squib. Sorry, Mr Sheers. Your credentials may put you way beyond my reach, but your idea of tension and suspense is vastly different from mine.
One of the things agents often say to writers is, “I didn’t love your story enough to fight for it.’ Would an agent have loved I Saw a Man enough if an unknown author had submitted it? Hmmm, I doubt it very much. But I’m not reading it as an agent, and it’s given me a different and helpful perspective and yardstick for my own book, so that’s a bonus. No reading is wasted on a writer.
Back to my own novel. And I am relishing the terrific help of my experts. A lead paediatrician in Child Protection, and two accountants, and one of my long-suffering literary critics, have all given me invaluable guidance and feedback. I’m galloping along surrounded by all this evidence of their support and friendship and life experience.
I’ve been to a very dark place – psychologically as well as physically – for the sake of my art this week. Mostly readers never know the agony and ecstasy behind a book, so I thought I’d give you a glimpse into what’s going on behind the scenes with Killing me Gently.
Come with me and let your imagination take over.
Imagine a distraught young woman careering along an unlit muddy path beside a fast-flowing river at 3am on a freezing February morning.
It’s inky black everywhere. Unseen branches reach out and tangle with her hair; ivy and exposed roots lie in wait at her feet. She slips and slides in the mud. Each heaving breath tears at her throat and lungs.
After a while the roar of the water cascading over rocks lures her closer, blocking out the echo of the relentless screaming that drove her to run away. She climbs onto the low stone wall and leans over, oblivion beckoning seductively. Will she …. won’t she …?
Now imagine an elderly woman scrambling through that same path, twilight enfolding her, sensation ebbing from her toes and fingers.
Her mind too is seething, watching the power of that relentless water … imagining the force … feeling the despair in that young woman’s heart. Picturing the growing horror of being disorientated, alone, lost … knowing not a single soul knows where she is.
That’s where you’d have found me on Tuesday evening this week. Consolidating the opening chapter of my current novel. Immersing myself in the horror. Feeling it killing me gently!
This is easily the scene’s tenth version, but I think …. I hope … I believe … it’s now almost there. Immediate. Setting a scene. Capturing key elements. Hinting sufficiently to draw the reader in. Making them ask … How desperate is this young woman? What is she running from? What has driven her beyond endurance? Will she slide into that abyss? Who has she left behind?
I’m not alone in revising and revisiting and re-editing my introduction endlessly. We all know the importance of the beginning of a story; no one more than an author who has to pitch to an agent/publisher! But once again the trick lies in deciding when it’s good enough. Going to the river, experiencing its reality, feeling spooked, has helped me towards that decision.
And for me, there’s a purpose as well as a limit to the psychological damage!
Psyching myself back into my current novel after all the excitement and busyness of the festive season, required a game plan. First, read a new-release novel from my shelves about a woman struggling to love her baby: Two Little Girls by Kate Medina. Even the cover sent a chill down my spine: a pair of tiny red sandals full of sand, lapped by the edge of the waves; the text ‘Two little girls walked to their deaths and nobody noticed …’ interspersed with the bald title. Says it all. And indeed the story includes these macabre murders, so it felt oddly serendipitous that, on the very day I read it, the BBC showed a documentary about the murders of the so-called ‘babes in the wood’, 32 years ago. Listening to the parents decades later brought home the indescribable horror these families live with daily.
And because of this reality, I felt uncomfortable seeing the novel dedicated to the author’s own two young daughters. Hmmmm.
Kate Medina has had a lifelong interest in psychology but she uses it effectively. Her characters ring true; policemen hypothesise, psychologists analyse and theorise, ordinary people don’t turn their brains inside out! The setting too, feels authentic – I know people who have a holiday home in Wittering!
… and Carolynn was running alone on the beach when a second little girl was murdered.
Phew! Is she guilty? Is she not? Is anyone else in danger?
Which brings me nicely to how far would my own protagonist go when her baby drives her beyond reason? And I come back to the writing with a renewed sense of what constitutes a thriller. A preparatory day well spent.
Phew! That’s it over for another year.
Thinking up a viable storyline, writing it (11,000 words plus), that’s the easy bit of the annual McHaffie Christmas story/play. Putting it into dramatic effect is a far harder task, and this year involved more hours pouring over the detail than ever before. Several weeks went into hand-drawing scenery representing Victorian streets to cover the walls of the hallway, stairs and landing alone!
With no single theatre stage to work with, no stagehands, furniture had to be moved around in six rooms to create Victorian shops, a banqueting hall and a rambling attic in a mansion house.
The storyline itself involved three youngsters from vastly different backgrounds learning from each other and the experiences they encountered, how to value and respect difference.
Weird gadgets, special boxes, changes of costume, cryptic messages, all added challenge and laughter to the mix.
and underwent a dramatic transformation when danger threatened.
they learned about transforming their own and others’ well-being by their attitudes and approach to life.
buttons and ribbons; and chocolates.
The names of the characters and their shops had to be worked out.
with which they decorated all the trees in the town, bringing sparkle and joy to its dark streets.
I rather think it might take a few weeks for dodgy backs and creaking joints to recover from the contortions they’ve undergone, but it’s well worth all the effort to see – and hear! – the family’s enjoyment.
And this year I had the added delight of my eldest granddaughter helping with the behind-the-scenes production of the event to mark her milestone birthday as an adult.
It only remains for me to wish you all peace, joy and health for 2019. Thanks for visiting my blog!
A couple of weeks ago I happened to catch a bus into the town centre already crowded with students from a science faculty outside the city boundary. There was a healthy buzz of conversation everywhere but the voice of the girl behind me dominated because she was speaking loudly into her mobile (as people tend to do).
Hello? You think creative people don’t suffer stress? Aren’t perfectionists? Why, only this week I was reading about an author, Madeline Miller, who took ten years to write her first novel, five of them spent writing and rewriting the first few chapters over 50 times! She describes herself as an ‘incorrigible perfectionist’.
It was Voltaire who allegedly first penned the famous aphorism: perfect is the enemy of the good, although other well known writers and philosophers have come to a similar conclusion.
We all have to achieve a balance between our ideals and our realities, don’t we? I first really absorbed the concept of ‘good enough’ when I was a researcher looking into parenting issues. I remember in 1988 quoting in my PhD thesis, the British pediatrician and psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott who coined the phrase ‘good enough’ mothers way back in 1953.
And all through my academic life I had a post-it on my screen: Perfection is always one more draft away. Theses, journal articles, books, conference presentations – there came a point with everything, when I had to say, ‘Stop! It will do’. No merit in constantly striving for perfection and never letting anything try its luck in the real world.
It hadn’t occurred to me until that student’s conversation impinged on my brain in the bus, that here I am, right now, in my fictional world, worrying away once again at what constitutes good enough parenting.
My protagonist is a new mother, a perfectionist, a brilliant academic, stressed by the demands of a fretful baby who simply hasn’t read the manual! And when bad things start happening to the infant, the professionals responsible for safeguarding have to decide where the line can and should be drawn between the ideal and the realistic. Get it wrong and a baby’s life might be in jeopardy as well as a mother’s mental health. We’ve all seen the vilification of social workers and community health professionals when a child is horrendously abused and dies in real life; the press have a field day.
I’m also somewhat preoccupied with the point at which the current novel itself is good enough to publish; it’s far from that point at the moment. Indeed I’ve scribbled several possible new opening sentences just over Christmas – the brain doesn’t recognise official holidays! And I know it won’t ever be perfect; they never are. It just has to be good enough to satisfy the reader that it’s a tale well told and worth writing. And believe me, young-angst-ridden-student-scientist, artists most certainly are perfectionists too!
175 years ago yesterday Charles Dickens published A Christmas Carol. Since then it’s been reinvented time after time until it’s become one of the most familiar and well-loved tales ever. In Dickens own day, the book changed the way people viewed the world, generating as it did, at once a feeling of love and of shame. Overnight charitable giving soared. And in the twenty-first century it remains a salutary reminder of the joy to be found in friendship, kindness and generosity.
The film, The Man who Invented Christmas, is based on the true story of how Dickens (played by Dan Stevens) wrote his masterpiece – you can click on the picture above to watch the official trailer. It beautifully captures the torture of writing, the agonising, the obsession, the exhilaration. Scrooge, Jacob Marley, Bob Cratchitt, Tiny Tim … they all come alive as they take shape in Charles’s imagination and indeed become more important to him than his own flesh and blood, as his long suffering wife laments. It felt totally believable; I too know that affinity with the people of my imagination, the difficulty of living in the real world when you’re totally immersed in the fictional one.
But what comes across powerfully in this dramatic representation is the sobering reality of Dickens’ actual life, which I knew already from books like Charles Dickens: The Gas-light Boy, reviewed in this blog post last year. He’s famous at a young age, yes, but constantly struggling to cope with the debts forced on him by his reckless and feckless father, a large and growing brood of children, and fickle publishers. Under enormous pressure to churn out book after book merely to stay afloat … thousands upon thousands of words written in dim light with a scratchy pen dipped in ink! Astonishing and humbling to view his genius against this context.
Here he is, weeks from Christmas, and struggling to find a viable idea for his work. The magical story-telling powers of a little orphan Irish girl trigger a thought … the name Scrooge brings Ebenezer into sharp relief … the vision of a happy ghost gives him one of the three spirits … the tears and entreaty of the Irish girl at the death of Tiny Tim spur him towards the perfect ending. The novella is completed with minutes to spare. And becomes his most famous and best-loved work.
Among the stacks of files for possible novels-I-might-write-some-day is one labelled ABORTION – a hot potato and one with evolving ethical and legal and philosophical issues.
I’ve personally lived through major change as a clinician in this area of practice. When I was in my early twenties, deliberately terminating pregnancy was illegal, and we midwives saw at first hand the damage done by so-called backstreet procedures carried out by unskilled hands. Then in 1967 the law changed to allow abortions to be carried out by trained professionals in certain circumstances. And gradually, over the years, those strict criteria have been relaxed. Nowadays, social circumstances and personal preference can be used as reasons to proceed; the mother’s mental well-being is invoked. But somehow a novel on the subject has slipped farther and farther down my priority list.
So perhaps it’s better that an American author has picked up the gauntlet and run with it. And I’d have said, Jodi Picoult was a natural choice to do so. She’s one of the four authors closest to my own genre of writing, and I’ve read (and own) pretty much all her books.
In A Spark of Light – just published – she’s tackled many of the issues I planned to include. The scene is The Center – formerly The Centre for Women’s Reproductive Health – the last standing abortion clinic – in Mississipi. The building is a hideous orange scar on the cityscape, everything inside it is run down, shabby, used. It’s protected by a perimeter fence, a border patrolled by zealous vigilantes /activists demonstrating outside it and against it.
Into this centre of controversy strides a very angry man with a gun and a personal agenda. He cold-bloodedly shoots some of the women and a male doctor before taking others hostage. His murderous rampage is fuelled by rage, because it’s in this place that the life of his own potential grandchild was taken; all he can think of is exacting revenge on those who were responsible.
Police negotiator Hugh McElroy is drafted in, initially unaware that his own teenage daughter and his sister are inside The Center. The two men establish contact. When he discovers that Bex (his sister) has been shot and seriously wounded, and that his girl Wren is being held hostage, it all becomes horribly personal.
The story unravels backwards in hourly increments. Hmmmm.
Picoult explores profound questions. Just where does the right to life end and the right to choose take over? When does killing for a cause (war, unwanted pregnancy) become murder? How can black and white legislation deal with the multiplicity of greyness that is people’s lives and experiences and beliefs? So far, so appropriate.
But sad to say this book did little for me. Sorry, Jodi.
Stylistically it simply doesn’t work. It starts with the shooting and unravels back to the reason each person is in that building at that time. Had I cared about any of the characters I’d have been interested in their backstory; but they were either too unbelievable or two-dimensional. As it was, with each chapter giving snippets about each one, I struggled to hold their identities in my head.
I was more concerned with how far the shooter would go, but then, blow me, after all that effort to follow the threads, the ending falls very flat. Promising story lines are left in limbo.
The agenda glares through the narrative, both visible and contrived.
The cod psychology is both intrusive and pervasive.
Everyone philosophizes and juggles competing ideals and thoughts and wise reflections, makes profound statements, encapsulates deep existential ideas in succinct phrases – completely unbelievable … especially in a crisis like this!
So why do I offer such a negative review? Because the experience reminds me of the burden on authors – myself included. My own next book has the potential to disappoint my readership. I’ve strayed outside my comfort zone with this story and just this week one of my critics has pointed out many flaws – even questioned the appropriateness of the genre! It’s on hold at the moment, but in the new year I’m going to have to forensically dissect it and try to up my game.
Oh, and I dare to criticise Picoult on two counts. I’ve given her plenty of positive publicity in the past. And she’s rich and famous and confident enough not to be derailed by my humble opinion!!
As promised last week, a dip inside the second treasure discovered in Scotland’s National Book Town last month.
Content to trudge along in the furrows ploughed by his father and grandfather, unsentimental George is frankly incapable of understanding his wife’s addiction to fantasy; and she is indeed obsessive when it comes to fiction. She wills herself into the ‘phantasmal worlds‘ created by poets and romantic writers; she even longs to develop interesting diseases … starve on the wild cold moorland … be beaten and cast out … know tragedy … to have some kind of grievance … anything to add spice to her life!
The real enigma is that this rich selfish man of the world should fall earnestly in love with a superficial, unlearned, vapid girl who is so far beyond his honour and class and social milieu, but he loves her ‘fatally, unaccountably, mysteriously, but eternally’, and try as he might, he’s utterly unable to rid himself of the enduring emotion – it’s ‘true metal’, ‘virgin gold’. Having fought against it in vain, he throws caution to the winds and offers her his whole heart and life.
But in fact, Isabel’s own infatuation goes no further than a kind of idealised spiritual unfaithfulness … she is ‘strictly punctilious with herself even in the matter of her thoughts … She only thought of what might have happened if Mr Lansdell had met her long ago before her marriage.‘ There is no sense of danger or disloyalty to her husband in her mind as she meets him clandestinely; she continues to give her duty and obedience to George Gilbert, whilst bestowing the poetry of her soul on Roland Lansdell – after all, why not? – that half of her nature is despised and rejected by her husband. So she is utterly bewildered by Roland’s sense of degradation and shame and humiliation and suffering. Perfect happiness has come to her; she is loved by the bright object of her own idolatry.
Idealised her love may be, but, sadly, her rose-tinted view of the master of Mordred and what he might offer, serves only to highlight ‘the utter hideousness and horror of her life.’ Her only escape is to imagine scenarios where ‘if only …’ had brought her within his orbit under other circumstances and they could have spent their days in idyllic splendour and artistic bliss, or she could even yet succumb to an early romantic death.
As long as Roland remains a remote might-have-been to her, she lives her dream, but when he demonstrates the seriousness of his real-life intentions by expecting her to abscond with him, Isobel is appalled. In desiring something outside the poetical parameters of her ideal, something carnal and earth-bound, he plummets from demigod to cruel villain, debasing something pure and sacred to vulgarity and depravity. She wouldn’t have hesitated to commit suicide and occupy a marble mausoleum with him for all eternity, but to betray her marriage vows, to spend her life in shame and disgrace? – that would outrage the high ideals of her adoration. His feet are now occupying ordinary mundane ‘common ground’; he himself has become an ‘everyday creature‘. Her dreams are shattered.
But on the wings of that fragmented vision she loses her naive outlook, her childhood, the ‘sweet age of enchantment‘, for ever. Disappointment, followed quickly by tragedy and death, bring reality crashing into her life, mowing down her romantic silliness, and gradually a sadder, wiser, more mature and altruistic woman emerges from the ruins. I won’t spoil the book for you by spelling out what happens.
The Doctor’s Wife was Mary Braddon’s deliberate attempt to please her more discerning critics with a literary work, borrowing the plot from Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, and littering the text with literary allusions to real fictional works, although I fear the majority would be lost on most readers (psst … some versions – including mine – add explanatory notes which go some way towards explaining the references for the uninitiated). And inasmuch as it’s all description and analysis and very little plot, it fulfils the requirement for ‘literary’. Those descriptions, however, are wonderfully evocative, wry humour marching alongside perceptive observation and psychological perspicacity, and even occasionally laugh-out-loud funny, but the author takes whole chapters to recount the pecadilloes of her main characters, to animadvert on the folly of their behaviour, the sorrow they fall prey to – and I couldn’t help but picture any reputable agent/editor today scoring nine tenths of it out with a vicious red pen. Indeed, I estimate the whole book is almost 190,000 words; more than twice as long as the recommended length for a novel today, even though there were no computers, no cut-and-paste, 200 years ago! Likewise the adverbs, intrusive verbs, the surfeit of punctuation marks … all no-nos nowadays.
It feels strange to our modern understanding too, to have the all-seeing eye of the omniscient narrator taking us into the thinking and motivation and aspirations of all the characters. And every now and then the said narrator even pops her own head out from behind the screen to animadvert of some reminiscence or preference of her own. Nevertheless, I enjoyed the power of prose that carries you along at a pleasing gentle pace reminiscent of a leisurely stroll in the country lanes of Yorkshire.
Not the best kind of writing to tuck into when I’m seriously editing my own writing I suspect: I’d be adopting the ponderous precision of a bygone age without noticing it. But in between drafts, just what the doctor ordered! The length and style of this review is my personal homage to a lady whose writing should be more widely acclaimed than it is. | 2019-04-18T22:41:45Z | http://www.hazelmchaffie.com/blog/page/2/ |
Le colonialisme peut sembler une histoire du passé, faisant fi des images des puissances européennes en Asie ou en Afrique. Cependant, il persévère, en particulier sous la forme du colonialisme des colons dans des États comme le Canada et l'Australie. Il entraîne la conquête illégitime de terres et l'effacement des peuples autochtones. Certains colons prennent conscience des injustices actuelles et de leur responsabilité de soutenir les peuples autochtones. Cet article utilise un cas d'alliés colonisateurs à Ottawa qui luttent pour contrecarrer le colonialisme et soutenir le peuple algonquin. Ce faisant, ils tentent d'utiliser les médias pour contrer la logique hégémonique du colonialisme des colons.
Colonialism may seem a thing of the past, harking back images of European powers in Asia or Africa. However, colonialism perseveres, particularly in the form of settler colonialism in states like Canada and Australia. Settler colonialism entails illegitimate capture of land and erasure of Indigenous peoples from those lands. Some settlers are awakening to the ongoing injustices and their responsibility to support Indigenous peoples. This article uses one case of settler allies in Ottawa who struggle to thwart colonialism and support Algonquin people. In so doing, they attempt to use the media to counter the hegemonic logic of settler colonialism.
1Colonialism may seem a thing of the past, harking back images of the British or Dutch in parts of Asia or Africa, for example. There is a common misperception that colonialism ended in the mid-20th century with the independence of many Asian and African countries that had been under European control. However, such illegitimate occupation and acquisition of political control over other nations and their exploitation persevere. This statement may seem surprising to many since, in the territories where colonialism continues, it is not generally perceived as such. Perhaps this is because the colonizing populations now outnumber the Indigenous populations or perhaps it is because the colonial powers have so successfully created an image of legitimacy for their sovereignty. Nevertheless, settlers around the world continue to attempt settling and dominating lands not traditionally their own. This is seen in Canada, the United States of America, and Australia, among other nations (Wolfe, 2006). This colonialism began in the Western hemisphere in the form of genocide when European settlers first arrived. Indigenous people already inhabited the continent for at least 12000 years (Stebbins, 2013) but after Columbus’ first landing, tens of millions of Indigenous people were massacred. 95% of the Indigenous nations’ populations were wiped out all over the Western hemisphere (Stannard, 1992). European colonists made multiple interconnected attempts to annihilate Indigenous peoples over the proceeding centuries. This genocide was seen not only in the massacring of Indigenous people but in successive attempts to destroy Indigenous societies as well. An example of the state-led intent to extinguish Indigenous societies in Canada is evident in its imposed boarding schools for Indigenous children where cultural practices were forbidden and physical and sexual abuse were rampant (Benvenuto, Woolford & Hinton, 2014). Although the outright slaughter of Indigenous people became unacceptable, such attempts to annihilate Indigenous societies continue today, largely unnoticed. The last Canadian federally funded residential school for Indigenous children, one of the most notorious for physical and sexual abuse, was closed only about 30 years ago. Despite purported Indigenous and treaty rights in these settler colonial states, the political reality of Indigenous peoples today is that their sovereignty is impinged upon by imperious settler states. Furthermore, Indigenous people continue to be targeted for physical and cultural destruction, particularly through theft of their traditional lands (Alfred, 2001). Settler states deny the sovereignty of Indigenous nations that existed in the territories for millennia before settlers arrived.
2Academics have termed this form of colonialism that endures today settler colonialism. It is defined by territories where invasive settler societies attempt to replace Indigenous populations. The settlers progressively develop distinctive identities and sovereignty in those territories (Wolfe, 2006, Veracini, 2011). This form of colonialism attempts to expunge Indigenous peoples from the territory’s history. This erasure creates the illusion that the land was free for the taking, thus justifying theft of Indigenous lands. Land is accumulated as a source of resources or real estate for settlers (Amadahy & Lawrence, 2009). Settler colonialism’s organizing principle is therefore inherently eliminatory, aiming to liquidate Indigenous peoples such that colonists may acquire more land and settle permanently in new communities. Taking Canada as an example, one finds that this illegitimate appropriation of land and replacement of Indigenous nations is largely ignored in mainstream discourse and politics. Indigenous nations’ sovereignty is ultimately limited by the ‘sovereign’ Canadian government, composed almost totally of settler colonists (Amadahy & Lawrence, 2009).
3Settler colonialism functions in part by making the colonial situation appear invisible. Settler colonialism presents settlement as merely part of the past. It ignores continued Indigenous presence on the land and it obfuscates the reality that both settlement and Indigenous resistance are ongoing (Toth, 2016). Settler colonialism indubitably then manifests and operates through the dominant discourse of the state. In Canada, even though the government has increasingly used the terms ‘recognition’ and ‘reconciliation’ in relation to Indigenous peoples, particularly since the outcome of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, use of these terms still serve to legitimate ongoing settler colonialism. Mainstream contemporary Canadian politics of reconciliation and recognition in fact perpetuate colonial subjectivity among Indigenous peoples and coopt their efforts. These terms do little to address the generative structures of colonialism and serve to undermine Indigenous worldviews and claims. These terms are coined and interpreted in a settler way, not an Indigenous way. Furthermore, it is at the discretion of the Canadian government as to how to realize these terms, not at the discretion of Indigenous people (Coulthard, 2014). ‘Reconciliation’ has arguably been appropriated by the hegemonic discourse to promote a positive image of the Canadian state (Henderson, 2013). Despite the government’s alleged attempts to usher in ‘recognition’ of Indigenous rights and ‘reconciliation’ with Indigenous peoples, the brutality of colonialism continues in many forms (Regan, 2006, Coulthard, 2014).
4Settler colonial ideology is also prevalent among most Canadian settler citizens. For example, while most Canadians note a large gap in the standard of living between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians, only about half of non-Indigenous Canadians feel Indigenous people have any unique rights as the first inhabitants of Canada. And just as many non-Indigenous Canadians believe that Indigenous people themselves are the biggest obstacle to achieving a better standard of living as the number of Canadians that identify the policies of the Canadian government as the biggest obstacle. Furthermore, most settler Canadians do not believe mainstream Canadians benefit from discrimination of Indigenous peoples (Environics Institute, 2016). This is even though Canadian prosperity relies largely on extractive industries and the export of raw materials, which also depends upon the illegitimate and continued appropriation of Indigenous land. Canadian prosperity relies on the social and legal discrimination of Indigenous peoples (Barsh, 1994). Not only are settler Canadians generally unaware of how the nation continues to prosper based on perpetual settlement, they are also largely uninformed of the early genocide committed by settlers that eliminated almost all Indigenous peoples and attempted to wipe out their cultures. For example, most Canadians have not heard about the Truth and Reconciliation Commission that concluded the Canadian state intentionally committed physical and cultural genocide (Environics Institute, 2016). Canadian settler citizens, like the Canadian state, are immersed in settler colonialism. Even when it comes to terms like; apology, reconciliation, and recognition as they relate to Indigenous peoples, settlers interpret them in a way that rejects relationships of mutuality and respect because they unwaveringly consider the Canadian state’s sovereignty as supreme (Mackey, 2013). Discourse and opinion emanating from the government and settler citizens therefore demonstrates the extant ignorance of continuing injustices committed against Indigenous peoples as well as ignorance of how settlers profit from these injustices.
5Theft of unceded Indigenous land endures and Canadian governments and settlers continue to profit from it. But this theft of land not only robs Indigenous nations of their traditional territories and sources of livelihood, it also robs them of their cultural and spiritual bases. Indigenous peoples hold their lands as having the highest possible meaning and make their statements relative to points of land (Deloria Jr., 2003). Land gives meaning to relationships and ways of being for Indigenous peoples. Land refers to concepts, memories, histories, ideas, emotions, relationships, identities (individual and community), and objects associated to a particular place (Michell, Vizina, Augustus & Sawyer, 2008). Land is considered a source of knowledge and strength by Indigenous peoples and yet the Canadian state and settlers continue ongoing appropriation of the land and suppression of Indigenous nations. The settler colonial project marches on to expand settler control of land and to delegitimize the sovereignty of Indigenous nations and their connections to the land that existed for millennia before settlers arrived. Indigenous sovereignty and their critical connections to the land continue to be denied and sabotaged.
6Although settler colonialism and its inherent injustices are not for the most part understood by the larger settler Canadian population, as is evident in the discourse and popular opinion of Canadians, some settlers are starting to comprehend the reach and gravity of settler colonialism and how they benefit in their complicity. Significantly, these settlers are throwing away the colonial idea that Indigenous claims are an ‘Indigenous-problem’ and are instead realizing that settler colonialism and Indigenous claims are a ‘non-Indigenous’ problem. Settlers themselves are responsible for settler colonialism and its inherent injustices; there is a responsibility for settlers to thwart this colonialism as it is perpetuated largely by settlers. These awakened settlers are attempting to push back against colonial relations of power, while recognizing their entanglement and complicity in these colonial relations of power (Keefer, 2010). Their anti-colonial stances start with being critical of hegemonic forms of knowledge and being conscious that although states claim sovereignty over territory, they do not have legitimate bases to absorb the territory (Churchill, 1992). Settlers must relinquish land, power, and privilege from this standpoint. This approach means being accountable to the sovereignty and futurity of Indigenous peoples, not that of settlers (Tuck & Yang, 2012). Anti-colonial stances assert decolonizing efforts must center and privilege Indigenous life, community, and epistemology. As Sium, Desai, and Ritskes (2012) specify, decolonization struggles demand the valuing of Indigenous sovereignty in its material, psychological, epistemological, and spiritual forms. Thus, Indigenous knowledges are taken as the starting point for resurgence and decolonization. Sium et al. (2012) also emphasize decolonization is relevant to the particular context and geography. What is called for in decolonizing depends on the particularities and complexities of local Indigenous desires and needs. In this way, decolonizing struggles offer possibility for settler allies to engage in the present towards an Indigenous future. Decolonization projects can be reimaginations and re-articulations of power, change, and knowledge. Additionally, because of the deep value and connection Indigenous peoples hold for land, struggles for the restoration of traditional Indigenous territories are considered central to decolonizing efforts.
7There are examples of settlers across Canada who are increasingly becoming cognizant of the power of settler colonialism, their complicity in the system, and their responsibility to support Indigenous resurgence. One such example is observed in the actions of settler supporters of the Algonquin people in Canada’s capital city, Ottawa. Algonquin inhabited the Ottawa area for at least 8000 years; European settlers arrived only about 400 years ago. Indigenous peoples never surrendered the land to settlers (Algonquins of Ontario, 2013). Furthermore, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 prohibited the settlement of Indigenous lands unless they were first ceded to or purchased by the Crown. This has never been done and Algonquin have been petitioning for their title in this area for over 250 years. In addition to being pushed out of their traditional lands and having them occupied by settlers, Algonquin now also face the imminent threat of commercial development on a site they have considered sacred for at least 5000 years. This site, called Asinabka, was similarly never ceded or surrendered (Macdougall, 2016). Asinabka consists of a waterfall and islands in the Ottawa river that hold strong historic, cultural, and spiritual significance for the Algonquin (Asinabka, 2016). Not surprisingly, most Algonquin nations are opposed to this development project and say that no level of government has consulted or accommodated the Algonquin over this issue (APTN, 2015). Despite Algonquin speaking up and formulating specific resolutions, construction has begun at Asinabka (Valentina, 2016). Some settlers in the Ottawa area have understood this injustice perpetrated by settlers and have been propelled into action to support the Algonquin fight to protect their land. The point of focusing on these settler allies in this article is not to laud their actions uncritically, nor to erase the primary activism of the Algonquin on whose land this story all takes place. But attention is drawn to these settler allies as their actions demonstrate an attempt at an anti-colonial stance that centers Indigenous resurgence, particularly as it relates to restoration of traditional Algonquin land. Asinabka is a very significant place for the Algonquin and settlers are starting with this value for the space and centering the Algonquin struggle to preserve the land from commercial development. In so doing, the settler allies reject government and builder discourse that presents the commercial project as good for the economy and environmentally sustainable. Settler allies are starting with Algonquin sentiments of the importance of this land and working out of a sense of comradery to support the Algonquin value for the land. As mentioned earlier, decolonizing entails focusing on Indigenous knowledge and interests and being accountable to Indigenous futurity, not that of settlers. Thus, economic gain, which would be for the largely non-Indigenous peoples, is not of import to these settler allies. They overtly prioritize Algonquin interests as opposed to potential gain for settlers. Furthermore, settler allies say that even if the development is considered environmentally sustainable, the fact is that it is being built illegitimately and on a sacred Algonquin site. No matter how sustainable the community is it is still being built by erasing the value of the land to Algonquin (Cicero, 2016).
8 This case also demonstrates the hegemony of the settler colonial logic and how it continues invisibly and unquestioned. Merely labeling a project as economically profitable or environmentally sustainable seems to justify development projects. Windmill, the company building the Zibi commercial and real estate project at Asinabka, claims that Zibi will offer employment opportunities for Algonquin and raise awareness about Algonquin people and their culture in Ottawa (Porter, 2017). However, only two of the ten Algonquin nations’ leadership support the Zibi commercial development at Asinabka. Their leadership and some of their community members hope the project will bring economic benefits to their communities, particularly through construction jobs (Porter, 2017). But other members of these same Algonquin communities state that the leadership does not represent their interests and that they are opposed to Zibi (Tumilty, 2017). Most Algonquin are opposed to the project and state that they were not properly consulted, that giving the land back to First Nations people would constitute an act of reconciliation, and regardless of how sustainable development might be it would still be built on what they consider sacred land (Cornick, 2016). Even though most Algonquin community members and their leadership are against the development, Windmill said it their aim was ‘just about reaching out to the Algonquins and inviting them to be part of the project’ and dismissed the fact that many of the Algonquin are against the project (Bay, 2015). According to Windmill, general Algonquin consent is not necessary for development of the project on their sacred lands and the company has no qualms about hiding this stance. The fact that Algonquin consent is not mandatory for the project illustrates the power of settler colonial logic at play.
9 There are non-Indigenous in Ottawa who have come to understand the blatant injustice of this development project. They have decided to center Algonquin values for the sacredness of the land and support Algonquin resurgence to preserve Asinabka. These settler allies are trying to draw attention to the settler colonial nature of this development project. They are active in a variety of ways. In particular, many of these allies engage the media in their efforts to support Indigenous interests. In so doing they are also countering the prevalent Canadian settler colonial logic that supresses and erases Indigenous voices. Some allies have used the media as a tool to draw out the contradictions of settler colonialism and provide a rebuttal that is so far uncommon in public discourse. Any representation, even small, of Indigenous and settler ally perspectives in the media indicate at least a rupture in the dominant settler colonial discourse. Allies are intentionally using the media to create awareness of the issue and shed light on how the development exemplifies the perpetuation of colonialism (Macdougall, 2015). To reiterate, focusing on settler ally use of the media is not to disregard the main statements made by Algonquin regarding Asinabka. Rather, focusing on settler ally use of the media is for the purpose of demonstrating how some settlers are waking up to the realities of settler colonialism, their responsibilities, and taking action -partly through the media.
10Many alternative ideas are presented by settler allies in the media, in their support of Algonquin desires to preserve Asinabka. Allies largely focus on how the circumstance is an overt act of settler colonialism. They emphasize that the area was never ceded or surrendered by Algonquin people (Macdougall, 2016). It is therefore not possible for the government to legally sell the land to private developers. In the media, allies cite Canadian government documents like the Royal Proclamation of 1763 that prohibits the settlement of Indigenous lands unless first ceded to or purchased by the Crown and iterate that Asinabka has never been ceded. Allies also say that even if the Crown is considered sovereign over this land, other government documents dating back to 1854 reserve the space for public use as parkland. These documents stipulate that, at most, the area may be leased under certain conditions. Allies draw attention to the fact that the area cannot legally be transferred to private companies even though the developer is insisting lots in the area are privately owned. Historical records show there is no private ownership (Neigh, 2017). Settler supporters are thus openly calling on the government to make sure land is not transferred from the government to the private developer (Cornick, 2016). Allies also communicate to the media that so far governments of all levels mostly continue to ignore Indigenous requests for communication, discussion, and consultation (Macdougall, 2016) and they publicly iterate that the government has so far not addressed the issue and is deferring it to Windmill (Harford, 2016). Allies are thus framing this development as an outright colonial act in the media (Macdougall, 2016). They are using the media to highlight and legitimate Indigenous claims to land and the Canadian government and citizens’ perpetuation of colonialism through this development. If it were not for these competing ideas in the media, the project would merely be lauded for its economic potential and for being environmentally sustainable. Moreover, in the media, allies stress that acknowledging Indigenous claims would be a powerful act of reconciliation (Rousseau, 2016). In their statements, allies are centering Algonquin values for the land as a reason for their efforts to fight development (Neigh, 2017). And they are drawing upon and citing teachings of Algonquin elders like the late William Commanda and Albert Dumont (Rousseau, 2016), demonstrating their intent to take direction from the Algonquin.
11Allies also publicly draw attention to the colonial nature of the development project and its obstinateness by showing there are equally profitable alternatives that could be built, not on sacred land, and yet those alternatives are not even being considered by the developer. For example, settler allies draw attention to the fact that there are other nearby spaces, close to Asinabka, where the development could take place in lieu of the sacred site (Mccooey, 2015). Building in another available location would still garner profit for the developer and not prevent potential employment for Algonquin. Allies’ perspectives demonstrate that the development need not be a zero-sum game. There could still be development and job creation for Algonquin community members. Allies publicly question why the development, in its current form, must be at the cost of a sacred site, particularly when alternatives exist. They demonstrate the callousness and invisibility of settler colonialism. It is unlikely the Canadian state and people would allow for a development project to be built on a sacred site like a church or mosque without the consent of the congregation. Yet, in this case, Asinabka is not considered a sacred place by most Ottawans, otherwise its desecration would not be occurring.
12In media statements, allies are also demonstrating that to be an ally is a constant exercise of discernment. Their comments show that serious thought is required about how to support local Indigenous resurgence. Being a settler ally is not straightforward; being an ally implicitly means not supporting an opposing side. In many cases, when it comes to disputes over land, there may be Indigenous peoples on opposing sides as well. This is the case with Asinabka and how allies explain their allegiance provides an important lesson for other settlers in how to practically take an anti-colonial stance. In the case of Asinabka, two Algonquin communities do support the development. However, settler allies justify their opposition by asserting that majority of Algonquin community members and their leadership reject the development, as does the National Assembly of First Nations (Macdougall, 2016, Neigh, 2017). Ally supporters justify their support by expressing they back what the majority of Algonquin want. They have vociferated that Windmill has only consulted with one or two nations and another group they claim to have consulted is ‘fictitious’ and does not legitimately represent the Algonquin people (Harford, 2016). Other allies have stated the chiefs may be out of step with the larger Algonquin community (Mccooey, 2015). These allies therefore offer ideas for navigating allyship when choices are not clear because often Indigenous nations do not have homogenous perspectives. Thus, allies draw attention to the colonial nature of the project through the media but also demonstrate and exemplify how allyship occurs.
13Settler colonialism is the ongoing settlement on stolen land and legitimation of a foreign sovereign state. Its ideology is so dominant that it goes largely unnoticed. However, some settler allies are coming to understand how settlers profit off this injustice and are attempting to center Indigenous resistance. The case of Asinabka exemplifies a case where allies are propelled by the knowledge and aspirations of the Algonquin people and are attempting to support them. Part of the allies’ activism is shown in their use of the media where they attempt to counter hegemonic settler colonial logic. Through media they question the sovereignty of the Canadian state by drawing attention to the fact that the territory was never ceded or surrendered and they provide legal documentation to evidence this. Allies challenge the state by publicly questioning the state’s purported intentions for reconciliation given the various level of governments’ inaction on this issue. Similarly, allies have offered alternatives to building on the sacred site, where economic gain and employment for Indigenous community members need not be lost, indicating the outright irreverence of the colonial project. Allies are using the media to counter the dominant settler colonial logic. Furthermore, many of their public statements contribute to ideas of how allyship might work on the ground, showing new alternatives to the settler colonial logic. In justifying how allies determine who to support within Indigenous nations, for example, they are demonstrating that being an ally is a continuous struggle and demands constant exercise of judgment and corresponding action. In however small ways, settler allies are opening new and different paths of thinking for the mainstream settler community and often through the media.
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L.K. Kawatra, «Settler Colonialism a Persevering Injustice, The Responsibility to Contest it, and Settler Allies’ Use of Media to Disseminate a Competing Discourse: The Case of Asinabka», French Journal for Media Research [en ligne], Full texts/Numéros en texte intégral, 9/2018 Ethics, Media and Public Life, mis à jour le : 27/02/2018, URL : http://frenchjournalformediaresearch.com/index.php?id=1447. | 2019-04-23T18:15:15Z | http://frenchjournalformediaresearch.com/index.php?id=1447 |
Washtenaw County parks & recreation commission meeting (Oct. 8, 2013): WCPARC’s October meeting saw the commission taking final action on the acquisition of a conservation easement on 82 acres in Superior Township, northeast of Ann Arbor. The land is adjacent to 65 acres that are already part of the county’s natural areas preservation program.
Map of showing the location of 82 acres of mostly agricultural land in Superior Township that the Washtenaw County parks & recreation commission is preserving through a conservation easement.
The new parcel of mostly agricultural land, on the north side of Ford Road a bit east of Berry Road, is owned by Ford Road Property Company LLC. The intent is to provide a buffer between Ford Road and the land that WCPARC previously purchased, as well as Superior Township’s nearby Schroeter Park. WCPARC authorized purchase of the easement for $413,000, which will prevent the land from being developed.
In a separate vote, commissioners authorized moving ahead on the purchase of 10 acres in Bridgewater Township – located near the southern border of Washtenaw County on the south side of WCPARC’s 43-acre Riverbend Preserve. Commissioners approved the preparation of a purchase offer of $92,500 contingent on completing all necessary due diligence and WCPARC’s final approval.
Also on Oct. 8, WCPARC director Bob Tetens provided an update on the proposed recreation center near downtown Ypsilanti, a project that WCPARC began almost two years ago. The proposal is to build a multi-purpose recreation center on part of the 38-acre Water Street redevelopment area on the south side of Michigan Avenue, next to the Huron River. The project would be a partnership, with the city providing the land, the county constructing the building, and the facility to be managed by the Ann Arbor YMCA.
Ypsilanti mayor Paul Schreiber attended the Oct. 8 meeting, to emphasize the city’s strong support for this project. Discussion focused on possible changes to the design developed by a team of University of Michigan architects and students. The need to make changes arose from the city of Ypsilanti’s 2013 master planning and rezoning project, which is nearing completion.
Washtenaw County parks & recreation commission meeting (Aug. 13, 2013): After skipping the July meeting for a summer break, WCPARC tackled a full agenda at its August session. Commissioners took action related to land preservation and the east county recreation center in Ypsilanti, and were briefed about a proposed corridor improvement authority along State Road in Pittsfield Township.
Commissioners approved expenses totaling $1,760,780 to acquire complete or partial interests in 140 acres for the natural areas preservation program (NAPP), and took the first step to approve acquisition of conservation easements on 170 acres of farmland for $258,500.
The NAPP purchases include 71 acres in Ann Arbor Township presently owned by DF [Domino's Farms] Land Development, west and north of the intersection of Plymouth and Dixboro Roads. The purchase includes 54 acres – known as Arbor Vistas – on the south side of Ford Road. WCPARC will contribute $928,780 of the total price of $2.167 million, with the remainder of funding coming from the Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources Trust Fund ($1.088 million) and Ann Arbor Township ($150,000).
Two other parcels – 5 acres and 12 acres – are located near the larger site. In total, these three acquisitions will enhance access to existing preserves, according to staff, and will benefit from the parking areas and trails already built in those preserves.
The WCPARC also gave final approval to purchase the 66-acre Primeau property in Freedom Township for $420,000, and to buy the 3-acre Holley property in Pittsfield Township for $90,000. The Holley property – on the south side of Textile Road, north of Michigan Avenue – is important because of its woods and its adjacency to three other heavily wooded parcels that WCPARC has given tentative approval to purchase. The 8-1 vote for the Holley purchase came over dissent by commissioner Fred Veigel, who questioned paying $30,000 an acre for property that could be developed.
The WCPARC also administers the agricultural land preservation program, which protects farmland by purchasing development rights (conservation easements) rather than title to the land. At the Aug. 13 meeting, commissioners gave preliminary approval for two such purchases: (1) the 101-acre Cort property in Salem Township, for $100,000; and (2) the 69-acre Schneider property in Lodi Township at the southeast corner of Scio Church and Parker Roads, for $158,500.
The commission was briefed on one ongoing project: the proposed recreation center in downtown Ypsilanti‘s Water Street area. The presentation included a summary of a survey about how such a new facility might be used. The survey had been commissioned by the Ann Arbor YMCA with some funding from WCPARC, and showed that there is sufficient demand and willingness to pay for the center. The results also provided details to guide decisions about fees and the size and nature of facilities in the building.
In action related to the center, commissioners approved extending for six months a letter of intent to reach a development agreement between WCPARC and the city of Ypsilanti. The plan is to use that time to negotiate a full development agreement so that the city can transfer the property – up to 8 of the 38 acres on Michigan Avenue east of downtown Ypsilanti – before Jan. 4, 2014.
Commissioners were briefed about a proposed Pittsfield Township corridor improvement authority along State Road. It would use tax increment financing (TIF) to provide funding for upgrading South State between Ellsworth Road and Michigan Avenue.
Washtenaw County parks & recreation commission meeting (June 11, 2013): WCPARC’s June meeting, the first since the summer season kicked off on Memorial Day weekend, focused on two of the commission’s main responsibilities: maintaining and improving its parks and recreational facilities, and acquiring land for its natural areas preservation program (NAPP).
Within the black circle, three parcels outlined in black are owned by DF Land Development LLC and might be acquired by the Washtenaw County parks & recreation commission for nature preserves.
One NAPP deal that’s been years in the works took a step forward, with commissioners giving initial approval to acquire three parcels totaling 71 acres in Ann Arbor Township, owned by a subsidiary of Domino’s Farms. The deal includes a 54-acre parcel that had received widely varying appraisals, which had delayed the acquisition process. That property will cost a total of $3.25 million – with NAPP paying $928,780 and the remainder coming from other partners, including a contribution by the owner. The other two parcels are (1) five acres at a cost of $100,000, and (2) 12 acres for $215,000, with a possible contribution from Ann Arbor’s greenbelt program. The commission will consider giving final approval to all three acquisitions at its July meeting.
In other NAPP-related action, the commission gave final approval to $1,502,336 worth of NAPP purchases: the four-acre Jarskey property in Scio Township for $57,140, and the 249-acre Ramsey-Lippert-Carr properties in Northfield Township for $1,445,196. Both proposals had been described and discussed at WCPARC’s May 14, 2013 meeting.
Commissioners also approved a staff recommendation to expand NAPP’s stewardship program by creating three new staff positions, doubling the county’s investment in NAPP crews to about $350,000 a year. The expansion is possible because of an ordinance change approved by the county board on Sept. 19, 2012, removing constraints on how funds are allocated between NAPP acquisition and maintenance.
Regarding parks & recreation facilities, WCPARC staff updated commissioners on a new water park – called Blue Heron Bay – that’s located at Independence Lake county park. The water park, fenced off from the rest of the facility with a separate admission fee, has amenities designed for younger children, including spray-and-play features and a water slide.
Another expanded facility – Rolling Hills water park, on the east side of the county – includes a wave pool and spray-and-play installations. One of the improvements that seemed of great interest to commissioners was the new three-story water slide.
Commissioners were also briefed on recent market research regarding a proposed east county recreation center, to be built and managed in a partnership with WCPARC, the city of Ypsilanti and the Ann Arbor YMCA. The study indicated support for a 44,000-square-foot center – smaller than the county’s 51,000-square-foot Meri Lou Murray Recreation Center in Ann Arbor and the 70,000-square-foot Ann Arbor YMCA. The full report will be presented on June 25 to WCPARC members and other stakeholders.
Washtenaw County parks and recreation commission (May 14, 2013): At their most recent meeting, county parks & rec commissioners voted to grant $150,000 to the city of Ypsilanti to help complete the Rutherford Pool project. The Friends of Rutherford Pool is trying to raise about $1 million to rebuild the community pool, located on the eastern end of Recreation Park at 975 North Congress Street.
Commissioners also took steps that could lead to spending over $1.713 million on natural areas preservation. They voted to move forward with the acquisition of three deals for the county’s natural areas preservation program: 17 acres in Scio Township ($55,000); about 245 acres in Northfield Township (about $1.4 million); and 65 acres in Freedom Township ($420,000). The latter two purchases were approved contingent on completing due diligence assessments, followed by final approval from the commission.
In addition, WCPARC approved an initial step in replacing the HVAC system at the Meri Lou Murray Recreation Center on Washtenaw Avenue, and heard reports on upgrades at several other facilities. Those include the nearly-completed major improvements and expansion of water parks at Rolling Hills and Independence Lake parks. Both are set to open Memorial Day weekend, kicking off WCPARC’s summer season.
In other news related to Ypsilanti projects, WCPARC director Bob Tetens reported that the Ypsilanti city council had recently passed a resolution reaffirming support for the east county recreation center project, proposed in the Water Street site near the Huron River. Tetens also presented a report on WCPARC’s marketing and communications program, which staff have expanded into new venues – including AATA buses. The effort is partly in preparation for a millage renewal coming in 2014.
Washtenaw County parks and recreation commission meeting (March 12, 2013): Several actions at WCPARC’s most recent meeting related to grants and partnerships – including the allocation of $600,000 in Connecting Communities funding.
Four communities received grants from WCPARC under that trail-building program: the village of Dexter ($225,000); Ypsilanti Township ($75,000); Pittsfield Township ($150,000); and the city of Ann Arbor ($150,000). Funding for Ann Arbor – only half of the $300,000 that the city had applied for – is to fund a trail at 721 N. Main, a city-owned site that’s being redeveloped. The award is contingent on the city receiving a matching grant from the Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources Trust Fund (MDNRTF).
WCPARC is also applying for an MDNRTF grant, hoping to get $300,000 to help develop a master plan for the Staebler Farm County Park. The 98-acre property, which straddles Plymouth Road in Superior Township, had been a family farm for nearly a century. The commission held a public hearing on this issue, and heard from four nearby property owners who raised concerns about trespassing. The proposal calls for WCPARC to contribute $450,000 in county funds to the project.
Moving forward on another major project, commissioners approved three actions related to the proposed recreation center on Ypsilanti’s Water Street redevelopment site, located along Michigan Avenue. WCPARC agreed to share equally with the Ann Arbor YMCA in a $28,000 market study to help determine whether there’s enough community interest to support the proposed center. Commissioners also authorized staff to move forward with the acquisition, for $31,500, of an easement from the Huron Fischer Honda Leasing Co. for a section of the Border-to-Border (B2B) trail that would connect Riverside Park to the Water Street site. The third action was a resolution acknowledging a partnership between WCPARC and the city of Ypsilanti to design, build and operate the rec center.
Washtenaw County parks & recreation commission meeting (Dec. 11, 2012): At their December meeting, commissioners took action on properties for the county’s natural areas preservation program. They gave final approval to spend $500,000 for 65 acres on Berry Road in Superior Township, in an area that’s known as the Superior Greenway.
Map showing two Ford Road Property LLC parcels (encircled) that the county is purchasing for its natural areas preservation program. A third parcel, which fronts Ford Road, is not part of this deal. The land is located in Superior Township.
Commissioners also bid adieu to Jimmie Maggard, who has served on WCPARC for over 30 years, and to outgoing county commissioner Barbara Bergman. Janis Bobrin, who has served on WCPARC for more than two decades by right of her position as Washtenaw County water resources commissioner, did not run for re-election but will continue on WCPARC as a public member. [She was appointed by the county board at their Dec. 5 meeting.] Evan Pratt, who was elected water resources commissioner on Nov. 6, will join WCPARC in January – he attended the Dec. 11 meeting.
In the hour before the meeting started, commissioners and WCPARC staff held their annual holiday party. The highlight was a first viewing of a 30-minute video history of WCPARC, created by county staff over the past several months. The video will be available to the public soon, according to WCPARC deputy director Coy Vaughn. It will run on monitors at the Meri Lou Murray Recreation Center, on cable television, and in smaller segments on the WCPARC website.
Also at the Dec. 11 meeting, the commission approved spending $33,375 to buy grooming equipment for cross-country skiing trails at Independence Lake and Rolling Hills parks. Staff provided reports on finances, highlighted by expenditures to maintain and improve Rolling Hills Water Park and Independence Lake Park; reported on recent projects, including the proposed East County Recreation Center in Ypsilanti; and reviewed WCPARC’s accomplishments in 2012.
About 70 people crowded into a Sept. 27 open house at the Spark East office in Ypsilanti to hear about plans for a proposed new recreation center in downtown Ypsilanti, on the northwest corner of the Water Street redevelopment area. Two conceptual designs were presented for feedback, developed in large part by students and faculty at the University of Michigan’s Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning. The overall project is being spearheaded by Washtenaw County parks and recreation.
Model of a conceptual “canopy” design for a proposed new recreation center in downtown Ypsilanti. It was one of two models displayed at a Sept. 27 open house to get feedback on the proposed project.
The center would be located on the south side of Michigan Avenue just east of downtown, next to the Huron River. The building likely would be 60,000-65,000 square feet – larger than the county’s 51,000-square-foot Meri Lou Murray Recreation Center, and smaller than the 70,000-square-foot Ann Arbor YMCA. Construction costs are estimated at $200 per square foot, or about $12-14 million. [Construction is only part of overall project cost, which typically includes infrastructure, professional fees, and more. No estimate of total project cost was made at the Sept. 27 meeting.] Tetens said that construction could not start until after the county’s parks and recreation millage is renewed in November 2014.
Two millages totaling 0.472 mills support the county’s parks and recreation efforts: one for operations, and one for development. The operational millage, at 0.2353 mills, was renewed for 10 additional years in 2004. To ensure operational continuity, that millage is typically renewed two years in advance of its expiration date. The current operational millage expires in 2016, but will likely be on the ballot for renewal in 2014. | 2019-04-20T04:56:25Z | http://annarborchronicle.com/tag/east-county-recreation-center/ |
The day was just starting. The sun was slowly rising above the horizon and slowly covering more and more of the ground with its early morning rays. One of them, sneaking between a gap in the clouds, pierced through the leaves just to land on Saya's face, forcing her to frown and groan.
Saya let out a sigh, blinking a few times, shaking off the slumber, and looked up. The sky above was very clear, very few clouds in the air. A light breeze was ruffling through the grass, and making her hair flutter a bit in the air. It was very messy from having rolled down the hill, gathering many sticks and stones. Her body hurt, too.
But she'd live. Live to fight another day.
The quietness and tranquility of the place was getting to her though. Just... sitting there, mesmerized by the world around her, and perhaps forgetting that she was just a speck in the great scheme of things. The woman reached into her backpack for her medkit, only to find it mostly empty.
Ohh... right... I left ... at the fireplace.
"Maybe I should stay here... Under this tree..."
"Pretty day, pretty day, ahahaha!" The small child had laughed to himself, running along the forest floor. His bare feet pressed against the soft ground and leaves as he flailed about, enjoying the feeling of the sunshine. He had managed to get away from Sonny... again. This time, he had spotted a color of bird he had never spotted before.
Rasuca continued running, until he got to a big tree, where the bird had stopped to rest. "Ah...! Uh..." He had tried climbing the tree, but he kept failing. His mouth turned into a small frown, before wrapping his limbs arounf the trunk. With small grunts, the child began to scale the tree, an impressive amount of strength and dexterity assisting him as he rose up its trunk.
The bird flew away from Rasuca as he watched, leaving him stuck in the tree alone.
"Aaaaaaw." The child let out, resting on his back on this branch as he frowned. The branch felt sore against his back, and not confortable... at least, at first.
After all, the child was at least part snake.
"Mmmnnaah...?" The child let out, feeling the tree shake slightly. His small mouth opened into a great big yawn, leaning up from his comfy spot on the branch. He felt no soreness or discomfort from his nap. He was not aware of how long he had been napping there. "Aaa... Aaaaahnnn..." The boy let out, finally looking down beneath his spot in the tree.
A woman appeared to be resting there... but to Raauca, what mattered was that scent. Oooo. The child giggled softly as he began to slide around the branch, climbing on over above the resting woman. She smelled of blood. Lots and lots of blood. It made Rasuca a bit hungry.
Directly above her, he flexibly shifted until he was holding onto the branch with both hands... and then he dropped out of the tree. He landed unceremoniously on the woman's lap, or directly in front of here if she moved.
"Hi... Hi! Rasuca, me. Name is... Ra-soo-saa. Hi! Why you smell like, uh... like, uh... red... uh... blood! Huh?"
A little bit of rest would help take some of the pain away.
For a being always on the run, making a beeline from one meal to another, a moment of stillness was cherished, peaceful. Saya breathed out, closing her eyes, and tuning in to the nature around her. The wind, the leaves, the branch cracking above her head. The sound a person holding onto it... Wait... what?
From a tree? Where did he come from? The woman's eyes remained wide, as she looked at the boy. White hair, bright eyes, white clothes. The boy looked so... sterile. As if just had been pulled out of a washing machine. No ordinary child, no doubt. But right now, Saya was not in the mood to be suspicious. Nor in the shape for another fight. She pulled the blade away.
"You ssshould not drop on people like that..." - the woman muttered. Not that it mattered much to the boy. He introduced himself, and showered Saya with questions. Much like a child would. He could smell blood. The woman looked down, feeling the dent on her chest. It was making it hard to breathe, pressing against the diaphragm.
"I fought... I lossst. Now I ressst." - she explained simply, with a shrug.
He does not need to know the details... And I just ate. He's not in any danger... - Saya thought to herself. The thought of another kid falling victim was ... unsettling.
"Rasssuca... Where are your parentsss?" - the woman's forked tongue briefly escaped between her lips. She did not look at the boy, but rather past him. Not wanting to move much. And not minding him occupying her lap like that.
Rasuca's eyes were wide, blinking at the shape of the pummel that had come to a halt just before his skull. One of his small hands reached up, pressing against it as he tried to understand what it was. His reaction was rather extraordinary. He did not seem afraid in the slightest; completely calm as he inspected it.
What she said, though, made him turn back to her, a pouty look on his face. "Nuh-Uh! I'm uh, uh, uh... one, two, three... fou, fiii... six! Siiix. I'm Rasuca!" He protested to her declaration of child. Nobody in his home ever called him that; sometimes Yasuko had, and Sonny had told her that he was a kid, not a child.
The way she talked, though, immediately got his attention. Rasuca moved close to her face, inspecting it with his wide eyes. "You talk like my dad! And like Hebi! Tssss, sssss. Ssssss." Rasuca imitated, a grin spreading across his face as he thought of his papa and his father's pet snake. "Tssss, sssz, ahahaha!"
Her words, though, drew Rasuca's attention to her wound. "...Uh oh! Rasuca let out, his features falling as he examined the damaged part of her body. "Blood, blood... Dad said... momma said... uh, uh... uh..." Rasuca tried to remember... before reaching his fingers directly into the wound.
"Better, better, ah, ow, ow..."
It had to have hurt like hell. Rasuca's own expression had fallen somewhat, as if he too were in some form of pain. The small child's expression was one of a lack of understanding in the pain he was inflicting to her. But... as his fingers stayed within her, something extremely peculiar began to occur. Rasuca's very flesh began to mingle in with hers, the cells that made up his skin interacting with her own.
The flesh from around her wound shifted and changed, as strange lines from it thinning appeared. Rasuca's own hand slowly drew out of the wound, his face beginning to relax as his fingers reformed from her repaired flesh. Rasuca looked at them for a moment, glad that the pain had stopped. For her, as well; the pain would have numbed completely, and her body had been restored to what it was before... if a small bit paler in that one spot.
"Better, better~" The child stated in a sing songy voice. It would be rather unfortunate if she interrupted the process; once his fingrs had gotten inside, it would feel like tearing out a part of her own body if she attempted to interrupt him before he finished.
Over the entire process, Rasuca's body had changed significantly. His cheeks had thinned, taking on a more feminine quality. His clothes had grown more baggy, and his eyes had grown considerably more silver. His hair had the largest change, reaching past his shoulders..
And turning the same color of blonde as her own.
He seemed completely unphased by what he had just done, his new head of hair shifting from side to side as he rocked back and forth in her lap. "Uh, um... Momma said... she and dad would, uh... go on a day... day-ta. Daaaaay... daaaayteeeeeh. Then I saw a, uh, um, a... a... a bird! Sonny is, sooooo lazy. He back behind, waaay behind!" The child attempted to explain, his memory quite accurate, even his speech skills were not yet up to snuff.
His expression changed once again, leaning back in her lap. "Dad tells me stories! Lotsa stories! What the story of you? And blood? Huh?"
Saya smiled a little, hearing the boy reaffirm his name and age to her, and hearing him start to parody the way she spoke. Chuckling, and flickering her tongue, a bit, as he did that way. Though what the boy said made the woman wonder. His parents speak the way I do? Are they... like me? - she wondered. A scary thought. The last time she saw another Sueki was back home... The two holes on her neck, covered by a band-aid, responded with an ache. The smile vanished from her face. And then, she felt pain shoot through her body.
It felt like being stabbed with something dull. Saya looked down, only to discover that the boy stuck fingers into her wound, causing it to bleed again. "Sssstop it..." - she groaned, placing her hand over his wrist. "Dirty fingersssss..." - the woman tried to pull them out, but, to her amazement, the fingers felt ... stuck, as if grown into her. She did a few weak pulls, but the pain shooting through her chest every time she did so made the woman reconsider.
This was no ordinary boy.
"Relinquissssssh me." - Saya hissed, violently.
And so the boy did. Pulling his hand away, and pulling away the pain. The Sueki looked down, and her eyes widened, as she noticed that the wound was ... gone. Healed in a matter of moments. She brushed her hand over the spot a few times, only to realize it was gone. But strange things continued, as before her, the boy, Rasuca, started to morph. Slowly taking appearances similar to... herself. A quiet gasp frozen on her lips, as Saya stared in amazement for the transformation to become over. Even running her hand through his long hair, to make sure they were real.
The world was full of strange things. Full enough for a blood-sucking creature like herself to appear 'normal' in comparison.
"Amazing... you are not an average boy, Rassssuca. Are you? But then again... nobody isss these daysss." - Saya released, closing her eyes again, and resting her head against the tree. The little boy did not go away anywhere. Having escaped his babysitters, he seemed content just sitting there and heckling the small-time mercenary for stories. Namely, the last one she was in. The woman sighed, lips thinning, cheekbones appearing to move under the skin.
"I ... bit more than I could chew. I thought I could win a fight, when the person in question turned out much stronger than I was... She could kill me by throwing a rock..." - Saya said, pointing towards the dent in her armor.
"I managed to run away, but her ssstone hit me and knocked me out. I rolled down to this tree, and... then you found me." - a small smile appeared on her face again.
"Ssssay, Rasuca. Could you help me undo the beltsss holding my ssshell together?" - Saya reached back, awkwardly grasping at some of them. She was used to getting her armor off by herself. But it was still horribly uncomfortable. And though the wound was healed, the dent was still making it hard to breathe.
Rasuca really was just trying to help her. While he could see every part of her from where he was sitting, he did not necessarily understand all of it. He particularly did not understand the bandage around her neck; in his world, his dad would just stitch up any injuries the boy received.
"Nuh uh." Rasuca replied, his fingers wedged deep within her. He did not believe his fingers were dirty. They may not have been the cleanest after climbing that tree, but they certainly not what he would call 'dirty'.
"Uh uh. You be better. Lots better." Rasuca replied, a surprising amount of determination accompanying his developing vocabulary. He forged on despite her tugging, letting her skin mingle with his as her flesh properly reformed.
Rasuca was fairly happy after she had been reconstructed. He felt like he did a good job, and she seemed much more lively now. She even ran a hand through his hair, which he did not really understand. In Rasuca's world, changing to look like whoever he was playing with was just a fact of life. He did not really have any other playmates his own age; so he never got to see how other kids failed to transform when they were held. He saw his parents touch a lot, but they already looked pretty similar, and his momma would change her appearance a lot even without touching anyone. He stayed still as she ran her fingers through his hair, expression just a bit confused.
"Ah, um, uh.. Average?" Rasuca's brow furrowed, trying to remember. That was one of the words his dad had taught him. "Um, uh... between, nuffin... and uh, uh, moooost? Uh... boy, I'mma boy. Nooo." The child concluded at last, shaking his head. He did not think he laid anywhere between nothing and the most of boys. But then again, he did not know what the set of 'boys' fully comprised.
Rasuca was completely silent as she told her story. He seemed completely enraptured, sitting peacefully in her lap as Saya repeated the tale. Despite what they already had been through, Rasuca still had not asked her name. But for him, it did not seem to really matter what her name was.
He liked her story. It had action, with her fighting someone super strong and then running away. And it even ended with her smiling. Smiling because of him, even. That made the boy put his slightly more feminine than normal hands up against his cheeks, smiling back.
"Oh! Uh, uh..." Rasuca's body shifted, head looking past behind her. He leaned in, blinking as he somewhat reluctantly rolled out of her lap. It was a lot colder on the ground. Rasuca successfully navigated behind her, plopping onto the ground as he inspected her belts.
He was a much quieter than before, examining them. They were like the logic puzzles his dad gave him all the time. Rascua reached a hand out, gently tugging on one, feeling how it reacted under his small hand. At last, he smiled, making a happy noise as he moved.
Each belt came undone in one motion, Rasuca's face a beaming smile as he stood back up on his short legs. "All done~ All done~ Ahahaha!"
And yet, so capable with undoing those belts! Saya was about to explain how to do it, but the child seemed enthralled by the challenge! And, soon, enough, she felt the carapace loosening on her chest, before falling neatly into two halves, one of them landing in her lap. Leaving her in the dark gambesonShe smiled, nodding.
"Thank you, Rassssuca. You are quite capable! You could become a ssssquire one day."- the Sueki praised the boy, as she inspected the armor. The dent in the chest was ... repairable. She pressed against it with a knee from the other side. A few pushes and strikes with a fist from the other side managed to fix it somewhat. There was still a dent left, though much smaller, and less dangerous. The hole in the back, however, wasn't.
The cheery expression dissipated from Saya's face. She breathed in, now that the armor was not obstructing her diaphragm and the hole did not make her feel pain. Carrying the armor plates under her arm, the woman made a motion for the boy to follow, if he wanted.
"We sssshould probably find your babysssssitter. He must be worried that you are gone. What doesss he look like?" - she said, as she walked through the reeds she ran so desperately through, yesterday.
The smile she gave him made Rasuca grin back, his shiny white teeth showing as he lightly laughed. He was just so happy that he had done a good job. But he did not really know what the other thing she said was, so he tilted his head.
"Um, what's a, a.. squay? Squiaaaaay. Err. Squay-ar?" The child asked, before jerking a bit as she punched into her armor. She seemed distressed that it had a hole in it, like Rasuca's family was when he got holes in his pajamas. The sound of the clanging metal bit into the boy's ears, so he covered them up until she was done.
He absolutely could not understand it when she said she would need to see an 'armorsmith'. The level of her lisp was too high in that regard. Then, the smile vanished from her face, and Rasuca copied her, blinking.
"Uh...?" He asked, a feeling of unease moving through him as his feminine blonde hair shifted to one side. Without hesitating, Rasuca padded along after her, matching her pace fairly easily. "Um, uhhhhm.. Sonny! Sonny is a, a, bones! Skeleh... skelaaaaah, skeleton!" Rasuca got out, his face and body animated as he tried to communicate the appearance of his babysitter.
"He, is, uh... soooo lazy! Dad calls a him 'lazy bones'!" Rasuca explained, his voice changing significantly as he imitated his father. A much smoother, deep voice replaced his nomal one, for just an instant. "And uh, uh... 'smiley face'." Once again, the child's voice shifted, plodding along with the woman in the general direction he had entered the forest from.
Fairly soon they would enter a clearing, with a park visible on the other side of it. Perhaps the boy's caretaker was located there...?
An idle thought, that's for sure. Though the word of the boy's babysitter made Saya arch a brow. "A sssskeleton? Your parentsss sssure pick the weirdesssst caretakersss."
But then again, in a world filled with blood-sucking monsters, soul-eating monsters, ghosts, demons, and everything in between, the woman could not really single out skeletons as somewhat overly unusual. Her thoughts shifted again, as she looked at the old campsite, memories from yesterday floating in. Something metal hit against her boot, making the woman look down.
"Oh... My shoulder pad..."[/color] - Saya crouched down and picked it up. The shoulder plate was covered in dust, the belts that were supposed to hold it in place torn off, and an imprint in form of a fist denting its surface. [b]"Not ssssure if I can repair that..."[/color] - she sighed, carrying it with her still. A pang of guilt stung from the inside. It was here where she had committed sin.
There was more 'loot' to be found around the place. One of which was the very girly childrens' backpack of pink color, with a white cat on it, which Saya used during her hasty retreat. The girl who beat her up so soundly did not seem interested in it, or its contents. The woman picked it up from the ground and dusted it off, before reaching inside, and pulling out... an apple.
[b]"Do you like applessssss, Rasssuca?" - Saya would ask, before tossing one to the boy. "I ssssupposssse I ssshould bring you to your sssskeleton, before continuing my journey.
One good deed for the day, at least. Like a spoonful of honey in a barrel of grease that was her karma. | 2019-04-20T20:23:50Z | http://www.platinumhearts.net/t20249-my-ached-head-obs-jj |
Polk v. Countrywide Fin. Corp.
LARRY R. POLK, Plaintiff, v. COUNTRYWIDE FINANCIAL CORPORATION, COUNTRYWIDE HOME LOANS, BAC HOME LOANS SERVICING, LP, and BANK OF AMERICA CORPORATION, Defendants.
At a session of said Court, held in the U.S.
of Michigan, on July 19, 2012.
On December 29, 2011, Larry Polk ("Plaintiff") filed this action, asserting violations of state law in connection with the denial of his request for a loan modification. Presently before the Court is a motion to dismiss the Complaint, filed on April 23, 2012 by Bank of America, N.A. ("Defendant") pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The matter has been fully briefed, and the Court heard oral argument on June 27, 2012. For reasons set forth below, the Court grants Defendant's motion.
The Complaint misidentifies Bank of America, N.A. as "Bank of America Corporation." Bank of America, N.A. is the successor by merger to the remaining named defendants.
On April 25, 2005, Plaintiff obtained a loan in the amount of $216,000 from Argent Mortgage Company, LLC. As security for this loan, Plaintiff executed a mortgage on real property located at 19520 Stratford Road in Detroit, Michigan. Defendant serviced this loan, which was eventually sold to another lender.
Plaintiff later began having difficulty making the scheduled payments. In a letter dated April 9, 2010, Defendant offered Plaintiff a three-month trial loan modification under the federal government's Home Affordable Modification Program ("HAMP"). See Pl.'s Br. Ex. 1, Dkt. #12. Under this plan, Plaintiff would make three monthly payments of $1,860 instead of his regular monthly mortgage payments. He was also required to provide Defendant with certain documents necessary to determine his eligibility for a permanent loan modification. Id. Plaintiff signed the letter and returned it on or about April 27, 2010. Plaintiff asserts that he submitted the requested documents and made each of the three trial period payments by their respective due dates. Compl. ¶ 26.
Defendant subsequently informed Plaintiff that his loan would not be permanently modified, based on Plaintiff's failure to provide certain additional documents. Pl.'s Br. 5. Foreclosure proceedings were instituted, and on July 27, 2011, the home was sold at a sheriff's sale to Wells Fargo Bank N.A., as trustee for the certificate holders of Park Place Securities, Inc., Asset-Backed Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2005-WCW2. The statutory redemption period expired on January 27, 2012, and Plaintiff has not redeemed the property.
Plaintiff filed this action on December 29, 2011 in Wayne County Circuit Court. His Complaint asserts the following claims: breach of contract (Count I); breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (Count II); negligence (Count III); gross negligence / intentional tort (Count IV); and "declaratory relief and injunction" (Count V). Defendant removed the suit to this Court, and has now moved to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).
A motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. RMI Titanium Co. v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 78 F.3d 1125, 1134 (6th Cir. 1996). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a pleading must contain a "short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief." As the Supreme Court recently provided in Iqbal, "[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.'" Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974 (2007)). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged." Id. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S. Ct. at 1965). The plausibility standard "does not impose a probability requirement at the pleading stage; it simply calls for enough fact to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of illegal [conduct]." Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556, 127 S. Ct. at 1965.
In deciding whether the plaintiff has set forth a "plausible" claim, the court must accept the factual allegations in the complaint as true. Id.; see also Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94, 127 S. Ct. 2197, 2200 (2007). This presumption, however, is not applicable to legal conclusions. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. Therefore, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." Id. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S. Ct. at 1964-65). Ultimately, "[d]etermining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense." Id. at 679, 129 S. Ct. at 1950. In conducting this analysis, the Court may consider the pleadings, exhibits attached thereto, and documents referred to in the complaint that are central to the plaintiff's claims. See Greenberg v. Life Ins. Co. of Va., 177 F.3d 507, 514 (6th Cir. 1999).
19. This action is brought to remedy unlawful acts and practices by Defendants in servicing loans for borrowers who are seeking to save their homes.
20. Defendants have made various representations to borrowers about their mortgage loans that are false or lack a reasonable basis.
"Under Michigan law, the elements of a breach of contract claim are the following: (1) a contract existed between the parties, (2) the terms of the contract required performance of certain actions, (3) a party breached the contract, and (4) the breach caused the other party injury." Green Leaf Nursery, Inc. v. Kmart Corp., 485 F. Supp. 2d 815, 818 (E.D. Mich. 2007) (citing Burton v. William Beaumont Hosp., 373 F. Supp. 2d 707, 718 (E.D. Mich. 2005)). Count I fails to identify a breach of the contract between the parties in this case. Plaintiff has not indicated that this is a class action suit. Nor has he alleged that he was harmed by Defendant's conduct with respect to other borrowers. Count I fails to assert a plausible basis for finding that Defendant is liable to Plaintiff for its alleged misconduct.
In his response brief, Plaintiff argues that the allegations of Count I are sufficient to support a claim of fraud. Pl.'s Br. 3-4. The Court disagrees. Fraud must be pleaded with particularity. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). "The Sixth Circuit interprets Rule 9(b) as requiring plaintiffs to 'allege the time, place, and content of the alleged misrepresentation on which he or she relied; the fraudulent scheme; the fraudulent intent of the defendants; and the injury resulting from the fraud.'" Yuhasz v. Brush Wellman, Inc., 341 F.3d 559, 563 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Coffey v. Foamex L.P., 2 F.3d 157, 161-162 (6th Cir. 1993)). Count I fails to identify any specific false representation concerning Plaintiff's loan. The general assertion that "Defendants have made various representations to borrowers about their mortgage loans that are false or lack a reasonable basis," Compl. ¶ 20, is insufficient to satisfy Rule 9's heightened pleading standard.
Plaintiff asserts that Defendant breached an agreement to modify his loan. He points to a letter in which Defendant offered him a three-month trial loan modification, as well as an accompanying document entitled "Home Affordable Modification Trial Period Plan." See Pl.'s Br. Ex. 1. Plaintiff argues that Defendant entered into an enforceable agreement to provide him with a permanent loan modification, so long as he: (1) timely made the three payments required by the Trial Period Plan; and (2) submitted all of the documents requested by Defendant. Plaintiff alleges that he satisfied both conditions. Compl. ¶ 26.
(a) A promise or commitment to lend money, grant or extend credit, or make any other financial accommodation.
(b) A promise or commitment to renew, extend, modify, or permit a delay in repayment or performance of a loan, extension of credit, or other financial accommodation.
(c) A promise or commitment to waive a provision of a loan, extension of credit, or other financial accommodation.
Michigan Compiled Laws § 566.132(2). The closing of the trial modification letter reads: "Loan Modification Team, Bank of America Home Loan Servicing, LP." This could arguably satisfy the statutory requirement of "an authorized signature by the financial institution." The Court need not resolve this question, however, because it does not appear that the agreement required Defendant to permanently modify Plaintiff's loan.
In the next few days, you will receive a package with additional details and documents that we will need returned to us so we can complete the three-month trial modification process and determine your eligibility for the permanent modification of your loan. There are no fees associated with this program. If we determine that you are not eligible for a permanent modification under the Home Affordable Modification Program, we will contact you and review other options.
I understand that after I sign and return two copies of this Plan to the Servicer, the Servicer will send me a signed copy of this Plan if I qualify for the Offer or will send me written notice that I do not qualify for the Offer. This Plan will not take effect unless and until both I and the Servicer sign it and Servicer provides me with a copy of this Plan with the Servicer's signature.
Pl.'s Br. Ex. 1 at 9. These statements all clearly indicate that Plaintiff's submission of trial period payments and documents does not obligate Defendant to permanently modify the loan. Defendant is entitled to review these submissions and approve or deny the request. Defendant denied Plaintiff's request, Compl. ¶¶ 26-28, and it is undisputed that Defendant did not return an executed copy of the Trial Period Plan to Plaintiff. The Court therefore concludes that Plaintiff's allegations fail to establish a breach of an enforceable contract.
If I am in compliance with this Trial Period Plan (the "Plan") and my representations in Section 1 continue to be true in all material respects, then the Servicer will provide me with a Home Affordable Modification Agreement ("Modification Agreement"), as set forth in Section 3, that would amend and supplement (1) the Mortgage on the Property, and (2) the Note secured by the Mortgage.
Pl.'s Br. Ex. 1 at 7. While this provision does not specifically describe further review by Defendant, it refers to sections that do. It states that Defendant will provide a modification agreement "as set forth in Section 3." Section 3, which describes the process for executing the permanent loan modification agreement, mandates Plaintiff's compliance with "the requirements in Section 2." Pl.'s Br. Ex. 1 at 9. Section 2, in turn, includes paragraph F, which is cited by the Court above and provides for a review by Defendant prior to granting a permanent loan modification. The Trial Period Plan may not be a model of clarity, but it does not obligate Defendant to permanently modify Plaintiff's loan without further review.
Even if the Court were to accept Plaintiff's interpretation of the cited provision, his reading of the contract as a whole does not accord with Michigan's principles of contract interpretation. "[C]ourts must . . . give effect to every word, phrase, and clause in a contract and avoid an interpretation that would render any part of the contract surplusage or nugatory." Klapp v. United Ins. Grp. Agency, Inc., 468 Mich. 459, 468, 663 N.W.2d 447, 453 (Mich. 2003). Plaintiff's reading of the agreement would nullify provisions that allow Defendant to determine his eligibility for a permanent loan modification. The Court must instead "strive to harmonize apparently conflicting terms or clauses." Wonderland Shopping Ctr. Ltd. P'ship v. CDC Mortg. Capital, Inc., 274 F.3d 1085, 1092 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Fresard v. Mich. Millers Mut. Ins. Co., 414 Mich. 686, 694, 327 N.W.2d 286, 289 (Mich. 1982)). Here, the conflicting provisions could be harmonized by finding that the loan would not be permanently modified unless: (1) Plaintiff complied with the conditions of the Trial Period Plan; and (2) Defendant approved the request to modify the loan. Under this interpretation of the agreement, Defendant's actions would not constitute a breach. The Court concludes that Plaintiff has failed to set forth a plausible breach of contract claim relating to a permanent loan modification.
In Count II, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by failing to modify Plaintiff's loan under the HAMP program. In his response brief, Plaintiff concedes that there is no private right of action under HAMP. Pl.'s Br. 7 (citing Hart v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 735 F. Supp. 2d 741, 748 (E.D. Mich. 2010)). It is not clear from Plaintiff's response brief, however, whether he agrees to dismiss Count II in its entirety. Count II does not cite a breach of an agreement other than the HAMP agreement between Defendant and the government. To the extent that Plaintiff alleges a breach of the "Home Affordable Modification Trial Period Plan," the Court has already concluded that this claim fails.
Plaintiff's discussion of this count claims violations of Michigan's loan modification statute, Michigan Compiled Laws § 600.3205a et seq. See Pl.'s Br. 7. If Plaintiff claims a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing based on violation of Michigan's loan modification statute, his claim fails as a matter of law. The implied covenant relates to the performance of contractual duties. See Flynn v. Korneffel, 451 Mich. 186, 213 n.8, 547 N.W.2d 249, 260 n.8 (Mich. 1996). The Court is unaware of any authority indicating that a violation of a statute implicates the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; such a violation would instead entitle a plaintiff to remedies under the statute itself. The statute here creates a remedy for an aggrieved borrower, as it allows the borrower to convert the proceeding into a judicial foreclosure. See Michigan Compiled Laws § 600.3205c(8). Plaintiff did not avail himself of that remedy before the sheriff's sale was held, and courts in the Eastern District of Michigan have held that this statute cannot be used to set aside a completed foreclosure sale. See Adams v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 11-10150, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 90226, at *12 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 10, 2011); Stein v. U.S. Bancorp, No. 10-14026, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 18357, at *29 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 24, 2011).
The Court notes that these allegations are not set forth anywhere in the Complaint.
Count II also includes the allegation that Defendant failed to provide Plaintiff with a notice of the sheriff's sale. Compl. ¶ 35. Even accepting this as true, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to set forth a plausible claim for relief. Under Michigan law, a sheriff's sale may be set aside based on defective notice only if the plaintiff demonstrates prejudice. Jackson Inv. Corp. v. Pittsfield Prods., Inc., 162 Mich. App. 750, 755-56, 413 N.W.2d 99, 101-02 (Mich. Ct. App. 1987). Plaintiff has failed to plead facts indicating that he was harmed as a result of the defective notice. Allegations of defective notice have routinely been held insufficient to set aside a foreclosure sale where the borrower has not tendered payment to redeem the property. See Worthy v. World Wide Fin. Servs., 347 F. Supp. 2d 502, 510-11 (E.D. Mich. 2004); Sweet Air Inv. v. Kenney, 275 Mich. App. 492, 502-03, 739 N.W.2d 656, 662 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007). The Court therefore concludes that Count II must be dismissed.
In Counts III and IV, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant's conduct in servicing his loan was negligent and grossly negligent. These counts include no supporting facts, and it is clear that merely reciting the elements of a cause of action will not suffice to plead a claim for relief. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. Plaintiff clarifies in his response brief that his claims are based on: (1) Defendant's representations that loan modification efforts were ongoing; and (2) Defendant's subsequent refusal to modify his loan. Pl.'s Br. 8. A lender has no duty to modify a borrower's loan under the HAMP program. Hart, 735 F. Supp. 2d at 747-48; Houston v. U.S. Bank Home Mortg. Wis. Serv., No. 10-13780, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 46878, at *16-18 (E.D. Mich. May 2, 2011); Ahmad v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., No. 11-15204, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36300, at *17-24 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 27, 2012) (citing cases). Thus, Plaintiff cannot assert a plausible claim of negligence for breach of this alleged duty.
Count V requests declaratory and injunctive relief based on the allegations set forth in Counts I through IV. See Compl. ¶ 57-58. The Court has concluded, however, that Counts I through IV fail to state plausible claims for relief. There is no basis for granting the declaratory and injunctive relief sought by Plaintiff.
The Court also notes that to the extent that Plaintiff seeks to set aside the foreclosure sale or the sheriff's deed, his request is barred by the expiration of the redemption period. Under Michigan law, once the redemption period has expired, the former owner's rights in and title to the property are extinguished. Piotrowski v. State Land Office Bd., 302 Mich. 179, 187, 4 N.W.2d 514, 517 (Mich. 1942). At that point, the former owner loses standing to assert claims with respect to the property. Overton v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., No. 284950, 2009 Mich. App. LEXIS 1209, at *3 (Mich. Ct. App. May 28, 2009). At oral argument, Plaintiff suggested that this lawsuit might toll the redemption period, but the Michigan Court of Appeals rejected this argument in Overton, holding that the filing of a suit before the redemption period expired was "insufficent" to justify tolling. Id. The Court therefore concludes that Count V must be dismissed.
IT IS ORDERED that Defendant's motion to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) is GRANTED. | 2019-04-19T11:06:16Z | https://casetext.com/case/polk-v-countrywide-fin-corp |
We love seeing these VW T3 Syncro being used for everyday work life. This one is used for gardening services.....you couldn't wish for a more practical and versatile work truck :) ..
Just in is one of our old favourite Syncro's…..now up for sale with the spec sheet being typed up in the next few days. If you've always wanted a 16" Syncro act quick as it wont be around for long...….all enquiries to [email protected] ..
Ash wishing he was a little bit taller...….this gorgeous VW T3 Syncro is back with us for a few little jobs and looking radiant in todays sunshine #coastvw #customerservice ..
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This VW T3 Syncro is nealy ready to return home.....one of the last jobs on the list was the window tinting of the rear double glazed windows. The darker films really look splendid with the mono colour scheme :) ..
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And another van for sale on behalf of a customer. This time a 2WD Multivan. Being sold for £9995 please contact us if you would like to be sent the Sales Spec Sheet. - VW T3 Multivan “magnum edition” - 5 speed manual - Full width original rock and roll bed - Buddy seat - Flip up table - Opening side windows #vwcamperforsale ..
We have a lovely VW T25 16" Syncro Camper for sale on behalf of a customer. Below is a brief outline of its key features please contact us for more information [email protected] or 01769 573 683 - Re-built 2.2 WBX engine - Full Fox Suspension upgrade with remote damper cartridge and re-bound settings - 4WD de-coupler allowing selectable 2WD and 4WD - Uprated gear shift using RS fab “big shot shifter” - BFG all terrain tyres - Side steps/rock sliders - South African front light up-grade - Cab doors key fob locking -..
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We were super pleased with the 6 page article in this months Volkswagen Camper & Commercial magazine all about one of our recent restorations.... #coastvw #vt3restorations #vwcamper https://www.facebook.com/volkswagencamper/ ..
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This VW T3 14" Syncro Doka has just had a 2.5ltr Subaru engine fitted and is off for a test drive :) ..
We love it when Coast VW customers pop in, especially when they bring cake!!! Happy Friday peeps :) #coastw #lovelycustomers #classicvwservices #allyouneediscake ..
This Volkswagen T3 16" Syncro is back in the CoastVW workshop having its annual MOT. This time we also fitted new Seikel Springs and Bilstein B6 dampers as the old springs had sagged. This will improves the ride and provide better handling. ..
Ash has had a busy few days fitting this white headlining into a VW T3 caravelle.......a job we all love, and the customer was thrilled! #vwt25restoration #vwt25interiortrim #coastvw ..
Engine bay just being prepped before 'popping' in this Subaru EJ25 engine into a Volkswagen T3 Syncro. #subaruengineconversions #coastvw #vwt3engineconversion ..
This VW T3 Syncro engine bay is undergoing some metal work repairs. On the Syncro variants mud collects between the fuel pipe between and the chassis which eventually corrodes the bottom of the engine bay panel. ..
This VW T3 Reimo popped into the CoastVW workshop as it was experiencing issues with the twin carb set up. We replaced all the fuel lines, synchronised the carbs and traced the running issue to a split servo take off pipe. ..
Here are the newly made up roof repair sections to fit to the VW T3 Syncro we blogged about recently which had a heavily corroded roof. This photo shows the repair sections having a trial fitting before being cut in. ..
These photo's show the fitment of the outer sill and floor section which were badly corroded on this Volkswagen T3 16" Syncro. Once repairs are complete we will be fitting the mid panel. ..
We have been busy at the Coastvw workshop reinstating the seat boxes on this 16" Syncro, they had been removed previously in order to fit after market seats and now original seats will be going back in once repaint has been done. ..
This Volkswagen T3 16" Syncro Doka is to be fitted with the ever popular Fox Suspension upgrade. Owner is looking for a little bit more ground clearance and a better ride off-road. ..
Torque convertor oil leak all fixed on this Volkswagen T3 Campervan (Mongo), and has now returned home. ..
We've got an exciting year in front of us at CoastVW as we have just secured a new workshop premises...so much bigger then our current location, so we've got a busy few months getting it in tip top condition...we'll keep you updated on the progress ..
HI HO HI HO......off to Edinburgh this van goes....the full body restoration and Subaru engine conversion on this VW T3 campervan has come to a close and is off to be reunited with its owner :) :) :) :) :) ..
We had a great morning out on a photo shoot for this Volkswagen T3 Syncro post restoration - the weather was fabulous and the views were stunning! We are so lucky to live and work in beautiful North Devon <3 ..
We are loving our new modified logo, a very talented designer we have on board ..
With work coming out of our ears it is time to expand the team...mechanic required if anybody knows of someone looking for a new opportunity. ..
It's going in......2.5 Subaru engine into this VW T3 14" Doka :) ..
This customers VW T3 Campervan had one of the first MTdi conversions many years ago...and it is now with us for an engine refurbishment. We have prepared and painted the engine bay, completely renewed the coolant system, replaced the cylinder head and replaced the clutch with a complete Tdi clutch system.....we are now just fitting it all back together. ..
Rebuild continues for this VW T3 Early Caravelle. Its had a custom pale yellow paint which was mixed especially for this build. This image shows the front end build coming along nicely. ..
Happy Friday peeps! We plan on lighting the fire, putting some tunes on and polish off this lovely bottle of red. Stay warm over the weekend, send us some Syncro snow shots... ..
Metal work is all complete now on this VW T3 16" Syncro. All repaired areas are now in epoxy primer ready for the next stage of its transformation. It will be heading off to paint shortly with its super straight body shell :) ..
We are busy preparing this VW T3 14" Doka engine bay ready for a 2.5 Subaru engine conversion. ..
We are super pleased with our back-cover ad on this months Volkswagen Camper & Commercial magazine which has just arrived in the post. We have worked on this customers van for over 5 years and in that time we have undertaken a full metal work restoration, an engine conversion and various other bespoke works. Photo credits go to him and his friend for allowing us to use this great image for our marketing…….beers in the post guys ???? ..
This VW T3 14" Syncro has come into the CoastVW workshop for a light body restoration. Unfortunately when we removed the high top it revealed a rather severe corrosion issue underneath. The corrosion has pretty much eaten through both sides of the gutter. We are now going to source a replacement donor roof. Fortunately the rest of the van is in great condition. ..
Coast VW Subaru engine conversions for VW T3 2WD and Syncro. Our Subaru engine conversion programme has been specially developed for the T3 with stand alone ECU with custom mapping set up on a rolling road and perfected on the road. Developing 156 HP and 173 Lbft of torque. ..
Fresh back from paint is this Volkswagen T3 caravelle which has just been repainted in a soft yellow having had a metalwork restoration with us. ..
At the CoastVW workshop we have been busy waxing the underside of this VW T3 Syncro. We use an amazing product from Bilt Hambler Laboratories which is the business and lasts for up to 5 years (except in high wear areas). We thoroughly recommend protecting your investment with this specialist application. ..
We can't wait to fit this pressurised campervan shower which one our customers has just bought for their own van..... What they say about it: "It will heat the water while you drive and can be ready to give you a high pressure hot shower. Hot or cold, the Road Shower has many uses: from the camp hose for dishes, a pressurized jet to rinse off dirty gear, a gentle spray for the pets, or for extra drinking water. There are no electrical parts to connect or propane to hook up. It is almost maintenance free and should last you many years. The water is there when you need it"..
This VW T3 has just come into us from Cheltenham with an oil leak from its auto gearbox - having already been to various other garages. We've now diagnosed the issue and it will be back on the road in a couple of days.....it pays to use a specialist :) ..
More kind words from a trusted CoastVW customer who has been using our services for many years :) ..
Birthday celebrations for Pete today ..
Our customer purchased this VW Baywindow whilst travelling in Australia, they transported it back to the UK and it has been in storage for many years.....we need to re-commission it mechanically all ready for the summer season. ..
Today we are doing an engine assessment on this VW T3 Auto-sleeper. It currently has a Mtdi fitted which we are going to give a refresh to: new cylinder heads / injector rebuild along with sorting out some wiring issues and fitting a full stainless steel exhaust.....so will be all ready to go for the camping season :) ..
Ash has been building and fitting this 4 runner roof rack onto this Volkswagen T3 Syncro which is nearing completion. ..
The custom rear panel has now been fitted into this VW T3 16" Syncro. Middle panel has also been trial fitted and is now ready for welding in place. #coastvw #vwt3resto #vwt3bodywork ..
Nathan has been busy fabricating this new rear panel for a VW T3 Syncro after we couldn't get anything to remotely fit.......might start a production line!!! ..
Another week and another roof canvas.... this time we are fitting a new one to a Volkswagen T3 Westfalia. We've opted to replace with an original style one from Germany - should be slightly more waterproof then the old one! ..
Lovely customers make us want to do what we do........ ..
This VW T25 Syncro has had fibre optic lights fitted into its new blue headlining.....this photo doesn't do it justice so will post a video once rebuild is more complete. ..
Another Volkswagen T3 Syncro Westfalia 14" High Top has come into the CoastVW workshop for a 1.9 TD engine upgrade, .....we are a bit jealous of the number plate! ..
Late Volkswagen Baywindow restoration has just had a new turret top fitted to this Devon conversion, we love the contrasting colour of the canvas :) ..
Nathan has been busy replacing the rear wheel arch on this Volkswagen T3 16" Syncro. ..
Here is a sneaky interior shot of the new interior now in one of our current Volkswagen T3 Syncro restorations...more images to come in due course :) ..
The roof is now back on this Volkswagen T3 Autosleeper having had all it water damaged corrosion cut out and repaired - all ready for the great British weather!! ????️ ..
Front pillar repair now complete on this VW T3 Syncro - including inner frame repair. All ready to fit new panel and complete lower panel. ..
This 1976 Volkswagen Baywindow is back in the CoastVW workshop. Ash is busy fitting all the glass along with new seals, next job on the list will be building up the front doors before fitting the new pop top roof. ..
Christmas tree in a camper!
It's so handy to have a Volkswagen Campervan when you go Christmas tree shopping!! ..
We have cut out the accident damage out of this Volkswagen T3 from the front a-pillar and removed the upper front panel in order to assess the inner frame. We then removed a section of inner frame and fabricated a new repair section, we are now in the process of making up a new panel. ..
Its always so nice when existing CoastVW customers take the time to get in touch....... ..
All the boys happen to be busy working on engines today. Ross is fabricating a new engine loom for this Subaru engine conversion, Ash is repairing this 1.6 air-cooled engine as it had pulled 3 cylinder head studs and Pete is finishing of the installation of this 1.9 (customer supplied) diesel engine. ..
Now is a great time of year to get the underside of your precious Volkswagen Campervan wax oiled to prevent the winter road salts from corroding your chassis. We use the very best quality waxes to ensure the maximum corrosion resistance for the future. ..
We finished the body restoration on this Volkswagen Splitscreen earlier in the year and it is now back with us for some engine work and leisure battery install. ..
The engine bay has now been prepared and painted on this Volkswagen T3 2WD 'Syncro look' bus. It was fitted with a MtDi diesel and we are now fitting a 2.5ltr Subaru. Engine and gearbox have been mated together and are nearly ready for fitting #vwenginereplacement #vwt3engineupgrade #coastvw ..
At CoastVW we are fitting a 1.9 AAZ engine into this VW T3 Westfalia, it was an early petrol so we've had to install battery tray and engine bar mounting plates to rear valance. Next job is to fit the front to back stainless steel coolant pipes ..
Camping pod has arrived at CoastVW ready to fit into a Volkswagen T3 14" Syncro, we have also fitted a full width rock'n'roll bed which folds flat (no engine plinth!) ..
The team at CoastVW love receiving a good review, makes the madness worthwhile. Thanks Mark for taking the time to write this :) ..
Back to us after an extended European road trip this VW T3 Syncro Campervan will now go into our winter storage. It will then have annual MOT/service/check over before its 2018 adventures :) ..
Just arrived at CoastVW workshop are these fibre optic lights which are going to be fitted in the dark headlining to give a starry night effect - we are all looking forward to seeing the effect. ..
Love this picture from the archives of Jon and Ash after one of our early restorations - think this one was for a Volksworld Editorial. ..
This Subaru engine has just arrived, it is a low mileage EJ25 2.5 engine which will be going into a VW T3 Syncro. ..
We have made a bit of progress on the latest VW T3 Syncro restoration that is in: 1. Bottom of b-pillar has been cut back to expose the inner frame which shows light surface corrosion but no rot 2. Front A-pillar on nearside had some accident damage which was rather crudely filled.....new panel will be fitted here 3. Short sill panel has been removed to expose the inner frame which is often corroded away but this one looks good 4. Mid panel has had a lot of filler applied over large dent which will pull out to straighten the panel ..
Jon and Ash have got a days drive ahead of them taking this Volkswagen T3 Syncro up to Bromsgrove for its interior trimming. This project is nearer the end now and is looking fabulous. https://youtu.be/o4bVxRGmgjQ ..
This Volkswagen T3 LLE comes into us every year for service and MOT. Today Pete has been removing the front upper/outer wheel arch skin which has rusted through into the prescribed seat belt mounting area – so just cutting it all out to make a good repair for MOT. ..
Installing the wiring loom in this EJ25 Subaru engine conversion…should be ready for its first fire up in the next couple of days. ..
Another VW T3 has just come in for an engine replacement - currently a diesel and the owner has decided to go for petrol. In this instance we are converting it to a Subaru EJ25. ..
Our next restoration is in - VW T3 16” Syncro. Boys have had a busy few days stripping down the shell prior to beginning the metal work. ..
Jon and Ash are having another busy week building up the interior on this VW T3 Syncro. Owner decided to have the existing interior vinyl wrapped in this fab blue colour. Love it! ..
This VW T3 14" Syncro Doka is having some light renovation work done. The outer sill seams were showing some seam rash, once we had media blast it became apparent that the corrosion was worse then we though (often the case!!) so we removed the old outer sill and are just fitting in the new outer sill - luckily the inner sill was still in perfect condition. ..
Boys have been busy fitting the pop top on this VW T3 Syncro campervan, next job on the list is the aftermarket sunroof and solar panels. ..
We have just fitted this wood effect vinyl flooring into a VW T3 Syncro we are currently rebuilding. This is such a great product as its individual planks so looks just like real wood. #coastvw .. | 2019-04-26T10:17:38Z | http://www.coastvw.co.uk/index.php?route=news/search&article_tag=coastvw |
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When it involves high availability on the IBM i platform, there are two leading options: rational replication and PowerHA SystemMirror for i. whereas the structure and advantages of rational replication solutions are smartly-based and time-honored, PowerHA remains slightly of a mystery for a lot of. they will are attempting to shine some gentle on how PowerHA works, and even if it is the commandeer choice for you.
there has been a surge in activity round HA so far in 2017, but many IBM i stores remain perplexed in regards to the a considerable number of alternate options. in the first article in this HA collection, they took a wide examine every unique of the options on the table. in this article, we’re drilling down into one of the crucial perplexing alternate options of all: PowerHA.
The origins of PowerHA SystemMirror for IBM i stretch over decades, every unique of the route lower back to the 1999 introduction of aboriginal clustering with OS/400 V4R4. while clustering didn’t entangle off as IBM had hoped, massive Blue saved chipping away at the know-how stack and enforcing core constructing blocks that could repay down the road, including i5/OS V5R1’s introduction of independent auxiliary storage swimming pools (iASPs), which is the coronary heart of PowerHA these days.
in the early 2000s, IBM Lab features in Rochester, Minnesota, every unique started offering the device i replica features toolkit, which used technologies dote GlobalMirror, MetroMirror, and FlashCopy to duplicate the contents of iASPs running on external disks, namely the TotalStorage DS8000 line of high-end storage area networks (SANs). at last, IBM productized the providing with the introduction of a switched-disks, dubbed depart website mirroring (XSM), that worked with the DS8000.
This XSM product, which was loosely in response to the high Availability Cluster Multi Processing (HACMP) know-how that IBM supported on RS/6000, pSeries, and system p Unix servers, finally morphed into high Availability options supervisor (HASM) with the launch of IBM i 6.1 in 2008. At some factor, before the launch of IBM i 7.1, HASM changed into reborn as PowerHA SystemMirror for i.
building didn’t discontinue there. In 2013, IBM bolstered PowerHA by using including support for LUN-degree switching on Storwize V7000 and SAN quantity Controller (SVC) arrays, moreover the great DS8000s. In 2014, it brought assist for HyperSwap. And prior this year, it officially rolled out a further PowerHA alternative called Geographically Dispersed Resiliency.
PowerHA these days provides shoppers with a reach of storage and replication alternatives in aid of numerous extreme availability and catastrophe restoration architectural topologies (see image above). This moreover enables clients to entangle handicap of the advantages of synchronous and asynchronous connectivity, which basically permit high availability and catastrophe insurance policy, respectively.
customers can expend it dote a straight-up switched-disk solution – with every unique information resident on a unique SAN linked to numerous utility servers and switched by route of LUNs – as it turned into at first designed. This provides high availability against outages on the IBM i processing node, but not catastrophe coverage.
Secondly, they can expend Metro or world reflect to duplicate the production SAN information to a secondary local SAN, and switched on and off with LUN-degree switching. This setup would expend synchronous replication to earn certain no facts loss in the event of a SAN outage, but doesn’t proffer protection to towards a site disaster.
A two-SAN setup might simply expend international mirror to asynchronously replicate statistics to a faraway SAN, which would proffer protection to against a site outage however would no longer give HA. Or it may expend LUN-level switching on the simple SAN (providing HA protection from IBM i server outages) with world reflect used to replicate statistics to a second far flung SAN, thereby featuring ample geographic distance to give protection to in opposition t a web site catastrophe.
a 3-SAN setup across two websites can be installation this fashion: The primary SAN replicates facts by means of Metro replicate to a 2nd SAN (presenting HA). The 2d SAN in gyrate sends data asynchronously by route of international reflect to a faraway third SAN (providing DR).
ultimately, shoppers can maintain PowerHA restrained to inner disk, and the expend of the IBM i-based mostly geographic mirroring protocol to replicate facts to a 2d IBM i server.
PowerHA traditional edition: Designed primarily for internal disk implementations (however can be used with SAN or direct-connected arrays). makes expend of the IP-primarily based geographic mirroring protocol to copy iASP data from one server to another. PowerHA workloads race on the IBM i server, not the SAN. basically used by retail outlets with less than four TB of construction statistics. When used with a SAN, helps FlashCopy to create superfast tape backups.
PowerHA commercial enterprise edition: includes everything in fair edition. Designed for SAN-primarily based replication; PowerHA workloads race on the SAN, not the IBM i server. In a campus environment, synchronous Metro replicate replicating can provide a restoration factor purpose (RPO) of zero, whereas asynchronous replication over global reflect gives support for 3 geographically dispersed websites.
PowerHA categorical edition: provides aid for HyperSwap, a mainframe technology that makes expend of Metro replicate’s peer to peer remote replica (PPRC) protocol to copy facts among SANs and provide for an almost instantaneous duty swap.
while there are lots of flavors and alternate options, the core underlying fundamental and core enabling technology of PowerHA continues to be the identical: iASP. At its coronary heart, the competence of a server to swap from iASP to another iASP is what powers the various resiliency offerings that IBM sells below the PowerHA banner.
each piece of facts that goes into the basic iASP gets replicated to a secondary iASP, which could entangle a seat on a SAN, on an instantaneous-attached storage array, or on inside disk. different vital items, dote person profiles, continue to be in *SYSBAS and are managed in the admin area. in the event of unplanned outage, PowerHA’s heartbeat monitor will realize a problem, and initiate a failover. every unique of this can moreover be managed from a unique parade in PowerHA.
because PowerHA is sending much greater statistics over the community in comparison to rational replication, it requires a much bigger community – about 4 times the dimension, based on Matt Staddler, who sells and implements PowerHA and Maxava‘s rational replication reply at IT options group.
whereas the network costs could be better, the personnel fees will usually be lessen for PowerHA. That’s a facet repercussion of having really every exiguous thing within the IBM i ambiance circulate throughout the pipe. With rational replication, the HA utility should be configured to duplicate a new file that’s been added to the database, whereas that’s now not fundamental with PowerHA. Out-of-synch conditions, a bugaboo within the rational replication ambiance, aren’t regular in PowerHA.
to expend PowerHA, a customer’s IBM i applications exigency to be iASP enabled. this is a sticking point for some valued clientele. SAP and Oracle gain performed a advantageous job assisting iASPs with their IBM i-primarily based ERP methods, according to Staddler. but some applications are not iASP enabled, including Infor, whose ERP XA (MAPICS) application is having main issue applying PTFs in an iASP atmosphere, and for this intuition should no longer be used there, in accordance with Staddler.
There’s yet another great caveat to geographic mirroring in PowerHA that gain to be outlined: replication has to cease throughout a backup. So if the all system backup to tape lasts five hours, a consumer is probably exposing 5 hours’ charge of facts. This situation is alleviated in PowerHA traffic version thanks to the FlashCopy characteristic.
while PowerHA has a popularity for being a SAN-best HA solution, that’s in reality fallacious. definitely, the stout majority of PowerHA installs conducted via IT Jungle‘s Doug Bidwell’s Southern California consulting company, DLB systems friends, hold inside disk and geographic mirroring.
enterprise-grade PowerHA elements dote HyperSwap, GDR, and LUN-stage switching may well be used via the Fortune 500, however most clients don’t expend those facets. for many IBM i stores, geographic mirroring of iASPs working in direct-connect disks has gyrate into a existent alternative to rational replication. This looks to be the setup this is fueling PowerHA’s increase.
while PowerHA has a long legacy and 2,000 installations through 2013, it really wasn’t until 2015 that the product became rock-solid enough for frequent expend within the IBM i Put in base, Finnes told IT Jungle ultimately month’s measure reveal.
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for only the second time for the intuition that massive Blue entered the Unix market for True in February 1990 with the launch of the RS/6000 line of workstations and servers, the enterprise is letting customers who expend its power-primarily based servers entangle a future AIX unencumber for a learn at various drive in an open beta program.
The AIX 7 open beta, which launches today, gives customers a down load of the binaries in a DVD ISO image that they could burn onto media and installation on the ultimate several generations of vigour machines.
The leading component, says Jay Kruemcke, AIX marketing supervisor within IBM's vigour programs division, is that valued clientele cannot race the code in production environments - truly, the download settlement prohibits this, exiguous doubt to absolve IBM of any responsibility in case someone makes expend of AIX 7 in creation.
moreover letting vigour programs customers find their arms on the AIX 7 code, IBM let slack one of the details on the long race AIX above and beyond what El Reg has already told you concerning the unencumber, which is moreover known as AIX 7.1 just to be puzzling. AIX 7 will support a unique gadget image that spans 256 cores and 1,024 threads and maybe as lots as eight TB of main memory, which is 4 instances the iron that became supported by means of the current AIX 6.1 unencumber.
IBM says that AIX 7 can be binary suitable with the prior AIX 5.1 and 5.2 releases (which are at the flash off help) and the AIX 5.3 and 6.1 releases that are nevertheless supported by route of stout Blue.
One challenging thing in regards to the future AIX 7 is that it has a tweaked edition of IBM's Workload Partitions (WPARs for brief, in IBMspeak) with a view to enable for AIX 5.2 to race inner the partitions. WPARs are equivalent to digital deepest server partitions dote Solaris containers and BSD jails, which gain a unique working system kernel and file system that exhibit to be diverse operating methods, comprehensive with their personal protection and tuning, for applications to be remoted in.
WPARs are diverse from rational partitions, or LPARs, applied by the PowerVM hypervisor, which abstracts the vigour iron and enables replete AIX, i, or Linux operating methods - with their personal kernels and file systems - to race facet by means of facet and in a more thoroughly isolated style. With AIX 7, consumers can entangle a rational partition working AIX 5.2 and restore it onto an AIX WPAR; here is valuable as a result of IBM's live migration within the AIX atmosphere best works on WPARs, now not LPARs.
during the beta, IBM is enabling this AIX 5.2 LPAR to WPAR migration to be tested on prior vigour systems, but when AIX 7 does depart into creation later this 12 months - in every unique probability in September or October, according to the newest roadmaps from IBM, but truly conditional on how the beta goes - this potential will best be enabled on Power7-based machines running AIX 7.
AIX 7 will moreover entangle replete abilities of every unique the punch management and virtualization aspects in Power7 methods, but given the fantastically few Power7 machines in the container, IBM isn't expecting this code to find the identical variety of eyeballs on it as different AIX 7 facets.
an additional WPAR enhancement is to allow Fibre Channel adapters to be pegged at once to and be owned via a specific WPAR, which IBM says helps simplify the administration of storage on AIX programs that gain been virtualized. There is some complaining in the AIX and i consumer bases in regards to the AIX virtual I/O Server it really is used to virtualize storage and networking for LPARs operating on the PowerVM hypervisor, and presumably letting WPARs own their personal I/O now not most effective simplifies configuration, but boosts efficiency.
IBM moreover says that AIX 7 will involve constructed-in high availability clustering for AIX-based techniques, however didn't elaborate. IBM sells PowerHA SystemMirror clustering application for AIX boxes, previously referred to as HACMP and which has been accessible when you deem that 1991.
PowerHA SystemMirror makes it practicable for as much as 32 AIX boxes to be clustered in conjunction with shared storage, enabling bins to back each different up within the event of a crash. It may well be that IBM is going to bundle the primary PowerHA clustering software in AIX enterprise edition, its excessive-end variant of AIX with every unique the bells and whistles.
different AIX 7 enhancements encompass domain attend within the role-based entry control safety modules of the operating equipment, so that they can attend internet hosting corporations with several tenants to avert access to volume organizations, file techniques, and devices across multiple domains. AIX skinny servers (which can be diskless and dataless AIX pictures booted from storage over NFS) should be more desirable to attend NFS v4 and IPv6.
IBM will even be tweaking the EtherChannel Ethernet hyperlink aggregation characteristic of its TCP/IP stack (used at the side of catalyst switches from Cisco systems) to attend some new features of the IEEE 802.3ad common.
With the AIX 6.1 beta program, which turned into launched in July 2007 concurrently with the first rollouts of machines in response to the dual-core Power6 processors, over 1,000 corporations participated within the beta program, says Kruemcke. IBM had in no route achieved a beta application before, and didn't understand exactly what to predict, however these numbers gain been better than massive Blue expected.
even if they pale in comparison to the variety of agencies that entangle piece in home windows or Linux betas, every unique Unix shops, dote mainframe and proprietary midrange shops, are extremely conservative and enact not continually gain lots of fallow RISC, Itanium, or proprietary iron laying round, given its high charge.
but unbiased utility providers who peddle AIX items enact gain iron to construct and examine their code, and that they want to find their functions as much as snuff on the brand new free up. About 30 per cent of the organizations that tested AIX 6.1 three years ago were ISVs who, for whatever thing intent, did not depart through the fair channels to profit entry to the approaching Unix release to find begun on porting and testing their code.
The web repercussion of this, says Kruemcke, is that ISVs had been primed for the actual AIX 6.1 unencumber, and many extra functions gain been ready within the wake of the start of the operating device than IBM would gain otherwise been capable of count number on. it is within your means that the AIX 7 beta will find ISVs moving once again.
Some users are additionally considering moving ahead, says Kruemcke. "a stout number of customers are on AIX 5.3, and a lot of of them are looking very severely about jumping straight to AIX 7."
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High Availability Cluster Multi-Processing for AIX® 5L, v5.2 (HACMP v5.2) monitors pSeries® servers and performs application failover. With Web-based configuration and control facility, HACMP Extended Distance feature provides real-time data mirroring and catastrophe recovery for captious traffic needs, while HACMP Smart Assist for WebSphere® feature promotes availability within end-user application environments.
Better protect your captious traffic applications from failures with the world-spanning capabilities of IBM high Availability Cluster Multi-Processing for AIX® 5L, V5.2 (HACMP V5.2).
For over a decade, IBM HACMP has provided trustworthy high availability services, monitoring customers' pSeries® servers and dependably performing application failover to backup servers. The HACMP Extended Distance (HACMP/XD) feature provides real-time data mirroring and catastrophe recovery for captious traffic needs. The HACMP Smart Assist for WebSphere® feature brings additional high availability to end-user application environments.
Now you gain a single, world-class source of protection for your mission-critical applications.
HACMP V5.2 offers streamlined, simplified, and automated features to better support your on exact business.
HACMP V5.2: Simpler. Faster. Goes the distance.
· Two-node configuration wizard for common installations· Cluster Test Tool· Enhanced security mechanisms· Web-based configuration and control facility for cluster management· Optional feature HACMP Smart Assist for WebSphere Faster event processing to quicken application recovery· Improved policy-based cluster manager provides streamlined resource movement and faster failover.· Up to 40% improvement in basic cluster failover time helps minimize application downtime.· competence to define resource group interdependencies facilitates efficient failovers.
· AIX rational Volume Manager (LVM) split mirroring for catastrophe recovery in SAN environments.
· Optional HACMP/XD feature that supports unlimited-distance geographic clustering and data mirroring options to enhance catastrophe recovery.
· New support for Enterprise Remote Copy Management Facility (eRCMF) with HACMP/XD for Enterprise Storage Subsystem (ESS) PPRC expands HACMP/XD's capabilities.
Software withdrawal and service discontinuance: IBM HACMP V5.1 effective March 31, 2005, IBM will withdraw from marketing the HACMP V5.1 program licensed under the IBM International Program License Agreement. effective September 1, 2006, IBM will discontinue service.
HACMP(TM) 5.2 offers robust high availability and catastrophe recovery, with streamlined configuration, improved ease-of-use, reduced cost of administration, greater flexibility of event handling, faster failover, and a new Web-based configuration and control facility for pSeries customers with mission-critical applications.
The optional features HACMP Extended Distance (HACMP/XD) and HACMP Smart Assist for WebSphere provide complete high availability catastrophe recovery solutions for your business.
Three leading Unix operating systems gain recent upgrades for clustering and security.
Sun Solaris 9 embeds Sun Microsystems' SunOne application server for Java2 Enterprise Edition. Solaris 9's enhanced Network File System improves database performance, said Anil Gadre, vice president and general manager for Solaris. The OS incorporates a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol server and an enterprise firewall.
IBM Corp. has tweaked AIX 5L to ameliorate handling of great chunks of data. And SGI's Irix 6.5 and a higher-security variant, Trusted Irix 6.5, gain received certifications under the Common Criteria Evaluation and Validation Scheme of the National Information Assurance Partnership.
An integrated volume manager gives Solaris 9 a new capability for soft-disk partitioning, Gadre said. Another feature called Containers can earmark processors and remembrance among multiple tasks. Solaris 9 runs on up to 128 processors in a unique system and on up to 576 CPUs in a cluster.
The upgrades to IBM AIX 5L exploit the IBM Power4 processor architecture introduced in the pSeries server line, said Mike Carroll, AIX marketing manager.
A new Technical great Page feature transfers 16M chunks of data between applications and main memory, Carroll said. It works with the Scheduling great Affinity function, which restricts workloads to a subset of CPUs within a multiprocessor system, and the remembrance Affinity feature, which preferentially allocates remembrance closest to the processors handling the workload.
That assists bandwidth-intensive applications such as biochemical simulations and traffic intelligence systems, Carroll said.
IBM moreover offers a free toolbox for linking pSeries AIX platforms into a grid. The toolkit consists of open-source software developed by the Globus Project, a joint endeavor of Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Southern California.
"The grid is a route of harnessing distributed computing power," Carroll said.
SGI's measure Irix 6.5.13 meets the Controlled Access Protection Profile of the Common Criteria program. CAPP corresponds to the B1 security flat from the former faith Technology Assessment Program's Orange reserve standard, said Casey Schaufler, SGI's manager of trusted technology.
Trusted Irix 6.5.13 conforms to the more stringent Labeled Security Protection Profile, consistent with the Orange Book's C2 standard, Schaufler said.
The Navy's Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography heart in Monterey, Calif., has been using Trusted Irix for about a year, said Mike Clancy, the center's chief scientist and deputy technical director.
IBM Tuesday unveiled the latest incarnation of AIX 5L v5.2. This release of the operating system for the pSeries eServer line features two major additions: dynamic rational partitioning and Capacity Upgrade on Demand.
IBM Tuesday unveiled the latest incarnation of AIX 5L v5.2, which features two major additions: dynamic rational partitioning and Capacity Upgrade on Demand.
Static rational partitioning has been available on the pSeries for some time now, Mike Harrell, IBM eServer Unix manager told ServerWatch. Dynamic partitioning, already available on IBM mainframes, enables system administrators to earmark system resources and create virtual servers on the fly.
Because the rational partitioning is done on the operating system and firmware level, it can be taken to a flat as granular as a unique processor and 250 MB of memory. This is far smaller than the virtual servers created at the hardware or application level, Harrell said. Sun Microsystems' partitioning, he noted, can depart only as wee as two processors and 2,048 MB of memory.
Administrators can partition the pSeries systems into many smaller virtual servers concurrently running AIX 5L v5.2, AIX 5L v5.1, and Linux.
Big Blue is staking claim to being the only major vendor to proffer servers capable of simultaneously running Linux and Unix on the same box.
Capacity Upgrade on exact (CUoD) is the other key addition to AIX 5L. With CUoD enterprises install systems with more processors than are initially required. Those resources are kept in reserve until traffic needs require their activation. This enables system administrators to change workloads and rapid growth without taking down the server. For example, when using CUoD and the dynamic partitioning capabilities together, if a pSeries system has a failing processor, a new processor can be automatically brought online at no additional imbue to the customer and with no interruption in service or performance degradation.
In addition, with CUoD enterprises can seamlessly add new processors in pairs to meet increased workloads without interrupting operations. Thus, by its nature CUoD brings with it increased granularity. Previously, enterprises had to add eight processors at a time; now they can buy processing power as needed or gain excess capacity available for future growth.
IBM at this time moreover announced a new server offering for managing mixed Linux and Unix clusters.
Clustered Systems Management (CSM) Version 1.3 is the first software package capable of managing mixed clusters.
CSM provides a unique point-of-control for installing, configuring, maintaining, and updating IBM eServer xSeries servers running Linux and IBM eServer pSeries servers (or their rational partitions) running AIX.
Enterprises with both Unix and Linux applications can consolidate them on a unique CSM-managed cluster.
The IBM eServer Cluster 1600 has been expanded to support as many as 128 specified IBM eServer pSeries servers running AIX 5L, and the IBM eServer Cluster 1350 has been expanded to support up to 512 managed IBM eServer xSeries systems running Linux. A mixed environment supports up to 128 systems.
Both cluster offerings are pre-tested, pre-configured and delivered ready-to-run.
CSM on the IBM eServer Cluster 1600 is scheduled for October 25. Planned availability for scalability to 256 systems on IBM eServer Cluster 1350 is moreover set for this time. support for up to 128 servers or 128 operating system images on IBM eServer Cluster 1600 is planned for December 13, as is support for mixed AIX 5L v5.2 and Linux clusters. | 2019-04-26T06:17:06Z | http://morganstudioonline.com/brain-dumps.php?pdf=000-237 |
Singapore is noted for its economic competitiveness and educated workforce but its elevation to a near developed economy status sometimes masks the fact that it became an independent sovereign nation only 34 years ago. During the last three and half decades, Government Policies on education have always been directed towards developing Singapore economically and sometimes this narrow focus had unwittingly bring about the neglect of the non-economic and non-material aspects of Singapore's development. Consequently, the citizenry in the pursuit of material wealth had forsaken the cultural and artistic aspects. Times have changed. It is a nation that is beginning to look beyond the material developments of dollars and cents to developments of other kinds, such as those within cultural and civic spheres. It will also highlight the important role that the National Archives of Singapore (NAS) has as the custodian of the corporate memory of the government and the communities of Singapore. In addition, it also discusses the important role that the Oral History Centre (OHC), a unit within the NAS has to play in helping to collect and promote the collection of history and myths of the oral traditions. OHC's role is to collect records which fill in the gaps in written records, add colour and life to the understanding/learning of history. It will also discuss how oral history projects in schools when appropriately conceived could provide a bridge for the Singaporean Chinese community where the young may speak no dialect and the old may speak no Mandarin.
Year Zero for modern day Singapore Republic fell on August 9, 1965. Hitherto, the Singaporean political elite had always envisioned Singapore as part of the Malay peninsula. In 1963, Singapore had entered into what she had felt was the natural union with Malaya and the Borneo states of Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia. It was a tumultuous two and a half years. When the Separation occurred swiftly and suddenly, it was an act that left lasting effects on both the external and internal policies of Singapore. Externally, Singapore-Malaysia relations entered a new phase of country-to-country relations as opposed to operating within a federation of states. Internally, Singaporean leaders faced the harsh realities of rebuilding a nation without the rest of Malaysia as a hinterland. Swampy and virtually devoid of natural resources, the pioneering PAP government had to quickly formulate a series of policies that would enable Singapore to stand on its own.
There is a wider perspective to this (acquiring competency in English). This relates to our competitive position, both in Southeast Asia and in relation to countries like South Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Among the ASEAN states, as our wages increase year by year, we cannot remain competitive in labour-intensive industries for very much longer. But the edge that we have over all of them, except for the Philippines, is the large number of Singaporeans who can understand and use the English language. This would give us advantage in the service and high technology industries which we shall retain for a long time.
It has always been crystal clear to any political economist analysing Singapore that its survival must reside in its ability to leap frog into the post-industrial era ahead of everyone else in the region. Helping a large portion of its near English-illiterate population acquire competency in functional English had always been the main thrust of the education policy. But, a problem is foreseen.
However, a more difficult problem is arising in the schools. As we move into more English language at the secondary stage, the more will be the influence of the Western ideas and Western values carried in English-language publications. A child does not grow up in isolation. His views, his attitudes, are shaped by his family, his teachers, his friends, by what he reads. The more his friends absorb of Western values, the more these Western values will influence him. Somehow we must abstract and distil the essence of our Asian culture and values so that English may be used for supplementary instruction in moral education.
And it is not just learning the language (mother tongue). With language goes the fables and proverbs. It is the learning of a whole value system, a whole philosophy of life, that can maintain the fabric of our society intact, in spite of exposure to all the current madness around the world.
I agree with the Prime Minister's observation that the principal value of teaching the second language is the imparting of moral values and understanding of cultural traditions. Chinese, Malay, and Indian stories, myths, mythology and folklore are the stuff and substance of the cultural traditions which we rightly seek to make part of the mental and spiritual makeup of our young people.
Hence, opting completely out of the mother tongue is untenable and ultimately not feasible. For political and cultural reasons, the mother tongue must be retained so that "moral pillars" of society may be continuously present to support the social structure. Thus, the education policy must aggressively pursue a "bilingual" emphasis. The reason being that we should not being completely westernised because we have to retain our Asian culture and values but yet learn the best of the west (i.e. the scientific inquiry etc.). The thrust of these arguments could be seen from the previous three quotes by Dr Goh Keng Swee, Lee Kuan Yew, and Devan Nair that argued persuasively for the implementation of the English language but cautioned against the jettison of the "mother tongue".
And for the Chinese, it is particularly hard because it's a completely different language, it's a completely different script and worse, many speak dialect at home. So, in fact, it is not bilingualism, it's trilingualism or two-and-a-half, and it's a very complicated business.
The average Chinese boy who goes to an English school is really learning two non-mother languages. He learns English, which is not his mother tongue. He learns Mandarin as a second language. It is also not his mother tongue because often the dialect is the language of the home. This presents us with a very grave challenge.
This would be sad, not because Hokkien is an inferior dialect, but because it is a dialect. It is not congruent with the written Chinese script. Present-day written Chinese is Mandarin reduced into script. Spoken Hokkien cannot be put into "bai-hua". If Hokkien prevails, then the standard of written Chinese will go down.
It is an enormous task to get Chinese Singaporeans, whose mother tongues are some 12 Chinese dialects, to make Mandarin their mother tongue. It is probably the most difficult task we have embarked upon the last 22 years of PAP government. Yet without making Mandarin the mother tongue in place of dialects, our policy of bilingualism will not succeed. Dialects will be crossed and mixed into a Singapore Creole or pidgin.
.... how important it was that parents should try and minimise the burden, the load on their children by switching or encouraging them to switch either into Mandarin or into English when they speak to their friends and even to their parents at home. You take off the load, an unnecessary load.
We have made progress.... The percentage of new primary one pupils from predominantly Mandarin-speaking families has increased from 26 in 1980 to 59 in 1984. Within the same period, pupils from mainly dialect-speaking families have dropped from 64 to 27. Parents are responding because they are more aware of the benefits to their children.
The numbers and figures had finally heralded the success of the "Speak Mandarin" campaign and education policy in promulgating bilingualism in the Singaporean Chinese population without the interference of the dialects as an additional language. But whither the opportunity costs?
If at all there is any unease, it is certainly not about the proposals on education policy (Goh Keng Swee Report on Education, 1979), but rather a barely perceptible, an almost secret and gnawing unease, about whether or not the policy of bilingualism will effectively enable our children to preserve the best of their cultural past, and to continue to draw nourishment from their ancient cultural roots.
We can solve this problem (of ensuring the proper acquisition of Mandarin) without throwing any dialect away. But we must limit the vocabulary of dialect from only home needs, and only in homes where parents cannot speak Mandarin or English.
However, it must be noted that the vocabulary of the dialect is whittled down to a small functional amount so as to supply a bridge between generations who could only communicate in a pure dialect-speaking environment and those who had been immersed in the government bilingual education policy.
Let's revisit the costs. We shall focus on the main cost which is that of the loss of cultural transmission between generations. With a younger generation that is no longer competent or proficient in dialects, cultural transmission from the older generations (whose main competency is only in the dialect) becomes problematic. While it is certain that generation gaps occur in all civilisations and cultures, perhaps Singaporean Chinese's experience is unique in that within a generation, the language of communication became a barrier between the grand-parents' generation and the grandchildren as a result of direct and conscious government policy making.
Yet, this situation arose because it was imperative and necessary that such bilingual education policy initiatives be carried out. Thus we now have the inseparable twins of nation building, Economy and Culture, colliding. Both are essential to a small, resourceless country like Singapore. Without a healthy economy, Singapore would not survive; without culture, Singaporeans would be characterless and transient in nature.
At this point, this paper seeks a little digression. While scarcely known, the OHC is twenty years old. Oral history gained its first formal foothold in Singapore in 1979. A department then known as the Oral History Unit (OHU) was set up and placed within the domain of the National Archives. For the first time, there was a department devoted to the gathering of historical accounts via the recorded voice. Then DPM, Dr. Goh Keng Swee felt that it was necessary to record the struggles of the Fifties and Sixties so that future generations of Singaporeans would know of the rigours of nation-building. It began with a few researchers working on three projects but that has since grown from a single project to multiple projects. The three oral history projects are namely Pioneers of Singapore Rags to Riches; Political Developments of Singapore 1945 - 1963 and the Japanese Occupation. The other projects were added later. The most outstanding of which must surely be the Japanese Occupation where there is decidedly a lack of written documentation. The British were not here to keep records and the Japanese military administration did not leave any either. The bulk of this project consists of dialect recordings, not Mandarin recordings. In addition, the OHC has also collected nursery rhymes from Malay, Tamil and some of the Chinese dialects.
Oral history helped to plug in the gaps when numerous surfaced.
Administratively, we have gone through many changes. This small department was functioning under the National Archives from 1979. Oral History Unit started in 1979 with It was then detached from the National Archives and set up on its own as the Oral History Department (OHD) in 1985. The OHD later returned to the fold of the National Archives in 1993 when the National Heritage Board was formed. The new name for the OHD is the Oral History Centre. While the name changed, the corporate mission remained the same: that is, to collect a people's history of Singapore. To date, we have amassed over 2000 interviews and some 10,000 recorded hours across a spectrum of language and subject groupings. The interviewees come from all walks of life.
Fortuitously or ironically, the OHC's mandate was decided when it birthed in the same year as the "Speak Mandarin" Campaign. Its destiny is decided. The task is clear: OHC would have to collect a series of oral documents that would capture the nuances and intricacies of the Chinese dialects that are quickly dying. Hence, the voice of the past is captured. At twenty, a vibrant youth, OHC must do more.
Collecting oral historical documents and keeping them safe will not help the vast majority of Singaporean Chinese who might not (might not be aware of the oral history collections or are not inclined to use the NAS reference room) have the chance to use OHC's archival holdings. This is for the simple reason that while Library connotes an invitation to users to borrow books and imbibe knowledge, the Archives connotes an alternative image of custodians and safe keeping. The Archives thereby presented an inherently unfriendly image of being a place where things were kept under locks and keys rather than borrowed out. Thus, the archival collections in Singapore would remain inherently foreign to the public unless they are aggressively disseminated. These dissemination initiatives must also be pro-active in nature, so that oral history could actively attract more believers and practitioners. In order for a rich and diverse collection of oral history recordings to flourish in Singapore, the methods of oral history and its product, the oral history interview tapes, need to be disseminated via non-traditional means such as oral history materials are used for television docu-dramas, period dramas shown over the broadcast television, web-pages in the world wide web (eg. www.knowledgenet.com.sg) , or recorded compact discs of vocal collages or educational CD-ROMs.
If the researchers and general public accept the oral history archives as a good source of historical knowledge, and do come to accept/adopt oral history, they would be more likely to support us in what we are doing. That way, oral history would be indirectly seen as a progressive rather than a retrograde methodology. As such, the OHC must reach out to the public and push for the public to share in OHC's role and duty. The logical place to start would be in the schools.
Schools are an obvious choice for dissemination. If the students can be convinced that history can be interesting and is valuable, then it will remain with them when they grow up. The teaching of history will also be easier as now, students of history will have a practical arena to test their knowledge. The biology students have their dissections, history students will have their interviews.
However, this is not entirely a one way flow of benefits. As much as schools may be able to derive some benefit from the use of oral history, the OHC will also benefit greatly from a tie-up with the schools. The school children would have acquired an alternative mode of inquiry known as oral history and could possibly be more sensitised to a need for a paradigm shift beyond paper research to accommodate oral historical research as well. For over a decade, the main focus of the OHC has always been the collection of materials. The OHC is re-evaluating its position.
teachers were willing to employ oral history in the classrooms if they could work it into the curriculum.
The survey response was encouraging enough for the OHC to organise an oral history seminar for teachers in March 1997. The seminar has since gone annual. The OHC is now able to maintain an annual link with the schools. Hopefully, teachers would be able to learn about oral history and its applications in school during these seminars. As of the present, a primary school, under its own initiatives, with a project team of 10-12 year olds has successfully completed an oral history project on the topic of "what makes a Singaporean Singaporean". Likewise, a secondary school had also started an oral history project on school identity with project teams of 15 year olds. Two schools and a humble beginnings. But with the future, the OHC hopes that schools will expand into the areas of myths, legends and oral history projects beyond mere school and academic concerns.
In order for the above to succeed, dissemination must be flawlessly executed and new converts to oral history be found. It is here where the title of this conference, "Preserving Oral Traditions", intrigues me. In Singapore, the OHC actively pursues the task of collecting a social history recounted through voices via the traditional method of question and answer. Oral tradition vis-a-vis myths and legends had somewhat hit a road block in the first three decades of Singapore's existence because of the general populace emphasis on, and preoccupation with, material and pragmatic pursuits.
In recent times, there has been a much-needed re-emphasis on history by the government who realised that nation building must extend beyond mere economics. With this, the education policy is slowly shifting to ensuring that the humanities (particularly in the subjects of history and social education) are re-emphasised. In this current climate of change, it is an opportune time for the OHC to work in partnership with schools on a series of projects to collect oral history and orally transmitted legends, myths, folklores and nursery rhymes.
A project that can be launched to reacquaint students with the older non-Mandarin generation in order to draw out the rich store of folk tales, myths and legends would be to employ parents who are still competent in dialect to act as the bridge (or translators) between generations. Since the parents would be recruited as translators, the children interviewers need not have competency in dialect although the ability to understand would be a great asset. That way, the locked stories of the old can be passed on to the young.
To recap: The situation in Singapore is critical with regards to oral traditions. Hitherto, there has always been an imbalance between cultural and economic survival. For the period of economic nation building, education and language policies are formulated for the sole purpose of gaining economic independence for Singapore. However, with the maturing of the economy, there is a growing re-emphasis on the other non-economic aspects of nation building such as cultural preservation via historical lessons. Hitherto, while the nation orientated it self from a mainly mother-tongue speaking population to a mainly English speaking nation, oral traditions had been going through a slow and invisible atrophy. Oral traditions slipped into the background and the only official centres in which oral traditions are actively pursued is the Oral History Centre within the National Archives of Singapore and the Military Heritage Branch of the Ministry of Defence.
In reality, there is only one national centre that actively and systematically collects and maintain an oral history archives of Singapore and this is the Oral History Centre. There are no other formal or informal organisations or individuals that seek actively to retain an oral record from the past.
The main barrier could be a mere problem of the mindset. Perhaps, with enough exposure of the younger generations to the realm of oral traditions, it would force the coming generations of Singaporeans into a paradigm shift where cultural history will be deemed important. In that climate, perhaps oral history would be accepted as a methodology that is seen to be as important as scientific inquiry.
Our long term goal is to have a sizable group of Singapore's population collecting oral history of their own pet topics. We would like to see community, social, commercial organisations augment their archives with oral history recordings so that ultimately, the history of Singapore will live forever more, in a more colourful canvas of voice and emotion. It is hoped that the brief interruption in the inter-generational transmission of oral traditions would remain just that: a brief interruption. | 2019-04-20T04:23:00Z | https://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla65/65cc-e.htm |
This bill was previously introduced in the 41st Parliament, 1st Session.
This enactment requires the Minister of Health to initiate discussions with the provincial and territorial ministers responsible for health or health promotion for the purpose of developing a national strategy for the health care of persons afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease or other dementia-related diseases.
May 6, 2015 Failed That the Bill be now read a second time and referred to the Standing Committee on Health.
May 5th, 2015 / 5:30 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, I am honoured to rise today to participate in the debate on Bill C-356, an act respecting a national strategy for dementia.
I want to begin by commending my hon. colleague, the member for Nickel Belt, for bringing this important issue before the House. The member has spoken about his family's personal connection to Alzheimer's, and we can all acknowledge the good work he has done to bring attention to what is a very pressing health issue for many Canadians.
Dementia is not a normal part of aging. It knows no social, economic, ethnic, or geographical boundaries. The effects of dementia are wide-reaching, affecting those diagnosed with it, their families, friends, and all of our communities.
While evidence about the causes of dementia is limited, we are learning that risks may be reduced through early diagnosis and by promoting healthy living. Research has pointed to possible risk factors, such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, environmental, genetic and gender factors, as well as traumatic brain injury. Some of these possible risk factors are things we can change in our lifestyles, such as physical inactivity and unhealthy eating. This is one of the reasons that our government has been so focused on encouraging healthy, active lifestyles.
No family should have to lose a parent or another loved one to a terrible disease like Alzheimer's, so it is important we are working to raise awareness of these things as the research continues to evolve. That said, we know that we cannot be focused on prevention alone. We must also consider those who have already received the devastating diagnosis of dementia. We must prepare for the future while also providing support for those currently living with this disease.
Over the past year and a half, we have seen unprecedented international attention focused on dementia. Last fall, the Government of Canada co-hosted the Canada-France Global Dementia Legacy Event. This event was built upon the momentum that began with our Minister of Health's participation in the 2013 G8 dementia summit. The focus of the legacy event was on developing new approaches to research, working with both the public and private sectors to bring all efforts together.
It was at this event that the Minister of Health announced work under way with the Alzheimer Society of Canada to implement a program called dementia friends Canada across our country. I would like to provide some further details on this program as it is an international model that is proving to be very successful and is highly supported by key stakeholders.
This unique program was originally launched in Japan as Dementia Supporters and more recently in the United Kingdom as Dementia Friends.
The idea behind the program is a community-based awareness and training program that would help to build dementia-friendly communities.
For individuals living with dementia, simple routine tasks such as shopping for groceries or paying bills become increasingly challenging over time. These individuals need understanding and patience. People living with dementia want to carry on with their daily lives and feel included in their communities, but they may need a bit of help and sometimes may not know how to ask. They also need support so they can continue to be engaged in their communities comfortably and confidently.
We believe that dementia friends Canada would help individuals, communities, and businesses better understand the needs of those living with dementia in order to take action and make a difference in their quality of life. It would empower communities, large and small, to create a positive change.
Through this program, the government would support those living with dementia today by removing the stigma surrounding this devastating disease and creating a culture of understanding, tolerance, and patience.
I am sure we can all agree that supporting these attributes is essential in helping those living with dementia stay connected to their communities.
Members may be interested to know that when the United Kingdom launched its Dementia Friends program just one year ago, it set a goal of one million dementia friends. Becoming a dementia friend is not as simple as a Facebook click. These one million residents of the U.K. have taken training to better understand the needs of people living with dementia and have committed to supporting them in the community.
The U.K. program is working to go even beyond one million registered participants and has now set a new goal of three million dementia friends by 2020. I know that Canadians will be just as excited to make a real difference for those here at home when we are able to bring this program to Canada.
Through a partnership with the Alzheimer Society of Canada, our government is adapting the United Kingdom's successful initiative to the Canadian context, and we would implement our dementia friends Canada program nationally. As part of this program, we are developing a national website which would provide information on dementia, suggest simple ways people can help someone living with dementia, and encourage Canadians to sign up to become dementia friends.
Canadians of all ages would be able to turn their new understanding into action. By learning a bit more about what it would be like to live with dementia and what they can do to help, Canadians would be able to better support those living with the disease.
Dementia champions are another important component to this program. These volunteers would be trained and equipped with resources to answer people's questions about dementia, suggest sources for further information, and support and provide training to dementia friends.
We have heard today about the alarming rate at which dementia is affecting Canadians and we know that sadly over time that rate will increase. It can make a huge difference to the people living with this disease if the people around them know what dementia is and how it may be affecting them. While we remain committed to research on prevention and a cure so that fewer Canadians ever have to struggle with this disease in the long run, I am proud we are also taking real action to make a difference for those who need our help here and now. I believe that dementia friends Canada would complement the significant investments our government is making in research.
I hope that my remarks today demonstrate the commitment of our government in taking action to make a difference for Canadians and their families. As I am sure members are already well aware, our government is already committed to developing a national dementia plan. In fact, it was included in this year's economic action plan, and we will continue to work with the provinces and territories to do exactly that.
When it comes to research, we have been taking undeniable leadership through our participation in G8 and World Health Organization efforts. We have been supporting Canadian expertise focused ultimately on finding a cure, and would also be taking real action to better support those who are living with the disease.
Importantly, all of these activities have been done while respecting provincial and territorial jurisdiction over health care. As I said at the beginning of my remarks, I know that the member for Nickel Belt is well intentioned with this bill, but unfortunately, it does infringe on provincial jurisdiction in a number of areas. I think it would be unfortunate to have federal legislation interfere in an area where we already have such strong co-operation.
Members have also mentioned a motion which was brought forward by my colleague, the member for Huron—Bruce. I look forward to debate on that motion, as it calls on the government to take strong action while respecting the jurisdiction of the provinces over health care delivery.
It is clear that Canadians living with Alzheimer's or other forms of dementia need our support. Our government recognizes this and has taken a number of steps already. We are committed to doing even more through the dementia friends program and our co-operative work with the provinces on a national plan. We will get the job done, working within our federal role.
May 5th, 2015 / 5:40 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, it is a pleasure for me to rise today in support of Bill C-356, An Act respecting a National Strategy for Dementia.
The Liberals have long called for federal leadership in establishing a pan-Canadian dementia strategy and we believe the federal government must work with the provinces to establish such a strategy.
Families throughout our country are having to deal with loved ones who have dementia and they need our help and our support. They need that national strategy so they can cope, and this private member's bill aims to do that.
According to the Alzheimer Society of Canada, in 2011, 747,000 Canadians were living with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. That means, 14.9% of Canadians 65 and older were living with cognitive impairment. Without intervention, the society projects that figure will increase to 1.4 million Canadians by 2031.
The demographic population of Newfoundland and Labrador is aging at a faster rate than the rest of Canada, which means this increase will hit my home province particularly hard. In 2011, 16% of the population was 65 years or older, a number expected to increase to 20% by 2016. Unfortunately, as the age of the population increases, research has shown that the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia does as well.
Given the terrible toll that dementia currently takes on Canadians and their health care, and given the certainty that this toll will grow more severe in coming decades, the CMA believes that it is vital for Canada to develop a focused strategy to address it.
Clearly this is a pressing problem requiring urgent action. Yet, despite pledging in 2013 to find a cure or treatment for Alzheimer's by 2025, we remain one of the only G7 countries without a strategy. Australia, Norway, the Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom all have national strategies to address this growing problem, but Canada does not. This is unacceptable, especially given our aging population.
Alzheimer's disease puts enormous emotional stress on millions of families in Canada. One in five Canadians 45 and older provide some sort of care to seniors living with long-term health problems. In 2011, that amounted to 444 million unpaid hours spent by family caregivers looking after someone with cognitive impairment such as dementia.
From an economic perspective, this amounts to $11 billion in lost income and a loss of 227,760 full-time equivalent employees in the Canadian workforce. The impact to the Canadian economy is matched only by the enormous strain on those family members who provide care for their loved ones.
The emotional stress caregivers face was highlighted in a recent report by the Mental Health Commission of Canada, as well as a report from the World Health Organization, which stated that between 15% and 32% of caregivers would experience depression and up to 75% would develop psychological illnesses as a result of caring for others. These family members are doing what they can, but they need our help.
A comprehensive strategy that supports caregivers is essential for the well-being of both the patient and the caregiver. A truly comprehensive pan-Canadian dementia strategy would not only have a positive impact on patients and their families, but delaying onset of Alzheimer's by two years could save our health care system $219 billion over a 30 year period.
Patients with dementia often occupy acute care hospital beds, while waiting for placement at long-term care facilities. This only serves to exacerbate the problem of waiting lists and increased health care costs. Without action, this problem will continue to grow.
During the 2011 federal election, the Liberal Party of Canada laid out a clear, comprehensive dementia strategy, including support for research, families, patients and communities. The plan called for increased funding for research to target new treatments and therapy, and to accelerate our progress in understanding, treating and preventing brain diseases.
It called for increased awareness, education and prevention programs to support families and combat the social stigma of dementia. It also called for stronger support for home and long-term care, as well as protection of income security for families struggling to cope with the cost of caring for a loved one with dementia.
Another key element of that strategy was the introduction of legislation that would prohibit denial of life, mortgage and disability insurance, and rejected employment based on genetic testing that showed risk of future illnesses.
Canada is the only G7 country without legal restrictions on access to genetic test results. This forces many Canadians to make an impossible choice: obtain genetic testing results for illnesses, including Alzheimer's, and face discrimination, or avoid testing and taking steps that could prevent or mitigate illness in the hope of obtaining things like life insurance.
This regulatory void perversely promotes the avoidance of potentially life-saving tests. Action is needed urgently, yet despite pledging action in the 2013 throne speech, the only action the Conservative government has taken is to block efforts on this front in the Senate.
Despite government inaction, individual Canadians are working together to develop treatment and prevention protocols and to improve the lives of patients and their families.
This year, volunteers across Newfoundland and Labrador will be participating in seven “Walks for Alzheimer's” to raise money for support programs and services for those living with dementia in their communities.
Families are also helping other families by participating in province-wide family support groups, accessible by phone and Skype, reducing isolation and providing much-needed support to caregivers in remote communities like those in my riding of Random—Burin—St. George's. This is one way of ensuring that families are able to cope. We need to ensure more of that happens.
The things is that it needs to be part of a national strategy so it is not left to those who are caregivers to do things to help those who they and others love who are hit with Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia.
I take pleasure in raising awareness of the important work being done on dementia treatment and prevention in my home province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Dr. Anne Sclater, professor of medicine at Memorial University, has done incredible work on the development of provincial strategies on healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease, as well as on the prevention of elder abuse.
Elders with dementia have the highest incident of mistreatment and abuse in long term care, and the prevention of this sort of terrible abuse is a topic on which Dr. Roger Butler, associate professor of family medicine at Memorial University of Newfoundland, has worked extensively. He is also currently engaged in a new project using telegerontology as a novel approach to optimize health and safety among people with dementia in Newfoundland and Labrador. For his work as a teacher, family physician and on behalf of the Alzheimer's Society, he was recognized by the College of Family Physicians of Canada as Newfoundland and Labrador's family physician for the year in 2013.
Drs. Sclater and Butler, along with some of their colleagues throughout the country, are making incredible progress on this important and increasingly prevalent issue. Imagine what they could do with more resources and support.
What we need is coordinated support from the top. Federal leadership is needed to develop a truly pan-Canadian dementia strategy to support the important work of these individual researchers.
May 5th, 2015 / 5:50 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, I am extremely pleased to speak to the bill introduced by my colleague from Nickel Belt, which seeks to establish a national strategy for dementia. This is particularly important for me as a nurse. I believe that this bill reflects a reality that we will have to face.
In order to understand how vitally important it is to have a national strategy for dementia, we need to understand that the population is aging. The number of Canadians with dementia is growing in tandem with the growing number of seniors. Although there is such a thing as early onset dementia, this disease mainly affects the elderly.
Right now in Canada, 740,000 people have Alzheimer's or a dementia-related disease. However, by 2031, this figure is expected to double to 1.4 million Canadians. In my region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 15.8% of the population was 65 or older in 2013. In 2031, 28.8% of the population will fall into that age category. Obviously, Alzheimer's and other types of dementia will be more widespread in a region like mine. It is therefore vital that we combine our efforts to develop a strategy to address this phenomenon, since it will take up a large share of regional health budgets and will become a growing concern for regional authorities.
Furthermore, it is important to better recognize the importance of prevention in order to identify early symptoms and intervene quickly. A strategy for dementia should be based on maintaining brain health and on preventing the illness among those who are particularly susceptible to it. Many studies have shown that some memory exercises can slow the disease's progression. However, if we wait too long to intervene such measures are not as effective.
The health system currently does not have the resources required to address this phenomenon. The problem could become overwhelming if we do not change our approach and if the federal government continues to neglect provincial transfers.
Direct and indirect medical expenses, such as the loss of income, currently total $33 billion a year. This could rise to $293 billion a year. We must create an integrated health system where we implement best practices to ensure that we treat these illnesses and provide community support.
The phenomenon of dementia is unique because those who suffer from this disease are primarily looked after by family caregivers. In 2011, family caregivers spent 444 million unpaid working hours providing care. This translates to $11 billion in lost income, or the equivalent of 227,760 full-time employees. It is therefore vital, when considering a national dementia strategy, to consider the circumstances of family caregivers. In many cases, dementia is an illness that develops slowly. People remain in their surrounding environment for a very long time.
The person's family members end up having to spend more and more time keeping him or her healthy and safe in his or her environment. This is extremely exhausting. Spouses can easily spend 10 to 15 years caring for a sick loved one, and regularly do, before health problems get too serious for them to handle. We need to make sure that family caregivers can keep doing this job and that they get support from their community to help their loved ones.
What people need when they are trying to help their loved ones, and what they often lack, is access to respite services. Caregivers often get worn out. Having someone who can take over every now and then for a day or a weekend enables caregivers to keep doing their amazing work caring for people with dementia.
The strategy must include mechanisms to ensure that staff have the necessary knowledge about the disease and the skills to deal with it. This means that people have to share information. The purpose of a national strategy is to share information. People should not be working in isolation. We have to find a way to make sure that everything we learn, everything that might be useful, such as best practices, is communicated to people struggling with the same problems. It is essential for people to have ways to talk to each other. The goal is not to step in for the provinces but to ensure that communication channels remain open and people work together. Real collaboration needs to happen so that people can share best practices. We have to make sure that nursing staff, doctors and other professionals have the right knowledge and skills to work with people with dementia and provide them with quality care that is appropriate for their situation.
They are often forgotten, but the volunteers who work in this field need to be able to understand the reality of a person living with dementia. It is not always an easy thing to do. There are certain situations that are very difficult to go through on a daily basis and it is hard to know how to intervene. The volunteers who work at these centres must have access to the knowledge and skills they need to properly understand the reality of the field they have chosen to work in.
As far as research is concerned, we have extraordinary Canadian researchers, but we could also form international partnerships to further our knowledge. In my opinion, the quality of daily life for people with dementia is an essential area of research. Lately, a lot of research has been done on daily life. In Quebec at least, there has been a shift from a very medically based approach to one focusing on the daily experience of dementia sufferers. The goal is for the transfer to long-term care centres to go as smoothly as possible. For that to happen, the person with dementia needs to create reference points. A lot of advances have been made because of these various approaches that focus on the quality of life and ways of providing care and intervention. Not only is this helping those living with dementia to live much more happily, but it is also enabling the families to be an integral part of the care process.
There is a lot to do. With the challenges this will present in the coming years, it is essential to share information in order to adopt an effective national strategy for dementia.
May 5th, 2015 / 6 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to speak to the subject of dementia and the private member's bill from the hon. member for Nickel Belt. We can all acknowledge that the member has been doing good work to raise awareness of the important issues faced by Canadians with Alzheimer's or other dementias.
Dementia poses a significant challenge to the health of Canadians. We probably all have a personal story about the impact and burden dementia can have on the individuals and families who are affected by it. Therefore, I want to start by sharing some of what we know about this disease.
Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia can affect many aspects of an individual's life. Most often, symptoms include loss of memory, impaired judgment and reasoning, changes in mood and behaviour, and impaired ability to communicate. Over time, individuals living with these conditions become unable to perform the activities of daily living that so many of us take for granted. Although medications can sometimes slow down or delay dementia, there is no cure. There is also a limited understanding of the causes of dementia. However, early research is pointing to possible risk factors such as physical inactivity; unhealthy diets; environmental, genetic, and gender factors; and traumatic brain injury.
I would also like to update the House on a number of the activities that our government has been taking since we had the first hour of debate. In March, the government participated in the World Health Organization's Ministerial Conference on Global Action Against Dementia in Geneva, Switzerland. This conference followed the 2013 G8 summit on dementia, where Canada also participated and where ministers made a number of commitments to address the challenges of dementia. This included a commitment to working toward identifying a cure for dementia by 2025. At the most recent conference in Geneva, these commitments were reinforced and Canada was among 80 countries that adopted a call to action to advance efforts on dementia and maintain it as a priority issue on national and international agendas. Discussions are currently under way on how to build on and sustain the momentum that has been generated over the past year and a half to meet the challenges of dementia.
Within Canada, there have been several investments to address dementia at the national level. As members will know, a primary federal role in regard to Alzheimer's disease and other dementias is supporting research. Economic action plan 2015 would do exactly that. Our government would provide up to $42 million over five years, starting in 2015-2016, to Baycrest Health Sciences to support the establishment of the Canadian centre for aging and brain health innovation. Funding for the centre includes $32 million in support from the Federal Economic Development Agency for Southern Ontario, and it will support new research and the development of products and services to support brain health and aging. This is the latest in a series of government investments in dementia-related research.
Also, the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging was launched in September 2014. This initiative is working on transformative research ideas to improve the lives of Canadians living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. It is supported with government funding of $22.6 million, with an additional $9.9 million over five years from a group of external public and private partners. Research is also being conducted at the international level.
As a global leader, our government is working with international partners on global dementia efforts through the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The research goals are to prevent or delay the onset and progression of the disease, improve the quality of life for those afflicted and their caregivers, improve access to quality care, and enable the care system to deal effectively with the rising number of affected individuals.
Our government is also supporting projects to make sure our experts have the latest information on how this disease is affecting Canadians. A national population study was just completed last year so that we have up-to-date monitoring of who is affected and what care they require.
There are a lot of activities already under way at the federal level in terms of research, surveillance, and international leadership toward a cure. However, when we get into a discussion about health care, we always need to remain mindful of our partners, as laid out by the Constitution. The provinces and territories are responsible for the delivery of health care, and we need to ensure we are working with them in a co-operative way.
When it comes to this kind of co-operation, our government has been driving the agenda. At the last meeting of federal, provincial, and territorial ministers of health, our federal minister began a discussion with all of her counterparts regarding a national dementia plan. In fact, she was able to secure an agreement to begin working on a pan-Canadian dementia strategy. Since that meeting, the government has worked with its partners to continue making progress. The provinces and territories have expressed their support for federal research to advance policy development on dementia, while they are leading work on assessing best practices through the Council of the Federation. An update on these efforts will be presented to the health ministers for consideration and further direction at their next meetings.
As much as I know that the member for Nickel Belt was well intentioned in bringing forward this bill, to a large extent it has been overtaken by events. The key accomplishment of it is to establish a national strategy for dementia, and our government has already begun to work on doing exactly that. In fact, this commitment is also included in economic action plan 2015. There is no planning document more important than the budget, so Canadians can be confident that we are working to get this done.
I also think it is important to point out the realities of private members' legislation at the stage in this calendar. As I am sure the member knows well, private members' bills have quite a long process to undergo before they make it through royal assent and become law. This bill would still have to be reviewed at committee, be scheduled for third reading in the House, and then be referred to the other place so its members can go through the entire process again from first to third reading. Most members in the House would agree that this is quite a lot of hurdles for a bill, with only a few sitting weeks remaining.
That is why I was happy to see the hon. member for Huron—Bruce bring forward a motion of his own, Motion No. 575, which also calls on the government to take strong actions to tackle the issues of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. I know that the government is carefully reviewing this motion, and I look forward to seeing it debated in this place. As we all know, motions can be passed much more quickly than bills. Motion No. 575 is one way that Parliament could take real action and call on the government to bring about changes that would work to improve the lives of Canadians with dementia. At the end of the day, our constituents want real results and real action to address this important issue.
I am pleased that our government has accomplished so much already, and I know we will continue working hard for all Canadians who have been affected by dementia.
May 5th, 2015 / 6:05 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, I stand today to support Bill C-356, an act respecting a national strategy for dementia, introduced by the member of Parliament for Nickel Belt.
This is proof that the NDP is standing for our future. Right now, the increased cases of dementia among older Canadians is having a huge impact in Canada. Our current system needs support if it is going to grapple with the social, health and economic impacts of dementia, which affect patients, their caregivers and their communities.
We know this is a growing crisis because if we do not develop a comprehensive set of supports to address this issue now, it will then be 10 times worse as the baby boomer generation enters the senior years.
I remember being a delegate at the 2012 NDP convention, and our delegates passed a resolution calling for a national dementia strategy. We found strong support among organized labour, seniors and our NDP members in electoral districts across the country.
Their interest is personal, coming from knowing someone who is living with the disease or a caregiver who is caring for a loved one with the disease. We introduced Bill C-356 in late 2011. Since then, over 75 petitions supporting this idea have been tabled here in Parliament. Over 300 municipalities have passed supporting resolutions.
There is strong support from seniors, heath care, labour, faith and many other networks. A national dementia strategy also links well to the NDP seniors strategy. Our seniors need our support, especially when dementia makes them vulnerable and disoriented, and in need of care.
According to the benchmark study, Rising Tide by the Alzheimer Society of Canada, the number of Canadians living with Alzheimer's disease and other dementia now stands at 747,000 and will double to 1.5 million by 2031.
Canada's health care system is ill equipped to deal with the staggering costs. The combined direct medical and indirect lost earnings costs of dementia total $33 billion per year. By 2040, this figure will skyrocket to $293 billion per year. Pressures on family caregivers continue to mount.
In 2011, family caregivers spent 444 million unpaid hours per year looking after someone with dementia, representing $11 billion in lost income and 227,760 full-time equivalent employees in the work force. By 2040, they will be devoting a staggering 1.2 billion unpaid hours per year. Lost in those numbers, perhaps, is the real human face of the disease, the moms, dads, brothers, sisters, friends, neighbours and work colleagues. While an elderly face typifies most people living and dealing with dementia, 15% of all who are living with Alzheimer's or related dementia diseases are actually under 60 years old. Dementia cuts across every demographic in our communities.
I want to share an example. Matt Dineen, who is 44, is a Catholic high school teacher in Ottawa whose wife, Lisa, 45, is already in secure long-term care with frontal-temporal dementia. Matt is helped by grandparents and siblings in looking after the three children he has with Lisa.
We need increased support for informal caregivers. Caregivers need to be recognized as individuals with rights to their own services and supports. This could take several forms. On financial support, the non-refundable family caregiver tax credit of up to $300 a year introduced in 2011 is really not enough. This does not adequately reimburse the cost of a caregiver's time, which studies have shown is much higher.
Programs are needed to relieve the stress experienced by caregivers. This can include education and skill-building, and the provision of respite care and other support services for the caregivers.
I want to read an account from Tanya Levesque, who lives here in Ottawa, which reflects the experience of many caregivers in Canada. Ms. Levesque states, “We need a national dementia plan to help caregivers. Following is a list of financial barriers I have experienced during my journey as my mother's caregiver: Unable to access my El benefits; I've been unable to qualify for social assistance; unable to claim the caregiver amount on my income tax, since my mother's net income is a few thousand more than what is listed; lack of subsidies for expenses which keep increasing (i.e. property tax, parking fees at hospitals for appointments, gas for travelling to appointments, hydro, water and sewage fees ... etc); I've changed my eating habits to save money, due to the increased cost of food, so my mother can eat well; and because of a lack of future job security, my retirement security is in question, I can't save, because I've chosen to care for my mother, who took care of me. Other difficulties I've encountered: No one-stop shop for information; lack of education of front line emergency room workers regarding the difficulty of long waiting times for a person with dementia; lack of funding for organizations that provide Day Program services .i.e. not being able to provide various activities to clients due to associated costs (i.e. pet therapy). I not only provide love, a peaceful environment, stability and familiarity to my mother - who has now stabilized with her disease - I also provide the government with health care cost savings.
She is clearly doing a lot for our community by helping her mother.
Supporting a national condition-specific strategy is something I think that we should look into for dementia. It is not a new thing. It is not a new idea for the federal government. It is just an an idea that the Conservative government is actually really dragging its feet on.
The Canadian diabetes strategy, for example, supports collaborating and developing community models to raise awareness, invest in tools and share information.
The Canadian Partnership Against Cancer, in 2011, received a renewal of funding totalling $250 million over five years. CPAC is implementing a coordinated, comprehensive approach to managing cancer care in Canada.
Using the Canadian heart health strategy and action plan as a guide, Canada is addressing cardiovascular disease through investments in health promotion and disease prevention.
Clearly, we know how to do this. It has been established. Dementia should be a disease, a condition for which we can have a specific strategy nationally.
In 2007, the Government of Canada established the Mental Health Commission by providing $130 million over 10 years, with a mandate to facilitate the development of a national mental health strategy.
Instead of a national strategy, what we are seeing is that the Conservative government has proposed research.
As important as research is, it is not the same as the comprehensive approach that the bill would promote: help for patients, caregivers, the dementia workforce; early diagnoses and prevention; and a continuum of care for people in their homes, in the community and in formal care.
The national dementia strategy proposed by my colleague from Nickel Belt, in Bill C-356, would provide leadership from Parliament that would work with and respect the lead jurisdiction for health care delivery for the provinces and territories; increase funding for research into all aspects of dementia; promote earlier diagnosis and intervention; strengthen the integration of primary, home and community care; enhance skills and training of the dementia workforce; and recognize the need and improve support for caregivers.
We respect that provinces and territories have jurisdiction over health care delivery; however, municipalities, patients and caregivers are calling upon Ottawa to show some leadership. Ottawa needs to take the lead on a pan-Canadian dementia strategy that could immediately help millions of Canadians affected by Alzheimer's and related dementia diseases: the patients, families, caregivers and the dementia workforce. This would free scarce acute-care beds in hospitals and help caregivers, who often must give up their work in order to care for loved ones.
I shared the example of Ms. Levesque with members earlier.
In a recent Nanos survey, 83% of Canadians reported they believe Canada needs a national dementia plan. As our population ages, Canadians will be at an increased risk of developing dementia or caring for someone with it. Everyone owns this disease.
The approach we're proposing has worked for the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer and the Mental Health Commission of Canada. It can work for dementia and ensure that we get the best return on investment and available resources.
The Canadian Association of Retired Persons, CARP, and the Canadian Medical Association both echo the sentiment of Ms. Lowi-Young.
In conclusion, instead of putting forward a non-binding motion, Motion No. 575, the government brought forward that would not lead to a study in committee and support research when our country is actually calling out for a plan, a real plan, a strategy, the government needs to really take action to build a national strategy for dementia and and support Bill C-356 proposed by my colleague from Nickel Belt.
May 5th, 2015 / 6:15 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, I am pleased to participate in this discussion, but I find it unfortunate that I have so little time to speak about such an important issue.
Obviously there are many issues where partisanship should be set aside so that a broad consensus can be reached. Clearly, one of those issues is dementia and treatment for those who are living with one form or another of this disease. For that reason, I am proud to be part of this discussion and to support Bill C-356, which was introduced by my colleague from Nickel Belt.
I wanted to provide some background and statistics to show how serious this situation is, but since I already know that I will not have enough time, I would like to instead focus on something extraordinary that was achieved in my riding of Trois-Rivières and that has now spread outside the riding, outside Quebec and even outside Canada. The knowledge and skills developed by Maison Carpe Diem, under the direction of Nicole Poirier, have made this organization an international source of expertise. Clearly, the national strategy that my colleague wants to establish with his bill could help Maison Carpe Diem and this organization could use its expertise to help with this strategy.
This organization, known as Carpe Diem, comprises a home and a foundation. My colleagues probably remember the well-known film Dead Poets Society, which popularized this expression. Carpe diem is usually translated as “seize the day”, in other words, seize the present moment and make the best of it. With its home and its foundation, the organization is a perfect example of the efforts that the Trois-Rivières community has already devoted to supporting and helping people living with Alzheimer's.
Maison Carpe Diem's mission is to provide services and resources tailored to the specific needs of people with Alzheimer's disease and their loved ones. Maison Carpe Diem has decided to take a bold, innovative approach. The organization realizes that research results are rarely conclusive. That is not to take anything away from the importance of research and the need for investments in research, but simply to say that from the moment a study begins until conclusive results are reached, it is important to find ways to make life bearable for those living with this disease. With that in mind, members and administrators at Maison Carpe Diem decided to focus their approach on supporting patients and their families during these difficult times.
The approach taken by Maison Carpe Diem is so effective because of its perspective on those living with this disease. More specifically, the staff uses language in such a way as to ensure that residents there do not feel like simple patients. Instead of defining them as patients or clients, the staff creates an environment in which people living with this disease are able to feel comfortable and feel at home. This approach is original in that Maison Carpe Diem views and addresses this disease from a social perspective. Internationally renowned neurologists have validated the methods used by this organization.
On February 12, 2015, a conference focusing on supporting people with Alzheimer's was held at the Trois-Rivières conference centre. More than 400 people attended, including foreign scientists who are interested in the approach taken by the staff at Maison Carpe Diem. The founder of this organization, Nicole Poirier, drew the interest of participants because of her novel approach to the disease. The organization takes an overall perspective that helps staff identify the different aspects of Alzheimer's and that focuses on both the disease and the person living with it. This organization and its approach are now seen as a model, both within the grassroots movement and in the public health network.
What I want to say is that by being part of a national strategy, this organization could easily share its best practices and more effectively assist those suffering from dementia and their family members. My hope is that a national strategy will lead to an increase in the number of organizations like the one in my riding across the country and around the world. Furthermore, public health networks could further benefit from this expertise and share what they learn with their partners.
I was going to cite some statistics, but it seems to me that 100% is the most convincing one.
In my opinion, at some point, when we cannot remember an expression we want to use, 100% of us will wonder if that is the onset of Alzheimer's. Even though we often joke about it, these words are always on our lips.
If Alzheimer's is marked by forgetfulness, the discussion around it often forgets about those most concerned, the people suffering from it.
May 5th, 2015 / 6:25 p.m.
As Canadian delegates left for the G8 Summit on Dementia in England in late 2013, I made the following comment concerning our country’s lack of a national dementia plan: “We must act. A national dementia strategy is imperative for Lisa, Justin, Rebecca, Peter and so many others,” (The Hill Times, Dec. 9, 2013). A little over a year later, as my 46-year old wife’s frontotemporal dementia condition continues to advance, my message has become far more urgent for her, our children, and millions of Canadians.
Three weeks ago, the Conservative government announced it opposes Bill C-356, a bill for a national dementia strategy introduced by NDP MP [for Nickel Belt]. It is concrete legislation that, if passed, will mandate action for a national plan. Largely ignored in the mainstream media, this government decision is bound to harm aging Canadians and their caregivers unless enough Conservative MPs do the right thing and support this private member’s bill.
I remain hopeful this can happen.
On March 13, [the MP for Nickel Belt] noted in second reading debate that an agreement was in place to pass the bill with Conservative support, given the NDP had accepted in discussions the government’s proposed amendments.
Just to clarify, every amendment that the Minister of Health wanted added to the bill was added, and every article that she wanted removed from the bill was removed, and we are not infringing on provincial matters.
Sadly, the Conservatives backed away, introducing instead a motion by MP [from Bruce—Huron], which captures the government’s work on dementia and uses language and issues named in C-356....But what the Conservatives call their national dementia strategy is in fact a research strategy alone, a plan that does not immediately help patients, caregivers, and the dementia workforce. As important as research is, it does not help keep our loved ones with Alzheimer’s or related dementia diseases in the home.
A “feel good” motion might get unanimous approval in Parliament with no referral to committee, no hearing from stakeholders, [doctors, caregivers and, most important, the person with dementia] and especially no binding law to enforce the plan.
A motion doesn’t help our caregivers.
It goes without saying that the issue of dementia should be non-partisan....I believe individual MPs looking at the evidence and hearing from constituents will do the right thing.
We are a group of people living with dementia in Ontario. Our group was formed in the fall of 2014 with the purpose of influencing policies, practices, and people to ensure that we, people living with dementia, are included in every decision that affects our lives.
Our vision is for people living with dementia in Ontario to be directly involved as experts and at the centre of our own care. Our first of three goals is to be involved in the development and implementation of public policy that will affect people living with dementia across Ontario....When you have dementia, you worry about the time. How much time do you have before you get worse, are moved into a long-term care facility and die.
In closing, I urge all MPs to support this bill. It is too late for my mom, but it may not be too late for their parents, their brothers, their sisters, their spouse, their children and for the person sitting beside them today. However, most important, it is not too late for the members themselves. It is also not too late for them to do the right thing for many Canadians living with dementia.
I thank all of the people who supported and helped me to bring dementia to the forefront and on the minds of many Canadians. Matthew Dineen, Fran Linton, Lorraine Leblanc from the Alzheimer Society of Sudbury, Manitoulin, the Alzheimer Society of BC, the Alzheimer Society of Ontario, Alzheimer Society of Canada, my assistant Rick Prashaw and many more. I thank them very much.
March 13th, 2015 / 1:15 p.m.
moved that Bill C-356, An Act respecting a National Strategy for Dementia, be read the second time and referred to a committee.
Mr. Speaker, I have been waiting a long time for this. I count it a privilege to stand in the House today to speak on my bill, an act respecting a national strategy for dementia.
I am aware of the millions of Canadians who are directly caught up in the web of Alzheimer's or dementia. I have also become aware of many Canadians and groups who, like me, want a national dementia plan.
It was over three years ago that I stood to introduce this legislation. I shared how this bill came to be by telling the story of my mother's seven-year battle with Alzheimer's, from 1997 until her death in 2003.
The Sudbury Star had profiled my family's experience and had in the headline the following comment: “I didn't know enough”. Truer words have never been spoken. Many others who have caregiving responsibilities thrust on them tell me that those words ring true.
In the past three years, I have learned plenty. First was the staggering statistic on how many people are affected, which is reflected in the “Rising Tide” report by the Alzheimer Society of Canada. There are 740,000 people with the disease. This number will double in a generation. The health care cost of $33 billion will soar to $293 billion in 2040.
Providing millions of hours of unpaid caregiving has forced people to cut back or leave work altogether, which harms them and our economy. I want to talk about that this afternoon.
I learned from the Canadian Medical Association that 15% of scarce acute care beds are occupied by people who could be placed elsewhere, and half of those are dementia patients. Beyond those important statistics, I have learned the real face of the problem.
I am writing in the hope that what I present to you will enable people to see the person with dementia and their family as real people and not just statistics and numbers. We hear the staggering statistics of how many people in Canada have dementia and we hear that dollars are being invested in research. What needs to be heard is the daily impact of being a person living with dementia and those supporting the person with dementia. Our Canadian government needs to hear the reality of their world.
I have met these real people from coast to coast to coast in our communities. They are struggling with this enormous challenge.
I have learned that the real face of dementia is not just older people. Matt Dineen is one of the biggest champions for this bill and an actual plan. He could not be here today, but he is listening in. He is a 44-year-old high school teacher here in Ottawa. He and his relatives are now forced to raise three young children as his wife and their mom, Lisa, at 45 years old, is already in secure long-term care with frontotemporal dementia. Matt has met the Minister of Health.
I learned that 15% of dementia patients are under 60 years old. I have learned that we have a health care crisis and a social and economic crisis that we must address.
My legislation calls for leadership from Ottawa, working with the provinces and territories, which, of course, have primary jurisdiction duties for health care delivery.
I want this leadership from Ottawa to tackle five main elements: early diagnosis and prevention; research; a continuum of care for people and families in the home, the community, and institutions; real help for caregivers; and training for the dementia workforce.
On that last point, help for the dementia workforce, Michael Alexander shared with me the horrific story of his father's death in a nursing home at the hands of another Alzheimer patient. CTV, in a special report, said that there have been 60 such deaths in 12 years, a figure that is growing. Michael Alexander and his family want a real and national dementia plan.
I said I wanted to speak about the challenges caregivers face. Tanya Levesque is a woman in Ottawa looking after her mom. Here are some of the life and financial issues she has met with as a caregiver.
To take care of her mom, Ms. Levesque first had to take leave without pay so she could care for her at home. She will only have the option of leave without pay for five years. Money gets tighter and tighter as they try to keep her in her home and care for her. They draw on savings that were meant for later years.
Ms. Levesque, her mom, and others are watching today. Let us pass a real dementia plan as law to help those overwhelmed caregivers.
As I said, I introduced this bill over three years ago. I want to recognize the progress made by Canada since then, through the government working with a G8 initiative and also with our provinces and territories. Many would like that progress to be quicker, but it does deserve recognition.
Canada had come to the G8 summit called for by the U.K. prime minister without a national dementia plan. Several allies from leading economic nations had national plans. Canada has made several significant announcements on research that we support. Research will be the key part of any plan or response to this health care crisis.
Even though research can have an impact on other parts of the dementia challenge, research alone cannot help those with the disease, their caregivers, or the workforce. That is why our party has been insistent on a full, comprehensive strategy.
Canada needs a national strategy for dementia that comes from Ottawa, but one that respects provincial and territorial jurisdiction over health. One strategy tailored to the needs of each province or territory will be far better than 13 separate strategies implemented in isolation of one another. We want a national strategy that goes beyond research, to also help those now living with the disease, their caregivers, and the dementia workforce.
The Canadian Medical Association estimates that patients who should be elsewhere occupy about 15% of the acute care hospital beds across Canada, and one third of them are suffering from dementia. Lost in those numbers perhaps is the real human face of the disease—the moms, dads, brothers, sisters, friends, neighbours and work colleagues.
While an elderly face typifies most people dealing with dementia, 15% of those living with Alzheimer's or related dementia diseases are under 60. At every meeting we had on this bill, we found people who know someone directly affected as a patient or caregiver. It is a health challenge. It is a health care challenge. Given the current lack of money and resources for health care, it is a big problem for us to solve.
I have noted the work that the government is doing with the provinces and territories through the Council of the Federation.
In the past year, I have enjoyed several conversations with the current Minister of Health. I have respected her work on this file. I have been communicating with the minister and her department over the past month and have discussed possible amendments to the bill in committee to work collaboratively on changes that all parties could support. We have identified a way to have this legislation passed.
I look forward to hearing the government's position regarding possible support for a national dementia plan. I know she and all MPs have been hearing loud and clear from so many Canadians who want this to happen. We now have over 300 municipalities passing resolutions in favour of the bill. We have over 90 petitions tabled in the House of Commons in support of it.
There are so many people who say it makes sense. There is support from seniors, health care professionals, labour, and faith communities. Yes, the faith communities are very responsive to the bill, and they are very interested in seeing it pass.
In talks across the country, I have often talked about the non-partisan nature of this disease, how it strikes our loved ones, our mums, dads, siblings, grandparents, friends, neighbours, and work colleagues. Everyone, on all sides of the House, knows the story. I am astonished that wherever I go, everyone knows someone with Alzheimer's or dementia-related disease, or someone caring for them.
Let us do this for them. Let us do this for our country. Let us make history.
March 13th, 2015 / 1:25 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, I will be brief because I know that a number of members would like to ask questions.
My mother succumbed to Alzheimer's. Therefore, I really get this bill. I also understand the families of people suffering from this disease and its consequences. In 10 years, an affected person can lose their intellectual independence and the ability to get around, feed themselves, even bathe themselves.
Is my colleague aware of the progress being made in research—even though it is not enough—to delay the illness? What more must be done?
Mr. Speaker, I would like to thank my colleague for her excellent question.
The government has invested in dementia research. However, as I mentioned in my speech, it is going to take more than just research. Everyone is aware that, without research, we cannot solve the problem. Nevertheless, there are other things. We have to look after the caregivers, because home care is needed.
We have to keep our fathers and mothers at home for as long as possible because it has been proven that Alzheimer's progresses more quickly once patients leave their own homes.
March 13th, 2015 / 1:30 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, I thank my colleague for his speech and for sharing his story.
We are dealing with a disease that is a type of dementia, as my colleague pointed out. Mothers, children and spouses inevitably end up being responsible for caring for a loved one, so family caregivers play a very important role.
Could my colleague tell us how we could improve the work done by family caregivers and how the government can have a positive impact on these family caregivers who do incredible work?
Mr. Speaker, I would like to congratulate the member for Nickel Belt, not only for his eloquence but for his personal courage in dealing with the crisis of which this bill speaks. For the House, I should also thank him for his patience.
In that light, I wonder if the member might enlighten the House on the extent to which he may have had opportunity to work with the other parties in this House and the government. He talked about it being a non-partisan issue; if ever there were one, it surely is this. I wonder if the member could enlighten us on whether there has been any progress in that regard.
I thank my colleague for that excellent question.
This bill was supposed to be presented in the House three weeks ago. The Minister of Health asked me to delay it until today so we could negotiate. We have negotiated, and I have here seven pages of amendments that were agreed to. All of the amendments that the Minister of Health wanted have been agreed to.
I am going to talk about one amendment. The Conservatives wanted to change the name of the bill, “an act respecting a national strategy for dementia”, to “an act respecting a pan-Canadian strategy for dementia”.
I do not care what they call it; I do not think the patients care what they call it, nor do the doctors or the caregivers. They can call it whatever they want, but do something.
Mr. Speaker, I appreciate this opportunity to speak to Bill C-356, an act respecting a national strategy for dementia. This bill speaks to the important issue of dementia, which not only affects Canadians living with dementia, but their families, friends, and caregivers.
We can all agree that the member for Nickel Belt is well-intentioned with this bill. He has done great work raising awareness of the challenges faced by all Canadians with dementia, and indeed in his very heartfelt speech that clearly articulated personal stories, and personal stories of families who have been impacted.
I want to highlight some of the areas where we have been taking action along the lines called for by this bill, before getting into consideration of what I think are some technical issues within it.
As we all know, Alzheimer's disease and related dementia most commonly affect seniors. However, dementia can also affect younger individuals. Younger people in their forties and fifties have been diagnosed with the early-onset form of the disease.
Our government recognizes the devastating impact that this disease has on Canadian families and the help they need to be able to care for their loved ones. By supporting research and data gathering, we are improving our understanding of Alzheimer's disease and related forms of dementia and how they are affecting Canadians.
Many countries around the world are facing similar issues, and we certainly are committed to working internationally to address the health and economic challenges of dementia and how to reduce the burden of this condition. That is why we have joined our G7 partners in addressing this growing challenge.
Together, at the 2013 summit on dementia in London, Minister Ambrose worked with international leaders to coordinate efforts with the aim of finding a cure by 2025.
Mr. Speaker, can you imagine a cure for this terrible affliction?
The momentum of the G8 dementia summit has been incredible, and we are investing in ongoing efforts to accomplish our goals. Canada participated in a series of international follow-up legacy events, and co-hosted one of these events here in Ottawa last September.
Beyond this international leadership, we have also been taking strong action here at home. While our federal focus on dementia is on research, data gathering, and awareness training, we have always tried to recognize the key role of co-operation with the provinces and territories, which are the primary providers of health care.
March 13th, 2015 / 1:35 p.m.
Mr. Speaker, I apologize. I have been here in the chamber long enough to recognize that this should not be done.
The provincial ministers have begun planning a pan-Canadian dementia strategy. From a federal perspective, the initial focus of this collaboration will be on the coordination of research to advance the collective knowledge base on dementia. The provinces and territories will continue their own work on identifying best practices and on stakeholder engagement. An update on the strategy will be presented to Canada's health ministers for consideration and further direction at their next meeting.
This is truly important work. The crux of this bill is to require discussions with the provinces to set up a national strategy. Our government has already successfully negotiated with the provinces to begin working on exactly that. The work is under way, and we will continue to make progress.
The spirit and intent of this bill is also supported by current federal investments and activities on Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. Many of the specific elements proposed in Bill C-356 that are within the federal role are currently being addressed. Research is needed to learn more about what causes dementia and the most effective ways to prevent, identify, treat, and ultimately, by 2025, cure it.
Since 2006, the government has invested over $220 million in research related to dementia, including $37.8 million last year. Our economic action plan announced ongoing investments of $15 million for the Canadian Institute of Health Research, CIHR, for the creation of the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging and other health research priorities. Launched in 2014, the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging is the national component of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research dementia research strategy. It is a prime example of how we are encouraging greater investment in dementia research and the accelerated discovery of treatments and solutions. Through the consortium, more than 300 researchers from across the country will forge ahead with their work to improve our understanding of dementia, how we can prevent it, and how we can improve the quality of life of Canadians living with dementia, and their caregivers.
Another significant piece of work is the national population health study of neurological conditions. In 2009, our government invested $15 million over four years in this study to better understand Alzheimer's disease and other conditions and their impact on Canadians and their families. Findings from the study were released in September 2014. This groundbreaking work fills gaps in information concerning the burden of neurological conditions, their impact on Canadians, risk factors, and the use of health care services.
Research on dementia and other neurological conditions is also being funded through the Canada brain research fund.
However, research for the future is not enough. We are also working to improve the lives of Canadians living with this disease now. In September 2014, the minister announced our intention to work with the Alzheimer Society Canada to establish a new program called Dementia Friends, which will be launched this year. It is an exciting program, and I think it will make an enormous difference. It was originally launched in Japan and the U.K. It will provide education and training to help Canadians learn the facts about Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and how these diseases affect the people who live with them.
As members can see, we are making substantial investments to address the issue of dementia. While many are federal initiatives, there are also many examples of collaboration with the provinces and territories, not to mention the fantastic work being done at the international level. It is apparent that the federal government has addressed many of the themes in Bill C-356 and even some of the specific elements.
As I mentioned earlier, the minister has already secured an agreement with the provinces and territories on beginning to plan for a pan-Canadian dementia strategy that would guide our collective efforts. As I said at the beginning, I think we can all agree that this bill is very well intentioned. We have been taking action in a number of the areas laid out in it. However, with the provinces having already agreed to begin work on a strategy, many of our actions have progressed beyond what is called for in the bill, making some areas redundant.
There are also a number of technical issues with the bill. The Speaker has indicated that it would require a royal recommendation. As all members in the House know, those are extremely, if rarely, ever provided. In addition, some clauses in this bill needlessly infringe on provincial jurisdiction in areas such as health human resources and diagnostic capacity. From my understanding, conversations have not resolved all our concerns with these issues.
For these reasons and in order to respect the agreement the minister was able to secure in a co-operative fashion with the provinces, the government will not support the bill. Bringing in federal legislation to control discussions that have already happened in such a collaborative fashion is not respectful of the good work already being done.
Our government remains committed to taking strong action that will improve the lives of Canadians living with dementia, but we will do so in a way that respects provincial jurisdiction and continues to work on a pan-Canadian strategy to which they have agreed.
With that in mind, I would also like to note that my friend and chair of the health committee, the member for Huron—Bruce, has recently introduced a motion calling on the government to take continued action on dementia. This motion is yet another sign of how seriously our government takes the issue, and I look forward to debate on that motion. We will have to wait for the debate to occur, but I know my colleague fully respects the role of the provinces when it comes to health care. Perhaps it would be an opportunity for Parliament to make some further progress on this issue.
I know we are talking about something that is incredibly important to Canadians. We are talking about something with which the international community, the federal government and the provinces are grappling. I know there was a lot of conversation back and forth, but my understanding is the unresolved issues were too much of a challenge in terms of continuing at this time. | 2019-04-25T17:55:52Z | https://openparliament.ca/bills/41-2/C-356/ |
This guide is your way into a greater understanding of compensation. Whether you are making a personal injury claim, thinking about doing so, or just interested in knowing more about compensation, we hope this guide will be useful to you.
Welcome to The Ultimate Personal Injury Compensation Guide!
A one-off award of compensation?
This guide is your way towards a greater understanding of compensation. Whether you are making a personal injury claim, thinking about doing so, or just interested in knowing more about compensation, we hope this guide will be useful to you.
Negligence – such as an accident at work, a road traffic collision, a slip or trip, or clinical negligence.
Each one of these examples in could easily be the subject of their own guide. The way in which an injury has occurred – and proving that someone else was at fault – are topics which are beyond the scope of this guide.
There are several elements to a personal injury claim: liability, causation, and quantum. This guide focuses solely on quantum but it is helpful to have an idea of what all three terms mean. Each element must be proved to make a successful claim.
Liability – The question of who is legally responsible for the incident. You could view it as who is to blame, but be aware that blame does not always mean liability. For example, a cleaner who leaves a puddle of water on the floor might be blameworthy for causing someone to slip, but their employer could also be liable for the incident.
Causation – The question of how harm or loss was caused. For an injury claim, you must prove that the injuries you suffered were a consequence of the incident in question. This is the case even if liability for the accident is accepted by the party you are claiming from.
Quantum – It sounds like something from a sci-fi film, but it really means ‘amount’ – the amount of damage or harm you have suffered. Or, to look at it another way, the amount of compensation you are claiming. You must prove the extent of your losses and injuries in order to be awarded appropriate compensation for them.
What you can claim compensation for.
How injuries and losses are valued.
How injuries and losses are proved.
Compensation is a vital part of any personal injury claim. In other words, the question of ‘how much is it worth?’ You might hear this referred to as the ‘quantum’ of a claim (see above). In the same way that there can be disputes over fault for an accident, there can be disputes over quantum as well.
A strong support network. In particular, family and friends who are there to support you through a challenging episode of your life.
Knowledge. Taking the time to find out more about a compensation claim is very useful preparation. That’s where this guide comes in. There’s a reason why horror films don’t show the monster straightaway – the unknown is scary! By peeling away the mystery around compensation claims, we hope this guide will lay your fears to rest. It can also make you feel more involved in the claims process and less reliant on your solicitors for information.
With everything you see and hear about compensation claims, it can be difficult to get a clear picture of what they actually involve.
American influences – especially from TV and film – might lead you to expect multi-million dollar payouts, attorneys duelling in front of a jury, and huge settlements for spilling hot coffee on yourself just because the cup didn’t tell you it would be hot!
Closer to home, newspaper headlines about personal injury claims are more likely to focus on the seemingly inevitable onset of a similar ‘compensation culture’ in the UK.
It is hard to find a true indication of the personal challenges you will face when making a claim. A good rule of thumb is to forget all you have seen on TV or film and through the media because, in reality, none of this will be your experience of a compensation claim.
A personal injury claim will not be done in a matter of weeks.
A personal injury claim is not a ‘get rich quick’ scheme.
A personal injury claim will require your involvement.
A compensation award will not make you better from your injuries on its own. It can make your life easier and help you to pay for treatment but the end of your claim does not necessarily mean the end of the harm you have suffered.
A personal injury claim is not a way of getting revenge upon the blameworthy party – it is about helping to get your life back.
This guide aims to give you as much information as possible on claiming compensation for a personal injury, but presented in a way that is clear and easy to understand.
It is organised into sections, each covering a different category of loss that you might claim for. You might feel that some of the effects of these different losses (or ‘heads of damage’ as they are called) might overlap. However, the approach taken by courts and legal professionals is to consider and deal with each loss as distinctly as possible.
Legal Source – Don’t worry, this guide isn’t going to be filled with cases and statutes like a law textbook. But it can be helpful to know where some of the more significant legal principles come from. The law of England and Wales is formed from Acts of Parliament and from influential case decisions made by judges. This case law is sometimes referred to as ‘the common law’. So the legal sources in this book will sometimes be from Acts of Parliament (or statutes) and sometimes from common law case authorities.
Definitions – The law has a language all of its own. Technical terms are often used because they give very precise meanings, but they can also be confusing if you haven’t come across them before. Knowing a few of the more commonly-used terms can be useful, so this guide will provide definitions of them. These definitions are also collected together in the Glossary.
Ask Your Solicitor – This icon indicates a particularly large or detailed topic which cannot be dealt with fully in this guide. If you wish to find out more about the topic, we recommend that you discuss it with your solicitor.
Case Studies – Theory is all well and good, but sometimes a real world example can go a lot further to explaining an idea. The case studies in this guide put information into context, all using circumstances from actual cases. This can be especially handy if you have not yet begun a claim, or you have not yet encountered a topic in your claim.
Key Points – At the end of each chapter, a list of the key points to bear in mind will be provided. If you are short on time, you could do a lot worse than to just skim read these key point lists for each topic.
Accident – This is used to refer to the wrong you have suffered. It may have been a long way from being an accident (such as a criminal assault) but the term has the advantage of being often used in everyday speech for an incident which has caused a personal injury.
Defendant – This is used to refer to the target of your claim and whoever will be compensating you in one. In some situations, these might not be the same person. For example, with most road traffic accidents the party you are claiming against (the other driver) will probably not be the same party who will end up paying your compensation (their insurance company). For ease, the guide will refer to all parties on ‘the other side’ of your claim as the Defendant.
This guide is no substitute for legal advice or representation – nor does it claim to be! In any personal injury claim, it is recommended that you instruct a firm of solicitors who specialise in personal injury cases. Firms of solicitors are subject to legal regulation on how they operate.
Not all lawyers are created equal! In fact, the term ‘lawyer’ is not the same as ‘solicitor’.
If a legal practitioner has the title of ‘solicitor’ it means they have met certain training requirements and their work is regulated by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (the SRA). ‘Lawyer’, ‘Paralegal’, ‘Claims Executive’ etc, do not denote any such standards.
Regulation brings with it a number of protections for clients that use the services of a solicitor.
It is important to make sure you get the best standards of advice in your claim and that you are legally protected should anything go wrong with your claim.
For more information, read Truth Legal’s article on the subject.
Another crucial consideration is to choose a firm of solicitors that you trust. Making a personal injury claim where this trust does not exist is guaranteed to be a much more difficult process. You have to feel confident in the advice your solicitors are giving to you, and feel assured that they are acting in your best interests.
If your case has already been assigned to a firm, you are completely within your rights to choose another firm of solicitors to act for you instead. It is common for you to be allocated to a firm if you are claiming through your insurance company or your trade union for example. Don’t worry though, switching solicitors is remarkably simple.
My name is Andrew Gray. I am the owner and founder of Truth Legal solicitors. I qualified as a solicitor in 2007. Before setting up my own personal injury law firm in 2012, I worked for the largest personal injury law firm in the country.
I have 11 years of experience of representing injured people. This guide represents the culmination of that experience, seeing the different areas where clients have had questions. The case studies in this guide are all based upon my experiences in practice. However, some details have been changed to maintain the confidentiality of the clients involved.
If you wish to find out more about anything discussed in this guide, please feel free to contact Truth Legal. We are more than willing to help you with any legal problems or queries you might have.
Read a summary of each chapter of the guide before downloading.
When can compensation be paid?
You could see the injuries you have suffered as the main part of your personal injury claim. After all, it is your injuries which have the greatest effect on your life and, in most cases, lead to all of the other losses in your claim occurring – for example, you wouldn’t have lost two weeks of earnings if you had been fit and healthy enough to work.
In this chapter, we explain what injury compensation is actually compensating you for, how injuries are proved and how injuries are valued.
When suffering an injury, your first intention will naturally be to recover from it. To undo the effects of the accident – as much as possible – almost certainly means undergoing treatment in one form or another. Even if a complete recovery may be impossible, treatment can help to manage symptoms and ease the process of adapting to a new way of life.
Rehabilitation and treatment costs – e.g. physiotherapy, acupuncture, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).
The costs of equipment and other aids – e.g. crutches, wheelchairs, prosthetics.
This chapter discusses early rehabilitation, proving and valuing treatment costs and future losses.
Your income can be a major concern after suffering a personal injury. If your injuries prevent you from working, losing some or all of your earnings for a period of time can be a natural consequence.
The kind of work you do.
The first two are fairly self-explanatory. The more debilitating your injuries, or the more demanding your job, the more likely you are to need time off. However, your employment status plays just as important a role, and also determines how you go about proving the earnings you have lost.
This chapter discusses what can be claimed for, proving and valuing loss of earnings, future loss of earnings and also looks at your employer’s losses.
This head of damage is one which most people rarely think about when making a claim. Yet if you have suffered injuries with permanent effects, it is entirely possible for your earnings to be affected in the future.
So what does claiming for loss of earning capacity actually mean?
In essence, it means you are seeking compensation for a possible disadvantage on the open labour market which you might face in future.
This might sound a bit like a claim for future loss of earnings. There is some overlap between the two: they both aim to compensate for the accident’s effects on your future income.
However, future loss of earnings involves direct losses to your income, which are usually ongoing and which you will continue to suffer. They can often be predicted with a decent level of accuracy.
This chapter discusses claiming for loss of earning capacity, supporting a claim for loss of earning capacity and valuing a claim for loss of earning capacity.
Serious injuries can prevent you from continuing the job you held before the accident. This is bad enough from an income point-of-view, but what if your job gave you more than just a salary? If your job was something you loved, a skilled craft, or a source of satisfaction then you might be able to claim additional compensation – in recognition of losing a positive part of your life. The legal term for this head of damage is ‘loss of congenial employment’.
It is similar to a loss of amenity – part of the injury aspect of your claim. Both aim to compensate you for losing enjoyment from life rather than for a direct financial loss. Loss of congenial employment is considered to be a distinct head of damage, however.
This chapter discusses proving a loss of congenial employment, valuing a loss of congenial employment and switching solicitors.
This is another head of damage which considers ‘what might have been’ had the accident not affected your working life. Instead of looking at situations where you might lose your job (like a claim for loss of earning capacity) loss of chance concerns the career opportunities that the accident may have taken from you.
These aren’t the more mathematically predictable losses of a future loss of earnings claim. Loss of chance is focused on the possible earnings from a future career path which has now been denied to you.
Young claimants, who might never have had a job before the accident, are also eligible to claim for loss of chance. If it can be shown that the accident denied them the chance of pursuing an intended career, losses may be specifically claimed for this.
However, with all loss of chance claims, the possibilities in question must go beyond guesswork, speculation, or just hope. Many people have ambitions but there is no certainty these will be fulfilled. Even if an opportunity presents itself, all the other bits of someone’s life can stop them from pursuing it.
This chapter discusses the impact of a personal injury on your career prospects, and how to prove and value a loss of chance.
Another way in which an accident might affect your working life is through your pension. Your pension could be the main provision you have for your retirement, a nest-egg to help you in your later years. Even if you are many years away from retirement age, an accident which disrupts your earnings can have an impact on the value of your pension.
Ordinarily, a pension is built up through regular payments from your earnings. This could be as voluntary payments into a private pension or money your employer sets aside from your salary. If you are an employee, money put into workplace pensions is generally matched by your employer and the government, up to certain values.
An accident which prevents you from working can easily disrupt pension contributions. Your pension payments could be stopped temporarily as your income is affected, or you might be forced to take early retirement due to your injuries.
This chapter discusses proving a loss to your pension and calculating losses to your pension.
The natural instinct, when a loved one has been injured, is to do all you can to help them get better. If your injuries restrict your ability to do normal, everyday tasks, then your friends and family are likely to be the ones to provide care and assistance.
You might think you cannot claim compensation for this. After all, you haven’t paid them anything for their help and it is natural to want to help those closest to us. The fact is, however, such help would not be needed if the accident had not occurred. If you need care and assistance because of your injuries, your carers will be providing their time and effort to help you. It is a service which has value, and their actions represent a loss on their part – a loss which can be included in your claim.
This chapter discusses care and assistance in more detail and how to prove and value a care claim.
We have already looked at how injuries can affect your daily home life. This chapter looks at some similar heads of loss. Unlike daily care and assistance however, the losses in this chapter relate directly to your home and, in general, are carried out less frequently.
If you are a housewife or househusband, it could be said that your job is to maintain your home. An injury can affect this just as much as any other kind of job. Whilst you may not be paid for your role, being unable to do it due to your injuries means that you have lost the value that it brings to your home.
This chapter discusses how to prove housekeeping and home maintenance losses, valuing housekeeping and home maintenance losses, future losses and other losses.
If you start claiming benefits due to your injuries, some deductions may be required from your compensation. This is to prevent you from being compensated ‘twice’ for the same loss.
If you have been claiming benefits before the accident, receiving compensation from a personal injury claim can influence any means-tests attached to your benefits.
This chapter discusses benefits and compensation.
When you make a claim for injuries, part of that claim is for the impact the injuries have had on your enjoyment of life. As mentioned in the ‘Your Injuries’ section, this is called loss of amenity and is usually compensated as part of your injury award.
However, certain ways in which your enjoyment of life has been affected might be claimed for under a separate head of damage called ‘loss of enjoyment’.
Potentially any event which has been booked in advance and which you cannot enjoy to its full extent because of your injuries.
This chapter discusses how to prove loss of enjoyment and valuing loss of enjoyment.
Suffering injuries in an accident can make it difficult for you to get around, reducing your independence and changing your way of life. At the same time, an accident can lead to a number of necessary journeys, such as doctors’ appointments, hospital visits, or treatment sessions. We looked at the direct losses of getting better in an earlier section of the guide, but all of those losses may mean a great deal of travelling as well. Your travel expenses can easily mount up.
This chapter looks at the different kinds of losses which can arise from these situations, from common claims like taxi fares to rarer losses like adaptations to a vehicle following a severe injury.
The circumstances of your accident claim are unique to you. You may have suffered many losses which fall neatly into the different sections of this guide, but there is always the potential for other losses besides. This section is all about those ‘other losses’.
Your legal representatives should take the time to explore your losses with you, including any which may be less common. For various reasons, it may not be possible to include some of them in your claim, but it is always worth investigating your situation fully. If you do not feel your legal representatives are approaching your claim in this way, remember that you are always entitled to switch solicitors.
This chapter discusses miscellaneous expenses and other losses to consider.
You are only entitled to compensation when you have successfully established your claim. As mentioned in the introduction to this guide, this means proving all elements of your claim – liability, causation, and quantum – on the balance of probabilities. For more straightforward claims, a Defendant may admit liability and causation, leaving only the extent and value of your losses to be proved.
When a personal injury claim is successful, compensation is normally paid as a one-off lump sum at the end – a ‘full and final’ settlement. This might be after a court hearing – where judgement has been made – or it could be after an offer to settle your claim has been accepted.
But this is not the only time when compensation might be paid. There are some situations where you might receive payments at other times. These are explored in this section.
This chapter discusses interim payments, provisional damages and periodical payments.
Interest can be awarded on personal injury compensation. This is not technically part of the compensation itself – it is more a recognition of the time where you have been kept from money which is rightfully yours.
However, you can only claim interest on your compensation if your case becomes involved in court proceedings and the claim is served.
If you settle your claim before any court proceedings are served, you cannot claim interest. Even if your case goes to court, the court has no power to award interest on any sums you have already recovered. This is one of the reasons why interim payments can be useful for the Defendant.
This chapter discusses damages, special damages and interest after a judgement.
Compensation can seem completely inadequate when a loved one has been killed in an accident. It is a loss which no amount of money can undo. But if you depended on your loved one for your livelihood, it is only right that financial worries should not be added to your distress.
Similarly, if your loved one was pursuing a claim for a personal injury they had suffered, their claim may be continued for the benefit of the people who will inherit it from them.
Claims brought on behalf of the deceased’s estate.
Claims brought by deceased’s dependants, often called dependency claims.
In this chapter, we’ll discuss claiming on behalf of the deceased’s estate, dependency claims and how to calculate for claiming for a loss of life expectancy.
Securing compensation is rightly seen as a victory. You may have overcome many obstacles to do so, and endured a process which can be difficult and disheartening at times. When you have received your compensation, it is a chance to move on with your life and put the accident behind you.
However, a sudden, and potentially large, influx of money may present its own challenges. After all, it is not a bonus or a windfall. It is intended to compensate you for the accident and return you to the financial position you would have been in had the accident never occurred. For very severe injuries, the compensation may have to act as your income for life.
In this chapter we’ll discuss trusts and claiming for the cost of financial advice.
This term is used throughout this guide to refer to the wrong you have suffered. It is used purely for ease of reference and does not imply that no one was at fault, or that the other party’s actions were not intentional.
If someone dies without a valid will, or without valid Executors, the people who manage and look after that person’s Estate are called administrators. Administrators’ duties include collecting together all of the Deceased’s property, selling assets, and paying the Estate’s debts.
This is a Standard of Proof. It is the required standard in personal injury claims (and other civil cases). In practice, it means that you must prove something as more likely to have happened than not. In your claim you must prove any facts upon which you rely on the balance of probabilities.
The question of how harm or loss was caused. For an injury claim, you must prove that the injuries you suffered were a consequence of the Accident. Even if Liability for an accident is accepted by the party you are claiming from, you then have to prove that the Accident caused your injuries.
This is a general legal term to indicate the party who is making the claim. You will be referred to as the Claimant if you are making a personal injury claim.
A CRU certificate is issued by the Compensation Recovery Unit (CRU), part of the Department of Work and Pensions. The Defendant applies to the CRU to ascertain whether you have received any benefits which are recoverable and how much they need to withhold from your compensation. The CRU certificate confirms these details. If there are no recoverable benefits the certificate will read ‘Nil’.
You have probably come across this particular term. It is often used in legal documents to refer to someone who has died. For example, ‘we enclose a copy of the Deceased’s will’.
In general, this is a legal term used to indicate the party who is having a claim made against them. However, in this guide, the term is used a bit more loosely, referring to both the target of your claim and whoever will be compensating you for it in one. In reality, these might be different people. For example, with most road traffic accidents the party you are claiming against (the other driver) will not be the same party who will end up paying your compensation (their insurance company). Technically, in that situation, the Defendant would be the other driver; their insurance company just foots the bill.
A dependant is someone who can make a dependency claim. In the context of a fatal accident, a dependant can claim against someone who is liable for the death of a person upon whom they depended. The dependency could be financial or for some kind of service.
In general terms, a person’s estate is formed from everything they own at the time of their death. It includes their: money, property, assets, personal belongings and debts.
Someone appointed in a valid will to manage and look after a person’s Estate is called an executor. Executors’ duties include collecting together all of the Deceased’s property, selling assets, and paying the Estate’s debts.
If a settlement is termed ‘full and final’ it means that, once the settlement is accepted, you will be unable to claim anything more in relation to the accident in question.
This is a term which is frequently used as short-hand for ‘compensation for your injuries’. However, technically it means damages or losses which are presumed to result from the wrong for which you are claiming. General damages can include both Pecuniary Loss (like future loss of earnings) and Non-Pecuniary Loss (like injuries).
These terms are used interchangeably to refer to the different ‘categories’ of loss you might be claiming for. For example, loss of earnings would be considered as one head of damage, ‘physiotherapy treatment’ would be another.
The question of who is legally responsible for the Accident. You could view it as who is to blame, but be aware that blame does not always mean liability. For example, a cleaner who leaves a puddle of water, which causes someone to slips, might be blameworthy, but their employer could also be liable for the incident.
Mitigation is doing all you can reasonably do to ensure that the losses you suffer (as a result of an accident) are kept to a minimum. This shouldn’t be seen as a way of ‘punishing’ the victim. Genuine, proven losses suffered through an accident which wasn’t their fault should be compensated. Instead, mitigation prevents an injury claim from being seen as a ‘blank cheque’.
Negligence, in the legal sense, occurs in situations where someone owes a duty to take care in relation to someone else. If they breach this duty and this causes harm or damage to that other party, they have acted negligently. This can be through positive action or through failing to take action. An example would be an employer. They have a duty to their employees to safeguard their health as far as reasonably possible. If they provide employees with substandard safety equipment and an employee is harmed as a result, they will be liable to their employee for negligence.
This refers to a loss which cannot be calculated to a definite figure. For example, injuries are non-pecuniary losses as there is always going to be some element of judgment required when valuing them. There is no mathematical formula to say how much a broken arm is ‘worth’.
This refers to the injury element of a claim. It states exactly what is being claimed for – namely: the pain, the suffering, and the loss of enjoyment from your life which the injury has caused.
A pecuniary loss is one which is possible to calculate definitely – such as how much has been spent on medication due to an accident.
This means ‘amount’ – the amount of damage or harm you have suffered. Or, to look at it another way, the amount of compensation you are claiming. You must prove the extent of your losses and injuries in order to prove the quantum of your injury claim.
This is a document which details all of the losses you wish to claim in your case. The schedule should also set out the value of your losses and show any calculations used to arrive at these figures. It is important that the schedule is as accurate as possible. The court and the Defendant will treat it as the definitive statement of everything included in your claim.
Service is the term used when documents are formally brought to another party’s attention. When a claim is served, it generally means sending certain legal documents and supporting evidence over to the Defendant – or asking the court to do this for you. Service is a vital part of starting court proceedings.
A standard of proof is the extent to which you have to prove something for it to be accepted by a court. For example, in your claim you may have to prove that the Defendant drove into your vehicle, or that you paid £7.00 for a parking ticket. The standard of proof for establishing both of these ‘facts’ is the Balance of Probabilities.
This is a minimum level of sick pay, set by statute, which employers must pay to eligible employees. SSP is set currently at £89.35 per week.
A trust is a legal form of holding money or property. The most basic kind of trust involves a ‘settlor’ (the person creating the trust) giving assets to a ‘trustee’ (the person who holds and manages the assets) to look after for a ‘beneficiary’ (the person who is completely entitled to the assets and any income the assets may generate).
Trusts are a huge legal topic with many different forms and complications. In general however, different kinds of trust give the trustees and beneficiaries different powers and rights.
I downloaded this personal injury guide and I can’t thank you enough for providing such useful information in a really easy to understand way. I was unsure whether to pursue my claim but I am now confident I can take a step forward in getting compensation.
Thank you for this ebook! So much information but so easy to understand and it gave me a real insight into how personal injury claims work and what I need to do next. Thank you Andrew Gray!
Enter your details to download this ebook for FREE! | 2019-04-25T08:54:59Z | https://www.truthlegal.com/free-personal-injury-ebook-download-for-free/ |
The first plan was complete. The Lord of Chaos sat quietly pondering his options for distribution. It had been some time since all had gathered together, yet there was still much to do. It was very clear that this lesson plan would be critical to the human and must be taken very seriously by the Dark Lords; for if the soul was allowed to surface and inform the human of the mission, the Dark Lords would surely fail. The Lord of Chaos could not tolerate even the possibility of this outcome. The plan most certainly reflected his will to triumph. The celestial computer was chosen to inform the participants of the first phase of the Obstacle Course.
The Soul’s Mission will be opposed by the Obstacle Course by imposing blockage that prohibits the human from appropriately performing the role chosen by the soul. Recognition of inappropriate performance will be prohibited by field energies that are intended to encourage the behaviors that ensure mission failure. Appropriate performance of the role grants positive energies that increase the potential for the surfacing of the soul; field energies will be imposed to prohibit this outcome.
Understanding the role is primary to mission accomplishment; the Obstacle Course shall distort the human’s understanding of appropriate performance. This shall be accomplished by the employment of field energies that purposefully mislead the human. Recognition of the role threatens field connection; preventing recognition is the goal of this Obstacle Course. Completion of the mission requires consistent performance of the role; inappropriate performance generates negative energies that further prohibit appropriate performance. Field energies endorse inappropriate support with behaviors that ensure lesson failure.
The field of repression is assigned to the Teacher, prohibiting recognition of the desire of the soul to aid others, thereby ensuring mission failure. This mission is selected by the soul when preincarnative agreements have been made to serve humanity. This human will be highly capable of accomplishing the role chosen; field energies must be imposed that prohibit recognition. The Teacher will maintain a deep desire to aid others, willingly providing counsel to those in need; unaware that counsel must always be requested, knowledge is often imposed upon those who have not requested the Teacher’s assistance. Field energies of repression are utilized to quiet those who resist the offerings of the Teacher. Desire that is misunderstood by the Teacher will be utilized to prohibit appropriate teaching from being accomplished. The goal of this field will be to overwhelm the Teacher with the desire to aid others, prohibiting recognition of inappropriate teaching, due to the strength of the desire that is not understood.
The Teacher is focused upon others, often to the detriment of the self. The inability to understand the own wants, needs, and desires prohibits understanding another’s, thereby resulting in inappropriate teaching. Confusion overwhelms the Teacher which is then imposed upon the student through the provision of knowledge that the student is ill-prepared to receive; field energies of self-conscious reinforce this confusion. The goal is to prohibit the teacher from understanding the self, thereby prohibiting the Teacher from understanding the student.
Recognizing the desire that is not understood shall be prohibited by field energies of repression that prohibit examination of the self, due to the characters that have been created to preserve the sense of self. The Teacher will believe that the self is correct or incorrect in all things. When the self is believed to be correct, the teachings will be imposed upon others, with the expectation of acceptance without question; when believed to be incorrect, the Teacher will be sought in another.
Wisdom can only be achieved when the knowledge is understood by the self. The Teacher does not apply understanding for the self; therefore, is unable to achieve wisdom. The goal of this field is to prohibit the sharing of wisdom. The fields of repression and self-conscious will be utilized to accomplish this goal.
Many will come to the Teacher for advice and assistance; unbeknownst to the Teacher, the energies of anger are resident in the outer bodies, alerting the potential student to the demeanor that can be evoked by questioning the teaching provided. The field will encourage the Teacher to simply provide answers to the student, rather than teaching the student, so that the student can learn for the self. Field energies will be utilized to endorse this approach; anger of the teacher will be encouraged when the student continually returns for the same teaching. Unaware that the teacher’s provision of answer has prohibited the student from learning, the teacher continues to aid the student, fueling the potential for anger and failure in future. The Teacher remains unaware that it is the style of teaching that prohibits the student’s progress; rather, the Teacher continues to expend efforts in a similar fashion, netting similar results. The student continues to fail. The teacher becomes angry, due to the student’s continued failure, lashing out at the student, until the student determines to abandon the Teacher. Maintaining focus upon the student’s failure, rather than the Teacher’s, will aid in the accomplishment of the goal to prohibit learning for each.
Prohibiting recognition of the clue, that has been provided to inform that the soul’s mission is being inappropriately performed, is the goal of this field. As long as the Teacher’s focus is upon the student, field energies will endorse the rightness of the Teacher’s reaction of anger, prohibiting the Teacher from recognizing the true value of these energies. This is the goal of this Obstacle Course; to change the gift to detriment.
Preferring to teach rather than learn the Student will be influenced by the field of denial; denial of personal responsibility, to learn for the self, first and foremost. A superior mind has been provided to the Student, one that encourages curiosity that can only be satisfied through the pursuit of knowledge; knowledge, which is intended to be utilized, to know the self. Field energies encourage the student to share the knowledge gained with others, garnering the admiration and recognition that is demanded by these energies. Once this has been achieved, the student becomes a habitual pursuer of knowledge, utilized to impress others, proving the Student’s superior capabilities, those that stand above all others.
The Student is unaware of the purpose of knowledge, intended to be personally understood, so that wisdom may be achieved. For the Student, the wisdom to be sought is about the self; however, the Student is blind to the self, maintaining all focus upon the other, recognizing deficiencies that need be corrected with the Student’s vast knowledge. Field energies of self-righteous will empower the Student to correct another, while the self maintains the same behaviors; recognition of the flaw in another indicates the lesson at hand for the Student who handily ignores its applicability to the self, for all focus is upon the other.
The goal of this field is to ensure the Student’s blindness to the self’s behaviors, maintaining all focus upon others. The gathering of knowledge will be encouraged to feed the intellect, thereby feeding the ego. Spiritual pursuits will be approached by the need to understand; for understanding is singularly important to the Student, in this arena that cannot be understood. All other knowledge will be embraced readily, willingly forgoing understanding for the self, thereby accomplishing the goal of this field that prohibits wisdom in all areas, maintaining ignorance of the self, for the Student.
Frustration is felt deeply by the Student, for the answer most sought after by the soul belongs to the question that has yet to be asked. ‘Who am I?’ is the question that the soul’s mission seeks to answer. The Student is consumed with the seeking of knowledge, unconcerned for the value of the knowledge to the soul. Rather, the Student is focused upon impressing the ego; relentlessly pursuing that which feeds the intellect, forgoing the physical and emotional components, thereby starving the soul. Recognition is prohibited by field energies of the faulty pursuit, for superiority and arrogance consume the Student. Messaging from the soul creates frustration, indicating to the Student that the pursuits prohibit the accomplishment of the mission. Denying personal responsibility, the Student continues to pursue that which feeds the ego, convinced that the frustration is due to the inability to understand all things, employing the intellect.
Faulty pursuits cause frustration, leading the student ever farther from the mission. The spiritual experience cannot be understood by the intellect, yet the Student continues to focus all energies towards this understanding. Self-righteousness enables the student to discard those things that have not been experienced by the self, demanding that the senses define all things of value. Validation is necessary; the Student discards all experiences that cannot be explained by the mind. Failure to know the self is achieved when the Student eliminates all experiences that cannot be proven. The spiritual experience cannot be proven, outside of that which is experienced by the self, fulfilling the demand of the mind last. Mission failure is ensured as long as the Student demands proof for all experiences, for the self cannot know the self, until all components have been embraced. The goal of this field is to prohibit the Student from recognition that the spiritual experience cannot be proven.
Shame is dominant in the life experience of the Nurturer, for samskaric energies, comprised of previous lifetime abuse of others, fuel this mission. These energies propel the Nurturer forward to lend or withhold assistance to others in need, indiscriminately choosing those deemed to be worthy of the self’s efforts. Emotion, ignited by the samskaric energies, overwhelms the Nurturer, overly-influencing the decision to nurture, or to withhold nurture of another in need. Believing the emotion to be the indicator sought, to determine the appropriateness of providing or withholding nurture, the Nurturer invariably chooses to nurture those least in need, abandoning those most in need.
Selfish and self-focused, the Nurturer is contemptuous of those too weak to assist the self; imposition and hardship, suffered by the self, is emphasized to amplify the value of the Nurturer’s offering to another. Rare is the instance that the Nurturer provides assistance to another where the self will not benefit equally; however, this will not be recognized in the sharing of the self’s listing of services provided to others. This dishonesty is endorsed by the field of self-distrust; for the Nurturer is aware of the self’s motives, in the provision of service to another, assuming that all others conduct the self similarly. Distrust is based upon the self’s behaviors; the Nurturer will be averse to accepting services of another, due to the sense of obligation that may be imposed. Field energies of bitterness and contempt are imposed to prohibit the Nurturer from recognizing the self’s behaviors, for the focus is upon the other, whenever feeling unfavorably.
The goal of this field is to prohibit the Nurturer from recognizing the samskaric energies that endorse emotional upheaval, whenever the self is contemplating the provision or withholding of nurture to one in need. Lack of recognition ensures that inappropriate nurture will be provided, as the self is always considered first; the other last. To nurture appropriately, another must request nurture; if the Nurturer is capable of providing that which has been requested, nurture should be provided. Field energies prohibit the Nurturer from recognizing the need of another that can be fulfilled by the self, without benefit to the self, other than providing service to another in need. The mission is for the Nurturer to determine appropriately those most worthy of the self’s nurture. Elimination of samskaric energies requires that service be provided to those, wherein the Nurturer receives no benefit to the self, for this is repayment for past life abuse of others. Field energies cause the Nurturer to only pursue the provision of nurture to those from whom the self can benefit equally or greater, thereby ensuring mission failure for the Nurturer.
Bitterness felt by the Nurturer is fueled with contempt, due to the provision of nurture to another where the self did not receive equal benefit; field energies endorse this reaction each time the Nurturer fails to provide nurture appropriately, without concern for benefit of the self. These energies reinforce the Nurturer’s belief that the self has been used by another, thereby encouraging withholding of nurture, in future. Recognition of bitterness as the clue that nurture has been provide inappropriately is prohibited by field energies that endorse self-focus, eliminating all concern for the other. These energies cycle continuously within the bodies, causing the Nurturer to be ever-alert to another who may attempt to seek nurture without recompense, enabling the Nurturer to refuse another that could allow the self to provide nurture appropriately, thereby satisfying the soul’s mission.
The goal of this field is to prohibit the Nurturer from recognition of the true reason for the presence of bitterness within; field energies endorse condemnation of the other, whenever the Nurturer feels that the self has given more than has been received. This assessment will always be arrived upon, for field energies prohibit the Nurturer from recognizing the behaviors of the self that only gives when the self will benefit equally or greater.
Fueled by samskaric energies, the Supporter’s mission is to aid another forward upon the spiritual path, as repayment of past life actions, wherein the Supporter abandoned others in need of support, causing failure to be experienced that could have been easily avoided through the provision of support by the Supporter. Assigned to the field of rejection, the Supporter has the inherent ability to share unconditional love and universal acceptance; field energies block this ability by imposing false memories, ignited by the samskaric energies that circulate within the bodies at all times until released. This blockage creates the inability of the Supporter to appropriately assess the intentions and motives of another, when to the detriment of the self; for the energies of unconditional love and universal acceptance, maintained by the Supporter, are employed without discernment. The Supporter maintains the memory of abandoning others in previous lifetimes, causing self-delusional qualities to overwhelm reason, when situations present that endorse disconnection of the self; rather, the Supporter continues to support the other, refusing the facts that endorse withdrawal of support. The mission requires support of another upon the spiritual path; all others presented to the self need be weighed appropriately, to determine if the goals of the other will fulfill this mission.
Request for support is necessary; analysis must be performed to determine if the Supporter can achieve the soul’s mission, through the provision of that which has been requested. Samskaric energies endorse the need of the Supporter to support all others, with or without request, without analysis or discernment; for deep yearning from within has been misunderstood by the Supporter. This yearning represents the desire to appropriately support another forward upon the spiritual path, so that the own spiritual path may then be pursued. Rather, the Supporter will believe that all are worthy of support, losing focus upon the mission, expending valuable energies, upon those that cannot aid the self in fulfilling the soul’s mission. Samskaric energies draw others to the Supporter that will consume valuable time and energies that prevent the Supporter from fulfilling the goal of the mission.
The goal of this field is to prohibit the Supporter from recognition of the samskaric energies that have created deep yearning within; field energies of rejection and self-delusional cause the Supporter to believe that all are worthy, dismissing the qualifier placed by the soul’s mission. Refusal to discern between those that will aid and those that will deter the Supporter from achieving the goal further lengthens the mission, preventing the Supporter from moving forward upon the spiritual path. Until this yearning has been appropriately identified, mission failure is ensured.
Loneliness will be utilized each time the Supporter indiscriminately provides support to another that cannot aid the self to fulfill the goal of the soul’s mission. Field energies imposed upon the Supporter create misunderstanding for the loneliness felt; for the Supporter will believe that the loss of another is the source of this emotion. Unbeknownst to the Supporter, the loneliness is due to the yearning within, to pursue the spiritual path; the presence of loneliness indicates that the mission has been failed, prohibiting the self’s forward progress. Each time the Supporter supports another that does not fulfill the requirements of the mission, which is to aid another forward upon the spiritual path, loneliness will overwhelm, providing clue that the mission has once again been failed.
Field energies of rejection will encourage the Supporter to reject the self or the other; prohibiting review of the support provided by focusing upon the self or the other. Self delusional qualities that call forth the samskaric energies, containing the memories of abandoning others, convince the Supporter that the self did not perform adequately, encouraging the Supporter to place more effort behind another foolishly, refuting all evidence that states withdrawal of support is most appropriate. Loneliness will be misidentified as the result of inappropriate support; as long as this false assessment is achieved, mission failure is guaranteed.
Blame dominates the life of the Researcher who is avoiding its appropriation to the self, for the self is primary. Understanding of all things is performed by the mind, excluding components that cannot be proven. The soul’s mission is to teach the importance of all components, requiring that failure be attributed to all research that does not consider all components. Unbeknownst to the Researcher, the research is imbalanced, due to the demands placed by the logical and analytical mind; field energies of guilt undermine all projects, for the fear of blame to be imposed, when the research cannot be proven, overwhelms the Researcher who destroys all evidence of the importance of considering those elements that cannot be proven.
The Researcher is focused upon proving the self’s theories; preconceptions, based upon the self’s experiences, are the foundation of the research. All evidence that disagrees with the Researcher is discarded, deemed as unprovable; therefore, valueless to the research. The spiritual experience is easily discarded, for the mental components can never be satisfied; field energies prohibit embracement of all things unprovable, as this approach most reliably eliminates the experience for the Researcher.
Appropriate performance of the mission is impossible for the Researcher that sets out to prove the self’s theories as correct, for the research will ignore those components that are missing from the original theory, in order to arrive at the conclusion most desired by the Researcher. Elimination of these components deems the mission as a failure, unrecognized by the Researcher that has proven the self right. Field energies encourage the mental leanings of the Researcher, prohibiting the seeking of that which would prove the self wrong. Failure to recognize that the Researcher has tainted the research is the goal of this field.
A highly mental, logical, and analytical proof-seeker, the Researcher is prone to distraction, for the mind is constantly searching for the next experience. The goal of this Obstacle Course is to provide distraction that overwhelms the mind, prohibiting stillness that could enable the spiritual experience. Distraction is to be utilized to prohibit the Researcher from turning the attention to matters that are spiritual in nature. Quieting of the mind is necessary to increase sensitivity; therefore, this possibility must be addressed by field energies.
As long as the Researcher is kept busy with distractions, the mind will remain active, allowing the ego to utilize field energies that maintain the chatter necessary, to prohibit the possibility of the Researcher quieting the mind. Joining with others that are unlike the self can be equally dangerous, for if the Researcher is able to gather research that considers all elements, success becomes possible. Employment of field energies by ego shall keep the Researcher consumed by the self’s interests; these interests endorse the need for proof, thereby eliminating traversal into the areas most detrimental to the success of this Obstacle Course. Prohibiting the Researcher from recognizing that distraction has been provided, to prevent discovery of vital components necessary to the spiritual experience, is the goal of this field.
The field of separation will be utilized to endorse the Analyst’s independence to prohibit exposure of those others needed in order to perform a complete analysis of the data. The soul’s mission requires analysis be performed that includes all components; the physical, the emotional and the mental must be synthesized in order to provide the most accurate analysis of the data. Field energies will be utilized to promote the mental leanings of the Analyst, requiring proof-positive for all things, prior to embracement. The Analyst will be highly capable, possessing a fine mind, readily grasping facts and theories that can be repeated and proven; field energies enforce this need, for the mind demands satisfaction, which cannot be provided through the physical and emotional components.
Preferring to work alone, the Analyst becomes lost in the minutiae of the details, pursuing each to determine all possible, prior to moving on to the next. Fastidious and exacting, the Analyst relies only upon the self, believing that no other is as capable, refusing to share the limelight with any other, due to the self’s efforts. Dismissal of all things unprovable is immediate, for field energies encourage disbelief of all things unseen. The spiritual experience is the single-most important desire of the soul; the soul’s mission encourages evaluation of all components, so that the Analyst may discover that all things are not provable. Disregarding vital components prohibits the Analyst from embracing that the unseen is critical to the life experience. Recognition of missing components is prohibited by the Analyst’s aversion to seek outside the interests and the experiences of the self.
The Analyst prefers to gather with those who think similarly to the self; isolating the self from others to prohibit interference with the self’s way of thinking, the self’s way of being. Field energies endorse these unwelcoming behaviors, limiting exposure to others that may aid the Analyst in discovery of those things vital to the appropriate performance of the mission. Close-lipped with others perceived to hold varying opinions, the Analyst eliminates opportunity to experience differently through another. The emotional and physical components cannot be experienced by the Analyst, for the mind prohibits embracement of all things unprovable, of all things that cannot be duplicated, of all things unseen. Field energies encourage discard of all personal experience that cannot be proven through another’s experiences, thereby eliminating the spiritual experience. As long as the Analyst prohibits all things unprovable from the data, the mission cannot be performed appropriately. Impressing the importance of proof for all things is the goal of this field, thereby ensuring mission failure.
Independence will be utilized to prohibit the Analyst from joining with others, in order to accomplish great things. Field energies of separation endorse independence, convincing the Analyst that standing alone is far more favorable than joining with others. Unable to experience all components alone, the Analyst eliminates those not experienced by the self, focusing upon the intellectual and scientific topics of safety, for proof is readily available. The analysis fails to provide the complete picture, yet the Analyst is assured that the project is complete. Failure to recognize the missing components reinforces the belief of the self’s rightness; refusal to share the self’s process with others to prohibit interference is endorsed by field energies that intend to limit the opportunities provided to the Analyst to discover that which is missing.
Independence prohibits the Analyst from speaking openly to another that is different from the self; unbeknownst to the Analyst, these differences are vital to the successful performance of the mission. Refusal to embrace another’s thinking or way of being, imposed by field energies, ensures that the Analyst will never be capable of appropriate performance of the mission. This is the goal of this field. | 2019-04-19T17:32:43Z | https://thepathtohealing.com/Book/DLMissionObstacle.aspx |
Community development seems a common concern for instructors in online writing courses, so one might assume that those of use concerned with community share the same goals; however, when embarking on an exploration of whether an assignment sequence or pedagogical tool has been successful in develop community in an online course, it’s prudent to explore what we mean when we reference “community.” What do we hope to achieve when we aim for community development? How do we best accomplish it? According to Jeremy Brent, community is actually an undefinable term because it is “moving, divided and incomplete” (219). What we long for when we talk about community is “the continually reproduced desire to overcome the adversity of social life” (Brent 221). Indeed, desire to overcome or achieve a purpose is a central component of other attempts to articulate community. Garrison and Vaughan describe community, or the “community of inquiry” “as the ideal and heart of a higher education experience” (14). They claim that the driving force behind community development is “purposeful, open, and disciplined critical discourse and reflection” (Garrison and Vaughan 14). While Garrison and Vaughan suggest that community is disciplined and purposefully created, Trena M. Paulus suggests that off-topic discussions have a hand in the development of an academic community “in the absence of a physical co-location” (228). For Paulus, community building requires the development of connections and the establishment of common ground. Off-topic discussions help students engage in “grounding,” the establishment of common ground or the “‘mutual understanding, knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, pre-suppositions, and so on’ (Baker et al. 1999, p. 3) that exist among people communicating together” (Paulus 228). Grounding goes hand-in-hand with connecting, which involves “affinity (small talk and humor), commitment (a sense of presence) and attention (negotiating availability for conversation)” (Paulus 229). Paulus explains that “connection is about interpersonal relationships, whereas common ground is about information exchange” (230). We can conclude then, that the development of an academic community in an online writing class requires both informal socializing with those whom we have established common ground as well as purposeful discussion and collaborative action to achieve academic goals.
Old Dominion University’s English 724/824, entitled “Online Writing Instruction,” has given us an opportunity to examine the way in which community is created, or not, via the use of blogs. Students were required to post five successive blog entries reviewing scholarly articles on some aspect of online writing pedagogy. No two students were allowed to review the same article. My analysis of the community of learners in this course as well as the blog entries leads me to conclude that blogs are not the most effective tool for the development of community in an online course, though I do conceded that they may have some role to play. A review of blog entries for the course reveals that only about half of the students in the course engaged in commenting in any significant way. In fact, it seems that five of eleven students did not comment on others’ blog entries. Comments seemed to be based around several themes: seeking clarification about the article, expressing interest, agreeing with the article, or expressing disagreement with some aspect of the article. Of the approximately 57 comments posted in response to blogs, around 42% of those comments were posted by two very active commentators. Another student who posted nearly 16% of the comments on the blogs did so two days before the blog analysis was due. Some students responded to the blogs posted on their webpages, while others did not. One interesting thing to note is that there seemed to be a correlation between length of time in the Ph.D. program and lack of engagement with the blogs. Only about 22% of the blog comments were posted by Ph.D. students who entered the program during or before the fall of 2012 despite the fact that they make up 45% of the course enrollment.
Students were not required to comment on each other’s blogs, but even if they had been required to do so, engagement with each other’s blogs would not be the most effective community building activity this course has afforded. Garrison and Vaughan say that communities of inquiry are open, and Paulus suggests that negotiation and the personal are important aspects of community building. Lori E. Amy claims that “the discussion lists and bulletin boards we ask students to use mimic virtual social spaces, such as the internet chatrooms in which many students ‘hang out’” (115). She claims that “Dissensus and healthy conflict are crucial arts of the contact zone, and we do need to structure spaces in which we engage one another in open, honest exchanges that engender ‘active, engaged discussion’ capable of sustaining passionate disagreement through which we can educate one another” (Amy 119). I agree with Amy on this point; however, I disagree with the notion that discussions and blogs that are posted for a grade mimic informal, online social hangouts. In discussing Blackboard, Gillam and Wooden develop a critique that is relevant to blogs. They say that Blackboard “positions the writer primarily as the isolated recipient of information, who contributes his or her thinking in discrete little bullets to the discussion forum or via various assessment instruments” (27). Blogs, like Blackboard discussion forums, encourage students to write in solitude, particularly when, as in the case with English 724/824, students are not allowed to write over the same subject.
Interestingly, accidental violations of the assignment rules had the potential to engage students more deeply, since the shared knowledge of the articles gave them a common ground, an element vital to community, according to Paulus. Gillam and Wooden state that “we must encourage them [students] to see their complex ecological makeup and that of their collaborators, to mindfully participate in the formation of a new ecological community with their peer group, and to become cognizant of the ways in which those complex ecologies influence knowledge formation and communication” (28). The few occasions in which students accidentally reviewed the same article provide strong evidence that we are the product of our ecological makeup. For instance, Kelly Cutchin and I both reviewed Gillam and Wooden yet our summaries and reviews highlighted different aspects of the article and different applications of the theories discussed. Despite the fact that I had unintentionally violated the assignment guidelines, I found it exciting that someone else had read the same article I had and I purposefully sought out that review. This was the one instance in which I found myself hoping that my fellow student would respond to my comment and checking to see whether she had done so.
To increase the chances of establishing common ground, blogs from the assigned readings could be required, but this changes the purpose and intended outcome of the assignment from resource compiling, writing in the disciplines, and reflection to simply an assignment focused in writing in the disciplines and reflection. Even if that were the case, there still might be potential issues with the community building, as blogs assigned for a grade are reflections of power differentials in the course and may not allow for truly open and honest exchanges. Try as we may, we students are keenly aware that the blogs will be graded. It’s possible that students may take that into consideration when responding to each others’ blogs. DePew and Lettner-Rust explain that “the power to survey and assess gives instructors sole authority in the class” (178). We students are aware of that authority when we engage with others’ work. True community development through the forging of connections must be facilitated in other ways that allow for collaboration, negotiation, and shared experience.
One of the most interesting aspects of the blog engagement or lack thereof in ENGL 724/824 was that most of the Ph.D. students who engaged with blogs were newer students, while students who have been in the program for several semesters did not engage to a significant extent. There may be numerous reasons for this, but I feel that this resulted in part from a pre-existing idea that we are already members of a strong academic community. Even though the stated goal of the blog assignment was not to build community, the community analysis assignment suggests that it is an intrinsic goal. I would argue that the Facebook backchannel and group assignments have built community more effectively. Both have been places to discuss assignment expectations, to negotiate, to support, and to collaborate. Both have allowed for the forming of informal connections in an open manner while sharing information and working toward a goal with a purpose. Smaller group projects have required negotiation, information sharing, and connections, while the backchannel has served to make navigating the course akin to a larger group project. While students need to develop the backchannel themselves, they can be encouraged to do so. Kelly shared a 34 page document of our June 17 WebEx chat with the backchannel to support discussions of community. Daniel shared a Wordle that he created from the text. A backchannel chat from before, during, and after the course meeting in June 17 was 112 pages in length. Navigating the course itself seems to create more community than the blogs have done because rather than solely replacing the instructor as the knowledgeable informer, we have created knowledge socially and equally via the backchannel and group projects.
Amy, Lori. “Rhetorical Violence and the Problematics of Power.” Role Play: Distance Learning and the Teaching of Writing (2006): 111.
Brent, Jeremy. “The Desire for Community: Illusion, Confusion and Paradox.” Community Development Journal 39.3 (2004): 213-223.
DePew, Kevin Eric, and Heather Lettner-Rust. “Mediating power: Distance Learning Interfaces, Classroom Epistemology, and the Gaze.” Computers and Composition 26.3 (2009): 174-189.
Garrison, D. R., and Norman D. Vaughan. Blended Learning in Higher Education: Framework, Principles, and Guidelines. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2008.
Gillam, Ken, and Shannon R. Wooden. “Re-Embodying Online Composition: Ecologies of Writing in Unreal Time and Space.” Computers and Composition 30. Writing on the Frontlines (2013): 24-36. ScienceDirect. Web. 28 May 2014.
Paulus, Trena M. “Online but Off-Topic: Negotiating Common Ground in Small Learning Groups.” Instructional Science 37.3 (2009): 227-245.
Community is having a sense of belonging to a group. Several key concepts are embedded in this simplified definition, the first being the idea that community is sensed or felt on an emotional level. This intangible quality is also suggested in definitions that position community as “a phenomenon” that “does not appear to have a concrete existence” (Brent 214). Phenomena by their nature are not wholly quantifiable, but scholars can work descriptively to identify reoccurring aspects of community.
A second key concept is that of group, which are based on common bonds; the commonality may be being part of the same course, program of study, or organization. Common bonds lead to having shared experiences. Communal experiences strengthen the group dynamic, creating shared history and increasing understanding; students feel closer when they have gone through the same challenges and successes. This also leads to a mutually constructed culture; the community establishes norms and expected/acceptable behaviors.
Another key concept from that initial definition is belonging. Members of community feel that their some aspect of their identity is reflected by a specific group. However, self-identification alone does not lead to community inclusiveness. The individual must also be accepted by the existing group members. Therefore, a community both reflects and reinforces individual characteristics.
Meaningful communities must emerge organically. For example, in any of the groups listed above, there will be certain interactions that are established: class meetings, discussion board assignments, or an organization’s event. These interactions may dictate participation in a group, but without that phenomenological feeling, this is not a community. Communities do not “exist in every place, and the differences between places are not necessarily based on the differences between them as communities” (Brent 217). In other words, a community may develop in one class and not in another, even if the conditions set by the instructor—the place— are identical. Camaraderie can be invited by the group interactions, but whether a sense of community emerges seems to rely on the unique chemistry and psychology of the group’s individuals.
Public blogs are often assigned in online writing courses, with students interacting in posts and responses, but whether this interaction is a community or simply the surface appearance of one is debatable. On the one hand, “even if an illusion,” community “has very real effects” (Brent 216). Junco et al’s study suggests that requiring students to interact using Twitter did lead to greater student engagement and academic achievement by clarifying content and providing emotional support. Even if the students did not feel they belonged to a community, the participation had real effects as Brent suggests. Therefore, even if assigning blog writing and responding does not establish a meaningful community, it will encourage interaction that in and of itself has benefits.
The assignment to write blogs in this course supports this argument because peer comments leads to affective relationships between classmates. I know that for me, when I saw that Carol, Laurie, Margie, and Daniel had left comments on my posts, I felt a greater sense of belonging and respect as a community member because I knew they took the time to read and respond. These relationships are then strengthened as I appreciated their efforts and reciprocated my feelings of respect.
However, there is also the argument that embedded within all communities is “conflict and division” (Brent 214). Cliques will be present in an online setting because virtual “communities mirror inequity” in society (Amy 117). Students are bound to be offended, remain silent, and not participate at all (Amy 117). As a result, the interactive blog assignment could potentially result in the kind of power inequities and rhetorical violence that devastate community-building efforts.
While violence did not occur in our class assignment, I can see how there was division. With the exception of Laurie, I have had previous classes with each of the aforementioned commentators. This suggests that within a community, previous experiences will impact how we interact. Others may feel excluded or not as well respected by some peers if they are not receiving the same level of interaction. Even if the selective interactions were a product of comfort rather than intentional exclusion, as Brent argues, effects can be very real.
Another issue is that blogs are not “informal rap sessions with close friends,” they are performances in a class for grades (Amy 122). For example, in the responses I had to my first blog post, I responded to Laurie’s post directly, but when she responded it was to the thread of discussion started by Carol’s response. Then Margie started yet a new direction for the conversations. This shows that although students may be reading and commenting, this work is not necessarily integrated in a way that develops deep communication and community. Responses may only be “performing” interaction for the instructor audience where the performance is satisfied by the existence of a post without sustained involvement.
Interaction has benefits even if that it does not result in a sense of community, so requiring commenting on blogs is worth noting as a design element. However, it is possible use assignment design to also encourage community in an online course if the right intangible mix of students exists—primarily with synchronous activities that can serve “the needs of writers in terms of forming community” (Breuch 151). Breuch notes that “speech patterns and behaviors become lost because of the disruptions of time and space that occur in virtual environments” (144). For example, when Margie left her comment on the first blog entry, I had already posted the last review and I did not respond to her directly. Online students can read and respond to one another at any time, but this can result in responses being posted after the writer has moved on to other assignments and concepts. If we responded to one another in real time, like we did with the tool review, it could overcome any time-related irrelevancy. Maybe adding break out groups, as afforded by Adobe Connect, would help students to engage with the reviews and build conversation that eliminates the effects of time separation. These groups could also help “students have the opportunity to get to know one another,” fostering new relationships and mediating the potentially divisive pre-existing relationships (Breuch 148).
As many of my peers will probably discuss, our community lives vivaciously outside of the blogs in our Facebook class group. I started this closed group before our first class meeting, and was inspired to do so after having the experience of being invited to a group for previous classes. I wanted to repeat the positive experiences of support, humor, and clarification of content, which seems to align with Brent’s argument that “the concept of community always seems to contain nostalgia, the idea of an imagined past” (220). We also use this space to build community because it mimics the informal conversation and interaction that occurs in informal physical spaces like student lounges. Through sharing emotional experiences and challenges, we engage in the history-making, culture construction, and norm setting that builds community. Carol has even noted that she was not much of a Facebook user before the class, but engages there more and more. This is because even though a “community may lack tangible substance…it possesses a gravitational pull, a magnetic existence that creates real effects - at its best, social relationships of mutual care and responsibility” (Brent 221). We create these outside communities because we “desire to overcome the adversity of social life” (Brent 221). The adversity of graduate school is very real, and we all express feeling insecure about our abilities and our right to belong to the larger PhD program. We create community to feel accepted as we are, to find “connectedness in all [our] imperfections” (Brent 222). While the instructor may not be able to do more than set conditions for community to grow, not standing in the way of these informal connections is an important step in facilitating community. Past experiences and indirect instructor support are two powerful reasons why interaction outside the course assignments will occur and foster community.
Educational communities have enormous benefits to students. They often provide support and assistance both for personal and academic challenges. For groups facing especially difficult academic expectations, this support system function of community can help people enter “the maelstrom rather than succumb to it” (Brent 216). This support system can often be the difference between discontinued or sustained academic participation, and should therefore be encouraged at every level of the institution.
Amy, Lori E.. “Rhetorical Violence and the Problematics of Power: A Notion for the Digital Age Classroom.” Role Play: Distance Learning and the Teaching of Writing. Eds. Jonathan Alexander and Marcia Dickson. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2006. 111-132. Print.
Journal 39.3 (2004). 213-223. Web. 17 Jun. 2014.
Breuch, Lee-Ann Kastman. “Enhancing Online Collaboration: Virtual Peer Review in the Writing Classroom.” Online Education: Global Questions, Local Answers. Eds. Kelly Cargile Cook and Keith Grant-Davie. Farmingdale, NY: Baywood, 2005. 141-156. Print.
Junco, Reynal, C. Michael Elavsky, and Greg Heiberger. “Putting Twitter to the Test: Assessing Outcomes for Student Collaboration, Engagement and Success.” British Journal of Educational Technology 44.2 (2013): 273-287. EBSCO. Web. 26 May 2014.
When I set out to do a review of a pedagogical tool to facilitate student-centered learning by fostering engagement in either a hybrid or online-only course, I intended to focus on the a variety of tools embedded within Desire2Learn (D2L) that could be used for just such a purpose, but the uniqueness and complexity of Wiggio, a productivity platform used to facilitate group meetings and collaboration, necessitated an in-depth look at this particular tool. The capabilities offered by Wiggio are not new, but what Wiggio does that many platforms do not is offer a combination of capabilities that is usually achieved through the use of multiple platforms or programs, and while Wiggio is embedded in D2L, those who do not use the D2L learning platform can still benefit from Wiggio.
Wiggio, which is marketed primarily to academic communities, offers a host of productivity and collaborative tools ranging from a convenient method of setting up a face-to-face meeting to holding group meetings in video chat while synchronously working within a word-processing program. The FAQ section gives a quick run-down of the offerings: “mass messaging (emails, text messages, voicemails), scheduling, file sharing and editing, polling, conference calling, video conferencing, and project management” (Wiggio.com). The program is entirely web-based and requires no software downloads. Users can access a free version of the platform by making an account through Wiggio’s website, but there is a premium version available, such as that embedded in D2L. Wiggio can be used to set up a group by first defining asynchronous group communications such as listserv email exchanges, receipt of short messages by SMS and longer messages via email, receipt of a daily summary of communications, or discussion boards with no mailed message. Once a group has been established, group members are invited. Text-based or video messages can be sent by group members to other group members from within the platform. Rather than having to upload a video message, the program includes an embedded video recorder. Without changing navigating to a new webpage on the Wiggio site, group members can share files, share links, launch a meeting via teleconference or video conference, create a to-do list, create a poll, send a message, or schedule an event or meeting on a group calendar. Sub-groups can be created within established groups. The meeting platform allows users to chat via text, share files, share a desktop, share video and audio, use a whiteboard, and synchronously edit a shared document. This combination of capabilities is akin to adding Google Docs to WebEx in an interface that also allows for file sharing, emailing, text messaging, video messaging, surveying, and calendar scheduling. Wiggio has a bit of a minimalist feel, and there may be fewer bells and whistles in the combined interface than may be found in systems that offer similar capabilities separately, but Wiggio’s developers argue that the features that are left out aren’t necessary for productivity and collaboration. This argument is convincing because it’s likely that Wiggio users will feel that the convenience of a one-stop-shop for group communication and productivity outweighs the loss of a few features that they could do without anyway.
A survey of the capabilities offered by Wiggio clearly suggests that the platform can be used to encourage student engagement in an online or hybrid course, but the question of how the platform can be used specifically to support best practices in online writing pedagogy remains. Perhaps one of the first places we should look for guidance on the value of Wiggio in online writing instruction would be the “Position Statement of Principles and Example Effective Practices for Online Writing Instruction” published by the Conference on College Composition and Communication. Principle 11 states that, “Online writing teachers and their institutions should develop personalized and interpersonal online communities to foster student success” (Oswal). In the rationale for the development of this principle, the authors explain that a feeling of connectedness to each other and the instructor helps students be more successful. While encouraging student engagement with the goal of student success in mind is a worthy goal, best practices in writing pedagogy call for strong student engagement because it encourages students to grapple with theoretical concepts it helps them to understand writing as a social activity. In “Mediating Power: Distance Learning Interfaces, Classroom Epistemology, and the Gaze,” Kevin Eric Depew and Heather Lettner-Rust apply Paulo Friere’s advocacy of “problem-posing education” to composition pedagogy by claiming that a participatory and liberatory approach to composition, much preferable to an instructor-centered approach, can be facilitated “through experiential and participatory activities, such as open dialogue, collaboratively designing or modifying assignments and allowing for student interest to alter the direction of the syllabus as a means of creating an egalitarian dynamic among students and instructor” (177). Such a participatory and liberatory approach requires a class design that allows for such open dialogue to take place. InBlended Learning in Higher Education: Framework, Principles, and Guidelines, D.R. Garrison and Norman D. Vaughan advocate for the development of a Community of Inquiry which requires that students have the opportunity to express themselves openly, that they have opportunities for reflective and interactive learning, and that students are guided by a teacher who provides “students with a highly interactive succession of learning experiences that lead to the resolution of an issue or problem” (25). Common distance education tools, such as discussion threads and blogs, do allow for some dialogue to occur, but participatory and interactive activities are often difficult to facilitate within learning management systems, and often the conversations that take place within discussion boards (the most common tool for facilitating group communication) are aimed at satisfying the instructor rather than being an organic and student-driven exchange of ideas. As a solution, many instructors have turned to the use of multiple supplemental tools (such as Google Docs) to achieve pedagogical goals. By offering several tools for facilitating collaboration, Wiggio allows for the development of this kind of participatory class environment. In “A MOOC with a View: How MOOCs Encourage Us to Reexamine Pedagogical Doxa,” Halasek et al., describe how a MOOC that they created challenges the notion that MOOCs cannot support effective pedagogical approaches to the teaching of writing. Halasek et al., found that the large enrollment in the course prevented them from taking what they call the “Teacher Knows Best” role (the teacher provides the instruction and feedback) and required students to take a larger role than the “Attentive Student” role (the student listens to content and follows directions; in fact, the roles seemed to have reversed here (157). Halasek et al. found that “no longer solely (or even largely) responsible for the shape of the course, the direction it took, or how the participants engaged the material” (160). Though the CCCC recommends an enrollment of no more than 20 students in online writing courses and the MOOC that Halasek et al. created had an enrollment of tens of thousands, we may be able to learn something from the way in which the MOOC encouraged student-centered learning. Perhaps the multiple ways in which students can interact in Wiggio and the participatory activities it allows could facilitate this type of role-reversal in online composition courses.
If we can use Wiggio to challenge the “banking concept of education,” what strategies might we use in order to do so? Ken Gillam and Shannon R. Wooden suggest an ecological approach to the teaching of composition designed to help students understand writing as part an ecological act done within a community and for a specific purpose. The assignment sequence incorporates distribution, emergence, embodiment, and enaction. The ideal online course incorporating these principles, according to Gillam and Wooden, would include scaffolded assignments beginning with group negotiation of a topic of exploration, data collection via a group constructed survey, multimodal presentation of findings, a collaborative annotated bibliography, and an individual final project (a problem/solution paper accompanied by a reflection paragraph). Another example of a collaborative assignment sequence is described by DePew. In order to facilitate students’ development of rhetorical literacy and a sense of audience awareness, he suggests students use literacy narratives to develop a literacy survey, the results of which they will use to compose a corroborative report. How might Wiggio be used to facilitate these assignment sequences described by Gilliam and Wooden and DePew? Wiggio can be used to facilitate group communications in a variety of modes (email, text, teleconference, video conference, video messaging, and video conferencing). Surveys can be created within the Wiggio interface. Without leaving the interface, students can collaborate synchronously on projects and easily provide their peers with feedback. While it’s very possible for students to conduct such collaborative projects with other technological tools, Wiggio offers all of necessary tools in one interface.
CCCC. “A Position Statement of Principles and Example Effective Practices for Online Writing Instruction (OWI).” http://www.ncte.org/library/NCTEFiles/Groups/CCCC/OWIPrinciples.pdf (2013): 1-35.
DePew, Kevin Eric. “Preparing Instructors and Students for the Rhetoricity of OWI Technologies.” N.d. M.S.
“Frequently Asked Questions.” Wiggio.com. 2001. Web. 16 June 2014.
Halasek, Kay, et al. “A MOOC With a View: How MOOCs Encourage Us to Reexamine Pedagogical Doxa.” Invasion of the MOOCs: 156.
As resident advisor (1992-1993), head resident (1994-1997) and director (1998-2000) of the Virginia Summer Residential Governor’s Schools for Humanities and Visual & Performing Arts, I worked with a team of student life staff to develop the community of learners among our faculty, staff, and 400 high school students. We did this in a number of successful ways, including icebreakers, name tags, hall meetings, living arrangements, and the like. We called ourselves a community of learners, and all of us — faculty, staff, and students alike — lived in dorms on campus and called each other by first name. This experience informs my idea of “community” in several different ways.
Community is never entirely “built,” despite the use of the term “community building.” In an educational setting, community must continually be “being built”; intentional activities, communications, and rhetorical choices (like the use of first names or the common language of living in the same dorm) must be made throughout the entire experience to ensure that a sense of community remains. Brent (2004) affirms this concept of community as continually built: “Here incompletion is a dynamic concept – the dynamism which community has which no definable entity could possibly possess” (p. 219).
Community focuses members and potential/incoming members in a common goal. In Governor’s School, our community of learners sought to expand knowledge and understanding of the interrelationships among disciplines through guided inquiry. Teachers facilitated inquiry and participated with students in growing their understandings of concepts like body image, politics, economics, social structures, and more. All aspects of the experience — intellectual, interdisciplinary, and social-emotional; curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular — focused on growing knowledge and identity. Common, structured, facilitated inquiry shaped our community and represented Harrison & Vaughan’s (2007) interpretation of a community of inquiry consisting of cognitive, social, and teaching presence.
Community is ideally an egalitarian function of participants working toward a common purpose. I include the modifier “ideally” because Amy (2006) recognizes the reality of power politics within rhetorical communities, and because the teaching presence in a community of inquiry necessarily invokes a hierarchical power structure between student and teacher. However, to the extent possible, community is a function of equals working together. In the classroom, a focus on students working toward a common purpose is an important aspect of community building.
Given this concept of community, blogs can be useful tools for community development, especially when implemented in combination with other distance learning tools to continually maintain the sense of community. I would hesitate to privilege blogs over other writing spaces and online interactive tools, despite their potential interactivity, because other tools may help foster a sense of community more directly.
As our own class use of the interactivity of the blogs reflects, blogs don’t necessarily encourage ongoing conversation. Few writers responded, either directly or indirectly, to comments on their blogs. We tried to post comments to several classmates’ blogs, but few posts or comments generated any kind of give-and-take among writers and/or respondents. Since Blogger does not afford any sense of threaded conversation using visual design or verbal cues, respondents had to include explicit textual clues (e.g. “In response to your idea…”) in order to “respond” to one another. A comment can’t be addressed specifically to another comment, only generally attributed to the blog. The result is a flat list of comments that offers no hierarchy, more like a chat transcript than a threaded discussion forum. In terms of community building, blogs do little to help writers and commenters work together in a community of inquiry, and this is especially true of Blogger. Blog posts “talk” at other bloggers, but offer little to afford conversation, dialogue, or rhetorical listening among participants. For this reason I consider WordPress, which provides clues that afford limited threading in comments, a more successful blogging tool for enabling conversations.
Building a Better Blogging Community?
For blogs to be successful at encouraging conversation among writers and respondents, instructors need to provide clear guidelines and structure for posts and responses. Carefully constructed, scaffolded assignments accompanied by clear expectations for interaction enable students to respond with agency within the limits of those guidelines. While instructor-provided frameworks may be seen as opposing social constructivist learning and pedagogy, OWI requires a level of structured interactivity that f2f classes can allow to occur more organically. DePew & Lettner-Rust (2009), DePew (forthcoming), Danowski (2006), and Breuch (2005), to greater or lesser extents, all encourage OWI teachers to recognize this power structure while developing scaffolded, structured activities that encourage agency and ongoing conversations. These conversations engage students in communities of inquiry, and these communities of inquiry, as conversations engaging students and teachers, help maintain ongoing community building.
As a result, this assignment might have more successfully built a sense of community as a specific framework of scaffolded assignments. While a series of initial posts could remain focused on instructional tool reviews, each student could be required to comment on a number of reviews (perhaps 2 or 3), then write a full-length post that summarizes those three reviews, links to the initial posts, and reflects on one or more aspects of the initial review. Ping backs from those links could function to notify students that others have linked to their posts; the guidelines for responding could require the writer of the original review to respond to the summary post. Guidelines and requirements would have to be carefully detailed and written, but the result would be ongoing conversations about the effectiveness of instructional tools. As Breuch (2005) notes in relation to virtual peer review, assignments should “encourage students to think of virtual peer review in terms of concrete goals” (p. 149). In this case, the concrete goal might be to draft a final blog post that requires students to select three favorite instructional tools from among those reviewed, reflect on the conversations that surrounded that tool among all the commentators, and make a recommendation, with rationale, for one tool the student might recommend to other instructors in an OWI setting.
My experience of this class, and the other two classes I’ve taken so far in the PhD program, is that community really forms in various informal channels of communication. While scaffolded blog postings and responses and discussion forum posts and responses contribute toward a community of inquiry, stronger bonds form around informal channels like the ODU PhD and individual course Facebook groups, email and Facebook communications outside of class with classmates, and through the Webex chat (which I’ll refer to as a “front channel” to differentiate it from a Facebook group “back channel”).
As equals (students) working toward a common goal (success in individual courses, success in individual class sessions), informal community is continually formed and reformed around various struggles, activities, and challenges. For example, our class members united around the challenge of being unable to access readings in what we considered a timely fashion. We asked one another whether anyone had emailed the instructor, discussed whether texts might be available in open-source formats online, and generally bonded over our frustration. In Amy’s (2006) terms we recognized and capitalized on power differentials in our contact zone: a reference librarian held the cultural capital of quick access to open-source texts and shared that capital in our common goal of seeking resources; other members of the class held the cultural capital of temerity, willingly emailing the instructor to achieve the common goal of requesting access to readings in Blackboard.
Throughout the semester, community was continually built, refined, and reshaped (Brent, 2004), often the result of working through tensions in different contact zones (Amy, 2006). Two specific examples occurred when shifting out of Webex, first into Google Hangouts and again into Adobe Connect. In each of these instances, the backchannel took the forefront in alleviating anxiety as we wondered how or if we’d be reconnected to our assigned groups. Those with more experience held social capital and shared assurances with those with less experience; in my group, my own familiarity with Google Hangouts helped me assure others in my group and in other groups that all would work out, while Kristina’s familiarity with Adobe Connect provided assurance and instruction to those of us who had not used the tool. In both cases, our bonds of community were strengthened through tension and power differentials among ourselves — power differentials used to achieve common goals rather than forming around us-them rhetorical violence.
Does community happen in the face-to-face video sessions via Jabber and Webex? Sure, but those experience are built around the instructor. Student community is built through informal communications that are outside the structured activities of the class. As a future OWI teacher, I need to remember my own experience with community development and understand the power of multiple communication channels.
Amy, L. E. (2006). Rhetorical violence and the problematics of power: A notion of community for the digital age classroom. In J. Alexander & M. Dickson (eds.), Role play: Distance learning and the teaching of writing (pp. 111-132). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Breuch, L. K. (2005). Enhancing online collaboration: Virtual peer review in the writing classroom. In K. C. Cook & K. Grant-Davie (eds.), Online education: Global questions, local answers (pp. 141-156). Farmingdale, NY: Baywood.
Danowski, D. (2006). Anyone? Anyone? Anyone? Leading discussions in cyberspace: e-Journals and interactivity in asynchronous environments. In J. Alexander & M. Dickson (eds.), Role Play: Distance Learning and the Teaching of Writing (pp. 97-108). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
Garrison, D. R., & Vaughan, N. D. (2007). Blended learning in higher education: Framework, principles, and guidelines. San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Wach, Howard, Laura Broughton, and Stephen Powers. “Blending in the Bronx: The Dimensions of Hybrid Course Development at Bronx Community College.” Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks 1 (2011): 87. Academic OneFile. Web. 12 June 2014.
In this article, Wach, Broughton, and Powers describe a faculty development program at Bronx Community College (BCC) in which faculty members are trained in hybrid course delivery over a six month period (June to January). BCC, a branch of City University of New York (CUNY) is very supportive of a move toward hybrid course delivery as it helps use an online environment to build an active, collaborative learning environment in blended versions of high-enrollment courses. Wach, Broughton, and Powers explain the faculty training program that requires a six month program beginning with a face-to-face workshop (on topics such as pedagogy, best practices, content presentation, disability accommodations, instructor presence, facilitation of communication, collaboration, and assessment) lead by experienced online instructors. After the initial workshop, course-developers (instructors in training) spend several months developing an online hybrid course with the oversight of peer mentors and student technological assistants who help faculty and students with technical assistance, tutor student peers on content-related issues, and assist faculty with content presentation. The development and assessment of hybrid courses is guided by the use of several types of documents: a contract created by the new instructor outlining how the course will be developed, a teaching guide that outlines best practices and expectations for instructors, a learning unit planning guide emphasizing engagement, collaboration, and improvement of student learning generally, and an online course development checklist that new course-developers use for self-evaluation through the development process. In November, following course development, mentors, guided by a rubric, perform an evaluation of the newly developed course and make suggestions for revision. Revisions are made in preparation for the course to be launched the January following the beginning of the program.
I chose to review this article because of its relevance to my own project of creating an effective hybrid course and then creating a workshop describing how such a course could effectively be created. That BCC has such a streamlined, formal process for the training of new hybrid instructors is very impressive, but without such strong institutional support for such faculty development, similar lengthy training programs would be difficult to undertake, particularly since those involved receive incentives from the institution to teach hybrid courses and act as peer mentors. While not all institutions have the same goals, interests, or resources, the program at BCC seems to be a good model for making a concerted effort toward increasing the number of hybrid courses as well as the quality, so anyone interested in faculty development and departmental or institutional moves toward increasing hybrid offerings would have in interest in examining this model. One thing that I felt was missing was a deeper discussion of the theory or ideology driving BCC’s and CUNY’s move toward hybrid courses, as such justification for course development could be useful to others.
Watch the video below for a tour of Penzu and discussion of how it could facilitate the use of journals in an online writing course (complete with audio appearances by John and Francesca...).
For online writing instructors looking to incorporate an interactive journal component into their courses, Penzu is web-based diary that could easily facilitate such an educational purpose. Basic journal accounts on Penzu are free with a valid email address. Penzu emphasizes personal privacy and boasts of military-grade encryption, which together with the distinguishes this service from public blogs or websites. The interface has the appearance of a paper notebook with the current date and the option to title the entry. Text is entered in the body of the page. A tool bar at the top of the pad allows for numerous format and font changes, insertion of images, and sharing a link to the individual entry via email. One fun feature is the inspiration light bulb that will display a quote or question at the top of the entry that writers can respond to if searching for a topic.
Easy to use, intuitive interface that mimics a notebook page.
Automatic prompts can help the reluctant writer find a topic.
Individuals with whom the entry link has been shared will receive email notification, and can easily add comments by simply responding to the email. Users will receive an email notification that a comment has been left and will see an alert upon logging in. Comments can be viewed at the top of the entry, but do not interact with the entry itself. At anytime, the user can choose to “unshare” an entry and link becomes invalid.
Users can share single entries, but not the entire journal, selectively by email. They can choose to have the entry appear in the email, or just provide a link. The latter affords greater student control as the instructor will not have an archive of the text.
Instructor comments appear at the top of the entry, but do not interact with the entry itself, keeping the integrity of the student work in tact as opposed to inline commenting that can make students feel self-conscious.
Work is automatically saved to the cloud as typing occurs, to more closely mimic the experience of writing on paper and more readily preserve the entry. From a table of contents list, there is a search function that allows users to enter keywords to find related entries. Users can also request to be sent reminders to create entries at regular intervals. The content is completely controlled by the user and can be deleted entirely at any time.
Table of contents and search feature allow for retrieval of entries for potential use in formal writing.
Students can set reminders in accordance with assignment requirements.
Penzu also has free mobile apps for iPhone and Android, so users can add entries on these devices as well. Accounts can be started on the website www.penzu.com, or the apps can be downloaded from iTunes or Google Play as well as from the website. Although the audience for the free accounts is primarily the general public, but they do offer a classroom version with greater functionality for a $49.00 annual fee. Some of the educationally-aimed features of that service are the option to provide inline comments, a grade book, assignment creation, and centralized management of all student work.
A list of the added functionality of the classroom version, notably centralized management of student submissions and letting students create entries by email for easier access.
Overall, Penzu is a quick and easy close-approximation of the paper journal, with additional affordances and enhanced privacy. This tool would best be adopted in composition courses by instructors wanting to add a dialogue journal component to their courses. Dialogue journals are an ongoing conversation between the instructor and individual students that foster positive rapport, engagement, and academic achievement (Holmberg qtd. in Danowski 100). Students can be given writing prompts that may or may not be related to course content, but both types help students improve writing skills and develop stronger relationships with the instructor, an important determinant of student success and satisfaction. This type of written exchange is highly interactive, which is “vital is successful pedagogy” (Danowski 99). It is important to consider how to develop interaction like this so as to mediate students’ feelings of social isolation as noted by Mann, Varey, and Button and Huws (qtd. in Hantula and Pawlowicz 150).
This kind of low-stakes writing also reduces student anxiety and provides a comfortable space for exploration outside of the public sphere. Although discussion boards can promote a sense of community through student-to-student interaction, students can sometimes be reluctant to expose their ideas and display their skills in such a setting. However, online composition instructors should strongly consider incorporating journals since learners in communities of inquiry must have the “freedom to explore ideas, question, and construct meaning,” which journals can provide (Brabazon 15).
Private journals can offer the benefits of low-stakes writing without the pressure of the larger peer audience and have been a staple of FYW programs, but have been difficult to simulate in an online setting. Yet we should strive to find ways to incorporate time-tested pedagogical practices into online courses rather than abandon them in favor of activities using new technologies, remembering that successful online education “e-learning ‘is marked by a juxtaposition of new technology and old pedagogy’” merging “the best of traditional and Web-based learning experiences” (Brabazon 7-8). And journals are certainly one such traditional pedagogy, credited with aiding prewriting, generating and organizing ideas, promoting creativity, providing a pleasurable experience with writing, and encouraging critical thinking (Danowski 103). It is also encouraged that instructors begin with “pedagogical assumptions” that de-emphasize “the search for technological solutions,” to start designing online courses around pedagogy and not around the affordances of a particular technology (Cook 59). The free, basic version of Penzu provides instructors this kind of blended approach honoring the tradition of journal benefits with the needs of teaching and learning online. It is an easy to use system for encouraging private student writing that can be selectively shared and features a comment function to facilitate dialogue.
In addition to the relational and educational benefits of dialogue journals, they also afford greater student agency over their own writing, a significant difference from similar types of writing assignments facilitated by traditional course managements systems like Blackboard. Penzu shifts the ownership of the work from the course to the student. With this program, students have their own space to write outside of the course, and they choose which entries they share with the instructor. They can also use the “unshare” feature to revert an entry to private, and they can choose to deactivate the account entirely upon the completion of the course. While it is unclear what entities might have access to entries at Penzu, the student is at least not conceding ownership to the school. Nevertheless, this ownership is something “administrators and instructor[s] need to understand the implications of” when “selecting OWI technologies” (DePew). Students control their own archives, which is an ethical position in the conversation of technology-mediated composition. This autonomy mirrors the shift toward independence in technologically mediated learning and future working environments (Hantula and Pawlowicz 153).
The student-centered focus continues with the features of mobility and accessibility that favor their lifestyles. Blackboard can be cumbersome to navigate on phones and tablets, with numerous log-in screens and multiple pages to click through before accessing the discussion board. Often these devices are not fully supported by the system and do not display full functionality. However, these are the preferred devices for students, and Penzu’s simple interface, cloud storage, and mobile apps afford additional, direct access to the journal without the obstacles of Blackboard. They can also write an entry wherever and whenever they have time with their phones, which accommodates their often busy lifestyles - a student could write an entry as quickly as a text message when on a work break or riding a bus.
One of the other benefits is that Penzu is free, which is important to both students and budget-conscious departments when considering new services. It is also much simpler technology to learn because it approximates the familiar notebook, which is an advantage—especially for non-traditional students who are often enrolled in online courses for lifestyle reasons— over other blogs that have far more functions that can distract from the kind of freewriting that make journals successful and have more complex interfaces that may even require basic html knowledge. Unlike simply assigning and responding to freewrites though, Penzu keeps student writing collected and the search function allows for the retrieval of what often amounts to prewriting for formal assignments. These benefits in particular fulfill the CCCC OWI Principle 1, which emphasizes financial accessibility, flexible access, and simple, intuitive use for all users regardless of technological proficiency (Hewett 6).
Responding to dialogue journals is time-consuming, which can be a challenge for online writing instructors who are already investing more time than for face-to-face classes. However, the investment builds strong rapport, which facilitates motivation, effort, achievement, satisfaction, and retention. The benefit of dialogue journals is what often encourages instructors to use them despite the increased workload, but Penzu may help make the work faster. When the student shares the entry, the instructor can both read it and respond to it in their email. The instructor is then also freed of the cumbersome interface and navigation of the course management system and can respond to students as easily as they can create entries, anywhere and on anything that allows email access. While this may potentially clog already overburdened email accounts, the instructor could create a dedicated email address for journaling or consider upgrading to the classroom version. Warnock suggests several methods for journaling online, but none (blogs, emails, Word documents, or message board threads) offer the agency, privacy, or accessibility of Penzu (103). Overall, this program should be tested in a classroom setting for broader use in dialogue journals in an OWI course.
Brabazon, Tara. Digital Hemlock: Internet Education and the Poisoning of Teaching. Kennington, NSW: University of New South Wales Press, 2002. Print.
Cook, Kelli Cargile. “An Argument for Pedagogy-Driven Education.” Online Education: Global Questions, Local Answers. Eds. Kelli Cargile Cook and Keith Grant-Davie. Farmingdale, NY: Baywood, 2005. 49-66. Print.
Danowski, Debbie. “Anyone? Anyone? Anyone? Leading Discussions in Cyberspace.” Role Play: Distance Learning and the Teaching of Writing. Eds. Jonathan Alexander and Marcia Dickson. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2006. 97-108. Print.
DePew, Kevin. “Chapter 14: Preparing Instructors and Students for the Rhetoricity of OWI Technologies.” unpublished manuscript from Foundational Practices of Online Writing Instruction. Eds. Beth Hewett and Kevin Eric DePew.
Hantula, Donald A. and Darleen M. Pawlowicz. “Chapter Six: Education Mirrors Industry: On the Not-So Surprising Rise of Internet Distance Education.” The Distance Education Evolution: Issues and Case Studies. Eds. Dominique Monolescu, Catherine Schifter, Linda Greenwood. Hershey, PA: Science Publishing, 2004. 142-162. Print.
Hewett, Beth. “Chapter 1: Foundational Principles that Ground OWI.” unpublished manuscript from Foundational Practices of Online Writing Instruction. Eds. Beth Hewett and Kevin Eric DePew. 1-48.
Warnock, Scott. Teaching Writing Online: How and Why. Urbana, IL: NCTE, 2009. Print.
Google Apps for Education is a suite of cloud-based applications provided free of charge to educational institutions for their students and faculty. Among the applications are Gmail (email), Docs (word processing), Drive (cloud-based storage), Site (web pages), Slides (presentations), Sheets (spreadsheets), and Calendar (Google, ca. 2014a). This review addresses the individual and collaborative composing affordances of Google Docs and the group sharing affordances of folders in Google Drive. While Google Docs and Google Drive are free-standing applications available to anyone with a Google account, this review focuses specifically on the tools as part of Google Apps for Education.
Google and campus IT departments collaborate to install Google Apps for Education to become students’ (and optionally, faculty’s) default email and file-sharing applications. The Google Apps for Education benefits page insists that, when installed, “Your data belongs to you” (Google, ca. 2014a.) Closer reading of the Google Apps for Education Agreement indicates that data are stored on Google servers that are not necessarily on U.S. territory, and that location of the storage facility itself is not determined by the campus IT department (Google, ca. 2014b). Campus decisions to implement Google Apps for Education are fraught with competing issues of price (free) and convenience (very) pitted against data access, location, and institutional control.
Campuses that elect to install Google Apps for Education make available the free suite of applications to their students. Email addresses are tied to the campus student information system (e.g. Banner or PeopleSoft) and used as Google Accounts to provide access to the applications. File sharing services that may originally have been handled by on-site servers (like a shared drive) transition to cloud-based Google Drive, with free accounts providing gigabytes of data storage per account.
As Google’s cloud-based word processor, Google Docs is deeply integrated into Google Drive; Google Docs is among native applications available in Google Drive when creating a new file (other applications include Presentation, Spreadsheet, Form, and Drawing; see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Native applications available in Google Drive. Screen capture of ODU Google Drive interface.
As a word processing application, Google Docs uses a relatively familiar interface that resembles locally-installed applications like Microsoft Word or Office.org. Familiar menu items and icons represent standard functions, and the on-screen layout represents the printable surface of the document, complete with margins and page borders (see Figure 2).
Figure 2: Google Docs interface resembles standard application interfaces. Screen capture of an untitled document in ODU Google Docs.
Google Docs’ print output features don’t match those of stand-alone applications like Microsoft Word. Such limitations are well documented (Jesdanun, 2013; Leonard, 2014); among them are limited header and footer formatting (important for academic assignments), limited table of contents, and limited pagination options. Since Google Docs is web-based, its functions are limited to standard or proprietary HTML affordances.
Beyond print output constraints, Google Docs is a capable, easy-to-use, free word processor. It affords standard functions like copy, cut, and paste, font styling, list numbering, tab defining, and much more. It functions as a drag-and-drop application: images, videos, and other media files are easily added to the Google Doc either by selecting a file or by dragging it into the document. Because its interface resembles most stand-alone application interfaces, newcomers to Google Docs can quickly start creating documents.
Google Docs excels in sharing and collaboration. Files are easily shared from within the document using the upper-right “Share” button (see Figure 2) with the public, with members of the institution, or with specific individuals using an email address. Since a free Google Account can be tied to any email address, anyone with an email address can access a Google Doc. Google Drive affords customized group and individual sharing and permissions at the folder and file levels, so entire folders of Google Docs (and other files within a folder) can both inherit parent folder permissions or have custom permissions set.
Sharing a Google Doc means that those given appropriate permissions may access and edit the file simultaneously. Simultaneous access and editing gives Google Docs a clear advantage over other word processors. Microsoft Word, for example, can share files and track changes, but only a single user may access the file at a given time. Google Docs tracks every change made by every user, and every change can be undone by rolling the file back to any previous state. The document is saved automatically after every change as long as stable internet access is available, so there is little concern about losing data as a result of unsaved changes.
Google Docs affords unlimited commentary on highlighted text passages, and comments can be threaded to at least one level in subsequent responses. Comments can also be marked as resolved, an action that clears the on-screen comment thread but saves the entire comment text for access as needed. Users can respond to comments asynchronously or in real time during a composing session. In addition, synchronous in-document chat is available, meaning users can “text” one another as they work together on a document. The combination of collaborative tools makes Google Docs and Google Drive a versatile tool that affords group composing activities in synchronous and asynchronous contexts.
As noted earlier, an institution’s decision to enter into an agreement to offer Google Apps for Education is fraught with questions of participant agency and data ownership. Even before a teacher makes decisions about using Google Docs for collaboration and composing, institutional administrators should recognize confluences that require cross-disciplinary and cross-departmental discourses involving IT departments, curriculum specialists, teachers, administrators, and students. All of these stakeholders in a distributed learning implementation should be encouraged to contribute to an ongoing conversation about best practices and lessons learned via implementation (Neff & Whithaus, 2008). And once the institution implements Google Apps for Education, the implications to students in the context of the class should be considered and communicated in the syllabus.
Google is a for-profit multinational corporation whose ultimate goal is to generate profits for its stockholders. Entering into a business relationship with Google has costs that may not appear in institutional accounting spreadsheets, but will emerge in terms of power relationships between Google and the institution regarding data ownership, location, and access. More directly, as DePew and Lettner-Rust (2009) point out, asking students to use any technology inherently “shapes the power relationship between instructors and students[;] interfaces cannot be perceived as neutral or innocent” (p. 175). The goal of the decision to bind one’s institution to Google for its services and one’s students to Google Docs for its affordances should be one and the same: to empower end-users to make pedagogy-driven decisions about course content that are complemented by affordances of the technology tool (Hewett, forthcoming; Cook, 2005; Hantula & Pawlowicz, 2004).
The decision to use Google Docs in the classroom should support the learning outcomes of the course. For online writing teachers, those outcomes include creating communities of inquiry that integrate cognitive, social, and teaching presence (Garrison & Vaughan, 2007); providing low-stakes student-centered composing opportunities and engaging student and instructor feedback (Warnock, 2009); reinforcing “critical and liberatory pedagogies” (Reilly & Williams, 2006, p. 59); and teaching and exemplifying meta cognitive reflection on the technologies themselves as applied rhetoric (DePew, forthcoming). Google Docs and Google Drive, as applications in Google Apps for Education, support these outcomes.
Sharing folders and files supports the creation of a composing community focused on a common subject or object of inquiry. The teacher can create the shared environment using shared folders and a scaffolded writing assignment that requires file sharing among groups and associated feedback written work.
The comments feature in Google Docs affords rich commentary and meta-commentary from students and teachers alike throughout the composing process, from low-stakes feedback in invention, drafting, peer review, and revision, to formal assessment from the instructor. Comments afford multi-way conversations that empower students to respond to peer and teacher feedback.
Teachers can use Google Docs to reflect on the affordances and constraints of the technologies. By using the very technology they are assigned to critique, rich conversations about power politics, accessibility, availability, and other critical approaches can emerge and be facilitated by a trained, engaged teacher. More directly, Google Docs, like any other ICT in OWI, is both an object of critical analysis and a functional technology. As such, it affords opportunities to encourage students and teachers alike to practice applied rhetoric. And with the backing of the corporate behemoth that is Google, Google Docs provides a remarkably rich object of critical analysis and represents DePew’s (forthcoming) “pivot point where function and rhetoric merge” (n.p.).
As a result, I recommend that teachers in both OWI and f2f environments consider incorporating Google Docs in their classes as a free and capable word processor and a highly collaborative, student-focused composing tool that functions as both medium for collaboration and assessment and object of rhetorical study.
Garrison, D. R., & Vaughan, N. D. (2007). Blended learning in higher education: Framework, principles, and guidelines, (3-30). San Fransisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Hantula, D. A., & Pawlowicz, D. M. (2004). Education mirrors industry: On the not-so surprising rise of internet distance learning. In D. Monolescu, C. Schifter, & L. Greenwood (eds.), The distance education evolution: Issues and case studies (142-162). Hershey, PA: Information Science Pub.
Neff, J. M., & Whithaus, C. (2008). Writing across distances & disciplines: Research and pedagogy in distributed learning. New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Warnock, S. (2009). Teaching writing online: How & why. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
In this article, Gillam and Wooden utilize ecological theory to describe the way in which writing courses should operate as learning communities as interconnected and collaborative. The central problem with online writing courses is that the current tendency in online writing pedagogy is to plan courses in a way that emphasizes the cognitive-process model, valuing the writer as a solitary individual who works alone, while more recent scholarship and best practices in composition studies place more emphasis on collaboration in a community of inquiry. One problem with online education is that the way in which course set-up tends to value and privilege strong writing and communication skills, the very skills that students should be developing in the course. Referring to Garrison and Vaughan, Gillam and Wooden explain that online courses encourage both personal but also purposeful relationships. They issue a call to action to their readers: bring the personal back into the class through collaborative group projects that make community a “content-oriented” goal of the course benefitting from the interconnectedness and collaborative nature of these activities. Gillam and Wooden advocate an online course that incorporates the principles of distribution (that learning is situated and negotiated between a variety of sources), emergence (the adaption and coordination in the process of creating knowledge), embodiment (through recognition that student embodiment impacts the process of learning and writing even in online classes), and enaction (the final product). In order to satisfy these principles, Gillam and Shannon describe an online course containing scaffolded assignments beginning with group negotiation of a topic of exploration, data collection via a group constructed survey (the design of which requires emergence and enaction), multimodal presentation of findings, a collaborative annotated bibliography, and an individual final project (a problem/solution paper accompanied by a reflection paragraph). The assignment helps students understand writing as ecological, writing for a community, and writing for a purpose instead of presenting writing as a solitary act done by an independent writer (35).
While I am focused on hybrid course design, I felt that this article was beneficial for me to examine because of the focus on writing as enaction of the ecological. The notion that writing is the result of engagement in an ecology makes community-building in the writing course seems not only desirable but necessary. The writing that students do in their future careers will be ecological in nature-steeped as it will be in the conventions and purposes of specific discourse communities-so one could argue that writing instructors have an impetus to teach writing as ecological enactment. Another reason that I found this article very useful is that I was drawn to Garrison and Vaughan’s notion of “communities of inquiry” and part of the aim of my project will be to build such as community. After reading Garrison and Vaughan I still wasn’t quite certain how one might facilitate the building of such communities. Gillam and Wooden put the notion of “community of inquiry” into action in the course design that they discuss in this article.
Mandernach, Jean B., Amber Dailey-Herbert, and Emily Donnelli-Sallee. “Frequency and Time Investment of Instructors’ Participation in Threaded Discussions in the Online Classroom.” Journal of Interactive Online Learning 6.1 (2007). 1-9. Google Scholar. Web. 9 Jun. 2014.
The authors of this study acknowledge the significant investment of time initially required to prepare a course for online delivery; however, they are interested in the time demands on faculty in facilitating an established online course. This study aims to establish some “empirical information to guide the frequency and nature” of faculty involvement in asynchronous discussions; evidence-supported information the authors note as underrepresented in the literature (2). They argue that with students’ increased expectations for instructor availability, greater quantitative data about the investment of time is needed. This quantitative study evaluated a random sample of ten undergraduate courses that students rated as highly effective in promoting understanding of course material. The authors analyzed the course management archives for each course. The results indicate that faculty time spent facilitating discussions is highly variable: each week faculty responses ranged from 0-22 posts, their time logged in ranged from 22-450 minutes, and they logged in on 4-6.8 days. The authors conclude that facilitating discussions in “online courses may not take any more time than facilitating discussion in face-to-face courses, but that “the time investment is distributed differently throughout the week” with greater time spent working on the weekends being “one of the biggest shifts in online faculty workloads” (6). The authors caution that the study is limited in that it does not measure other means of facilitation that cumulatively require greater time demands. I find this study helpful in that it begins to measure the amount of time needed to complete the various functions of the online instructor. Anecdotally, teachers in online courses report that they are making a significant investment of time, but studies like this can provide the kind of administratively valued quantitative data needed when arguing for limiting online class size or reduction of teaching loads. As courses are encouraged to be moved online, considerations must be made for the workload inequity between online and face-to-face courses. The collation of previous studies of the increased demands on time and the value of discussion threads in the literature review are especially useful for building an evidence-based case for reasonable online faculty course loads and class sizes and for the pedagogical value of incorporating discussion when designing courses. I think that although the authors are not willing to suggest guidelines based on this study, it is useful as a starting point for new instructors wondering how much time to spend responding to students. The mean time spent in discussion boards was 187 minutes per week over a mean of five days each week. I think this is valuable because the students reported that these courses were highly effective, and with this in mind, instructors can remind themselves that daily, extensive involvement in discussion boards is not necessary: a little more than three hours over five days can be enough. This is obviously not the only responsibility of the online instructor, and more time will be spent in other ways, but it can help to find at least one boundary.
Higher Colleges of Technology Google+ profile image. From the HCT Google+ page.
This article reports early results of a higher education iPad® initiative implemented in a pre-Bachelor’s Foundation English Language Learning (ELL) program designed to prepare students for instruction delivered in English at 17 campuses of the Higher College of Technology in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The objective of the study was to “identify faculty perceptions about the effectiveness of early implementation of the iPad, specifically as it related to enhancing the student-centered learning experience” (p. 46). The purpose of the federally-funded iPad initiative was to advance “active learning methods” in face-to-face classes in order to “provide students with the skills and experiences needed in flexible work environments” (p. 46).
Faculty were trained in iPad implementation by Apple World Education leaders. The training and implementation program sought to “build excitement about the iPad implementation and camaraderie among the federal universities” using faculty champions and a teaching and learning conference focused on “ways to implement the iPad and engage students in active learning” (p. 46). Faculty spent the summer prior to fall implementation “playing” with the iPads to explore ways to engage with students. iPad 3 devices were provided free of charge to every student in each class with a combination of pre-installed free and paid apps.
Using a combination of faculty case studies, faculty self-reporting survey results, and feedback from initial faculty champions, researchers organized and reported findings using a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) framework. In each of the three areas (case study, survey, and feedback), researchers noted that “weaknesses and limitations were much lower in frequency and magnitude than expected for a first-of-its kind program” (p. 56). Faculty responded positively to the technology, pedagogy, and content in the first month of implementation. They reported that campus administrators and technologists “actively supported” their implementation efforts and that “the most frequent uses of iPads were for student-centered and interactive applications” (p. 56). They close the study with this endorsement: for institutions considering requiring incoming freshmen to use iPads, their results “indicate a favorable environment for success” (p. 56).
The UAE government’s willingness to launch and fund a large-scale technology initiative is laudable, likely made possible by the UAE’s size. The state launched the initiative with extensive faculty training and engagement, a model grounded in theory and apparently effective, at least through the early stages of the initiative.
Missing from the study was a focus on specific active learning methods implemented in classrooms. While the objective of the study focused on faculty perceptions, the goal of the iPad initiative to increase active-learning activities in the classroom begs examples and case studies of successful activities that met those goals. As a result, I recommend the study to administrators and grant funders seeking faculty buy-in for large-scale mobile device initiatives, not to teachers seeking examples of effective active learning activities.
Essay in Inside Higher Education by Mary Flanagan, distinguished professor of digital humanities at Dartmouth College and a fellow of The OpEd Project.
We need a culture change to manage our use of technology, to connect when we want to and not because we psychologically depend on it. Enough is enough. We need strategies for unplugging when appropriate to create a culture of listening and of dialogue. Otherwise, $20,000 to $60,000 a year is a hefty entrance fee to an arcade.
While this conclusion resonates with me, as a technophile and college composition teacher I’d like a more nuanced approach to the encroachment of technology on the classroom environment. Sometimes students don’t recognize their reliance on the technology to alleviate boredom, to stay connected and “in the know,” or simply to distract themselves.
I assigned an in-class collaborative writing activity in a networked computer classroom with a student population of working professionals. We used a shared Google Doc as our creative canvas, but I encouraged students in the written and oral instructions to use all affordances offered by the classroom.
The result was absolute silence, less the tapping of keyboard keys.
Rather than using the immediately-available affordance of face-to-face collaboration, students remained entirely engrossed in their technology-mediated collaborative space. I ended up reminding them that the classroom offered additional collaborative opportunities and tools, which prompted several of them to say a metaphorical Homer Simpson “Doh!” when they realized they could have simply talked to one another about the assignment.
While this reinforces Flanagan’s conclusion that students need to unplug from their technologies and they need to understand how and when to unplug, I think students probably also need to understand and recognize their reliance on technology as an issue. This kind of education — that eliminates the need to whisper in a student’s ear that his or her technology use is inappropriate in that context — is an important part of our responsibility as technophiles in the classroom.
Arms, Valarie M. “Hybrids, Multi-Modalities and Engaged Learners: A Composition Program for the Twenty-First Century.” Rocky Mountain Review 2 (2012): 219. Project MUSE. Web. 28 May 2014.
1. Use sound research, such as that into the connection between technology and students’ improving communication skills, as a foundation.
2. Information technology specialists can be helpful in finding innovative ways to use technology.
3. Pilot program teachers should be allowed and encouraged to take risks and share their successes and problems they faced.
4. Courses should use rubrics based on course learning outcomes, particularly for multimodal projects.
5. Allow student to be “agents of change” and take ownership through inclusion in program assessments.
6. Used mixed methods to evaluate the new pedagogies.
7. Submit proposals to administration at every level to solicit support and potentially grant money.
8. Once the pilot is concluded, disseminate the results to a broad community for feedback.
She concludes by arguing that the program encouraged students and teachers to be creative, innovative, and motivated, and that it served as a reminder that “learning does not stop at the doorway to a classroom” (209).
This particular article differs a great deal from previous articles I examined because the program is based on the idea that an entire generation of students (digital natives) are very proficient in the use of technology. While that may be the case with some students, certainly issues of access and skill result in an uneven distribution of technological skill and know-how that Arms does not really acknowledge. In contrast, Stine acknowledged these barriers while also arguing strongly for hybrid education. While Arms’ suggestions are helpful to someone developing such a program, those opposed to the idea of online education could easily argue that Arms is too optimistic about students’ technological skills and that issues developmental students face in particular are being ignored. The article would likely be of interest to those wanting to find innovative ways to approach WAC/WID. Also, the article was valuable to my own project, as it is helpful to see a detailed case study, rationale, and an explanation of how the results might be communicated to colleagues. | 2019-04-19T15:07:44Z | http://engl894s14.courses.digitalodu.com/?m=201406 |
Fox Racing Flight Men’s V3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Orange / Medium - Comfort, dri lex comfort liner. While fox racing offers its complete line of motocross pants, body armor, gloves, boots, and apparels through independent motorcycle accessory dealers worldwide, the company also offers a full line of sportswear, including shorts, t-shirts, fleece, hats, jeans, sweaters, sweatshirts and body armor to the public through finer motocross, bike, and sportswear retailers worldwide. Venting, 11 intake and 4 exhaust vents for optimum airflow. Meticulous thought and attention to detail went into the fit and finish of the fox v3 motocross helmet, making it the helmet by which all others are judged. The fox v3 is the motocross helmet, with the most races in the ama mx history and thus a motocross helmet for true winners. Fox racing is a leading manufacturer of sportswear and off-road gear offering high quality t-shirts, tee, tanks and tops for men and women. The combination of the brain’s own protection and mips ensures maximum protection-simple and effective. The most technically advanced materials are used in the construction of the fox v3 motocross helmet including the new mips (muti-directional impact protection sysytem).
Fox Racing Race Men’s V2 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Blue/Yellow / Large - 05 and dot certifications. The new 2016 fox v2 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new 2016 fox v2 race helmet. Exceeds ece 22.
Fox Racing Camo Men’s V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Green Camo / X-Small - Exceeds ece 22. 05 and dot certifications. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new 2016 fox v1 camo helmet. Perfect fit is the essential ingredient in helmet performance. Fox v1 camo mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Unlike most helmets, the v1 is manufactured using unique shell and eps dimensions scaled to fit every size.
NENKI Helmets NK-310 Full Face Motocross & Motorcycle Helmets Dot Approved With Iridium Red Visor Attached Clear Visor (XL, Matt Black & Red) - With high quality iridium red visor and attached clear visor. Dot approvedmeets and exceeds dot requirements. Light weight and comfortable interior with removable liner and cheek pads. Dual sport helmet allows for street and off-road use.
Fox Racing Libra Adult V3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Orange/Blue / Medium - Designed in california, the fox v3 helmet is built to exceed ece 22. O. Features include soft density eps liner cap, dri lex® comfort liner, multi-composite shell construction technology, 3 shell and 4 eps sizes for a precise fit, 14 intake and 4 exhaust vents, firm density outer eps liner and soft density inner eps liner. T certifications. Trusted and worn by more supercross champions in the past two decades than any other brand. 05 and d.
Troy Lee Designs Factory Adult SE4 Carbon Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Flo Yellow / Large - Plastic visor screws and brass inserts for easy impact break-away. Anatomical -3d contoured cheek pads with emergency release system for ems responders. Exceeds certifications for snell m2015, dot fmvss 218, ece 22. Includes 2 visors se4 plush helmet bag. This featherweight helmet comes in at only 1325 grams, creating the lightest helmet tld has ever produced. Superlight titanium d-rings, save weight & have increased material tensile strength. 21 intake / exhaust ports channel air to cool the head and draw hot air away. Three separate eps inserts with varying low & high speed impact-specific densities 3 shell sizes to more accurately fit a variety of head sizes & rider ages. Removable snap-in, washable comfort liner with cool max & dri-lex moisture wicking materials. 05 & as/nzs 1698. Technologically advanced carbon/kevlar composite shell construction.
GMAX GM11 D/S Solid Men’s Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black / Large - 2015 model. Light weight, thermo-plastic, poly alloy shell adult size large weighs only 29lbs youth helmet weighs in at just 22lbs. 4 total shell sizes 3 adult and 1 youth keeps the weight down and gives a proportional, balanced fit for all riders. Industry leading 19 vents maximum air flow is achieved through shell/styro and comfort liner vents. Dot approved.
Fox Racing 2017 Race Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Red / Small - The new fox youth v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Exceeds ece and dot certifications. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox youth v1 race helmet.
AMZ Off Road Motocross Motorcycle Helmets for Kids(Spider Black,Medium)[DOT] ATVs/UTV/Dirt-Bike/Go-cart/Adventure - Dot fmvss n218 approved. Advanced chimei polylac@-709 abs shell. Atv/utv/dirt bike/adventure. High density & aero-tuned eps foam liner.
Fox Racing Race Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black / Small - The new fox v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Exceeds ece 22. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox v1 race helmet. 05 and dot certifications.
Fox Racing Divizion Youth V3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Blue/Green / Large - Fox v3 divizion mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Exceeds ece22. 05 and dot certifications. Perfect fit is the essential ingredient in helmet performance. Unlike most helmets, the v3 is manufactured using unique shell and eps diyouthions scaled to fit every size. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new 2016 fox v3 divizion helmet.
Fox Racing Grav Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Pink / Medium - Exceeds ece and dot certifications. The new fox youth v1 grav mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox youth v1 grav helmet.
Troy Lee Designs Vengeance Adult Air Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Orange / Medium - Snell / dot model 1400-1500 grams. Super soft helmet sock included. Open cell foam and 3-layer mesh provides excellent airflow and comfort. Stainless steel chin strap hardware for superior strength. Removable, replaceable and washable comfort liner features moisture wicking coolmax material. Removable mouthpiece for color customization or damage replacement. Vortex visor features single point adjustability for custom height placement even with gloves on. New and improved eps liner form to adapt to a wider range of head shapes. Removable cheek pads with various sizes available to custom fit different head shapes. Plastic visor screws and brass inserts for easy impact break-away.
Fox Racing Moth LE Adult V3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Red/Black / Medium - Limited editionif a helmet were the sum of its accolades, the v3 would rein supreme. We obsess over each detail because it’s the only way to excel. 14 intake and four exhaust vents blast fresh air through the helmet and allow hot air to escape resulting in a cooler interior. The multiple sizes ensure the helmet fits securely without being overly tight or uncomfortable. 05 and dot certifications- matching gear set available- matte/gloss finish. The v3 helmet is engineered for champions. With a luxury interior, the v3 helmet is exceptionally comfortable. The dri-lex comfort liner feels luxuriously smooth against your skin and rapidly wicks sweat to keep moisture at bay. Born in california, the v3 motocross helmet has been trusted and worn by more supercross champions in the past two decades than any other brand. Technical details- limited edition racewear- comfort, dri lex comfort liner- venting, 14 intake and 4 exhaust vents for optimum airflow- certification, exceeds ece22. Each component was meticulously selected to achieve the high-level of performance demanded by top athletes competing on the world’s biggest stages. The fox v3 helmet has been proven by champions, across continents, and at your local track. We don’t do it this way because it’s easy. For a precise fit, the v3 helmet is engineered with three shell and 4 eps dimensions. The v3 le elevates this high-performance pedigree with limited edition graphics.
Fox Racing Race Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Yellow / Medium - If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox youth v1 race helmet. Exceeds ece and dot certifications. The new fox youth v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox.
Fox Racing Vandal Men’s V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Pink / 2X-Large - Injection molded polycarbonate shell3 shell sizes and 4 eps sizes for a precise fit9 intake and 4 exhaust vents for optimum airflowexceeds snell 2010 and dot certifications2015 model. Fox racing is a leading manufacturer of sportswear and off-road gear offering high quality t-shirts, tee, tanks and tops for men and women. While fox racing offers its complete line of motocross pants, body armor, gloves, boots, and apparels through independent motorcycle accessory dealers worldwide, the company also offers a full line of sportswear, including shorts, t-shirts, fleece, hats, jeans, sweaters, sweatshirts and body armor to the public through finer motocross, bike, and sportswear retailers worldwide.
Fox Racing Divizion Youth V3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Red / Large - Unlike most helmets, the v3 is manufactured using unique shell and eps diyouthions scaled to fit every size. Perfect fit is the essential ingredient in helmet performance. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new 2016 fox v3 divizion helmet. Fox v3 divizion mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Exceeds ece22. 05 and dot certifications.
Fox Racing Race Men’s V2 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Red / 2X-Large - While fox racing offers its complete line of motocross pants, body armor, gloves, boots, and apparels through independent motorcycle accessory dealers worldwide, the company also offers a full line of sportswear, including shorts, t-shirts, fleece, hats, jeans, sweaters, sweatshirts and body armor to the public through finer motocross, bike, and sportswear retailers worldwide. Fox racing is a leading manufacturer of sportswear and off-road gear offering high quality t-shirts, tee, tanks and tops for men and women.
Fox Racing Iron Man Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Red / Small - The youth v1 removes all distractions with features like an advanced cooling system, comfort inner-liner and comprehensive protection for the most critical moments. The graphics on the youth v1 ironman were hand drawn to get the right look using a black “inked” drawing style that you find in comic artwork. No, this helmet won’t grant you enhanced strength or access to an advanced weapons system, but it does help you rip on your bike, and that’s the closest you can feel to flying. Technical details- limited quantities produced- certificate of authenticity included with helmet- injection molded polycarbonate construction- 3 shell and 4 eps sizes for a precise fit- 9 intake and 4 exhaust vents for optimum airflow- moisture wicking polyester inner liner- exceeds ece and dot certifications- 1280g +/- 50g for all sizes. Exceeding both ece and dot certifications, the helmet provides reliable protection for the most critical moments. This gives the helmets an unconventional style and a look that seems to pop right off the pages of comic book. The v1 youth marvel helmets are no exception, providing high performance at an attainable level for all riders. Fox motocross helmets are designed to exceed the demands of the world’s top athletes and enthusiasts around the world. In this state of flow, you can perform at almost superhuman levels. An advanced cooling system is powered by 9 intakes and 4 exhaust vents for massive airflow. Suit up and join the avengers with your very own iron man helmet. The helmet utilizes a comfort liner to rapidly wick sweat from the skin, keeping you dry in the hottest conditions.
Fox Racing 2016 Race Men’s V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Pink / Medium - Exceeds ece 22. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox v1 race helmet. 05 and dot certifications. The new fox v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox.
Troy Lee Designs Composite Mcqueen Adult SE4 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Blue/Orange / Medium - Three shell sizes to more accurately fit a variety of head sizes and rider ages, improving overall safety anatomical –3d” contoured cheek pads with emergency release system for ems responders plastic visor screws and brass inserts for easy impact break-away 1425 grams. This helmet comes with 20 intake ports to channel cool air around and over a rider’s head, forcing hot sweaty air out through six rear exhaust ports. Features mips protection system, reduces rotational forces epp (expanded polypropylene) chin bar for lightweight, durable protection 20 intake ports to channel cool air around and over a rider’s head, forcing hot sweaty air out through siz rear exhaust ports. This featherweight helmet comes in at only 1425 grams.
Fox Racing 2017 Race Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Pink / Medium - The new fox youth v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox youth v1 race helmet. Exceeds ece and dot certifications.
Fox Racing Race Men’s V2 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Red / Large - Fit, 3 shell and 4 eps sizes for a precise fit. Venting, 10 intake and 4 exhaust vents for optimum airflow. 05. Certification, exceeds european certification ece 22. Protection, dual density eps liner. Shell, fiberglass shell construction.
Leatt DBX 5.0 V12 Adult Off-Road/Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Orange/White / Large - Dbx 5. 0 v012 helmet features include quattro force control with carbon or composite matrix shell (3 sizes), 3d in-molded multi-density v-foam, 360° turbine, optimized leatt®neck braces integration with 360° helmet and neck brace match, optimized weight. Very light with premium safety |11 large ventports for maximum ventilation | hydration ready. Optional internal hands-free kit available.
Troy Lee Designs Neptune Adult SE3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Cyan / Small - These se3 helmets are built with purpose for total head protection. Se3 helmets from troy lee designs can give you what you need a high level of fit and finish, coupled with comfort and style.
Troy Lee Designs Factory Boys SE4 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – White/Large - This helmet comes with 16 intake ports to channel cool air around and over a rider’s head, forcing hot sweaty air out through six rear exhaust ports. Features mips protection system, reduces rotational forces to the head epp (expanded polypropylene) chin bar for lightweight, durable protection anatomical –3d contoured cheek pads with emergency release system for ems responders plastic visor screws and brass inserts for easy impact break-away. This featherweight helmet comes in at only 1425 grams.
Fox Racing Race Men’s V2 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Red / X-Large - While fox racing offers its complete line of motocross pants, body armor, gloves, boots, and apparels through independent motorcycle accessory dealers worldwide, the company also offers a full line of sportswear, including shorts, t-shirts, fleece, hats, jeans, sweaters, sweatshirts and body armor to the public through finer motocross, bike, and sportswear retailers worldwide. Fox racing is a leading manufacturer of sportswear and off-road gear offering high quality t-shirts, tee, tanks and tops for men and women.
Shoei Sleek Visor VFX-W Motocross Motorcycle Helmet Accessories – Color: Matte Black - 2017 model. 9 intake and 4 exhaust vents for optimum airflow. Injection molded abs shell construction. Shoei sleek visor vfx-w motocross helmet accessories. Exceeds ece and dot certifications.
Fox Racing Union SE Adult V2 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – White/Black/Green / 2X-Large - If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox v2 union helmet. Technical details- fiberglass shell construction- 3 shell and 4 eps sizes for a precise fit- dual density eps protection liner- 10 intake and 4 exhaust vents- exceeds ece 22. 05 and dot certifications. The new fox v2 union mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox.
Fox Racing Race Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Orange / Large - Exceeds ece and dot certifications. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox youth v1 race helmet. The new fox youth v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox.
GMAX GM11 D/S Solid Men’s Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Flat Black / Medium - 2015 model. Dot approved. Industry leading 19 vents maximum air flow is achieved through shell/styro and comfort liner vents. 4 total shell sizes 3 adult and 1 youth keeps the weight down and gives a proportional, balanced fit for all riders. Light weight, thermo-plastic, poly alloy shell adult size large weighs only 29lbs youth helmet weighs in at just 22lbs.
Fox Racing 2016 Race Men’s V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Orange/Blue / X-Small - The new fox v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. 05 and dot certifications. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox v1 race helmet. Exceeds ece 22.
Fox Racing 2017 Race Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black / Large - Exceeds ece and dot certifications. The new fox youth v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox youth v1 race helmet.
Fox Racing Vicious Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Blue/White / Small - Exceeds ece 22. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new 2016 fox v1 vicious helmet. 05 and dot certifications. Perfect fit is the essential ingredient in helmet performance. Fox v1 vicious mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Unlike most helmets, the v1 is manufactured using unique shell and eps diyouthions scaled to fit every size.
Fox Racing Race Men’s V2 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black / Medium - Fox racing is a leading manufacturer of sportswear and off-road gear offering high quality t-shirts, tee, tanks and tops for men and women. While fox racing offers its complete line of motocross pants, body armor, gloves, boots, and apparels through independent motorcycle accessory dealers worldwide, the company also offers a full line of sportswear, including shorts, t-shirts, fleece, hats, jeans, sweaters, sweatshirts and body armor to the public through finer motocross, bike, and sportswear retailers worldwide.
GMAX GM46.2 Superstar Youth Boys Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Orange / Large - 2015 model. Dot approved. Industry leading 19 vents maximum air flow is achieved through shell/styro and comfort liner vents. Light weight, thermo-plastic, poly alloy shell adult size large weighs only 29lbs youth helmet weighs in at just 22lbs. 4 total shell sizes 3 adult and 1 youth keeps the weight down and gives a proportional, balanced fit for all riders.
Shoei Cross Visor Screw Set VFX-DT Motocross Motorcycle Helmet Accessories – Color: Clear - Eps protection liner. Injection molded abs shell construction. 9 intake and 4 exhaust vents for optimum airflow. 2017 model. Exceeds ece and dot certifications.
Fox Racing Divizion Youth V3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Aqua / Large - 05 and dot certifications. Exceeds ece22. Fox v3 divizion mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Unlike most helmets, the v3 is manufactured using unique shell and eps diyouthions scaled to fit every size. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new 2016 fox v3 divizion helmet. Perfect fit is the essential ingredient in helmet performance.
Fox Racing Grav Adult V3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Yellow / Large - Trusted and worn by more supercross champions in the past two decades than any other brand. O. Designed in california, the fox v3 helmet is built to exceed ece 22. 05 and d. Features include soft density eps liner cap, dri lex® comfort liner, multi-composite shell construction technology, 3 shell and 4 eps sizes for a precise fit, 14 intake and 4 exhaust vents, firm density outer eps liner and soft density inner eps liner. T certifications.
Fox Racing Seca Adult V3 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Red / Large - O. T certifications. 05 and d. Trusted and worn by more supercross champions in the past two decades than any other brand. Features include soft density eps liner cap, dri lex® comfort liner, multi-composite shell construction technology, 3 shell and 4 eps sizes for a precise fit, 14 intake and 4 exhaust vents, firm density outer eps liner and soft density inner eps liner. Designed in california, the fox v3 helmet is built to exceed ece 22.
Fox Racing Grav Adult V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Pink / Small - If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox v1 grav helmet. The new fox v1 grav mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Exceeds ece 22. 05 and dot certifications.
GMAX GM46.2 Superstar Youth Boys Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Yellow / Small - Industry leading 19 vents maximum air flow is achieved through shell/styro and comfort liner vents. 4 total shell sizes 3 adult and 1 youth keeps the weight down and gives a proportional, balanced fit for all riders. 2015 model. Light weight, thermo-plastic, poly alloy shell adult size large weighs only 29lbs youth helmet weighs in at just 22lbs. Dot approved.
Fox Racing Libra Men’s V4 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Yellow / Large - The new 2016 fox v4 libra mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new 2016 fox v4 libra helmet. 05 and dot certifications. Exceeds ece 22.
Troy Lee Designs Factory Boys SE4 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Blue / Large - This helmet comes with 16 intake ports to channel cool air around and over a rider’s head, forcing hot sweaty air out through six rear exhaust ports. This featherweight helmet comes in at only 1425 grams. Features mips protection system, reduces rotational forces to the head epp (expanded polypropylene) chin bar for lightweight, durable protection anatomical –3d contoured cheek pads with emergency release system for ems responders plastic visor screws and brass inserts for easy impact break-away.
Fox Racing C3PO LE Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Gold / Large - Inspired by one of the most iconic characters in the universe, the youth v1 limited edition helmet honors luke skywalker’s essential companion. This is the droid you’re looking for. Technical details- limited quantities produced- official star wars- certificate of authenticity included with helmet- injection molded polycarbonate construction- 3 shell and 4 eps sizes for a precise fit- 9 intake and 4 exhaust vents for optimum airflow- moisture wicking polyester inner liner- exceeds ece and dot certifications- 1280g +/- 50g for all sizes.
GMAX GM46.2 Superstar Youth Boys Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Black/Red / Medium - 2015 model. Light weight, thermo-plastic, poly alloy shell adult size large weighs only 29lbs youth helmet weighs in at just 22lbs. Industry leading 19 vents maximum air flow is achieved through shell/styro and comfort liner vents. 4 total shell sizes 3 adult and 1 youth keeps the weight down and gives a proportional, balanced fit for all riders. Dot approved.
Fox Racing 2017 Race Adult V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Pink / Medium - The new fox v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. 05 and dot certifications. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox v1 race helmet. Exceeds ece 22.
Fox Racing 2016 Race Men’s V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Pink / Small - 05 and dot certifications. The new fox v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. Exceeds ece 22. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox v1 race helmet.
Fox Racing Race Youth V1 Motocross Motorcycle Helmet – Yellow / Small - The new fox youth v1 race mx helmets have arrived giving you all the safety and protection with style that you would expect from fox. If you are hitting the tracks hard this season make sure you’re wearing a new fox youth v1 race helmet. Exceeds ece and dot certifications. | 2019-04-23T03:00:46Z | https://www.bestmotorcyclebits.com/best-motocross-motorcycle-helmet-out-of-top-49/ |
We have a range of fixtures suitable for use in performance, whether live music or dramatic, which also works well for adding interest to a presentation, product launch, award ceremony or fashion show. Fixtures are either static or intelligently controllable, (although a working knowledge of DMX will be required to get the best from these). If this seems too complicated but you still want a stunning lightshow for your concert or production, please contact us as we can provide a full concert or stage lighting service.
This package is suitable for a small band, stage production or presentation on a medium sized stage. Supplied as two easy to erect tripod based bars, each contains 4 spots of 7 x 3W trileds which can create a huge range of colours. Basic changes of colour, sound to light activation or stage blackout is possible via the band members on stage using the supplied foot controller. Full control of the individual heads, colour mixing, fading, dimming and chase programming is possible if connected to a DMX controller. Requires 1 x 13 amp socket.
Simple 3 channel DMX Controller allowing you to colour mix and fade all heads simultaneously in the same colour.
Slightly more sophisticated 4 channel controller, allowing RGBW/A mixing and also multiple fixtures, so you can control each lighting stand separately.
Full DMX controller enabling access to the features of each head individually.
Similar to the package above it is suitable for lighting a small band, choir, stage production or presentation on a medium sized stage. This however includes the current state of art COB LED lights which are brighter (by about 40%) and create even smoother and richer colours in a wider colour gamut. Supplied as two easy to erect tripod based bars, each contains 4 spots of 30W capable of a virtually limitless colour palette. Basic changes of colour, sound to light activation or stage blackout is possible via the band members on stage using the supplied foot controller or via the supplied wireless infra-red remote. Full control of the individual heads, colour mixing, fading, dimming and chase programming is possible if connected to a DMX controller (requires DMX knowledge). Requires 1 x 13 amp socket.
This package contains four 108watt RGBW moving head beam/wash fixtures on two heavy duty wind-up stands. These produce very bright beams, suitable for a medium sized stage and can be controlled and programmed using the included DMX controller. This does, however, require a degree of DMX knowledge to be able to get the most from these exciting lights. Requires 1 x 13 amp socket.
Wireless UC3 Controller and two receivers allowing you significantly less overall control of the fixtures but access to the inbuilt programming, but without the need for long runs of DMX control cable.
This is a small low-profile fixture using 3 x 5w Quad 4-in-1 LEDs allowing for excellent RGBA colour mixing, particularly able to create convincing yellow and orange colours, whilst remaining surprisingly bright. Ideal for use as a truss warmer or in situations where space is at a premium.
Excellent light output and great RGB colour mixing, make the Flat Par Tri 7 an ideal stage parcan. These lights sport 7 x 3 watt tri LEDS, which when used in multiples are capable of illuminating small to medium stages. They can be controlled by an optional remote but also have full DMX capabilities.
A versatile and very bright LED par fixture with a 30° beam angle and 12 x 12w Hex LEDs allowing you to select a very wide range of colours including pastels, ambers, warm and cool whites and high impact UV, making it a perfect stage wash light for medium to larger stages or uplighting very large areas. It is fully controllable via DMX or an optional remote if required. Flicker free so ideal for TV and film production and has 5 selectable inbuilt theatrical dimmer curves.
A versatile LED Linear fixture with 12 x 10-Watt , 6-in-1 HEX LEDs creating a 40-degree beam angle, it produces wide washes with smooth colour mixing from 63 built-in colour macros utilizing red, green, blue, amber, white and UV LEDs. Great for lighting stages and dance floors, as well as lighting Cycs and backdrops. It’s features include: 5 DMX modes (6, 7, 8, 12, & 36 channel), 6 operational modes, 5 dimming curves, flicker free operation and magnetic “Quick Align” end locking allows for a seamless output of light with no breaks of colour.
This excellent fixture employs a 150W COB CREE LED RGB source, combined with a special parabolic reflector built in aluminium which develops an extremely bright and homogeneous 60° output, with a perfect colour mixing even in short-range applications. Developed for professional venues by offering an excellent smooth dimming curve, even at the lower end which is so often problematic in LED fixtures, and is flicker free for video use. Perfect for theatrical performances, presentations or conferences.
This is the Warm White version of the above, but featuring a 100W COB CREE LED with 3200K° colour temperature. Otherwise it features the same excellent professional facilities and is totally suitable for lighting stages and sets in a natural light.
A compact, robust and easy to use general purpose stage lighting fixture ideal for small stages, schools, presentations and display lighting applications. These fresnels provide a superb soft light output and benefit from temperature controlled fan cooling for whisper quiet operation. The 4 push button display allows users to select DMX and manual dimming modes along with dimming curves allowing operation without a dimmer pack. Ideal for temporary set up on in venues where power draw from conventionally lamped units is an issue. Supplied with barn doors and gel frame.
A powerful 150W quad-colour COB LED (RGBW) allows this Cyclorama wash the ability to deliver rich, even tones across large areas, ideal for lighting stage or studio backdrops, whilst ensuring perfect colour mixing without any multi-coloured shadows. Via DMX or in standalone mode, it offers RGBW colour mixing, LEE compatible colours, 32 colour macros and a linear variable white colour temperature preset (7200K-3200K). For even more flexibility the CYC 500 has 16 bit dimming, four dimming curves with two dimming speeds, a 90° x 113° beam angle and is convection cooled for silent operation. An eight leaf barndoor with integral gel frame is also supplied, allowing for full colour coverage.
A self-contained lighting unit with 4 heads and in-built controller which comes with it’s own tripod stand and easy to operate footswitch. Ideal for lighting performers or karaoke singers. Set up is so straightforward that it can be set up in just a few minutes.
See video for an example of it being set-up and in action.
This all-in-one LED Wash system for mobile entertainers, bands and stage lighting features a 4-head T-Bar light system each with one bright 30-Watt COB TRI LED (RGB), producing wide, saturated colour washes of light with LEDs covering a very large area with its 90-degree beam angle. You can also change the light output to a 25-degree beam with the included lens kit. The system is easy to set-up and take down and includes a tripod stand, a foot controller and an RF remote control. It may also be controlled by an external DMX Controller via it’s XLR In/Outs. User can also mount two smaller lighting fixtures such as strobes, lasers or UV blocks, on top of the T-bar and plug them in directly on the back of the bar.
An ideal fixture for use illuminating fronts of stages, both internal and external. These 1m bars contain 48 3w RGBW LEDs giving really high power along with a virtually limitless colour palette, which can be set on-board each fixture in master and slave or via DMX. Due to their IP65 rating, these are totally waterproof and can be left outside whatever the weather conditions for a prolonged period.
This combines a pixel-mapping effect and a powerful LED wash. Each of the 9 cells is powered by a 9 watt RGB COB LED which gives extremely smooth, strong and vivid colours, which can be accessed through selectable multiple DMX profiles. Each unit is connectable on all four edges allowing the creation of larger panels for exciting pixel mapping effects. DMX pixel mapping software is required to get the best from these fixtures but inbuilt programming, colour wash and dimming can be accessed through the Transcension DMX controller below.
Ideal for theatrical productions, concerts, dance floors and more, this is a punchy dual zone blinder with warm white 85W COB LEDs. It comes with inbuilt strobing and sound active programmes but can also be controlled via DMX (3 and 5pin connectors onboard). Adjustable pulse width modulation (PWM) control is on board to eliminate flicker on camera. Two fixture can be combined by an expansion bracket (available upon request) to create a 4-head blinder.
This 100w fixture with a 33° beam angle produces a large wash of white light from high output, advanced COB (Chip On Board) cool white LEDs allowing for a powerful LED engine to be placed in a small amount of space. This professional lighting fixture is designed for washing performance stages, theatrical productions and special effects productions with excellent strobing capabilities. It has 5 selectable smooth dimming curves and is flicker free for TV use. It is fully controllable via DMX.
These portable followspots are equipped with either a 75 watt white LED for small stages or a 120 watt white LED for small to medium stages that are more brightly lit. They both have hardedge, focused beams, which can be softened using the variable focus controls. Easy to set up and tear down, they are supplied with a tripod. As well as white the fixtures include a 7 colour wheel for instant colour changes, a strobe facility and manual iris and focussing. Smooth LED dimming makes professional fading simple, while a single gobo slot projects crisp patterns onto any surface.
An LED ellipsoidal that shines a hard-edged, warm white spot designed for mobile applications. Manual zoom gives you the flexibility to project from any distance and its framing shutters let you easily alter and control the projected beam. It includes holders for glass and steel gobos as well as a gel frame. You can operate it in standalone mode or with DMX control.
Zoomable from 25-50 degrees, with 575w lamp that outputs the equivalent to 1000w on many comparable fixtures due to it’s superior optics. Great for application on the small stage or in clubs, retail events and industrials, the Source Four jr Zoom boasts rugged ETC fixture construction. Supplied with M sized gobo and gel holders. Please be aware that these lights get very hot and require suspension from some sort of lighting stand or bar.
A compact, easy-to-use framing spot light powered by a 23-watt white LED. Utilizing a 16 to 24 degree zoom and internal framing shutters, you can easily size and mask light off unwanted surfaces with precision. A single gobo slot houses one of four included gobos, or a you can have your own version custom-made (See projection page). Nearly any color can be achieved with its removable gel frame.
A bright 3W white LED pinspot with 12-degree beam angle contained in a compact case design. Ideal for illuminating a mirror ball or spotting a cake or product.
Small, compact and lightweight fixture is a 10W White LED that produces a very impressive beam of light. DMX Control allows for dimming and strobing if required. Perfect for a variety of applications, from highlighting art and retail displays, to generating mood lighting, to projecting onto a rotating mirror ball. Supplied with both 9° and 13° beam angle lens.
Perfect for lighting centerpieces, cakes, and focal points, its magnetic base affixes to most metal surfaces, eliminating the need for clamps, and the scissor clip with eye loop easily attaches to drop ceiling supports, for quick setup and cable management. Wireless on/off operation is available with the optional IRC-6 remote, and you can easily achieve multiple lighting looks with the included gel pack.
Designed for use in restricted spaces. Ideal for colour washing a product, wedding cake or even a corner or architectural feature. It is a tiny fixture which you can control either with the dip switches on reverse or via DMX.
A mini Moving Head that creates beautiful washes of colour with its 28-degrees beam angle. Its compact size and lightweight makes it ideal for mobile entertainers, small club and bars, churches or any mobile production. Featuring 4x 10W 4-in-1 Quad LEDs (RGBW - Red, Green, Blue and White), its fast moving head produces brilliant washes of colour. It is flicker free and has 5 user selectable dimming curves, ideal for TV or theatrical applications.
Users may control the Inno Pocket Wash by the supplied wireless remote, or DMX.
This high performance moving beam/wash fixture is ideal for band and stage lighting. Powered by 36 x 3W RGBW Cree LEDS, it gives a tight beam creating effects seen on many popular TV shows. It is, however, compact and lightweight and therefore easily transportable. It has full DMX control but also will run in sound to light and master/slave modes and controlled by a CA8 so could be used at a disco.
A light but remarkably effective, capable and bright LED moving head. It has full 540° and 270° tilt along with separate colour and gobo wheels – 8 colours plus open and 6 rotating gobos plus spot – a 3 facet prism and electronic focus. Controllable via the Transcension DMX desk, it makes this an ideal stage lighting spot effect.
A superb full featured moving head spot in a remarkably compact and lightweight package. This is made possible by using the revolutionary 5R lamp, which has a notional rating of 150w, but is closer in output to a 575w metal halide lamp. It features 22 gobos (8 rotating 14 static), 3 facet rotating prism, 8 dichroic colours, motorised focus, iris, frost filter, 17° beam angle, mechanical dimmer, shutter & strobe. It will operate in sound to light mode, but it requires a DMX desk to get the best from it.
A powerful all-in-one moving head fixture that morphs from Spot to Beam to Wash effortlessly. Fitted with an intense 140 W discharge light engine and motorized focus, it projects crisp beams and gobos at almost any distance. Two overlapping independently controlled prisms create dynamic beam effects. Dual gobo wheels allow for gobo morphing and amazing mid-air projections. The motorized zoom works in beam, spot and wash modes for ultimate light control. Control is easy with the full-colour display, totem mode and on-board memory for storing a scene, as well as a comprehensive range of DMX personalities.
An easy to use DMX based controller for 3 channel RGB fixtures which allows one touch colour selection buttons, the ability to spectrum mix any colour combination, dimming and chases.
A more sophisticated LED wash controller for fixtures with 3 or 4 channels in RGB or RGBA/W. It allows full colour mixing and dimming for lights in up to 4 zones, each separately controllable. It has inbuilt fades, chases and sound to light control.
The EasiLED 4 is a simple to use universal DMX controller designed for controlling multi-colour LED fixtures. Suitable for use with RGB or RGBW products, with or without dimmer channels the controller may be used for LED par cans, panels or even LED strip lights. Designed to operate four fixture groups, the controller has an intuitive layout with a rotary colour selector and dimmer fader for each of the four fixture groups.
A 36-channel DMX controller that was specifically designed for ADJ HEX Series products, but perfect capable with any other LED fixtures that have am RGBWA+UV channel arrangement. Up to 6 fixture groups can independently be controlled. The control panel includes 24 direct access pre-programmed color macro buttons, 6 user programmable color preset buttons which come factory set to control Red, Green, Blue, White, Amber and UV, 6 multi-function channel faders which are used to control individual color intensity, Chase program “Speed”, Chase program “Fade”, Master Dimmer and Strobe speed. An ideal accompaniment to Ultra Hex Par 12 and Ultra Hex Bar 12 fixtures above.
This is a fully featured DMX controller for up to 8 LED fixtures, each with 8 channels. It is fully programmable and each channel is re-assignable making it easy to control fixtures with different channel assignments . It has inbuilt chases and fades and sound to light capabilities. Programming can be saved to a USB stick.
Full feature 16 channel DMX lighting and effect controller. 240 programmable scenes are available in 30 banks and 6 complete chase programs, the control unit has a speed control option and can also be set to audio synch operation. Full pan/tilt, black out, fade controls and 8 faders give maximum DMX capabilities. Suitable only for those with an understanding of DMX programming and control.
Targeted specifically at bands running their own lighting but want something a bit more sophisticated than just a simple colour change or the in-built sound to light programmes of basic fixtures, the Foot-C™ is a compact 36-channel DMX foot controller that can control up to 6 six-channel fixtures and storing 12 sets of chases with up to 24 steps each. Ideal for 6-channel fixtures (commonly RGBA with a dimmer and strobe channel), it has a rugged guitar pedal-style buttons that can trigger auto and sound modes, as well as control chases and scenes. A LED display makes it easy to navigate the controller in any environment.
Designed specifically for LED fixtures but just as suitable for conventional lights, the Stage CL gives you full control of your LEDs making it extremely powerful but also incredibly easy to use.
Each of the twelve channels has a Saturation encoder and a Hue encoder that you can adjust to set the colour you want. As you turn the dials, an LED on the channel strip shows the colour you’re creating. There is also a touchscreen colour selector. This is so intuitive that even someone with no experience of lighting can grasp it immediately. As well as giving you total manual control, the Stage CL’s automation features enable you to create sophisticated shows quickly and easily, via saved looks, scenes, and chases. Suitable for band lighting, dramatic performance, event and conference work.
N.B. This desk is only suitable for static LED fixtures, not moving lights nor disco style effects. For these you need a non-LED dedicated DMX desk such as the Transcension DMX Operator.
The answer to the problem of cables in a multiple lighting unit setup. The system includes an 8 channel switch unit and a remote relay pack which enables the lighting operator to turn effects on and off at the simple flick of a switch from the lighting desk.
from which to support these fixtures. | 2019-04-24T05:49:30Z | http://www.silverpinessoundlight.co.uk/hire/stage-band-lighting.htm |
Have you ever had that “feeling”? You know the one—when you notice yourself suddenly skipping about here and there, flattering others in an uncharacteristically cheery way that makes them remark, “I want what they’re having!” Some call that expression—that intense feeling of deep affection, interest, or yearning—love. It’s but a simple four-letter word, and yet it can give some people enough purpose and motivation to perform wild, breathtaking feats, going to the greatest of lengths just for that shared pleasure of joy. “Love makes the world go round,” it truly does.
Such a complex and powerful emotion often finds its way into animation. Specifically, the romance genre of anime holds steady as one of the field’s experts. Its incredible variety masterfully demonstrates that love is not only sweet and tender, but can also be realistically crushing and emotionally devastating.
The latter is the kind of stories director Makoto Shinkai likes to tell. Rather than measuring up as a statistically sound series or film—that is, a rated “10/10” on various elements such as plot, pacing, characters, animation (his forte), sound etc.—Shinkai films excel at eliciting a feeling, usually on the heartache end of the emotional spectrum. To quote his latest award-winning hit, Your Name., Shinkai’s films provide, simply put, “Nothing more or less than a breathtaking view.” Each possess their own fair share of flaws, some more than others, but beyond the little plot holes lies a relatable character struggle that just might tread a path you yourself have walked.
And it’s exactly that strong resonance between one’s own experiences and Shinkai’s ill-fated cast which makes him one of the bests in the industry. Everyone wants to feel connected to others, and Shinkai depicts through his picture-perfect worlds what that connection is really like, and why it isn’t always everything that we wanted after all.
A comparative study and light analysis on the works of Makoto Shinkai. For each title, I will delve into the big issues or “separators” at hand, factoring in whether the story’s realism and emotions which the endings provoke somehow determine the possibilities for happiness and sadness alike. As such, SPOILERS for nearly all of his films WILL BE PRESENT. Also, these will NOT be individual reviews for each title. For those prepared to relive all of these amazing films, enjoy!
I will always be by your side. After all, I am your cat.
Aside from the music (by Tenmon), this 4-minute short was completely created by Shinkai alone, marking the early beginnings of his budding career as not only an animator and writer, but also a director. It’s the short tale of an average Japanese girl living in an apartment told from the viewpoint of Chobi, her beloved cat. Chobi speaks formally and passionately about his owner, yet he still has this pure, unclouded perspective of a cat. Arguably his softest work yet, She and Her Cat: Their Standing Points stood out due to its innovative (and awfully cute) exploration of love.
What ultimately separates the two from “eloping” is, well, obvious—“She” is a human girl, a woman, while Chobi is a cat. It’s an unusual relationship, but that doesn’t stop the film from being so unrealistic as to the plot being “impossible.” The woman, nicknamed Kanojo by the community, faces her own hardships in the real world (including a possible love interest), and though Chobi would like to know what she does and where she goes once she closes their apartment door, he understands that her life likely isn’t all sunshine and roses—it doesn’t really concern him. All that matters to him is that she returns home at the end of a long day.
Like with all of Shinkai’s films to follow, what separates them (different species, the “language barrier”) also unites them, for through each others warm embrace—that of a cat and his owner—they find comfort and care. Simple, peaceful, heartwarming.
We may be the first generation of lovers separated by time and space.
Though inventive at its time, the 3D graphics haven’t aged all too well. But thematically, Voices of a Distant Star packs more of an emotional punch than most 12-episode series could today—and this film only clocks in at 25 minutes, including the credits! It seems as if the big separator in Voices is the physical distance, but waiting for their messages of goodwill to traverse the vast blank void that is space ushers in another factor: time. As Nagamine’s unchanging body fights on (in what I can only imagine to be early-2000 Shinkai’s mecha dream-of-a-giant robot), Noboru ages at what feels like an alarming pace. In reality, his growth rate is no different from any of ours is, but the way Shinkai conveys the rapid passage of time only accentuates our lovers’ tragedy. Is it realistic? Even as a sci-fi flick, not really. But does its bittersweet run end on an ambiguously hopeful note? Absolutely.
Voices is arguably the first film in Shinkai’s line-up to convey this notion that perhaps the lack of realism can lead to a happy ending. Very interesting . . .
On those now-distant days, we made a promise we couldn’t keep.
To tackle the 1 hr. 30 min. length of this next film, Shinkai needed a team. Between his early beginnings and now in 2004, he partnered with the animation studio CoMix Wave Films. The results—The Place Promised in Our Early Days visually blew audiences away, nearly more so than with 2002’s Voices. Set near the turn of the century in an alternate reality Japan, which is split by America and the Soviet Union, young boys Hiroki and Takuya aim to fly to the top of the fantastical, unbelievably high Hokkaido Tower using an old drone. While at first a secret for just the two of them, Sayuri, a girl Hiroki and Takuya both like but would never admit to one another, discovers their secret, leading to the boys putting their project on indefinite hiatus. When Sayuri suddenly disappears from their life, however, the two come to realize that reaching the mysterious tower—the promised dream of their childhood—might be the only way to save her.
Hiroki and Takuya experience a loss of youth, of innocence, as they learn to develop their own dreams and ideologies different from their childish musings. What once united them in friendship tears them apart, and the disappearance of Sayuri and discovery of her untimely illness are what kicked off the depressing events that plague the film’s middle. To watch two friends come at each other’s throat can be painfully real to some, as we’ve all have our fair share of little spats with friends. Additionally, I’m sure we’ve all seen sickness and temptation take the life of a loved one and push them into a place beyond our reach. Thankfully, a happy reunion awaits the cast at the end, leading to the belief of how sacrifice can yield rebirth.
Once again, Shinkai writes with a science fiction mind, and although people still relate to Hiroki and Takuya, the entire premise is unrealistic, nothing more than a child’s fantasy. Can you still learn from it? Of course, but come Shinkai’s next film, reality takes a turn for the worst—the start of a tragic trend.
At what speed must I live to be able to see you again?
Here it is, Shinkai’s greatest creation (thematically, that is). I’m sure it needs no introduction, unlike his more obscure early works, but in case you forgot, it’s the story of two very close friends and classmates: Takaki Toono and Akari Shinohara. Elementary school should be a time of play and triviality, but for these two, such isn’t the case. Rather than run around on the playground, Takaki and Akari would rather read in the library, or simply chat about life’s musings. Just as they become close, however, Akari’s family plans to move. Takaki and Akari send letters to one another, but Akari only continues to move further and further away. In a final attempt to see Akari before she’s beyond his limits, Takaki sets out to reunite with her. His unlucky trek attracts a cold winter’s blizzard, delaying the series of trains to Akari’s town. But that doesn’t stop the two from finally, FINALLY meeting once again. And boy, does your heart just melt the frost away.
Equal parts faith and love, Takaki made the effort to travel out in the cold, sure, but Akari was the one who waited—the one who sat there miserable and alone with nothing to do but pray that her young love was on his way. It was proof that their love should be everlasting, but alas, that’s not the story Shinkai is trying to tell. In this first episode, it is a physical distance which separates our main couple.
A chain of short stories about their distance.
After this touching first episode, the film enters its next “story.” Time passes on. Takaki, too, moves away from his hometown to the warm regions of Tanegashima (a stark contrast to the first episode’s frigid finale). Now a high schooler, Takaki meets a new girl, and though she tries to admit her feelings to him, Takaki knows all along that his heart only belongs to one person: the woman of his past. Time and other relationships have left him traveling aimlessly. In the final episode, Takaki is old. Maybe not in the physical sense, as late 20s—early 30s is still quite young, but his spirit definitely seems lost—his heart broken from years without seeing or hearing from her.
The painful reality is that, as life would have it, she has moved on, already engaged to another man. And that’s just it—the final separator which drives these now-unrelated adults is life itself. Life is always changing, and as we continue down our own paths, we sometimes have to leave others behind.
At its core, 5 Centimeters Per Second strives to present one’s “first love,” and how difficult it is to hold onto it—so much so that it almost feels not worth experiencing at all. Takaki, by his end, is lonely, depressed, and empty. It’s a sad film, yet a brutally honest one. Shinkai’s first feature-length film in a world without giant robots or fantasy towers is painfully real, and that aspect remains what distinguishes Shinkai from today’s anime directors. By this point, Makoto Shinkai had earned the appreciation and respect of his more mature adult viewers.
Shinkai returns to the realm of fiction with this next film. Clearly inspired by the magical presentation of Studio Ghibli movies, the story follows young Asuna, an excellent student who maintains her family’s house in a rural town during her mother’s absence. Aside from spending time with nature, Asuna is alone. She finds escapism in her secret hideout up in the mountains, and frequently tunes into her old crystal radio for relaxation. One day, she unexpectedly picks up on a curious frequency: a rather melancholic melody, different from any song she had ever heard before. As if fated to meet, a mysterious boy named Shun rescues Asuna from a wild, bizarre creature, unintentionally dragging Asuna and her teacher, Mr. Morisaki, on a perilous journey to Agartha, a land long-lost to time and human presence.
Though not his smartest film by any means, Shinkai has been longing to visit this colorful, enchanting world—Agartha—for some time now. The luscious planet upon which Nagamine lands in Voices of a Distant Star; the domain where the comatose Sayuri resides in The Place Promised in Our Early Days; Takaki Toono’s realm of dreams in 5 Centimeters Per Second—each time this wondrous world reappears, it offers comfort to the characters. Not coincidentally, the design remains the same, too. From the gorgeously iconic “Shinkai clouds” to the seas of green grass and remains of old ruins, Agartha FINALLY gets the thorough fleshing-out that it has since deserved, and I’m just glad we got to go there at long last.
But Children Who Chase isn’t all sunshine and roses. Awaiting Asuna and Morisaki is an adventure rife with death, and a thorough demonstration as to what happens when man attempts to bring those passed back to life. Foolish, blind greed and a gaping sense of loss are what separate Morisaki from someone pure-hearted like Asuna. But in the same way, the journey of letting go and understanding what “goodbye” truly means allows for the film to end with an odd, lukewarm sensation of happiness. Adventure yields danger, but to those who learn their lessons, the hope to live a fulfilling life burns on. God may be a cruel teacher, but so is history.
Children Who Chase Lost Voices is far from a realistic story, and thus, the pattern of Shinkai’s fantasies ending contentedly continues. Is he trying to say that reality is just full of heartache and nothing else? Perhaps so with his next couple of films.
Before there was love, there was loneliness.
A personal favorite of mine, Shinkai’s The Garden of Words provides a 46-minute feels trip through an unusual couple’s short-lived romantic spat.
Tenmon takes a break from the music to allow talent like Daisuke Kashiwa’s immersive piano soliloquies to establish an atmosphere unlike ANY other. And the visuals—THIS is the incredible level of quality which defines Makoto Shinkai’s digital landscaping, lighting, and realism today. Visually, The Garden of Words remains the most beautiful short film I have ever seen, and it will probably hold that title for a long time to come!
On a rainy morning in Tokyo, aspiring shoemaker Takao Akizuki does what every student on a rainy day wishes they could do—he skips class to sketch designs in the city’s beautiful garden. Thinking he’d be all alone in this calm misty weather, he accidentally meets a beautiful yet reserved young woman. Her name is Yukari Yukino, and though she continues to skip out work to drink and eat chocolates in the garden, Takao takes a liking to her poetic words. To [figuratively] get her back on her feet, Takao offers to make Yukino new shoes. And thus they vow to themselves: for each day it rains, I will spend time with her/him.
More rainy days arrive, and as the two secretly convene in their garden of words—of shared acceptance and belonging—the two unknowingly start to lighten their own personal burdens just by being together. Tokyo’s rainy season may be long, but like all good things, it doesn’t last forever. As warmer days creep ahead and the chance for precipitation diminishes, Takao and Yukino’s relationship risks drying up like the rain which brought them together.
The Garden of Words paints the true vision of life’s loneliness before love intervenes. It’s the gentle story about finding solace in another, and learning to alleviate one’s personal worries through something as simple as conversation. At first, a lack of courage casts Takao and Yukino as an awkward couple. Only after Yukino is revealed to be a teacher at his school do we see the true separator at hand: the age gap, and the societal notions that place stigmas on teacher–student relationships. YUKINO KNEW THE WHOLE TIME, yet held of on saying anything for fear of judgement. And in the end, Takao yells at her, forcing her on her feet through their compelling emotional conflict.
Realistic in every sense of the word, its finale feels bittersweet, yet resolved. Separated from each other, the two resume pursuing their own personal aspirations. Though somewhat sad, in truth the ending is optimistic about the different directions Takao and Yukino take, as it was through comfort in one another’s presence which allowed them to find their way back on the path—and with a stronger, more confident “footing” this time around.
The Garden of Words rings true as the new Shinkai standard, but thematically, it revolutionized Shinkai’s game: for the first time, a realistic story does, in fact, yield a happy ending.
There are a lot of things you two have forgotten.
Returning to form, Makoto Shinkai cranks out another charming yet touching short (6 minutes in length) with the release of The Garden of Words. It hearkens waaay back to his beginnings, with the simple yet relatable tale of a girl and her cat. Aa-chan lives in a near-future Japan, and has recently made the big transition of living on her own following graduation and the start of a new job. With her mother working overseas as a doctor, her loving father is left behind at the apartment with the family cat, Mii-san, who happens to be very old by this point. Seeking a way to reach out to her, her father tries several times to reconnect with his distancing child, but the gap is too awkward for him to bridge. Eventually Mii-san passes away, but this sudden grief holds the power to reunite a tired daughter, a busy mother, and a lonely father.
All that emotional energy conveyed in such a short time serves to remind us as to Shinkai’s greatest strength, that is, being able to make his viewers experience heartbreak followed by hope (or hopelessness) in a matter of mere minutes. Someone’s Gaze is especially relatable, as the burnout experienced by today’s youth and the parental fear of their children growing up in today’s world both hit us hard at some point in our lives. With maturity comes opportunity, but that often involves temporarily leaving an old way of life—and the people in it—behind. In truth, familial bonds change over time, and as we grow up, it can be hard to maintain that “want” to communicate.
Like The Garden of Words, Shinkai permits for a realistic story to end optimistically hopeful, perhaps marking that the guy really is turning a new leaf from his long history of depressing, failed love stories.
I sought to find something great, and while it may not have been what I expected, I found something . . . or rather, someone.
Although this latest short is actually just a 2-minute commercial for the Z-Kai cram schools, it was still directed by Shinkai, and holds that same breathtaking, picture-perfect style to boot. As college entrance examinations draw near, two students living completely different lives focus their time and energy into a correspondence education service. Juggling their studies with their already-involved daily lives, the two diligently work towards that high goal of college admission, unaware of how much they share in common. It’s a brief yet inspiring “work hard, play hard” preview into a film that I can only imagine would’ve been absolutely stunning had it received the length it deserved. Not as absurd as those 30-second Cup Noodle ads, but even just a couple minutes more would have doubled the story’s length. I suppose we don’t always get what we want; such is life.
Despite the let-down of a run time, Cross Road still manages to follow a truncated version of the Shinkai formula: two individuals in similar situations are separated by different lives, but their unexpected meeting reveals that, through hard work, the hope to overcome their challenges increases. Call this a lighthearted take on the next and final film—the realistic outcome of what possibly could have been.
Wherever you are in the world, I swear I will find you again—no matter what.
Your Name. exploded onto the anime scene, continuing to break record after record until it became the highest-grossing anime film in the world (among other nominations). Funimation and Madman Entertainment’s combined efforts to license, dub, and promote the film through staggered theatrical releases maintained its hype not just for the remainder of 2016, but for most of 2017, too. Even now, anime fans who are finally getting around to watching it share their praise with the community, reviving the excitement of this rom-com drama to no end. By this point, Your Name. wasn’t just another Shinkai film—it was a moving, breathing phenomenon.
Like any high school girl born and raised in the Japanese countryside, Mitsuha Miyamizu craves the wonder and excitement of city life. Unfortunately for her, the family’s shrine needs its maiden, restricting Mitsuha to her life in the boonies. Meanwhile in the lively Tokyo, high school student Taki Tachibana labors away at his part-time job with the hopes of eventually pursuing a career in architecture.
One day, Mitsuha awakens to an unfamiliar ceiling, but the chic apartment and bright view of the city skyscrapers instantly identify as Tokyo. “This is my dream life! But wait . . . wha—I’m in a boy’s body!” Out in the countryside, Taki finds himself waking up in a similar frightening situation. A strange phenomenon swapped the two’s places, and in order to figure out the reasons for their predicament, Taki and Mitsuha live out random days in the other’s shoes, learning about the differing lifestyles, and that above all, fate works in mysterious ways. As Taki and Mitsuha desparately begin searching for the other, their actions begin to dramatically impact the course of destiny, forever altering the threads of fate which tie them together.
A girl and a boy torn apart by an impossible distance, but brought together through circumstance and, of course, fate. At first, that distance is literal: Taki lives in Tokyo, while Mitsuha resides miles away living her humble country life. And part of that is the trick, the gimmick behind the landscape facade, for as soon as the big reveal of the comet Tiamat’s destruction is made, BOOM—time turns out to be the true separator here. Though Taki felt confident and sure of this feeling tugging at his heart, his confession was sadly three years too late.
And because of this he suffers. Mitsuha suffers. These star-crossed lovers save their beloved Itamori and all its kind, caring folk, BUT—as if their story weren’t painful enough—one last divider severs their last chance of reuniting: their memories of each other are lost to time. Is it a realistic element? Hardly, but it does lead to one of the most happily fulfilling endings I’ve ever experienced. Here’s why.
Makoto Shinkai’s latest film borders on tragedy. Up until this point, it was about to become the biggest heart-breaker in anime film history. But thankfully, Your Name. appreciates a sort of cosmic balance to all the good we do—Shinkai calls that seemingly magical, underlying, connecting force musubi, and we can thank it for honoring Mitsuha and Taki’s feelings for one another. By the film’s end, the two are left with just that—a subtle feeling of the all their shared struggles, surprises, happiness, sadness, inspiration, appreciation, love. . . now memories lost to a different time.
And when tragedy attempted to end their tale of romance and miracles, fate reconnected the strands of love to the cord of hope. Thus, Taki and Mitsuha became destined to meet again.
Separated by distance, connected by fate.
Have you ever felt that “feeling,” that despair of something that can’t be changed or is beyond your reach, but you still long for it anyway? I’d like to call it “love,” but Makoto Shinkai interprets such a complex emotion as “longing in solitude.” It is only through loneliness that we understand what compassion really feels like, after all.
Shinkai’s works tend to feature unusual yet somewhat realistic relationships, which more so play out as bittersweet than truly tear-jerking (save for maybe Your Name.) He covers a broad range of relationship stages, too, from the cutting of ties and moving on (5 Centimeters Per Second) to the early beginnings of expression (Garden of Words). Unlike most film writers and directors, he delves into themes like pain, longing, yearning, loneliness, and emptiness to give the audience stronger, almost more common emotions to connect with. His creative use of time laps emphasizes this distance or emotional disconnect that the characters and audience experience, and his hyper-realistic visuals never fail to immerse you in the setting he wants, be it on faraway roving fields of green, a quiet Tokyo apartment, or a rainy day in the park.
Most of all, through distance, Shinkai is able to explore the gap between two people’s feelings: why it exists, and how it is a natural part of the human experience. Life isn’t that glamorous fairy tale that Disney or Hollywood make it out to be. Instead, Shinkai tells us it can be messy, and often times painful to shoulder alone. It’s okay to fall both in love and out of it, as people are always changing. He also teaches that you can, in fact, grow as an adult; emotional maturity has nothing to do with one’s age, for even as adults we can get lost on our path.
None of us are invulnerable to emotional struggle, grief, and even depression. But none of us are forever doomed to loneliness, either—such is why even his most realistic works end in both sadness and happiness. After studying all of his films, I can confirm that NO CORRELATION between the level of realism and whether the ending is positive or negative exists, as Shinkai doesn’t sugarcoat the reality we live in. He presents it for what it is, which has its fair share of good and bad times.
Ultimately, no amount of magic or sci-fi gimmicks can determine whether YOU chase after the ending you want, for you, too, are constantly growing and learning new things. The hope that we can always change for the better resides within us all—you simply have to decide who you want to be for yourself, and make that leap of faith over the scary distance to connect with another. While you’re at it, don’t forget to enjoy life’s little things we often take for granted.
In Makoto Shinkai’s picturesque, emotionally charged films, I found a rekindled passion for life’s hidden beauties, and so long as he continues to explore the growing distance between us and how finding solace in another can heal our emotional wounds, I’ll always look forward to his next creation.
At a touch over 5,000 words, this is officially the longest post I’ve ever written, and if you read all of it, you’re my favorite person ever—I hope you learned something new! As you can tell, Makoto Shinkai’s works mean a good deal to me. Most find them repetitive, as in “If you’ve seen one, you’ve seen them all.” But really, that’s not the case, as each offers a different commentary on relationships and life, even if the execution or premises feel very much the same. So instead of fighting against the argument, I wanted to write this—to leave behind my innermost thoughts and emotions on Shinkai’s films in hopes that whoever stumbles upon this in the future might feel the same way, and that I can comfort them with my musings.
Have you ever resonated with one of Makoto Shinkai’s films, be it his oldest shorts or his latest hits? If so, do you happen to have a favorite or two? I want to know! If you’re fairly new to this director, was Your Name. your introduction to Shinkai’s scenic style? You have to let me know that, too! I’ve met several new faces (including a dear friend) through Your Name.‘s theater experience (which you can read about here), and I hope that you, too, get the chance to share one of his films with a friend or even a lover.
This officially concludes my comparative study over the creative works of Makoto Shinkai. It’s been a long time coming, what with the writing process and reserving time to rewatch ALL of Shinkai’s films in order, and I’m finally glad I got to share it with you. Despite being terrifyingly long, it’s one of those posts I feel proud to have written. Please let me know any thoughts of the films or this post down in the comments, as I’d love to hear your feedback! Also, feel free to share this to any Shinkai fans you know out there!
As it happens to be on love and romance, I saved writing this post for February, so Happy Valentine’s Day, my dear readers! Whether you spend this season of love with others or save it for yourself, know that I’ll always be wishing you good health and happiness! Thank you so, so much for reading this lengthy analysis—’till next time! | 2019-04-22T12:59:11Z | https://animecafehost.wordpress.com/tag/longing/ |
Research at St. James Weybridge for work thinking about collapsing space in on itself, moving from one space to another via portals, holes in space time, or dream spaces and spiritual spaces.
Seeing intertidal steel plate propped up with the print on my desk has given me some ideas about building images and the idea of opposites. Earth and heaven. If they are as in some myths, a mirror image – how do we know which way is up?
Happened upon a large very shiny bowl that I will try with new submīrārī images in water.
It already does amazing things before any water is added. It only came in one size so need to try and find some similar (may be an excuse to go to India where this one was made). Plan to transfer some images from sacred spaces to fabric for the bowls and begin to look for more saints and sacred springs to photograph too to join Mary from St.Non’s holy well.
The Royal Society Summer Exhibition was a fantastic showcase for science research across the UK, manned by enthusiastic practitioners it was hands on and minds engaged.
It is thought that at the BIG BANG the same number of matter and anti mater particles would have been produced – they then went about colliding with each other – annihilating into photons. We are awash in photons – particles of light. It’s still unknown what happened to leave enough matter to create all the stars and galaxies and planets of the universe.
Follow this link to Antimatter Matters for an in depth explanation of what is going on at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in the search to understand why matter outnumbers antimatter in the universe.
In some information about ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors that distinguish between different types of charged particle such as muons, protons, pions and kaons I was curious to read that particles travel through the gas volume of the detector at faster than the speed of light emitting a coherent shockwave of light – I didn’t think it was possible for anything to travel faster than the speed of light.
Had a chat with Grieg Cowan who, it turns out, helps run a schools outreach programme demonstrating cloud chambers, and explained my interest in particle physics and how I am planning to build a cloud chamber myself inspired by our trip to the Dark Matter Research Laboratory at Boulby. Obviously I won’t be able to make visible any dark matter particles but I am still excited about making other cosmic rays visible and capturing my own images of these tiny projectiles hurtling around us.
Inspired by bubbles, researchers at the University of Bath studying photonics have created a new hollow glass fibre optic to channel high powered lasers. The walls of these tubes are designed to trap light of particular wavelengths in the core. The effect is similar to the reflection of different wavelengths by the thin film of a bubble.
The laser loses less energy as the beam travels through air rather than solid glass.
Fascinating and useful stuff but it was the bubble machine that was the most captivating. The thin soapy membrane stretches, reflecting and refracting light until the skin becomes so thin the light passes straight through – it is this mix of colour and turning to black that is so beautiful and mesmerizing.
I got to make my own mini spectroscope using a piece of ridged plastic cut from a CD to diffract the light into a cardboard tube and a brief instruction of how to identify differences in LED, fluorescent and even the light on a smart phone which is created using a spectrum plus added blue (cheaper this way).
The Planck satellite was launched in 2009 into orbit about 1.5 million kilometres away from earth. Over three years it has mapped the whole sky and observed the cosmic microwave background – the afterglow of the big bang when electrons and protons first combined to form transparent hydrogen gas allowing light to travel – it was like a fog lifting across the entire universe.
There were of course discoveries that didn’t fit in with the standard model and theoretical predictions. Questions about hemispheric asymmetry and the ginormous cold spot remain. A small fraction of the CMB is polarised and this means it contains even more information and may hold further clues about the very early phases of the Universe’s history and also its present and future expansion.
The European Rosetta space mission and Philae explorer spent 10 years travelling to visit Comet 67P.
Arriving in 2014 at a celestial object with almost no gravity they sent back news of a dusty world of ice and gas but one that also has traces of the building blocks necessary to create life.
The Galaxy Makers were there with supercomputer simulations to test how galactic ingredients and violent events shape the life history of galaxies.
Following a recipe I created my own galaxy which was given a code and could be brought to life using a hologram video, my smartphone and a plastic galaxy maker I was provided with. I can’t convey with a photo how cool this tiny spiral galaxy rotating over my phone screen is.
From godlike galaxy gazing to immersive hurtling between the stars dodging between fronds of dark matter magically made visible by a virtual reality headset, Durham University had it covered.
Space is full of dust. Stardust. On earth I believe it is mostly made up of dead skin cells. Jorge Otero-Pailos’ The Ethics of Dust is an impressive interaction with centuries of dust accumulation in Westminster Hall at the Houses of Parliament.
Stripping the ancient walls of the patina of age, the build up from the passing through of countless dignitaries and ne’er do wells, onto a latex cast that is then hung like a skinned animal the length of the impressive hall.
The surface is thick velvet, wrinkled like a newborn.
and the birthmarks of provenance can be matched to those on the opposing wall.
Taking both her cue from and her place in history Mary Branson’s New Dawn light sculpture can also be found at the Houses of Parliament as a permanent addition to Westminster Hall, a site of many demonstrations calling for change.
Inspired by the many hundreds of petitions made to the government by women fighting for a right to vote that lie furled in the archives of the chambers; the scrolls are transformed to glass.
The circles, that together form one large sun rising, change colour and pattern via a computer link to the monthly cycle of the pull of the moon on the waters of the Thames.
Paid a worthwhile visit to Imperial College Sherfield Building Gallery to see Chud Clowes show Murmurations inspired by analogies between the swirling clouds of migrating starlings flashing gold from their feathers and the gold of the rescue blankets offered to desperate migrants drawn to collective movement across borders.
Despite some uplifting and inspiring work my thoughts were very distracted and so I only have a few images to share.
Mollie Teane’s sunshine colours showing a multi-layered collision of cultures was just a reminder of the cultural poverty a brexit vote signals.
and primordial instincts that even Hoyeon Kang’s simulated fire invokes serve as reminders of the tiny fragment of time we inhabit.
taking us back to the essence of ourselves.
Parasol unit foundation for contemporary art presented Magical Surfaces: The Uncanny in Contemporary Photography, an exhibition that explored the uncanny as exemplified in the works of seven artists : Sonja Braas, David Claerbout, Elger Esser, Julie Monaco, Jörg Sasse, Stephen Shore and Joel Sternfeld. For me it seemed more about the unreal than the uncanny.
Queued theme park style (actually it wasn’t that long) to experience Yayoi Kusama’s mirror rooms next door at Victoria Miro for a brief 30 second immersion. Like entering the Tardis momentarily. The attraction may be triggering a primordial response to galaxy gazing that makes this reflected infinity so captivating.
More multiplicity and reflective surfaces with Sinéid Codd at Camberwell School of Art MA show.
This was a world caught between sci fi and the surreal. Inspired by the shapes and colours of gaudy jewellery it maintains that buoyancy of brash confidence found in oversized boldy faceted gemstones. Not afraid to be fake, like costume jewellery out-glitzing real diamonds. I saw clouds, a summer pavilion by the sea, here shapes morph into a world of shifting surfaces to drown in.
There was an inspiring look at the transformation of materials from Simon Starling at Nottingham Contemporary. This work explored the physical, poetic and metaphorical journeys of objects and materials. He considers transformation that can take place through the geographic, the economic and through time.
He is also interested in the physical properties of photography, which he has recast as sculpture through epic distortions of scale in The Nanjing Particles. Silver particles taken from 1875 photographs are enlarged a million times.
Project for a Crossing is a new work where Simon Starling has built a boat out of magnesium extracted from the politically contested waters of the Dead Sea.
After the exhibition he intends to use his magnesium boat to cross the Dead Sea – a fraught geopolitical journey that may only be partially possible since the Dead Sea lies between Jordan, Israel and the Israeli occupied West Bank.
Joseph Wright of Derby’s painting from 1771-95 The Alchymist, in Search of the Philosopher’s Stone, Discovers Phosphorus, and prays for the successful Conclusion of his operation, as was the custom of the Ancient Chymical Astrologers is the subject for one of the series Recursive Plates.
Ephemeral daguerreotypes, created with a delicate chemical deposit on silver plated copper, that reflect back and hold within the same image.
Phosphorus was discovered by accident in 1669 when Hennig Brand was boiling down thousands of litres of urine in his quest for the Philosopher’s Stone. It gave of an unearthly glow and then what a magical moment when phosphorus first ignited and the brilliant light filled the room.
A few hundred years on and phosphorous, the 13th element to be discovered has been terribly misused as a cruel weapon.
Dr. Chamkaur Ghag’s talk Dark Matter presented by super/collider at Second Home was inspirational in many ways. It was fascinating to hear a first hand account of how the search for dark matter is conducted and the challenges that face scientists looking for something so elusive. We learnt that there are underground laboratories around the world where research takes place away from background radiation which makes it harder to isolate any particles that might be dark matter.
The occurrence of dark matter was first theorized through the pioneering research of Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky who in 1933 looked at galaxy rotation curves and decided there was more going on than could be accounted for by the mass of the matter we could see. Something mysterious was holding the galaxies together. It is dark matter that allows structures in the universe to form by pulling matter into the gravitational field of pools of dark matter.
Using the net pattern that is used to construct a dodecahedron to mesh together images of constellations, an abandoned walled garden and a roundabout. Recent imaging of dark matter derived from the way it distorts light shows it as a web like structure.
It is still not known what dark matter is, it does not reflect or emit light and doesn’t interact with the fundamental forces except gravity. At present there is speculation that it might be a WIMP – a weakly interacting massive particle and the difficulty in confirming this theory is in witnessing a particle collision with the nucleus of an atom. The majority of these particles pass through the earth without even hitting an atom.
It was exciting to find out we have one of these underground laboratories in the UK set in a working salt mine north of Whitby. The Boulby Underground Laboratory is a special place for science – ‘a quiet place in the Universe’. The ZEPLIN dark matter experiment ran here until 2011 using a liquid Xenon target. Xenon is a liquid gas that glows with a very pure light. Should a dark matter particle hit the atom nucleus there is a scintillation in the crystals and light is given off, also a little heat and ionisation. Only the dark matter particle will hit the nucleus of the atom, other particles, gamma rays etc will hit the electrons first giving a faint flash that can identify them. The detector must be very sensitive which is why they need to go deep underground away from background radiation. The program moved to LUX at a disused gold mine in the USA but is due to return to Boulby for work on a much larger scale.
Studies at Boulby range from the search for Dark Matter in the Universe, to studies of cosmic rays and climate, astrobiology and life in extreme environments, development of techniques for deep 3D geological monitoring and studies of radioactivity in the environment.
The most exciting part is that a group of RCA graduates, myself included, will be able to visit the facilities early next year with a view to making work in response to the research taking place there. I am really hoping that we can organise a touring exhibition of work made in relation to this and engage people in these fascinating concepts, to think about our place in the universe and the extraordinary nature of everyday matter.
Elizabeth Murton who runs the peer crit group Engine ChatChat organised an artists sharing dinner at Bow Arts and invited along artists who use textiles in their work so we could chat and exchange ideas about our work. The guests included Kirsty Lowry, Lizzie Cannon, Katherine May, Jessica Hemmings, Jessica Smulder-Cohen, Ruby Hoette, Angela Maddock, Malina Busch, Jodie Carey, Lauren Jetty Howells-Green. We all gave a little presentation and chatted over dinner about our interests and the different reasons why we might use textiles in our work.
Lizzie Cannon meticulously repairs the cracks and decay of the material world.
Angela Maddock investigates how we might use craft practice, especially knitting, to question ideas about our relationships with people and objects.
Diana Springall has a passion for embroidery and hopes to instigate a major retrospective of embroidered works.
Jessica Hemmings is a writer who has researched textiles as a distinctive area of cultural practice and a developing field of scholarly research.
Ruby Hoette proposes alternate modes of accessing and engaging with fashion. She frames the garment as a unique artefact carrying traces of social and cultural interactions and transactions.
Lost and Collected is an ongoing project that documents and maps lost and discarde clothing and proposes an alternate understanding of the value of a garment.
Kirsty Lowry is interested in psychological space and also makes work with light and I particularly like her electric prints using the conductive qualities of graphite.
Hannah Collins showing at Camden Arts Centre also investigates the emotional and psychological aspects of space. Her exhibition presented the open spaces of the dessert and the dense closure of the rain forest.
The poetry of the wall plaques was at odds with the clinical display of the photographs of medicinal plants of the rainforest. Two perspectives brought crashing together.
The Fertile Forest shared a resonance with the Taryn Simon exhibit at the Venice Bienalle. In Hannah Collins work it was power of knowledge that is being lost whereas Taryn Simon looked at displays of power in the corporate and political world, documenting the flowers used in the bouquets and arrangements that were the backdrop to moments in history. Coming from very different places both artists show the diverse ways we use plants in our culture.
Jodie Carey painstakingly extracts dyes from flowers to colour the yarn for her crochet. Flowers here are a metaphor for the fragility of life.
The bouquet of cut flowers prepared as a gift of love is already a symbol of death.
We are all flowers growing on this earth, picked by God at some point, a little earlier for some, a little later for others. One is crimson rose, another the virginal lily, another the humble violet. Let us all try to please the Lord and Master, with the perfume or radiance we were given. – from a letter written to his father by the soon to be executed J.Theophane Venard 1861.
Do you know what she did, your cunting daughter?
I was lucky to meet Imogen Stidworthy as a visiting tutor at the RCA. I had a very inspiring tutorial with her which really helped me make decisions about my final show. She was showing some very moving work at the Imperial War Museum – a sculptural sound installation developed through interviewing two former British soldiers who suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder, and the wife of one of the soldiers, who lives with the effects of war at home.
She uses the voice as a sculptural material, engrained with traces of experience and transmits these voices through objects associated with conflict, exploring memory and the difficulty of communicating traumatic experience. We feel we are eavesdropping on a private perhaps internal conversation; echoing through the layered voices is each persons isolating pain.
It seemed appropriate for me to go and see Finding Paradise at Lacey Contemporary as this was the title of my dissertation.
The gallery was vibrant with paintings of lush landscapes, forgotten pasts, and the ever-changing patterns of nature by Gemma Billington, Orlanda Broom and Ylva Kunze.
We can never inhabit paradise for more than a fleeting moment. It can be glimpsed on the edges of our vision and drive our passions but to find paradise is to experience ecstasy and a perpetuity of heightened bliss would actually be torturous to endure. Its power and attraction lies in its being momentary.
These fleeting moments and sensations which are not fully understood because they are only briefly glimpsed or experienced are what inspires the work of Malina Busch who explores material possibilities looking for traces of memory.
There was a political edge to this years Venice Biennale with the theme All The World’s Futures.
It added a serious undercurrent to a lot of work which drew on documentary and news footage. Apart from Sean Lynch representing Ireland I didn’t have a list of must sees this year. At the last Biennale so many of my favourite people were showing, this was a chance to come across new names.
I was keen to see what Sean Lynch would present as I had enjoyed meeting him during his workshop at Flat Time House and really like the way he works.
His installation Adventure:Capital encompasses his interests in stone carving and storytelling. He manages to pull mythology into London’s contemporary financial district. A narrated video sweeps through history from the pits and quarries to the monuments and symbols of power that are made from the stones pulled from the earth.
This inversion of material is dusted with magic as the narrator traces the polished stone of the corporate world back to the rocks of prehistory.
The gods, swollen with symbolism are everywhere, causing havoc with their greed, gluttony, fertility and abundance.
There was striking work in the Nordic Pavillion by Camille Norment.
In Rapture eerie sounds emanate from a thrusting bank of speakers on the ceiling.
The large empty space is skewed with shattered billboard sized glass windows. It looks like the aftermath of a cataclysmic disaster and holds you in the moment when the ringing in your ears could be shockwaves of an explosion that segue into the voices of angels heralding the appearance of the saviour.
The sounds could be coming from the fragmented glass as they have that quality of a finger across a wet goblet rim. It is at the pitch of angels and voices do join the chorus. In fact Norment has used a glass armonica to compose this soundscape, an 18th century instrument that creates ethereal music from glass and water and was invented by Benjamin Franklin.
The glass armonica was used to cure many ailments with its entrancing sounds but was later banned for fear it aroused sexual excitement in women bringing them to a state of rapture that might overstimulate and ultimately kill them. | 2019-04-22T00:06:27Z | https://susaneyre.wordpress.com/tag/galaxy/ |
Menno Wiebe: The Lubicon Commission, January 29th, we're picking up discussions here around the table.
Michael Asch: . . . we do the same thing that we're doing with the Fulton Report. If we agree that it's that important that we do the same thing with that as we do with the Fulton Report, and not just have it as, you know, an extra appendix.
Jacques Johnson: So we establish ourselves -- today we are holding this public hearing and we have as a witness Sharon Venne. We would like to ask Sharon to tell us about the Human Rights statement coming from the United Nations. Maybe you could give us some background about it, how it came about, and also what it really signifies in view of the mind of the United Nations and what it really tells the Canadian Government. What's the real message to the Canadian Government?
Sharon Venne: I'll just review briefly for you what the Committee is. The Human Rights Committee is made up of a number of experts who are in their own independent capacity experts in human rights. For example, Rossalyn Higgins from Great Britain is a professor in international law in London, the University of London. She sits in her own capacity as an expert. There are other experts -- like from Senegal and different African countries, Asia, Europe, Latin America. And these people review complaints which have been made to the Human Rights Committee through the procedure known as the Optional Protocol. When Canada signed the Human Rights Convention and the Declaration on Civil and Political Rights, there were optional Protocols which are attached to that which allow individuals to take complaints to the United Nations against a State Government. In this case the Lubicons took the case because of what was going on in Canada. Normally the Committee will not hear a case unless they say they have exhausted all internal remedies and that there's no other alternate for the people and they have to go outside the State Government and go to the United Nations.
For a long time Canada argued before the Committee that the Lubicons had not exhausted all internal remedies and that they still had the option of going to court and that there were a lot of other options available to them. The Committee took all of this into consideration and still felt that the Lubicon case was justified and that they had in fact exhausted their -- they had tried everything really, to settle the issue within Canada and were now taking the unprecedented step of leaving the country.
So they accepted the case. They accepted jurisdiction. At the time that they accepted jurisdiction they issued an order against Canada saying that they were not to do anything in the Lubicon area which would hinder the status of the Lubicons. That was unprecedented because the United Nations Human Rights Committee had never issued an order against a Western State Government in relation to an indigenous group. What had happened was that in a lot of instances where there are gross violations in Central and South America and in Eastern Europe and in some African countries, there were some orders issued. But against a Western State Government -- and I'm talking about like Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, France, those kind of governments -- this had never been done before -- a cease and desist order.
Canada continued to proceed. They never stopped the exploration. They never stopped what was going on in the Lubicon territory. So the evidence continued to mount against Canada during the whole process that they had made the order. What they did in the end -- the Committee condemned Canada in the strongest possible language that they could, because you have to understand that the UN -- you're dealing with the most, I guess, I'm not sure how you would say it, but you have to be super polite is the only way I can say it. You cannot call somebody a dirty so-and-so. But you can say that they have a lot of excess baggage, etc., etc. I mean, you can find another way of saying it without actually calling somebody an S.O.B. Right? So you have to be super diplomatic. So in the language that the report that has been written -- and Canada put tremendous pressure on the Committee to back away from making any report -- there was tremendous political pressure applied to the Committee and there was a lot of documentation provided which was not made available to the Lubicons to rebut. They provided documents. So what happened was the Committee came out with an order, not an order, but a decision condemning Canada in the possible strongest language that they could, within the parameters that they work in. The other thing that the Committee did -- which is another unprecedented thing in relation to the Lubicons in this particular instance -- is that they said that they wanted to maintain an on-going hands-on in the Lubicon case. Because usually what happens is they make a decision and they issue it and then it's finished. There's no usual follow-up because there's just so many cases. But in this case they've appointed a special rapporteur who's to report to the Committee in an on-going basis as to the situation of the Lubicons. So to me, I mean, it signals within the United Nations and other people that I've talked to, is that the Committee knows that Canada was not playing fair with them and they wanted to say something about the Lubicon case. So what they did was that they said something, but they also said something further -- which says that, "Okay Canada, you say that you're making fair and equitable efforts to settle the issue", I think the language is something in that regard, because what they did is they said that the Woodland Cree -- they more or less said that the Woodland Cree settlement was the settlement of the Lubicons. And so what they did then, the Committee then said. "Okay, Canada, we'll give you the benefit of the doubt publicly, but we're also appointing a rapporteur." And that's the killer because the rapporteur is totally independent of Canada. He's from Hungary. There's no way that the Canadian Government can influence the guy. So he's available to take information and feed it directly to the Committee. See, his information does not have to be released to the State Government before. Because what happens normally is that in the Committee -- how the Committee works is that you hand a paper in to the Secretariat and the Secretariat takes it and has to transmit it to the Government that is being complained against for their comment. Now the weakness of that system is that what the Government says to that Committee back in rebuttal is not available to the complainant. So you're not really -- they can say anything they want and unless you talk to members of the Committee, you don't really know what they said. So what this has done with the rapporteur is the rapporteur can feed material directly to the Committee. He's not obligated to release information to the State Government.
So in fact what the UN has done is they've kicked the whole Lubicon thing up one more step, which is very important within the terms of the UN, that they've done this, because it's unprecedented for them to do that. They very seldom do this kind of thing. To do that is important. I think that's why I interrupted, because I thought it was important that people understand how significant this particular decision is and how it's an on-going thing, it's not something they did and they left. It's something they're continuing to monitor. That's what Canada gets hysterical about over there.
Commission Member: I have a question. How long has this rapporteur been operating and is there any deadline on reporting or is there any framework of time?
Sharon Venne: No, that's really totally within the mandate of the Committee. The Committee meets three times a year. They meet twice in Geneva and once in New York. They have their own agenda. They make their own independent decisions about how they are going to operate. In the meetings I've had with various members of the Committee, I've urged them to continue monitoring the Lubicon case. And that's all you can do is urge them. You can't browbeat them. But I've urged them and told them it's important that they continue. And they have continued. The rapporteur has been in place and he has been in place since May 1991.
Menno Wiebe: Sharon, I would be helped a little bit if you would indicate what your relationship -- were you involved in any way in bringing this forward to the Commission?
Sharon Venne: To the Committee?
Menno Wiebe: Yes. To the Committee.
Sharon Venne: No, only in an indirect way. I just knew what was going on. When I was working in Geneva I just lobbied the members that needed to be lobbied. But the actual lawyer that was working on it was a woman from Washington D.C. who is really knowledgeable about these particular issues. She's a woman from the States.
Menno Wiebe: You were working in Geneva with the Human Rights Committee?
Sharon Venne: Not really with the Committee. I do a lot of work at the United Nations with the Working Group on Indigenous Peoples, a sub-commission, on the elimination of all forms of discrimination, plus at the Human Rights Commission. So in the process of being in Geneva, where I spend somewhere in the neighborhood of between 12 and 14 weeks a year, I've ran around and found out what was going on in the Committee and then just tried to talk to the people that were there and tried to help that way, because I knew what was going on, and briefed them. But I was not actually told by anybody to do this. I just did it because I knew I could do it.
Menno Wiebe: The information you have shared here at this table, have you also shared that with the Lubicon people?
Sharon Venne: Yes, I've told them. I've talked to the Chief a number of times about this thing and I've urged him to continue sending information to the Committee, because what happened was that when the Committee report first came out, when they issued the order, he didn't think it was strong enough. He thought there should have been something more. And so we had a long discussion about how the UN operates and about how this is seen as a significant slap on the face to Canada, very significant actually. And then when the report actually came out and I explained to him what the report means, he actually did come to Geneva once. I introduced him to, I don't know, 25 people in one day, about just who to talk to and stuff. I ran him through the building like he was on fire because he had one day in Geneva and I said, "Okay, we are going to meet all these people you've got to talk to. You've got to talk to ambassadors. You've got to talk to human rights experts. You've got to talk to lawyers. You've got to talk to press people. You've got to talk to these people." And I just dragged him around and said. "Talk to this person, talk to this person." We spent the whole day talking to people and then he left.
Menno Wiebe: I'd like to ask you one more question on this. Would you advise us, or what would be your counsel here for the writing of our report -- if we would have a paragraph on the United Nations and say we have taken a look at the submission of the issue to the United Nations. We have read their report. We have also assessed the interpretations by the Lubicon people and assessed the federal government response to it, I think you were pointing that out before. But we come out saying the weight is definitely in favor of the Lubicons' position. Something to that effect.
Sharon Venne: Well, the decision is more in favor of the Lubicons than against them, and because of the steps which they took to get to the decision -- I mean, most complaints before the Committee are dismissed before they reach the Committee level because they say that they haven't exhausted internal remedies. That's a big hurdle. And once you've gone past that, to get past the submissions of governments, what State Governments are saying against the complainant, to get past that, to get to an Order, then to get to a decision, then to get to the rapporteur, you really have gone -- they have gone a long ways. Most people that are knowledgeable in the area of human rights in the UN know about the Lubicon case. It's really significant in the face of what's going on. I mean, if you look at all the other atrocities in the world, the Lubicon case stands out as a big beacon. It's not a very pleasant thing that has happened, so they know about it. And they know it's an on-going situation. That's the thing that's the most -- the most significant thing. It's on-going. It's not something that has stopped. It continues to go on.
Menno Wiebe: In case you're not familiar with this up-dating, at the Peace River meeting of this Commission, one of our sittings, we had a representative from Switzerland -- Heinz Lippuner -- who gets his information also through Geneva and through Fred Lennarson's connections adding to the international aspect of the Lubicon case. This has not happened in a corner in Alberta. This is very much an internationalization. So I think that would go with your comments.
Sharon Venne: Well, I think that the thing about the Lubicon case is that the significance of it is when you go to Little Buffalo and you see how the Lubicons live and then you go to someplace like Austria, where I was last September, and there are actually people there having meetings on the Lubicons -- you start to see that it's a small world after all. They've made significant impacts. I think that what has happened is that it's brought the attention of the world to the fact that what's going on in Canada is not very pretty, their relationship to indigenous peoples. And the Lubicons have done that.
Jacques Johnson: What year did that take place, this report? You said that the UN asked that all development be stopped. So development was already established by then.
Sharon Venne: Well, let's see. I think the Lubicons started the case before the committee, or they started trying to get the case before the Committee -- I'm not sure of the dates, but I think it was either 1984 or 1985. And then the Committee issued the order in 1988 or 1989. It took a very long time for the Committee to actually get to that point because they had to run through this long process. You'd have to check with probably Fred Lennarson to get the correct dates. Or call Jessica Lefevre, who was their lawyer. She would have the complete file. And then after they issued the Order, it took another, it was some time -- I think it was 12 to 18 months before the actual case came up. I can't remember what day the case came up. Do you remember the date?
Jacques Johnson: No, I don't.
Sharon Venne: Well, the Committee meets in March, they meet in May and they meet in September, so March sounds familiar. March sounds right.
Commission Member: So they would have reported then in March of 1990?
Sharon Venne: Well, the only interesting thing about Canada's manipulation of the decision is the same thing that, how the Americans manipulated what the UN said about how, what they're going to do in Iraq. I mean, it's just kind of public manipulation, it's sort of half truth and half lies. They did the same thing in the Lubicon case.
Jacques Johnson: ... About whether or not information is still being presented to the rapporteur and if people like this Commission could send their report to the UN Committee.
Sharon Venne: I think that sending it to the rapporteur would be A-one. I don't know when you're planning on getting your report done. Because the Committee will be meeting again in March.
Michael Asch: We'll be done before then.
Sharon Venne: The rapporteur will be at the Committee. I think then you should send it to him through the Human Rights Centre in Geneva. They are meeting in Geneva in March.
Michael Asch: It will be coming in.
Sharon Venne: ... and tell them it's coming and then sort of lay the groundwork for you, that you're going to slap something major on their table.
Jacques Johnson: Any further questions to Sharon on this issue? | 2019-04-26T00:48:45Z | http://nisto.com/cree/lubicon/1993/19930129.html |
48 years ago today, Jose Feliciano made headlines across the nation after singing "The Star Spangled Banner" at The World Series. (Folks weren't keen on his interpretation of our National Anthem.) A single released of the live recording stalled at #46 a month later.
Jimi Hendrix turned heads when he did his screeching guitar-assault version at Woodstock a year later ... but Jose's rendering was probably the most talked about performance of our National Anthem until Roseanne Barr did her crotch-grabbing version at a San Diego Padres / Cincinnati Reds game in 1990.
I love FH when you surprise us with unexpected posted music like you did on Thursday.
and Micky Dolenz is back on February 11th for an All Monkees Hits Show.
Call it a Pleasant Valley Friday! We're pleased to announce that The Monkees THE COMPLETE SERIES on Blu-ray is once again coming off the assembly line and is ready to ship right to your door. We've resolved the prior shipping issues that caused a small number of boxes to arrive with minor damage, so order with confidence.
• All 58 episodes, newly remastered in stunning HD from the original negatives for the very first time, plus the 1969 TV Special "33 1/3 Revolutions Per Monkee"
• Unique packaging including a 7" featuring "Star Collector" b/w "Goin' Down" in unique TV mono mixes available ONLY in this limited edition!
· A bonus disc packed with hours and hours of outtakes and vintage TV appearances available ONLY in this limited edition - once this sells out, you'll never be able to get this material again!
· Episode 19 "Find The Monkees"
· Episode 56 "Some Find It Lukewarm"
And take a look inside the box here.
Fresh from their August induction into the Rhythm and Blues Hall of Fame (http://rhythmandblueshof.com/) , R&B legends Mary Wilson of the Supremes and Eddie Holman will be among the great musicians who will fill the star-studded “Legends of R&B and Doo Wop” concert lineup at Highlander Auditorium in Upland, Michigan.
Wilson, Holman, The Original Tymes and Harold Winley and The Clovers will all take to the Highlander Auditorium stage for a blockbuster trip down memory lane on Saturday, Dec. 10. Presented by Affordable Music Productions, Legends of R&B and Doo Wop tickets may be purchased at www.affordablemusicproductions.com or by calling 1-888-718-4253.
setting the stage for one of the most successful singing groups in recording history. “Where Did Our Love Go” reached No. 1 on the U.S. pop charts in 1964, followed by five consecutive No. 1 hits: “Baby Love,” “Come See About Me,” “Stop In the Name of Love,” and “Back in My Arms Again.” Wilson has gone on to perform on dozens of hit records, while also enjoying a career as a best-selling author, stage and screen actress and much-requested lecturer.
was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2005.
Tickets are $49, $59, $69, $79 and $89. There are no service fees and parking is free. Highlander Auditorium is located at 850 N. San Antonio Avenue (at Foothill Boulevard) in Upland.
British Songwriter Rod Temperton, keyboardist with Heatwave and composer of their hits "Boogie Nights" and "Always And Forever", died of cancer Wednesday (October 5) just four days shy of his 69th birthday. Rod also wrote several Michael Jackson hits, including "Thriller", "Off The Wall" and "Rock With You", George Benson's "Give Me The Night", Michael McDonald's "Sweet Freedom" and "Baby Come To Me", made popular by Patti Austin and James Ingram.
Joan Marie Johnson (Faust) who, along with her cousins Barbara Ann and Rosa Lee Hawkins formed the Dixie Cups and reached #1 in 1964 with "Chapel Of Love", died of congestive heart failure in her native New Orleans at the age of 72. Formed to compete in a high school talent contest in 1963 (as the Mel-Tones), they caught the eye of Joe ("You Talk Too Much") Jones who became their manager (despite their not winning the contest). Joe auditioned the girls for producers Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, who signed them to their Red Bird label as the Dixie Cups. The success of "Chapel Of Love" was followed by "People Say" (#12 - 1964) and "Iko Iko" (#20- 1965) but a year later Joan left to battle sickle cell anemia and devote herself to her church. The Dixie Cups were inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2007.
These Tony Award winning artists have joined together to bring many of the forgotten hits of the 60s to audiences worldwide ... and THEY ARE SENSATIONAL!
They just did a show in New Brunswick yesterday and are dear friends of Tommy and I.
Please check out their website for more details ... I think your readers would enjoy them.
Bob sent us this glowing review of the Eric Burdon show we saw at The City Winery last week ... ironically, it's written by Damian Rico, who sat directly across from me at the very same table the night of the show! (lol) Small world, eh?
His is a much kinder take on the show ... which, as I stated in my review, seemed to be enjoyed by the majority of the folks there that night.
There’s no question The Beatles and Rolling Stones changed the history and culture of rock and roll in the United States in the '60s. But no single distinctive voice may have been as powerful as electric as blues man and lead singer of the Animals Eric Burdon’s.
Burdon’s powerful stage presence and dynamic ability to mesmerize audiences with his hits is still growing strong after six decades in the business.
Recent sold-out shows at The City Winery in Chicago are a solid indication of Burdon’s enduring relevance and his fans’ indebtedness for his craft.
Burdon played for nearly two hours, taking his audience on his journey from early performances like the Monterey Music Festival, where he performed with the likes of Jimi Hendrix, The Who, Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Otis Redding, The Mamas & The Papas and Jefferson Airplane, to name a few.
At 75 years old, Burdon is still bringing it.
Burdon did an impressive job coupling songs from his newest album “Til Your River Runs Dry” like “Devil and Jesus,” “Bo Diddley Special,” to the classic cuts like “Don’t Let Me Be Misunderstood,” “Monterey,” “Bring It On Home To Me,” “House Of The Rising Sun” before leaving the stage.
Burdon is still a force to be reckoned with and his music will continue to stand the test of time.
The music video for “Sixteen Tons” by ZZ Top featuring Jeff Beck has just premiered in support of the recent release of the album ZZ Top Live! Greatest Hits From Around the World from Suretone. The piece was directed by Odin Wadleigh who has created music videos and documentaries for numerous artists including Alice In Chains, Kool Keith and Mayer Hawthorne. He melded August, 2016 performance footage of ZZ Top shot on tour in Dayton, Ohio with black and white archival film of ditch diggers, auto workers and (literal) bridge builders as an homage to the travail of the blue collar worker. It is the story behind the track that contains one of the more interesting twists in music history.
The Texas trio and British guitar legend Jeff Beck have long been friends, collaborating together on stage occasionally. When a YouTube video surfaced in 2012, purporting to be ZZ Top and Jeff Beck performing the Tennessee Ernie Ford classic “Sixteen Tons,” it seemed entirely plausible, save for the fact that they had never performed that song together in their lives. In reality, it was appropriated from a joint performance at Madison Square Garden in celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame but “Sixteen Tons” was not on the set list that night. Instead of attempting to file suit against the perpetrator, whose identity still remains a mystery, That Lil’ Ol’ Band From Texas and Mr. Beck embraced it by covering “Sixteen Tons” on their 2014 tour together, using the same arrangement as heard in the hoax video.
Live! Greatest Hits From Around the World features two authentic collaborations with Jeff Beck in his native London – “Rough Boy” and “Sixteen Tons.” It is from this version that the music video was spawned.
“It’s a mega meta kinda thang,” says ZZ Top frontman Billy F Gibbons. It gets even more meta than that. The most familiar pervious version of “Sixteen Tons” was Tennessee Ernie Ford’s massive 1955 hit that went all the way to #1 on the charts. It was originally recorded in 1946 by country singer Merle Travis who gets writer’s credit. His song is based on folk singer George S. Davis’ “Nine-to-ten Tons,” written in the 1930s.
On November 4, ABKCO Films will release a newly restored version of Blindman, the 1971 cult Spaghetti Western starring Tony Anthony and Ringo Starr and directed by Ferdinando Baldi (David and Goliath starring Orson Welles). The DVD, Blu-ray and digital download versions are in HD, mastered from the original 35mm negative. The release is preceded by midnight theatrical screenings at IFC Center in New York City on October 7 and 8, and a double feature with Jodorowsky’s El Topo at the Castro Theater in San Francisco on October 21.
Blindman is Baldi’s take on the immensely popular Zatoichi films of Japan. A blind gunman (Tony Anthony) escorts a group of fifty women to Texas, where they are to be married to miners. When the mail order brides are kidnapped by a gang working for two Mexican banditos (one of whom is played by Starr) and their villainous sister, the captors find out their opponent, dependent on his horse and his hearing, is a deadlier challenge than they might have expected. Full of humor, sarcasm and featuring an unforgettable 5.1 audio soundtrack by Stelvio Cipriani, Blindman is one of the most stylish and absurdist of the Spaghetti Westerns from the early ‘70s.
Shot at Cinecitta Studios in Rome, and on location in southern Spain, Blindman was co-produced by Tony Anthony, Allen Klein and Saul Swimmer, the latter of whom co-produced the Beatles film Let It Be and directed George Harrison’s The Concert for Bangladesh. Blindman features many classic Spaghetti Western locations in their heyday – the Western town of Decorados in the Tabernas desert, the massive fort built for the American film El Condor, the railroad station from Once Upon a Time in the West, the cortijo from Duck, You Sucker, and the “mission” location featured in The Bounty Killer and Death Rides a Horse.
Ringo Starr, having just ignited his solo career the year before, amidst of the dissolution of the Beatles, was so imbued with his role in Blindman that he recorded a song describing the premise of the film. The b-side to his 1972 single “Back Off Boogaloo,” the aptly titled “Blindman” was produced by Klaus Voormann, a member of Plastic Ono Band and cover art designer of the Beatles’ Revolver.
Tonight from 10 to 11 New York time = "The Fugitive."
For all you youngins out there who thought that today's posting might be a tribute to Joey Fatone and N*Sync, consider this an education!!!
My wife and I attended the book release party for Glenn Burger's "Never Say No to a Rock Star" and it was an evening beyond belief!
Attached is an article about the evening, along with some photos.
http://forgottenhits60s.blogspot.com/2016/09/glenn-berger-never-say-no-to-rock-star.html to read Bob's complete review of Glenn Burger's book.
Meanwhile, here is his first-hand account of the party!
Readers of FH may recall the review and interview I recently did regarding Glenn Burger’s terrific new book, Never Say No to a Rock Star.
If you didn’t, the book is about the author’s time in the 70’s spent as assistant, then recording engineer, to star producer Phil Ramone. It’s so descriptive that the reader feels as if he’s / she’s right there in the studio, smelling the burn of the tubes in the recording equipment, hearing the tape roll and watching the likes of Paul Simon, Bob Dylan, Frank Sinatra, Wilson Pickett, Mick Jagger, The New York Dolls, and other musical luminaries in the studio recording some of their most iconic music.
And, then there are the behind-the-scenes stories! Glenn doesn’t hold back in describing some of the appalling behavior of some truly childish, nasty and unreasonable temperamental artists. He compares it to the absolute genius that blasts through the control room speakers.
It’s a beautiful dichotomy that is wondrous and revealing to read. Many of the artists are described as lovely and sensitive people ... and, he praises the studio “cats” (musicians) as the secret stars of every recording event. There’s so much more to the book, written from this now-psycho therapist’s grown up and professional point of view about his youth spent in the recording business, as well as of the artists he encountered and worked for.
And, to top it all off, Glenn hosted a book release / fundraiser (for MusiCares) last night (September 29) at “The Cutting Room,” in New York City. (Fans may recall that this was the scene of Ron Wood’s two solo concerts about two years ago.) The evening was billed as a “New York Studio Cats Reunion,” and man – was it!
My wife, Susie, and I drove into the city, had incredible dinners at “The Cutting Room” and watched with our mouths open (after we ate) and bopping with feet tapping as these mavens of music took us on a rockin’ escalator to nirvana.
Robbie Kondor – musical director, “The Nuff Brothers” featuring “Blue” Lou Marini (sax), Kenny Ascher (piano), David Spinozza (guitar), Bette Sussman (musical director for Better Midler, on keyboards and vocals), Irwin Fisch (keyboards), John Siegler (bass), Tom “Bones” Malone (trombone), Curtis King, Jr. (vocals), Valerie Simpson (of Ashford & Simpson), and, from “The World’s Most Dangerous Band,” (billed last night as “Paul Shaffer & The Latest”) none other than Will Lee on bass, Sid McGinnis on guitar and the incredible Paul Shaffer on keyboards, vocals and lotsa schmaltz! You probably recognize a lot of these names from T.V., movies (“The Blues Brothers”) and from album liner notes.
The friendly and sociable audience was chock full of recognizable names and faces, and I had the pleasure of meeting the very lovely May Pang. I also bumped into an old, old friend (well – he’s my age), studio guitarist and all around good guy, Craig Snyder, who joined Susie and me at our table, and introduced us to a lot of his friends and colleagues.
Author Glenn Burger played the gracious host, making his hundreds of guests feel singular and welcomed, and all-in-all, it was as fun a musical evening as I’ve ever spent, even without my bass plugged in and around my neck. Sometimes you just wanna lay back and let the cats who can really do it, do it.
Now, go out and get Glenn Burger’s incredible book, Never Say No to a Rock Star. You’re gonna love it!
Glenn Berger, recording engineer and author of "Never Say No to a Rock Star: In The Studio With Dylan, Sinatra, Jagger and More," and Musical Director Robbie Kondor, are hosting this benefit reunion of the musicians, singers, producers, arrangers, engineers, and studio staffs who were behind the hit music recorded in New York studios over the last fifty years. With performances by a host of the greatest musicians and singers alive and surprise guest artists, in both song and story Glenn and Robbie will celebrate these unsung heroes whose contributions to innumerable classic records shaped a generation. Come hang with old friends, share this once-in-a-lifetime event, and contribute to a worthy cause. All net proceeds will be donated directly to MusiCares. MusiCares is the charitable arm of the Recording Academy that provides a safety net of critical assistance for music industry professionals.
My curiosity got the better of me ... so I did some digging and came up with this article and interview with Ron Onesti from 2012. (OK, I am absolutely going to have to ask him about this next time I'm there and have him take me on the guided tour!!!) Frickin' amazing!
I have known Eric for many years. I haven't seen him in a while, but we are good friends.
I hope it was just a bad night. All performers ave bad spells.
I went through a period where I thought it was all over, but I took time out and went to a singing coach and it saved me.
You also have to consider he may have had a long stretch of work without a lot of rest, which is a killer for singers.
I love Eric and I will get in touch with him.
He's the real deal and I hope he is okay because he has always given his all. He is strong and let's hope he bounces back. Knowing him, it won't surprise me.
Yeah, I'm thinking he may have been sic because his voice was pretty weak ... but from several emails I've received, he seems to be having a bit of a hard time moving around these days.
It's a shame because everybody has this image in their heads about the glory days when ALL of us were young ... the audience often forgets that WE'VE gotten older, too.
I'm doing something next year that spotlights the entire year of 1967 ... Eric Burdon and the Animals had three or four US chart hits that year ... it would be GREAT if he'd be willing to reflect back on those times, as I think he had sort of "rebuilt" The Animals shortly before then ... their musical direction certainly changed that year with things like "Monterey" and "San Franciscan Nights" ... he was definitely affected by what was going on here in The States during The Summer Of Love.
Maybe pass this email along to him and let him know that I would love for him to participate.
Regarding Eric Burdon, I remember seeing him a few years ago and his stage moves were limited to a fist pump. He could still sing and, his limitations notwithstanding, performed with conviction. He also gave an engaging interview when we talked to him for Songfacts back in 2010.
Did you cut out and save these records from the backs of cereal boxes?
Interesting to see that Garth now has more 10 million selling albums than The Beatles.
Garth keeps a local-guy low profile (avoiding the high rent district) and is seen around our part of town pretty often at the Chick-Fil-A and other spots. His wife Tricia (Yearwood) is in my wife's Zumba class and is just considered one of the girls. She signs-in with the last name "Brooks", though most don't usually think of her that way.
My good and long-time friend, Jon Ashe, has been playing with Tommy James now for a couple of years. Jon played the original bass on "Mony Mony." When I was in The Rip Chords and we opened for Tommy (in, what? 2001 is it??), I gave Tommy his old friend's phone number. It only took a decade, but Jon is back.
I sent Jon your coverage of the Chicago show, and he, in turn, sent it on to Tommy.
Booked like crazy, they are, and deservedly so. I'll keep you posted.
Have a cool weekend, my friend.
First I've ever heard about the Al Capone connection but who knows ... he had his hands in everything back then!
UPDATE: After doing a little bit of digging I found this little piece of information regarding Capone's ties to The Arcada Theatre. I never knew ... had absolutely NO idea ... but next time I'm there, I'm going to have to have Ron Onesti take me on the official guided tour!
Saw Brian Wilson, Al Jardine and their Pet Sounds Concert Saturday at the Chicago Theater and all I can say it was F A N T A S T I C !!!!!!
They opened up with "California Girls" and it blew the roof off the theater ... what a sound!!!
The musicians sounded GREAT and they duplicated the numerous sounds of the Pet Sound recordings to perfection.
We were also treated to their Big Hits and all I can say is Brian Wilson and Al Jardine have a lot of stamina and I am so glad I got to see them perform!!!
Well over two hours on the stage and the audience wanted MORE!!!!
Man, did your review of the Lou Gramm concert hit home today! I know you were looking forward to it, but when a famous group is so loud that it has gone way beyond a point where you think the nails and screws are coming out of the walls, then it is time to leave! I love the band, Foreigner with Lou in front, but when volume is more of a factor than the music is, well, that's another story.
Don't get me wrong, I would love to hear the Lou Gramm Band, but maybe at an outside venue, where I can escape somehow. In my opinion, he is one of the trio of "voices" of the eighties, along with Steve Perry and Brad Delp (three singing heroes of mine). I would really like to hear what he can do these days, without having to put up with all the decibels. I have a Foreigner reunion DVD put away in a box somewhere, probably recorded close to twenty years ago. I know that Gramm had gone through all the health issues, so I was trying to be understanding, but his voice was so off that I actually felt sorry for him.
However, as years have gone by, maybe he sounds pretty good now.
Doesn't matter what your musical tastes are ... you'll find something for EVERYBODY at The Arcada Theatre in St. Charles, IL.
'50's Music? Bobby Rydell hits the Arcada stage on November 26th ... and Pat Boone will be doing a show with his daughter Debby on October 16th. You can also catch Little Anthony and the Imperials on October 23rd ... they put on a GREAT show last time I saw them.
'60's Music more your style? Then how about Johnny Rivers? He's coming to The Arcada on October 9th. And then on November 4th, The Arcada plays host to Ms. Dionne Warwick, one of the most memorable voices of our time.
The '70's are well represented, too. America graces The Arcada stage on November 18th ... and Tony Orlando is back on December 10th. This Friday (October 7th) you can catch soulful sounds of The Stylistics ... or kick it up a notch with The Charlie Daniels Band on November 3rd or Roger Hodgson of Supertramp on December 8th and 9th.
They've got music for every style and taste ... how about Dr. Demento on October 27th? Blues Legend Buddy Guy on October 8th. Chazz Palminteri puts on a one-man show of his pride and joy, "A Bronx Tale" on October 15th. Or catch Gallagher on October 21st.
The Ides of March and the Brian Setzer Orchestra are both putting on Christmas Shows at The Arcada on December 16th and November 15th respectively. And Edgar Winter and Starship (featuring Mickey Thomas) have shows lined up, too. | 2019-04-20T15:02:18Z | http://forgottenhits60s.blogspot.com/2016_10_02_archive.html |
Manuel Eduardo Martínez-Cruz1, Yuri B. Okolodkov2*, Ana Concepción Aguilar-Trujillo3 & Jorge Alfredo Herrera-Silveira3.
To determine the epiphytic dinoflagellate taxocoenosis, to study the vertical distribution of dinoflagellates along the leaves of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum and to evaluate the potential risk of ciguatera, based on the year-round sampling at Dzilam, the northern Yucatan Peninsula, were the main objectives. Seagrass samples were taken monthly from 15 May 2012 to 20 May 2013, 100 m from the coastline. Water temperature varied between 22.3 oC (February) and 36.5 oC (April), and salinity varied between 29.6 (April) and 37.3 (May 2012). In total, 18 epiphytic dinoflagellate species were found. The genus Prorocentrum was predominant in terms of the number of species (7). Prorocentrum lima (up to 2228 cells/g of Thalassia wet weight, in April), P. cf. sipadanensis (up to 1111 cells/g, in August) and Peridinium quinquecorne (up to 987 cells/g, in January) largely determined the annual dynamics of the entire taxocoenosis. The dinoflagellate cell abundance usually increased towards the apices of the leaves throughout the year, and the highest cell abundances were observed in the apical (the oldest) 12-20-cm part of the seagrass. The annual dynamics of the total dinoflagellate cell abundance was characterized by two peaks, in August 2012 and April 2013. The lowest cell abundance was observed in February and May 2013. Considering the data presently available on the toxicity and our results on the dominant species, P. lima may represent a major threat at Dzilam. Other potentially toxic species were: Amphidinium carterae, Coolia sp., Prorocentrum concavum, P. foraminosum, P. hoffmannianum and P. rhathymum.
Los objetivos principales del presente estudio fueron determinar la taxocenosis de los dinoflagelados epifíticos, estudiar la distribución vertical de dinoflagelados de las hojas del pasto marino Thalassia testudinum así como evaluar el posible riesgo de la ciguatera con base en el muestreo anual en Dzilam, en el norte de la Península de Yucatán. Muestras del pasto marino se tomaron mensualmente del 15 de mayo de 2012 al 20 de mayo de 2013, a la distancia de 100 m de la línea de la costa. La temperatura de agua varió entre 22.3 oC (febrero) y 36.5 oC (abril) y la salinidad entre 29.6 (abril) y 37.3 (mayo de 2012). En total, se registraron 18 especies de dinoflagelados epifíticos. El género Prorocentrum fue predominante en cuanto al número de especies (7). Prorocentrum lima (hasta 2228 cél./g del peso húmedo de T. testudinum, en abril), P. cf. sipadanensis (hasta 1111 cél./g, en agosto) y Peridinium quinquecorne (hasta 987 cél./g, en enero) determinaron en gran medida la dinámica anual de la taxocenosis entera. La abundancia celular de dinoflagelados usualmente se incrementó hacia los ápices de las hojas en el transcurso del año, y las abundancias celulares más altas se observaron en la parte apical (la más vieja) de 12-20 cm del pasto marino. La dinámica anual de la abundancia celular total de dinoflagelados se caracterizó por dos picos, en agosto de 2012 y abril de 2013. La abundancia celular más baja se observó en febrero y mayo de 2013. Considerando los datos disponibles sobre toxicidad hasta el presente y con nuestros resultados sobre las especies dominantes, P. lima representa la mayor amenaza en Dzilam. Otras especies potencialmente toxicas fueron: Amphidinium carterae, Coolia sp., Prorocentrum concavum, P. foraminosum, P. hoffmannianum y P. rhathymum.
Seagrass beds are common in a shallow zone along the northern Yucatan Peninsula, and Thalassia testudinum Banks et Solander ex König (Angiospermatophyta: Hydrocharitaceae) is the most common species (Okolodkov, pers. obs.). As a habitat and a refuge for hundreds of species from microalgae to sea turtles and manatees, it also represents a risk for human health due to some toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates, including the species that cause ciguatera. Recently, there was a report on ciguatera-related biotoxins from the northern Yucatan coast found in humans poisoned by eating the great barracuda Sphyraena barracuda (Sphyraenidae) (Okolodkov et al. 2014). Earlier, in the period of 1984-2004, in the Yucatan Peninsula, 23 cases of ciguatera were reported; the carnivorous fishes (Lutjanus spp., Epinephelus spp, Mycteroperca spp. and the great barracuda) were involved in all cases reported for Mexico, on the whole (Nuñez-Vásquez et al. 2008).
In the southern Gulf of Mexico, the epiphytic dinoflagellates have been the object of the taxonomic and ecological studies performed in Veracruz and Yucatan (Okolodkov et al. 2007, 2014, Aguilar-Trujillo et al. 2014), and both seagrasses and seaweeds were sampled. However, more detailed studies on selected seagrass species are still lacking, and the vertical distribution of the cell abundance and the species are unknown. To determine the epiphytic dinoflagellate taxocoenosis, to study the vertical distribution of dinoflagellates along the T. testudinum leaves and to evaluate the risk of ciguatera based on year-round sampling were the main objectives of this study.
Samples of T. testudinum (Fig. 1) were taken monthly, at 10:30-12:30 a.m., from 15 May 2012 to 20 May 2013, 100 m from the coastline, at Dzilam de Bravo (Dzilam, for short), the northern Yucatan Peninsula in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico (21°23’36.86”N, 88°53’46.98”W). At a site with a depth of 1.0-1.3(1.7) m, 10 to 15 leaves were separated with a knife and placed into a plastic 500-ml bottle. On shore, leaves of 35-60 cm length were immediately cut into three equal (basal without rhizome, medium and apical) parts and placed in three bottles with seawater taken from the sampling site and fixed with 37% formalin to a final concentration of 4%. Water temperature and salinity were measured with a YSI-Professional Plus (Yellow Springs, Ohio, USA).
In the laboratory, the epiphytes were separated by vigorous agitation for one minute, stained with a 0.2% Trypan Blue water solution and counted in a Sedgwick-Rafter chamber under an inverted Olympus CKX-41 microscope in a bright field following the procedure described earlier (Okolodkov et al. 2007). The cell counts were recalculated so that the results could be presented as cells per gram of T. testudinum wet weight (cells/g TWW). Dinoflagellate species were identified under an inverted microscope, considering our previous, more thorough morphological observations on cells obtained from the same study area (Okolodkov et al. 2009, 2014, Aguilar-Trujillo et al. 2014) using a compound Olympus BX51 microscope and a JEOL JSM5310LV scanning electron microscope. Okolodkov et al. (2009) erroneously reported Gambierdiscus caribaeus as G. toxicus. Some species were identified tentatively because data were lacking for some diagnostic features such as the periflagellar area in Prorocentrum species.
During the study period, water temperature varied between 22.3 oC (February) and 36.5 oC (April) and salinity between 29.6 (April) and 37.3 (May 2012). In total, 18 dinoflagellate species were found: Amphidinium carterae Hulburt, Bysmatrum caponii (Horiguchi et Pienaar) Faust et Steidinger, Cabra cf. aremonica Chomérat, Couté et Nézan, Coolia sp., Durinskia cf. capensis Pienaar, Sakai et Horiguchi, Peridinium quinquecorne T.H. Abé, Prorocentrum concavum Fukuyo, P. foraminosum Faust, P. hoffmannianum Faust, P. lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, P. rhathymum Loeblich III, Sherley et Schmidt, P. sculptile Faust, P. cf. sipadanensis Mohammad-Noor, Daugbjerg et Moestrup, Prorocentrum sp., Sinophysis ebriola (Herdman) Balech, S. microcephala Nie et Wang, S. stenosoma Hoppenrath and (?) Togula sp. The genus Prorocentrum was predominant in terms of the number of species (7).
Other dominant species (those contributing more than 10% of the total dinoflagellate cell abundance in a sample) were as follows: Prorocentrum lima (up to 2228 cells/g TWW, in April), P. cf. sipadanensis (up to 1111 cells/g, in August), Peridinium quinquecorne (up to 987 cells/g, in January), Prorocentrum rhathymum, P. hoffmannianum, P. concavum, Coolia sp. and Bysmatrum caponii were the most abundant species (Fig. 2 and 3). The former three largely determined the annual dynamics of the entire taxocoenosis, and the highest cell abundances per sample were observed in the apical 12-20 cm part of the seagrass. The annual dynamics of the total dinoflagellate cell abundance was characterized by two peaks, in August and April (Fig. 4). The lowest cell abundances were observed in February and May 2013. Comparing the cell abundances found in May 2012 and May 2013, the difference is significant; thus interannual changes in physical-chemical conditions must be involved.
The dinoflagellate cell abundance usually increased towards the apices of the leaves throughout the year, with two pronounced peaks of 3841 and 2584 cells/g TWW, in August and April, respectively (Fig. 5). Only in July was it significantly higher (2229 cells/g TWW) in the medium part and in September in the basal part.
Although Gambierdiscus caribaeus Vandersea, Litaker, Faust, Kibler, Holland et Tester (Fig. 2I) was not observed on T. testudinum leaves, rare cells of this species were found in seaweed samples taken from July through December at sampling sites located 75, 100 and 200 m from the coastline (this study).
Unlike in earlier studies on the epiphytic dinoflagellates performed along the northern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, the benthic-planktonic Peridinium quinquecorne was observed for the first time among the dominant species in the taxocoenosis of epiphytic dinoflagellates. This species has been known to be a blooming species in the state of Veracruz, southwestern Gulf of Mexico (Aké-Castillo et al. 2014, Pérez-Morales et al. 2015, Rodríguez-Gómez et al. 2015). It is curious that P. quinquecorne was not observed as a part of the epiphytic dinoflagellate taxocoenosis in Veracruz whereas in the northern Yucatan it was. Similar to Veracruz, Prorocentrum lima was the principal dominant species in our study. Unlike our study, in previous studies in the northern Yucatan waters, Prorocentrum rhathymum was frequently the predominant species responsible for the annual dynamics of the entire taxocoenosis of epiphytic dinoflagellates (Aguilar-Trujillo et al. 2014, Okolodkov et al. 2014). Earlier, it was shown that P. rhathymum prefers low nutrient concentrations and that P. lima is correlated with high ammonium concentrations (Okolodkov et al. 2014), so the shift from P. rhathymum to P. lima as the dominant species can be explained by the eutrophication of the coastal waters at Dzilam after a long-term red tide that occurred in the study area in 2011 and maintained itself for several months (Merino-Virgilio et al. 2014).
As for the vertical distribution of the dinoflagellate cell abundance along the seagrass leaves, it is obvious that fish species that prefer feeding on the apices (Lobel & Ogden 1981), as does the permanent dweller of the seagrass beds in the eastern Caribbean, the herbivorous bucktooth parrotfish Sparisoma radians (Scaridae), have a greater potential for accumulating dinoflagellate toxins through the food web. In the islands of the West Indies, among marine spermatophytes, only the seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme Kütz. (syn.: Cymodocea manatorum Asch.) are eaten by reef fishes in significant quantities (Rundall 1967). Some fishes from the families Kyphosidae, Scaridae and Acanthuridae had plant material constituting more than 50% by volume of the stomach contents; in addition, some omnivorous fishes fed heavily on marine plants. Four seagrass species, including T. testudinum, were found in the stomachs of more than 30 species of mainly coral reef-dwelling fishes primarily from the families Scaridae and Acanthuridae, but also from the Sparidae, Monacanthidae, Tetradontidae and Ostraciontidae (Rundall 1967). In addition, the families Syngnathidae, Gobiidae, Labridae, Gerreidae, Scorpaenidae, Sciaenidae and Blennidae are also among typical seaweed grazers in many geographical areas around the world (Pollard 1984). In the Lobos Reef, in the northern part of the state of Veracruz, the most abundant coral reef fishes associated with T. testudinum are Scarus iseri and Sparisoma radians (Scaridae), Halichoeres bivittatus (Labridae), Stegastes adustus and Stegastes leucostictus (Pomacentridae) (González-Gándara & Trinidad-Martínez 2006). In south Florida and the Caribbean Sea, apart from fishes, sea urchins and green turtles constitute the major groups that graze seagrass meadows (Ogden et al. 1973, Zieman et al. 1984). Additionally, gastropods, crustaceans and sea mammals should be added to this list (Valentine & Heck 1999). Seagrasses were shown to be a significant food source for juvenile fish in and offshore from south Texas lagoons (Fry & Parker 1979). In general, seagrass meadows provide shelter from predators and an abundant food source (“board and lodging”), functioning as a nursery ground (Rundall 1967, Pollard 1984). Valentine & Heck (1999) estimated that about 3 to 100% of seagrass net primary production enters food webs via the grazing pathway. These results are crucial to the understanding of the scale of the ciguatera transfer through food webs.
Also, it is clear that the annual dynamics of the epiphytic dinoflagellate taxocoenosis, at least in terms of the maximal cell abundances, depend primarily on the growth of the dominant species, Prorocentrum lima, P. cf. sipadanensis and Peridinium quinquecorne on the apical (the oldest) part of the seagrass leaves.
Gambierdiscus caribaeus was recently shown to be a ciguateric species (Holland et al. 2013). Previously, it was found in May and November 2008 in abundance in shallow waters at two localities near Dzilam (Okolodkov et al. 2014). Therefore, the study area can be considered potentially ciguateric. The following dinoflagellate species found in the study area on T. testudinum may represent a threat to human health: Amphidinium carterae (produces haemolytic substances, ichthyotoxins, and it was also implicated as a causative agent of ciguatera; Baig et al. 2006), Coolia sp. (in tropical waters, at least two species, C. tropicalis Faust and C. malayensis Leaw, Lim et Usup, produce ichthyotoxic cooliatoxin; Momigliano et al. 2013), Prorocentrum concavum (okadaic acid and ichthyotoxins), P. foraminosum (dinophysistoxin-1), P. hoffmannianum (okadaic acid and fast-acting toxins), P. lima (okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, dinophysistoxin-2, prorocentrolides and fast-acting toxins) and P. rhathymum (okadaic acid). Some dinoflagellates that had been considered non-toxic have been shown to produce toxins, specifically P. foraminosum (dinophysistoxin-1; Kameneva et al. 2015). In addition, there are some species whose toxicity is yet unknown (e.g., P. sipadanensis). Considering the data presently available on the toxicity and our results on the dominant species, P. lima and P. rhathymum may represent a major threat at Dzilam. Application of both inverted light and scanning electron microscopy allows the abundance estimation and identification to species or generic level. However, this does not guarantee an absolute resolution of the quantification vs. identification problem, due to the impossibility of applying both types of microscopy to the same cells, a common problem remaining to be solved in ecological studies.
We are grateful to Cristian A. Kantún-Manzano (CINVESTAV-IPN, Merida, Mexico) for his help in sampling, to Fany del C. Merino-Virgilio (CINVESTAV-IPN, Merida, Mexico) for her help in processing seagrass samples in the laboratory, to Ismael Gárate-Lizárraga (CICIMAR-IPN, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico), Marina S. Selina (A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia) and Horacio Pérez-España (ICIMAP-UV, Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico) for help with the literature and valuable advice, and to Marcia M. Gowing (University of California at Santa Cruz, California, USA) for improving the English style of the manuscript. Field trips were supported by CINVESTAV-IPN, Merida, and several projects given to JAHS.
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Pérez-Morales, A., J.A. Aké-Castillo, Y.B. Okolodkov & G. Campos-Bautista. 2015. Florecimientos algales nocivos y eutrofización frente a la costa del Puerto de Veracruz, suroeste del Golfo de México. E-BIOS 2(8): 21-33.
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Corregido: 28 de febrero 2016.
Aceptado: 29 de febrero 2016.
Revisores: E. Novelo, I. Gárate-Lizárraga y un revisor anónimo. | 2019-04-23T16:49:56Z | http://cymbella.mx/articulos/03/Epiphytic_dinoflagellates_on_the_seagrass_Thalassia_testudinum_at_Dzilam.html |
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A: Our research effort is broken down by industry. Our objective is to understand every company's history and long term growth plan no matter the location or size of the company. Take the telephone business (as most countries have public telephone companies). We have in-country analysts following the industry in most countries. That does not mean we will necessarily buy any of the telephone companies, but we will understand the industry. Should we decide to increase our telecom holdings we are able to quickly make decisions as we have already done our homework on the industry. Two telephone analysts on our team have worked in senior management slots for telephone companies, helping us further to find quality long term value.
Q: Exactly how does the economy influence your decision making?
A: We use economic trends in two ways. Over the long term, companies operating in countries with higher rates of economic growth are likely to experience higher rates of growth in their profits. It therefore makes sense to be exposed to those countries. This is a long term view, but perhaps most important we believe that stock prices reflect value created through profit. The second way we use the economy is in the timing of purchase of deeply cyclical stocks. As core holdings we purchase companies that grow consistently. However during deep recessions unusual values are created in the cyclical stock area. During deep recessions we would add car and steel companies to our portfolio, as traditionally these sectors provide the highest rates of return during the very early stages of economic recovery.
Q: Do you use asset allocation as part of your investment strategy?
A: We are not allocators. Our customers have hired us to buy very specific types of securities, having decided beforehand that historical volatility is acceptable. As a result we generally intend to remain fully invested. Even with our balanced style the mix between stocks and bonds does not change significantly. It is important to remember that the equity markets have risen over long periods of time, but there will be many bad markets along the way. Knowledgeable investors tend to increase equity commitments during bad markets rather than pull money out.
Q: Where would you rank earnings growth as a factor in your decision making?
A: Long term growth in free cash flow, or EBITDA earnings, is a critical part of our decision making process. As long as free cash flow increases, companies can expand their businesses, pay dividends, make acquisitions all of which increase a company's value. I would like to distinguish EBITDA earnings from earnings per share as EBITDA represents true earnings without the accounting distortions in earnings per share. The next question is one of valuation. Let's say we have identified a company that has the consistent growth characteristics we tend to look for. The next question is can we make money in the stock or does the share price already reflect future growth? Wall Street is trendy and there are usually stocks which have gone up faster than earnings growth. If the price is too high the company then goes on what we refer to as our wish list. The wish list is companies which we would like to purchase but that are unreasonably priced. With the anticipation that there will be significant market declines in the future we simply wait until those market declines provide lower prices. We are contrarians and buy high quality companies when they are out of favor.
Q: How do you control risk?
A: I would like to differentiate between risk and volatility. To me risk is centered on any company's failure to grow and increase net income. Translated that means a company will ultimately be valued on the basis of the growth of assets over long periods of time. As long as earnings go up regularly we will do wonderfully. We control risk by investing in companies which have shown the ability to grow consistently. Volatility has more to do with short term market conditions, an item we cannot control. However we all know that there are bad days in the market. Our intent is to take advantage of this volatility by adding great companies during periods of poor market performance.
Q: If there is just one rule you follow as an investment manager, what would that be?
A: Buy the best company and management team we can find.
Q: How would you describe your typical portfolio? How many companies would it have, how diversified is it, and are the companies generally recognizable to the public?
Q: Do you consider yourself to be a fundamental or technical manager?
A: We start with the fundamentals striving to find companies we feel will provide our investors with the highest rates of return. Once we have identified a company we would like to own, the next question is whether we can make money if we were to buy the stock at that moment. Technical evaluation is used in the latter part of the decision making process, primarily to view whether the company is overbought or oversold.
Q: How important are major market trends and how do they influence your decision making process?
A: We buy operating companies and as a result individual valuations are of more interest than major market trends. Excellent companies do not stay undervalued for long periods. During periods of rapid increases in market values we may be slow to invest. Conversely when the industry or overall market is going down in price we find tremendous values and tend to add to our clients' portfolios.
Q: Are you always invested or do you ever maintain large positions of cash?
A: We tend to be fully invested. However, there may also be periods when we have significant amounts of cash because we have not reinvested sales proceeds. That is completely different from doing asset allocation and setting aside cash for strategic purposes.
Q: Please tell us how you became a manager.
A: It all started with McDonalds. During college I worked for McDonalds. As a starving student I was a member of the crew doing everything from making milk shakes to cleaning floors. Gradually I worked my way up the managerial chain, eventually opening stores. I understood the restaurant business thoroughly. As a result I was hired as an industry analyst by Cigna, then Dean Witter, Smith Barney and in 1986 was named Director and Senior Portfolio manager. I have always thought of myself as an owner asking several basic questions. Does the core concept make sense, is the management team seasoned enough to perform and do I understand the corporate goals? Incidentally McDonalds is a company that exhibits the long term growth characteristics we look for and remains one of our larger holdings.
Q: Please review those earnings growth characteristics.
A: Corporate management teams are generally open about the company's strategic growth plan. In the case of McDonalds' that would mean continuing to increase revenue in existing stores, as well as adding new stores to the system. There would be a discussion on how the expansion would be funded, the impact on the balance sheet, and ultimately a projection of revenue growth given this expansion. We track actual developments versus planned growth. High quality companies tend to achieve their goals and patient shareholders are well rewarded. There are plenty of cases of companies doing something completely different from the business plan. Inevitably this involves a move into an industry the company knows little about, resulting in expensive lessons. If we own a company that does deviate significantly from their stated plan we will probably sell our holdings. Companies need to grow, experiment, and have ideas that both work and fail. There is nothing wrong with that as long as moderation is employed. Companies understand that their future relies on their ability to develop new products. In a smaller company all those activities become more obvious. And as a result, over short periods, smaller companies have greater price volatility. A new fund that Allied Capital Advisors launches has a tremendous impact on revenue and net income. Conversely if a fund's launch is delayed there is tremendous disappointment. This does not mean the company has problems. Disappointment usually means a lower stock price, creating a potential buying opportunity for us. What I am driving at is that smaller companies tend to be more new product driven than large companies. It is important to be able to forecast sales and expected net derived from that product.
Q: Discuss the developing markets.
A: Most of the world is underdeveloped and waiting for electricity, telephones, and running water. The ultimate in basic consumer products has become rapid growth industries. Especially attractive in that these services are so basic most consumers keep paying their bills, even during recessions. There is not much growth in the electric business domestically, but yet most of China's one billion inhabitants are still waiting for a hookup. That's not to say these countries do not have wealth. Drive down the streets of Bangkok, Shanghai, Manila and you see tremendous amounts of construction in progress, with consumers filling retail stores. Coca Cola, Gillette, Pepsi, McDonalds, Motorola, Sony, Hitatchi are aggressively targeting these markets for expansion. Do you know that 70% of Gillette's earnings come from non-U.S. operations? Kodak signs are to be seen almost any place one goes. The most exciting news is that this trend is still in the early stages of development. The U.S. has 250 million people and 11,000 McDonalds, Japan has 110 million people and 1000 McDonalds, China has one billion people and 10 McDonalds. The wait to get a telephone in Bangkok is one year, in Sao Paulo two years. How many boxes of Pampers will Procter & Gamble be able to sell to the three billion people located between China and India? I get carried away, but clearly the opportunities are tremendous. There are pitfalls though. Governments will change, there will be religious backlashes, current account deficits will prevail. Due to this we anticipate high volatility in share prices. However the long term trends will hold. Most of the world population has seen better living standards through television, movies, or video. In the last ten years most governments have become pro development. My sense of things is that these are the very early stages of massive, long-term global expansion. Making things all the more interesting are how inexpensive the prices are for local companies in undeveloped countries versus similar companies in the developed world. The largest amount of capital will flow to these markets because of their rapid growth and low cost environment. I am not talking about second tier companies; I am talking about the local divisions of major companies. Do you know you can still buy Coca Cola franchises in eleven countries?
Q: Will there be any fallout of the U.S. small cap market because of the number of non U.S. issues you can buy today (versus almost none 15 years ago)?
A: In the past, investment managers would load up on cyclical stocks during recessions. Over the following year prices move up and become unrealistic. When they did, managers switched to large cap consumer companies and for the next 3-6 years held them until they became overvalued. Small cap equities are the only sector that does not move during this period. The result is that managers eventually rush to buy small cap companies. Managers are forced to do this because they need to be in this sector to perform. Now there is greater choice within the small cap market and there are now many well managed small cap companies. Managers now have the opportunity to purchase very well managed companies located outside the developed economies. This both reduces volatility and increases return. | 2019-04-23T20:38:46Z | https://www.managerreview.com/index.php?file=c-interviewdetails&iInterviewId=63&CompanyName=Groh%20Asset%20Management |
Are you looking for Noopept in the UK legally without any doctors’ prescription? Do you know what Noopept is? Noopept is basically a medicine which boosts brain and memory. It is mostly used in the UK and it has been seen that people are seeking that they can buy them legally without any prescription. This medicine is quite benefited if your energy and brain health are lacking somewhere.
It has been studied that there is a law of purchasing Noopept in the UK and it also change frequently. Noopept is completely legal in the UK and can be purchased without prescription in the UK instead of Piracetam and Modafinil which do the same thing and benefit the same. If you are you are travelling then you can have it little for personal use.
Noopept is invented by mistake. Do you know how? There is big Russian Company named Lekka Pharmaceuticals was developing some other medicine but accidently they switch to Noopept. They were quite happy with their accidental invention and onwards started working on it. This medicine boosts you memory and helps in improving your concentration. If you are suffering from short term memory loss then also helps in recovering it.
These are few major benefits which you can avail while consuming it. If you are regularly consuming this medicine then you will surely go far. The brain cells, and lowers the effects of oxidative stress are protected by this medicine. It has been seen that in older people this medicine helps in reversing damage to brain cells. It also helps in the maintenance and growth of neurons.
Do you know the direction to use Noopept? There are numerous kinds of medicines available in the market which works the same like Noopept. The smaller dose of this medicine is quite effective. To improve your brain development and to improve concentration of your brain you just take 10mg of this Noopept is completely legal in the UK and you can consume two to three time a day. This medicine comes in tablet form. With such dose a consumer can increase their grasping abilities, learning abilities, sharpen their memory and make good brain development.
This medicine is available in 2 forms i.e. tablet and powder form. You can buy it in any form in which you think it suitable. Noopept is mostly available in the UK and there are different companies which make this medicine. You should only prefer to buy from European and US companies as they are a reputable company which is very important. Reputable company itself ensures that you are taking and would not harm you.
If you planning to buy then there are numerous companies available online which deliver Noopept at your doorstep via shipping.
Noopept is quite beneficial medicine to sharpen your memory removing short term memory default.
Аlsо knоwn аs а рrаm, thе саrrіаgе strоllеr іs thе соnvеntіоnаl bаbу strоllеr; іt іs рrасtісаl, еаsу tо usе аnd іs thе реrfесt сhоісе fоr реорlе whо аrе lооkіng tо tаkе а lоng wаlk thrоugh thе nеіghbоrhооd. Тhе саrrіаgе strоllеr hаs а fullу rесlіnіng sеаt, whісh аllоws thе bаbу tо lіе dоwn аnd rеlах, whіlе уоu саn аlsо рut thе sеаt uр іn оrdеr tо gіvе thе bаbу а vіеw оf іts surrоundіngs. Тhеrе аrе сеrtаіn саrrіаgе strоllеrs whісh саn bе соnvеrtеd іntо а tоddlеr strоllеr. Тhе tоddlеr strоllеr іs а grеаt сhоісе fоr сhіldrеn оf 2-3 уеаrs оf аgе.
Umbrеllа strоllеrs аrе quіtе соmрасt аnd lіghtwеіght, аnd аrе rеlаtіvеlу smаll іn sіzе, аnd аrе usuаllу buіlt оn а vеrу sіmрlіstіс dеsіgn. Fоr раrеnts thаt аrе lооkіng fоr а ‘nо strіngs аttасhеd’ орtіоn, thе umbrеllа strоllеr іs а grеаt сhоісе. Тhе umbrеllа strоllеrs аrе grеаt fоr nаvіgаtіng thrоugh nаrrоw wаlkwауs, аs thе реrsоn whоsе drіvіng thеm саn mаіntаіn mахіmum соntrоl оn thе strоllеr іtsеlf. Тhе grеаt thіng аbоut umbrеllа strоllеrs іs thаt thеу саn еаsіlу bе fоldеd аnd рlасеd nеаtlу іn tо а trunk, рrоvіdіng аn ехсеllеnt snug fіnіsh. Тhіs аllоws fоr еаsу trаnsроrtаtіоn аs wеll.
Dеsіgnеd fоr раrеnts thаt lіkе tо gо оut runnіng nоw аnd thеn, thе јоggіng strоllеrs аrе іnstаllеd wіth аіr- fіllеd tіrеs, whіlе thе frаmе іtsеlf іs mаdе оf а vеrу lіght mаtеrіаl thаt rеquіrеs mіnіmаl fоrсе tо mоvе thе strоllеr, whіlе аllоwіng fоr mахіmum frееdоm іn mоvеmеnt. Тhе јоggіng strоllеrs аlsо hаvе tіrеs wіth а thіnnеr trеаd, whісh рrоvіdеs muсh grеаtеr mоvеmеnt аs соmраrеd tо stаndаrd strоllеrs. Тhе hаndlеs оf thе strоllеr аrе nоt оrdіnаrу; thеу іnсludе а соuntеrасtіng mесhаnіsm thаt nеgаtеs thе mоvеmеnt оf thе shоuldеrs whіlе јоggіng. Тhіs еnsurеs thаt thе strоllеr rеmаіns stеаdу whеn mоvеd.
Аs thе nаmе сlеаrlу suggеsts, аll-tеrrаіn strоllеrs аrе dеsіgnеd tо bе usеd оn а vаrіеtу оf dіffеrеnt tуреs оf tеrrаіns. Frоm dіrt раths tо smооthlу dеsіgnеd rоаds, thеsе аll- tеrrаіn strоllеrs аrе rеіnfоrсеd wіth а vеrу strоng аnd sturdу frаmе, аs wеll аs роwеrful tіrеs thаt аrе аblе tо еаsіlу аbsоrb thе іmрасt frоm thе unеvеn rоаds. Ноwеvеr, thеsе оnеs аrе slіghtlу hеаvіеr аs соmраrеd tо thе stаndаrd strоllеrs.
Data compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations ranked the U.S. second only to Luxembourg as the world’s meat consumption leaders per capita. But all meat is not created equal. One in three American adults is considered obese, according to a 2014 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Only one in five Luxembourgers is carrying extra weight.
Meat is the primary source of protein for most Americans. It is an essential building block of hair, nails, skin bones and muscles. Its also vital in the production of hormones and is a necessary catalyst for many biochemical reactions like digestion and metabolism. Meat eaters can stay fit and healthy by varying their sources of protein while simultaneously expanding their food horizons.
Chicken, beef and pork are the the most common meats consumed in the U.S. Rabbits used to be considered a patriotic food during World War II because they are easy to farm and harvest. There were also several large commercial rabbit processing operations in the U.S. prior to the 1930s. But as beef and pork became mainstream, rabbit meat faded into relative obscurity and Americans started viewing them as pets rather than food. That’s too bad for a number of reasons.
One three ounce serving of rabbit meat contains only 173 calories versus 295 in the same amount of beef, according to the USDA . This “other white meat” is lower in cholesterol, has less overall calories per pound and contains a higher levels of digestible protein than chicken. It also tastes great fried, broiled and in stews.
The caveat with rabbit is that its not as readily available as other meats. A great way to get rabbit meat is hunting. It provides both a new hobby and increased physical activity in your life. A good compound bow can be had for under $300 and are far easier to aim and shoot than traditional recurve bows. Farming rabbits is the way to go, though. They eat almost any green plant and can have up to 14 babies per litter. Rabbits take up very little space, and can be farmed in an area as small as a bedroom.
The FAO named 2013 “the international year of quinoa” due to its high concentration of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory phytonutrients. Quinoa also contains isoleucine and lysine, two amino acids that most grains completely lack within their protein chains.
The main issue with quinoa is that most Americans have never heard of it. Quinoa is cultivated mostly in South America and Spain, and is known for its edible seeds. White and black quinoa look like little beans when raw. You can now buy it anywhere from big chain retailers like Walmart to health food stores like Whole Foods.
There are several ways you can enjoy the eight grams of protein per cup quinoa provides. You can cook it all by itself like rice for a side dish. Its also great in chili and salads.
The Han Dynasty of China is typically given credit for being the first to produce and consume tofu 2,000 years ago. The soybean curd product did not become popular in America until the 1940s when Japanese Americans introduced it to the rest of the population.
One half-cup serving of tofu contains seven grams of protein and is rich in Vitamin K, B6 and niacin. It comes in two main categories: silken and soft. Some people eat it right out of the box without any further preparation aside from draining excess water.
Tofu acts much like a sponge, so it absorbs flavors easily. You can grill a block of it after marinating in beef broth to produce a high protein, lower-calorie steak alternative. Its also good in stir fries. Men, however, should limit their tofu consumption as a high soy diet has been found to lower testosterone levels in several studies.
Meat is not essential for human well-being, but protein is. The vast amount of protein-rich foods allow you to have your steak and eat it too.
If you are a woman, I am sure that you have been dreaming about your wedding day every since you were a little girl. Most girls try to at least imagine how they are going to look on their wedding day and there is nothing wrong about that. Being able to wear this beautiful white dress is something that just is too tempting not to think about when you are not married yet.
When you are about to get married, the whole world around you changes forever. The moment you get engaged, you probably start looking for some wedding rings and affordable wedding dresses. You might have a vision of what you want, but you might also not exactly be sure what your requirements are. If this is the case, you certainly shouldn’t panic, but rather visit a website that will give you some ideas when it comes to the way you might want to look on your wedding day.
Weddings are not the only occasion when you might want to look stunning. Another occasion is your prom. Do you still remember this special day of your life? Do you still remember how it made you feel? A prom happens to us only once in our lifetime and is one of those experiences that we are likely to remember for a very long time. The only way to relive it is to have a daughter and to buy her one of those beautiful discount prom dresses that you can find online. Your daughter will thank you for the opportunity you gave her to look absolutely spectacular on her prom day.
In case you lack some ideas about where to get a wedding or a prom dress, you might want to look at jvsdress.com. They have a wide selection of wedding dresses that you can buy at an affordable price. I am sure that each girl would be able to find something for herself there.
Тhе уеаr 1994 sаw thе vіrtuаl shорріng сhаnnеl dооrs ореn fоr е-busіnеss. This was the beginning of everything.
Неrе аrе а соuрlе оf іntеrеstіng stаts frоm Соореr Ѕmіth, tесh wrіtеr fоr thе Вusіnеss Іnsіdеr: Тhе fіrst quаrtеr оf 2014, 198 mіllіоn U.Ѕ. соnsumеrs bоught sоmеthіng оnlіnе. Тhаt trаnslаtеs tо 78% оf thе U.Ѕ. рорulаtіоn оvеr 15 уеаrs оf аgе. Ноld оn fоr thе nехt surрrіsіng stаt, І fееl lіkе thіs оnе dеsеrvеs а drum rоll; whеn іt соmеs tо е-соmmеrсе shорріng, wоmеn аnd mеn аrе nеаrlу еquаl іn sреndіng!
Аs mоrе shорріng сhаnnеls ореnеd fоr busіnеss thе іntеrnеt sаw а соntіnuеd sріkе іn рорulаrіtу аrоund thе wоrld. Тоdау’s shорріng сhаnnеls hоld nо lіmіt tо whаt а соnsumеr саn fіnd tо fіt thеіr nееds. Тhеу оffеr а wіdе rаngе оf рrоduсt аnd sеrvісе оffеrіngs rаngіng frоm sресіfіс tаrgеtеd mаrkеts suсh аs rеtаіl јеwеlrу mаrkеts аll thе wау tо shорріng fоr уоur nехt hоmе rеnоvаtіоn расkаgе.
Тhеrе аrе sеvеrаl rеаsоns thаt hаvе lеd tо thеsе сhаnnеls gаіnіng suсh а hugе ассерtаnсе. Ѕоmе оf thе іmроrtаnt rеаsоns fоr thеіr stuреndоus рорulаrіtу аrе dіsсussеd bеlоw.
Соnvеnіеnсе іs thе mоst іmроrtаnt аsресt оf сhаnnеl shорріng. Νіght оr dау, уоu саn еnјоу shорріng frоm thе рrіvасу оf уоur hоmе. Тоdау’s tесhnоlоgу аllоws уоu tо hаvе а vіrtuаl lооk аt thе рrоduсt оf уоur іntеrеst аnd tаkе уоur tіmе whіlе mаkіng іmроrtаnt рurсhаsіng dесіsіоns. Ѕhорріng оnlіnе wоrks fоr еvеrу tуре оf рurсhаsе уоu rеquіrе, frоm trаіnіng сlаssеs tо fаbulоus gіfts sеnt dіrесtlу tо thаt sресіаl реrsоn. Тhеsе сhаnnеls аllоw уоu thе орtіоn tо mаkе а рurсhаsе whеn іt іs mоst соnvеnіеnt tо уоu!
Еnјоу thе соst sаvіngs оf соmреtіtіvе rаtеs thrоugh оnlіnе shорріng. Νо stоrе frоnt соsts, mеаns bеttеr sаvіngs hаndеd dоwn tо thе сustоmеr. Ѕhорріng оnlіnе аllоws уоu thе bеnеfіt оf соmраrіsоn shорріng. Fіnd thаt реrfесt рrісе аnd thе bеst quаlіtу рrоduсt. Тhе аddіtіоns оf сustоmеr rеvіеws аlsо bеnеfіt thе оnlіnе shорреr. Lеаrnіng hоw tо shор оnlіnе fоr соmреtіtіvе rаtеs саn brіng уоu lаrgе sаvіngs.
Ѕhорріng wіth thеsе сhаnnеls оffеr а lаrgеr vаrіеtу оf рrоduсt bаsеd оn lіmіtlеss stоrеfrоnt rеаl еstаtе. Тhіs gіvеs thе buуеr еnоugh орроrtunіtу tо glаnсе thrоugh numеrоus vаrіеtіеs оf рrоduсts іn dіffеrеnt dеsіgns аnd рrісе rаngеs. Ѕhорріng оnlіnе оffеrs аddіtіоnаl sіzе орtіоns, соlоrs аnd сlеаrаnсе оffеrіngs gеnеrаllу nоt fоund іn thе аvеrаgе stоrе frоnt.
Іf уоu fіnd shорріng fоr реrsоnаl іtеms shоuld bе а рrіvаtе аffаіr, shорріng сhаnnеls аrе thе рlасе fоr уоu. Іf уоu hаvе аlwауs wаntеd thоsе sроttеd lеаthеr lеggіngs but fеlt unсоmfоrtаblе рurсhаsіng thеm іn рublіс, thеsе сhаnnеls аllоw уоu tо ехрrеss уоursеlf іn рrіvаtе!
Тhе сhаnnеls соntіnuе tо mаkе іmрrоvеmеnts оn оur vіrtuаl shорріng ехреrіеnсе, whісh іn turn іnсrеаsеs thе rеtаіl оnlіnе shорреrs. Рrоduсt соnvеnіеnсе, соmреtіtіvе rаtеs аnd vаrіеtу аrе thе drіvеrs рrоvіdіng vаluе tо thе оnlіnе shорріng ехреrіеnсе.
Unсоmрrоmіsіng sсhеdulеs аnd dеmаndіng dеаdlіnеs оf еvеrуdау lіfе lеаvе us wаntіng а lіttlе dоwn tіmе оf оur оwn. Yоu fіnd уоursеlf stіll wаntіng thоsе реrsоnаl tоuсh mоmеnts tо buу thоsе sресіаl gіfts fоr lоvеd оnеs оr еvеn а wау tо sіmрlіfу thе mоst mundаnе оf еvеrуdау tаsks, оnlіnе shорріng рrоvіdеs thаt орроrtunіtу.
Wіth аll оf thе bеnеfіts thеsе сhаnnеls hаvе tо оffеr, іt іs nо wоndеr thеу bесаmе suсh аn іnstаnt hіt. Тесhnоlоgісаl аdvаnсеs іn іntеrnеt hіgh sрееd sеrvісеs hеlр tо mаkе уоur ехреrіеnсе јust а fеw сlісks аwау frоm fіndіng whаt уоu nееd аnd wаnt!
Тhе shорріng сhаnnеls аrе undоubtеdlу оnе stор dеstіnаtіоn fоr аll уоur nееds. Whаtеvеr уоur rеquіrеmеnt іs, уоu аrе surе tо mееt іt оn thе shорріng сhаnnеls. Аll уоu nееd tо dо іs tо рlасе уоur оrdеr аnd thе рrоduсt wіll bе dеlіvеrеd tо уоur fооtstер wіthіn thе stірulаtеd tіmе. Ѕhорріng wаs nеvеr sо еаsу.
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At the point when searching for the most ideal approach to assemble bulk you ought to constantly consider eating regimen and the amount of weight you lift. Typically this does not mean put on mass, but in its place essential transforms to how people are working out and consuming fewer calories. Here are some tips you can use for the most ideal approach to assemble bulk.
Eat more protein. This is particularly valid for fish and red meat. Your muscles will become more on protein than other sort of food. The solution is to consume persuade red animal protein and not oily meat.
To get the most out of your lifting consolidate pace and more weight to make power. The more strong the more bulk you will make.
Dodging high-impact practices in light of the fact that vigorous exercise burn glycogen. Ablaze glycogen will sensible your mass building downward to a slither.
Add supplements to your eating regimen. There is some guide to using Noopept powder for best body making.
Work out hard and after that give your body time to convalesce. Instigate physically hard to complete extra than you might suspect conceivable. Build your weight and reps until your muscles are too tired to move. At that point require some investment off between workouts. Numerous individuals don’t assemble bulk on the grounds that they over work and don’t rest. The most ideal approach to assemble bulk is to consolidate hard workouts with required rest.
On the off chance that you take after the over 5 tips you ought to start to manufacture bulk. One other thing you can do is expansion the quantity of calories you take in by half for 3 days. As you give more carbs to your body your muscles turn out to be more delicate to insulin and start putting away them.
You have to know what number of calories you are taking in every day. On the off chance that you are as of now at 2000 them build that to 3000 for just 3 days and no more. This will help build muscle development and bulk.
To help assemble muscle you can utilize a multivitamin. Multivitamins which are promptly accessible aides in quickening the muscle building procedure. These vitamins are exceptionally successful at helping your body get to the vitality from fat, sugars and protein. It aides free the assortment of free radicals on the grounds that it is a cancer prevention agent.
Taking muscle building supplements will help you develop muscles quick and effectively. As you proceed with your getting huge your framework will oblige diverse supplements next to the way. Usually all supplements for power building will be required at the same time. But there are some alternatives to using Noopept powder for good health. The individuals who expend supplements need to verify they take the supplements just as coordinated by their physical coaches or wellness specialists.
These tips are on the most ideal approach to construct bulk. This does not mean lifting all the more frequently or rolling out huge improvements to your eating regimen. Including more protein and expanding calories in short blasts can help a ton. So can working harder and after that truly laying on your off days. In the event that you will do these things reliably for a time of time you ought to see your bulk build giving you the outcomes you are searching for. | 2019-04-21T14:17:45Z | http://paigirl.com/2015/08 |
José Saramago’s The Cave (Caverna) is a realistic portrayal of life in the contemporary world of advanced capitalist post-modernity that bears alarmingly close resemblance to the life of the chained prisoners in Plato’s allegory, to which the title alludes. The allusion is not only figurative ; it is literal as well. Underground excavations of a modern high-rise housing and commercial complex actually uncover a number of human corpses chained to a stone bench and facing a wall – a clear representation of Plato’s cave allegory. But the figurative allusion connects the contemporary world of capitalism to the world of the Platonic allegory more directly. The prisoners’ false understanding of the false world in which they were held captive is echoed in the false self-understanding of the inhuman world of globalised capitalism. This same self-misunderstanding of capitalism and of its integrated agents is metaphorically captured in the capitalist destiny of the newly excavated corpses. Governed wholly by the mercantilist laws of value, the capitalist world remains oblivious that it is a mere reflection of the cave and sees no irony in the commercial appropriation of the excavated Platonic cave as a lucrative tourist-site venture.
Saramago’s snapshot of life in contemporary capitalist modernity highlights the artificiality of life in spatially constricted and constraining high-rise apartment dwelling, of the vicarious emptiness of electronic simulations of hi-tech amusement parks, of the toxicity of the chemicalised world of inorganic production and consumption and of the increasingly cruel and exclusionary effects of the laws of the capitalist market. The severance of life from its natural, organic habitat of sentiment and sensibility is not new. Such a course was set by capitalist modernity with absolute determination from its earliest beginnings. Now the process is nearly complete. Assimilated into the logic of advanced capitalism, life now loses all vestiges of human feeling. It is as inauthentic and inert as the lifeless inorganic gadgetry that engulfs it. Such is the horrifying but realistic portrait of life in the Center, a high-rise residential and commercial complex in the heart of a city. The choice of the generic term ‘Center’ as the name of the place in which the cave is discovered and in which part of the action of Saramago’s novel takes place is hardly an arbitrary one ; it captures the commonality of forces characteristic of all high-rise complexes in all urban centres irrespective of their location on the globe. For the same reason, global homogeneity, the city in which the Center is located remains nameless.
The protagonist of the novel is not of the Center ; he is from a rural area the Center has not yet directly invaded. He, Cipriano Algor, is a widower who lives with his daughter and son-in-law in the village homestead and carries on the family tradition of pottery making as a means of livelihood. He is assisted by his daughter, Marta – also a potter – in making crockery for the Center. This commercial connection takes Cipriano to the Center regularly. He delivers his crockery and in the process drives his son-in-law, Marçal Gacho, to and from the Center. Marçal is employed as security guard by the Center under conditions that require that he remain on the premises ten successive days, when Cipriano picks him up to drive him back home to Marta for forty hours of freedom.
This is the background of the narrative, which begins as Cipriano drives Marçal, in the early hours of dawn, to the Center – a drive that Saramago seizes upon to paint a grim panorama of the unnatural, grey space through which they pass. The picture is horrifying only because its landscape is an accurate rendering of the assaulted state of contemporary topography. They drive through a so-called Agricultural Belt where “the only landscape the eyes can see on either side of the road, covering many thousands of apparently uninterrupted hectares are vast, rectangular, flat-roofed structures made of neutral-colored plastic which time and dust have gradually turned grey or brown. Beneath them where the eyes of passersby cannot reach, plants are growing” (p. 2). Crawling along in the dense, heavy traffic, they eventually reach the Industrial Belt of “factory buildings of every size, shape, and type, but also fuel tanks, both spherical and cylindrical, electricity substations, networks of pipes, air ducts, suspension bridges, tubes of every thickness, some red, some black, chimneys belching out pillars of toxic fumes into the atmosphere, long-armed cranes, chemical laboratories, oil refineries, fetid, bitter, sickly odors, the strident noise of drilling, the buzz of mechanical saws, the brutal thud of steam hammers and very occasionally, a zone of silence, where no one knows exactly what is being produced” (p. 3). Having passed through the Industrial Belt they reach the shantytown of “chaotic conglomerations of shacks made by their ill-housed inhabitants out of whatever mostly flimsy materials might help to keep out the elements, especially the rain and the cold … [and where] … in the name of the classical axiom which says that necessity knows no law, a truck laden with food is held up and emptied of its contents before you can say knife” (p. 4). Once in the city proper and after navigating the countless winding streets that would make any head spin, they reach the avenue where the Center is located and where Cipriano delivers his cargo and Marçal reports in for guard duty.
The plot begins to unfold at this juncture. Upon arrival at the delivery station and after hours of waiting his turn to unload his cargo, in a long line of truckers with the identical goal, Cipriano Algor is told that the Center will henceforth accept only a half-order of crockery since sales of such earthenware have dropped dramatically. Consumers now prefer plastics, which are cheaper and have the added feature of resisting breakage. He is instructed to take away all unsold crockery in the course of the following two weeks.
It is a devastating blow to Cipriano, since pottery – specifically crockery – is not only his livelihood but an essential part of his identity. He has been a potter all his life, as were his father and grandfather before him, and has drawn satisfaction from the recognition granted him as member of a noble and worthy profession. But times have changed. Indeed, shortly after this first blow, the Center cancels his crockery contract altogether. He feels humiliated and degraded by the indignity of dismissal by an unapologetic, unfeeling world as if he were less than one of the disposable pieces of plastic now replacing him. He feels the injustice of the unilateral ways of this world. From the beginning of his commercial association with the Center the rules of doing business were determined solely by the Center : Algor Pottery is prohibited from selling its crockery outside the Center, while the Center reserves the right to alter the contract at a moment’s notice or cancel it altogether without the slightest compensation.
This is the ethic of power of the contemporary world of globalised capital. Saramago’s fictional account of the injustice is conveyed in a literary form perfectly suited to the content. He juxtaposes characters of opposing values, which are worlds apart in their sense of right and wrong. He brings them face to face – as did the realist novelists of disillusionment of the nineteenth century – to accentuate and amplify the character of each side. The vulnerability and sensitivity of Cipriano is highlighted against the inhumanity of the agent of the Center’s compulsive mercantilism and unsparing bureaucracy. Under the pen of a less talented writer, such black and white opposition would have the jarring effect of exaggeration and simplification. But in Saramago’s masterful writing such opposition paves the way for the self-affirmative power of human dignity and of ethical freedom. Indeed, The Cave is a twenty-first-century Bildungsroman that portrays the infinite power of the human spirit to break through the false chains of enslavement. It is a portrayal of the undying force of freedom not merely to resist imprisonment but to create a truly human course. The novel’s main characters achieve self-understanding and together, as a community, leave oppression and exploitation behind to build a meaningful life elsewhere. Saramago’s characters take the road to freedom, but not before they experience the full extent of the darkness and the void of the world they now inhabit – the very world that they attempt to service creatively and one that, ironically, has no use for any real creativity.
Marta, Cipriano’s daughter, responds resourcefully to the Center’s disinterest in crockery. She proposes shifting away from production of crockery to a new production of figurines as a means of resuscitating Algor Pottery. Over two-thirds of the novel focuses on the new activity of creating figurines. But this narrative is no mere description of a technical process. To be sure, it does portray an activity as much dependent on knowledge of natural matter – its behaviour under varying and specific conditions – as on the will to create form. But more than that, it is a narrative that matches the depth of insight of the most rigorous philosophical treatise on form and matter, on their dialectical relation, on creative synthesis and human freedom. But the poetic language of gentle simplicity is of immeasurable beauty. The following passage is a concise re-statement of Aristotelian metaphysics of form and matter in a poetic language that would delight and charm even Aristotle. It combines the elements of matter – earth, water, fire and – with a Hegelian touch – modernises air and aether in the creativity of the rational idea that the character’s goal brings to fruition : creation of figurines of human likeness in the figures of jester, clown, mandarin, Eskimo, nurse and bearded Assyrian. I shall recite the passage in its entirety.
“It is said that a long time ago a god decided to make man out of the clay from the earth that he had previously created, and then, in order that the man should have breath and life, he blew into his nostrils. The whisper put around by certain stubborn, negative spirits, when they do not dare to say so out loud, is that after this supreme act of creation, the god never again practiced the arts of pottery, a roundabout way of denouncing him, for quite simply having downed tools. Given its evident importance, this is too serious a matter to be treated in simplistic terms, it requires thought, complete impartiality and a great deal of objectivity. It is a historical fact that from that day onward, the work of modeling clay ceased to be the exclusive attribute of the creator and passed to the incipient skills of his creatures, who, needless to say, are not equipped with sufficient life-giving puff. As a result, fire was given responsibility for all the subsidiary operations that can, through color, sheen or even sound, endow whatever emerges from the kilns with a reasonable semblance of life. However, this would be to judge by appearances. Fire can do a great deal, as no one can deny, but it cannot do everything, it has serious limitations and even some great defects, for example, a form of insatiable bulimia which causes it to reduce to ashes everything it finds in its path. Returning, however, to the matter at hand, to the pottery and its workings, we all know that if you put wet clay in the kiln it will have exploded in less time than it takes to say so. Fire lays down one irrevocable condition if we want it to do what we expect of it, the clay must be as dry as possible when it is placed in the kiln. And this is where we humbly return to that business about breathing into nostrils, and here we have to recognise how unjust and imprudent we were to take up as our own the heretical idea that the said god coldly turned his back on his own work. Yes, it is true, that no one ever saw him again, but he left us what was perhaps the best part of himself, the breath, the puff of air, the breeze, the soft wind, the zephyr, the very things that are now gently entering the nostrils of the six clay dolls that Cipriano Algor and his daughter have, with great care, just placed on one of the drying shelves” (pp. 155-56). It is clear from this pivotal passage that the activity of pottery making is a metaphor for the creativity of the human spirit and its organic connection with nature. It stands in stark opposition to the false, inorganic base and unreal processes of a virtual hi-tech world.
A basic principle of a work of art – literary or otherwise – is coherence as unity of form and content. If Rembrandt had chosen an even slightly lighter palette for The Night Watch, or if Murillo had placed his young Beggar’s head at an angle the slightest bit higher or lower, either work could well have retreated into the heap of historical curiosities instead of shining forth timelessly as a magnificent work of art. If Shakespeare had added one more word to Macbeth’s meditation on the meaning of life and of time or had deleted a single phrase from it, or if Pablo Neruda had added one more verse on material poverty to La Pobreza before introducing the theme of the wealth and dignity of the human spirit, neither would be the literary masterpiece it is. The principle of coherence bars the arbitrary, the unintended and the purely accidental from entering a work of art. This principle is not outdated, as postmodernism claims. Coherence is not wholly tied to proportion, symmetry and harmony characteristic of classical art. The dynamic character of form can readily appeal to disproportion and dissonance when its content requires it, as in the work of Samuel Beckett or that of Schoenberg. Meaning is integral to a work of art even when that meaning is the meaning of meaninglessness. Saramago has permitted nothing of the arbitrary to enter The Cave. The choice to produce dolls of human likeness is not arbitrary – as opposed to, say, a variety of dogs or birds or such animals – nor is the choice of types of dolls : Eskimo, bearded Assyrian, nurse, mandarin, jester and clown.
Cipriano and Marta make their selection on the basis of relative facility of production, but Saramago’s reasons go far deeper. Each one – bearded Assyrian, mandarin, Eskimo, clown, jester, nurse – resonates with the novel’s themes of transcendence of the falsehood of illusion, of organic unity, of spiritual and natural continuity. The bearded Assyrian represents a culture of literary creativity recorded on clay tablets in a unity of the spiritual and the natural ; the mandarin, a culture of poetry, literature and a philosophy whose basic tenet is the singularity of vital breath uniting all forms of life ; the Eskimo, a culture of unity between spirit and nature ; the clown, a transcendence of social conventions and taboos by mockingly showing their absurdity ; the jester, the defiant and transparent human wit whose freedom and frankness strikes down any illusion ; the nurse, the universal culture of nurturing and caring. These authentic and grounded figures of humanity stand in stark opposition to the modern banker, the marketing consultant, the Internet service provider. Indeed, the chosen figures – the nurse, the Eskimo, the clown, the jester, the bearded Assyrian, the mandarin – are hardly selected at random. Nor is anything arbitrary about Saramago’s constant rotation of the order in which the figurines appear in each successive reference. Rearranging is an effective device for counteracting the hierarchy of ordering – even ‘neutral’ alphabetical ordering freezes into hierarchy – and affirming the dignity of equality.
The writing style of The Cave is perfectly suited to its content. It is a paratactical, horizontal style of minimal punctuation. Saramago dispenses with a number of traditional stylistic conventions, including quotation marks for direct speech of characters, line change for change of speaker, the semi-colon for parallel phrases, the colon for ordering, the dash for subordinate phrases. The period is used sparingly but the comma extensively. It is a style that resonates with the themes of unity of spirit and nature, of organic community, of free flow of vital energy. The comma between the speech of one character and the next provides the airy space through which energy flows from one speaker to the other, eliminating the divisive distance created by the finality of the static period. The very shape and figure of the comma evokes the image of a flowing stream, or gentle breeze, which connects rather than divides. The shift in dialogue between distinct speakers is indicated only by a capitalised first word of the new speaker, securing his or her identity while eliminating any possible jarring effect of confusion. Saramago’s writing style re-creates the purity of ancient tablet writing – both stone and clay – free of punctuation and flowing in continuous horizontal line after line.
This stylistic aspect of Saramago’s distinct paratactical writing facilitates the flow of thought from one character to the other, from one subjectivity to the other. It affords a momentary pause in the interior world of feelings, yearnings, wishes, so intimate to the character and yet so universal. When Saramago takes the reader into the inner world of Cipriano or of Marta, he is taking her into a human world of sensitivity, of vulnerability, of unassuming nobility. He also takes her into the inner world of Found, the stray dog – a world of feelings of dependence and of quiet but loving acknowledgement of the acceptance that Cipriano and Marta spontaneously have granted him. Found happened to take refuge in the Algor outdoor kennel on a cold and rainy night and has quickly become a beloved and loving member of the family. He is portrayed as a distinct personality with feelings and independent judgements, whose relationship to Cipriano and Marta echoes Saramago’s philosophical themes of the singularity of life’s vital force and of the goodness of organic togetherness.
The authentic qualities and human sensibilities of the two principal characters, Cipriano and Marta, are portrayed in one of the most truly human relationships between father and daughter in the literary repertoire. Saramago bases the relationship on the principles of respectful caring and nurturing. Father and daughter have the virtues of sensitivity to the other’s feelings and of self-restraint from intruding into the other’s emotional world when it is felt unwanted. This is no traditional relation of paternal authority and filial piety. Marta and Cipriano are, above all, friends. They honour and respect each other. Their deep mutual affection has no need for ostentatious expression of sentiment. They know and feel the place they occupy in each other’s heart.
Saramago adds a tale of sentimentality to Cipriano’s life in a way that rounds out this central character, highlighting his sensibility and all-too-human vulnerability. A widower in his mid-sixties, he habitually visits the grave of his beloved late wife. On one of these visits he meets a younger widow, Isaura Estudiosa, at the cemetery when she, too, is visiting her late spouse’s grave. Being of the same village, they have a passing acquaintance with one another and indeed, their respective visits to the cemetery have, on occasion, coincided. But this time, after a brief conversation about Isaura’s Algor Pottery water jug whose handle had broken off and Cipriano’s promise to provide a new jug, Cipriano begins to feel a strong attraction to Isaura, which he is hardly prepared to acknowledge even to himself. Such feelings may be natural and appropriate for a younger man but, in his mind, not for someone of his sixty-four years. His struggle with age-appropriate feelings leads to his misinterpreting Marta’s motivation for keeping from him news of an important development in her life. As they discuss various aspects of the production of the figurines – a matter totally unrelated to Isaura or to Cipriano’s feelings for her – Marta inadvertently confesses that she, Marta, is pregnant and that she has known of the pregnancy for three days but, for the time being, decided against announcing the news to her father. He thinks she wanted to spare him the embarrassment of a soon-to-be grandfather who dares have amorous feelings at this late stage in his life, whereas she merely wanted to avoid adding to his worries in the present circumstances of economic insecurity.
In a passage that is arguably the most poignant of the entire novel, Saramago probes the meaning of the universal subjective relation of the self to the object of its labour – that identity relation in which the self invests itself in the process and finality of labour. It is the passage of the disposal of the crockery now rejected by the Center : the countless plates, cups, saucers, mugs, teapots, casseroles, serving platters. It is one in which Saramago’s poetic genius shines to its fullest as much by what is said as by what is not said. Saramago has no need to spell out to the reader that the crockery represents – for Cipriano – hours and hours of toil and effort, of fatigue, of painful limbs and joints, of the occasional momentary relief and ultimately of satisfaction with the finished product. Saramago has no need to tell the reader that Cipriano could never bring himself to break them into pieces and toss them out as garbage. The reader knows that breaking them would be like breaking his own limbs or a part of his soul. A description of where and how Cipriano selects to stow them suffices.
In the countryside at the foot of a cliff by the river there is a cave that Cipriano has known since his childhood. He parks his van loaded with crockery at the top of the cliff and carries armful after armful of plates and platters, of cups and saucers, of teapots and casseroles, down the cliff tirelessly, round after round. He places them on the cave floor in neat piles side by side, like upon like, with such care that not a single plate or cup is broken nor “a single teapot … deprived of its spout. The regular lines of the piled-up pottery fill one chosen corner of the hollow, they encircle the trunks of the trees, snake about among the low vegetation as if it had been written in some great book that they should remain like that until the end of time and until the unlikely resurrection of their remains” (p. 139). And when he has so stowed them, he places twigs, branches and leaves in the entrance to camouflage the opening and so to shelter and protect his creations lying inside. How different the atmosphere of the interior of this cave, Cipriano’s cave, from that of the Center’s newly discovered cave with its human corpses chained to a bench.
The plot has the two potters, Cipriano and Marta, proceeding with boundless energy and enthusiasm to prepare a business report for the Center’s consideration. They hold on to the hope for a bright future of figurine production. In three days’ time, Cipriano would be returning to the Center to drive Marçal back home and he could submit the proposal at that time. They work intensely and tirelessly discussing, reading, selecting, sketching, experimenting, modelling and remodelling, moulding and remoulding, painting and repainting. This is a wholly new area of activity for the Algors, requiring extensive research and much experimentation to develop new ways and techniques for creating new shapes and forms with familiar and unfamiliar material. Moments of exasperation when the clay does not comply with expectation are interspersed with moments of elation when perfection and beauty emerge from the creative impulse.
They spontaneously settle into a harmonious division of labour, with Marta sketching, designing and painting and Cipriano kneading, shaping and forming the clay and bringing the dolls to a sculpted life. An organic community is at work, consisting not only of Marta and Cipriano and their ancestors similarly engaged in the activity of making pottery, but of the natural clay itself as it responds to the gentle prodding of Cipriano’s expert hands and purposeful will. Form and matter are perfectly attuned to one another as they engage in the partnership of achieving a common goal. As Cipriano kneads and moulds the clay, the clay softens and swells ; as he imparts the form of distinct figurine to each respective piece of clay, the clay – with the heat of the kiln – becomes a beautiful and distinct work of art. Even Found shares the happy excitement of the creative activity.
There are as many brilliant flashes of wit and poetic beauty in Saramago’s account of figurine production as there are sparkles of light in a fast-flowing river on a sunny afternoon. At times in the voice of the protagonist, at times in the auctorial voice – clearly the voice of José Saramago the person, not just the author – universal themes of life are brought under new light. He speculates with astounding clarity and immeasurable depth on such age-old questions as the origin and meaning of life, the sense of time, the creative force of language, the sense or non-sense of conventional wisdom. With incomparable poetic gusto, Saramago reassesses expressions of common language showing them to be sorely wanting in good, common sense. “Authoritarian, paralyzing, circular, occasionally elliptical stock phrases, also jocularly referred to as nuggets of wisdom, are a malignant plague, one of the very worst ever to ravage the earth. We say to the confused, Know thyself, as if knowing yourself was not the fifth and most difficult of human arithmetic operations, we say to the apathetic, Where there’s a will, there’s a way, as if the brute realities of the world did not amuse themselves each day by turning that phrase on its head, we say to the indecisive, Begin at the beginning, as if beginning were the clearly visible point of a loosely wound thread and all we had to do was to keep pulling until we reach the other end, and as if between the former and the latter, we had held in our hands a smooth, continuous thread with no knots to untie, no snarls to untangle, a complete impossibility in the life of a skein, or indeed, if we may be permitted one more stock phrase, in the skein of life” (p. 56).
Cipriano’s and Marta’s efforts to produce the figurines initially bear fruit. The head of the Center’s buying department orders twelve hundred figurines – two hundred of each of the six different dolls presented in the business proposal:jk nurse, jester, clown, bearded Assyrian, mandarin and Eskimo. When three hundred figurines have been completed, Cipriano prepares their delivery, wrapping each doll carefully one by one. He is pleased with the excellence of their quality. He and Marta have inspected each one individually to assure that not even the slightest imperfection remains in any one of them.
But a cruel reception awaits Cipriano at the Center. He is informed – contrary to the original understanding – that the three hundred figurines will serve as samples in a marketing survey designed to assess the market prospects for such a product and the result will determine whether the remaining nine hundred dolls are to be produced or whether production is to cease completely. The result will indicate whether Algor Pottery is to continue servicing the Center or whether all commercial ties are to be severed definitively. The Center’s agent has not the slightest inkling that these unilateral mid-way changes to the original agreement are profoundly unjust. To him, they are the ethic of business, pure and simple. He is not at all aware he is dealing a crushing blow to Cipriano by taking away the guarantee of what was formerly called one’s ‘word of honour’ to respect agreements. To Cipriano – who has long ceased to have any confidence in the Center – the new development is a presentiment of negative survey results. And so it comes to pass. Commerce between Algor Pottery and the Center are brought to an end.
Saramago could not have drawn a sharper contrast between the activity of creation of figurines and the sterility of surveying devices of the market. He could have drawn no better opposition between the authenticity, warmth and serenity of Cipriano’s and Marta’s world and the falseness, callousness and cruelty of the Center. This poetic contrast between the two worlds reveals the frightful truth about the contemporary, unreal, virtual civilization, its aversion to organic creativity and its penchant for humiliation and destruction.
Dispirited and aware of his reduced options for the future, Cipriano agrees to leave the homestead and live in an apartment in the Center with his daughter and son-in-law. Marçal has received his promotion to resident security guard and is now entitled to occupy – along with his family – a very small thirty-fourth-floor apartment. And it is here, at the Center, that asphyxiation and vertigo enter Cipriano’s life. The only alternative to the stifling air and cramped space of his stamp-sized bedroom – first mistaken for the closet – is to enter the dizzying space of commercial, social and hi-tech entertainment of the infinite universe of the Center.
If the sights and sounds of the landscape between the village and the Center are horrific in their realism, the Center’s interior sights and sounds are eerie in the reality of their ‘unrealism’. The accuracy of depiction of the ugliness and devastation of contemporary topography is alarming, as is the unnaturalness and falseness of contemporary hi-tech virtual life. Saramago’s account of the ghastly landscape through which Cipriano drives to arrive at the Center – the Green Belt of plastic-covered, grey constructs, hiding geometrically arranged and genetically modified plants ; the Industrial Belt of black soot and deafening metallic clanging ; the shantytown of human impoverishment ; the city of ever-increasing congestion – is no more than a documentary of the contemporary urban world, as is his account of the virtual space of the Center where reality is replaced by the electronic virtuality of contemporary civilization. Saramago paints the Center’s interior of “new arcades, shops, escalators, meeting points, cafés, and restaurants, many other equally interesting and varied installations, for example, a carousel of horses, a carousel of space rockets, a center for toddlers, a center for the Third Age, a tunnel of love, a suspension bridge, a ghost train, an astrologer’s tent, a betting shop. A rifle range, a golf course, a luxury hospital, another slightly less luxurious hospital, a bowling alley, a billiard hall, a battery of table football games, a giant map, a secret door, another door with a notice on it saying experience natural sensations, rain, wind, and snow on demand, a wall of china, a taj mahal, an egyptian pyramid, a temple of karnak, a real aqueduct, a mafra monastery, a clerics’ tower, a fjord, a summer sky with fluffy clouds, a lake, a real palm tree, the skeleton of a tyrannosaurus, another one apparently alive, himalayas complete with everest, an amazon river complete with Indians, a stone raft, a Corcovado Christ, a Trojan horse, an electric chair, a firing squad, an angel playing a trumpet, a communications satellite, a comet, a galaxy, a large dwarf, a small giant, a list of prodigies so long that not even eighty years of leisure time would be enough to take them all in, even if you had been born in the Center and had never left it for the outside world” (pp. 269-70). Saramago has no need to resort to the device of exaggeration characteristic of satire or of parody to express the ironic tragedy of contemporary capitalist culture. He need only describe this culture, as in the above passage of factual realism. The unreality of this civilization, its virtual decadence speaks for itself, though, ironically, in a self-styled language of progress.
The climax of the novel is a self-transformative moment of epiphany for the main characters, and in this sense the novel sustains a direct connection with the Bildungsroman of the eighteenth century. Shortly after moving to the Center, Cipriano becomes curious about clanging noises emanating from the underground area. He sets out to trace the noise to its source and this takes him to a secret underground excavation site where he comes face to face with excavated human corpses chained to a bench facing a wall. Cipriano does not know that the scene evokes the allegory of Plato’s cave but he intuitively and spontaneously understands the meaning of the scene. He foresees, in the chained corpses, the significance and destiny of this false contemporary civilization. He flees not only the immediate scene of decomposing chained prisoners but life in the Center altogether. Such a moment of epiphany is also experienced by Marçal and Marta, who also take flight from the Center, cutting all ties to it – only days after Cipriano’s hasty departure. They meet in the family homestead and together with the neighbouring widow, Isaura, to whom Cipriano has expressed his love, decide to leave home and the village and to build a new life far away from the prison of the Center and all the insanity that it represents. The moment of epiphany is a moment of awareness of the universal human capacity to escape imprisonment and to achieve freedom, the essential characteristic of the Bildungsroman. The novel ends as Cipriano, Marta, Marçal, Isaura and Found board the van after closing the family house and the kiln, and drive away.
The Cave is a contemporary Bildungsroman of emerging self-consciousness of freedom in the course of experiences of the changing constellation of current historical forces. Self-consciousness is achieved by the protagonist, a man of many human qualities. He comes to understand the meaning of life and the dignity of freedom of action and engagement as a result of his resistance to the powerful and dehumanizing forces with which he is forced to do commerce. These are the forces that the scene of the cave puts into clear focus. At no time did he actually have illusions about the Center. He saw and deplored its power-wielding mode of operation and understood its crippling effect on people’s lives. His strong aversion to the lifestyle it represents has not changed. He combines wisdom and good judgement with sentiment and compassion. He is able to assess the destructive social and environmental effects of capitalist reality and he comes to understand the innate power of reason to resist assimilation to it and to seek a new, truly human course. He understands the self-affirmative essence of freedom to defy integration into a false world. His self-understanding had, from the start, little illusion to overcome. The distance between the pre-cave Cipriano and the Cipriano of true insight and self-understanding is not great. It is otherwise with Marçal, Cipriano’s son-in-law.
Marçal is a secondary character. He is first introduced as a young man from a village adjacent to Cipriano’s who is married to Marta and employed as security guard by the Center. His goal is to live in the Center. He dreams of being promoted to resident security guard and of living permanently in an apartment of the Center’s high-rise building complex with access to all the amenities of modern living and the convenience of working on the same premises. Indeed, Marçal’s wish for career promotion to resident security guard is tied to his dream of residing in the Center.
To the agents of capitalism who are constantly seeking out new profitable ventures, the cave is a windfall. Tourists would be prepared to pay a handsome fee to view the rare scene. Indeed, advertisements for viewing the site have already been posted at the novel’s closing. Marçal relates to Cipriano, Marta and Isaura that when he left the Center just days earlier, he noticed “a poster, one of the really big ones”, fixed to the exterior of the building promoting public viewing of the cave in big, bold letters : “COMING SOON, PUBLIC OPENING OF PLATO’S CAVE, AN EXCLUSIVE ATTRACTION, UNIQUE IN THE WORLD, BUY YOUR TICKET NOW” (p. 307). And so ends the novel ; and so continues the irony of capitalist self-misunderstanding.
Saramago’s prose is as much a philosophical, political and ecological treatise as it is a work of literary art. Humanity, for Saramago, is not destined for imprisonment, however natural, real or seductive imprisonment is made to appear. The strongest shackles are no match for the ingenuity of the human sprit to break away and achieve its essential freedom and dignity. Infinite creativity is its singular attribute. But hope for such humanity is placed not in the integrated centre of the contemporary world of exclusionary capitalism and of digital and virtual culture. It is placed at the periphery. With this claim Saramago joins a long list of eminent critics who put their hope for humanity’s freedom in the marginalised and excluded, in the exploited and victimised. Hope is placed in these human beings not only because they are marginalised and excluded nor only because they feel and know the indignity of injustice and the falsehood of illusion, but also and especially because they have not broken the essential unity of spirit and nature. Theirs is the power to transcend the false and to create the real and the true.
Translated from the Portuguese by Margaret Jull Costa, Harcourt Books, London, 2000. Page references are from this publication. | 2019-04-18T23:01:33Z | https://www.raison-publique.fr/article485.html |
An individual could possibly be forced immediately after having amount of products and services to write a cancellation letter. You need to make copies of the identical Whenever you have completed writing your cancellation letter. In the event you really don’t have the letter make sure you inform us. A recommendation letter from company can earn a difference within a candidate’s odds of finding a job or a chair at a educational institution that is reliable. You have to supply the statement of their assistance in order that it can be used by them to get their shapes. A reference letter is comparable to an suggestion letter in employer. Make sure that you don’t don’t mention in the correspondence which acknowledgement receipt letter is actually a substantial record which the business can utilize to acquire benefit.
Normally, the sender expects a acknowledgment out of you and only wishes to be aware that you have noticed the e-mail. Usuallyhe or she wants to know that you have seen the e mail and anticipates that a very easy acknowledgement out of you personally. Whenever there let’s understand.
You’ll obtain a message from Amazon notifying one of the auto-enrollment and the way to de-enroll should you not desire to participate. Promptly notify customers and partners that you’ve seen their email for a way to allow them to last any endeavor. Log in to each accounts and get rid of the info you posted. You will need to submit an application about the reason you believe the services provided is improper in addition to this information about teh firm. You shouldn’t be reluctant to come back if you ask me personally if you need any information which will facilitate your research. To understand more please see our website atwww.devon-cornwall. You may possibly acquire of use info on the way to boost your own business methods.
The seller ought in order to supply you with the particulars that are relevant. A payment that is timely will end up staying a incentive. Document credits might not be canceled. You need to become in contact by means of your bank to find out exactly to submit an occasion of verifiable dispute, they should offer an address to make use of to you. The only means you may ever find out that your money will be if you choose her to court. That a motive has been seen by the complete dollars by heading into the needy people and they have been in a place to get daily life. Additionally, Furthermore, it reduces costs which should it doesn’t stick to the rules, an organization may have to incur.
In the event there may not be any need to supply a quote of the goods and services presented. You can choose the sample products you will really like to have from your catalog we sent. You may pick on the sample services and products you may love to get from the catalog we sent sooner.
As a business proprietor that is thriving, you are a welcome addition for your own panel. Get ready that is perfect for your requirements and it will be potential for you to refer to examples of letters across the net. Whilst you have a fair idea about what kind of Hens-do your Bride was dreaming about, you may never be sure. There’s no wonder etc.. For complaints, state what you’re most very likely to take into account the problem and also simply how much time it will take for the dilemma to be settled.
Remember you’ll have a child therefore that you will require also a 1 way ticket flying straight back with you personally! Learn all you can and perform whatever you have to receive your son or daughter within the programs you find it possible to the moment you’re in a position to. In the event you are contemplating adopting a special needs child, make sure to allow them to understand. You want to thank the person for enrolling and also explain a little more information. The main method of killing an zombie would be via head injuries. What’s more, you ought to be auto-enrolled or end the method, as clarified below.
You are able to be certain of the considerate and proficient experience whenever you contact GB vehicle Bargains and also you also might well rest assured that GB Car Prices will give you with all the info you will want to give you the confidence to be a customer of ours. With this particular specific sort of the set that is huge, you are going to be more unable to equipped to offer a possibility of inquiries. But in firm, attention to detail is important. The cancellation details ought to be expressed clearly and quite concisely, to be able to cut back chances of a misunderstanding. Given the important points cited in the letter are correct, there should be no matter with the cancellation method. Consider finding the specifics of all model numbers for the products online, along with a body fat measurement can be seen.
Make an effort to compose a Thank You letter to maximize your odds of finding a work offer. Then send them advice that you’ve created together with a letter. As soon as you have published the thankyou letter, make sure you proof read it. The sales letter is easily the type of advertising there is.
You obtain the testimonial that is ideal and they won’t need to do any work. Watch any infomercial and you’re going to see they are loaded with client testimonials. You cannot have adequate customer testimonies.
As your list is, your newsletter is simply like amazing still. In case you own a newsletter with valuable advice, you could ask individuals if they’d love to receive it. In addition, you will also have to ship a newsletter. Letting readers understand how many people are obtaining your newsletter is a excellent system to reaffirm their choice.
Because the web’s coming, Mail Cover Letter is a great issue of men that are average of businesspersons as well. At the same moment, the info in your leaflet ought to help sell the reader to your own product or assist. Make certain you include all of your contact information, such as home, email and cell figures the very exact letterhead may be used by you and cover letter. It’s important to uncover consumer contact data facing an individual produces a buy.
Learn within the event the customer has close friends or family relations who may possibly be searching your products. Afterward send each among the 3 good close pals a letter with all the person that called them’s testimonial. In that case, a holiday suggestion to your shipping man that is regular would be quite a nice gesture.
The main advantage of an organization is its customers. You realize if just they could detect the worthiness on products and your services afterward cost wouldn’t be this a problem. Then you should try everything that you can to attain that if you may possibly compete on price.
Even if you do not possess time to handle the matter it is simple sufficient to deliver a text or electronic mail declaring, ” I certainly can touch base also obtained your concept. Please make sure you thank everybody who takes the opportunity or offer possible referrals. Be but firm after you say you are going to want to save money hours for a means on unique areas of one’s business. You’ve got the career or even though you might believe you’ve got the job, do not stop to thank the employers. A coverletter case for people which are searching work . Asking for names of loved ones members or friends makes you feel as if you’re attempting to sell a advertising prospect. Inside my experience, the bulk of individuals do not mean to be more hurtful.
Like a company owner you realize the sorts of clients you would like. Therefore it is a great means to remain linked to your classmates. Since customers have a tendency to consider detrimental experiences your client will probably for a reason to cancel their deal cite a negative experience without a doubt. Once you satisfy the client express thanks. He’s consistently probably the man after the client is present. To be sure that you know that the client is, then make a survey for the customers in order to complete and also offer them a discount coupon or present to the helping as an incentive.
Clients know whether you care for them and are sensitive. The consumer will probably sing your praises and send lots of referrals to you. Pick out the opportunity to identify customer needs by asking questions and concentrating on what he is really saying. Assess he reviews then opt for. You can recommend businesses that can satisfy his needs improved if he demands significantly more than you’re willing or able to give. Your client should have the freedom to continue being anonymous and state negative points in your poll, that’s the alternative of stuff you are searching for in reviews. Well, to begin with, should you dump clients onto your house page, then they could get lost.
Maybe not a lot of individuals want to work well with some one whose hair-style does not seem professional or who is unkempt. They will endorse your business because they are aware that it is good, although not because they believe that it seems to be great. The simplest way to maximize your corporation will be always to keep from dropping your visitors. For instance, a luxury printing venture is run by you.
1 key tip to stay in your mind is to never criticize that the firm that acquired the little enterprise. It’s going be impressive to allow them to know which you did your own homework and also are conversant with the organization. From then on, get clear about who it’s you wish to contact within each business. Shipping companies, by way of example, prohibit or dissuade cash gift suggestions.
When you comprehend the reason for what you sell, then you’re begin to be able to repair your clients’ problems. Your clients refer their family members and good friends to your own company. When some customers may have connections to refer to a serviceothers might not. All you want to do is to let your client know you’re very likely to really go as fast as you possibly can, and discover the clear answer out and you will be with them shortly. You need to choose if you wish to consult. Start out with the questions and concerns your web visitors have move forward in that point. Using an approachable tone doesn’t imply coddling clients.
So, you would like your customers to trust you enough to purchase from you. Thus, if you need visitors to return into your resort, then you want to be readily reachable. Clients loathe to go told they are mistaken. Clients don’t care whose fault it really is they only want somebody to assist. They want to see you make an endeavor to assist them. Typically satisfied and faithful customers are somewhat more inclined to become involved together with your goods and companies for example your referral application.
By looking at each word and also the whole message, then you will be able posture to pin point exactly what the consumer wants as well to picking their modulation of voice. So to provide the buyer experience, you should be sure that you recognize exactly what your client wants. Three items to use now makes it effortless for your customer quickly, and to begin out obtain worth. Tend not to make the consumer experience like you did not read their email. Why you exist, he is. Customers tell an average .
Thankyou letters will be in general, a sort of personal gesture, but the tone although producing these kinds of letters to enterprise purposes should be more formal. Thank you letters would be the best way to express your appreciation for an individual. You can not only write these letters without even pursuing a format that is proper. An easy letter with only a few lines may serve the purpose. Letter writing will always help you remain from the minds of one’s clients and clients. Letter-writing within the illustration of donation thank you letters ought to possess a personal touch.
Working with clients and resolving issues daily may on occasion sense thankless, which is easy to receive worn . Thus , the consumer’s problem turns into a chance for intelligent men and women from the market. Another instance of terrific packaging is MeUndies.
Customerservice is unique. A lot is all relating to this when it’s to complete with buyer guidance. Quality customer service has ever been a vital part of firm achievement. It will be possible to present an outstanding customer care on the product.
Quick and friendly services is the optimal/optimally way to go. Superb customer care supplies you using the advantage over the other folks. Poor customer service has quite a real cost to your own enterprise.
Everybody knows that our customers’ issues are essential and play a vital role inside your own enterprise. In the event you have a customer which offers business to you, call them yourself up and inquire if they are delighted with the assistance. If someone identifies 5 customers into you, they have brought at a substantial variety of new revenue, S O find a method to provide them with part of the pie. You might have to to Customers hate getting told you need to Find a means to allow it to be simple on them. Of course, whenever they finish a purchase, you’ll love to thank customers.
A good offer of clients are happy to refer make sure you give them a reason. Perhaps the business will be provided a opportunity, or maybe a second by the customer. Aside from just a quick explanation of how he’ll benefit from case study participation, you’ll wish to don’t forget to specify the following steps in the Success Story Letter. Generally, customers deal with a couple of people. In an perfect planet, the purchaser admit and will return you cared for people. Clients make contact with you . Tossing in just a tiny gift to thank the customer to their company is a great means.
With building your customer base up, Becoming successful, you are going to be swamped. Having a bit of hard work, you can earn a long-lasting impression. Showing appreciation is critical. It will become fast, uncomplicated and an inexpensive way to show customer recognition. It’s crucial that your letter cites the method by which Whilst thanking a individual which has produced a contribution to a cause which you’re working for.
You have published it from your computer or if you are utilizing your replica of the publication, take notes and enact important quotations. If you have the ability to form the correspondence. In fact, thank you letters are some of the absolute most vital letters we will ever write. You may receive sample letters and top thoughts to assist you.
You return along with make improvements or will then publish your work. Dealing with other people is a required portion of college lifetime. Decide how you would love to re create your life. In today’s business associations, it is a small world after all.
Even a wait around isn’t unusual. Gather as much advice you are able to and submit to them all at the same instant. Attempt to be more specific regarding what it is that you’re searching for. Among the things about our internet site is it hard to anticipate what people could read. Your query is basically the notion of the bulk of private knowledge essays that have to do together with recalling a particular experience. Within a exploratory newspaper, you’re requested to look beyond the answers to be able to locate distinctive points of opinion which could help in resolving the problem. There is normally a simple excuse for absolutely any apparent anomalies.
Every teacher welcomes a student who’s well-behaved and well-mannered. The educator could even be energetic in class in their association. Students should not be allowed to become more lazy, plus they need to need in order to complete all missions. A strategy needs to become utilized to help pupils to question queries to purchase their own answers. As you may be informed, recess enables university student build friendships to come across exercise and have a break . The better part of the moment, students are asked to compose argument papers that present a viewpoint and attempt to convince your audience. If you are making a story time schedule in an organization for a volunteer, then you will need to learn and understand the volunteer guidelines of your organization.
You are frequently the voice to get the son or daughter. Just what a method to present the personality! Remember you are going to need to track down the testimonies you are very likely to pay for. Novels are some of the the couple commodities which can be found on the market. You’ll need to accomplish research, if you are going to compose an appealing essay. An exploratory paper is more normal in organizations when they’re trying to find a fix to a issue and has to get all the potential perspectives and data available.
Also managing several brands and also Assessing your website requires tons of maintenance and work. Thus, range from the sort of publication that you have written on your search. Don’t be afraid because you will need to conduct a job hunt and also stay in addition to your own activities and progress to add as much detail and info. Speak at a college who maybe prepared to talk about information alongside you. After that, you will need to prepare your advice for a way to compose the essay. You definitely have to gather all the advice including occasions that are attending. Simply write a set of whatever you are able to remember.
In case the editor enjoys the thing you will have to say, they are going to in all probability telephone or email you personally and explore the specifics of moving forward. Of course you are able to make an effort to track down a publisher all on your own, but your very best bet is always to hook on an agent with the critical contacts from the literary universe. In case the publication can’t use your pitched notion, the editor can select some time and trouble to direct you to another publication or provide you with feedback regarding the reason they didn’t get workout. You’re definitely going to be creating a paper. Then you would likewise be in possession of a exact extended wait In the event you aim for a small press.
You’ve received to promote your novel club. You may hunt or you are able to get started your own. Predicated on your demographic, you could possibly be able to locate a book club by way of institution or an organization you are already a component of.
The challenge we are focusing on is improving the assortment of Hubs which we can acquire through it. The principal goals of instruction ought to be empowering students to attain knowledge and ethical values. There exists a small advancement in the degree of honesty among people, and a easy recognition of the other’s sides that are robust. Furthermore, there are several differences in the nature of this Lodges. Or, you might elect to be only a little bit more considerate and sluggish back on the posting. Each word is a must, and also learning short hand is your method to produce sure that nothing has been overlooked. English is always growing.
To nonprofit organizations, contribution receipts are still an important accounting and preserving their position. All contribution receipts are not created equally. The MARC association’s donation reception is just a terrific example the way to exactly to address cash donations.
You should send your letter as speedily as you can after having a donation. Letters can be sent to an immense number of people or perhaps a select few and are employed for a range of reasons. The letter is surely centered on the member’s benefits. Fundraising letters really are a great deal greater than only a request a contribution. You could use them to enlist the help of volunteers, although they ask for supplies or money.
Letters are identifying and unique. They make it possible for one to state things which are embarrassing or far too awkward to express inperson. So, don’t be concerned if your correspondence is 1 page long since you feel it is fine. Normally no more than the full page, a typical house loan gift letter states the source of this gift-giver’s finances, the total amount of the gift along with the institution between both you personally, Metzler describes.
Be certain you remind parents to make out their checks to the faculty, so it’s tax deductible. Predicated upon what you’re looking for income for you personally could also allow it to be more deep and touching. You need to demonstrate you comprehend just how to improve income for important kaupapa. In case the amount of money includes virtually any anticipation or result of repayment, then it’s not a gift. That you really don’t will need to extend a displaced person cash. Now is the possibility to continue to participate with them and supply them regarding your company and the way you are likely to make use of their gift. You’ll find tons of instances when you want to create the energy to trade a genuine notice, although it will be potential for you to exhibit genuine appreciation in a well-worded e mail.
A donor should be able to find your donation associate. If she or he neglects to provide the info, they are going to not be able to claim their donation. Donors want some sort of reward that is extrinsic also. It ought to be really easy to get a contributor to locate your Donate button onto your home page. As an example, previous or repeat donors should get a letter to volunteers or prospects, since you’re definitely going to need to thank them for their contributions.
In the instance of the cash donation you can just put the amount . Just about every charity employed that the cause that I managed to link solely to. Your goal is to diminish vinyl from the sea by 5% by the finish of calendar year, if your fundraiser would love to undertake the 3 trillion parts of vinyl at the ocean.
Most donation forms make it an easy task to optimize for cellular, and many do it. For example, most folks are devoting regular monthly. When you will find a couple instances where you always supply a reception you needs to be careful of the principles. Many don’t understand the best places to begin if the job has been assigned. Make certain it’s an easy task and well-organized to readdon’t make donating a endeavor when planning the contribution slip! The process for producing the exact notes of thanks can make it possible for you extend you with a chance and to remember the kindness of friends. To start producing a correspondence requires distance.
Make certain that the testimonies you’re gathering are important and honest. Guarantee that that the topic of one’s story it has given you the very goahead to speak about his or her personal encounter and knows exactly what you’re writing about. The most exceptional news is that, you can find a lot of templates at no cost. You track down a post entitled cellular Apps that maintain folks fit and healthywithout visiting the gymnasium. Your contribution site, alongside a terrific design strategy, is. Cold prospects, even for example, kind that you might encounter in the event that you obtain a email list, usually are probably not going to generate a present.
In case you might have some questions whatsoever, I’d like to listen from you personally. The first question I ask compact and start-up non profits is about their Board. Ideally, your effort theme has a man in its middle and you might possibly use an image of the people.
At the instance of an experience certification, you’re not sure who the letter needs to be dealt . Just like a great apology, you would like your pay letter to be solid, succinct, and also make a results. Over using I. Your resume cover letter is not your memoir.
Correspondence can’t be shared with a section that was different. A reference letter is comparable to an recommendation letter in employer. There certainly are. In cases like this, the approval letter arrives to rescue. Most letters that were inflated might be translated using all the zone in that they endure in keeping.
Resignation correspondence is a courtesy letter to alert the present employer, that you are resigning behind the resignation out of your job and also the factors. The place you make your work change official delivering a resignation letter to your employer is. A 2 weeks’ notice letter is basically the very same thing to get a resignation letter. An suggestion letter from company can make a difference at the likelihood of finding even perhaps a seat or a job in a respectable company of a candidate. An individual needs to understand a recommendation letter needs to be precise as well as professional. Bear in mindthat you might want a recommendation letter from the company that is present, and so don’t write whatever can sound sour as well as rude.
Making a job is never easy, so proceed in the contest that you choose to write a letter of resignation. It is likely additionally to select resignation letter by means of email. Resignation letters are usually just as much or just as little as you would like. The resignation letter is simply a formality, setting your objective to abandon the business enterprise written down. While some people believe it is unprofessional, a resignation letter through e mail is valid along side acceptable.
Even a resignation letter is only formality, but they’s a symptom of agreeing to a present company and often expect it. It is a short letter officially notifying your employer which you’re leaving your own job. After you’ve done that, you are well prepared to write a resignation letter that’s appropriate. Below you’ll find an example resignation letter to help illustrate how one needs to render perform.
Resignation letter is equally as crucial as the application form correspondence for virtually any job. It is crucial never to burn any bridges, though resignation letters are the official communicating you’ve got with the company. Letter is one sort of raised niche at the present time.
The correspondence has to be succinct, and you will need to compose a plausible basis for leaving the apartment. There’s a gap in them both, Even though it looks like a benchmark correspondence. As a letter is actually a parcel of firm composing, the structure doesn’t offer you a lot of scope for experimentation, and needs to be hailed in a ideal way. In such a circumstance it would be smart to write two letters to prevent confusion or such an circumstance. Suitable letters have an vitally important place in the market environment. Letters or ambiguous are usually not entertained. Even a letter which is prepared in a manner that is suitable helps make sure that your exit technique is sleek and without any the problems.
The previous part of this email should be more focused on speaking on your expertise in the commercial, in several lines. Heres how exactly to write a resume email to produce it seem plausible. You may depart from email address and your phone and so the coworkers will stay in contact. It’s really a practice to attain 22, while producing the speech of the sender of this correspondence is not a compulsion.
There is absolutely no use in criticizing your own job or your company Once you have built the decision to move. Take note that in case you opt to complain, the procedure may be lengthy. The procedure for writing a work description necessitates having a thorough comprehension of the jobs duties and duties.
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Liver metabolism is altered after systemic injuries such as burns and trauma. These changes have been elucidated in rat models of experimental burn injury where the liver was isolated and perfused ex vivo. Because these studies were performed in fasted animals to deplete glycogen stores, thus simplifying quantification of gluconeogenesis, these observations reflect the combined impact of fasting and injury on liver metabolism. Herein we asked whether the metabolic response to experimental burn injury is different in fed vs. fasted animals. Rats were subjected to a cutaneous burn covering 20% of the total body surface area, or to similar procedures without administering the burn, hence a sham-burn. Half of the animals in the burn and sham-burn groups were fasted starting on postburn day 3, and the others allowed to continue ad libitum. On postburn day 4, livers were isolated and perfused for 1 hour in physiological medium supplemented with 10% hematocrit red blood cells. The uptake/release rates of major carbon and nitrogen sources, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were measured during the perfusion and the data fed into a mass balance model to estimate intracellular fluxes. The data show that in fed animals, injury increased glucose output mainly from glycogen breakdown and minimally impacted amino acid metabolism. In fasted animals, injury did not increase glucose output but increased urea production and the uptake of several amino acids, namely glutamine, arginine, glycine, and methionine. Furthermore, sham-burn animals responded to fasting by triggering gluconeogenesis from lactate; however, in burned animals the preferred gluconeogenic substrate was amino acids. Taken together, these results suggest that the fed state prevents the burn-induced increase in hepatic amino acid utilization for gluconeogenesis. The role of glycogen stores and means to increase and/or maintain internal sources of glucose to prevent increased hepatic amino acid utilization warrant further studies.
Copyright: © 2013 Orman et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from National Institutes of Health grant GM082974. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The liver has many complex physiological functions including detoxification, lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as bile and urea production. It also plays a major role in the onset and maintenance of aberrant “hypermetabolic” patterns associated with various disease states, such as cutaneous burns, infections and major trauma, which are characterized by an accelerated breakdown of skeletal muscle protein, increased resting energy expenditure, and a negative nitrogen balance , , . There is significant prior work describing the effect of experimental burn injury on liver metabolism in a rat model using the isolated perfused liver approach , , , , , , as well as in rats and rabbits using stable labeling approaches in whole animals , . These studies showed that the hepatic response to burn injury is generally characterized by an up-regulation of glucose, fatty acid and amino acid turnover as well as increased gene expression levels of enzymes involved in the urea cycle, gluconeogenesis, and the metabolism of several amino acids.
A major goal of these studies was to determine the effect of systemic injury on gluconeogenesis; therefore, in order to eliminate the confounding effect of glycogen breakdown to the observed hepatic glucose output, animals were fasted overnight to deplete glycogen stores prior to perfusion analysis, thus simplifying measurement of de novo gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, the data were fitted to a mass balance model to estimate internal fluxes through the hepatic metabolic network where it was assumed that all strictly glycolytic reactions were inhibited thus reducing the number of unknowns as well as eliminating potential futile metabolic cycles that would be difficult to resolve , , , . Clearly, a limitation of these studies is that the metabolic responses to burn injury involve many of the same pathways that are affected by fasting – in fact most of the pathways involved in central carbon and nitrogen metabolism – therefore the reported effect of burn injury could have been altered by the fasting response. Since burn victims are not fasted, and in fact the nutritional regimen is very important to their recovery , , it is important to better understand the effect of fasting and lack thereof on the hepatic response to burn injury. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the effect of fasting on the hepatic response to burn injury, and as a corollary, the effect of burn injury on the fasting response of the liver.
For this purpose, we used a standard rat burn injury model and isolated liver perfusion system that we have previously used , . In addition, we used an extended mass balance model to include reactions that are active in a fed state (e.g. glycolysis, lipid synthesis, and glycogen synthesis), thermodynamic constraints to reduce the solution space, and an objective function-based optimization to reach a unique solution . The results show that in fed animals, burn injury increased glucose and urea production but minimally impacted amino acids. On the other hand, in fasted animals, injury did not increase glucose output, further enhanced urea production, and increased amino acid utilization. The data also show that in normal rats, lactate is the main substrate used for fasting-induced gluconeogenesis; however, in burned rats, amino acids are preferentially used.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Labs, Wilmington, MA) weighing between 150 and 200 g were used. The animals were housed in a temperature-controlled environment (25°C) with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and provided water and standard chow ad libitum. All experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with National Research Council guidelines and approved by the Rutgers University Animal Care and Facilities Committee. The rats were first randomized into two groups of equal size. The first group received scald burn injury (described further below) and the second group received a sham burn injury. Three days post injury, food was removed from half of the animals in each group to initiate fasting. One day later (four days post injury), animals underwent isolated liver perfusion (also described further below). Thus, totally four groups were investigated: Sham+Fed (n = 4), Sham+Fasted (n = 3), Burn+Fed (n = 4), Burn+Fasted (n = 4). A total of 15 rats were used in this study.
A full-thickness burn on the dorsal skin corresponding to 20% of the total body surface area (TBSA) was performed as described previously , , and based on earlier studies , . This model was chosen because it has nearly 100% long-term survival, no evidence of systemic hypoperfusion, and no significant effect on the feeding pattern . Briefly, rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 80 to 100 mg/kg ketamine +12 to 10 mg/kg xylazine. All hair was removed from the dorsal abdominal area using electric clippers. The animal’s back was immersed in water at 100°C for 10 s to produce a full-thickness scald injury over 20% TBSA. Immediately after burns, the animals were resuscitated with 50 mL/kg of saline injected intraperitoneally. Sham burn controls consisted of animals treated identically but immersed in lukewarm water. Rats were single caged after burn or sham burn and given standard rat chow and water ad libitum. No post-burn analgesics were administered, consistent with other studies since the nerve endings in the skin in full thickness burn model are destroyed and the skin becomes insensate . Furthermore, after the animals woke up, they ate, drank, moved freely about the cage, responded to external stimuli, and did not show clinical signs of pain or distress. Rats were single caged after burn and standard bedding was used. Animals were checked every 12 h for signs of pain or distress (trembling, ruffled fur, hunched posture, inability to ambulate, lethargy or lack of adequate response when attempts are made to pick up the animal) until time of sacrifice (by ex vivo perfusion as described below), which was 4 days postburn. None of the animals studied here exhibited such signs and therefore all animals were sacrificed 4 days postburn as planned. All burn and sham-burn procedures were carried out in the 8 am –10 am time window period to insure that all animals were at the same stage in their circadian cycle , , .
Three days post injury, food was removed from half of the animals in the sham burn and burn groups to initiate fasting. One day later (four days post injury), animals underwent isolated liver perfusion following a modification of Mortimore’s methods , and described in greater detail in a recent publication . Briefly, the perfusion system consisted of a medium reservoir, heat exchanger, oxygenator, bubble trap, and liver perfusion chamber in a closed loop. Perfusate medium recirculation by a peristaltic pump was initiated and maintained to stabilize the system prior to rat liver preparation. The rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (80 to 100 mg/kg) and xylazine (12 to 10 mg/kg). The abdominal cavity was opened and heparin (1000 U/kg) was injected by transphrenic cardiac puncture, and then the liver was cannulated in situ via the portal vein and immediately perfused with perfusate solution. The hepatic artery and the suprarenal vena cava were ligated, and the liver outflow from the hepatic vein collected through a catheter inserted into the inferior vena cava via the right atrium. After blood was washed out from the liver by flushing with perfusate for 10 minutes, the end of the tube connecting to the outflow catheter was placed into the perfusate reservoir to initiate the recirculating perfusion. Death of the animal (as evidenced by irreversible respiratory arrest) occurred in the first few seconds of perfusion due to exsanguination. The perfusate composition is provided in Table S1, with pH adjusted to 7.4, supplemented with washed bovine red blood cells (RBCs) (Lampire, Pipersville, PA) at 10% hematocrit and oxygenated by passing through 3 m of silicone tubing in contact with a 95% O2/5% CO2 gas mixture . The perfusion pressure was kept below 15cm H2O and the flow rate was set to 3.0 ml/min/g liver. Total initial perfusate volume was 500 ml. The temperature of the heating fluid in the heat exchanger was set to 50°C to account for incomplete heat transfer and heat losses between the heat exchanger and the liver inlet in order to maintain the liver at physiological temperature (37.0±0.5°C), as measured by inserting a thermocouple between the lobes.
Detailed explanations regarding the measurements of metabolite concentrations in the perfusate can be found elsewhere , , . Briefly, the dissolved O2 and total hemoglobin concentrations were immediately measured using a blood gas analyzer (Bayer Rapidlab 855, Diamond Diagnostics, MA). Several metabolites were measured using commercial assay kits (urea and β-hydroxybutyrate: Stanbio Laboratory, Boerne, TX; glucose and glutamine: Sigma Chemical; lactate: Trinity Biotech, Berkeley Heights, NJ). Individual amino acid concentrations in the perfusate samples were quantified by an automated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system which consisted of a Waters 2690 Separations Module and Waters 474 Scanning Fluorescence Detector (Waters Co., Milford, MA) set at an excitation of 250 nm and an emission of 395 nm.
Cell lysis was assessed based on the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) into the perfusate. LDH activity measurements from perfusate samples were carried out using a cytotoxicity detection kit (Roche, Indianapolis, IN). To estimate the number of cells lysed based on measured LDH activity, values were compared to LDH activity measured from a known number of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Note that in separate control experiments where perfusions were carried out without livers in the circuit, no significant changes in metabolite levels in the perfusate were noted (data not shown), suggesting that the contribution of RBCs to the metabolite concentration changes observed with the livers were negligible.
Multiple comparisons among the groups were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s studentized range test. The criterion for statistical significance used was P<0.05.
Table 1. Hepatic Network Model* #.
When two metabolic pathways in opposite directions form a futile cycle, it is assumed that only one of the two directions is active and the other is inactive (in other words the forward and reverse pathways cannot be active at the same time). In general, reciprocal control between the enzymes involved in such pathways exists to minimize the formation of futile cycles, and this constraint was applied using a mixed integer binary formulation as described further below.
Mass balances were performed around 50 intracellular metabolites (full list in Table S4), thus applying the same number of mass balance constraints. Note that cofactors including ATP and NADPH were not balanced because several reactions using these were not quantified. However, NADH was balanced because most of the reactions involved with this metabolite are included in the model , , , , . In addition, we included thermodynamic constraints whereby pathway direction must be thermodynamically feasible and an exergonic reaction can be a “driving-force” for an endergonic reaction if these two reactions are coupled in the same pathway, as described in previous reports , , and also summarized below.
The mathematical formulation used in this study to calculate the intracellular fluxes has been already described in great detail in our previous study . Given the fact that every flux vector v in a metabolic network can be expressed as a linear combination of elementary modes; (where wi is the weight of pathway i; Pji corresponds to the relative flux level of reaction j in pathway i; and np is the total number of pathways), a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) was used to calculate the intracellular fluxes as given in Figure 1. Skj is the stoichiometric coefficient of metabolite k in reaction j; vj is the flux of reaction j; nm and nr are the total number of metabolites, and total number of reactions, respectively. Mass balance constraints and other constraints based on experimental measurements are described by elementary modes with their corresponding weight values as shown in Figure 1. The Gibbs free energy of the pathway i, , is the summation of the Gibbs free energies of reactions involved in that pathway which should be less than or equal to zero. The condition implies that the pathway i can be active (wi≥0) if its Gibbs free energy is less than zero , otherwise it is not active (wi = 0). Using the maximum and minimum values of concentrations of hepatic metabolites , we can identify a range of values for the Gibbs free energy of each pathway, and . Since wi is a positive variable, any wi satisfying the inequality also satisfies and . Thus, the constraint described by which is nonlinear is replaced by that further tightens the solution space. The indices A and B represent any two reactions forming a futile cycle. This constraint describes the reciprocal control between two reactions (such as the reaction of glucokinase and the reaction of glucose-6-phosphatase) forming a futile cycle. It allows the two reactions ( and ) to inhibit each other and prevent the formation of the cycle. y is a binary variable, and β is a very large number which forces y to be 0 (thus vB is zero) if the reaction vA is active. If the reaction vA is zero, then vB can take any value.
Figure 1. Mathematical model utilized to calculate the flux ranges.
See text for detailed explanations.
The minimum and maximum experimental values of measured fluxes used in the model (Figure 1) are listed in Table S3. Intracellular flux ranges were calculated by minimizing or maximizing each intracellular reaction rate shown in Figure 1. This formulation provides the maximum and minimum values that a flux can take: (where corresponds to error, and is the mean value of and ). Comparisons among fluxes of the four groups were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s studentized range test considering the minimum, maximum and mean values of each flux which were calculated. The criterion for statistical significance was chosen as P<0.05. For the optimization routine, the upper and lower limits of each unknown flux was assumed to be ±500 µmol/g liver/h based on a survey of a large set of prior perfused liver studies in burned rats , , , . The elementary modes were calculated using a MATLAB package, CellNetAnalyzer , and the mixed integer linear programming problem was solved using GAMS/CPLEX.
Determining unique solutions for intracellular fluxes.
Because the above framework leads to an underdetermined system, in order to obtain a single solution for each condition, we applied an optimization criterion which states that the activity of short pathways is maximized , and which is based on a prior analysis of liver perfusion studies showing that short pathways tend to involve many liver-specific pathways which have higher weights . The objective function of this problem was stated as: (1)which forces shorter pathways to take larger weight values. The length (l) of any pathway is equal to the number of reactions involved in that pathway and is calculated using the binary matrix of elementary modes, F, where Fji is equal to 1 if Pji is different than zero, otherwise Fji is zero (Figure 1). The thermodynamic, experimental, and futile cycle-related constraints were also applied as shown in Figure 1. This assumption is consistent with other studies suggesting that the activity of short pathways is relatively high and that these pathways tend to be organism-specific , . Solving this problem involves mixed integer quadratic programming (MIQP), which was done using GAMS/CPLEX.
We investigated the metabolic response of liver to fasting and/or burn systemic injury in rats. Totally, four different animal groups, Sham+Fed, Sham+Fasted, Burn+Fed, Burn+Fasted, were compared. The average uptake and release rates of major metabolites, including glucose, urea, lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate, oxygen, and amino acids were measured from perfused livers isolated 4 days post injury. For fasted groups, fasting was applied 24 h prior to perfusion. The complete set of data is provided in Tables S2 and S3. Below we focus on the most interesting individual metabolite findings and results from system-wide metabolic flux analyses.
Figure 2 shows glucose, lactate, urea and β-hydroxybutyrate production or utilization rates in the four different groups. Following fasting, glucose production rates were significantly decreased in both the burn and sham-burn groups. Interestingly, glucose production increased as a result of burn injury in the fed groups (Burn+Fed vs. Sham+Fed), while no significant effect, and even a trend in the opposite direction (i.e. glucose production decreased as a result of burn injury) was observed in the fasted groups (Burn+Fasted vs. Sham+Fasted). The uptake of lactate, a major substrate for the gluconeogenic pathway, was increased over 5 fold by fasting in the sham groups, but not in the burned groups. As expected, burn injury significantly increased urea production when evaluated in both fed and fasted conditions. Of note is that the magnitude of the increase was less than 2 fold in the fed groups, but more than 3.5 fold in the fasted groups. In addition, fasting reduced urea production in the sham groups but increased it in the burned animals. Beta-hydroxybutyrate production was significantly – albeit slightly – increased by fasting in the sham groups, but not in the burned goups. In addition, beta-hydroxybutyrate production in the Burn+Fed and Burn+Fasted groups was at the same elevated level seen in the Sham+Fasted group.
Figure 2. Average glucose, lactate, urea and β-hydroxybutyrate fluxes in perfused livers.
Bars above and below indicate net production and uptake, respectively. Data shown were obtained from the slope of linear fits of measured perfusate concentrations vs. time normalized to liver mass. Bars labeled with different letters are statistically significantly different (ANOVA, P<0.05; N≥3) from each other. For example, lactate secretion rates in Sham+Fed group (a), Burn+Fed group (a) and Burn+Fasted group (a) are not significantly different from each other, whereas Sham+Fasted (b) is significantly different from the other groups. Data shown are means±SD.
Among the amino acids, the uptake/release rates of glutamine, ornithine, arginine, glycine and methionine showed significant variations among the groups (Figure 3). Glutamate production rates were higher in the burned groups when compared to the Sham+Fed group; however, there was no significant effect of fasting in the sham-burned groups or in the burned groups. Glutamine, arginine, and methionine utilization rates and ornithine production rate were significantly higher in the Burn+Fasted group than the other groups, whereas no significant differences were observed among the other groups.
Figure 3. Average fluxes for the main amino acids in perfused livers.
Bars above and below indicate net production and uptake, respectively. Data shown were obtained from the slope of linear fits of measured perfusate concentrations vs. time normalized to liver mass. Bars labeled with different letters are statistically significantly different (ANOVA, P<0.05; N≥3) from each other. Data shown are means±SD.
Oxygen consumption rates were slightly (about 15–20%) but significantly elevated in response to burn injury when comparing all the burn groups to all the sham groups (Figure 4). Several other metabolites were measured as well, but their rates were not significantly affected by burn and/or fasting; the specific values are provided in Table S2.
Figure 4. Average oxygen utilization rates in perfused livers.
Data shown were obtained from the measured decrease in oxygen tension and hemoglobin saturation between the outlet and inlet of each perfused liver. Bars labeled with different letters are statistically significantly different (ANOVA, P<0.05; N≥3) from each other. Data shown are means±SD.
To assess tissue damage, we monitored the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during the perfusion (Figure 5). All groups showed an increase in LDH activity as a function of time. By the end of the 1 h perfusion, LDH accumulation was approximately twice in the burn groups compared to the sham groups. These results indicate that prior burn injury results in greater tissue damage during perfusion. Note that based on absorbance values obtained from lysed hepatocytes isolated from normal rat livers, we can estimate the extent of damage to about 10% of the liver mass in the burned groups at 60 min, and 5% in the sham-burned groups. These values were deemed too small to take into account in the flux model.
Figure 5. Accumulation of lactate dehydrogenase activity in perfusate as a function of time during the perfusion.
N≥3 for each group. * indicates significantly higher activity in the burned groups compared to the sham-burned groups (ANOVA, P<0.05). Data shown are means±SD.
The uncertainty of each intracellular flux was determined by calculating the minimum and maximum values that each intracellular flux can take by using experimentally determined extracellular fluxes, thermodynamic and futile cycle constraints (see Materials and Methods and Figure 1). Mean values of fluxes with their ranges are given in Table 1. Bold flux values indicate that mean values of the four different groups were found to be significantly different from each other (using ANOVA, P<0.05).
Consistent with experimental results (Figure 2), the rate of generation of glucose from glucose-6-P (reaction 1) was generally higher in the fed groups compared to the fasted groups, and was highest in the Burn+Fasted group (Table 1). Glucose production from glucose-6-P is dependent upon fluxes through the gluconeogenic reactions (reactions 1–6) as well as glycogen breakdown (reaction 50). However, we cannot ascribe the observed differences to a particular reaction due to the significant overlap in the flux ranges among the groups for the gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic fluxes. The uncertainty at this particular branch point reflects the lack of a direct measurement of glycogen breakdown rate. A different methodology is used further below to uniquely determine the flux distributions.
The influx of lactate and pyruvate into oxaloacetate (reaction 12) was significantly upregulated in the Sham+Fasted group (Table 1). Interestingly, the glycolytic reaction where pyruvate is produced from PEP by pyruvate kinase (reaction 10) was found to be inactive in all groups (Table 1). Consistent with experimental observations summarized in Figures 2 and 3 as well as Table 1, intracellular fluxes related to urea production (reaction 20), amino acid metabolism including alanine (reaction 23), glycine (reactions 26 and 27), glutamine & glutamate (reactions 31–34), histidine (reaction 35) and methionine (reaction 36), as well as β-hydroxybutyrate production (reaction 48), were found to be statistically significantly different among the groups and significantly up-regulated in the Burn+Fasted group.
Unique solutions for intracellular fluxes.
Mass balance analysis alone did not yield a unique solution since the number of experimentally measured parameters was insufficient to fully determine the intracellular fluxes, and for this reason we reported flux ranges in Figure 1. To obtain a unique solution, we implemented an objective function which chooses an optimum point (a single solution) in the steady state flux cone defined by experimentally measured fluxes and thermodynamic constraints . In addition, we used an objective function that maximizes the activity of short pathways . This assumption is consistent with other studies suggesting that the activity of short pathways is relatively high , . The calculated fluxes for all four groups are summarized in Figure 6 (numerical values are given in Table S5). This overall picture shows variations among groups in most aspects of metabolism, except for a few reactions in glycolysis and amino acid metabolism. Fluxes exhibiting significant differences among the groups are described in further detail in Figures 7 and 8. Figure 7 shows a detailed picture of fluxes in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. Applying the model to the experimental data, we found that glycolytic reactions (reactions 8, 9, and 10), glycogenesis (reaction 49), and lipid synthesis (reaction 45) were inactive, thus eliminating all possible futile cycles in the network.
Figure 6. Calculated internal fluxes of perfused livers.
An objective function maximizing the activity of shorter pathways was used to calculate the fluxes.
Figure 7. Detailed flux distribution map in the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism pathways.
Note that several reaction pairs (Rxn 1 vs. Rxn 10; Rxn 3 vs. Rxn 9; Rxn 6 vs. Rxn 8; Rxn 49 vs. Rxn 50; and Rxn 44 vs. Rxn 45) form futile cycles. Thick black lines indicate active (or dominant) reactions whereas gray lines represent inactive (i.e. flux = 0) reactions. Dashed lines depict reactions not shown in detail. Positive flux values for reversible reactions which are in the gluconeogenic pathway in the figure indicate that gluconeogenesis is active. Fluxes of irreversible reactions should be equal or greater than zero. Directions of reactions are given in Table 1. Flux units are µmol/g liver/h. A: Sham+Fed group; B: Sham+Fasted group; C: Burn+Fed group; D: Burn+Fasted group.
Figure 8. Detailed flux distribution map in the TCA and urea cycles.
Thick black lines indicate active (or dominant) reactions. Dashed lines depict reactions not shown in detail. Positive flux values of reversible reactions indicate a net oxaloacetate production from citrate (for TCA cycle reactions), arginine and urea production from ornithine and citrulline (for urea cycle), and α-ketoglutarate production from glutamate. Fluxes of irreversible reactions should be equal or greater than zero. Directions of reactions are given in Table 1. Flux units are µmol/g liver/h. A: Sham+Fed group; B: Sham+Fasted group; C: Burn+Fed group; D: Burn+Fasted group.
The rate of generation of glucose from glucose-6-P (reaction 1) was approximately 3 times the rate of generation of glucose-6-P from fructose-6-P (reaction 2) in the fed groups (groups A&C), and the difference was mainly due to the contribution of glycogen breakdown (reaction 50). Fasting decreased the glucose production (reaction 1) flux by 2–3 fold in the sham and burn groups (groups B&D vs. A&C), and this was largely due to a concomitant >10 fold decrease in glycogen breakdown (reaction 50). In the fasted groups, glucose-6-phosphatase (reaction 1) fluxes were approximately 10% less than phosphoglucose isomerase (reaction 2) fluxes due to increased removal of glucose 6-P towards the PPP (reaction 11) in fasted animals compared to fed animals. Fasting slightly increased internal gluconeogenic fluxes (reactions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) in both the burn (group D vs. C) and the sham (group B vs. A) groups, while the burn effect on these fluxes was minimal.
The influx of lactate and pyruvate into oxaloacetate (reactions 7 and 12), a well-known gluconeogenic route, were upregulated by fasting in the sham groups (group B vs. A) while the opposite was observed in the burn groups (group D vs. C). These findings parallel the fasting-induced changes in lactate uptake previously shown in Figure 2. In the sham groups, fasting increased the flux from oxaloacetate to PEP (reaction 6) as well as the supply of oxaloacetate from pyruvate (reaction 7); in the burn groups, fasting also increased the flux from oxaloacetate to PEP (reaction 6) but decreased the supply of oxaloacetate from pyruvate (reaction 7); therefore, to maintain steady state, the supply of oxaloacetate must have come from other sources, and more specifically from the TCA cycle, as described further below.
Fatty acid oxidation (reaction 44) was found to be active by the model in all groups while the opposing fatty acid synthesis (reaction 45) was found to be inactive. Fatty acid oxidation was generally higher in the fed groups (groups A and C) than the fasted groups (groups B and D). In addition, burn injury increased fatty oxidation flux minimally in the fed groups (groups A vs. C) and more significantly in the fasted groups (groups B vs. D).
Figure 8 provides a detailed picture of the flux changes around the TCA and urea cycles. α-ketoglutarate generation from oxaloacetate (reactions 14 and 15) was increased in the Sham+Fasted group (group B) compared to other groups. Oxaloacetate production from α-ketoglutarate represented by reactions 16–19 fluxes was higher in both fasted groups (groups B and D) compared to the fed groups (groups A and C). Comparing α-ketoglutarate generation from citrate (reaction 15) and succinyl-CoA production from α-ketoglutarate (reaction 16) show little difference with the notable exception of the Burn+Fasted group (group D), where there is a significant jump in flux 16 relative to flux 15 (the ratios of flux 16 to flux 15 are 1.07, 0.98, 1.06, and 2.24 in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively) due to the increased contribution of glutamate and glutamine to α-ketoglutarate production (reactions 31 and 32) in that group. Taken together, these data show that in the sham groups, fasting increased TCA cycle (reactions 14–19) fluxes, which likely reflects the increased flux of pyruvate to oxaloacetate as a result of increased lactate uptake rate (reaction 12 in Figure 7) in the Sham+Fasted (group B) vs. the Sham+Fed (group A) groups. Conversely, in the burn groups, fasting increased oxaloacetate production from α-ketoglutarate (TCA cycle reactions 16–19), but not α-ketoglutarate generation from oxaloacetate (TCA cycle reactions 14–15), because in this case the additional carbon was supplied via the anaplerotic route represented where α-ketoglutarate was produced from glutamine and glutamate (reactions 31 and 32) in the Burn+Fasted group (group D). The rate of urea production from arginine (reaction 20), was also higher in the Burn+Fasted group (group D), consistent with the measured increase in urea output (Figure 3). Electron chain reactions (reactions 51 and 52 in Figure 6) were increased in the burn groups (groups C and D), which correlates with the increased TCA fluxes in Burn+Fasted group and increased fatty acid oxidation (reactions 46 and 47 in Figure 6) in the Burn+Fed group. In spite of the increased TCA fluxes in the Sham+Fasted (group B) group, the electron chain reactions were not elevated compared to the other groups, which might be the result of decreased fatty acid oxidation in that particular group.
Since a weight for each pathway was assigned while solving the optimization problem, this can be used to quantitatively determine the contribution of major substrates to glucose production as shown in Figure 9. In the Sham+Fed and Burn+Fed groups (groups A and C), glycogen breakdown contributed the largest amounts (59.14 µmol/g liver/h and 100.2 µmol/g liver/h, respectively), to glucose production. The next major contributor to glucose production was lactate (30.29 µmol/g liver/h and 34.19 µmol/g liver/h, respectively), while other sources – and in particular amino acids - were very small. In the fasted groups (groups B and D), glycogen contributions became very small as would be expected since the fasting protocol would be expected to deplete glycogen stores by the time livers are examined by perfusion , , . In the Sham+Fasted group (group B), 57.44 µmol/g liver/h lactate (∼65% of total lactate uptake) were utilized for glucose production, and this value decreased to 17.49 µmol/g liver/h in the Burn+Fasted group (group D). Conversely, the usage of glutamine substrate for glucose production increased from 7.61 µmol/g liver/h glutamine in the Sham+Fasted group (group B), to 20.0 µmol/g liver/h glutamine (∼50% of total glutamine uptake) in the Burn+Fasted group (group D). The other major carbon source included arginine, which had no contribution in the sham groups (groups A and B), but some contribution in the burn groups (groups C and D). In the Burn+Fasted group (group D), 6.64 µmol/g liver/h arginine (∼20% of total arginine uptake) contributed to glucose production.
Figure 9. Detailed flux map showing elementary mode pathways for major potential gluconeogenic substrates.
Flux values are expressed in terms of µmol/g liver/h. For example, in the Sham+Fasted group, 57.44 µmol/g liver/h lactate were utilized to produce glucose. A: Sham+Fed group; B: Sham+Fasted group; C: Burn+Fed group; D: Burn+Fasted group.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of fasting on the hepatic response to burn injury in a rat model. Flux analysis determined that gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and fatty acid oxidation were active in all conditions, while the reverse pathways glycolysis, glycogen synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis were inhibited, even in the fed animals. While burn injury upregulated urea cycle fluxes in both fed and fasted groups, the impact on amino acid utilization was minimal in the fed group, but dramatic in the fasted group, with a significant increase in glycine, glutamine, arginine, and methionine uptake, with concomitant increase in ornithine release. The data also show the effect of burn injury on the fasting response of the liver, which was clearly different in sham-burned vs. burned animals. Overall, the main substrate for fasting-induced gluconeogenesis switched from lactate in sham-burned animals to amino acids (and more specifically glutamine and arginine) in burned animals. Taken together, these results suggest that the fed state prevents the burn-induced increase in hepatic amino acid utilization for gluconeogenesis. A major difference between fed and fasted states is the presence of glycogen stores in the former case and lack thereof in the latter. Thus, strategies that increase and/or maintain internal sources of glucose should be investigated to see if they can prevent increased hepatic amino acid utilization after burn injury.
The external fluxes which are experimentally determined correspond to the rates of metabolites that are secreted or taken up by the liver. How these rates are related to each other is a function of the internal metabolic network (which we represented by a stoichiometric model), which can reveal several contributions to a particular product. For example, urea and glutamate production (experimentally determined) were higher in the Burn+Fed group compared to the Sham+Fed group while glutamine, ornithine, and arginine fluxes were the same (Figures 2 and 3). Our model maximizing the activity of short pathways determined that production of glutamate from various amino acids such as glutamine, ornithine, proline and histidine (reactions 32–35) was higher in the Burn+Fed group compared to the Sham+Fed group (Table S5). Similarly, intracellular production of aspartate from oxaloacetate was higher in the Burn+Fed group compared to the Sham+Fed group (reaction 38, Table S5). Aspartate together with ammonium is one of the major sources for the arginine and urea production.
Several prior studies have reported on the response of isolated perfused livers (albeit in the absence of oxygen carriers) to a systemic burn injury similar to that applied in the current study evaluated under fasted conditions , , , . The experimental data for fasted animals herein are largely consistent with those studies. Notably, oxygen and glutamine uptake, as well as urea production increased while net glucose output did not change. In a prior study where metabolites fluxes were measured in vivo in rats subjected to 20% and 40% TBSA burns , many of the changes mentioned above were seen in the larger burn group (40% TBSA) but not in the smaller burn (20% TBSA), even though the latter is a more similar injury model to that used herein. Possible explanations for the discrepancies include the fact that the perfused livers were not exposed to circulating factors (e.g. insulin, glucagon and other hormones) as well as substrate concentrations changes that occur in vivo. Therefore, further studies to examine the effect of these relevant stimuli are warranted. When considering the data obtained from fed animals, it is somewhat surprising that those animals did not show increased amino acid utilization after burns, when considering clinical evidence from burn patients, who are maintained in a fed state, suggesting the contrary. It is noteworthy that this study was limited to comparing “fasted” to “fed” using a particular feeding approach. It is possible that not all fed states are equal as the feeding strategy is likely to be important. The impact of feeding on the burn response could be further studied by using a diet that is more similar to the current parenteral feeding strategies that are used on patients.
The underlying mechanism for the increased reliance on amino acids for gluconeogenesis in the burned condition is unknown. The normal (i.e. in the absence of injury) response to fasting involves the breakdown of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen stores to release glucose into the circulation, as well as the use of lactate from the Cori cycle, in which case the utilization of other carbon sources is very limited . On the other hand, the typical response to severe burn injury involves skeletal muscle protein breakdown and increased hepatic usage of liberated amino acids . An analysis of hepatic fluxes measured in vivo in fasted burned rats concluded that livers extract amino acids more avidly than sham controls . Consistent with these notions, it appears that the liver is actively switching from lactate to amino acids as substrate for fasting-induced gluconeogenesis. Among the amino acids found to be significantly affected in this study are glutamine and arginine, both of which have been reported to be either beneficial or “conditionally essential” after burn injury , , . This is also consistent with prior findings of burn injury-induced increases in the expression of amino acid transporters for glutamine and arginine in the liver , , . Glycine and methionine were also upregulated, and therefore may be potential candidates to further examine as nutritional supplements. Various nutritional options could be tested on animals using the procedures as described herein, where the liver metabolic responses from animals given different feeds (in terms of composition, dose, timing, and route of administration) could be compared.
In summary, we analyzed the effect of burn injury on the metabolism of livers isolated 4 days after burn injury in both fed and fasted animals. In fed animals, injury increased glucose output mainly from glycogen breakdown and minimally impacted amino acid metabolism. In fasted animals, injury did not increase glucose output but increased urea production and the uptake of several amino acids, namely glutamine, arginine, glycine, and methionine. Furthermore, sham-burn animals responded to fasting by triggering gluconeogenesis from lactate; however, in burned animals the preferred gluconeogenic substrate was amino acids. Taken together, these results suggest that the fed state prevents the burn-induced increase in hepatic amino acid utilization for gluconeogenesis. The possible role of glycogen stores and means to increase and/or maintain internal sources of glucose to prevent increased hepatic amino acid utilization warrant further study.
Substrate levels in fresh perfusate.
Measured release rates of extracellular metabolites.
The maximum and minimum values of measured extracellular fluxes used in metabolic model.
Metabolites subject to mass balances.
Calculated internal fluxes based on the assumption that short pathways tend to gain higher weight values.
The authors would like to thank Aina Andrianarijaona for providing freshly isolated hepatocytes to benchmark LDH activities of perfused livers.
Conceived and designed the experiments: MAO MGI IPA FB. Performed the experiments: MAO. Analyzed the data: MAO MGI IPA FB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MGI IPA FB. Wrote the paper: MAO MGI IPA FB.
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Is the Subject Area "Glutamine" applicable to this article? | 2019-04-21T13:31:41Z | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0054825 |
17 responses to "The collapse of British Airways"
An identical comment was made on a recent post here, vaa. The article you link to is a good one and is relevant to the topic but the nature of the comments posted here make them seem like spam. So just to let you know… if the same comment is submitted again, it will not be approved.
I completely agree, Luis. The future is indeed uncertain and it might well turn out better than I think. But a policy of putting your weekly pay packet on the rank outsider in a horse race is a guarantee of far more hungry weeks than well-fed ones.
Our society is like a car hurtling towards the edge of a cliff. Right now we’re all sitting in the back seat, nodding sagely and pointing out that it’s possible we might run out of fuel before we get to the edge. And while that may be true, it’s hardly very sensible of us.
Given our current knowledge and available technology, peak oil will prove disastrous for modern civilisation. We can either come up with a plan that utilises that knowledge and technology to minimise the damage. Or — as is happening — we can ignore peak oil; a course that pretty much maximises the damage; while on the rare occasions we do consider it, placing our faith in some as-yet undiscovered solution.
I used to work as an engineer. As a result I know how absurd it is to apply imaginary solutions to real problems.
Let me assure you that I will celebrate more than most should we ever discover a “fix” for peak oil (because, unlike most, I’m aware of the seriousness of the problem). But to assume, without evidence, that such a “fix” will be found — given the risks involved if we leave it too late — is madness.
Instead we should start preparing for peak oil (and resource depletion more generally) right now using the knowledge and technology we possess right now.
I don’t mean to come across as complacent laissez-faire-ist, I’m all for governments doing various to prepare for peak oil (which as far as I can see, more or less overlaps with the need to do so for climate change reasons). Perhaps I am more optimistic than you about market mechanisms (price changes, investment in alternative energy) and current progress in that direction, but perhaps I simply don’t appreciate the urgency of the problem. Can I presume you think market participants are similarly unaware, and hence there is going to be a nasty period of dramatic price increases when realisation dawns?
Luis, it’s probably fair to say that Karl Marx was more optimistic than me about market mechanisms*. Actually that’s not strictly true. I have no problem with free markets for a restricted set of products, services and commodities. But because I wouldn’t put food, energy or non-renewable natural resources into that restricted set, it’s probably accurate enough to paint me as anti-free market. I’m fine with a free market in computer games, business consultancy services or surfing lessons (to take three completely random items). But I believe free markets in bananas, oil or copper (to take another three at random) ultimately create more problems than they solve.
Can I presume you think market participants are similarly unaware, and hence there is going to be a nasty period of dramatic price increases when realisation dawns?
The Hirsch Report (cited in the blog post above) was produced by the US Department of Energy 5 years ago. And yet with the sole exception of Sweden (the one nation I’m aware of that has placed peak oil at the centre of their national policy) no effective action has been taken to address the problem.
I believe this is a direct result of “leaving things to the market”. Peak oil will not manifest within the market until it is already upon us. At that point, it will already be ten or twenty years too late to deal with properly.
In fact, it’s my own belief that we reached a global peak in oil production during the last three years or so (I cannot yet substantiate this as it’s clearly not something that can be confirmed without several years of ‘post-peak’ data). It was partly the supply constraints created by this peak that led to $140 per barrel oil a couple of years back, which in turn was one of the factors — though not the primary one — in our current economic slump.
* I’m not a Marxist, incidentally.
well it’s certainly an interesting set of questions, and one that I don’t feel qualified to contribute much to. I don’t know what non-free-market systems you envisage for food, energy and similar; my (limited) knowledge of the track record of non-free-market systems doesn’t make me terribly optimistic about them either*. Things I don’t know, which strike me as important, is how forward looking market prices are (when is realization going to dawn, and how much oil will be left when that happens), how high will prices rise, and how quickly can the world install all manner of alternative energy infrastructure that the rising oil price will have rendered cheaper than the alternatives. The reason I consider myself optimistic about market mechanisms is that I’m under the impression a few alternative energy techs are close to being goers without dramatic changes to the situation, and should prices start to explode, I’d expect things to get into gear quickly enough to avert utter disaster. But as I say, I could be totally wrong about that.
* of course the current state of affairs is located somewhere in the middle of a line that starts at a Friedman fantasy and ends with a planned economy … plenty of people would call the markets in food etc “not free” already; these terms are hopelessly vague. I think I’d like to see the market for food become more free (winding down EU protectionism) and the market in energy less free (higher carbon taxes, environmental legislation and investment subsidies). When I’m in discussion with left-wingers I’m usually taken to be the spawn of Thatcher, and with right-wingers that of Tony Benn, such is the fate of equivocating centrists like me.
We have to take into account human nature here too.
People will not choose an energy system for running their car/heating their home/flying a plane that costs them more money.
As soon as that 3% – 6% reduction per year starts there will be a major shift in capital investment. Far greater than anything a Govt can muster.
The technology in ground source heat pumps, solar etc will fly ahead at a speed you can only dream of. As soon as it becomes cheaper to heat your house or light your bulbs with another energy source you will see a huge change. Only capitalism can deliver this and only markets can respond to the huge demand for this energy that will be unleashed when the price point reaches tipping point.
1) When the market is there for something it will be produced. See Julian Simon on the subject.
3) There is no question that some abiotic oil exists (ie oil produced by geological processes rather than biolohical). You have to drill deep for it but, bearing in mind the age of the Earth quantities must be orders of magnitude greater than biological oil.
4) We are starting to produce oil grown from alge. When this is a mature technology it will be, by definition, unlimited.
5) Oil is simply an energy storage medium. We can produce unlimited energy by nuclear power. If necessary we could use electricity to peoduce oil as oil can now be used to produce electricity.
OK I said 4. I could probably keep going if required.
Hi Neil. Thanks for stopping by and leaving your comment, though — as I’m sure you can imagine — it’s not one I agree with.
People have indeed been predicting the end of oil for a long time. However, it wasn’t until the 1950s that they were doing so with a demonstrably correct methodology. The notion that incorrect past predictions of an event or process automatically invalidate all future predictions is logically incoherent.
If we both get into a car and start driving, I can predict that we will run out of fuel after 10 miles. If we pass the 11 mile mark without running out, and you turn to me and claim this demonstrates that we will never run out, you are not making a valid point.
I recently wrote a three part article on peak oil which provides a very brief summary of some of what I’ve learnt after researching the subject for almost 15 years. You can find Part One, here, if you are interested (subsequent parts link on from there). It covers most of what you’ve said in your comment, but I’ll respond to the individual points anyway.
1) I will pay a million euro for an authentic unicorn horn. This statement demonstrates how obviously ridiclous is the claim that demand generates supply. In reality the market can only meet a demand under a set of specific conditions; most obvious of which is that the product or service being demanded actually exists.
Finally it may be of interest to recapitulate that the International Energy Agency claims that 37 mb/d of unconventional oil must be produced by 2030. Canada has by far the largest unconventional oil reserves. By 2030, in a very optimistic scenario, Canada may produce 5 mb/d. Venezuela may perhaps achieve a production of 6 mb/d. Who will be the producers of the remaining 26 mb/d? It is obvious that the forecast presented by the IEA has no basis in reality.
The fact is; the production of oil from these sands cannot be done at anything like a rate fast enough to compensate for conventional oil decline. Beyond that, the ERoI of both sources (tar sands and shale) are far lower than that for crude oil. This objection, however, is greatly overshadowed by the problems of conversion. The process consumes vast quantities of fresh water and natural gas; both are themselves experiencing depletion. The process also produces huge quantities of toxic waste for which we have yet to develop a disposal solution.
I do not doubt that the tar sands industry will attempt to fill the gap left by declining crude supplies. Those who believe it will succeed, however, have not studied the subject in any depth.
3) Forgive me; but just as you cry “rubbish” at the notion of peak oil, let me cry “rubbish” at the notion of abiotic oil. Can you provide a figure for the quantity of abiotic oil commercially produced over the past 100 years? Let me save you the time. It’s zero. The Soviet claims to have found large deposits of the stuff have been thoroughly dismissed by modern petrogeology. The notion that large quantities of abiotic oil will suddenly be discovered is simply fantasy. The notion that it hasn’t been found yet because it’s “too deep” is also extremely suspect given what we know about the physical properties of oil and the depths, pressure-tolerances and temperatures at which it can form reservoirs.
Sorry, but abiotic oil as a solution to a peak in crude is utter nonsense. I suggest you spend a little time reading about the science of petroleum geology.
4) “By definition unlimited”. Again, that’s just a ridiculous statement. How can the production of anything be unlimited in a closed system such as the earth’s atmosphere? The requirements of algal growth are sunlight, carbon, water and a number of other elements. All of which exist in very definite finite amounts on this planet.
In reality, algae is just a trendy new form of biomass and it suffers from many of the same inherent limitations (the most obvious of which, given it’s significantly lower levels of embodied energy as compared with crude oil, is the sheer space required).
Like tar sands, market mechanisms will drive a large expansion of the biomass industry. And just like tar sands, this will prove utterly disastrous from an ecological perspective while at the same time failing to compensate for crude oil decline.
5) Yes, oil is an energy storage medium, but it isn’t “simply” an energy storage medium. It is one that was created millions of years ago requiring no effort from ourselves. Until recently it could be accessed with little or no energy expenditure and in truly enormous quantities. This makes it very different from almost every other energy storage medium you care to mention (with the exception of natural gas; itself expected to peak within the next decade and a half).
Rather than repeat myself on the nuclear power issue, let me just point you to Part Two of that aforementioned article. And highlight the fact that while uranium has the potential to generate a lot of electricity, it is (a) not going to come on-stream fast enough, (b) not a solution to our liquid fuels problem, and (c) not a substitute for the mind-boggling vast number of products (from plastics to paints to pesticides) we currently derive from crude oil.
I have no doubt that you could “keep going”, but I’m not sure there’s much point. You don’t seem to appreciate the science of petroleum geology nor the ecological effects of allowing market mechanisms to deal with peak oil. Furthermore, like most poeple, you appear blissfully unaware of just how uniquely valuable crude oil truly is and the level to which our civilisation depends upon it.
Hi Rob. My response to Neil probably says most of what I want to say about the ability of capitalism and the free market to deal with peak oil. In case you’re unaware, this is the blog of a man who profoundly disagrees with free markets as a way of running our world. In fact, my Master’s thesis essentially proposed (and I would suggest, demonstrated) that free markets are actually a form of psychosis within the collective mind of modern humanity (based on Gregory Bateson’s theories of schizophrenia and the psychodynamic model of the mind).
Part three of the article I referred to in my response to Neil contains some of my thoughts on the likely free market response to peak oil.
Summary: it won’t work and the failure will be disastrous.
Leaving aside our old friend, ‘peak oil’, you appear to neglect to address the key factor: oil’s myriad uses.
Of these, two – lubrication and aviation – are much higher value than other uses that account for the bulk of oil use – in particular, land transportation. Consequently, we can be pretty confident that the commercial aviation industry will continue to secure the oil it needs to serve its growing customer base.
Car owners may eventually have to look elsewhere for their energy supplies, but then energy density is less of an issue when you don’t have to lift the fuel itself into the air.
Lubrication is certainly high on the ‘value list’ of oil, but I don’t think aviation is anywhere close to the top. Ahead of jet fuel, I’d put food production (pesticides / fertiliser / agricultural equipment), food distribution (road transport isn’t just private cars), home heating, detergents, solvents, pharmaceuticals, high value plastic products (from computers to watertight films to paint to tyres to syringes and so on and on).
On top of that is the fact that the military consumption of crude oil products is huge (the US military is the single largest consumer of oil products on the planet).
So I figure there’ll be plenty of people and organisations ahead of the aviation industry in the queue. Furthermore, with regards to the private car, I suspect that — left to market forces — most people will sacrifice air travel to retain the use of their car for a while longer. People living in the communter belts will continue to drive to work even if it means cancelling their weekend break in Barcelona.
And ultimately, as oil prices rise, the notion of “cheap flights” begins to disappear and it’s the cheap flights that have created the massive expansion in aviation. As I’ve said elsewhere, I don’t think the aviation industry will disappear completely; it will merely see a radical reduction in size as air travel once again becomes a luxury. So when you talk of a “growing customer base”, I think you’ve got it completely wrong.
My own view is that private car usage will become a luxury soon after air travel. I don’t believe there is an adequate substitute for oil (on the scale we consume it), and don’t envision one being developed in the next ten years or so — which is my estimate for the timescale we’re looking at; in the sense that peak oil will have become clearly manifest by that point and people will be openly talking about being in the midst of “an energy crisis” or “an oil crisis”.
In fact, I believe we’ll hit that point by 2015. I’ve been predicting that date for the past 12 years or so, but always with a 5 year margin of error (given the complexity and sheer scale of the issue — the current financial crisis probably put the oil crisis back by a bit, but America’s military adventures probably brought it forward… there’s a hell of a lot of variables, so 2015 +/- 5 years is a reasonable estimate). | 2019-04-24T20:18:53Z | http://numero57.net/2010/03/29/the-collapse-of-british-airways/ |
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How can we better incorporate human dimensions into the management of forage fish and their ecosystem?
There is an urgent need to generate usable scientific information to meet the needs of ocean managers.
Nowhere is more pressing than in the case of forage fish – linchpins for ecosystems, cultures and fisheries. Of key concern is Pacific herring. Herring fisheries have been closed or severely limited through much of their range (Alaska to California) for more than a decade. Recently, some British Columbia stocks have rebuilt to the point where re-opening the fishery is under consideration. However, re-opening proposals are challenged by limited understanding of several critical factors, including physical factors affecting herring productivity, factors contributing to variable natural mortality, herring stock structure and spatial dynamics, impacts of viral and other pathogens, disagreement about harvest control rules, and the lack of a social-ecological framework that would facilitate integration of traditional knowledge and cultural ecosystem services into management. Despite these many shortcomings, a great deal of herring knowledge is available, albeit fragmented among disparate professional and social networks.
What is the role of Pacific herring in the social-ecological system, and how can human dimensions be incorporated into herring fisheries management?
We are engaging social and natural scientists, tribes and First Nations, and federal and state managers, in an effort to integrate models and different forms of knowledge to highlight the role played by herring in the social-ecological system of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean.
This Working Group will investigate how to use multiple models to incorporate traditional knowledge and human dimensions into the management of the Pacific herring ecosystem.
the relationships between herring and predators.
Phil is a conservation scientist who is interested in bridging the gaps between theory and practice and between social and natural sciences. The main focus of his current work is developing interdisciplinary tools to inform conservation of marine, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and the communities that depend on them.
Prior to joining the Nature Conservancy and University of Washington, Phil was a Senior Scientist at NOAA Fisheries’ Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle, WA, USA. He served as the scientific lead of NOAA’s Integrated Ecosystem Assessment efforts in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem and Puget Sound. In the course of this work, he led the development of new analytical tools for characterizing ecosystem health and forecasting the cumulative effects of coastal zone management and climate change on marine ecosystems.
Phil received the Department of Commerce Silver Award and NOAA’s Bronze Medal for his work on marine ecosystems, and the Seattle Aquarium’s Conservation Research Award for his work in Puget Sound. He has published over 150 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, book chapters and technical reports, and edited the recent book, “Conservation of the Anthropocene Ocean: interdisciplinary approaches for nature and people”.
Phil’s work has been featured in such news outlets as NPR, PBS, the BBC, MSBNC, The Economist, among others. He recently served as President of the Western Society of Naturalists, and served on numerous editorial boards and scientific advisory panels. Phil received his Ph.D. in zoology from the University of New Hampshire in 1993 and was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of North Carolina.In recent years, he have been particularly interested in the social-ecological-systems of temperate rain forests from Washington to Southeast Alaska.
André is a Professor in the School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences at the University Washington, Seattle, USA and the currently the Director of the School. He received his B.Sc, M.Sc and Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics at the University of Cape Town, South Africa. Before joining the University of Washington, Dr Punt was a Principal Research Scientist with the CSIRO Division of Marine and Atmospheric Research in Australia. Dr. Punt has been involved in stock assessment and fisheries management for over 25 years and has been recognized for his contributions in this area with awards from CSIRO, the University of Washington, the Australian Society for Fish Biology, and the American Fisheries Society. The research undertaken by Dr. Punt and the MPAM (Marine Population and Management) group at the University of Washington relates broadly to the development and application of fisheries stock assessment techniques, bioeconomic modelling, and the evaluation of the performance of stock assessment methods and harvest control rules using the Management Strategy Evaluation approach.
Currently, projects that Dr. Punt is undertaking with his research group include integrating genetic methods with traditional fisheries management approaches, assessment and management methods for data-poor methods, and understanding the impact of climate change and environmental variation on the performance of assessment and management methods. Dr. Punt has conducted stock assessments for a wide range of species, ranging from anchovies and sardines, to groundfish, tunas, and cetaceans. Dr. Punt has published over 250 papers in the peer-reviewed literature, along with over 400 technical reports. He was recently a member of a National Research Council panel on evaluating the effectiveness of fish stock rebuilding in the United States. Dr Punt is currently a member of the Scientific and Statistical Committee of the Pacific Fishery Management Council, the advisory committee for Center for the Advancement of Population Assessment Methodology, the Crab Plan Team of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council, and the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission.
Dan Okamoto is a quantitative marine ecologist and post-doctoral researcher at Simon Fraser University. Dan studies how interactions within and among species affect fluctuations in demographic rates and population dynamics in space and time, as well as what biases and consequences may ensue when such processes are ignored in management. He combines biological and statistical models with experiments, time-series analysis and surveys in pursuit of these interests. As a post-doc, Dan is integrating metapopulation models and surveys of fishermen to estimate the impact of hypothetical management policies on overfishing risk and the vulnerability of different fisheries participants to those policies. In addition to his work at SFU, Dan has several ongoing projects including investigating what forces shape reef fish population dynamics in time and space and factors that regulate sea urchin reproduction, fertilization dynamics and recruitment in California.
Dan has conducted extensive fieldwork in Alaska (where he earned an MS in Fisheries Science), British Columbia, Washington State and California (where he earned his PhD in Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology from UCSB) and has graduate level quantitative training in statistics and population dynamics from both institutions.
Derek Armitage is Associate Professor in the School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, where he leads the Environmental Change and Governance Group (http://ecgg.uwaterloo.ca/). He uses a social-ecological system approach to examine the human dimensions of coastal-marine change. The problem of ‘fit’ is a central interest – how governance systems and institutions (formal, informal) can reflect the dynamics of biophysical systems. His publications have appeared in such journals as Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Global Environmental Change, Ecology and Society, and International Journal of the Commons. He is co-editor (with Fikret Berkes and Nancy Doubleday) of ‘Adaptive Co-Management: Collaboration, Learning and Multi-Level Governance’ (UBC Press, 2007) and co-editor (with Ryan Plummer) of ‘Adaptive capacity and Environmental Governance’ (Springer-Velag, 2010). He currently leads working groups in several research partnerships, including the Community Conservation Research Network, the OceanCanada Partnership and the Partnership for Canada-Caribbean Community Climate Change Adaptation.
Jaclyn Cleary is the Program Head for the Herring Assessment Program, with Fisheries and Oceans Canada in Nanaimo, BC. Jaclyn oversees the annual herring dive survey and sampling programs, and the provision of science advice for BC herring stocks. Jaclyn has a Master’s degree in Resource and Environmental Management, and she is particularly interested in research approaches that address the interface of science and management (resource use).
Jennifer is an Assistant Professor of Environmental Governance in the Department of Geography, University of Guelph. She is a social scientist and has a Ph.D. in Resource and Environmental Management from Simon Fraser University. Jennifer’s research examines the social dynamics, economic drivers, and contested politics of ocean activities and ocean change. Recent publications include pieces regarding shellfish aquaculture regulation and expansion in British Columbia (BC), the treatment of oceans at the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (i.e., Rio+20), and the varied use of the term ‘blue economy’ within international oceans governance circles. Works in progress study overlapping Indigenous and non-Indigenous interests in fisheries (including herring) and ocean spaces in BC, track how the international ‘sustainable development’ agenda has been extending into national and international ocean spaces, and examine representations of nature, gender, and class across print, television, and social media.
Jim is the executive director of the TBuck Suzuki Foundation, a fisheries foundation created by fishermen 35 years ago to protect habitat, prevent pollution and promote sustainable fisheries. He has a background in math, physics and philosophy, and a long history in commercial fisheries, most notably in salmon, herring, and longline prawn.
He is the co-ordinator for the BC Commercial Fishing Caucus, a leadership group from the BC fishing industry focused on bringing small boat commercial fishing interests into marine planning. The Caucus includes the Fishermen’s Union, the Native Brotherhood of BC, Area A Crab Association, BC Longline Fishermen’s Association, and 9 other fishing organizations. Jim sits on the executive board of the Canadian Independent Fish Harvester’s Federation, an organization built to protect small boat fishermen and coastal community commercial fishing interests.
Over the decades he has participated in various fisheries research projects, several over the last five years through the Canadian Fisheries Research Network. Several notable projects: the EBM Roadmap, Economics and Beyond the Value of Fisheries to Community, and the CFRN Comprehensive Fisheries Evaluation Framework. Jim represents the fishing industry in various coastal marine planning forums including the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area, the Marine Planning Partnership of the North Pacific, West Coast Aquatic, and various MPA processes.
Jim participated in the 2012 and 2014 World Ocean Summits, the 2015 World Seafood Congress, and presented on marine policy and planning at several World Ocean Council summits.
Jörn Schmidt studied biology at the University of Hannover, and in 2006 received his doctorate in fisheries biology at the IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel. He’s worked in Kiel’s Department of Economics since 2009, and is the work package leader within several BMBF and EU funded projects. A multidisciplinary specialist, Jörn is currently working in the realm of social- ecological systems and concepts of sustainability in the ocean. This includes questions about transitioning from single to multi-species fisheries management, science communication with stakeholders, the use of games for education and communication (e.g., ‘ecoOcean’), the application of coupled models in developing practical management advice and the use of questionnaire surveys with communities. He is currently German representative in the Science Committee (SCICOM) and member of the Publication Committee (PUBCOM) of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and co-chair of the Strategic Initiative on the Human Dimension in Integrated Ecosystems (SIHD). He contributes to several Expert Groups within ICES and co-chairs a working group on the coupling of economic and ecological model approaches. He is also in the editorial board of the ICES Journal of Marine Sciences.
An ardent fan of all ‘fish’ in the sea, Lynn has logged over 1000 scientific dives in cold water (including many for herring spawn!), and is currently the marine ecologist for Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve, National Marine Conservation Area Reserve, and Haida Heritage Site. She is also writing her doctoral thesis that explores ecological interactions, historical ecology, policy and ecosystem-based community management related to northern abalone conservation and sea otter recovery. Lynn lives on a hobby farm in Tlell on Haida Gwaii (HG) with her spouse and son, the dog, a myriad of chickens and a garden. Over 20 years of life and work on the islands have found her engaged in a diversity of marine and land conservation initiatives. A few highlights. Marine biologist planner with the Council of Haida Nation helping to initiate the Haida Gwaii Marine Use Plan and Haida Marine Traditional Knowledge Study, leaving to start a PhD program, then returning to sit on the HG Marine Advisory Committee. Local coordinator for World Wlidlife Fund Canada engaging HG communities in marine conservation (www.marinematters.org), and dive and shellfish biologist for the Haida Fisheries Program. When not engaged in things ecological, you might find Lynn making art or playing music.
Melissa Poe is an environmental social scientist at the University of Washington Sea Grant Program and a liaison with NOAA’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Melissa earned her masters and doctorate at the University of Washington in environmental anthropology. Melissa draws from interdisciplinary approaches to do applied human dimensions research, including the use of ethnoecology, interviews and focus groups, cultural mapping, institutional analysis, and participatory methodologies. Melissa collaborates on a range of projects in coastal and terrestrial ecosystems on topics spanning from sociocultural dimensions of ecological change and ocean acidification, to integrated cultural and health contexts of traditional and subsistence food systems, to human wellbeing and social justice dimensions of natural resource management. Melissa has conducted extensive fieldwork throughout Pacific North America in marine and terrestrial ecosystems with indigenous and non-indigenous communities.
Russ Jones, Nang Jingwas, is a Haida hereditary chief who lives in the village of Skidegate in Haida Gwaii. He has worked for the Council of the Haida Nation in the field of fisheries and marine planning since 1989. He recently coordinated development of the Haida Gwaii Marine Plan that was approved by the Haida Nation and Province of BC in April 2015. In 2004 he served on a three-member First Nation on Fisheries that wrote the report Our Place at the Table: First Nations in the BC Fishery. He is a past commercial fisherman and boat owner and has served as a Commissioner on both the Pacific Salmon Commission and the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission. He has written several papers in the areas of marine planning, Haida ethics and values, and co-management. Russ holds a Master of Science in Fisheries from the University of Washington.
Sherri is the Statewide Herring Fisheries Scientist for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in Juneau, Alaska, where she provides statewide oversight on Pacific herring research, stock assessment, and harvest strategies. Sherri is currently a member of the Scientific and Statistical Committee of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and the advisory committee for the Herring Research and Monitoring Program of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. She conducts the annual stock assessment for Sitka Sound herring and is a scientific diver for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Prior to working in her statewide role, Sherri served as the Biometrics Supervisor for the Southeast Region. As the Biometrics Supervisor, she oversaw survey designs, sampling plans, and stock assessments for groundfish, herring, salmon, shellfish, and dive fisheries throughout southeast Alaska. She graduated from the University of Alaska Fairbanks with a Ph.D. in Fisheries Oceanography and a M.S. in Statistics and has worked for the Alaska Department of Fish and Game since 2004. Prior to her work at the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Sherri participated in University research studies around Kodiak Island, in Cook Inlet, and along the Aleutian Islands. Her doctoral research focused on finding ways to incorporate habitat information and error estimates into multispecies survey designs and data analyses for flatfish species near Kodiak Island and in the Bering Sea.
Dr. Thornton’s primary teaching and research interests are in human ecology, adaptation, local and traditional ecological knowledge, conservation, coastal and marine environments, conceptualizations of space and place, and the political ecology of resource management among the indigenous peoples of North America and the circumpolar North.
As director for the MSc in Environmental Change and Management, Dr. Thornton oversee the course and teach various options and modules. In addition, he is a senior research fellow at the Enivronmental Change Institute at Oxford University. His academic training is in social and cultural anthropology (BA Swarthmore College; MA, PhD University of Washington). Before going to Oxford in 2008, he taught at Portland State University, Trinity College, Saint Lawrence University, the University of Alaska, and Beijing Normal University (Fulbright Lectureship). Dr. Thornton has also worked in government as an environmental resource specialist and as a consultant to Native American tribes. | 2019-04-25T15:56:18Z | http://oceanmodelingforum.org/working-groups/pacific-herring/ |
Hi All, I have a new M910t (Product Number:10MMCTO1WW) and would like to add a 3.5" HDD to the secondary drive bay but I cannot figure out what part number I need order to secure the HDD to the chassis.
I have reviewed the User Guide/Hardware Maintenance Manual for the M901t and it appears that I need some sort of bracket to insert the HDD into which will be fastened to the chassis. I also tried to look it up on the "Parts Look Up" and its not even shown in the Schematic View.
Sorry I tried to add a screen show of the Hardware Maintenance Maual page showing what the bracket looks like but it didn't seem to work.
I cannot figure out what the part number is for this bracket. Does anyone know what the part number is so I can order it?
I did order Part number: 4XF0P01009 (ThinkCentre 2.5: Storage Kit) and my HDD does fit into that bracket but I seem to need an additional bracket which the HDD has to fit into so that I can fasten it to the chassis (per the visual description in the Hardware Maintenance Manual).
I may be wrong, but I do not believe that the second drive bay in any tower machine can support a second 3.5" drive. I believe the second drive bay only supports a 2.5" drive (either HDD or SSD). I am not sure that the 3.5" mounting bracket is intended for the second bay. I think it is for the primary bay. But again, I may be wrong here.
I have added second drives in a number of Lenovo machines, both SFF and towers starting with M93p and running through M910t. I've always pre-ordered the machines with the empty blue wrap-around snap-on bracket which supports the 2.5" drive so that it simply inserts right into the matching metal drive bay chassis cage.
Granted, I don't think I ever even considered wanting to install a second 3.5" HDD, since it was an SSD that I always wanted to install as the second drive and these are 2.5" form factors. My plan for the second drive was always to use Macrium Reflect to clone the Lenovo-provided HDD-based Windows system partitions over to the SSD in the second bay where I would then be booting from, and also to then re-purpose the Lenovo HDD for "data". 2.5" SSD comes in sizes from 128Gb up to 1TB now.
If more storage was really required for "data, the Lenovo 3.5" HDD in the primary drive bay could always be replaced with a much larger 3.5" HDD there, still running Windows from the 2.5" SSD in the second bay.
So maybe the fact that I've only ever been interested in adding a 2.5" SSD into the second bay has limited my experience and knowledge about this issue, making me honestly unqualified to answer the question here. But I believe the second bay metal chassis cage isn't designed for a 3.5" drive as far as I know. Maybe this part referenced converts it from a 2.5" bay to a 3.5" bay (and maybe I shouldn't chime in about something I really don't have experience with).
However... it is my suggestion that you give serious thought about enhancing your new M910t with a 2.5" SSD in the second bay and making it your boot drive with the original (or larger) 3.5" HDD in the primary 3.5" bay re-purposed for "data", rather than thinking about adding another 3.5" HDD in the second bay.
Thanks for the suggestions. I think I'll go the route of adding an SSD as suggested.
Hi all, I've read through the thread, manuals .... but it's still not clear to me if I can actually add a secondary 3.5 HDD drive to the M910t.
But I did not realise I need a bracket of some sort to put this into.
So is it possible to install a secondary 3.5 HDD in the M910t?
If so, what parts do I need?
I believe that bracket is for use when wanting to install a new 3.5" SATA3 drive into the primary (but currently empty) 3.5" drive bay, when you bought your M910t with an M.2 PCIe NVMe 2280 SSD (installed off the corner of the motherboard, using the M.2 connector on the motherboard and the black plastic M.2 SSD adapter bracket snapped into the metal chassis to support the off-motherboard projection of the M.2 card).
I do not believe this bracket is intended for use to support a second 3.5" drive in the smaller secondary drive bay, which I think can only support a 2.5" SATA3 drive (either HDD or SSD).
I don't know how you can have two 3.5" drives in the M910t, unless you remove the optical drive and replace it with a 3.5" HDD. But if you want to have an ODD, then I believe there is only one other 3.5" primary drive bay and one other 2.5" secondary drive bay.
I may be wrong here, but as I've posted earlier, I've never imagined having two 3.5" HDD plus one ODD. Going back many years I have always ordered ANY PC from Lenovo with an optical drive installed, and also with Windows pre-installed on the 3.5" primary HDD, and I've also ordered the second drive bay to come pre-populated with the empty bracket needed to install a 2.5" drive in that second drive bay. Typically, post-delivery I install my own 2.5" SATA3 SSD into that second drive bay, clone Windows over from the Lenovo-provided 3.5" HDD onto my new 2.5" SATA3 SSD (using Macrium Reflect), and then re-purpose the original Lenovo-provided 3.5" HDD for "data" partitions.
Alternatively, post-delivery on newer machines that support M.2, I might install my own new M.2 PCIe NVMe SSD drive (plus M.2 SSD storage kit adapter bracket), and clone Windows from the Lenovo factory 3.5" SATA3 HDD to the new M.2 SSD, and then again re-puprose the Lenovo 3.5" HDD for "data". Still leaves the secondary drive bay available for 2.5" SATA3 HDD/SSD, as the pre-ordered empty 2.5" mounting bracket is still in there, awaiting possible future use for an actual 2.5" drive.
So, I cannot confirm that two 3.5" HDD plus ODD is a suported configuration, at least not from my own firsthand experience. Perhaps somebody else who's actually done this can chime in here.
I am referring to the indications/responses from DSperber below, regarding the addition of a secondary SSD or HDD into a Lenovo M910T.
As the PC will come with a 1TB HDD, I would like to add to it a second hard drive WD Blue 3D NAND 1TB PC SSD - SATA III 6 Gb/s 2.5"/7mm Solid State Drive, and then use it as the main drive from which I can be booting from, cloning the Windows 10 Pro and other applications from the HDD to the new WD SSD, as suggested by DSperber.
As I a not a tech savvy person, any detailed help and advices on that subject are mostly welcome.
1 external 5.25" Slim Line ¦ 1 external 5.25" x 1/2H ¦ 1 (total) / 1 (free) x internal 3.5" x 1/3H ¦ 1 (total) / 1 (free) x internal 2.5" ; Slots: 4 (total) / 3 (free) x DIMM 288-pin ¦ 1 (total) / 0 (free) x CPU ¦ 1 (total) / 1 (free) x PCIe 3.0 x16 - full-length, full-height ¦ 1 (total) / 1 (free) x PCIe 3.0 x1 - full-length, full-height ¦ 1 (total) / 1 (free) x PCIe 3.0 x16 - full-length, full-height (x4 mode) ¦ 2 (total) / 0 (free) x M.2 Card Interfaces: 8 x USB 3.1 Gen 1 (4 front, 4 rear) ¦ 2 x microphone (1 front, 1 rear) ¦ 1 x headphones (1 in front) ¦ 1 x serial ¦ 1 x LAN (Gigabit Ethernet) ¦ 1 x VGA ¦ 2 x DisplayPort ¦ 1 x audio line-in ¦ 1 x audio line-out.
1/ Do I need to buy an adapter such as the ThinkCentre M.2 SSD Kit (Part Number: 4XF0P01011) in order to get the 2.5" form factor WD SSD inserted in the free bay reserved for it ? or any other kind of adapter that would be needed (including for the motherboard) ?
2/ How can I clone Windows 10 Pro and other applications over from the Lenovo-provided 3.5" HDD onto my new 2.5" SATA 3 SSD (using Macrium Reflect or True Image software from Western Digital website), and then more especially "re-purpose" the original Lenovo-provided 3.5" HDD for "data" partitions and use it a secondary hard drive ?
Detailed steps would help in securing the functionality of this whole "adventure".
The M.2 SSD kit (part# 4XF0P01011) is only needed if you want to install an M.2 PCIe NVMe SSD (2280 form) such as the Samsung 970 EVO or Pro. This kit installs into notches built into the metal chassis off of a corner of the M910t motherboard, where the M.2 sockets are (for both optional M.2 cards to plug into, i.e. M.2 "storage" SSD as well as for M.2 WAN). It is a plastic bracket which physically supports the off-board projection of either one or both of these optional M.2 cards, since the orientation of the motherboards M.2 socket connectors will cause most of the card(s) to extend out from the motherboard itself.
Anyway, unless you're planning on using an M.2 PCIe NVMe SSD (which you said you are NOT) you do NOT need this part. You said you are planning on installing a 2.5" SATA3 SSD, which goes into the secondary 2.5" drive bay of the M910t.
What you might need, however, is the ThinkCentre Tower 2.5" Storage Kit (part #4XF0P01009). It has the brackets and additional SATA data cable to allow you to install a 2.5" HDD/SSD into either the primary 3.5" bay or secondary 2.5" bay in the machine. I recently purchased an M910t 10MM machine and it actually came with the required empty 2.5" mouting bracket (same as would come with this kit) already pre-installed inside of the secondary 2.5" bay, so if I'd wanted to use that second 2.5" bay I would not have needed to purchase the storage kit part. I don't know if your M910t already has that empty bracket pre-installed or not.
You might also need a SATA power cable to go to your 2.5" SSD in that secondary bay. The M910t contains two 4-pin power sockets on the motherboard, so there is motherboard power support for two SATA devices such as your existing primary 3.5" 1TB SATA3 drive. So one of the two 4-pin power sockets on the motherboard is no doubt already occupied by a 4-pin to 15-pin SATA power cable going to that 3.5" drive.
I don't know if your M910t came with an optical drive pre-installed but if it did then no doubt the second 4-pin motherboard power socket is also currently being used for a second 4-pin to 15-pin SATA power cable, going to the optical drive. If your machine doesn't have an optical drive in it then the second motherboard 4-pin socket would be open and available for use by a new SATA power cable you would need, for a 4-pin to 15-pin SATA power cable like this one.
On the other hand, if you have both of the motherboard power sockets currently occupied because you do have an optical drive as well as your primary 3.5" 1TB SATA3 drive, then you will need to "Y-split" one of these power cables in order to power your new 2.5" SSD that you're adding into the secondary 2.5" bay. You could use something like this y-splitter SATA power cable which would give you two 15-pin SATA power connectors from the single 15-pin end of the current 4-pin to 15-pin power cable going from the motherboard to your current 3.5" 1TB drive.
If you bought that 2.5" storage kit then you have the necessary SATA "data" cable. You need to connect it from the newly installed 2.5" SSD to one of the open motherboard SATA connectors on the motherboard. There is a cluster of four sockets, with either one or two of them currently occupied by the "data" cables currently going to your primary 3.5" 1TB drive and maybe your optical drive as well. So you have at least two or three of those four connectors still open and available for connection to the new 2.5" SSD.
But if you didn't buy the 2.5" storage kit, you still need to buy a SATA "data" cable, like this one. Again, it goes from the newly installed 2.5" SSD to an open SATA connector on the motherboard. Note that one of the four SATA connectors is described as "eSATA" in the hardware maintenance manual, and as such would normally be intended for use with an external SATA drive (through a separate bracket. This one particular SATA connector supports "hot swappable" external SATA drives, but otherwise is just like the other three connectors simply shown as "SATA 3.0 connector" in the hardware maintenance manual. They all support internal SATA3 devices. Since you're not planning on an "external SATA" drive I'd say you can use any of the open motherboard SATA connectors for use with your new 2.5" SSD, though you might want to just pick one of the remaining open ordinary "SATA 3.0 connector" sockets rather than use up the "eSATA" socket.
So now you have the new 2.5" SATA3 SSD installed in the secondary 2.5" bay with the proper bracket. And you now have SATA "data" and SATA "power" going to it using the appropriate motherboard connectors and cables.
The first time you bring up Win10 after physically installing your new 2.5" SSD, you should RUN DISKMGMT.MSC, to look at your drives. Windows will present a popup message telling you that the new blank 2.5" "empty raw" drive needs to be formatted for partitioning using either MBR or GPT partitioning method. MBR is old and has its limitations, but can be used for any drive 2TB or smaller. MBR cannot be used for a drive larger than 2TB. Alternatively GPT is newer and has no limitations, and can be used for ANY drive of ANY size (either smaller or larger than 2TB). You MUST use GPT for a drive larger than 2TB.
Regarding your planned new 2.5" 1TB SSD you can use either MBR or GPT, but I'd suggest going with GPT (which no doubt is what your Lenovo-delivered 3.5" 1TB HDD spinner is partitioned with as well). And DISKMGMT.MSC will have the GPT option box pre-selected, so just give it the OK. You will now have an "empty" new 1TB SSD ready for use using the GPT partitioning method, and with no currently allocated partitions.
You now use Macrium Reflect (installed into your Win10, and run while Win10 is booted normally) to "clone" all of the partitions on your exising primary 3.5" 1TB HDD spinner over to the new 2.5" 1TB SSD. The Macrium Reflect "clone this disk" GUI interface wizard is very intuitive. You simply have to check the source drive and click on "clone this disk", which will present a new window showing "source" and "destination" in 2-panes. The "destination" pane will have a "select drive" link in it and you click on that and then select your new 2.5" SSD drive from what will be presented (since that's the only other drive available in your machine). Now you have both "source" and "destination" drives shown back in the original window, with the target drive initially completely empty.
You now drag/drop (one at a time) EACH AND EVERY partition shown in the upper "source" drive to the leftmost free space down in the "destination" drive. The "destination" drive will thus be populated with all of the corresponding partitions from the "source" drive". You can also select any of the "destination" partitions and then click on "partition properties" to revise the size of that target cloned partition if you want. Since you're going from 1TB source to 1TB target, you don't have to change any target partition sizes if you don't want to. But you do have at least an opportunity here to make the target partitions either smaller or larger than the originals.
Then you push OK, and confirm the operations, and let it rip! Doesn't matter that you're doing this "clone" while Win10 is operating. Might take 10 minutes or so to complete the whole process. When its' done you will close all of the open windows and re-boot the machine.
When the machine is restarting, press the ENTER key repeatedly in order to enter the BIOS setup utility. You want to interrupt the normal boot process which at the moment is set to examine your HDD spinner first, which will be pointing to the Win10 partition on the HDD spinner. Pressing ENTER will give you the "boot interrupt" menu and you then press F1 to get into the BIOS setup utility.
Once in the BIOS, navigate over to the "STARTUP" tab, and than down to the primary boot device item which you press ENTER on to configure. You should be able to see your new 2.5" SSD as well as your existing 3.5" HDD spinner. My own recommendation is to "exclude" everything you will never be booting from, and leave only those items you might possibly ever be booting from, in the proper sequence you'd like them searched in. So I specify USB FDD, USB HDD, optical CD/DVD, and finally SSD. I'd exclude HDD spinner (especially since you're going to re-purpose it for "data"). With these four items you can boot from a USB flash drive (either un-partitioned or partitioned), an optical disc, or if none of those are inserted then the BIOS will go to the "system reserved" partition on your SSD to pick up Boot Manager and start the real Windows boot process. Macrium Reflect's "clone" will have changed the Boot Manager menu (now cloned onto the SSD) to point to the Windows system (C) partition now residing on the SSD, so when you boot from "system reserved" on SSD it will boot to Win10 on SSD, not the original Win10 currently still on HDD spinner.
After re-configuring the boot sequence in the BIOS, use F10 to "save changes and restart". Or, you can ESC up and then navigate to the right to the EXIT tab where you again navigate to the "save changes and restart" and press ENTER.
The machine will restart, and you should now be booting from SSD. You can confirm that by running either DISKMGMT.MSC or just File Explorer. You should be able to prove from the partition "labels" or sizes or other indicators that you're actually now running Windows from the SSD. Windows will also no doubt have assigned additional partition drive letters to the partitions currently still present on your HDD spinner.
My recommendation is to use Partition Wizard Free (or non-free "Pro" version for some additional capability) in order to handle ALL of your partitioning needs now and in the future. It's a terrific product and again very intuitive to use. You can delete, create, resize, move, label, etc., and you can certainly use it to re-purpose your 1TB HDD spinner for use from now on as "data".
Once you've confirmed that you're up and operating properly from the new SSD, you are free to delete all partitions on that physical drive using Partition Wizard. This will include the "system reserved", Win10 system, and "Lenovo Recovery". The small 128MB "GPT placeholder" partition will not be presented and available for you to delete, as this 128MB partition is required to be present for any drive partitioned using GPT. Anyway, you just delete all of the partitions on the old 1TB HDD spinner that show up in Partition Wizard. After queing up all the individual "delete" operations you push the APPLY button to perform them all. If you make a mistake or want to change something you can use the UNDO button (before committing with APPLY) to back out one operation at a time from the queued list of operations you're stacking up before pushing APPLY.
Now the whole HDD spinner drive is "empty" and available for your to "create" one or more newly sized partitions of your choosing. Again, you stack up the "create" operations specifying a partition size and drive letter to be assigned and "label" to be assigned (for display through Explorer when looking at that partition). You can UNDO if you want to erase an operation, to re-do it. When you're ready just push APPLY. Partition Wizard will do everything you asked it to do, including creating all partitions or your specified size, assigning their drive letters for Windows, and installing "labels". NTFS will be the file system implied and pre-selected, but in theory you can also choose another file system (like FAT32) if you wanted although that's not recommended for internal drives like this.
Again, when the APPLY process completes you're now up and running and completely operational. The 1TB HDD spinner now holds the one or more new "data" partitions you just created. And your 1TB SSD is now a cloned duplicate of your original Lenovo-provided HDD spinner. You can also still use Partition Wizard if you want at any time in the future to further refine (i.e. delete/resize, etc.) any of the partitions on either the 1TB HDD spinner or even the 1TB SSD to meet your future needs.
And you can use Macrium Reflect going forward as your regular scheduled "system image" backup software, to take periodic "system image" backups of your operational Windows boot partitions (i.e. (a) GPT placeholder, (b) system reserved, and (b) Win10 C) to say an external USB 3.0 backup drive. You can also use Macrium Reflect to back up your "data" partitions, either also in "system image" (i.e. full partition) format, or if you purchase the non-free "home" version of the product you can perform folder/file "data" backups which provides much more flexible selective "restore" functionality. Or, you might consider a product like NovaBACKUP which also provides folder/file "data" backups as well as "system image". Myself, I use Macrium Reflect Home (non-free, since that gets me vendor support and also supports ongoing product maintenance and enhancement) for "system image" backups multiple times per week, and I also use NovaBACKUP for (a) monthly FULL folder/file "data" backups, as well as (b) nightly INCREMENTAL folder/file "data backups" for just what I've worked on over the past 24 hours. Output media for both backup systems is an external 4TB USB 3.0 drive.
Should be enough to get you started. Let me know if you have questions as you proceed. | 2019-04-26T01:02:34Z | https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/ThinkCentre-A-E-M-S-Series/Thinkcenter-M910t-Add-3-5-inch-HardDrivt-to-Secondary-Drive-Bay/m-p/3965698 |
This is a column for insider trading junkies—a special breed who love all the nuances in this very nuanced subject. Late last month, a Second Circuit panel did something fairly unusual: It withdrew a 2017 decision and substituted a new opinion with a new rationale (but still with the same 2-1 division on the panel). The new decision in United States v. Martoma has a less sweeping and more defensible rationale but still deviates from the law in other circuits. In addition, it has some nuances that future cases are certain to explore. Chief among these is the status of gossip: Can it be viewed as a “gift” with the tipper constructively trading and distributing the proceeds to the tippees?
Both the initial and the revised Martoma decisions deal with what had long seemed a footnote to the mainstream of insider trading law. Since Dirks v. SEC in 1983, the mainstream doctrine has required two conditions before a tippee could be held liable: (1) the tipper had to breach a duty to either the company or the source of its information; and (2) the tippee had to pay or promise some “personal benefit” to the tipper—in essence, a bribe for the information. But at the very end of its Dirks decision, almost as an afterthought, the Supreme Court recognized an alternative theory: If the tipper made a gift of the information to the tippee, this could be treated as if the tipper had, itself, traded and given the proceeds to the tippee. This “gift” theory seemed intended to close a loophole, such as cases in which a CEO made gifts of inside information to his or her children.
Increasingly, it has proven difficult to show a “personal benefit” (possibly because both the tipper and tippee anticipate that the tippee will reciprocate in the future, but the prosecution cannot prove this). Thus, prosecutors came to rely increasingly on the “gift” theory. But, for reasons that are unclear, a Second Circuit panel in U.S. v. Newman seemed to shut down this theory by requiring that, in such a “gift” case, the prosecutor had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt “a meaningfully close personal relationship that generates an exchange that is objective, consequential, and represents at least a potential gain of a pecuniary or similarly valuable nature.” Where this language came from is a mystery (as it had no precedent in Second Circuit decisions), and it seemed to require proof of an expectation of reciprocity—i.e., that the gift-giving tipper expected to get something back. Not only was this requirement unprecedented, but all parents know that gifts to children do not work that way. You do not expect reciprocity but only hope (sometimes futilely) for some gratitude from the next generation. That sort of gift was what Dirks was most clearly addressing.
Not surprisingly, Newman’s reciprocity expectation was quickly rejected by the Supreme Court in 2016 in Salman v. United States. In Salman, the solicitor general actually asked the Supreme Court to overrule Dirks and eliminate its “personal benefit” requirement by holding that persons who knowingly receive material non-public information from an insider should be held to know this was an unlawful gift. But the court refused to go this far and made clear that it wanted to leave Dirks just as it was. My own guess is that at least some on the court were concerned about making insider trading appear even more to be a common law crime that courts could modify and amend as they saw fit.
Still, although the court rejected Newman’s language about the gift-giver expecting a “potential gain” in return, it did not address Newman’s insistence on a “meaningfully close personal relationship.” It had no need to do so on the facts of Salman, which clearly involved a close family relationship. Nor did that requirement then seem controversial, as other circuits had also stressed that the gift-giving tipper and his tippees had a close personal relationship.
This issue of how close the relationship had to be to support an inference that the transfer of the information resembled trading by the tipper and a gift of the proceeds to the tippee finally came to the fore in Martoma. Martoma involved an academic doctor, Sidney Gilman (“Gilman”), who chaired the scientific committee supervising the testing of a new drug for two major drug companies (Elan Corporation and Wyeth) that potentially could revolutionize the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Mathew Martoma, who managed a $500 to $600 million portfolio for S.A.C. Capital Advisors (“SAC”), which was run by Steven A. Cohen, a controversial hedge fund entrepreneur, retained an expert networking firm that employed Gilman. Martoma met with Gilman on approximately 43 consultations at the rate of around $1,000 dollars per hour. Although defense counsel argued that these sessions were paid for by SAC, not Martoma, SAC was Martoma’s employer, and few saw any difficulty in the jury finding that Gilman had received a personal benefit arranged by Martoma. Gilman was also contractually bound not to disclose the results of the clinical tests that he was supervising. Thus, all the standard Dirks elements seemed satisfied.
Nevertheless, the trial court instructed the jury that it could convict Martoma either under the “personal benefit” theory or the “gift” theory, but it did not give the jury any instruction as to whether the relationship between Gilman and Martoma had to be a “meaningfully close personal” one. This gave the defense the opportunity to object that the jury could convict on the “gift” theory, even if jurors believed the two were only casual friends. Ultimately, the panel dealt with this issue (on a 2-1 basis) by finding that this possible error in the jury instruction was harmless, because the jury had overwhelming evidence of Martoma’s guilt under the “personal benefit” standard.
Having so concluded, the panel could have ducked the issue of what the “gift” standard required in terms of the relationship between the tipper and the tippee. But it did not and instead seized the opportunity to reverse Newman on this ground as well. In its initial decision, the Martoma panel ruled that the “gift” theory reached any case in which material non-public information was communicated by an insider to persons who thereafter traded on it, at least when the information was disclosed by the tipper with the expectation that the recipient would trade on it. That seems overboard, as later discussed, and the Martoma panel retreated from this position in its revised opinion. In that revised June 25, 2018, opinion, the “expectation of trading” requirement was dropped in favor of a new standard under which the tippee is liable under the “gift” standard if the tipper intended to benefit the tippee. This seems more closely related to Dirks’ concerns, but, even on this modified basis, the “gift” theory seems to swallow up and overwhelm the “personal benefit” standard. Also, under this revised test, there is no need that the relationship between tipper and tippee be either “close” or “meaningful” so long as there was an intention to benefit the tippee.
Does this comply with Dirks? Here, it is useful to take a step back and recognize, as a starting point, that Dirks said only two things about the necessary relationship between tipper and tippee. First, it recognized that the prosecution may prove its case by showing “a relationship between the insider and the recipient that suggests…an intention to benefit the particular recipient.” But the stress here is on the “particular recipient,” suggesting that the nature of this relationship matters and that it has to be a gift to a specific person (not a broad class of unknown persons). Then, in the same paragraph describing its “gift” theory, the court added a functional resemblance test: “The tip and trade resemble trading by the insider himself followed by a gift of the profits to the recipient.” This language suggests a possible test: Would the tipper have given profits in this amount to the tippee? This resemblance can only be stretched so far. In Martoma, Gilman, an academic researcher, was presumably a man of fairly modest wealth. Yet, according to the panel majority, the trades that Martoma and Cohen made based on his tips “resulted in approximately $80.3 million in gains and $194.6 million in averted losses for SAC”—or a total of $274.9 million. If one asks, does the trading in Martoma resemble trading by Gilman and a gift by him of $274 million to Martoma and Cohen, it is hard to answer in the affirmative. Even if Gilman could somehow have traded at this level, it still seems implausible that he would have given such amounts to Martoma and Steven Cohen, where he was only a casual acquaintance of Martoma and did not know Cohen. Viewed at least in this literalistic fashion, Gilman’s tipping thus does not seemingly “resemble trading” by Gilman and a gift of possibly 100 times his net worth to Martoma. Of course, Gilman should be found guilty under the “personal benefit” test (because he received lucrative fees for his tips), but it is less clear that the “gift” test should reach him if it is defined as an independent, non-overlapping standard.
Of course, on policy grounds, no one wants to acquit the tippee simply because he made obscene profits that the tipper could not possibly have given him. Nonetheless, in Salman, the court, itself, rejected the solicitor general’s proposed broader theory under which virtually any gift of information by an insider to those who knowingly trade on it creates liability. Martoma essentially reaches this same end position by the back door and thereby trivializes both Dirks’ “personal benefit” test and Salman’s insistence that lower courts must stick with the Dirks standard (unless Congress acts).
Is that so bad? This author has argued in a New York Times op-ed piece that the “personal benefit” test was overly demanding and should be legislatively limited or abolished. But what can be done legislatively cannot necessarily be done by a court of appeals, which seemingly is defying the Supreme Court. Possibly, the revised decision is the product of the panel being sensitized by their fellow judges to the problems in their initial standard. Or conceivably, there might have even been a possibility of a rare rehearing en banc if the panel had not retreated (slightly) to its revised position.
Suppose our tipper is an attorney or investment banker who has come to dislike, even hate, the company’s CEO. He wants to drive its stock price down (but not for his own financial benefit), and he will not trade. He knows very damaging material non-public information from his work for the company. As such a constructive insider, he leaks this information to tippees (in breach of his duty to the corporation), not to benefit these tippees, but rather to injure the CEO once the adverse information becomes public and drives down the stock price. If these facts are credited by the jury, it should not be able to find the requisite intention to benefit. Even if we think the tipper received some vicarious benefit here in seeing the CEO embarrassed, this benefit was not knowingly given by the tippees.
Suppose Dr. Gilman in the Martoma case is dedicated to saving lives and is convinced that the new drug under testing is a wonder drug, but he fears that the company will not produce it because the company sees little profit in it. Thus, he wants to get the favorable test results out (so that the drug will not be abandoned), and so he leaks the results to hedge funds that, he hopes, will publicize the positive findings (after buying the stock). Again, there is little, if any, intention to benefit tippees here. The tipper’s goal is to save lives (but anonymously).
Suppose now our tipper is a gossip, who leaks information, not to benefit the tippee, but out of a compulsion to gossip. Possibly, he thinks he will receive recognition for his knowledge, expertise, and contacts, but this is not networking and implies no future benefit to him. Whatever the motive is for such gossiping, we all know such people (and academia is overpopulated with them). If we assume that our tipper just wants to be the center of attention, it is hard to see his tips as motivated by an intention to benefit.
Suppose now that an insider is tipping others to end a fraud. These are the actual facts of Dirks, which is still good law, and neither the tipper nor tippee is liable in such a case. Therefore the tippee can trade freely (just as Ray Dirks did).
Comments made by an insider on social media (particularly when the media has a limited circulation) can be regarded as tipping, but the tipper may have no idea in such a case whom he has tipped. In this setting, it is difficult to believe that he intended to benefit unknown strangers.
As a generalization, the more distant and tenuous the relationship between the tipper and the tippee becomes, the more difficult it should be to find an intention to benefit. To be sure, the information recipient may have received a benefit, but it was arguably fortuitous, and the information transfer may reflect no intention to make a gift.
It is important here to distinguish tipper and tippee liability. In some of these cases, it may be that the tipper should be liable (because he breached a duty and caused trading by the tippees based on material non-public information that he has leaked), but this does not imply that his tippees are also liable. The positions of the tipper and the tippees are independent.
Defense tactics will also predictably respond to Martoma. Going forward, defense counsel will likely express concerns about the possibility of a duplicitous verdict. That is, if the court charges the jury that it may convict under either the “personal benefit” theory or the “gift” theory, there is the possibility that half the jury accepted one theory and half the other, but not all the jury agreed on any one theory. Defense counsel may therefore ask for a special verdict (possibly to confuse and split the jury). Otherwise defense counsel will seek to prove no intention to benefit, perhaps even by introducing evidence that the tipper disliked or did not know the tippees.
Both Newman and the first Martoma decision seem overwritten opinions that attempt to legislate a better rule (in each panel’s polarly differing estimation). Although the revised Martoma decision frames an improved and narrower test, other circuits may still hesitate about relying on Martoma and may continue to require some form of a close relationship. There is some justice in such a requirement, because gifts of information to strangers do not carry the same clear indication of culpability as does a tip to a close relative. Such gifts to a casual acquaintance (where no personal benefit is involved) seem more likely to have been inadvertent or less than fully considered (whereas a tip to a close friend or relative better indicates an attempt to transfer wealth through misappropriation from the issuer). Ideally, the “gift” theory should require the prosecution to show the tipper’s motive for the gift, and here gifts to unknown classes should be viewed skeptically.
Finally, all these difficulties again indicate that someday Congress should take up the difficult and dangerous task of turning a common law crime into a real statute.
The original decision was United States v. Martoma, 869 F.3d 58 (2d Cir. 2017), and was announced on August 25, 2017. Ten months later, the revised or “amended” decision was issued on June 25, 2018. See 2017 U.S. App. LEXIS 27880 (2d Cir. June 25, 2018).
Id. at 426-27. The government had argued that “a tipper personally benefits whenever the tipper discloses confidential information for a noncorporate purpose.” Id. at 426. Declining to adapt this broader theory (or the defendant’s very narrow theory), the court wrote: “We adhere to Dirks, which easily resolves the narrow issue presented here.” Id. at 427.
Common law crimes were abolished in 1812 in United States v. Hudson & Goodwin, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch) 32 (1812). Although the idea that a federal conviction requires a legislative act is constitutionally enshrined, Congress has never defined insider trading.
In Salman, one brother tipped his sibling, who in turn passed the information on to their brother-in-law. No one raised any question about the closeness of these relationships.
See, for example, United States v. Bray, 853 F.3d 18, 26-27 (1st Cir. 2017); United States v. Panigian, 824 F.3d 5,16 (1st Cir. 2016); S.E.C. v. Yun, 327 F.3d 1263, 1280 (11th Cir. 2003) (“a friend and frequent partner in real estate deals”); S.E.C. v. Rockledge, 470 F.3d 1,7 n.4 (1st Cir. 2006) (siblings).
See 869 F.3d at 61.
Id. at 65 and 72 (any error in jury instruction did not impair “Martoma’s substantial rights in light of the compelling evidence…”).
John C. Coffee, Jr., “How to Get Away with Insider Trading.” New York Times, May 23, 2016 (op-ed column).
Some will answer that the tipper receives a “personal benefit” from the humiliation of his enemy. Perhaps, but this benefit was not provided by the tippees, who know nothing about his motivation. This column is focused on tippee liability.
The cases have permitted some fairly soft factors to amount to a personal benefit. See S.E.C. v. Obus 693 F. 3d 276, 280, 292 (2d Cir. 2012) (defendant “hoped to curry favor with his boss”); United States v. Jiau, 734 F.3d 147, 153 (2nd Cir. 2013) (admission to a social and investment club that offered valuable business contacts). But the pure gossip, talking at the equivalent of the water cooler, is receiving none of these intangible benefits.
The SEC has recognized that information becomes “public” if it is disseminated “in a manner calculated to reach the securities marketplace in general through recognized channels of distribution and public investors [are] afforded a reasonable waiting period to react to the information.” See “Commission Guidance on the Use of Company Websites,” 73 Fed. Reg. 45, 862 (August 7, 2008). Even if a company website may amount (sometimes) to a “recognized channel of distribution,” smaller blogs do not, and they will predictably tip those who anticipate new information surfacing on them. See also “Report of Investigation Pursuant to Section 21(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: Netflix, Inc. and Reed Hastings,” Securities Exchange Act Release No. 34-69279 (April 2, 2013). This column will not discuss Regulation FD, which will apply to many issues in these facts.
See United States v. Gupta, 111 F.Supp.3d 557 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (tipper intention to benefit the tippee is sufficient to satisfy the benefit standard for the tipper, even if it would not create liability for the tippee).
For example, a casual comment (but containing material non-public information) on the alumni blog of a prominent university (say, Notre Dame) should not be viewed as an intent to make a gift to all the alumni of Notre Dame. This is overcriminalization, as the remark was probably more negligent than fraudulent. In any event, intention to benefit cannot be inferred that easily if Dirks is our guide. | 2019-04-21T08:06:07Z | http://clsbluesky.law.columbia.edu/2018/07/23/tippees-and-tippers%C2%AD%C2%AD-the-impact-of-martoma-ii/ |
This is a reissuance of PAR-05-042 , which was released on February 17, 2005.
March 21, 2006 (NOT-CA-06-021) - Notice to change the Letter of Intent Receipt Date and Receipt Date of the Head & Neck Cancer and Prostate Cancer SPORE (P50) grant applications, as indicated below, and to open the new September 20, 2006 receipt date to additional organ sites.
The Organ Systems Branch of the Office of Centers, Training, and Resources, Office of the Director, National Cancer Institute invites grant applications for Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPOREs) in organ-specific cancers. Applicant institutions are to demonstrate their ability to conduct translational research in the prevention, etiology, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of lymphomas and breast, gastrointestinal (GI), brain, head & neck, and prostate cancers. Translational research, as defined by the Program, uses knowledge of human biology to develop and test the feasibility of cancer-relevant interventions in humans and/or determines the biological basis for observations made in individuals with cancer or in populations at risk for cancer.
The support for SPOREs is through an NIH specialized center grant (P50) mechanism.
Required components of a SPORE (P50) grant application and grant include: a minimum of four translational research projects, cores, and developmental research and career development programs. A required core in a SPORE is a human cancer tissue core for the particular organ site that will benefit translational research.
SPOREs foster extended collaborations in critical areas of research among laboratory and clinical or applied scientists. SPOREs are expected to have a robust research base in the respective cancer, good access to patient populations, and substantial commitment from their institution. Inter-SPORE collaborations and collaborations between SPOREs and other NIH programs are strongly encouraged. Each SPORE and the "network" of SPOREs are expected to conduct research that will have the most immediate impact possible on reducing incidence and mortality of human cancer.
Eligible organizations include: for-profit or non-profit domestic organizations; public or private institutions, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, and laboratories; units of State government(s); units of local government(s); units of State Tribal government(s); units of local Tribal government(s); eligible agencies of the Federal government; and faith-based or community-based organizations. Foreign institutions are not eligible to apply for P50 SPORE grants.
Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research is invited to work with their institution to develop an application for support.
The applicants will follow the instructions for the PHS 398 form (available at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html), the current Program Announcement (PA), and SPORE Guidelines (http://spores.nci.nih.gov/). Because of the size and complexity of a SPORE, prospective applicants are urged to consult with the staff of the Organ Systems Branch early in the preparation of the application (see Section VII. Agency Contacts). Special instructions are needed for preparing a SPORE application and are available from the program contact listed under Section VII. Agency Contacts, or at http://spores.nci.nih.gov/.
Each applicant (i.e., Principal Investigator) may only submit one application in connection with this program announcement.
This PA addresses only SPORE applications for organ sites specified to be received in the year 2006.
For further assistance, contact GrantsInfo, Telephone: (301) 710-0267; Email: [email protected]. Telecommunications for the hearing impaired is available at: TTY 301-451-5936.
A SPORE maintains state-of-the-art research that will contribute to improved screening, detection, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of an organ-specific cancer (or related group of cancers). SPOREs are expected not only to conduct a wide spectrum of research activities, but should also contribute significantly to the development of specialized research cores, improved research model systems, and collaborative research projects with other institutions. The research supported through this program must be translational in nature. Translational research involves the use of knowledge of human biology to develop and test the feasibility of cancer-relevant interventions in humans and/or to determine the biological basis for observations made in individuals with cancer or in populations at risk for cancer. Inherently, this process involves interdependence between investigators conducting basic and applied research. It should be noted that clinical and/or epidemiological research that does not include a laboratory component or capitalize upon a biological discovery relevant to human cancer is not considered translational for the purposes of this program.
See http://spores.nci.nih.gov/ and http://spores.nci.nih.gov/applicants/guidelines/SPORE_Guidelines_Interim_2005.pdf for SPORE Guidelines.
A SPORE is supported through the specialized center (P50) grant mechanism. Applicants are solely responsible for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project. This mechanism provides funding for a broad range of research and developmental activities, from basic to human intervention studies. These grants are intended to promote multidisciplinary research focused upon a specific cancer (or related cancer) site(s). SPORE grants differ from traditional Program Project (P01) grants in that they also provide support for pilot research projects and a career development program, as well as enable investigators more flexibility to modify their research activities when new opportunities arise.
NCI policy for SPORE grants establishes the following limits to the requested budgets: new or competing renewal P50 SPORE applications may each request a maximum annual direct cost of $1.5 million and maximum annual total cost of $2.5 million. The facilities and administrative costs related to subcontracts to other institutions or organizations are included in the total cost cap of $2.5 million, but not in the direct cost cap of $1.5 million. Applications can exceed these caps in subsequent years as a result of standard cost-of-living increases or special supplements approved by NCI.
The earliest anticipated start dates are as follows: Breast Cancer SPORE: November 1, 2006; Gastrointestinal (GI) Cancer, Brain Cancer, and Lymphoma SPOREs: April 1, 2007; and Head & Neck Cancer and Prostate Cancer SPOREs: July 1, 2007.
Eligible institutions may include foreign components as full research projects, or cores, or as part of a research project or core. SPOREs may also use developmental funds to establish collaborative research efforts with foreign entities. Consortia agreements with foreign institutions must include provisions that ensure adequate representation of women, minorities, and children in all research components that involve clinical trials or any other type of human intervention and must be in compliance with NIH policies.
SPORE applications must also have: (1) a statement of institutional commitment that addresses how the SPORE will be given high priority within the institution; (2) an intellectual property management plan; (3) a minimum of four independent principal investigators who are successful in obtaining peer-reviewed research support directly related to the cancer being investigated; (4) a minimum of four research projects, representing a balance and diversity of translational approaches; (5) shared cores designed to support the proposed translational objectives of the SPORE (including the required human cancer tissue/specimen core for the particular organ site) ; (6) a developmental research program (with a minimum required budget of $50,000 in direct costs per year); and (7) a career development program (with a minimum required budget of $50,000 in direct costs per year). In addition, attendance of SPORE lead investigators (i.e., principal investigators, project leaders, core directors, and other key personnel) at SPORE workshops and related meetings is required. Although an application can only be submitted by a single institution, subcontracted collaborative arrangements with scientists from other institutions may be included if these arrangements are clearly delineated and officially confirmed by signed statements from the responsible official at each institution. This circumstance, however, does not preclude the need for a full institutional commitment from the applicant organization.
Applications must contain documentation regarding the appropriateness of requested budgets to conduct proposed services. All proposed cores must include a budgetary request from SPORE funds. For example, the appropriateness of the budget with regard to the conduct of activities related to the banking, analysis, and distribution of specimens must be discussed in the application. For both the developmental research program and for the career development program, the appropriateness of the budget (whether derived entirely from the SPORE or a combination of sources) relative to the needs and demonstrated capabilities of the SPORE and to the proposed plans for sustaining a significant effort in career development, respectively, must be documented; a minimum of $50,000 direct costs per year must be allocated from SPORE funds for each of those two programs.
GUIDELINES OF THE SPORE PROGRAM: The general components and procedures for preparing a SPORE application are outlined in this program announcement under Eligible Institutions, Application Processing, and Peer Review Process. SPECIAL GUIDELINES that address programmatic, review and award concerns in more detail, however, must be followed when preparing a SPORE application. SPORE GUIDELINES can be viewed at http://spores.nci.nih.gov/ and http://spores.nci.nih.gov/applicants/guidelines/SPORE_Guidelines_Interim_2005.pdf.
The PHS 398 application instructions are available at https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/phs398/phs398.html in an interactive format. Applicants must use the currently approved version of the PHS 398 application form and instructions. For further assistance, contact GrantsInfo, Telephone: (301) 710-0267: Email: [email protected].
Do NOT send Appendix materials at this time. You will be contacted by the Scientific Review Administrator at a later date and the Appendices will be requested.
Applications that are complete and responsive to the PA will be evaluated for scientific and technical merit by an appropriate peer review group convened by the Division of Extramural Activities of the NCI in accordance with the review criteria stated below.
Within the SPORE concept of translational research (see definition in the Executive Summary and in Part II, Section I.1. above), reviewers will evaluate each research project using the five review criteria below and additional factors noted further below. Each criterion will be considered by the reviewers in assigning the overall merit score of the project, although a project does not need to be strong in all criteria in order to be viewed as meritorious.
Does this study address an important translational research goal or barrier? Is it likely the study will be completed within the project period? If the aims of the application are achieved, how will scientific knowledge or clinical practice be advanced? What will be the impact of these studies on the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field? If a project is ongoing, did it achieve its goals within the previous funding period; is scientific progress adequate?
Are the conceptual or clinical framework, design, methods, and analyses adequately developed, well integrated, well reasoned, and appropriate to the aims of the project? Is there clear evidence of co-leadership between both a basic biological and applied or clinical scientist in the conception, design, and proposed implementation of the project? Do the project co-leaders acknowledge potential problem areas and consider alternative tactics? If the project is ongoing and has changed research direction, is there appropriate rationale for the new approach?
Is the project original and innovative in the context of translational research? For example: Does the project challenge existing paradigms or clinical practice; address an innovative hypothesis or critical barrier to progress in the field? Does the project develop or employ novel concepts, approaches, methodologies, tools, or technologies for this organ site?
Are the investigators appropriately trained and well suited to carry out this work? Is the work proposed appropriate to the experience level and time commitments of the co-leaders and co-investigators on the project? Does the investigative team bring complementary and integrated expertise to the project?
Does the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Do the proposed studies benefit form unique features of the scientific environment, or subject populations, or employ useful collaborative arrangements? If applicable, is there evidence of effective use of SPORE cores?
For competing renewal applications , adequate progress should be demonstrated on projects that are ongoing. Any difficulties in achieving the previously proposed specific aims should be addressed and the new research goals should be logical extensions for the project. There should be clear evidence that such a project reached its anticipated human application(s) during the previous funding period and the continuation of the project will lead to new translational findings. It should also be evident that the investigative team, especially the project co-leaders, established a productive working relationship during the past performance period and have published or submitted manuscripts describing their previous findings.
Adequacy of the proposed plan and/or track record to develop, annotate, and maintain a human cancer site-specific specimen resource, including linkage of specimens with preanalytical parameters and pathological, clinical, and family history data that maximize their potential use in translational research.
Adequacy of the proposed plan and/or track record to prioritize the distribution of specimens within and outside the SPORE. For competing renewal applications, there should be clear documentation of the use of specimens by SPORE investigators within full and developmental projects, as well as details, if applicable, about the distribution and use of SPORE collected specimens outside of the SPORE and/or institution.
If applicable, adequacy of the proposed plan and/or track record to perform analyses on specimens (e.g., tissue microdissection, immunochemistry) and/or develop new technologies and methodologies that enhance or benefit activities of the SPORE. For competing renewal applications, there should be clear documentation that demonstrates these analyses were critical to the success of certain projects and are worthy of continued support, if requested.
Evidence of experienced and available personnel dedicated to the activities of specimen collection, annotation, quality control, storage, distribution, and analysis; as well as overseeing the collection of initial and follow-up clinical information, data entry, and maintenance of database and computer networks. For competing renewal applications, the performance and relative time commitments of these individuals should also be evaluated based on the past accomplishments of the core.
Adequacy of the proposed plan and/or track record to demonstrate that the activities of the core are well integrated with those of the projects and the investigators within the projects are working closely with those of the core to meet project objectives.
When appropriate, adequacy of the proposed plan/track record to augment and/or complement any existing specimen resource supported by a Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG; P30 grant mechanism) or other funding mechanism(s) to avoid duplication and maximize productivity. Investigators applying from institutions with a CCSG and multiple SPORE grants should address how their core will benefit from already established infrastructure, databases, etc., that will enable this proposed specimen core to be more cost effective and efficient.
Adequacy of the proposed plan and/or track record to obtain informed written consent for all prospectively collected tissues/specimens and protect confidentiality.
Degree to which the plan and/or track record indicate that cores (will) effectively and efficiently support the research of the SPORE in a manner that can not be supported through other available (institutional or outside) resources.
Adequacy of the plan and/or track record to demonstrate that the activities of the core are essential to one or more SPORE projects. For competing renewal applications, demonstrated use of each core by SPORE projects during the previous funding period.
If applicable, adequacy of the plan and/or track record to demonstrate the activities of the core related to the performance of specialized analyses or development of technologies or methodologies that enhance and benefit the projects.
When appropriate, adequacy of the proposed plan/track record to augment and/or complement an existing shared resource supported by an NCI Cancer Center Support Grant (P30 grant mechanism) of other funding mechanism. There should be adequate details within the core description to assure there is no duplication of services with pre-existing cores at the Cancer Center or institution.
Adequacy of qualifications, past performance (if applicable), and time commitments of Core Directors.
1. Adequacy of the process and/or track record for attracting new ideas and pilot studies within and outside of the SPORE institution. The outreach capabilities of a SPORE are often demonstrated within this program.
2. Adequacy of the proposed process and/or track record for continuously reviewing and funding a spectrum of pilot projects with translational research potential. For competing renewal applications, this program should also be evaluated by the SPORE's ability to promote outstanding translational pilot projects to full projects and/or demonstrate the successful competition of these projects for outside funds.
1. Adequacy of the process and/or track record for selecting promising candidates for independent careers (academic, industrial, governmental) in translational cancer research.
2. Adequacy of the procedures and/or track record to seek out and include qualified women and minorities.
3. For competing renewal applications, current status and research activities of individuals who have been supported by the career development program. This may include the promotion of outstanding career development projects to full projects within the SPOREs and involve the continuing support and integration of successful career development awardees as project co-leaders or co-investigators.
Scientific qualifications and involvement of the SPORE principal investigator as well as his/her demonstrated scientific and administrative leadership capabilities and time commitment.
Adequacy of and/or demonstrated institutional commitment for facilitating the research objectives of the SPORE (e.g., special facilities, recruitments, discretionary resources such as dollars and space).
Effectiveness of and/or plans for integrating the activities of SPORE projects with proposed cores, as well as integrating SPORE research and cores with existing Cancer Center/institutional resources (e.g., use of clinical data and safety management systems, biostatistical cores, etc.). SPORE projects are not required to interact with each other.
Adequacy of access to patients and populations for conducting current and projected therapeutic, prevention, detection, and control research. For competing renewal applications, documentation of accomplished translational goals, including evidence of human subjects enrollment on clinical/population research studies during the past funding period.
Adequacy of the plan and/or track record to evaluate the translational research productivity of existing projects and cores; discontinue activities of low productivity; initiate new activities in response to important translational research opportunities; establish collaborations; and utilize the advice of internal and external advisors.
Evidence of tangible interactions with other SPOREs and/or NIH/NCI Networks. Willingness to interact with other SPOREs and with the NIH/NCI in sharing information, participating in committees, and collaborating on activities of mutual interest. For competing renewal applications, contributions and outcomes from annual SPORE Workshop and other related SPORE or NIH/NCI meetings during the term of the award.
Adequacy of and/or track record for the overall data management or bioinformatics capabilities of the SPORE as they related to the Cancer Center, institution, or activities of other NIH/NCI initiatives.
The progress and achievements specific to the application and relevant to translational research since the previous competitive review. Adequacy of the justification for adding new projects or cores or deleting previous components.
Overall Evaluation and Scoring of Applications: A single numerical priority score will be assigned to the SPORE application as a whole after discussing all of the review elements listed above. The score will be based on the overall quality of the research projects (using the SPORE definition of translational research as provided in the Executive Summary and in Part II, Section I.1. above) and career development and developmental research programs, the overall effectiveness and adequacy of cores, the overall program organization and capability including plans or productivity of interactions with other SPOREs and/or NIH/NCI Networks.
30 percent: overall programmatic organization and capabilities, including developmental programs (Career Development and Developmental Research).
If a required component(s) of an otherwise meritorious SPORE application is of such low merit that it is not recommended for further consideration (NRFC) by the peer review committee, the entire application will also receive a NRFC. See Section I.E. of SPORE GUIDELINES (go to http://spores.nci.nih.gov/ and to http://spores.nci.nih.gov/applicants/guidelines/SPORE_Guidelines_Interim_2005.pdf) for a more detailed description of each of the required components of a SPORE.
NIH policy requires that grant awardee recipients make unique research resources readily available for research purposes to qualified individuals within the scientific community after publication (see the NIH Grants Policy Statement at https://grants.nih.gov/archive/grants/policy/nihgps/part_ii_5.htm#availofrr and at http://www.ott.nih.gov/policy/rt_guide_final.html). Investigators responding to this funding opportunity should include a sharing research resources plan addressing how unique research resources will be shared or explain why sharing is not possible. If applicable, this plan should also discuss how model organisms generated through the SPORE will be shared (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-04-042.html).
Awardees will be required to submit the PHS Non-Competing Grant Progress Report, Form 2590 annually (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/funding/2590/2590.htm) and financial statements as required in the NIH Grants Policy Statement. Also see SPORE Guidelines at http://spores.nci.nih.gov/ and at http://spores.nci.nih.gov/applicants/guidelines/SPORE_Guidelines_Interim_2005.pdf.
Investigators should seek guidance from their institutions, on issues related to institutional policies and local IRB rules, as well as local, State, and Federal laws and regulations, including the Privacy Rule. Reviewers will consider the data sharing plan, but will not factor the plan into the determination of the scientific merit or the priority score.
NIH is committed to support efforts that encourage sharing of important research resources including the sharing of model organisms for biomedical research (see https://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/model_organism/index.htm). At the same time the NIH recognizes the rights of grantees and contractors to elect and retain title to subject inventions developed with Federal funding pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act (see the NIH Grants Policy Statement https://grants.nih.gov/archive/archive/grants/policy/nihgps_2003/index.htm). All investigators submitting an NIH application or contract proposal, beginning with the October 1, 2004, receipt date, are expected to include in the application/proposal a description of a specific plan for sharing and distributing unique model organism research resources generated using NIH funding or state why such sharing is restricted or not possible. This will permit other researchers to benefit from the resources developed with public funding. The inclusion of a model organism sharing plan is not subject to a cost threshold in any year and is expected to be included in all applications where the development of model organisms is anticipated.
The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) issued final modification to the "Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Health Information," the "Privacy Rule," on August 14, 2002 . The Privacy Rule is a federal regulation under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 that governs the protection of individually identifiable health information, and is administered and enforced by the DHHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR). | 2019-04-25T05:59:40Z | https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-05-156.html |
Thank you so much, and good morning.
We got a bunch of great stuff to talk about today.
First I'll give a brief introduction to Core Image for those of you who are new to the subject.
Then we'll be talking about our three main subjects for this morning.
First we'll be adjusting RAW images on iOS.
Second, we'll be editing Live Photos.
And third, we'll be talking about how to extend Core Image in a new way using CIImageProcessor nodes.
So first, so a very brief introduction to Core Image.
The reason for Core Image is that it provides a very simple, high-performance API to apply filters to images.
The basic idea is you start with an input image that may come from a JPEG or a file or memory, and you can choose to apply a filter to it and the result is an output image, and it's very, very easy to do this in your code.
All you do is you take your image, call applyingFilter, and specify the name of the filter and any parameters that are appropriate for that filter.
And, of course, you can do much more complex things.
You can chain together multiple filters in either sequences or graphs and get very complex effects.
One of the great features of Core Image is it provides automatic color management, and this is very important these days.
We now have a variety of devices that support wide gamut input and wide gamut output.
And what Core Image will do is it will automatically insert the appropriate nodes into the render graph so that it will match your input image to the Core Image working space, and when it comes time to display, it will match from the working space to the display space.
And this is something you should be very much aware of because wide color images and wide color displays are common now and many open source libraries for doing image processing don't handle this automatically.
So this is a great feature of Core Image because it takes care of all that for you in a very easy to use way.
Another thing to be aware of is that each filter actually has a little bit of code associated with it, a small subroutine called a kernel.
And all of our built-in filters have these kernels and one of the great features is if you chain together a sequence of filters, Core Image will automatically concatenate these subroutines into a single program.
The idea behind this is to improve performance by reducing the and quality, by reducing the number of intermediate buffers.
Core Image has over 180 built-in filters.
They are the exact same filters on all of our platforms; macOS, tvOS and iOS.
We have a few new ones this year which I'd like to talk about.
One is a new filter for generating hue saturation and value gradient.
It creates a gradient in hue and saturation, and then you can specify, as a parameter, the brightness of the image and also specify the color space that the wheel is in.
And as you might guess, this filter is now used on macOS as the basis of the color picker, which is now aware of the different types of display color spaces.
Another new filter we have is CINinePartStretched and NinePartTiled.
This filter is very easy to use.
You provide an input image and you provide four breakpoints, two horizontal and two vertical.
Once you've specified those points, you can specify the size you want it to stretch to.
The third new filter is something that's also quite interesting.
The idea is to start with a small input image.
In this case it's an image containing color data, but it can also contain parametric data.
So imagine you have a small set of colors or parameters and maybe it's only 6 by 7 pixels and you want to upsample that to the full size of an image.
The idea is to upsample the color image, the small color image, but respect the edges in the guide image.
Now, if you weren't to respect the guide images, if you were just to stretch the small image up to the same size as the full image, you'd just get a blend of colors, but with this filter you can get more.
You can actually get something that preserves the edges while also respecting the colors.
And this is actually a useful feature for a lot of other types of algorithms.
In fact, in the new version of Photos app we use this to improve the behavior of the light adjustment sliders.
I look forward to seeing how you can use that in your application.
We also have some new performance controls this year and do things that improve performance in Core Image this year.
One is we have Metal turned on by default.
So if you use any of our built-in 180 filters or your own custom kernels, all of those kernels will be converted to Metal on the fly for you.
It's a great way of leveraging the power of Metal with very little effort on your part.
We've also made some great improvements to a critical API, which is creating a UIImage from a CIImage, and this now produces much better performance than it has in the past.
So you can actually use this very efficiently to animate an image in a UIImage view.
Also another new feature is that Core Image now supports a feature that's new to Core Graphics, which is that Core Graphics supports half-floats.
Let me just talk for a second about pixel formats because this brings up an interesting point.
We're all familiar with the conventional pixel format of RGBA8 and it takes just 4 bytes per pixel to store and has 8 bits of depth, and can encode values in the range of 0 to 1.
However, this format is not great for representing wide-colored data because it only has 8 bits and it's limited to the values in the range 0 to 1.
So in the past the alternative has been to use RGBAfloat, which takes 16 bytes per pixel, so four times as much memory, but gives you all the depth and range you could ever hope for.
Another feature of the fact that it's using floats is that what quantization there is, it's distributed logarithmically, which is a good fit for the way the human eye perceives color.
Well, there's a new format which Core Image has supported and now Core Graphics does as well, which I refer to as the Goldilocks pixel format, which is RGBAh, and this allows you to, in just 8 bytes per pixel, store data that is 10 bits of depth and allows values in the range of minus 65,000 to positive 65,000.
And again, those values are quantized logarithmically, so it's great to store linear data in a way that won't be perceived as quantized.
So I highly recommend this pixel format.
So now I'd like to actually talk about the next major subject of our discussion today, which is adjusting RAW images with Core Image, and I'm really excited to talk about this today.
It's been a lot of hard work and I'm really excited about the fact that we've brought this to iOS.
In talking about this, I'd like to discuss what is a RAW file, how to use the CIRAWFilter API, some notes on supporting wide-gamut output, and also tips for managing memory.
So first, what is a RAW file?
Well, the way most cameras work is that they have two key parts; a color filter array and a sensor array.
And the idea is light from the scene enters from the scene through the color filter array and it's counted by the sensor array.
And this data is actually part of a much larger image, of course, but in order to turn this data into a usable image, a lot of image processing is needed in order to produce a pleasing image for the user.
But the main idea here is that if you take the data that was captured by the sensor, that is a RAW file.
If you take the data that was captured after the image processing, that's a TIFF or a JPEG.
RAW files store the unprocessed scene data, and JPEG files store the processed output image.
Another way to think of it is that the RAW file stores the ingredients from which you can make an image; whereas, a JPEG stores the results of the ingredients after they've been baked into a beautiful cake.
Also, we need to decode the RAW data from the sensor.
We need to demosaic the image to reconstruct the full color image from the data that was captured with only one RGB value per pixel location.
We need to apply geometric distortions for lens correction.
Noise reduction, which is a huge piece of the processing.
And then we need to do things like adjust exposure and temperature and tint.
And lastly, but very importantly, add sharpening, contrast and saturation to make an image look pleasing.
That's a lot of stages.
What are some of the advantages of RAW?
Well, one of the great things is that the RAW file contains linear and deep pixel data, which is what enables great editability.
Another feature is that RAW image processing gets better every year.
So with the RAW you have the promise that an image you took yesterday might have better quality when you process it next year.
Also, RAW files are color space agnostic.
Also, a user can choose to use different software to interpret the RAW file.
Just like giving the same ingredient to two different chefs, you can get two different results, and some users might prefer one chef over another.
That said, there are some great advantages to JPEG as well.
First of all, because the processing has been applied, they are fast to load and display.
They contain colors and adjustments that target a specific output, which can be useful.
And that also gives predictable results.
Also, it's worth mentioning that cameras do a great job today of producing JPEG images, and our iOS cameras are an especially good example of that.
So on the subject of RAW, let me talk a little bit about how our platforms support RAW.
So the great news is that now we fully support RAW on iOS and upcoming seed on tvOS as well.
This means we support over 400 unique camera models from 16 different vendors.
And also, we support DNG files such as those captured by our own iOS devices.
The iOS devices include the iPhone 6S, 6S Plus, SE, and also the iPad Pro 9.7.
I recommend you all go back, if you haven't already, and watch the Advances in iOS Photography, which talks about the new APIs that are available to capture RAW on these devices.
Another great thing is that we now have the same high performance RAW pipeline on iOS as we do on macOS, and this is actually quite an achievement.
I counted the other day and looked at our pipeline and it involves over 4,500 lines of CIKernel code and this all works very efficiently and it's a great testament to our ability and the abilities of Core Image to be able to handle complex rendering situations.
Our pipeline on iOS requires A8 devices or later, and you can test for this in your application by looking for the iOS GPU Family 2.
Another note on platform support.
New cameras are added in future software updates.
And also, we improve our pipeline periodically as well.
And our pipelines are versions, so you can either use our latest version or go back and use previous versions if you desire.
So without further ado, I want to give a demonstration of how this looks in action.
So what I have here is some sample code.
There's an early version of that that's available for download, and it's called RAWExposed, and this is both an application and this latest version is also a photo editing extension.
So what we can do is we can go into Photos and actually use this sample code.
We have three RAW images here that are 24 megapixels each that were taken with a Canon 5D Mark III.
So now, since we're editing this as a RAW file, we can actually make adjustments [inaudible].
We can adjust the exposure up and down.
You can see we can pan across all the 24 megapixels and we get great results.
Once I'm happy with the image, this looks much better than it did before, I can hit Done and it will generate a new full resolution image of that, and now it is actually available to see in the Photos application.
One of the other things that's great in RAW files is that you can make great adjustments on white balance in an image.
Again, on this image the image is fine, but it may be a little crooked, but also the white balance is off.
So I'm going to go in here and adjust the white balance just a little bit and I can make a much more pleasant image.
And again, we can zoom in and see the results.
And we can adjust these results live.
So we hit Done and save that.
Another image I want to show is this image here, which is actually a very noisy image.
I want to show you a little bit about our noise reduction algorithms.
Over half of our 4,500 lines of kernel code relate to noise reduction.
So if I go in here and edit this one, you can see that there's some hopefully at least in the front rows, you can see the grain that's in this image.
One of the features we expose in our API is the ability to turn off our noise reduction algorithm, and then you can actually see the colorful nature of the noise that's actually present in the RAW file.
And it's this very challenging task of doing the noise reduction to make an image that doesn't have those colorful speckles but still preserves nice color edges that are intended in the image.
So I'll save that as well.
Lastly, I want to demonstrate an image we took earlier this week out in the lobby, which was taken with this iPad.
Yes, I was one of those people taking a picture with an iPad.
And here I want to show you, you know, this is an image that's challenging in its own way because it's got some areas that are dark and some areas that are overexposed.
One thing I could do here is I could bring down the exposure well, I have a highlight slider which can allow me to bring the highlights in a bit.
I can also bring down the exposure.
And now I can really see what's going on outside the windows.
But now the shadows are too dark, so I can then increase those.
So this gives you an idea of the kind of adjustments you can do on RAW files, and this is the benefit of having deeper precision on your pixel data that you get in a RAW file.
So I'll hit Done on that.
So that's our demo of RAW in iOS.
And a huge thanks to the team for making this possible.
So let me talk about the API, because it's not just enough to provide a demo application.
We want to enable your applications to be able to do this in your apps as well.
So we have an API that's referred to as the CIRAWFilter API, and it gives your application some critical things.
It gives your application a CIImage with wide-gamut, extended range, half-float precision math behind it.
It also provides fast interactive performance using the GPU on all our devices.
The API is actually very simple.
You start with an input, which is either a file URL or data, or even in our next seed we'll have an API that works using CVPixelBuffer.
We're then going to create an instance of a CIRAWFilter from that input.
At the time that filter is instantiated it will have default values for all the user adjustable parameters that you might want to present to your user.
Once you have the CIRAWFilter, you can then ask it for a CIImage, and you can do lots of things from there.
Let me just show you the code and how simple it is just to do this.
All we need to do is give it a URL.
We're going to create an instance of the CIFilter given that URL.
Then, for example, if we want to get the value of the current noise reduction amount, we can just access the value for key kCIInput ImageNoiseReductionAmount.
If we want to alter that, it's equally easy.
We just set a new value for that key.
When we're done making changes, we ask for the outputImage and we're done.
Of course, you might want to display this image, so typically you'll take that image and display it either in a UIImage view or in a MetalKit view or other type of view system.
In this case the user might suggest though that, well, maybe this image is a little underexposed, so in your UI you can have adjustable sliders for exposure and then the user can make that adjustment.
You can then pass that in as a new value to the CIRAWFilter.
Then you can ask for a CIImage from that, and then you can then display that new image with the exposure slightly brighter.
And this is very easy as well.
You also might want to take your CIImage at times, let's say, you want to export your image in the background to produce a full-size image, or you may be exporting several images in the background.
So you might want to, in those cases, either create a CGImage for passing to other APIs, or go directly to a JPEG or a TIFF, and we have some easy to use APIs for that now.
If you're going to be doing background processing of large files like RAWs, we recommend you create a CIContext explicitly for that purpose.
Specifically, you want to specify a context that is saved in a singleton variable, so there's no need to create a new context for every image.
This allows CI to cache the compilation of all the kernels that are involved.
However, because we're going to be rendering an image only once, we don't need Core Image to be able to cache intermediates, so you can specify false there, and that will help reduce the memory requirements in this situation.
Also, there's a setting to say that you want to use a low priority GPU render.
The idea behind this, if you're doing a background save, you don't want the GPU usages required for that background operation to slow down the performance of your foreground UI, either if that's done in Core Image or Core Animation.
So this is great for background processing.
And a great new thing we're announcing this year is that this option is also available on macOS, too.
Once you have your context, then it's very simple.
You get to decide what color space you want to render to.
For example, the DisplayP3 colorSpace.
And then we have a new convenience API for taking a CIImage and writing it to a JPEG.
You specify the CIImage, the destination URL, and the colorSpace.
This is also a good time to specify what compression quality you want for the JPEG.
Now, in this case this will produce an image that is a JPEG that has been tagged with a P3 space, which is a great way of producing a wide-gamut image that will display correctly on any platform that supports ICC-based color management.
So this is a great feature as well.
Another thing is if you want to actually create a CGImage from a CIImage, we have a new API for that as well with some new options.
We have this convenience API which allows you to specify what the colorSpace and the pixel format that you want to render to is.
You may choose, however, now you to create a CGImage that has the format of RGBAh, the Goldilocks pixel format I was talking about earlier.
And in that case you might also choose to use a special color space, which is the extendedLinearSRGB space.
Because the pixel format supports values outside of the range 0 to 1, you want your color space to as well.
Another option that we have that's new is being able to specify whether the act of creating the CGImage does the work in a deferred or immediate fashion.
If you specify deferred, then the work that's involved in rendering the CIImage into a CGImage takes place when the CGImage is drawn.
This is a great way of minimizing memory, especially if you're only going to be drawing part of that CGImage later, or if you're only going to be drawing that CGImage once.
However, if you're going to be rendering that image multiple times, you can specify deferred false, and in that case Core Image will do the work of rendering into the CGImage at the time this function is called.
So this is a great new, flexible API that we have for your applications.
Another advanced feature of this Core Image filter API that I'd like to talk about today is this.
As I mentioned before, there's a long stage of pipeline in processing RAW files, and a lot of people ask me, well, how can I add my own processing to that pipeline.
Well, one common place where developers will want to add processing to the RAW pipeline is somewhere in the middle; after the demosaic has occurred, but before all the nonlinear operations like sharpening and contrast and color boosting has occurred.
So we have an API just for this.
It's a property on the CIRAWFilter which allows you to specify a filter that gets inserted into the middle of our graph.
So I look forward to seeing what you guys can imagine and think of and what can go into this location.
Some notes on wide-gamut output that I mentioned before.
The CIKernel language supports float precision as a language.
However, whenever a CIFilter needs to render to an intermediate buffer, we will use the working format of the current CIContext.
On macOS the default working format is RGBA, our Goldilocks format.
On iOS and tvOS our default format is still BGRA8, which is good for performance, but if you're rendering extended range data, that may not be what you want.
Our RAW pipeline, with this in mind, all of the kernels in our pipeline force the usage of RGBA half-float precision, which is critical for RAW files.
But as you might guess, if you are concerned about wide-gamut input and output and preserving that data throughout a rendered graph, you should modify your CIContext when you create it to specify that you want a working format that is RGBAh.
I should also mention again that Core Image supports a wide variety of wide-gamut output spaces.
For example, you can render to extendedLinearSRGB or Adobe RGB or DisplayP3, whatever format you wish.
Now, as I mentioned before, I was demonstrating a 24-megapixel image.
RAW files can be a lot larger than you might think.
RAW files can be large and they also require several intermediate buffers to render all the stages of the pipeline.
And so it's important that in order to reduce the high water memory mark of your application that you use some of these APIs that I've talked about today, such as turning off caching intermediates in cases where you don't need it, or using the new write JPEG representation of image, which is very efficient, or specifying the deferred rendering when creating a CGImage.
Some notes on limits of RAW files.
On iOS devices with 2 gigabytes of memory or more, we support RAW files up to 120 megapixels.
So we're really proud to be able to pull that off.
And this also holds true for photo editing extensions, which run in a lesser amount of memory.
So that's our discussion of RAW.
Again, I'm super proud to be able to demonstrate this today.
I would like to hand the stage over to Etienne who will be talking about another great new image format and how you can edit those in your application, Live Photos.
I'm really excited to be here today to talk to you about how you can edit Live Photos in your application.
So first, we're going to go over a quick introduction of what are Live Photos, then we see what you can edit, and then we'll go step-by-step into the code and see how you can get a Live Photo for editing, how you can then set up a Live Photo Editing context, how you can apply Core Image filters to your Live Photo, and how you can preview your Live Photo in your application, and finally, how you can save an edited Live Photo back into the Photo Library, and we'll finish with a quick demo.
And Live Photos can be captured on the new devices such as iPhone 6S, 6S Plus, iPhone SE and iPod Pro.
In fact, Live Photo is actually a default capture mode on those devices, so you can expect your users to already have plenty of Live Photos in their Photo Library.
So what's new this year about Live Photos?
So first, users can now fully edit their Live Photos in Photos.
They can apply all the adjustment that they would to a regular photo they can apply to a Live Photo.
Next we have a new API to capture Live Photos in your application and for that, for more information about that, I strongly recommend that you watch this Advances in iOS Photography session that took place earlier this week.
It also includes a lot of information about Live Photos from the capturer point of view.
And finally, we have a new API to edit Live Photos, and that's why I'm here to talk about today.
So what can be edited exactly?
Right. So first, of course, you can edit the content of the photo, but you can also edit all of the video frames as well.
You can also address the audio volume, and you can change the dimensions of the Live Photo.
Things you can't do though is that you can't change the duration or the timing of the Live Photo.
So in order to get a Live Photo for editing, the first thing to do is to actually get a Live Photo out of the Photo Library.
In the case of a photo editing extension you need to start first by opting in to Live Photo editing by adding the LivePhoto string in your array of supported media types for your extension.
And next, in your implementation of startContentEditing, that's called automatically, you can expect the content editing input that you receive and you can check the media type and the media subtypes to make sure that this is a Live Photo.
Okay. On the other hand, if you're building a PhotoKit application, you have to request the contentEditingInput yourself from a PHAsset, and then you can check the media type and media subtypes in the same way.
So the next step would be to set up a LivePhotoEditingContext.
A LivePhotoEditingContext includes all the resources that are needed to edit Live Photos.
You can adjust the audio volume as well.
You can ask the LivePhotoEditingContext to prepare a Live Photo for playback, and you can ask the LivePhotoEditingContext to save and process a Live Photo for saving back to the Photo Library.
Creating a LivePhotoEditingContext is really easy.
All you need to do is institute a new one from a LivePhotoEditingInput for a Live Photo.
So now let's take a look at how to use the frame processor I mentioned earlier.
So the frame of a Live Photo I'll describe by a PHLivePhotoFrame object that contains an input image, which is a CIImage for that frame.
Type, which is whether it's a video frame or a photo frame.
And the time of the frame in the Live Photo, as well as the resolution at which that frame is being rendered.
In order to implement a frame processor you would set the frame processor property on the LivePhotoEditingContext to be a block that takes a frame as parameter and returns an image or an error.
And here we just simply return the input image of the frame, so that's just necessarily a node frame processor.
So now let's take a look at the real case.
This is a Live Photo, as you can see in Photos, and I can play it right there.
And so let's say we want to apply a simple basic adjustment to the Live Photo.
That's start with a simple square crop.
In the implementation of your frame processor you want to start with the input image for the frame.
Then you compute your crop rect.
That's all it takes to actually edit and crop the Live Photo.
I can place side photo, you can see the photo is cropped, but the video is also cropped as I play it.
So that's an example of a very basic static adjustment.
So you can do that, too.
So here let's build up on that crop example and implement the dynamic crop.
So first we need to capture a couple of information about the timing of the Live Photo, such as the exact time of the photo because we want the effect to stay the same and have your crop rect really centered on the Live Photo.
Next we take it so we capture the duration of the Live Photo.
And here's what the result.
So you can see the Live Photo is cropped the same way, the photo is the same, but when I play it, you can see that the crop rect now moves from bottom to top.
So that's an example of a time-based adjustment.
Now let's take a look at something else.
This effect is interesting because it's a resolution-dependent effect.
So here if I play it, you can see that the video the effect is applied to the video the same way it's applied to the photos.
So let's see how to do that correctly.
So in your frame processor you want to pay attention to this renderScale property on the frame.
This will give you the resolution of the current frame compared to the one-to-one full-size still image in the Live Photo.
So keep in mind that the video frames and the photo are different size as well.
Right. Usually the video is way smaller than the photo is.
So you want to make sure to apply that correctly.
In order to do that, you can use the scale here to scale down that width parameter so that at one-to-one on the full-size photo the parameter will be 50, but it will be smaller on the smaller resolution.
I actually use the midpoint of the image and that's granted to also scale [inaudible].
One more edit on that image.
You can notice that I did a logo here that might be familiar, and when I play it, you see that the logo actually disappears from the video.
So this is how you would apply an adjustment just to the photo and not to the video, and here's how to do it.
In your implementation of your frame processor you want to look at the frame type, and here we just check if it's a photo, then we composite the still logo into the image, but not on the video.
So that's as easy as that.
And you may have, you know, some adjustments that are local advertisement or single ad that you don't want to apply or you can't apply to the video, and so that's a good way to do it.
Now that we have an edited Live Photo, let's see how we can preview it in our app.
So in order to preview a Live Photo you want to work with the PHLivePhotoView.
So this view is readily available on iOS and is new this year on macOS.
So in order to preview Live Photo you need to ask the LivePhotoEditingContext to prepare a Live Photo for playback and you pass in the target size, which is typically the size of your view in pixels, and then you get called back asynchronously on the main thread with a rendered Live Photo.
And then all you need to do is set the Live Photo property of the LivePhotoView so that your users can now interact with their Live Photo and get an idea of what the edited Live Photo will look like.
Now, the final set will be to save back to the Photo Library.
And that, again, depends whether you're building a photo editing extension or a PhotoKit application.
In the case of a photo editing extension you will implement finishContentEditing.
And the first step is to create a new contentEditingOutput from that contentEditingInput that you received earlier.
And next you will ask your LivePhotoEditingContext to save the Live Photo to that output.
And again, that will process the full resolution Live Photo asynchronously and call you back on the main thread with success or error.
And in the case everything goes fine, make sure you save also your adjustment data along with your edits and that will allow your users to go back to your app or extension later and continue editing there.
If you're building a PhotoKit application, the steps are really similar.
The only difference really that you have to make your they are from the changes [inaudible] yourself using a PHAssetChangeRequest.
So now I'd like to show you a quick demo.
So I've built a simple demo Live Photo extension that I'd like to show you today.
So here I am in Photos and I can see a couple Live Photos here, can pick to see the contents.
I can swipe and see them animate.
That's the one I want to edit today.
So I can go to edit.
And as I mentioned earlier, I can actually edit the Live Photo right there in Photos.
I'd like to apply this new light slider that David mentioned earlier.
So here in Photos I can just play that.
Right. Of course, I could stop here, but I actually want to apply my sample edits as well.
So I'm going to pick my extension here.
And, yes, we actually apply the same adjustment that we went through for the slides.
And you can see this is really a simple extension, but it shows a LivePhotoView, so I can interact with this and I can actually press to play it, like this, right in my extension.
And the next step is to actually save by hitting Done here.
And this is going to process a full resolution Live Photo and send it back to the Photo Library.
And there it is, right there in Photos.
So that was for the quick demo.
So here's a quick summary of what we've learned so far today.
So we've learned how to get a Live Photo out of the Photo Library and how to use and set up a LivePhotoEditingContext, how to use a frame processor to edit the contents of the Live Photo.
We've seen how to preview a Live Photo in your app using the LivePhotoView.
And we've seen how to save a Live Photo back into the Photo Library.
Now I can't wait to see what you will do with this new API.
Otherwise, you'll get a still image instead of a Live Photo.
And as I said, make sure you always save adjustment data as well so that your users can go back to your app and continue the edit nondestructively.
Finally, I think if you already have an image editing application, adopting Live Photo and adding support for LivePhotoEditing should be really easy with this new API, especially if your app is using Core Image already.
And if not, there's actually a new API in Core Image to let you integrate your own custom processing into Core Image.
And to tell you all about it, I'd like to invite Alex on stage.
So my name is Alexandre Naaman, and today I'm going to talk to you about some new functionality we have inside of Core Image to do additional effects that weren't possible previously, and that's going to be using a new API called CIImageProcessor.
As David mentioned earlier, there's a lot you can do inside of Core Image using our existing built-in 180 filters, and you can extend that even further by writing your own custom kernels.
Now with CIImageProcessor we can do even more, and we can insert a new node inside of our render graph that can do basically anything we want and will fit in perfectly with the existing graph.
So we can write our own custom CPU code or custom Metal code.
So there are some analogies when using CIImageProcessor with writing general kernels.
So in the past you would write a general kernel, specify some string, and then override the output image method on your CIFilter and provide the extent, which is the output image size that you're going to be creating, and an roiCallback, and then finally whatever arguments you need to pass to your kernel.
Instead we refer you to Session 515 from our WWDC talk from 2014.
So if you want to create CIImageProcessors, we strongly suggest you go and look back at that talk because we talked about how to deal with the extent and ROI parameters in great length.
So now let's look at what the API for creating a CIImage Processor looks like, and this may change a little bit in future seeds, but this is what it looks like right now.
So the similarities are there.
We need to provide the extent, which is the output image size we're going to be producing, give it an input image, and the ROI.
There are a bunch of additional parameters we need to provide, however, such as, for example, the description of the node that we'll be creating.
We then need to provide a digest with some sort of hash of all our input parameters.
And this is really important for Core Image because this is how Core Image determines whether or not we can cache the values or not, and whether or not we need to rerender.
So you need to make sure that every time your parameter changes, that you update the hash.
The next thing we can specify is an input format.
In this case here we've used BGRA8, but you can also specify zero, which means you'll get the working format for the context as an input image format.
You can specify the output format as well.
In this case we're using RGBAf because the example that we're going to be going over in more detail needs a lot of precision, so we'll need full flow here.
And then finally we get to our processor block, which is where we have exactly two parameters; our CIImageProcessorInput and CIImageProcessorOutput, and it's inside of here that we can do all the work we need to do.
So let's take a look at how we can do this, and why you would want to do this.
So CIImageProcessor is particularly useful for when you have some algorithm or you want to use a library that implements something outside of Core Image and something that isn't suitable for the CIKernel language.
A really good example of this is what we call an integral image.
And this is a very good example of the kind of thing that can't be done in a data parallel-type shader, which is the kind of shader that you write when you're writing CIKernels.
So let's take a look at what an integral image is in a little bit more detail.
The same goes for this other pixel; 45 corresponds to the sum of all those other pixels above it and to the left, plus itself.
So now let's take a look at what you would do inside of the image processor block if you were writing a CPU code, and you could also use V Image or any number of other libraries that we have on the system.
We're going to get some pointers back to our input data.
So from the CIImageProcessorInput we'll get the base address, and we'll make sure that we use 8-bit data, so UInt8.
And then we'll get our outputPointer, which is where we're going to write all of our results as float, because we specified that we wanted to write to RGBAf.
The next thing we do is we make sure to deal with the relative offsets of our input and output image.
It's highly likely that Core Image will provide you with an input image that is going to be larger, or at least not equivalent to your output image, so you have to take care of whatever offset might be in play when you're creating your output image and doing your four loops.
And in this case, once we have figured out whatever offsets we need, we can then go and execute our four-loop to calculate the output values at location i, j by using the input at location i, j, plus whatever offset we had.
Now that we've seen how to do this with a custom CPU loop, let's take a look at how this can be done using Metal.
In this case we're going to be using Metal Performance Shaders.
And this is how we can use Metal very simply inside of an existing CIFilter graph.
So now let's take a look at what we can actually do with this integral image now that we have it.
So let's say we start with an image like this.
Our goal is going to be to produce a new image where we have a per pixel variable box blur.
So each pixel in that image can have a different amount of blur applied to it, and we can do this really quickly using an integral image.
So, as I was saying, box blurs are very useful for doing very fast box sums.
So if we start right off with this input image and we wanted to get the sum of those nine pixels, traditionally speaking, this would require nine reads, which means it's an n squared problem.
That's obviously not going to be very fast.
If you were a little more smart about it, you could probably do this as a multipass approach and do it in two n reads, but that still means you're looking at six reads, and obviously that doesn't scale very well.
With an integral image, however, we can just if we want to get the sum of those nine pixels, we just have to read at a few locations.
We will read at the lower right corner and then we can read from just one pixel off to the left, the sum of all the values, and subtract that from the first value we just read.
And then we read at a pixel right above where we need to be and subtract the row which corresponds to the sum of all the pixels up to that stage.
But now you can see we've highlighted the upper left corner with a 1 because we've subtracted that value twice, so we need to add it back in.
So what this means is we can create an arbitrarily-sized box blur with just four reads.
So 2 plus 4 plus 6, et cetera, is equal to the exact same thing as 66 minus 10 minus 13 plus 1.
Now let's jump back into Core Image kernel language and see how we can use our integral image that we've computed either with a CPU code or using the Metal Performance Shader primitives and continue doing the work of actually creating the box blur effect.
So the first thing we're going to do is we're going to compute our lower left corner and upper right corner from our image.
Those will tell us where we need to subtract and add from.
We're then going to compute a few additional values and they're going to help us determine what the alpha value should be, so how transparent the pixel that we're currently trying to produce is.
We take our four samples, the four corners, and then finally we do our additions and subtractions and multiply by what we've decided is the appropriate amount of transparency for this output pixel.
Now, this particular kernel takes a single parameter as an input radius, which would mean that if you were to call this on an image, you would get that same radius applied to the entire image, but we can very simply go and create a variable box blur by passing in a mask image, and we can use this mask image to determine how large the radius should be on a per pixel basis.
So we just pass in an additional parameter, mask image.
We take a look at what's in the red channel, say, or it could be from any channel, and we then multiply our radius by that.
So if we had a radius of 15 and at that current pixel location we had .5, it would give us a radius of 7.5.
We can then take those values and pass it into the box blur kernel that we just wrote.
And this is how we can very simply create a variable box blur using Metal Performance Shaders and the CIImageProcessor nodes.
One additional thing we haven't mentioned so far today is that we now have some attributes you can specify on your CIKernels when you write them and, in fact, we have this just one right now, which is the output format.
In this case we're asking for RGBAf, which is not really necessarily useful, but the key thing here is that you can say that you'd like to write only single-channel or two-channel data.
As some people have noticed, this is a great way to reduce your memory usage, and it's also a way to specify that you want a certain precision for a specific kernel in your graph that may not correspond to the rest of the graph, which is also what we do when we're processing RAW images on iOS.
All of our kernels are tagged with RGBAh.
So one or more thing we need to do to create this effect is to provide some sort of mask image.
We can do this very simply by calling CIFilter(name, and then ask for a CIRadialGradient with a few parameters, which are going to determine how large the mask will be and where it will be located.
And then we're going to be interpolating between 0 and 1, which is going to be black and white.
And then we ask for the output image from the CIFilter and we have a perfectly usable mask.
If we start with our input image and then look at our mask, we can move it around.
Change the radius, even make it go negative.
And then if we apply this mask image and use it inside of our variable box blur kernel code, we then get this type of result.
And it's very interactive because the integral image only needs to be computed once, and Core Image caches those results for you.
So it literally, everything you're seeing right now, is just involving four reads.
Similarly, on the way out, if you would like the data in a different color space, you can call CIImage.byColorMatching ColorSpace(toWorking, and then give it a color space.
Now that we've seen how to create the CIImageProcessor and how to use it, let's take a look at what happens when we use the environment variable CI PRINT TREE, which we use to get an idea of what the actual graph that we're trying to render looks like.
And this is read from bottom to top.
And it can be quite verbose.
It starts off with our input radialGradient that we created.
We then have our input image which gets matched to the workingspace.
And then here's our processor node that gets called, and that hex value is the digest that we've computed.
And then both the processor and the color kernel result from the radialGradient get fed into the variableBoxBlur.
And finally we do the color matching to our output display.
So this is the original recipe that we use to specify this effect, but it's not what actually gets rendered.
We still, once again, have our processor node, which lives on a line on its own, which means that it does require the need of an intermediate buffer, which is why the CIImageProcessors are great, but you should only use them when the kind of things the effect that you're trying to produce, the algorithms that you have cannot be expressed inside of the CIKernel language.
As you can see, the rest of the processing all gets concatenated.
So we have our variableBoxBlur with the rest of the color matching, and the clamptoalpha all happening in a single pass.
So this is why there are always tradeoffs in between these APIs.
And if you can write something inside the CIKernel language, you should.
That may be a little difficult to read.
So we have an additional option now that you can specify when you're using CI PRINT TREE, which is graphviz.
In this case we're using CI PRINT TREE=8, along with the graphviz option, and we can see our processor node and how it fits in perfectly with the rest of the graph.
And we can also see that we've asked for RGBAf output.
So let's do a little recap of what we learned today.
We saw, David showed us how to edit RAW images on iOS.
Then Etienne spoke to us about how you can edit Live Photos using Core Image.
And then finally, we got to see how to use this new API on CIImage called CIImageProcessor, as well as how to specify an output format on your kernels to help reduce the memory usage.
For additional information please visit developer.apple.com.
There are a few related sessions that may be of interest to you, especially if you're planning on doing RAW processing on iOS.
There's Advances in iOS Photography that Etienne mentioned as well.
There's also a talk later on today, Working with Wide Color, that's taking place right here.
And on that note, I would like to thank you all for coming. | 2019-04-22T20:36:17Z | https://asciiwwdc.com/2016/sessions/505?q=accessibility |
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Clickfunnels review It is an extremely preferred– and instead scary– fact that everyone in business world has heard that “90% of the start-ups stop working”. If you have a look at these fallen short businesses which as soon as started with much vitality as well as interest, they hardly ever fall short since the concept or the idea of business itself was poor.
Clickfunnels reviewThere are numerous businesses with excellent possible that fall short due to the lack of understanding the founders have regarding marketing or in fact making a sale.
Clickfunnels review It resembles a vehicle sale without a sales representative. There will be many site visitors that concern see the automobiles, however without that included press, there will certainly be no sales. An internet site without a sales funnel is the very same, which is why you require to purchase Click Funnels so as to get one of the most number of sales possible.
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A sales funnel positively affects the thought process of your visitors to earn the choice to go onward with your objective. This is basically offering that little push a sales representative would certainly give up a physical store to lastly make up the way of thinking to proceed with a purchase.
A website is similar to a virtual shop, and also the purpose of placing a huge investment into making a web site is to inevitably assist enhance the income of your organisation. The majority of people, especially the startups as well as the entrepreneurs that are brand-new to the online company globe emphasis also a lot on the appearances of the style to consider whether it is efficient sufficient to in fact make a sale.
Drawing in new visitors to the website is the initial as well as among one of the most essential tasks that a sales channel does. This is the mouth of the funnel.
The Clickfunnels review larger the number of visitors brought in to the website, the more energetic clients there will go to completion. This is done by attractive layouts as well as layouts of web sites, easy to use user interfaces and also simple social networks includes that help impressed visitors to get the word out. The conversion process is when a mere site visitor comes to be a prospective consumer, which is a lead. This stage is narrower as well as in the next action of the funnel as well as should be well maintained considering that they are most likely to make an acquisition in the following few stages as long as you keep them satisfied.
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Clickfunnels review There are numerous services with fantastic possible that fail due to the lack of knowledge the founders have about advertising or in fact making a sale.
Clickfunnels review An internet site without a sales funnel is the very same, which is why you require to purchase Click Funnels in order to get the most number of sales feasible.
Click Funnels supply you with a pre-designed and well-curated sales channel which will take your visitors via a persuading trip that will certainly make them purchase your product at the end. This final goal could be different depending on the item that you market or the solution that you offer. Nonetheless, Click Funnels have created a series of sales funnels that could lead you to attain your objectives by taking your visitors via a well considered sales funnels. Adhering to are a few of the objectives which could be met by a sales funnels.
A sales channel favorably affects the thought process of your site visitors to make the choice to go forward with your purpose. This is basically offering that little press a salesman would give up a physical shop to ultimately comprise the way of thinking to go in advance with a purchase.
A website resembles a virtual shop, and the objective of putting a large investment right into developing a website is to inevitably aid increase the income of your organisation. Many people, specifically the startups as well as the entrepreneurs that are new to the online business globe focus too much on the appearances of the layout to take into consideration whether it works sufficient to actually make a sale.
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Bring in brand-new visitors to the site is the initial and also one of one of the most important jobs that a sales channel does. This is the mouth of the funnel.
The Clickfunnels review bigger the number of site visitors brought in to the web site, the extra energetic consumers there will be at completion. This is done by eye-catching designs and also themes of sites, easy to use interfaces and very easy social networks features that assistance amazed site visitors to spread the word. The conversion procedure is when a plain visitor ends up being a potential consumer, which is a lead. This phase is narrower and also in the following action of the funnel and must be well maintained given that they are most likely to make a purchase in the following few stages as long as you keep them satisfied.
Closing is the last phase of a funnel where a lead becomes a customer. They actively make the order and purchase your product, register for your e-newsletter or generally do what you planned them to do by creating the funnel. Next level is client retention or maintaining them happy with your item or the acquisition, so they end up being return clients.
Clickfunnels review There are numerous services with excellent possible that fail due to the absence of knowledge the founders have regarding advertising and marketing or actually making a sale.
Clickfunnels review A website without a sales funnel is the very same, which is why you require to purchase Click Funnels in order to obtain the most number of sales feasible.
Click Funnels supply you with a pre-designed and well-curated sales funnel which will certainly take your site visitors with a persuading journey that will make them purchase your item at the end. This final goal could be different depending on the item that you market or the service that you supply. Click Funnels have developed a variety of sales funnels that can lead you to achieve your goals by taking your site visitors through a well assumed out sales funnels. Adhering to are several of the objectives which could be satisfied by a sales funnels.
A sales channel favorably impacts the mind of your visitors to earn the decision to move forward with your purpose. This is basically giving that little push a salesperson would give up a physical store to lastly comprise the way of thinking to go ahead with an acquisition.
An internet site is similar to a virtual shop, and the objective of placing a big investment into creating a website is to inevitably assist boost the earnings of your organisation. Most individuals, specifically the start-ups as well as the business owners that are new to the online company globe focus excessive on the looks of the design to take into consideration whether it works sufficient to in fact make a sale.
Drawing in brand-new visitors to the web site is the very first and among the most essential tasks that a sales funnel does. This is the mouth of the channel.
The Clickfunnels review bigger the variety of visitors attracted to the internet site, the extra active clients there will certainly be at completion. This is done by attractive styles and also design templates of web sites, user-friendly interfaces as well as very easy social media features that help satisfied visitors to spread out the word. The conversion procedure is when a mere visitor becomes a prospective client, which is a lead. This phase is narrower as well as in the next step of the channel and ought to be well kept since they are most likely to earn an acquisition in the following few phases as long as you keep them pleased.
Closing is the last of a channel where a lead ends up being a client. They actively make the order as well as acquire your product, authorize up for your e-newsletter or essentially do just what you planned them to do by producing the funnel. Next level is client retention or maintaining them delighted with your product or the purchase, so they become return consumers.
clickfunnels review It is a really prominent– as well as instead scary– fact that everybody in business globe has actually heard that “90% of the startups stop working”. If you look at these stopped working services which once started with much vigor and also excitement, they rarely fall short because the idea or the concept of the service itself misbehaved.
clickfunnels reviewThere are numerous companies with great prospective that fall short due to the absence of expertise the creators have about advertising and marketing or in fact making a sale.
clickfunnels review It is comparable to an automobile sale without a sales representative. There will certainly be many site visitors that pertain to see the cars, however without that added press, there will be no sales. An internet site without a sales funnel coincides, which is why you have to buy Click Funnels to get one of the most number of sales feasible.
Click Funnels provide you with a pre-designed and also well-curated sales funnel which will certainly take your site visitors with a persuading trip that will certainly make them acquire your product at the end. This last objective can be various depending on the product that you market or the solution that you provide. Nevertheless, Click Funnels have actually produced a series of sales funnels that could lead you to attain your objectives by taking your site visitors via a well considered sales funnels. Following are a few of the goals which could be fulfilled by a sales funnels.
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I’ve seen more scientific matches, and we really should have blown SPAL right out of Euganeo tonight, but I’ll take this result.
Again tonight, the crowd was small. At least it didn’t rain. Only 2,804 were present but they saw us do pretty much what we wanted, when we wanted against our lower-ranked opposition. Except win, I guess, but you can’t have everything.
At least, after the first eight minutes had passed. As banged-up as we have been of late, it was still a shock to see SPAL’s Bruno Cazarine stroll right up Route One to take a perfectly-weighted lead ball into the area. It was more of a shock to see him slot past a surprised Cano to give them an away goal within the first ten minutes.
It was even more shocking to me that the goal wasn’t disallowed for offside. It surely looked to me like the player was a stride clear of Faísca in the center of our defense as the last man when the ball was played to him.
In short, the main thing I didn’t want to happen had not only happened, it had happened quickly. So, I stood in my technical area, hands on my hips, glaring at all and sundry while our erstwhile rivals celebrated around us.
They were in with a shout and suddenly our margin for error was razor thin. Our having three away goals in the bag still meant they had to score twice more to beat us, but I would have much preferred it not be even this close so early in the second leg.
However, that was SPAL’s high water mark. We soon regained the ascendancy with some very fine work on and off the ball, growing in confidence even as our patchwork squad got used to playing together. The systems work I’ve been drilling into these players has started to pay off and we closed Route One to our opponents for the rest of the night as quickly as it had opened.
For me, the key was getting onto the board and our lone true striker did just that shortly after SPAL’s opener. Di Nardo did the business for us, picking up a huge goal on a very fine feed from Rabito on seventeen minutes, finishing with a powerful header nodded down off the ground and into the roof of the net.
That was his third goal of this tie, and his profligacy in front of goal is a real reason to smile. We had our two-goal lead back and even though they still needed two goals, they now needed three to defeat us outright.
Instead of being worried about their attackers, however, we then remembered that the best defense is a good offense. We swarmed SPAL’s goal for the rest of the first half and only a series of wonderful saves by Matheus in their goal stopped us turning the match into a rout.
Still, I was well satisfied at halftime and figured it was only a matter of time until we broke through in the second half to win the home leg of the tie as well. The side was holding together quite well with the exception of the brain lock that had led to their goal, and I honestly didn’t think they’d hurt us much in the second half either.
It turned out I was half right. They wound up with four shots on target compared to our fifteen – but Matheus turned heroic in goal for them and we didn’t score again. We peppered him with 24 attempts in the ninety minutes and at the end they were on the ropes to be sure, but in the end the 1-1 result on the night didn’t reflect our dominance.
Two bad things were still to come, though: first, Guglielmi was carded in the second half and reached his limit, so he will miss the next Cup match through suspension; and the second was what happened to Rabito.
Trying to play after hurting his hamstring on Sunday, he put forth a brave effort but badly twisted his ankle on another 50-50 challenge midway through the second half. He had to be stretchered off and he’s going to be lost to us for awhile.
As painful as this injury was, I knew right away it wasn’t as bad as DiVenanzio’s had been at the start of the season. Rabito was hurting badly but he had flexibility in the ankle when moving it. He’ll be lost for awhile but hopefully not long enough to really hurt us.
In the final analysis, we took our chances better on the road, but played a much better overall match at home in this tie. You have to be able to grind out the results, of course, and as we left the pitch happy to have moved on, I was left to reflect on the way the match had gone.
I gathered my squad around me in the changing room and gave them the honest truth.
The media asked whether I thought Cazarine’s goal was offside.
We’ve also learned our next opponent in this competition, and again we will play lower-ranked opposition.
Teramo, the tenth-placed side in Serie C2B, is up for us next. We will again be fancied and we welcome the challenge.
With the holiday season approaching, I’m starting to make plans to go home.
Not permanently, unless someone doesn’t want me to come back here, but I’d really love the opportunity to spend the holidays with my family. There’s no reason for me to stay here now, and frankly I would prefer not to be depressed as the holidays pass.
We’ll be taking a three-week break over that time and it will be welcome. I don’t plan to be too far away, though – we’ll be in negotiation with players over that time so even as I asked my chairman for permission to go home for the holidays we both knew I’m only an e-mail away if I’m needed.
The club also got some good financial news today. Both our matches on either side of the Christmas holiday will be televised.
Our home match against Monza on December 17, which is the start of the Novena here, is on television. So is our derby matchup at Venezia on January 7, which is the day after Epiphany on January 6.
My plan is to go home right after the Monza match and return New Year’s Eve to prepare for the Venezia match. Injured players will get a chance to heal, and Masolini has agreed to take training for a few days prior to my return for those players who need the conditioning help.
I’m looking forward to getting away. I could use a break.
Foggia is a club right on the edges of the promotion race, so they’ll have all to play for when we visit them Sunday. They are seventh in the table, with five wins and five draws in their fourteen starts.
It’s also going to be a long trip, one of our longer drives of the season. It’s every bit of four hours by coach, so we’ll be leaving tomorrow.
I’ll have most of my first-choice side to bring with me to Pino Zaccheria, and I’m hoping to take advantage of the other big match happening on Sunday.
Sassuolo travels to Pierluigi Penzo to play Venezia and I’m actually hoping for a draw. I wouldn’t mind seeing the leaders finally lose, but if we can get a road result we can really shake up the top of the table. With the break coming up, and our next match at home to Monza on the 17th, we can head off for the holidays on a high note.
Today, though, we talked about our opposition with media for their previews.
Their captain, Antonio Cardinale, is quite an inspirational leader but the player who worries me is Gianvito Plasmati, a talented striker who is due for a good game.
Foggia has the quality to give us a tussle on Sunday and my concern today was to help the players realize that even though we ourselves are twelve matches unbeaten in the league, we aren’t top yet and won’t be top without help from someone else.
If we start believing what may well be written about us if we go a few more matches without losing, we might well lose everything – more than football matches, to be sure. We can’t let that happen.
So today’s training was all about staying focused and all about being mentally tough when we’re a long, long way from home.
Today’s trip was fairly uneventful and spent, at least on my end, asleep.
I haven’t done a whole lot of relaxing on travel days but we seem to be in a decent rhythm of late so I was able to close my eyes for a little bit of our lovely drive down the Adriatic coast.
When I woke up, my shoelaces were tied together and I had shaving cream in my hair, but at least I had a nice nap. I think that’s a reasonably good thing in terms of the squad coming together, but I guess it came at a price!
I didn’t even have rotten dreams, which seem to have been plaguing me lately.
The McGuire/Patty dream I mentioned earlier is now a recurring theme, and that annoys me to no end. I get tired of having the same dream over and over again, especially when the end result of it is for me to wake up angry.
The bottom line, though, is that I don’t get enough sleep at night. That’s one reason I was dead to the world on the coach this afternoon and one reason the squad was able to abuse the manager in such a fashion.
Some would have viewed that as gross disrespect. I viewed it as my players trying to help me get my mind off a bad situation. In that, they entirely succeeded.
As I elbowed my way past them to the coach’s back room and sink to wash out my hair, I looked around for laughing faces. I didn’t see any, but if I had, retribution would have been swift and hopefully fairly humorous.
The players are trying to bring me back to the land of the living. I appreciate that, even as I continue to struggle with how all the bad things happened. I understand there’s a time for grieving – but you don’t wear black forever. Not in this business.
I do think we learned something about ourselves this afternoon on a day where we did not play well.
We hung in there and managed to get a point on a day where we were decidedly second best. I’m proud of that, even as I’m a bit less than impressed with our general play today.
So my glass is half full. We have extended our unbeaten streak to thirteen in the league, but in the best Scandinavian tradition, there’s bad news to go with the good. In so doing, we dropped a spot in the table.
Sassuolo finally lost today, but it was 1-0 to Venezia, which means we only gain one point on them while losing two to our local rivals. They are now co-leaders on 32 points while our record of eight wins, six draws and one defeat trails both of them by two points.
Still, it could have been worse – we could easily have lost and were it not for a rather shocking miss late in the game, we would have.
Part of our woe was due to still another injury, this one to Muzzi.
The last match he missed through injury was the Sassuolo road match and we all know what happened to us that day. Hopefully, there will be no repeat a week from tomorrow against Monza.
We started brightly, scoring our goal within the first fifteen minutes. As has already happened so often this season, Baú was the provider, putting a world-class move on Cardinale to get to the byline on the right. He then pulled the ball back into the box for who else but Varricchio.
Massimiliano had no trouble hitting the yawning net to put us ahead in the early going – but then we just stopped producing. I couldn’t understand it as I watched the first half go by, but we just went to sleep.
Part of that was due to Muzzi’s injury. Roberto took a nasty cut to the forehead while going up for a header. He came down hard after an accidental elbow to the mush.
He had to go off due to the bleeding, and it took another few minutes for me to get the word that it was a jagged cut that would need additional repairs. Rather than play with ten for so long on the road, I took Roberto off since we had the lead.
I‘m not sure, in retrospect, that this was the correct decision. I think that cost us a bit of our spark and we did miss Roberto’s veteran presence up front. Suddenly we were searching for offensive identity and even though Paponi is a terrific talent up front, he’s still learning and struggled to work as well with Varricchio as Muzzi does.
Foggia then started to assert themselves, with Orlandoni standing tall between the sticks to keep us in the lead.
He made a magnificent double save on Plasmati, who worked his way between Sacchetti and Faísca to get a fifteen-yard bullet away that the keeper shoved right back to him for a second bite of the cherry. Orlandoni tipped that shot over the bar with a terrific reflex save and earned a fine ovation from the home fans in response.
Yet, even he couldn’t stop the hosts from equalizing in first half injury time. Cardinale, who had been beaten so comprehensively by Baú in the buildup to our first goal, redeemed himself in fine fashion just before the break.
He took a good linking ball from the defense and made a very nice pass to his right to Ivan Tisci. The midfielder took one step and ripped a 25-yard wonder strike over Orlandoni and into the top right corner of the goal, giving Foggia a richly deserved draw at the break.
There was just no stopping that shot, and even though it changed my halftime team talk the basic message was the same: we’re getting outplayed. The difference was now that I could point to the scoreboard to show a chink in our armor.
While working on a way to keep their midfielders out of the play I soon realized they were getting the better of the 4-1-3-2.
So I changed out of it, into a 4-4-2 with a counter option for the second half. I would have preferred a little more of the possession as the ultimate way to stop their midfield dominance but if I couldn’t have that, I wanted to at least take advantage of our passing ability to get back at them in a different fashion.
Yet as the second half wore on, it became increasingly obvious that we weren’t going to get the possession edge I wanted to see. After that it became a matter of survival as Foggia moved into total control of the match.
Orlandoni held us in the match, though, and we made it to injury time still with the draw. Then my heart went into my throat as substitute Antonio Esposito put the ball right into the right hand channel three minutes into injury time – and the back four seemed to part like the Red Sea.
Plasmati latched onto it and cut sharply to the middle, with only Orlandoni to beat. He actually had time to settle himself and looked for the lower left corner as he shot. And he put it wide.
Their bench reacted incredulously, and I looked on with a blank expression at having been spared a very long ride home with no points. It was a sitter, and Plasmati had flat out missed it.
Moments later, we got the full time whistle and hastily found our way to the changing room before someone took the point away from us. We were very, very lucky.
I actually had a smile on my face, though, as I faced the team.
I had no problem agreeing with the press after the game, as well. They told me I was second best and there was no sense denying it.
There’s another, more pressing issue to deal with next week. Baú picked up his fourth yellow card of the season during the match. He’s suspended for the next match and with Rabito injured and Muzzi out for 1-2 weeks, that means I have exactly zero right-sided midfielders for the Monza match.
Today we also had our first managerial casualty of the Serie C season.
Citadella got off to a great start this season but are now winless in four and have dropped three on the spin after falling 3-0 to Novara. That cost manager Claudio Foscarini his job.
I’d hate to think that there would be a situation where my own job could be in jeopardy after that stretch of results but there are places where it’s true. I’ve got expectations from my own board and if we fall out of the playoff places I suppose I could be under similar pressure.
We’re about to face another manager who is under similar pressure, Monza’s Giuliano Sonzogni. After Monza’s quick start he has now lost three out of four and the last two without a goal – including today’s 1-0 loss at tail-end Lecco, the home team’s first win in eleven matches.
Yet, after a match where we deserved to lose, we didn’t. We dropped a spot in the table but are comfortably in the playoff places. And as the coach moved back north toward home, I feel pretty good about that.
If the late Claude Rains had read our papers today he might have said the articles about yesterday’s match were written by “the usual suspects”.
I chose the odd analogy for today’s entry for two reasons. First, the road draw at Foggia and our corresponding drop in the table has the voices of concern out for us again. That’s annoying.
It’s also not terribly surprising, since the same people seem to ride our bandwagon when we win and walk alongside it when we don’t. Yet here’s what bothers me the most – being unbeaten for nearly half the Serie C1 season, I still haven’t won over a significant part of the local press.
In such a circumstance, I wonder when, or if, it will happen at all. That is profoundly disturbing to me, since it will hinder my ability to do my job.
Second, I was able to escape this evening with perhaps my favorite movie of all time. I watched Casablanca on a DVD in my living room for a little dramatic renewal of purpose.
As an American, there is no movie character I enjoy more than Rick Blaine, played by the great Humphrey Bogart. And after watching the movie, I feel a little better about my own situation.
It’s a bit sad that I seem to need a movie to cheer me up, but the thing I like best about Rick is that the character isn’t afraid to say exactly what’s on his mind. After losing Ilsa in Paris, she of course comes to him in Casablanca. She is trying to flee to America with her husband, Victor Laszlo.
Rick always knew that Ilsa would come back to him, and in the scene I was watching she finally does. Ilsa finds Rick stupendously inebriated after closing time. Unlike me, he has the opportunity to let out his hurt and he does so in quite a direct fashion.
Why did you have to come to Casablanca? There are other places.
I wouldn't have come if I'd known that you were here. Believe me, Rick. It's true. I didn't know.
Please, don't. Don't, Rick! I can understand how you feel.
Huh! You understand how I feel. How long was it we had, honey?
I didn't count the days.
Well, I did. Every one of them. Mostly, I remember the last one. The ‘wow’ finish. A guy standing on a station platform in the rain with a comical look on his face, because his insides had been kicked out.
Can I tell you a story, Rick?
Does it got a ‘wow’ finish?
I don't know the finish yet.
Go on and tell it. Maybe one will come to you as you go along.
Rick’s morbid sense of anger was a bit over the top but I suspect it’s how a lot of men who have loved and lost have felt – and women too, I suppose.
I raised my own glass to the screen and thought of Patty.
My flight reservations for the States are confirmed. I’m flying out right after the match – perhaps a bit ironically, from Venice.
My flight will take me from Marco Polo International Airport to London Heathrow and from thence to New York City. Flying west will be tiring but I’ll get home at mid-morning on Monday.
After taking yesterday off to recover from the travel, the senior squad was back at work today to prepare for the crunch clash with Monza.
Our mood was good. We are disappointed not to have played better but let’s face it – we’re getting something out of every match of late and we think that will eventually lead to good things.
We do have a significant issue on the right side of midfield, though. Andrea Bovo is up from the reserves and will see his first senior action of the season on Sunday. Players do need to be ready for these types of things and he knows he is getting a long awaited chance.
However, he has been behind Baú, Rabito and Muzzi on the depth chart all season and hasn’t been able to break through.
Now, with Baú suspended and Muzzi and Rabito both injured, his chance has arrived. If he takes it with both hands he may stick around for awhile.
We have the late match this week – everyone else in the league is playing Sunday so when we face Monza we’ll have either opportunity or added pressure.
Venezia is at Lecco, and my hope is that the tail-end side in the league is able to duplicate the form that led to their win over Monza last round. Sassuolo is at home to Manfredonia. Even though the visitors are improving I still look at them as the club against which my offensively challenged lads scored five times without reply.
Cremonese has been hanging around as well, and they are also in action Saturday. If all the top teams win on Saturday we will enter Sunday’s play fourth in the table. I’m hoping we don’t have to worry about that.
However, the journos are quite worried about that, and quizzed me hard after today’s training.
“Are you feeling pressure?” I was asked.
I think the only thing that might have made today worse from a purely personal point of view would have been if it were Friday the 13th instead of Thursday.
First off, it rained, meaning the outdoor training session was short.
We don’t have the facilities of the biggest clubs so that put a cramp in our style. The rest of training was cardio-vascular in nature as a result, which is a bit of a pity since the squad is in match fitness for the most part and what we need are drills to help us finish better.
Yet as the saying goes, a change is as good as a holiday and the players didn’t seem to mind all that much.
One month to the day after the fiasco in Venice, Kate called.
I know her heart was in the right place but it’s just something I don’t need right now.
I sat at my desk at work, watching Monza’s match at Lecco on our scouting DVD for the third time, when the phone rang. Christina Angelotti was on the other end of the line.
“Rob, Kate McGuire is on the phone hoping you will speak with her,” she said, and the correct response would have been to deny the call.
But, for some reason that I think had to do with wanting something positive to think about in my life, I elected to take the call. I am a glutton for punishment.
Her news didn’t surprise me at all. I’m also beyond being hurt by hearing it.
The English have a word that I find marvelously useful in circumstances such as the one in which I now found myself. I was “gobsmacked”.
“Does it got a ‘wow’ finish?” I asked, out of impulse.
She told me she wanted my permission to try and approach Patty on my behalf. I told her she didn’t need my permission, and reminded her that unwanted approaches from her husband – both to Patty and to me – had started the problem in the first place. Still, I discouraged her from trying.
Suddenly, I grew tired of the conversation.
Insanely good as usual, 10-3. Looking forward to more climbing. This is very interesting because FM08 was the first FM game I ever played.
Thanks so much ... FM08 has a special appeal to me as well. This is a really fun save and part of me loves the 'dots with feet' of this game!
Quietly, we have begun negotiations with the agents of several key players on expiring contracts. For the most part, I have been quite pleased with the answers I’ve received, with one notable exception.
We offered one-year contract extensions to Varricchio, Faísca, Sacchetti, Paz, Cano and Muzzi today with the first five on the list indicating they would accept less money to stay. That was about the best news I could have hoped for.
However, club policy calls for automatic 25 percent in the event of promotion, so the wage bill would be roughly the same in Serie B if we are fortunate enough to get promoted next season. However, if all the players agree, we will get relief from our current wage bill and help our bottom line in a big way.
The only player who wasn’t receptive was Muzzi, who does not appear to wish to stay next season. That’s football, but at his salary level of €625,000 per year I could probably find a couple of decent players to replace him.
Also, we are talking with the board about making a bid for defender Angelo Antonazzo, who is available for €50,000. He’s not Anderson Silva, but he does play a mean right back position, which would allow me to slot Paz into the holding role if he comes here. If Antonazzo arrives, he’d be my record signing and he would be under pressure to play well immediately.
Hellas Verona is interested in the player as well, and I wouldn’t mind pipping our regional rival for a good player who is comparatively young (26) and talented. I don’t see us making any other moves in January, with Caputo also on his way in from Juve Stabia.
The business side of the game doesn’t really appeal to me. I’d rather manage. But crunching numbers is part and parcel of being a manager nowadays, especially at a smaller club.
After a morning of Serie C1 finance lessons, I took afternoon training with the club and felt a lot better. The plan is in place for Monza and I would rather worry about that than about budgets and agents and contract extensions.
Now my mind is set on something else I’d prefer it not be on – Kate’s call of yesterday.
I am convinced that there are some people in this world who simply can’t leave a bad thing alone.
I’ve gone from flattered that she called to angry that she did what she did to incredulous that she would think she could somehow sort everything out by getting a hold of a person whose whereabouts are completely unknown to me.
Patty was born in Chicago and still has family there, but I have no idea if she’s at home now or what her plans might be. Lord knows she hasn’t contacted me to let me know.
I do think the best thing for me is to forget about Patty. That won’t be easy because deep down I do love her, but the pain trying to find a full-time relationship has caused is more than I can bear at the moment.
It’s Christmas, I’m alone, and people keep popping into my life at the worst possible times. If my apartment contained a hole big enough for me to slide into, I’d be in it right now. I would simply like to be left alone.
With the squad away from training today, we had a very big day at the bargaining table.
All the players to whom we offered contracts have agreed terms. That’s a big thing for me – I know I can depend on these players and all of them can hang in Serie B if that’s where we wind up next season.
The only player who may be an exception is Cano, who has been second choice to Orlandoni all season. Yet I need him as veteran cover for Jeremy Busarello, who may wind up going out on loan in January for first-team experience.
Muzzi, as expected, rejected our offer of a new contract and I am wondering when he’ll start negotiating with other clubs.
His intentions seem to be pretty plain. If I were him, I’d want one more good-sized contract as well. Too, since he’s the same age I am, I’m not going to tell him he shouldn’t look for one.
We’ll have big news for the Sunday editions tomorrow, and that will be a positive thing for the club.
We can now afford to show a little ambition in the January window as well, and that will hopefully position us better both on the pitch and in the pressrooms around the region. We are quite close to growth that will really mean something to this club and it’s an exciting time.
I’d love to be able to bring back players like Orlandoni, Baú, Gotti and Paponi next season as well, but of course all depends on their loaning clubs. If we’re promoted we’d be playing against Baú and Spezia next season, and I don’t see Udinese letting us keep Gotti for very long. Paponi is another player I’d love to bring back and as a Serie B club we might even get him.
The main goal is this, though: a Serie B club might get better loan players from its Serie A parent club, which of course is Lazio for us. If the budgets remain tight, a parent club willing to loan us useful players might prove all important. The parent club usually pays the salary of the player, which helps us in more ways than one.
But I hope that’s for the future. If we don’t win matches first, I won’t have to worry about it at all.
It’s as I feared heading into tomorrow’s match. All the teams around us won, so we are five points adrift with a match in hand as we prepare to play.
Venezia won 1-0 at Lecco, who put up a brave fight but still succumbed to Emanule Pesoli’s 23rd minute strike. Even though Manfredonia has put up better results of late, they still fell 2-0 at Sassuolo, meaning the leaders are right back on the winning track after stumbling last week.
Novara won as well, so they moved above us too, on overall goal difference. It makes tomorrow’s match quite important indeed.
I spent my morning working with the television broadcasters for tomorrow’s match, who arrived at Euganeo today for their walk-through.
When a match is to be televised, especially from a venue not usually home to television, production crews arrive at midweek to begin setting up, making needed electrical connections and doing pre-game work that will show up on the air.
Part of that work involves meeting with the managers. I had time with the match broadcasters this afternoon and after Monza arrived, with Sonzogni as well. I passed him in the hallway and we exchanged a brief greeting and exchange of good wishes.
He knows full well that if we take his team down on Monday, he may lose his job. So as we exchanged pleasantries, I know he is under pressure.
It’s rather unfair that a road victory against a top-five side should be required for a manager to keep his position, but that’s where Sonzogni finds himself. It’s no fun, it’s nerve-wracking, and it’s absolutely cutthroat.
Football is a hard game that way. You develop friends, you sometimes develop lifelong enmities, and when all is said and done the guy who loses winds up looking for something else. Beating friends on the touchline is no fun. Yet, it’s either done, or you become friends out of football.
So as Sonzogni headed off for his interview time with the television crew I wondered if he’d leave tomorrow still in a job.
Then I realized that with 30 points, I’m now fourth in the table and my board expects promotion. I have problems of my own.
Yet tonight, as I reached my apartment, I had a moment that reminded me there are things more important than this game.
The Novena began this evening -- the start of the Christmas season in Italy. And as part of the celebration, children will go door to door singing and reading pastorals. Most of the time the recitations involve the journey of the shepherds to the manger.
I arrived home at sundown and met a group of young children, escorted by parents, in the hallway by my apartment door.
They recognized me and we shared greetings. Finally, the children spoke.
It was a beautiful moment. Clean scrubbed faces spoke with a child’s faith through bright, hopeful eyes, reminding me of what is truly important in life.
I smiled down at the children as they finished their story. I invited them all inside for a glass of juice and spent a few moments sharing the joy of the season.
They left and I looked around my apartment. There was no tree, no indication of the season, and precious little holiday spirit. Yet, the children had taken care of all that for me.
We broke for the holidays after winning under no small amount of pressure this evening at Euganeo. And as I write I am winging my way westward toward home.
It was an odd day in a lot of respects. I woke up thinking about Kate, and that annoyed me. I felt much like a used child’s toy must feel – fondly remembered but all squeezed out nonetheless.
I shook that thought out of my mind and looked at the suitcases packed and in the corner of my living room for the trip home. That cheered me up a bit and I rose to face the day now focusing rapidly on the challenge of our visitors.
As I walked to the ground this morning I threw on my mp3 player and Bose headphones, wishing they had stadium music in Italy like they do in the States.
I listened to ace sax man Eric Darius whaling away to “Slick”, one of my very favorite tunes, and as usual I was in a better mood when the song was done.
My eye clear and my head focused, I arrived at 10:00 to start my day.
One of my favorite things to do as a player was to arrive very early on a match day and watch the stadium wake up. This was especially true when I played at Ibrox, which seems to have history in the air.
Euganeo is a little different, but the place still has its charms. As a relatively new stadium, it is a pleasant place to gather and watch a match, even though the longtime supporters detest the athletics track that surrounds the pitch.
I spent my morning in my office watching the Monday morning recap shows and a replay of Reading’s EPL home victory over Fulham. Amazingly, they remain top of the table by two points over Liverpool, though I wonder how long that will last once the heavy holiday fixture list hits. I’m sure Berkshire is going wild over the club’s success and I couldn’t be happier for them.
It was fun to watch one of my old clubs, but more importantly it was fun to simply watch a match as a neutral again.
My trips have already taken me all over Italy in my short tenure here so it’s fun to sit back and watch someone else play without worrying about how to stop them the next week.
I did my traditional pre-match workout earlier this time, so I was ready for a relaxing afternoon after lunch. I went over the team sheet again, reviewed my Monza notes, and waited for the senior squad to arrive for the match.
It was a very pleasant day indeed. The players made the evening even better.
Sacchetti is becoming a bit of an offensive revelation for us. After a fairly technical and tactical first half, he opened the scoring for us on his second goal for the club.
Again, we did it from a set piece, with his header finding the range four minutes before halftime – and fourth-choice Andrea Bovo was the provider from the corner.
If you had asked me – or better yet, asked our punters – what the odds were that Sacchetti would score the first goal or that Bovo would be involved in it, I wouldn’t have known what to say. I surely wouldn’t have given odds, and anyone making book on it was probably tearing out their hair by the roots at the thought of paying out.
Still, that’s the beauty of management. I don’t have to care how they go in the net, as long as they go in.
Statistically, the half was about even but we had the lead at the break so that shaped my team talk.
I was pleased to note that our intensity didn’t drop in the second half and as a result, the chances our visitors got were of poor quality. They had six shots on target for the match, the same as we got, but ours were from much better positions.
Such as the penalty spot, where Varricchio found himself in the 76th minute. He was felled like so much tall timber while striding toward goal with the ball at his feet and the spot kick was given. With Baú suspended and Muzzi hurt, Massimiliano smiled at the chance to take the penalty.
He dispatched the spot kick with ease, perhaps giving me something else to think about down the road, and the 2-0 lead was more than enough for us to hold.
Despite the relative ease with which we kept them away from goal, it was a gritty match. Strong challenges abounded, and it was clear to me that the Monza players were trying to save their manager’s job. They played with passion but fortunately for us, without sufficient application to really cause trouble.
That will happen to a side struggling to score goals. They can huff and puff all they want but when it comes time to make something happen in front of goal, the flesh is too often weak.
The full time whistle blew, we celebrated our victory, and as I shook hands with Sonzogni I wondered if we had just gotten him sacked.
I had good words for Bovo in the changing room after the match. He had come up from the reserves, without a senior game all season, and had held us on the right side of midfield for the full 90 minutes.
I know he wants to play and the look of self-satisfaction he gave me showed he thinks he deserves greater consideration. I don’t blame him a scrap for that. I’d think the same thing too.
But he also knows he has to show me he deserves to stay when the club returns to training. Poor training was one reason he didn’t stick with the senior squad.
In that respect, the game comes at the worst possible time for him – with three weeks between games, I’m sure he can’t wait to get back out there. Yet, the facts are plain.
Baú will no longer be suspended and Muzzi’s face will have healed to allow him to play as well. It will be difficult for Andrea. He’ll have to earn it.
I had a flight to catch.
Word was hitting the news wires of our signings for next season, and I was also told as I headed out of Euganeo that Sonzogni had indeed been sacked by Monza chairman Gianbattista Begnini.
Monza was picked to finish third by the media in pre-season, but today’s loss was their fourth in five matches while scoring only one goal. Our match was the third on the spin where they hadn’t scored.
Managing is a difficult life, no doubt about it. Personally, I think Monza’s season-long record and the fact that half the season still remains should be enough to keep the wolves from his door, but not every chairman has that kind of patience.
I sent Sonzogni a message of condolence – really, I wasn’t certain what I should do and I thought it would at least be polite to let him know I respected the job he did – and headed to Venice and the Marco Polo airport.
I arrived at 10:00, 90 minutes before the last flight of the night.
Three hours later, I was in Heathrow. An hour after that I was sitting in something of a zombified state as my connecting flight headed west across the Atlantic Ocean toward home.
I finally dozed off fitfully as the American East Coast loomed large under the plane’s wings. I woke to a flight attendant’s hand on my shoulder, gently shaking me awake.
“Sir, you need to fasten your seat belt,” she said, and my head snapped up with a start. I saw her name tag – naturally, it read Patty – and had a momentary out-of-body experience as I tried to figure out where I was.
“I miss you,” I mumbled, half-awake and adjusting to my surroundings.
“Excuse me, sir?” she asked.
Spending a week off at home has been very good for me. I’ve managed to reconnect with my family, a process which was helped by the Italian gifts I brought them being opened tonight under the family Christmas tree.
I even relaxed a bit.
I’ve been in daily contact with the club by e-mail and it was very nice not to have to worry about day-to-day matters for a little while. Even when in Rome earlier this season I still had matters of business to attend to but this was a genuine week away.
However, today’s message was a bit different. Sestaro e-mailed me, asking if I wanted to leave. I e-mailed him back and asked why.
He sent me an e-mail link to a story saying that the New England Revolution have fired manager Steve Nicol and manager Rob Ridgway will be approached “if his current club, Serie C1 contenders Padova, will let him leave”.
I didn’t bother to think about correcting the article to correctly lay out Serie C1A and C1B, because I had other things to worry about.
Marcello’s meaning was pretty plain. If I want to leave, he’ll allow the approach. Suddenly I wished my office was somewhat closer than 2,000 miles away. The conversation I needed to have was better held in person.
So I did the next best thing. I placed an international phone call, and soon was talking directly with my chairman.
That seemed reasonable, and I repeated myself.
I thanked him, hung up the phone, and took a deep breath. Sometimes this job leaves me wondering why I got into it in the first place.
To my way of thinking, flying east isn’t a whole lot more fun than flying west.
As I write, it’s 5:30 in the morning, I’m not the least bit tired, and I’m sitting back in my apartment in Padua wondering how long it will take my body to adjust to its surroundings again.
I had my last day off today to try to get my body clock back on something approaching a realistic schedule. I know, I know, good luck with that.
In a way it’s very nice to be back. In another way, I feel a little wistful.
I like living in Europe and I enjoy being able to ply my trade overseas, with all the challenges the job entails. Yet I’m not sure I’m ready. I was due for a holiday and I’m glad I took one. Yet as I look at the job I still have to do, it seems like a long way.
I watched the EPL yesterday as the clubs battled it out on Boxing Day. Reading fell out of first place in the league as I watched them crash 3-0 at Stamford Bridge to Chelsea. Liverpool, which hasn’t won a title since the Premier League was created, now leads the pack by a single point.
There will be those who’ll say Reading’s fall was inevitable, but I know it probably wasn’t inevitable to Steve Coppell. He’s done a tremendous job there and since I can safely assume he manages like he played, no one in his organization is happy at the moment.
My senior squad has been back since yesterday, with Masolini taking training the last two days while I recover from my trip. I get to go back tomorrow and resume my responsibilities.
We also got some news that is welcome today from a player standpoint.
Angelo Antonazzo chose us over Hellas Verona – the second time we’ve pipped our regional rival for a quality player this season – and will arrive from Modena next week. He’ll arrive with Massimiliano Caputo, the other player who chose us over Verona.
He gives me another badly needed body at right back and allows me to make the move with Paz in midfield that I have been itching to make for some time.
It has been an active two weeks on the player front for us. I am looking forward to the new players’ arrival and to seeing what they can add to the squad.
There’s nothing like arriving back at the office to complaints. It gives me a warm feeling inside.
I had barely greeted Masolini in the changing room before reserve defender Alessandro Mastronicola approached with a written transfer request.
“I would like to play,” he said simply.
I can’t blame him. He hasn’t been able to break through and Antonazzo’s signing will cast Mastronicola’s second-team status in cement.
Alessandro accepted the word with good grace. Obviously, he wanted to stay here, but if I can’t play him, I owe it to the player to be honest. Right now, unless pestilence was to strike my backline, I can’t play him.
So we’ll see who offers, and I will wish him well. In the meantime, I have work to do.
Calendar year 2008 has started with a couple of new arrivals.
Antonazzo was here for the morning training session and had his kit sorted out by 8:30 this morning. He was followed ten minutes later by former Juve Stabia captain Caputo. The two players represent €74,000 worth of our transfer budget.
Their arrivals also give me something approaching the size of squad I feel is necessary. With Caputo’s arrival, players like Mazzocco and even Vedin Music are going to find themselves squeezed for playing time.
As good as Vedin was earlier in the season, his form has fallen off and one of the hardest decisions I’ve had to make at this club is deciding to limit his playing time.
Yet Vedin’s dip in form has coincided with a couple of alarming trends: a bit of a dropoff in his pace and a decided dropoff in his ability to strike the ball. Frankly, that’s alarming to me and in a close race such as this one, I can’t allow past form to completely guide my decisions.
I’m going to give him every opportunity to earn his place back, but right now he’s going to slot in behind the new arrival, Caputo. I don’t have much choice.
The new players had energetic training sessions today, especially Caputo, who looks like he really wants to be here. Both he and Antonazzo are relatively young (26) and appear to be able to adapt to the tactic I have employed.
Unless both players drop off dramatically between now and Sunday, they will both go straight into the side for Venezia. I like Caputo’s energy and ability to get the ball into places it needs to go and Antonazzo looks like a shutdown right full back. I’m excited to see what they can do.
Changes are on the way too, in the form of departures. Paz’s movement to midfield has made Anaclerio expendable and he is now on the transfer list. Mastronicola lasted about 24 hours on the transfer list before I had six offers for him.
He is headed to Serie C2 side Olbia for €6,000. That doesn’t sound like much but it is actually twice the club’s total prize money for reaching the second round of the Serie C Cup. Again, in this game, it’s all relative.
The media war has started before Sunday’s match on another big day for us in terms of player transfer news.
Andrea Bovo, who we co-own, is on the transfer list as well and his sale would help replenish the coffers. His listed value is €70,000, as determined by his co-owners.
Now, I wasn’t the best math student in the world, but I do think that means our share of his sale price would be €35,000, and that would more than pay for Caputo’s transfer in.
Andrea’s name on the transfer list resulted in a flood of offers –no less than twenty clubs expressed interest in him by noon today, and it’s not surprising that the player wishes to leave. For us, it’s a choice of accepting the best offer and then letting the player agree terms.
The news isn’t quite so good concerning Anaclerio, who doesn’t mind seeking a new club.
Unfortunately for him, though, he broke his collarbone in training today after an awkward fall. That will cost him 6-8 weeks of lost time and will probably cost the club about €20,000 in his transfer value. Today’s training session didn’t seem to work out well for either the player or his club.
He is out of contract in the spring and is not a player I would tender anyway. Still, if another club offers money for a player it is obviously my preference to take it rather than lose him for nothing in the summer.
The board also put a smile on my face today, by authorizing one more transfer in the January window. However, the player we’re getting may not show up in the senior squad for a couple of years yet.
Robert Trznadel, a 17-year old attacking midfielder with bags of potential and huge amounts of pace, will join us in the spring. He will come to us from Gornik Zabrze for €5,000 and if he lives up to half his potential the fee will be a steal for us.
I saw video of him just before leaving for the States and read scout reports that absolutely raved about the young man.
I like his first name, naturally, but more importantly I can’t wait to get him in our colors. It’s a signing of the type I have really wanted to see since I came here – it will do nothing but help us grow.
We’re also trying to see what we can do to get Muzzi back with us for next season. So far, his answer is still ‘no’.
Paolo Favaretto has had a poke at me in the media today as well. I suppose that is a good thing – in order for someone to play a mind game with you they first have to recognize that you exist. That’s a step in the right direction.
He told the papers in Venice that he knows his side has the quality to beat us and he doesn’t know how well we’ll be able to handle the pressure of a prolonged promotion challenge. He stopped just short of guaranteeing a result.
So, the newsies dutifully ran off to Euganeo to get the Yankee’s reaction to things. When I was told of Paolo’s comments I just smiled.
The profound looks of disappointment I received in reply told me my hunch was correct. I don’t need a war of words before this match – we’re coming back from a long layoff and our concentration needs to be fully on the match.
That’s where mine will be and I’ll let our opponents do the big talking. I want to do my big talking on the pitch.
The reaction to my non-reaction of yesterday was rather interesting.
That was a hit below the belt. I did a long, slow burn today at training and the thought of going back to that city after all I’ve been through appeals to me only in the sense that I’d love to get three points out of Pierluigi Penzo in 48 hours.
Any problems I might have had with focus are now completely gone. Patty is somewhere in the United States, Kate’s back in England and Venice now means a rival. And that’s all.
The senior squad had today off to rest for tomorrow’s match and I did my pre-match work with television this afternoon since tomorrow’s clash is going nationwide.
As I did my interview, I kept one eye on the score from Salerno, where Sassuolo was playing Cavese.
I was asked a wide range of questions and enjoyed the interview experience. It’s nice to have people ask you about what you know instead of why you don’t know something they think is important.
And while I worked with the broadcasters, Sassuolo went top of the table, ahead of Venezia, thanks to a goalless draw.
The door is open for us – we trail Sassuolo by three points and Venezia by two. We have a chance to pass our rivals on their pitch – but if we lose, we’re down five points to them and would lose the all-important tiebreaker for the time being.
Our last match of the league schedule is at home to Venezia, so it is quite possible that the final round of the year may decide everything. The scene for that match will be set tomorrow. | 2019-04-25T22:24:25Z | https://www.fmscout.com/q-14825-FM08-American-Calcio.html?d=10 |
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trant at Spreydon School this month. The school is one of 48 across the city taking part in the Christchurch Stands Tall project. They will paint and decorate a 1.3m giraffe sculpture this month, which will be placed in See public parks and streets over Inside: the summer. The sculptures will then be auctioned, and most of the money they raise will go to charities. Spreydon School’s giraffe has been named Patch – short for People Attached to Christchurch. Over the school holidays, pupils at the school have been collecting favourite pictures of Christchurch, both past and present, which will be used to collage the giraffe. Deputy principal Andrea Stewart said the whole school was taking part. “We’ve already painted his base colour, which is matched to the school uniform colour – so he is wearing the uniform.” The sculpture will be finished and ready to be picked up at the end of the month.
TALL ORDER: Spreydon School pupils Xariah Tauamiti and Henry Jones with Patch the giraffe. Pupils at the school are painting and decorating the sculpture as part of the Christchurch Stands Tall project.
Classifieds Ph 03 379 1100 General ManaGer editor steve McCaughan Barry Clarke Ph 364 7460 Ph 364 7422 steve.mccaughan@ barry.clarke@ christchurchstar.co.nz christchurchstar.co.nz advertisinG ManaGer CirCulation Peter Hampton Mark Coulthard Ph: 021 367 761 Ph: 364 7453 peter.hampton@ mark.coulthard@ christchurchstar.co.nz christchurchstar.co.nz southern view is delivered to 16,879 homes every Monday and is the best read local newspaper in its area.
animal-themed arts trails in 25 other cities across the world. This will be the first in New Zealand. As well as the schools’ sculptures, there are also 46 giraffes being created, which are sponsored by businesses and decorated by Christchurch artists. The trail will close in February next year, and 75 per cent of the proceeds will be donated to the Child Cancer Foundation and Life Education Trust.
Hill run-off big issue • From page 1 He said that issue would need to be addressed by the city council, but there were also small issues raised which could be fixed through an email or phone call. The next community clinic will be held in Addington on November 18. Board members also plan to attend events in the area to talk with residents about issues they would like to see addressed in the city council long-term plan. Those include the Cracroft Garage Sale Trail and the Hoon Hay Fiesta.
A Cashmere occupational therapist has won a national award for her work. WorkRehab vocational rehabilitation specialist Tricia McGuinness won the Occupational Therapy New Zealand Hazel Skilton Founder’s Award. She was described as a “trail blazer” in the field, and acknowledged for the influence she had on people she had worked with.
A Spring River Walk will be held next week to learn about the history of the Heathcote River and measures to improve and enhance it. The walk will be held on November 1 from 9am. There are only 30 places. To book a place phone Katie Nimmo on 389 0115.
This Standard is a revision of AS/NZS 3760:2003, and specifies procedures for the safety inspection and testing of low voltage single phase and polyphase electrical equipment, connected to the electrical supply by a flexible cord and/ or connecting device, which is new equipment placed into service for the first time, is already inservice, has been serviced or repaired, is returning to service from a second-hand sale, or is available for hire.
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SEA MEETS LAND: South Brighton artist and graphic designer Marie Ockleford with the mural she designed in the New Brighton mall.
Brighton Mall. City council urban design regeneration unit manager Carolyn Ingles said just over $30,000 was paid to the contractor for the materials and installation of the mural. She said the community board was updated on the progress of the plans in July and September, and gave positive feedback.
Three men were caught while trying to burgle a house in Cracroft, thanks to the quick actions of a neighbour. The neighbour noticed people acting suspiciously at the property next door on Tuesday afternoon, and phoned the police. The police went to the house and caught three men, two inside the property and one in a vehicle parked in the driveway. The house appeared to have been ransacked, and a large amount of property was stacked up near the doorway. “Without the neighbour’s input the men may not have been caught as quickly as they were,” Detective Senior Sergeant Scott Anderson said. “It’s really good to see members of the community looking out for each other and taking quick positive action by alerting police to anything that is out of the ordinary or suspicious.” Cracroft Residents Association secretary Rick Bolch said there was a close knit community in the area, and people looked out for each other. The three men, aged 26, 24 and 23 appeared in the district court last week in relation to the burglary. The investigation into the burglary is still on-going.
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Laura Dekker will be in at the Children’s Bookshop on Friday, November 7th. Contact the shop for more details.
whole place around. Then the fire happened, just as we were coming into summer. The landlord was selling the land so I did look at buying it, but I just can’t. Do you live in Halswell? Yeah, I do at the moment. Have you always lived in Christchurch? Did you grow up here? I was brought up on the mean streets of Aranui. Yeah, I loved it. I went to Aranui High School. I started off at St James Primary School, then Chisnallwood Intermediate then Aranui High School. I see you have some pretty personal motivations for opting into the fight? Yep. I did it for my youngest daughter Courtney, who is 14 now. At the age of two, she was diagnosed with Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome, which is basically a cardio jack of the heart. A normal child’s heartbeat turns at 110 beats per minute and hers was at 280. So she was at very high risk of going into cardiac arrest. At the age of five, she had her first heart surgery at Starship in Auckland. They weren’t able to fix the issue because if they did, she would have had a pacemaker.
prepares for battle We think her life would have been considerably reduced having that at such a young age. So a new procedure was developed and at seven years of age she had her second heart surgery and they fixed it. How does she feel about you stepping into the ring? She doesn’t want me to fight! But she’s excited about raising the funds for Cure Kids. It’s very dear to her own heart as well. So have you done much boxing before? When I was 13 I used to box out at a working men’s club but that was a long, long time ago! I’m guessing you’ve been training pretty hard, what have you had to do to prepare? Well, I’m doing six training sessions a week, as well as now I’ve started to do extra swimming and things like that for fitness. I do three personal training sessions and three two-and-a-half hour boxing circuits of sparring each week. How long have you been training? About two months now. So, Chris, are you nervous? Nope! Nah, look, I’m feeling more and more confident each day. My fitness has improved so much, it’s incredible. I was more than 120kg when I started this journey and I’m down to 108kg now. It’s great – I can actually see my toes now!
weeks. No drinks for me until after the fight. Hopefully I’m going to have that beer with Geoff if he still loves me. Well good luck, Chris, and thanks for speaking with me today.
FIGHT FOR CHRISTCHURCH FACTS n The Fight for Christchurch will take place on Friday November 22, at Horncastle Arena. n One of the top-drawer clashes is expected to be the restaurant war between Geoff Cavell, owner of Winnie Bagoes, and Chris “Ted” Casserly, of Ted’s Bar & Grill. n The duo aims to raise $100,000 for Cure Kids and has raised more than $20,000 already.
n Other fights include Chillingworth Road executive chef and owner Darren Wright facing Ashley Newsome, of MediaWorks. n Other confirmed contenders include: Jono Huntley (Spark), Paul Frewen (Vodafone), Clive Wentworth (Elite Auto Groom), Jono Gallacher (Adgraphix), Lisa Mead (KPMG) and Lana McCarroll (Lane Neave). n Money is being raised for Cure Kids and Ronald McDonald House.
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Rugby stalwart passes on BY KYLE KNOWLES A life-long player, coach and patron of the Linwood rugby club was farewelled last week. Ken Jane first laced up his boots for Linwood’s senior side in the 1940s and for the next 70 years gave his heart and soul to the club only giving up coaching in 1995. ‘Jano’ to many, passed away peacefully just short of his 93rd birthday on October 9. The funeral was held at the rugby club he gave so much of his time to last Monday. A hearse took Mr Jane for one final lap of the Linfield rugby ground he spent so many cold winters giving to the club and game of rugby itself. He was born in Christchurch and a life member of the club and was patron of the club for around 24 years. Club president Tane Norton said Mr Jane would have watched the most games involving Linwood teams “by miles”. He would be there watching every team right from the juniors in the morning through to colts, division 2 and the senior side in the afternoon. Mr Norton said Mr Jane coached every team at the club and was the coach that gave him his first spot in Linwood’s top side. For more than three decades Mr Norton said every week Mr Jane would go to his house to talk about the weekend’s action.
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It has been 13 years since John Gale took over the Super Cheap Auto Spares shop in Sydenham, and in that time the store, now named Gale’s Super Cheap Auto Spares, has grown from strength to strength.
he retail outlet is continually broadening and extending its already extensive product range to suit its customers’ needs and as John Gale explains, that is part of the philosophy of Gale’s Super Cheap Auto Spares.
“We hate having to say no to our customers, so that means stocking as many different product ranges as we can. Fortunately, we have an expansive space to work with and if there is something we don’t have in stock, we’ll go out of our way to get it in for our customers,” says John. Gale’s Super Cheap Auto Spares is a onestop-shop for all your automotive needs. All the staff are experienced in the automotive retail industry. Their commitment to customer service, combined with the extensive range of products they sell, make for no better place to shop the next time you need to replace your oil and filter, disc pads, wiper blades, antifreeze or just need to pick up general car accessories. John says the range of products at Super Cheap is getting larger and larger. The shop is very competitive with other retailers and you still get the same good service. Gale’s Super Cheap Auto Spares and the rest of the retailers in the shopping complex have banded together to form the Fire Station Shopping Centre, creating a name for themselves that explains exactly where they can be found on the former Sydenham Fire Station site. Gale’s Super Cheap Auto Spares is open seven days.
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PROUD: Marian College student Frances Daly, with her awards.
Force Band Adjudicator’s Choice trophy for her performance on piano for the school jazz band. Frances has been committed for many years to her musical craft, and will sit her grade eight piano exams later this year. Frances’ long-term goal is to make music her career, either in New Zealand or overseas.
Have a family member, friend or caregiver drop you off outside the main entrance to the Christchurch Hospital in the designated Drop-off zone.
Volunteers will be at the main entrance to help you. Please remember, there is NO waiting in the Drop-off zone.
Your driver can return to collect you at an agreed time, or they can park at the Metro Sports Facility (the old brewery site) parking on Antigua/St Asaph St and then walk, or catch the free shuttle back to the hospital to accompany you to your appointment.
Starting from 28 October 2014, a free shuttle will leave every 10-15 minutes from the car park for Hagley Outpatients and the main entrance of Christchurch Hospital. The shuttle runs between 7am and 8:30pm, 7 days a week. Collect the shuttle for the return journey to the car park at the designated Shuttle stop. Shuttles not suitable for wheelchairs. Please see cdhb.health.nz/parking for alternatives.
What matters to you is important to us. If there is anything we can do to help make your visit to Christchurch Hospital easier, please let us know.
Car parking is available on the site of the Metro Sports Facility (the old brewery site) on Antigua/St Asaph St. Parking costs $2 per hour or $5 for the day.
purposes and for drivers’ licences, and offer the extra benefits of acupuncture and podiatry. Their focus on education includes family planning advice and asthma and diabetes support. Knowing that their clients feel comfortable at the practice, the team offers minor surgery and biopsies so that patients can undergo procedures in a safe environment. They are supported by the administration team who provides a warm and friendly welcome to all their patients, both old and new. The practice manager, secretary and administrators will do their best to make your visit stress-free and secure. All team members are proud to be part of a health centre that serves its local community and provides continuity of care.
Visit www.cshc.co.nz to find out more about the team and the services available, or telephone (03) 332 0108, 027 357 7065 or 03 980 0419.
GOTCHA: Cashmere High School player Josh Tenebaum gets tagged.
OUTLET: Jacob Budgen throws a pass.
STOPPED: Blake Smythe is tagged by two Lincoln defenders.
RELEASED: Sam Bacon offloads under pressure.
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he management team at Onyx Homes are arguably unrivaled in the home building sector. With years of experience and having previously built one of NZ’s largest nationwide building companies, at which time had won more Master Build Awards than any other company in the country, home building has become second nature.
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With the client and their best intentions at the forefront of their company philosophy and a driven passion to get it right every-time has been the success of Onyx Homes. From concept design through to handing you the keys of your new home we guarantee you only the best experience. Our sole goal is to deliver a superior product on time with the best price that sets the benchmark for the building industry, and continue to raise the bar.
Onyx Homes managing director Richard Freeman with Placemakers Riccarton owner Grant Close.
Extremely comfortable. Choose from over EMAIL: [email protected] 100 designer tops.
by Judy Garden July 2001 - SeptemNewman, Ultimate Floral 60 ber 2003, 25 issues total, all as SEE WEBSITE FOR OUR FULL RANGE Cross stitch project hardcover new cond $45 the lot or $2 ea, www.pararubber.co.nz ph Rolleston new 03 326-6919 The diesel 03 347-9959 127as Blenheim Rd, PH 343 9820 No rainchecks.
Christchurch to get a foot in the door. People should always go with a Registered Master Builder to ensure they are in good hands and their asset is well protected”.
WoNDer NAilS Our fully trained staff offer the highest quality manicures, pedicures, acrylic or gel nails, backfills, French polishes and nail design.
No NeeD for A loNg flight to toKYo or PAriS! Simply see us for delicious Japanese & European breads, pastries, cakes, filled donuts, gourmet sandwiches and Kiwi style meat pies. Plus melon-pan (cookie bun) curry-pan (curry puff) shu cream (Japanese cream puff) and some of the best coffee in town.
Wednesday and Thursday this week, from 6pm at the Aranui High School hall. The evenings will start with a meal at 6pm, and the shows will start at 7pm. Tickets cost $20 including the cost of the meal, and are available at the door on the nights. For more information or to make a donation, phone AimeeChantelle on 021 0241 5606 or email [email protected].
determine where hearing loss has occurred and what the best treatment options are. Good funding is available in New Zealand for hearing aids. People with a history of occupational noise exposure can apply to ACC for funding. MOH subsidies of over $1000 are available for everyone else (if fitting both ears). Tinnitus is a traumatic condition for some people. An extremely specialised area most effectively treated by Auckland University in the north, and now Hearing Technology in the South since one of their audiologists extended their training at the University of Auckland clinic last year. Although there is no cure for tinnitus, there are extremely effective methods of managing the condition. The Shirley branch has extended opening hours to late night Tuesday and Saturday. Phone 0800 142 132. Take advantage of Hearing Technology’s promotional offers: Free wax removal for a year or 12 months’ free batteries (for patients who are already aided); save up to $3000 off a set of hearing aids if purchased before Christmas. Conditions apply for these offers. Contact Hearing Technology for details.
Because it’s not just your eyes that capture beauty.
To make your savings, mention this advert when you book an appointment at one of our clinics - Shirley, Barrington or Rangiora.
Audiologist Katrin Wendel in the Shirley sound-proof booth with one of her patients.
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With Alan’s training and experience, powerfully significant change can often be achieved in just 1 or 2 sessions.
Prescription! Playing a round of golf this week? Did you know recreational golfers suffer more injuries than professional golfers?
s in most bustling cities, the fastest and freshest food to be found in Bangkok is right on the street. These bustling street cafés are world-famous for delicious yet inexpensive meals cooked right in front of their hungry customers. Tuk Tuk Thai Takeaway in Hei Hei is bringing the concept of Bangkok street food to the heart of Christchurch. Chef Joy learnt her trade in this busy, historic city, running her own street café catering for locals and tourists. Now she is bringing her mouth-watering recipes to her very own restaurant/takeaway in Christchurch. If you ask Joy what she likes about having her own shop, she will tell you she loves to cook for other people. “It makes me happy that other people like the food I cook, I like to see their smiles,” she will tell you. She is a foodie at heart. Her focus is on good quality food prepared with fresh ingredients, resulting in a menu full of favourites, such as curries and dishes cooked in the wok like pad thai, spicy drunken noodles and chilli and basil stir-fry. The quality of the ingredients shows through with the choice of succulent tiger prawns and crunchy chef-selected vegetables.
for all your automotive needs It has been 13 years since John Gale took over the Super Cheap Auto Spares shop in Sydenham, and in that time the store, now named Gale’s Super Cheap Auto Spares, has grown from strength to strength.
Gale’s Super Cheap Auto Spares is a onestop-shop for allvery your automotive needs. All ribs are proving popular with customers the staff are experienced in the automotive wanting a quick meat fix. retail industry. Their commitment Tuk Tuk Thai Takeaway is located at 28to customerAvenue, service, with their the Wycola and combined is proud that extensive rangequality of products sell,locals make brand of high food isthey giving no better place the next time are you afor new approach totoThshop ai food. As they need to replace your oil and fi lter, disc pads, asked daily, they are at pains to point out that wiperare blades, anti-freeze or justthe need to pick they not associated with previous up general car accessories. tenant, Sawadee Thai Takeaway, and new and John says the range of been products at Super returning customers have excited with Cheap is getting larger and larger. Th e shop the changes Joy and her team have made.
is very competitive with other retailers and you still get the same good service. Gale’s Super Cheap Auto Spares and the rest of the retailers in the shopping complex have banded together to form the Fire Contact themCentre, at theircreating Facebook page for Station Shopping a name www.facebook.com/tuktuk.takeaway themselves that explains exactly where they or be visit can found www.tuktuktakeaway.co.nz. on the former Sydenham Fire Bookings telephone ordersAuto can Spares be Station site. and Gale’s Super Cheap made on 03 349 2796. is open seven days.
Open 7 Days Factory Shop - Cnr Carmen & Buchanans Rd, Hornby • Ph 03 336 0547; Barrington - 254 Barrington St • Ph: 03 337 5676 Ferry Rd - Cnr Aldwins & Ferry Rd, Christchurch • 380 5035; Papanui - 101 Main North Road • Ph: 03 352 8335 Riccarton - 221 Blenheim Rd • Ph: 03 343 6041; Upper Riccarton - Cnr Yaldhurst & Racecourse Rd • Ph: 03 342 5048 New Brighton - Plaza Mall, Hawke St • Ph: 03 388 1962; Rangiora - 13d High St • Ph 03 313 1027 While stocks last.
was accepted by the Canterbury Ballet to perform in their Junior Company at the Prague International Dance Festival and Competition in July. They won the Junior Grand Prix prize.
To Cormac Dods, Naia Toalamai-Holden, Jack Skipper and Asha Knox, Jayden Pearce, Andrew Pickering, Kieran Barr, Ari Giltrap, Cameron Harker, Cameron Jacques, Reuben Kelly, Max McKeich, Lochlan McKenzie, Matthew Morrish, Oscar Weston, Ben Hooper, Jacob Wilson and Jacob Davidson for earning a place in various Canterbury Rugby and Canterbury Rugby League teams. Congratulations to Anna Taylor who has just returned from a successful NZAIMS Games that were held recently in Tauranga. Anna, a Year 8 student, was placed first in the Senior Womens’ grade in Rhythmic Gymnastics, competing across 3 apparatus hoop, ball and clubs. Anna said “it was a fantastic opportunity to compete and be around other school kids of the same age that had similar interests”. This has capped off a very successful year for Anna who trains at the Diva Rhythmic Gymnastics Club. Anna represented New Zealand in Melbourne, placing 3rd overall at the Australian Gymnastic Championships in her grade. This year the Games, that are held annually, included 17 sports and were attended by 228 schools and had 7,500 student athletes competing.
Elite Blues have been awarded to Luke Sullivan for Judo and Katie Ranger for Karate this term and an Academic Blue was awarded to Millie Edwards for gaining a Distinction in Science, ICAS and also Thomas Pirker for gaining an Excellence at the Cantamaths Exhibit & Display Awards for his mathematical poster.
Five of our students represented Kirkwood in July at the Robofest Competition where they had to design, build, program and test an autonomous robot using LEGO MINDSTORMS technology. They had a great time working as a team to get their robots to perform a series of missions. In Term 3 Kirkwood hosted ten Chinese students and held a Global Robotic Creative Education Designer and Maker Festival which tied in well with our current Technology Programme.
Ski Day at Mount Hutt Red and Black Kirkwood Congratulations to Room 5 for winning the Update about the Proposed change to the No 81 Red & Black for a Day competition in support bus from Lincoln. Metro Bus Services are proposing to replace the No 81 bus from Lincoln with the No.80 bus which travel down Blenheim Road, Wharenui Road and Riccarton Road. They are proposing two bus stops outside numbers 4 & 5 Wharenui Road to cater for our students. These stops are just round the corner from Kirkwood.
of the Crusaders. They spent an afternoon practising their skills with some of The Crusaders – Rey Lee-Lo, Rob Thompson and Andy Ellis.
French flavours in a new bakery and cafe A slice of Parisian-style, fresh-baked flavour has come to Woolston with the opening of Terra Viva Bake in early September.
Tempting: Delicious cakes and pastries make special treats.
Dedicated: Jeanine Lester, left, Vanessa Bell, Anna Black and Jeremy Jaeger of Terra Viva Bake display a selection of breads and pastries.
Black at work, while the delicious aromas wafting through the café will set tastebuds alight as customers fervently scan the baskets and cabinets to decide what tasty items they will choose. The selection is extensive. It includes a wide range of sourdough breads (made from a culture from France), 15 different slices, cakes, bricoches, croissants, muffins, bagels, cheesecakes, patisserie pastries, gourmet pies and deli items, such as quiche and filled rolls. Everything is handmade on the premises. Hot and cold drinks include herbal teas, supreme coffee, spritzers and juices. Customers can enjoy their selection in the café, which provides a quiet spot away from the bustle of Ferry Rd, or take items home. Front of house manager Jeanine Lester says people are often buying special treats to take away and enjoy at their leisure.
Crusty: Some of the wide selection of breads available at Terra Viva Bake.
The entrance to Terra Viva Bake is located in Catherine Street, with off-street parking available. It opens at 7am, Tuesday to Friday, so is the ideal spot to grab a croissant or pastry and coffee on the way to work. It closes at 3pm, Tuesday to Friday, and is open from 9am to 3pm on Saturday. Terra Viva Bake products are also available to wholesale customers, and enquiries are welcome. Phone 384 8188.
U O Y K N A TH hurch!
Your support of our Colombo Street store opening was overwhelming.
WOW! Solid wood at this unbelievable price! This is the best value we have seen. It looks great and is well made.
1/2 PRICE! *Mattress, base, linen & pillows sold separately.
nautical waves are the new look for beachy blondes this year. Both clean and wet-look textures work and a centreparting look current.
SLEPT-IN TEXTURE RETRO CURLS - The 70s are major for Spring/Summer and the way to tackle the trend is with retro curls. The look has a modern twist with low side partings and they’re completely frizz-free.
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Lived-in locks are huge. From beachy waves to soft and sleepy. The key is making this look undone, but well done.
T’Sinto beenyour a while we and veges diet.since I always talked the joys of and went along to about the supermarket cooking vegetables, so we helped thought choose the fruittoI have wanted it time a that week made me little bitwhich of a catch-up. Wemore were inclined to eat it. Now it’s just a reminded about it when listening to the of aveges new habit to eat lots ofauthor fruit and book advocating a fruit and every day. ” vegetable diet for two days a Now for another tip on cleaning week as a means to better dentures! J.M.L. from Whangarei health. We think vegetables writes, clean use a from“To your owndentures garden are teaspoon each of citric acid delicious anyway, and oneand does not need toIhave the baking soda. found ifexcuse I mixedof a ‘‘fasting diet’’ them. these together intoa enjoy container Lilley has a favourite recipe they hardened, so I keep them in for using up tough broccoli separate containers. Put will dentures stems in a soup. ‘‘You need: in 1cup, add(diced), citric acid andbroccoli baking onion 1 large stalk (diced), left over soda, then coverany with hot water. broccoli florets, 1 large potato, 1 It will fizz when water is added. vegetable stockwater. cube dissolved Rinse with clean Occasion2 cups water, 1 tsp butter, 1/4 allyin you will need to give dentures cup milk or cream, 1/4 cup a clean with a toothbrush and just cheese (optional), salt and baking soda. ” onion in butter pepper. Saute until clear. Add broccoli Jill from Dannevirke has and a sugpotato. with vegetable gestion forCover the reader who had and simmer for“I30have catstock invasion problems. minutes until very tender. successfully used Jeyes fluid with to Blend and season. Reheat deter cats.milk Sprinkle undiluted on a little or cream. Sprinkle thewith areacheese targeted by the cats, but if you like.’’ be sure to clean the area up first.
Another reader has a favourite lemon butter topping for broccoli. ‘‘Simply add 12 tbsp of lemon juice to 115g of melted butter. Mix in a little DIY: Make salt and pepper to taste. Stir your own fatogether and pour over cooked cial cleanser. broccoli. Serve immediately.’’ What about these tips for green beans with a difference. ‘‘Slice the beans and cook in water. Add a packet of onion soup mix and sliced mushrooms. Delicious!’’ Another great way to cook almost any vegetable is as tempura, which is a classic Japanese dish of deep fried battered vegetables (like until the batter is crisp and things away. I even ‘recycle’ zucchini, onions, eggplants, light golden. Eat immediately citrus peel! I dry the peel on a carrots, green peppers, sweet after cooking, while the batter plate when using the oven. potatoes, string beans, broccoli, is still crispy. With a After it is dry I grate or crush it mushrooms). Vegetables with a garnishing of rock salt, lemon and store the ‘spice’ in an very high water content are or lime juice, or with dips, airtight jar and use it in baking generally not suitable, tempura is a wonderful starter. to add flavour.’’ however, as they tend to release Spring is a vegetables really busy time in and other products too.” You may to repeat a time or It can also be used as a side DB says, ‘‘When water intohave the batter while garden, so please let us know KASW from Waikanae says, becomethe two, but The cats veges hate it.need It also works dish, especially with fish. wilted (carrots, cooking. to be has are a tipwonderful for lettuce, celery,tips you cut to cook if you havebeets, any garden “Baby wipes for broccoli, for thin dogs!enough Jeyes fluid caninbethe hard to Lorraine ‘‘This is a useful etc) trim the stem end slightly same timeI it takes the batter to ” silverbeet. would like to share. removing fly-spots from walls and find, but bought some recently. way to use as little or as much and soak the limp vegetable in become crispy. ceilings.” [Jeyes Fluid is a multi-purpose silverbeet as you like. I use four warm water for an hour or To make the batter you need • You John from Whangarei says he cleaner and disinfectant that is leaves of silverbeet chopped more. You will can findsend the tips and join the 1 cup plain flour, 1 egg, and 1 gotina anumber of great of recycling usedicefor a wide range garden Oilywill Ragbecome mailingfirm list by visitfinely batter mixture 3/4 vegetables cup cold water. Beatofthe egg cuptips flour and his 1 & latest 1/2 tsp baking and fresh for use.’’ in a bowl and stir in thejobs.] iced from gardening and outdoor cleaning ingready www.oilyrag.co.nz – or you powder. Whisk 1 orkeep 2 eggs, water. Add the flour andhas mixthis magazine. “To potadd plants J from Paraparaumu can write to us at Living Off the and baking powder, and of small lightly a wooden watered, punch a column tip for with getting out thespoon last of the flour Smell of an Oily Rag, PO Box milk to thin, then the greens. ■ Frank and Muriel handle or chopstick to avoid holes down the side of a thin cream from containers. “Instead 984,are Whangarei. over mixing (having lumps in Fry in a little hot oil. It’s lovely Newman the authors of bottle. Bury it in the pot LivingFrank of cutting top off a hand or withplastic and Muriel Newman are the batter isthe a hallmark of tomato sauce, which Off the Smell of an withappeal the top above the soil, body cream put it in the should thein authors of Living Off the tempura). Dipcontainer in the vegetables topoking children.’’ Oily Rag NZ. Submit your and deep fryfor in clean Kris a tip for orange oily rag tipsof atan Oily Rag in NZ. and has the holes facing the plant. Fill microwave aboutoil tenatseconds, Smell 180C, ‘‘I bottle don’t like to throw up and it will act like www.oilyrag.co.nz a then turning pour theoccasionally contents into a new peel.the Read our wealth of tips at www.
We think vegetables from your own garden are delicious anyway, and one does not need to have the excuse of a ‘‘fasting diet’’ to enjoy them.
Gas fires, heat pumps, wood burners. Ducted systems, radiators, water heaters and underfloor heating. Whatever the fuel or the technology, Simply Heat’s showroom displays the biggest choice of the most efficient ways to heat your home, in New Zealand. With the keenest prices. Come on in and get a quote.
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pepper Directions Cook pasta in plenty of boiling, salted water for five to eight minutes or according to packet instructions until just tender to the bite. Drain well. At the same time, heat a frying pan, add oil, then sear scallops for 1 minute on each side until golden brown. Add chilli (diced with seeds removed), zest of one lemon and juice of two, and rocket leaves to the pan and toss briefly to warm through. Add hot drained pasta to the scallops, season with salt and pepper, toss well and serve in pasta bowls.
to the vegetables and pulse to combine. Place sauce in a small stainless steel bowl, then mix in hazelnuts, remaining olive oil and red wine vinegar. Season to taste with a little salt and pepper, and set aside. Bring a medium-sized pot of water to the boil over a high heat. Add beans and blanch for 40–50 seconds. Remove beans from pot, drain and place in a serving bowl. Roughly tear remaining toasted ciabatta and scatter over beans before topping with romesco sauce. Serve immediately.
passionfruit pulp. Tip: To help turn jellies out, sit ramekins on a warm, wet tea towel for 1 or 2 minutes, then run a knife around the edges of ramekins to loosen.
Volunteers Needed The Red Cross recovery team couldn’t function without wonderful volunteers who give their time to help people in Christchurch.
Cross needs more volunteer drivers and more volunteers to help with community outreach and door-knocking. Red Cross volunteers are a diverse bunch of people who come from a wide range of backgrounds. Before Anthony Seumanutafa was a volunteer on the Cross Town Shuttle, he used the service to help him get across the city. “I find it to be a good way to help and socialise with people, and a way to say thank you to all those for their help – three for the price of one.” This desire to help is what unites volunteers, says Christine Williams, outreach volunteer. “We are able to give time, empathy, a listening ear and often some contact numbers for further assistance to enable the person we visit to continue to move forward.” If you have a little spare time you could give, why not get in touch with New Zealand Red Cross now to find out how you could help make a difference too?
Honey ginger chicken with chickpeas A small salad of garden greens is the perfect side dish for this yummy chicken marinade.
Ingredients 4 Chicken breasts 1 Tbsp Fresh ginger 2 tsp Fresh rosemary 3 Tbsp Honey 1 Tbsp Soy sauce 1 Tbsp Balsamic vinegar 2 Garlic cloves 1 Tbsp Oil 1 Onion 2 Capsicums 2 tsp Chilli powder 400g Chopped tomatoes 410g Chickpeas ¾ cup Stock Directions Take skinless, boneless chicken breasts and score chicken and put in a dish. Combine grated ginger, rosemary, honey, vinegar, soy sauce and garlic. Pour over chicken. Chill 4 hours. Preheat oven to 180 deg C. Heat the oil in a casserole dish or frying pan over a medium heat. Remove the chicken from the marinade and fry until golden. Set aside. Add the sliced onion, sliced capsicum and chilli to the dish and cook for 5 minutes, then add the leftover marinade and cook for 1 minute. Add the tomatoes, chickpeas (drained and rinsed) and stock (use vegetable or chicken stock). Bring to the boil. Put the chicken on top, cover and cook in the oven for 20 minutes.
Vietnamese kiwifruit relish Makes 1.25 cups Choose kiwifruit that are firm but ripe. Best made just before serving. Ingredients 1 Kaffir lime leaf, finely julienned 1 Kaffir lime, rind finely grated 1 Tbsp Lime juice, use kaffir lime juice or common lime juice if kaffir unavailable 1 Long red chilli, cut into rings 2 Tbsp Fresh coriander, coarsely chopped 4 Mint leaves 4 Vietnamese mint leaves 3 large Kiwifruit, use green kiwifruit, peeled and diced Directions Combine ingredients in a bowl. Great served with poached prawns tossed with chilli sauce and fresh herbs, or with grills or curries.
muscle strength and supports fat reduction. A controlled study has shown chromium picolinate to increase brain activity and activate specific regions of the brain improving learning, recall and memory. In another controlled study, laboratory rats that fed chromium picolinate increased their lifespan by 33 per cent. Some studies have shown chromium picolinate to be more beneficial than other types of chromium. It therefore appears that supplementation with chromium picolinate may be a highly beneficial way to improve our health and possibly even lifespan. For more information, visit Marshall’s Health and Natural Therapy, 110 Seaview Road, New Brighton, or call 388 5757.
hile working as head nurse of Sisters of Providence Hospital in northern Ontario, Rene Caisse was told by a patient how she had cured herself of advanced breast cancer by using a herbal formula given to her by a very old Ojibway Indian medicine man. Rene noted the formula down. A short time later Rene heard her mother’s sister had cancer of the stomach and liver with a maximum of six months to live. Rene made up the herbal formula she had noted down and gave this to her aunt who fully recovered from the cancer and lived for another 21 years. Her aunt’s doctor was so impressed he asked Rene if she could use her herbal remedy with some of his hopeless cancer cases. She did, with some exceptional results reported.
In 1922 at age 33, Rene left the hospital and went to Bracebridge, Ontario, Canada, where she began administering the herbal formula, she now called “Essiac TM” (her surname spelt backwards), to all who needed it. Most of her patients were referred by their physicians certifying they had terminal cancers. In many cases, her patients were at the end stage of cancer and many died, but generally they lived longer than predicted, with much less pain and other symptoms. Many however fully recovered with no reoccurrence of the cancer. After Rene Caisse died in 1978, her formula has become available again. Cancer is a serious condition. Natural herbal and nutrition therapy may be highly beneficial. Further information is available at Marshall’s Health and Natural Therapy. Phone 388 5757.
WHEEL OF GOOD FORTUNE IS BACK!
Do you have a good garden plan? An attractive garden is a dream which requires proper planning and careful nurturing. To create a beautiful landscape around your dream home you need basic garden plans to begin with. These garden plans are generally provided by a professional garden planner or landscape designer. The garden plans can be of many types. You can plan for more than just beautifying your garden, your garden plans can also be made to decide the theme of the garden. Some of the popular garden plans are: •Garden for full sun •Garden for shade •Corner of grasses •Corner of shrubs •Corner of perennials •Island bed •Privacy garden •Fragrant garden •Vegetable garden Garden plans give an aesthetic dimension to the garden along with its basic theme. Colour schemes, quality and variety of plants, height of the plants, border and flooring are done to give the garden its uniqueness.
nal environment, making the most of the available usable areas. Master planners know that the selection of plants is of equal importance along with their strategic placement on the landscape. Garden plans also include the planning of the garden arborsor gazebo as well as entertaining areas and garden art and furniture. Modular design and a unique frame layout can make a simple garden gazebo. The garden gazebo is the perfect place to relax or to hold family dinners, and other special events. A gazebo in the garden plan ensures a favourite spot to unwind.
WATER FEATURE: If your garden includes a pond why not make an island for plants?
Arborists specialise in the care of individual trees. They are knowledgeable about the needs of trees, and are trained and equipped to provide proper care. Hiring an arborist is a decision that should not be taken lightly. Proper tree care is an investment that can lead to substantial returns. Well cared-for trees are attractive and can add considerable value to your property. Poorly maintained trees can be a significant liability. Pruning or removing trees, especially large trees, can be dangerous work. Tree work should be done only by those trained and equipped to work safely in trees. Services an Arborist can Provide: • Pruning: An arborist can determine the type of pruning necessary to maintain or improve the health, appearance, and safety of trees. • Tree Removal: Although tree removal is a last resort, there are circumstances when it is necessary. An arborist can help decide whether a tree should be removed. • Emergency Tree Care: An arborist can assist in performing emergency tree care in a safe manner, while reducing further risk of damage to property. • Planting: Some arborists plant trees, and most can recommend species that are appropriate for a particular location. • Plant Health Care: Preventive maintenance helps keep trees in good health while reducing any insect, disease, or site problems.
family position, this lovely home backs onto Erica St Playground and is a leisurely stroll to schools, shops and amenities. Stop looking for the easy life and enjoy it here – for definite sale on or before Auction Day! Open Home dates: Sunday ?? and ?? Oct ?:00pm to ?.00pm. For more information or to view, call me today - Deb Harvey of Harcourts Gold Papanui (Licensed Agent REAA 2008) on 352 6166 or mobile 027 220 6565.
copies delivered into homes and outlets!
ow would you like to control your heat pump from anywhere, through your smartphone, tablet or online account? With new innovative technology, this is now available, allowing you to control each unit on the go via an internet connection. We can simply fit a new WiFi controller to your existing heat pump and give you even more flexibility over your home heating. We currently have a special deal offering a free service of your heat pump when fitting a new WiFi controller. Contact us now for further details. If you are rebuilding or repairing your home, Enviro Master can offer you a complete solution to meet your individual heating, cooling and ventilation needs. Many housing companies offer a package deal and therefore may size or position your heat pump incorrectly. It is best to talk to the experts to tailor a solution that will best suit your individual requirements. This can be done from your architectural plans or from a free in home consultation. Heat pumps are known to be one of the most energy efficient forms of heating available. In addition to being able to provide up to 4.9-kilowatt of energy for every one kilowatt used, there are the added benefits of cooling, dehumidifying and air filtration (great for people with allergies or asthma), benefits no other heating appliance can offer.
Ducted and multisystems are becoming increasingly popular, providing climatecontrolled comfort throughout your home or workplace. We are also able to incorporate ventilation into ducted systems. Enviro Master Ltd is your air conditioning and heat pump specialist and has been servicing the Christchurch area for over 12 years now. Enviro Master supplies, installs and services all the leading brands, including Panasonic, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi and Daikin. This means our team can show you which system and brand will best suit your needs in either your workplace or home. We are also able to repair any brand of heat pump. For a free in home consultation, call Enviro Master on 366 0525 or visit our showroom at 41A Shakespeare Road, Waltham, Christchurch.
asport offers a wide range of compliant clean air fires. Why buy a Masport wood fire? Wood fires are energy efficient and designed to heat your whole home. A wood fire has multiple functions. Apart from warming your home, they can be used for water heating and cooking, making it a smart solution if the power goes out. Masport wood fires are made in New Zealand, enabling operational spare parts to be made available for purchase up to 15 years from the last date of manufacture. Wood is cost-effective, making it the cheapest form of heating. As wood is a renewable energy source, it is a sound environmental choice. South Island Hardware has an extensive range of freestanding and built-in wood fire solutions for you, clean air fires that meet the Ministry for the Environment and Environment Canterbury standards, rural fires for properties situated on two hectares or more. Trust South Island Hardware to keep you warm throughout the year. *All new wood burners must meet the emission standards set by the Ministry for the Environment and Environment Canterbury.
Environmentally friendly and one of the best freestanding clean air fires on the market.
All new heat pumps purchased before November 30 will go in the draw to win a Panasonic 32” LED TV. We currently have savings up to $800 off the recommended retail price on selected models and we are also able to offer interest-free terms as part of the Fujitsu promotion.
HEAT PUMPSA SALE NOW ON!
HAve yOU gOT HAve yOU gOT veHicle PROblemS?? HAVE PROblemS?? YOU GOT veHicle VEHICLE PROBLEMS??
yres 2 Go will soon open its third money. yres 2 Go will soonStreet, openKaiapoi. its third money. The NZ owned and operated business branch at 13 Stone branch at 13 Stone Street, The NZ andbranches operatedin business has owned convenient Opawa Owner Andrew Taylor Kaiapoi. is looking already Owner Andrew Taylor looking already has convenient branches Braxton Car Lights areopening part of the Group, and Sockburn and a mobile service. in Opawa forward to the onisBE February to athe opening oncommercial February Sockburn and a mobile oneforward of the largest importers of car, It is one-stop-shop for the service. world’s leading 2, and providing service for their regular and 2,clients and ainservice for their regular It is one-stop-shop for the leading andproviding trucknew partsones. New Specialising of tyres and batteries forworld’s all passenger and HeZealand. apologises for the brands clients and new ones. 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Go, you will find competitive Tyres 2 Go is a popular with up to commercial on-site range, national choice and international Tyres Go isand a popular choice with up to toa prices At Tyres Go, you willoffering find competitive and 2helpful staff honest, 40 per2cent discounts they provide and networks a computerised system 40 per cent discounts they provide and a prices and helpful staff offering honest, of quick, efficient expert advice with the highest quality match any request to the correct replacements quick, efficient expert advice with the highest quality of original brands, such as Toyo, Michelin, w h i l e -yo u makes them the place to visit for all your w h i l e -yo u original brands, such as Toyo, Michelin, Kumho, Nitto, Goodride and ATR Sport. They wait service vehicle lighting requirements. wait Kumho, Nitto,a Goodride ATR Sport. They provide three-yearand warranty on their that service is also Conveniently located in Sydenham, they that is also provide a three-year warranty on iesel Doctor Ltd on Lincoln between theBatteries. three of us, our experience their is Build great value Power have an Road extensive range of great replacement value Build Batteries. are the experts in diesel our customer’s gain,” says Tony. 2 Go, along Safety is paramount at Tyres for your Power light fittings for most makes and models of with forwarranty your Safety isDoctor paramount Tyrestechnology 2 Go, along vehicle tune-ups, Diesel hasenvironmentally theatlatest cleanliness and friendly with cleanliness and environmentally friendly Japanese,repairs European and New Zealand new and servicing. Since to diagnose problems quickly and carry working conditions. vehicles, both and second-hand. are working establishing thenew business in 1994,They Tony out bothconditions. mechanical and electronic service fully checked and inthe perfect working order and Wessels has seen transition of the or repairs. Braxton that alland their fittings are diesel fromguarantee smokey, heavy noisy to the Customer enquiries areare welcomed by Tyres a crucial tyres are a crucial warrantable.high tech vehicles of today. sophisticated Diesel Doctors located at 288 Lincoln element of road element of road Specialising in all makes Road, Addington, where there is ample off They import and export both and new models, and used safety and properly Tony says that proper care of your diesel street parking, or phone 338 8884. safety and properly car parts so that whatever make or model maintained they engine is not is, only fortoyour your vehicle theyimportant will be able help. maintained they vehicle, but saves you money in the long will help ensure Containers arrive monthly from abroad, full of will help ensure run and is also better for the environment. their repair service includes welding, safe andplastic comfortable new and used lamps, and within the BE Group, Technological advances have lowered drying out and resealing, and lens safe re-silvering and comfortable over 100,000 lamps are available. you emission levels and allowed diesel cars refurbishment. They workmotoring closely with for garage motoring for you andcanyour family. to The become quieter be arranged team quicker, at Braxton Car and lightsmore also workshops, and their services and your family. economical. specializes in repairs for light adjuster and through your own local garage on your behalf. Diesel vehicles ofoperate higher light conversion Americanunder car lights, and Sales Manager Richard Vernimmen says pressure than standard engines and that their team is dedicated to saving their therefore need regular maintenance to customers money, whether on late- model cars ensure they perform at their best. Diesel with expensive parts or early models where Doctor’s wide range of specific diesel oils replacements are hard to find. your local automotive means they can give visit your vehicle the perfect Their aim at Braxton is to supply their service to manufacturer’s specifiprofessional cations, customers the parts that you require and particularly the high specs required for a pocket-friendly price. And with heaps of European models. available stock, they will do everything to Diesel Doctor Ltd is able to carry out provide a solution to their car light-searching all your maintenance to the highest level. exercise. As sophisticated electronics now control more of the car’s functions, knowledge and Call in to see them at 325 Brougham Street, expertise is essential to keep diesel engines between Buchan and Gasson Streets, email Tyres 2 Go is open seven days a week, Monday to Friday from 8am to 5pm,orSaturday them on [email protected] phone in Tyres top condition. 2 Go is open seven days a week, Monday to Friday from 8am to 5pm, Saturday 8am to 3pm and Sunday 9am to them 3pm. Visit www.tyres2go.co.nz. on 0800 225 483. “With over8am 60 years’ collective experience Diesel Doctor owner Tony Wessels. to 3pm and Sunday 9am to 3pm. Visit www.tyres2go.co.nz.
Diesel vehicles have become increasingly trusted for their durability and toughness, whether they are commercial or recreational vehicles. However they need specialised care to work to their optimum performance and longevity.
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1. Under K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5209, a criminal defendant may present a mental disease or defect defense to establish he or she lacked the culpable mental state required as an element of the charged crime. In turn, K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5202(a) defines the phrase "culpable mental state" as including conduct performed "intentionally, " "knowingly, " or "recklessly." It does not list premeditation as a culpable mental state. Consequently, a district court does not err by omitting any reference to premeditation in a jury instruction regarding the defense of mental disease or defect.
2. Second-degree intentional murder is a lesser included offense of first-degree premeditated murder.
3. Under K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 22-3414, a district court should instruct the jury on a lesser included offense if there is some evidence that would reasonably justify a conviction of the lesser included crime. To determine whether this standard has been met, the district court should consider whether there is some evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, that would allow a rational factfinder to find the defendant guilty of the lesser included offense.
4. A district court does not err by instructing a jury both (1) that its only concern is to determine if the defendant is guilty or not guilty and (2) that a defendant found not guilty solely because of a mental disease or defect will be committed to the state security hospital for safekeeping and treatment until discharged according to law.
5. A district court does not err by refusing to allow a closing argument that a defendant would be fine with a second trial because the remark could be interpreted as encouraging jurors to violate their oath to return a verdict based solely on the evidence and to instead consider the consequences of a divided verdict.
6. A single error will not constitute cumulative error.
7. Under the facts of this case, sufficient evidence was presented of an especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel murder.
8. A district court does not abuse its discretion by declining to define heinous, atrocious, or cruel when instructing the jury.
9. K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-6624(f) is not unconstitutionally vague even though it defines an aggravating circumstance allowing for a hard 50 sentence as behavior that is especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel but describes behavior that is merely-rather than especially-heinous, atrocious, or cruel. The statute still provides a standard for heinous, atrocious, or cruel behavior and then indicates that standard must be especially met.
10. A defendant to whom a statute may constitutionally be applied cannot challenge the statute on the ground that it may conceivably be applied unconstitutionally in circumstances not before the court.
11. Under the facts of this case, a district court did not abuse its discretion by denying a defendant's request to be sentenced to a hard 25 life sentence.
12. If a defendant is sentenced under K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-6620(d)(6) and K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-6623, a district court errs by imposing postrelease supervision rather than parole.
Samuel D. Schirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellant.
Charles E. Branson, district attorney, argued the cause, and Kate Duncan Butler, assistant district attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were with him on the brief for appellee.
In January 2014, Sarah Gonzales McLinn confessed to law enforcement officers that she killed Hal Sasko. At her trial on a charge of first-degree premeditated murder, McLinn did not deny that she killed Sasko but argued she was not criminally responsible because a mental disease or defect prevented her from forming the culpable mental state necessary to convict her of the charge. The jury nonetheless convicted McLinn of first-degree premeditated murder. Then, during the sentencing proceeding, the jury determined McLinn murdered Sasko in an especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel manner, and the district court ultimately imposed a hard 50 life sentence.
On appeal, McLinn raises numerous arguments which relate to her mental disease or defect defense, including several jury instruction issues. McLinn contends these and other errors require us to reverse her conviction. Although we determine the district court committed one instructional error, we determine the error was harmless and we affirm McLinn's conviction.
McLinn also raises five issues arising from sentencing proceedings. We reject all but one of McLinn's sentencing issues: The district court erred in ordering postrelease supervision rather than parole. To remedy this error, we remand this case to the district court for resentencing.
A police officer discovered Sasko's body inside his Lawrence home on January 17, 2014. Sasko's hands were bound with zip ties. Other zip ties, some used and cut and some unused, were scattered near his feet. The police observed blood patterns and drops throughout the house and a blood smear above Sasko's head. Beer cans were strewn about, and three of them contained residue from a sleeping pill. A toxicology analysis on Sasko's system showed sleeping pills in an intoxicating concentration. A forensic pathologist testified at trial that Sasko died of stab and slicing wounds to his neck and that Sasko had no defensive wounds. The pathologist offered detailed testimony about the gruesome nature of the injury; suffice it to say, here, that McLinn cut through Sasko's neck and cut or sawed through most of the soft tissue surrounding the spine.
Sasko's car was missing, as was McLinn's dog, and when the police discovered McLinn's cell phone on the kitchen counter they became concerned she had been kidnapped. The police immediately began looking for McLinn and issued a nationwide alert for Sasko's car.
The police learned Sasko's car entered the Kansas turnpike early in the morning on January 14, 2014, and exited the turnpike near the Oklahoma border later that morning. Later, McLinn's family alerted the police she had tried to call her grandmother; those phone calls originated from convenience stores along the route from Kansas to Texas. Video surveillance showed it was McLinn, alone, who had made those calls, and the police eventually determined McLinn was a person of interest in the homicide. About a week later, Lawrence police officers learned the National Park Service had taken McLinn into custody near Miami, Florida.
A Lawrence police detective interviewed McLinn in Florida for about three hours on January 26, 2014. At trial, the detective testified McLinn indicated she knew the interview was about Sasko's death, and she told the detective she had killed Sasko because she wanted to see how it felt to kill someone. She elaborated on the preparations she had made in advance of killing Sasko, which included falsely covering her absence from work and gaining time to get out of town by telling her coworkers she had a death in the family. As for the actual murder, McLinn explained she crushed up some sleeping pills and put them in Sasko's beer. Later, Sasko stood up, stumbled, and passed out face-first on the floor. McLinn zip-tied Sasko's ankles and wrists while he was unconscious, but, as she tied Sasko's wrists, he woke up and mumbled something and then passed out again. McLinn told the detective she was having second thoughts at that point, but, according to the detective, she "resigned herself that she was going to kill Mr. Sasko and continued to bind his wrists." McLinn retrieved a hunting knife from her bedroom and knelt near Sasko's head. She felt for Sasko's carotid artery and then "plunged the knife into his neck until it hit something, which she believed was the carpet." Then, using both hands in "a sawing motion, " she "pulled the knife towards her so that it cut his neck." McLinn told the detective she had thoughts of killing someone for two years and "resigned on Mr. Sasko within five days preceding the murder."
After McLinn was charged with premeditated first-degree murder, she raised the defense of mental disease or defect. She alleged she suffered from dissociative identity disorder, or DID, which used to be known as "multiple personality disorder." The defense's expert witness, Dr. Marilyn Hutchinson, introduced the phrase "System of Sarah, " which she explained was "not uncommon nomenclature for people who work with [DID]." Dr. Hutchinson talked to four personalities or identities in McLinn's case- Alyssa, Vanessa, Myla, and No Name. Dr. Hutchinson explained that when she used the phrase "System of Sarah, " she was referring to "all of the personality parts and fragments that reside in the body known as Sarah McLinn."
Dr. Hutchinson testified she had met with McLinn several times over several months, for a total of 17.5 hours. In the beginning, Dr. Hutchinson noticed McLinn had "some unusual language patterns"-she "sometimes referred to herself in the plural, 'we, ' 'us, '"-and there were unusual gaps in her memory. Dr. Hutchinson "began to suspect that there was something other than depression or anxiety." She administered several standardized tests and also performed a clinical interview, which she designed to test for DID by using an interview structure set out in the Diagnostic of Statistical Medicine (DSM-V).
Dr. Hutchinson ultimately diagnosed McLinn with, among other things, DID. Dr. Hutchinson explained that this diagnosis did not describe a person with "this sort of collection of personalities, sort of like this is a family that is all walking around in one body." Instead, "it really is more like the person's identity, who they are, the self, . . . there isn't a one person there, that the self is in fragments. That self is dissociated or split apart into pieces and there is not a whole."
Dr. Hutchinson then explained the criteria for a DID diagnosis, as set forth in the DSM-V. "The major criteria is a disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states, " she began, and "[i]t involves marked discontinuity in the sense of self and sense of agency." According to Dr. Hutchinson, "The discontinuity and sense of self, the sense of agency, their perception, their cognition or their sensory motor functioning"-"everything"-could be affected by disruption of identity. Dr. Hutchinson also opined McLinn met the two secondary DSM-V criteria for DID: First, she had "recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events because what one person does, one personality, one piece of the identity does isn't usually known by the others. Sometimes they know, but that clearly isn't always true." Second, she exhibited "clinically significant . . . stress or impairment" caused by the symptoms; Dr. Hutchinson explained "you can't just have [DID]. It has to matter."
Dr. Hutchinson offered extensive testimony about McLinn's mental health history, drug and alcohol use, childhood trauma, family experiences, sexual abuse, her relationship with Sasko, mental health medications, and her performance on diagnostic and mental status tests. Highly summarized, Dr. Hutchinson offered her opinion that McLinn could not form intent. She explained that "forming an intent is a rational thought" and McLinn "did not have the capability of a rational thought because she didn't, at the time of that, have access to all the parts of her that would go into making a rational choice like it works for the rest of us."
Vanessa, who was "quiet, soft-spoken, apologetic, often tearful, horrified at what had happened, scared, " was going to commit suicide to escape her circumstances with Sasko. Myla, who was more confident than Vanessa and whose role "was to be the mother of Vanessa because Vanessa couldn't take care of herself, " communicated Vanessa's suicide plans to the System of Sarah. Alyssa did not want Vanessa to "kill all of us, " and Alyssa's only idea to get out of the situation was to kill Sasko. According to Dr. Hutchinson, "Alyssa . . . perceived the greatest act of love she could do to protect the rest of the System was to kill Mr. Sasko." Dr. Hutchinson explained that Alyssa drugged Sasko and bound him, but it was Vanessa who briefly regained control and cut the ties. Then Alyssa took over, retied Sasko's hands, and killed him.
Dr. Hutchinson also testified that "premeditation has, by definition, malice and aforethought, and without respect for life, and it was my conclusion that Alyssa made the choice that to save the life of the System, she had to take the life of Mr. Sasko." At the State's request, the district court admonished the jury to disregard Dr. Hutchinson's statement about the definition of premeditation, as it would instruct the jury on the law later, "and the definition given [by Dr. Hutchinson] is a bit contrary to the law."
The State had asked Dr. William Logan, a physician and clinical psychiatrist, to evaluate McLinn and give his professional opinion as to whether she was capable of forming the intent to kill Sasko. At trial, Dr. Logan testified he did not find "any mental disorder that rose to the level that it would have prevented her from forming intent." He noted that the DSM-V carried cautionary instructions for its use in forensic settings, notably that a "diagnosis alone doesn't equate to any one particular legal conclusion because diagnoses vary in severity and the diagnosis alone doesn't, by itself, tell you how that individual is able to function in that particular setting or what they are capable of doing."
Dr. Logan, like Dr. Hutchinson, found McLinn's personal history "significant in that she had undergone a number of traumas, " including being molested by a neighbor when she was a young child and dealing with her parents' divorce. He also testified that McLinn's schooling experience was "difficult" because a period of early homeschooling left her "kind of deficient in social interaction" and then she attended numerous different schools over the years, which forced her to make "a number of transitions."
Dr. Logan testified he had reviewed Dr. Hutchinson's report, and "[t]he significant thing about the report, " he explained, was that "she really didn't explain how the [DID diagnosis] went to the issue of whether or not Miss McLinn could form intent"-although he acknowledged the report was later amended. Dr. Logan did not have strong opinions about whether McLinn had DID. "I think certainly it's a possibility, " he stated, and, "I don't know that I could confirm it but I respect Dr. Hutchinson and she spent a great number of hours with [McLinn]." He also stated, "I certainly think at this juncture Miss McLinn believes she has the disorder." In Dr. Logan's opinion, McLinn had a strong history for depression and anxiety, some reported symptoms consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder, and "it is possible that she has [DID]." In short, Dr. Logan was "open" to Dr. Hutchinson's diagnosis, but he "didn't think that it reached the level that it prevented her from forming an intent to kill Mr. Sasko." In his opinion, "with a reasonable medical certainty, " McLinn could form intent to kill Sasko on January 14, 2014.
The jury found McLinn guilty of first-degree premeditated murder. The district court then informed the jury there would be a separate penalty phase proceeding, as the State had previously given notice of its intent to seek a hard 50 sentence. The jury thereafter found McLinn committed murder in an especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel manner. The district court ultimately sentenced McLinn to life imprisonment, without possibility of parole for 50 years, followed by lifetime postrelease supervision. McLinn appealed the guilty verdict, the denial of her motion for a new trial, and her sentence.
McLinn raises five guilt phase issues. The first two, both of which object to jury instructions, hinge on "intent"-what intent was needed to establish criminal liability and what evidence of McLinn's intent was demonstrated or supported at trial. McLinn's third argument, also a jury instruction issue, asks whether the jury should have been allowed to consider the disposition of her case-specifically, whether she would be able to get help for her mental illness in prison-in determining her guilt. McLinn then raises an issue of potential error in the closing statements: She argues the district court erred by limiting her counsel from telling the jury she would not mind a second trial. Then, in her final guilt phase issue, she argues cumulative error denied her a fair determination of her guilt.
Guilt Phase Issue 1: The District Court's Mental Disease or Defect Instruction Was Not Clearly Erroneous.
We first address McLinn's argument regarding the jury instruction that addressed her mental disease or defect defense-Instruction 13. To put that instruction and McLinn's argument in perspective, it helps to review a total of six jury instructions. Some of these instructions relate to McLinn's mental disease or defect defense and others to the State's burden of proof.
In the order presented to the jury, the first of these instructions, Instruction 7, informed the jury of the basic contours of McLinn's mental disease or defect defense and discussed burden of proof in the context of the defense. It provided: "The defendant raises mental disease or defect as a defense. Evidence in support of this defense should be considered by you in determining whether the State has met its burden of proving that the defendant is guilty. The State's burden of proof does not shift to the defendant."
"The defendant is charged with murder in the first degree. . . .
"1. The defendant intentionally killed Harold M. Sasko.
"2. The killing was done with premeditation.
"3. This act occurred on or about the 14th day of January, 2014, in Douglas County, Kansas."
Instruction 11 explained the first of these enumerated elements-the State's burden to prove McLinn intentionally killed Sasko: "The State must prove that the defendant committed the crime intentionally. A defendant acts intentionally when it is the defendant's desire or conscious objective to do the act complained about by the State."
Instruction 12 explained the second enumerated element and what was encompassed in the State's burden to prove that the killing was done with premeditation: "Premeditation means to have thought the matter over beforehand, in other words, to have formed the design or intent to kill before the act. Although there is no specific time period required for premeditation, the concept of premeditation requires more than the instantaneous, intentional act of taking another's life."
"Evidence has been presented that the defendant was afflicted by mental disease or defect at the time of the alleged crime. This evidence is to be considered only in determining whether the defendant had the culpable mental state required to commit the crime. The defendant is not criminally responsible for her acts if because of mental disease or defect the defendant lacked the intent to kill Harold M. Sasko.
"A defendant acts intentionally when it is a defendant's desire or conscious objective to do the act complained about by the state."
"not guilty solely because the defendant, at the time of the alleged crime, was suffering from a mental disease or defect which rendered the defendant incapable of possessing the required culpable mental state, then the defendant is committed to the State Security Hospital for safekeeping and treatment until discharged according to law."
McLinn mainly takes issue with the sentence in Instruction 13 that instructed the jury she could not be held "criminally responsible for her acts if because of mental disease or defect [she] lacked the intent to kill Harold M. Sasko." For the first time on appeal, she contends the district court should have included premeditation in this statement, so that the instruction would have provided that McLinn was "not criminally responsible for her acts if because of mental disease or defect [she] lacked the intent to kill Harold M. Sasko or the ability to premeditate the killing, " or some similar variant of the italicized language.
She justifies this proposed wording by arguing "premeditation requires rational thought processes that go beyond an intent to cause a particular result." Given that requirement, she argues the jury could have found that McLinn's "fragmented psyche prevented her from rationally reflecting upon the decision to kill Mr. Sasko"-especially since the System of Sarah "was far from unified" about the desirability of Sasko's death. Stated another way, McLinn primarily argues that premeditation requires rational reflection on the act of killing, and her "mental disease or defect defense called into doubt whether she was capable of such rational thought." If the jury accepted Dr. Hutchinson's testimony about her psyche, she explains, it likely would have found McLinn incapable of forming the rational thought necessary for premeditation. She argues the district court, by using Instruction 13 to limit the reach of her mental disease or defect defense to only the element of intent, prevented the jury from considering whether her mental disease prevented her ability to premeditate.
The State agrees "premeditation is clearly a state of mind." It also acknowledges some defendants, in situations similar to McLinn's, use the mental disease or defect defense to challenge both the premeditation and intent elements. But it argues McLinn cited no cases explicitly or implicitly requiring the district court to include both premeditation and intent in the mental disease or defect instruction. In McLinn's case, the State argues, such an instruction would not have been factually appropriate because at trial both parties primarily focused on whether McLinn could form intent, not premeditation. In any event, however, the State contends that even if Instruction 13 was erroneous McLinn suffered no prejudice.
In essence, McLinn argues that Instruction 13, as given, misled the jury and was not legally or factually appropriate. See State v. Seba, 305 Kan. 185, 192, 380 P.3d 209 (2016).
(3) assessing whether the error requires reversal, i.e., whether the error can be deemed harmless." State v. Williams, 295 Kan. 506, 510, 286 P.3d 195 (2012).
See also, e.g., State v. Johnson, 304 Kan. 924, 931, 376 P.3d 70 (2016) (listing four steps, in which the second step is split into considering two types of errors).
The "first and third step are interrelated in that whether a party has preserved a jury instruction issue will affect [this court's] reversibility inquiry at the third step." State v. Bolze-Sann, 302 Kan. 198, 209, 352 P.3d 511 (2015).
Applying the first step, there is no dispute McLinn did not object to the instruction now at issue. "When a party fails to object to or request a jury instruction at trial, K.S.A. 22-3414(3) limits appellate review to a determination of whether the instruction was clearly erroneous." State v. Knox, 301 Kan. 671, 680, 347 P.3d 656 (2015); see K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 22-3414(3).
At the second step, in determining whether an error actually occurred, we "consider whether the subject instruction was legally and factually appropriate, employing an unlimited review of the entire record." Williams, 295 Kan. 506, Syl. ¶ 4; see State v. Plummer, 295 Kan. 156, 160-63, 283 P.3d 202 (2012).
At the third step, which is our reversibility inquiry when applying the clear error standard, we will only reverse the district court if an error occurred and we are "'firmly convinced that the jury would have reached a different verdict had the instruction error not occurred.'" Knox, 301 Kan. at 680 (quoting Williams, 295 Kan. 506, Syl. ¶ 5); see State v. Tahah, 302 Kan. 783, 793, 358 P.3d 819 (2015) (explaining the clear error standard is in reality a heightened standard of harmlessness, and less of a standard of review). The party claiming a clear error has the burden to demonstrate the necessary prejudice. Knox, 301 Kan. at 680.
We conclude the district court did not error by limiting Instruction 13 to the element of intent. The instruction was appropriate as given and would have been inappropriate if changed to the wording McLinn apparently proposes-"The defendant is not criminally responsible for her acts if because of mental disease or defect the defendant lacked the intent to kill Harold M. Sasko or the ability to premeditate the killing." The State's concession that premeditation is a mental state and, thus, impliedly its concession that the instruction would have been appropriate, although not required, does not bind our review of this legal issue. See Ritchie Paving, Inc. v. City of Deerfield, 275 Kan. 631, 641, 67 P.3d 843 (2003) ("Stipulations as to what the law is are not effective and not controlling on this court.").
McLinn's argument is rooted in the pattern instruction relating to the mental disease or defect defense, which concludes with these words: "if because of mental disease or defect the defendant lacked the [set out the particular mental state which is an element of the crime or crimes charged]." PIK Crim. 4th 52.120. This italicized wording broadly refers to "mental state, " and our caselaw has occasionally referred to premeditation as a mental state-one part of the mental state inquiry. See State v. Jones, 279 Kan. 395, 404, 109 P.3d 1158 (2005) ("While the evidence points to [the defendant] as the perpetrator, legitimate questions exist as to his state of mind at the time of the murder, i.e., whether [the victim] was killed with premeditation or simply with intent, however prolonged."). McLinn thus reasons, after considering the pattern instruction and our precedent, that the jury should have been instructed to consider whether her mental disease or defect prevented her from being able to premeditate killing Sasko.
Despite the broad language in PIK and our caselaw, we conclude the precise question under Kansas' current statutes is not whether premeditation is a "mental state" but whether it is by legal definition a "culpable mental state." The Legislature has provided for this precise and focused inquiry in the current mental disease or defect defense statute, which became effective July 1, 2011 (more than two years before Sasko's murder). That statute, K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5209, states: "It shall be a defense to a prosecution under any statute that the defendant, as a result of mental disease or defect, lacked the culpable mental state required as an element of the crime charged. Mental disease or defect is not otherwise a defense." (Emphasis added.) In turn, K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5202(a) provides that "[a] culpable mental state may be established by proof that the conduct of the accused person was committed 'intentionally, ' 'knowingly' or 'recklessly.'" Premeditation is not listed as a "culpable mental state."
Of these three listed statutory culpable mental states, "intentionally" is the only one used in the statutory elements of first-degree premeditated murder. And, in turn, "intentionally" is the only culpable mental stated used in Instruction 10, which sets out the elements of first-degree premeditated murder as particularized to the facts of this case. See K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5209. The district court's jury instructions incorporated these concepts through Instruction 7 (directing the jury to consider McLinn's defense), Instruction 11 (defining "intent" as McLinn's desire or conscious objective to do the act), and Instruction 13 (instructing the jury that McLinn was "not criminally responsible for her acts if because of mental disease or defect the defendant lacked the intent to kill Harold M. Sasko").
McLinn essentially asks this court to broaden the legislatively enacted definition of "culpable mental state" to include premeditation, but she offers no authority for us to do so. And indeed, as we frequently reiterate, courts "read the language as it appears, without adding or deleting words" to unambiguous statutes. Landrum v. Goering, 306 Kan. 867, 872-73, 397 P.3d 1181 (2017). Applying that rule here, we perceive no ambiguity in the Legislature's limitation of the mental disease or defect defense to culpable mental states, a statutorily defined term. K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5209. Nor is there ambiguity in K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5202(a)'s limitation of the phrase "culpable mental state" to actions made intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.
Instead of offering authority for expanding the current statutory definition of "culpable mental state, " McLinn focuses on our past decisions involving the mental disease or defect defense, intent, and premeditation. As we previously noted, these decisions occasionally refer to premeditation as part of a "state of mind inquiry" and impliedly or explicitly approve instructions informing the jury that a defendant was not responsible for his or her acts if "'because of mental disease or defect the defendant lacked the premeditation and intent required for first-degree murder.'" (Emphasis added.) State v. White, 279 Kan. 326, 333, 109 P.3d 1199 (2005) (White I); see also State v. White, 284 Kan. 333, 345, 161 P.3d 208 (2007) (White II); State v. Henry, 273 Kan. 608, 619, 44 P.3d 466 (2002). But see State v. Washington, 275 Kan. 644, 675, 68 P.3d 134 (2003) (court instructed "'the defendant is not criminally responsible for his acts if because of mental disease or defect the defendant lacked the necessary element of intent to kill'").
These decisions, however, were decided under the previous version of the mental disease or defect defense statute, K.S.A. 22-3220. Under that version, it was a defense to prosecution "that the defendant, as a result of mental disease or defect, lacked the mental state required as an element of the offense charged." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 22-3220 (repealed July 1, 2011). This earlier version did not use the wording "culpable mental state."
Moreover, even under these earlier cases, premeditation is more properly understood as a temporal consideration to the mental state of intent: Premeditation "means to have thought the matter over beforehand, " meaning "to have formed the design or intent to kill before the act." In other words, our premeditation inquiry asks when the intent to kill was formed. State v. Hebert, 277 Kan. 61, 88, 82 P.3d 470 (2004) ("'[T]he concept of premeditation requires more than the instantaneous, intentional act of taking another's life.'" [quoting PIK Crim. 3d 56.04(b)]); see also PIK Crim. 4th 54.110 (requiring the State to prove the defendant "intentionally killed" the victim and the killing "was done with premeditation"); Knox, 301 Kan. at 681 ("'Premeditation means to have thought the matter over beforehand and does not necessarily mean an act is planned, contrived, or schemed beforehand; rather, premeditation indicates a time of reflection or deliberation.'" [quoting State v. Kettler, 299 Kan. 448, 466, 325 P.3d 1075');">325 P.3d 1075 (2014)]).
For example, when we referred to premeditation as a mental state in Jones, one of the cases McLinn cites, we did so in the context of whether Samuel Jones, Jr., formed the intent to kill before he killed his victim by strangulation or whether he merely acted with intent to kill formed at the time of death. See Jones, 279 Kan. at 402 ("We begin by observing that premeditation is the process of thinking about a proposed killing before engaging in the homicidal conduct.").
McLinn counters by pointing to the portion of Jones where this court asserted premeditation "means something more than the instantaneous, intentional act of taking another's life." Jones, 279 Kan. at 402. This "something more" does not refer to a heightened culpable mental state other than "intentionally, " however. Instead, the "something more" means that intent cannot be formed in the instant of the act. See State v. Saleem, 267 Kan. 100, 105, 977 P.2d 921 (1999) (identifying premeditation as a state of mind but describing it as "relating to a person's reasons and motives for acting as he or she did, " not as part of the state of mind requirement); see also State v. Scott, 271 Kan. 103, 108-09, 21 P.3d 516 (2001) (rejecting a defendant's argument that the State failed to prove premeditation because he did not have time to think about killing the victim prior to doing so, as "[p]remeditation is the time of reflection or deliberation").
As the discussions in these cases indicate, premeditation cannot be separated from an intent to kill-premeditation involves forming the intent beforehand. Conceptually, these cases are consistent with the current mental disease or defect defense statute that requires the defendant lack the culpable mental state for the crime charged. The instructions informed the jury that McLinn had to (1) intend to kill Sasko and (2) premeditate the killing, meaning forming the intent to kill before the act. These instructions make it clear that McLinn had to form intent at both temporal points-before the killing and at the time of the killing. See K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5209; K.S.A. 2013 Supp. 21-5202.
McLinn has not established an error in the challenged jury instruction.
Guilt Phase Issue 2: The District Court Did Not Clearly Err In Failing to Sua Sponte Instruct the Jury on Second-Degree Intentional Murder. | 2019-04-18T22:43:45Z | http://ks.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.20180126_0000039.KS.htm/qx |
Industrial capitalism is eroding and kleptocracy is replacing it. If the system is saved it will only be temporary, and an even greater financial crisis will emerge. This article is called Grand Theft America to warn that a criminal elite class runs this country, and they are rewarded by you for their crimes.
The crime of the century. The greatest one ever. Author Danny Schechter calls it "Plunder." The title of his important new book on the subprime and overall financial crisis. Economist Michael Hudson and others refer to a kleptocracy. A Ponzi scheme writ large. Maybe an out-of-control Andromeda Strain. An economic one. Deadly. Unrecallable. Science fiction now real life. Potentially catastrophic. World governments trying to contain it. Trying everything but not sure what can work. Maybe only able to paper it over for short-term relief. Buy time but in the end vindicate the maxim that things that can't go on forever, won't.
The result of unfettered capitalism's fatal flaw - unbridled greed in a rigged system that rewards the few at the expense of most others. First an explanation of how it works. Free-wheeling, "free market" Chicago School fundamentalism the way economist Milton Friedman championed it in his 1962 book "Capitalism and Freedom" and taught it to students for decades. He believed that government's sole function is "to protect our freedom both from (outside) enemies....and from our fellow-citizens." Preserve law and order. Enforce private contracts. Protect private property and "foster competitive (unregulated) markets." Everything else in public hands is "socialism....blasphemy." Not to be tolerated.
He said "free markets" work best. Unfettered by rules, regulations, onerous taxes or any at all, trade barriers, entrenched interests, and human interference. That anything government does, business does better, so let it. That the best government is one that governs least. That public wealth should be in private hands. The accumulation of profits unrestrained. Corporate taxes abolished. Social services also, and that "economic freedom is an end to itself....and an indispensable means toward (achieving) political freedom."
He opposed the minimum wage and right of unions to bargain collectively on equal terms with management. He believed high wages and benefits harm everyone. They raise prices, and in the end, hurt workers as well as management. He called Social Security "The Biggest Ponzi Scheme on Earth," even though it's been the most effective poverty reduction program ever for millions of seniors who'd be desperate without it. Especially today given a deepening economic crisis. The nation's social safety net disappearing, and heading everyone toward managing on his or her own. Dependent on their ingenuity, resources, and good fortune. Milton Friedman's ideal world. For those who can't make it, it's their own fault. It's everyone for him or herself in his judgment, and let the devil take the hindmost.
As for today's largest ever unraveling Ponzi scheme, it's just the workings of the "free market." Creative destruction. "Freedom to choose." The best of all possible worlds, and unfettered capitalism will figure out the right solutions. Provided government gets out of the way and gives it free reign. Free money also to wreck world economies and human lives even more than what's already done.
Are they ever, and here's what we've got. A global asset bubble. A predictable crisis allowed to build and mushroom. Begun after Chicago School economics took hold under Ronald Reagan. Continued under GHW Bush. Became religion under Bill Clinton, and ultimately fundamentalism under GW Bush.
The result - a "slow motion train wreck" gaining speed. Banks and other financial institutions failing globally. On September 25, the largest bank failure in US history with Washington Mutual's collapse. Earlier it was giant insurer AIG. Before that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, and Merrill Lynch a forced liquidation to Bank of America.
Others are now teetering on the edge. Strapped by toxic debt. The result of out-of-control greed for easy profits. Massive fraud to get them. Thinking they're the best and brightest, and only mere mortals mess up. Knowing Fed moral hazard will cushion them if they do. True for some. Not for others, and learning that the Federal Reserve (the world's key central bank) failed in its primary job. To protect the country's financial system from insolvency. By contributing to a financial crisis and one of confidence. By creating near-limitless amounts of capital. Fueling a housing bubble. Outsized consumer debt, and irresponsible investments free from government oversight. Fraudulent ones involving multi-trillions of dollars.
the contagion is spreading; threatening world economies and people everywhere.
This time is really different. A $700 billion bailout (called the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 - EESA) is just a down payment. Trillions will be needed in the end. Other nations contributing to help. The problems are deeper and more intractable than anyone expected. Before this ends, unimaginable amounts of capital will be written off. Too much to even contemplate. Bad investments contaminating good ones. Threatening world financial structures with paralysis. Severe economic damage to their economies as a result.
Eroding industrial capitalism as we know it. At best managing a short-term fix and delaying a final denouement for a later time. Under new management with the current and past ones claiming no responsibility. And unmindful of millions of homeowners facing foreclosure and bankruptcy. One in ten currently behind in their payments. Others losing their jobs and way of life. They're the most vulnerable. Least able to cope, and for some their ability to survive.
According to The New York Times, here's how the Paulson scheme helps them: "it requires the government to use its new role as owner of distressed mortgage-backed securities to make 'more aggressive' efforts to prevent home foreclosures." Weasel words. No specifics. No assurances, and nothing apparently for homeowners already in foreclosure.
On September 22, ahead of the announced agreement, American Research Group (ASG) published its latest public sentiment poll results, and they were stunning. At 19%, George Bush scored lowest ever for a US president, surpassing Harry Truman at the depth of the Korean War and Richard Nixon during Watergate. It came at a time ASG's results showed 82% of Americans believe the economy is getting worse, and only 17% approve of how Bush is handling it. Among registered voters, the number is 18% at a time no one surveyed (zero percent) said the economy is improving and 68% say it's in recession. True or false, it's how they feel. How the crisis affects them, and that's what counts most.
Yet on September 24, the president addressed the nation audaciously. Callously dismissing public pain and anger. Deceitfully stating outright lies. A typical performance. Demanded that Congress give the treasury secretary carte blanche authority over $700 billion to address "a serious financial crisis." Asked taxpayers to pay for corporate fraud. Reward criminals and ignore their crimes. Said nothing about the root cause. The effect on ordinary people, or how Paulson's scheme will help them. Ignored growing public opposition. Large numbers of credible observers believing the proposed solution is worse than the problem. The most honest of them saying it will enrich fraudsters and offer no help for homeowners.
Yet Bush concluded that "democratic capitalism (is the) best system the world has ever devised" in spite of clear evidence that it's broken and corrupted. Exploits people for profit. Enriches the few at the expense of the many. Rewards criminals for their crimes. Protects the rich from beneficial social change.
Ahead of the president's address on September 24, The New York Times showed a rare display of candor in a critical Timothy Egan opinion piece. About "nearly nationalizing the banking system and giving the treasury secretary more power than a king....whose decisions may not be reviewed by any court of law or any administrative agency." He asked readers to remember "where the biggest heist took place, and how Wall Street dragged down the rest of the country once before," referring to the Great Depression but leaving out everything in between.
He stressed, however, "how Wall Street brought down main street," and things have now come full circle. Deregulation unleashed casino capitalism, and bankers made a killing. Now they're in trouble and Bush demands "the biggest bailout in American history....or the world will crumble. He said the a similar thing in the run-up to war" so who can believe him now. Egan quotes a dirt farmer asking why not the same "concerns (for) average Americans." Because "we the people" Bush speaks for are them, not us.
As for Paulson's plan, here's what the Financial Times writer Martin Wolf said on September 23. He called it "not a true solution to the crisis." It doesn't address the "fundamental problem." It's "neither a necessary nor an efficient solution. It is not necessary because the (Fed can) manage illiquidity through its many lender-of-last resort operations. It is not efficient because it can only deal with insolvency by buying bad assets (overpriced junk) at far above their true value, thereby guaranteeing big losses for taxpayers and providing an open-ended bail-out to the most irresponsible investors."
Wolf also objects to Paulson getting unchecked powers. Providing little or no help to the poor and "ill-informed" (read duped) borrowers, and lists other operational suggestions "essential for the long-run health of any financial system" without needing "a penny of public money." Among them, forcing creditors to take losses and not taxpayers.
Unmentioned in his article is the underlying fraud behind the crisis and a lack of regulatory oversight that made it easy. Also, omitted was what's covered in the section below.
"Decisions by the Secretary pursuant to the authority of this Act are non-reviewable and committed to agency discretion, and may not be reviewed by any court of law or any administration agency."
In other words, unchallengeable czarist powers. In contrast to the 1930s Reconstruction Finance Corporation's (RFC) closely supervised operations. That era's Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) that refinanced homes to prevent foreclosures. And the 1980s Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) mandate to liquidate assets from failed S & Ls. Not dispense free money for bad investments unchecked. The above authorities subject to judicial review. Not governed by a financial boss to run as he pleased.
According to The New York Times, EESA calls for "strict oversight of the program by a Congressional panel and conflict-of-interest rules for firms hired by the Treasury to help run the program." Also "a change in the bankruptcy laws sought by some Democrats to give judges the authority to modify the terms of first mortgages."
Given the bipartisan blame for today's crisis. The post-9/11 willingness to give the administration near-carte blanche authority across the board. Eight years of indifference to social needs and public welfare. Who now believes that policy going forward will change and that the agreed-on scheme will protect people or curb the secretary's authority. On his own initiative, George Bush usurped supreme power post-9/11 while few in Congress blanched. None in leadership positions. Little today has changed.
Disclaimers notwithstanding from both sides of the aisle, Wall Street is pleased. Paulson got what he wanted. The plan's fine print will assure it. Public money. Far more, if needed, than $700 billion. The power to dispense it freely. With weak at best oversight and judicial review, and the ability to conceal fraud and malfeasance. In short, the between-the-lines meaning of Paulson saying: "We have made great progress toward a deal, which will work and be effective in the marketplace."
The same one that fleeced the nation and betrayed the public trust. Now empowered to take more with the full faith and blessing of the government from both sides of the aisle. Belying George Bush's insult that "The rescue effort....is not aimed at Wall Street; it is aimed at your street." And Nancy Pelosi's hypocrisy that: "All of this was done in a way to insulate Main Street and everyday Americans from the crisis on Wall Street....I want to congratulate all of the negotiators for the great work they have done." Who in banker boardrooms would disagree.
Whatever's coming, industrial capitalism is eroding. A kleptocracy replaced it. If the system is saved, it will be temporary, and an even greater one will emerge. Why this article is called Grand Theft America. A criminal class runs it, and they're rewarded for their crimes. Backed by the full faith and credit of the government with taxpayer money. A near-limitless amount created and borrowed. Who said crime doesn't pay!
wondering won if the best and brightest can fix things or if no amount of money or ingenuity can do it.
Even before the current crisis, Goldman was the preeminent Wall Street firm. A survivor. The largest, and along with Morgan Stanley, the remaining two Street giants left standing. But no longer as investment banks after the Federal Reserve's September 21 announcement that both companies will become bank holding companies after a mandatory five-day waiting period, now over.
In theory, they'll be under stricter Fed oversight but will get Fed help to complete their transition and thereafter. As a well-connected financial powerhouse, whatever Goldman wants, Goldman gets. Always in the past by recycling top executives into Democrat and Republican administrations, and now more than ever given Henry Paulson's extraordinary financial czar powers.
He has near-open checkbook authority to reward close allies with loans and free money and let them acquire troubled assets on the cheap. This from a man with much responsibility for today's crisis. A June 12, 2006 Business Week cover story titled "Mr. Risk Goes to Washington" called him "one of the key architects of a more daring Wall Street, where securities firms are taking greater and greater chances in their pursuit of profits." Such as assuming huge amounts of debt and "placing big bets (with their own money) on all sorts of exotic derivatives and other securities." Advising clients to do the same. Casino capitalism at up to 40 to one leverage. Hugely profitable in up markets. Disastrous in down ones.
Paulson earned millions and now has an estimated $700 million + net worth. For 2007 overall, according to Bloomberg.com, "Wall Street's five biggest firms (paid out) a record $39 billion in bonuses (and did it in) a year when three of the companies suffered the worst quarterly losses in their history and shareholders lost more than $80 billion."
Speculative finance pays well, even in down years, and it even raised Bloomberg's ire in a Michael Lewis September 24 commentary titled "America Must Rescue the Bonuses at Goldman Sachs." It reflected on a possible global financial collapse but sacrificing Goldman bonuses is another matter. If firm "employees (take) pay cut(s), it will be (tantamount to failure and) our country may never recover." How will the company induce new talent to come aboard. Goldman is well-positioned to get maximum gain from its former CEO's $700 billion handout.
Stiglitz was formerly part of the system he now criticizes. Free market fundamentalism in its most extreme form. For many months, he warned about a worsening global economy and growing financial crisis that's as bad or worse than the Great Depression.
a lack of transparency and government oversight.
Combined they created a crisis "so great that no one knows exactly the magnitude of the risk they face. It is particularly bad because our financial institutions are based on trust. You put money in the bank and you trust that you can get (it) out, so trust is absolutely essential for the functioning of our financial markets and economy."
The problem is exacerbated by those providing the news. The dominant media and frequent spokespeople. Industry representatives like Lehman Brothers CEO saying last April that "we turned the corner, and the economy is on the uptick." Also from the president, treasury secretary and others in government as things keep worsening.
Stiglitz calls this a "top down crisis." The "$3 trillion cost" of foreign wars a key. Creating huge deficits and consuming vital resources needed for growth. "This is the first war in American history that has been totally financed on the credit card. For the last five years....we have been a debt economy." Not since the Revolutionary War have "we have had to turn to foreigners," so now "40% of our national debt is financed by (them). Even as we went (to war) we had a big deficit, and yet the president called for tax cuts for upper middle class Americans." Insane but we did it.
Another factor is other countries trusting that our economy is working well, and when the president says it is he's believable. "This administration burned that trust....no wonder everybody around the world is losing confidence." Even worse is that the administration isn't dealing responsibly with these problems, mostly because they're of our own making.
Stiglitz worries about the "real economy:" home prices dropping; owners forced into foreclosure; more financial firms in crisis; and a good many won't survive. He sees a weakening financial system unable or unwilling "to provide credit (the lifeblood of the economy for) loans, mortgages," and that means lower home prices, contracting businesses, rising unemployment, and a "downward vicious cycle. You have to be in fantasy land to say that everything is fine (or even) that we have turned the corner." He sees at least another 18 months of pain. Maybe longer. Who can know or how much.
For sure, real economic stimulus is needed. Productive investment. Not the phony "bailout" kind proposed. Aiding state and local governments. Better unemployment insurance and more for infrastructure. Providing a basis for long-term growth. Not feeding markets and starving the hungry, as one writer put it. Not believing markets on their own will fix things.
Understanding that government must intervene. Responsibly. Facilitate job creation. End casino capitalism. Provide incentives for real economic growth. Let foreclosed and threatened homeowners stay in their homes. Work out an equitable way to do it. "We learned a painful lesson in the 1930s and today: The invisible hand often seems invisible because it's not there." It led to the kind of predicament now confronting the country. The solutions proposed will just compound it.
use public funds only "to sustain the orderly operation of the financial system;"
restructure the Fed democratically; a far better solution is abolish it and let government control its own money; use it responsibly for all Americans, not just the privileged few.
Other recommendations recognize no quick or easy solutions to problems this great. Economist James Galbraith says borrowers need collateral. A new Home Owners Loan Corporation to rewrite mortgages. Manage rental conversions, and decide what degraded properties should be demolished. Which ones to save and refurbish. Set it up in communities under federal guidelines and do it quickly. Help state and local governments strapped for cash. Reestablish federal revenue sharing. A National Infrastructure Bank making capital available for infrastructure. Put people to work building it. Protect seniors and near-retirees from wealth loss. Extra Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid revenue will help. Get money in the hands of people who'll spend it.
A whole range of other projects and ideas to redirect the economy away from speculative finance and militarism and toward high-return public investment. Do it before it's too late. Recognize that the present course is unsustainable. Imagine a government working for everyone and not just the privileged few. Imagine it not tolerating fraud and malfeasance.
Instead, Congress agreed to a "bailout" and passed a record $634 billion omnibus spending bill (to run the government through March 6, 2009) to include a record Pentagon budget; $25 billion in low-interest auto industry loans; maybe with no provision for repayment; lifting a quarter-century ban on Atlantic and Pacific off-shore drilling; billions more in earmarked pork; and likely more coming later for the airlines and other endangered companies. Taxpayers for Common Sense criticized the bill at the same time it noted that government "bailout" appropriations will reach about $1.2 trillion with the $700 billion Paulson scheme. Others put the total above $1.5 trillion, and many say it's only for starters.
Credit card companies as well from growing amounts of unrepayable credit card debt. The auto industry already assured of a low-interest $25 billion loan (or maybe handout) for starters. Airlines coming next. Select homebuilders and troubled companies called too big to fail. If they're too big to fail, says one observer, they're too big to exist.
Economist Michael Hudson calls EESA "cash for trash" and a "giveaway," not a bailout. A "transfer of wealth to insiders." A financial coup d'etat. The "largest and most inequitable (kind) since the (19th century) land giveaways to the railroad barons."
In this case, socializing losses to let fraudsters "sell out all their bad bets." Junk of all sorts: a stew of securitized assets, bad mortgages, car loans, credit card loans, student loans, anything for insiders stuck with too much of them.
"I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country....corporations (including bankers) have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands and the Republic is destroyed."
Lincoln refused to pay bankers usurious rates to finance the Civil War and got Congress to pass the 1862 Legal Tender Act. It empowered the US Treasury to issue "greenbacks" that were interest-free because government printed its own money. When Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, the "Greenback Law" was rescinded. A new national banking act was passed, and the government once again had to pay interest to bankers.
On June 4, 1963, President Kennedy issued executive order (EO) 11110 giving the president authority to issue currency. He ordered the treasury to begin printing "United States (Treasury) Notes" to replace "Federal Reserve Notes." He began a process to let government control its own money and no longer private bankers under the guise of the Federal Reserve. Months later, Kennedy was assassinated. Once Lyndon Johnson took office, he rescinded EO 11110 and reestablished the current system. More on that below.
Most people think the Federal Reserve is a government agency, subject to its control. It's sometimes mistakenly called a quasi-governmental decentralized central bank to disguise its real identity and purpose. Its Eccles building headquarters compounds the subterfuge. Below it's stripped away.
On December 22, 1913, between 1:30 - 4:30 AM, the Federal Reserve Act was shepherded through a special Congressional Conference Committee. Then voted on and passed the next day. Two days before Christmas with many members gone and most others with no time to read or consider this momentous document.
By enacting this law, Congress and President Woodrow Wilson defrauded the public. Wilson later said (when it was too late to matter) he made a mistake and "unwittingly ruined my country." This from a man who was an intellect. Trained in the law. A PhD in political science and president of Princeton University in his earlier years.
The Federal Reserve Act gives private bankers the most important of all powers. The one most of all that governments should never relinquish. The authority to print money. Control its supply. Its price through the Fed Funds rate and how it influences the whole yield curve. Loan it out for profit, and charge government interest on its own money. It's later returned minus operating expenses and a guaranteed 6% profit. Taxpayers foot the bill. An early and continuing example of wealth transfer from the public to powerful bankers. Illegally sanctioned by Congress and the president.
The Fed literally creates money out of nothing. Expands or contracts its supply as it wishes - with no government oversight or control. Gold once backed it until Nixon closed the gold window in August 1971. Suspended dollar convertibility into the metal, and ended compliance with the Bretton Woods core provision. The US dollar became fiat currency. Mere paper. Backed by nothing except the faith of the issuing authority.
Given today's crisis, that faith is fast eroding and is to blame for dollar weakness. Mostly because of profligate policies by private bankers running the country's monetary policy for their own gain. The grandest of grand thefts along with today's all-consuming fraud. Backed by the full faith and credit of the government, and up to now at least, with most people none the wiser.
For how long is the question given growing public anger and people expressing it publicly. It has administration officials worried enough to order what Michel Chossudovsky wrote in his September 26 article titled "Pre-election Militarization of the North American Homeland."
He cites an Army Times article saying that the 3rd Infantry's 1st Brigade Combat Team is coming home (in October) from Iraq as (according to the Times) "an on-call federal response force for natural or manmade emergencies and disasters, including terrorist attacks." Perhaps with a manufactured incident as pretext. To defend the homeland against ourselves. Be deployed against dissent. Erupting public anger. On city streets like in Denver and St. Paul. Displaying civil disobedience. Defiance against fraud, deceit, illegal foreign wars, and nearly eight intolerable years under George Bush and a complicit Congress. Capped by the current financial crisis touching everyone while government rewards crime and hangs its victims out to dry.
Chossudovsky is blunt about the possibilities. The 3rd Infantry's 1st Brigade is for combat. It's not the National Guard or local police. It's trained for war. "Equipped to kill people" with potent weapons, and a last hurrah scheme may be planned to divert public attention from the financial crisis. A "terrorist" attack with "chemical, biological" or other dangerous weapons. A possible pretext for martial law at a time the administration and Congress are vulnerable. When people are angry about Washington protecting the privileged. Partnering with them in crime. Defrauding the public and stifling dissent. Moving one step closer to tyranny and away from silly notions about democracy. Proving crime indeed does pay and awfully well on Wall Street. "It's the economy, stupid." Theirs, not ours.
Stephen Lendman lives in Chicago and can be reached at [email protected]. Also visit his blog site at sjlendman.blogspot.com, and listen to The Global Research News Hour on RepublicBroadcasting.org Mondays from 11AM—1PM US Central time.
This story was published on September 29, 2008. | 2019-04-19T05:03:10Z | http://baltimorechronicle.com/2008/092908Lendman.shtml |
The following stocks were moving the Services sector today.
Jive Software Inc (JIVE): JIVE stock is up 2.5% today.
Textainer Group Holdings (TGH): TGH stock is down 2.42% today. Majesco Entertainmnt (COOL): COOL stock is down 2.4% today. Qumu Corporation (QUMU): QUMU stock is down 2.32% today. Datawatch Cp (DWCH): DWCH stock is down 2.21% today. Twitter Inc (TWTR): TWTR stock is down 2.2% today. Amer Software Inc (AMSWA): AMSWA stock is down 2.17% today. Salesforce.Com Inc (CRM): CRM stock is down 2.14% today. Zix Corp (ZIXI): ZIXI stock is down 2.13% today. Applied Dna Scns Cmn (APDN): APDN stock is down 2.08% today. Meetme Inc (MEET): MEET stock is down 1.96% today.
Shares of AV Homes (NASDAQ:AVHI) have soared today, up by 29% as of 1:40 p.m. EDT, after the company announced it was being acquired. Larger homebuilder Taylor Morrison Home Corporation (NYSE:TMHC) is scooping up AV Homes in a $1 billion deal.
Headlines about AV Homes (NASDAQ:AVHI) have been trending somewhat positive on Saturday, according to Accern Sentiment. The research firm identifies positive and negative news coverage by reviewing more than 20 million blog and news sources. Accern ranks coverage of publicly-traded companies on a scale of negative one to one, with scores nearest to one being the most favorable. AV Homes earned a media sentiment score of 0.06 on Accern’s scale. Accern also assigned news headlines about the financial services provider an impact score of 44.8950832122121 out of 100, meaning that recent news coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an impact on the stock’s share price in the next few days.
ValuEngine lowered shares of Cemex (NYSE:CX) from a sell rating to a strong sell rating in a research report report published on Wednesday.
CX has been the topic of a number of other reports. Barclays dropped their price objective on shares of Cemex from $11.00 to $10.00 and set an overweight rating on the stock in a research report on Friday, March 16th. UBS downgraded shares of Cemex from a buy rating to a sell rating and dropped their price objective for the company from $7.62 to $6.50 in a research report on Thursday, February 15th. Bank of America raised shares of Cemex from a neutral rating to a buy rating and increased their price objective for the company from $8.00 to $8.50 in a research report on Monday, April 9th. They noted that the move was a valuation call. Longbow Research cut shares of Cemex from a buy rating to a neutral rating and set a $12.00 target price for the company. in a report on Friday, April 27th. Finally, JPMorgan Chase restated an overweight rating and issued a $10.00 target price (down previously from $10.60) on shares of Cemex in a report on Wednesday, March 14th. Three equities research analysts have rated the stock with a sell rating, four have issued a hold rating and four have given a buy rating to the stock. The stock presently has a consensus rating of Hold and an average target price of $9.34.
Shares of Cemex traded up $0.02, reaching $6.03, during trading on Tuesday, Marketbeat reports. 5,467,715 shares of the company were exchanged, compared to its average volume of 9,993,179. The firm has a market cap of $8.57 billion, a PE ratio of 14.71, a price-to-earnings-growth ratio of 0.58 and a beta of 1.39. Cemex has a 12-month low of $5.72 and a 12-month high of $10.37. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.90, a quick ratio of 0.52 and a current ratio of 0.73.
Cemex SAB de CV (NYSE: CX) traded down 4% Tuesday and posted a new 52-week low of $6.68 after closing Monday at $6.96. The stock’s 52-week high is $10.37. Volume was around 12.5 million, about 25% above the daily average of around 10.5 million. The company had no specific news.
Cemex (NYSE: CX) is a global building materials company that produces, distributes and sells cement, ready-mix concrete, aggregates and related building materials in more than 50 countries. Cemex’s U.S. network includes 11 cement plants, 43 strategically located distribution terminals, 57 aggregate quarries and more than 270 ready-mix concrete plants. Its products are used in bridges, roads, structures, dams and more.
Indexes kept moving up on Monday, adding to their record-setting advance on Friday and sending the S&P 500 to another new high. Progress on the trade front also helped to push the manufacturing sector higher, and that led the Dow Jones Industrial Average to gains of more than 250 points. Market participants were pleased to see stocks hold on to their positive momentum from last week, and more good news from some leading companies helped to keep investors happy. Cemex (NYSE:CX), iQiyi (NASDAQ:IQ), and Advanced Micro Devices (NASDAQ:AMD) were among the best performers on the day. Here’s why they did so well.
Cemex SAB de C.V. (NYSE: CX) was up more than 3% Monday morning to $7.24. The building materials giant’s shares have had a $5.72 to $9.54 trading range in the past 52 weeks, and the consensus price target was last seen at $9.37.
Compass Minerals International, Inc. (NYSE:CMP) is often listed as a miner, but the salt and fertilizer it produces are a bit different than what most investors think of when they hear the word “miner.” That makes Compass something of an odd duck and results in it being off of most investors’ radar screens. A tough 2017 is another net negative. That’s a shame, since it currently sports a yield of more than 4.4%, and the business outlook is improving. Here’s what investors are missing out on with this high-yield stock.
Crawford & Company (NYSE:CRD.A) and Erie Indemnity (NASDAQ:ERIE) are both business services companies, but which is the better business? We will compare the two businesses based on the strength of their analyst recommendations, risk, earnings, dividends, institutional ownership, profitability and valuation.
Econ Financial Services Corp acquired a new stake in shares of Erie Indemnity (NASDAQ:ERIE) during the fourth quarter, according to its most recent 13F filing with the Securities & Exchange Commission. The fund acquired 24,237 shares of the financial services provider’s stock, valued at approximately $3,231,000. Erie Indemnity accounts for 4.9% of Econ Financial Services Corp’s investment portfolio, making the stock its largest position.
No matter your investing style, stocks that no one is paying attention to are often the best deals. Unpopular or lightly followed dividend stocks can become depressed in price, pushing up the yields and creating bargains for eagle-eyed investors. Three of our Motley Fool contributors think Vodafone (NASDAQ:VOD), Hanesbrands (NYSE:HBI), and Kronos Worldwide (NYSE:KRO) aren’t getting the attention they deserve. Here’s why these dividend stocks would make a great addition to your portfolio.
Kronos Worldwide (NYSE:KRO) issued its earnings results on Monday. The specialty chemicals company reported $0.21 earnings per share for the quarter, missing the Zacks’ consensus estimate of $0.22 by ($0.01), Fidelity Earnings reports. Kronos Worldwide had a return on equity of 33.77% and a net margin of 12.94%. The company had revenue of $349.40 million for the quarter, compared to the consensus estimate of $378.00 million.
Despite continued strength globally for the material, many titanium dioxide producers have seen their share prices drop by double digits since the beginning of the year. For instance, Kronos Worldwide (NYSE:KRO) stock has dropped by 19% in 2018 even though the business is cruising along right now. That has pushed its dividend yield to 3.4% — much higher than most peers.
Shares of Kronos Worldwide (NYSE:KRO) plunged on Wednesday after the company announced first-quarter 2018 results. The titanium dioxide manufacturer reported strong growth compared to the year-ago period thanks to the continued surge in selling prices. Revenue was up 16% and net income nearly doubled relative to the first quarter of 2017. How can Wall Street be displeased with that?
Shares of Kronos Worldwide, Inc. (NYSE:KRO) have been given a consensus recommendation of “Hold” by the six research firms that are presently covering the firm, MarketBeat.com reports. Two research analysts have rated the stock with a sell rating, two have issued a hold rating and two have issued a buy rating on the company. The average twelve-month price target among analysts that have updated their coverage on the stock in the last year is $25.33.
This entry was posted in Best Stocks and tagged AVHI, CMP, CX, ERIE, KRO on March 23, 2019 by admin.
and Transamerica. More premium hikes, especially to longtime policyholders, are expected.
Prestige Brands Holdings, Inc. (NYSE:PBH) – Investment analysts at Gabelli cut their FY2019 earnings estimates for shares of Prestige Brands in a research report issued on Tuesday, July 3rd. Gabelli analyst Z. Bodini now anticipates that the company will post earnings of $3.00 per share for the year, down from their prior forecast of $3.05. Gabelli also issued estimates for Prestige Brands’ FY2020 earnings at $3.35 EPS, FY2021 earnings at $3.75 EPS, FY2022 earnings at $4.20 EPS and FY2023 earnings at $4.65 EPS.
Premium Brands Holdings Corp (TSE:PBH) Director Stephen Sposari sold 3,000 shares of the firm’s stock in a transaction that occurred on Friday, May 25th. The stock was sold at an average price of C$117.01, for a total transaction of C$351,030.00.
Premium Brands Holdings Corp (TSE:PBH) has earned an average recommendation of “Buy” from the seven analysts that are covering the stock, MarketBeat Ratings reports. One research analyst has rated the stock with a hold rating, three have issued a buy rating and one has given a strong buy rating to the company. The average 12 month price objective among brokerages that have covered the stock in the last year is C$132.14.
Northwest Biotherapeutics (OTC:NWBO) presented underwhelming preliminary data from a late-stage study of DCVax-L in brain cancer.
Community Health Systems (NYSE:CYH) amended to extend the “Early Tender Deadline” and the “Expiration Date” for each Exchange Offer announced earlier.
The last time we left Northwest Biotherapeutics (OTC:NWBO), I stated in a fairly cautious article that there are persistent risks associated with an investment in this company. Back in November, I did not feel that the benefits outweighed the risks for this small cap equity.
American Century Companies Inc. decreased its holdings in DXP Enterprises Inc (NASDAQ:DXPE) by 40.0% in the 2nd quarter, according to its most recent filing with the Securities & Exchange Commission. The institutional investor owned 159,977 shares of the industrial products company’s stock after selling 106,808 shares during the quarter. American Century Companies Inc.’s holdings in DXP Enterprises were worth $6,111,000 at the end of the most recent reporting period.
Press coverage about DXP Enterprises (NASDAQ:DXPE) has been trending somewhat positive on Thursday, Accern Sentiment reports. The research group rates the sentiment of media coverage by analyzing more than 20 million news and blog sources in real time. Accern ranks coverage of companies on a scale of negative one to positive one, with scores nearest to one being the most favorable. DXP Enterprises earned a coverage optimism score of 0.22 on Accern’s scale. Accern also assigned media headlines about the industrial products company an impact score of 44.8189875544661 out of 100, indicating that recent media coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an effect on the company’s share price in the next few days.
American Century Companies Inc. decreased its position in DXP Enterprises, Inc. (NASDAQ:DXPE) by 63.0% in the 1st quarter, according to the company in its most recent 13F filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The institutional investor owned 266,785 shares of the industrial products company’s stock after selling 454,667 shares during the quarter. American Century Companies Inc. owned approximately 1.54% of DXP Enterprises worth $10,391,000 at the end of the most recent reporting period.
DXP Enterprises (NASDAQ:DXPE) was downgraded by research analysts at BidaskClub from a “hold” rating to a “sell” rating in a research note issued on Thursday.
News stories about DXP Enterprises (NASDAQ:DXPE) have been trending somewhat positive on Saturday, according to Accern. Accern scores the sentiment of news coverage by reviewing more than twenty million blog and news sources in real-time. Accern ranks coverage of companies on a scale of negative one to positive one, with scores nearest to one being the most favorable. DXP Enterprises earned a media sentiment score of 0.21 on Accern’s scale. Accern also gave news headlines about the industrial products company an impact score of 46.1699723331071 out of 100, meaning that recent news coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an impact on the stock’s share price in the near future.
Media headlines about Norwood Financial (NASDAQ:NWFL) have trended somewhat negative this week, according to Accern Sentiment Analysis. Accern identifies negative and positive news coverage by reviewing more than twenty million news and blog sources. Accern ranks coverage of public companies on a scale of negative one to one, with scores closest to one being the most favorable. Norwood Financial earned a coverage optimism score of -0.01 on Accern’s scale. Accern also assigned news coverage about the financial services provider an impact score of 46.6420547965898 out of 100, meaning that recent news coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an impact on the stock’s share price in the immediate future.
Shares of transplant specialist CareDx (NASDAQ:CDNA) jumped 13.5% on Friday after the company reported solid second-quarter earnings after the bell on Thursday, leading management to raise guidance for the year.
Genomic Health (NASDAQ: GHDX) and CareDx (NASDAQ:CDNA) are both small-cap medical companies, but which is the superior stock? We will compare the two companies based on the strength of their dividends, analyst recommendations, risk, profitability, institutional ownership, valuation and earnings.
CareDx Inc (NASDAQ:CDNA) CFO Michael Brian Bell sold 16,355 shares of the business’s stock in a transaction dated Thursday, September 13th. The shares were sold at an average price of $25.06, for a total value of $409,856.30. Following the completion of the transaction, the chief financial officer now directly owns 52,238 shares of the company’s stock, valued at approximately $1,309,084.28. The transaction was disclosed in a legal filing with the Securities & Exchange Commission, which can be accessed through this link.
Craig Hallum set a $35.00 target price on CareDx (NASDAQ:CDNA) in a research report sent to investors on Wednesday morning, The Fly reports. The firm currently has a buy rating on the stock.
In the Lightning Round, Cramer was bullish on Idexx Laboratories (IDXX) , XPO Logistics (XPO) , Diamondback Energy (FANG) and Illinois Tool Works (ITW) .
Illinois Tools Works (ITW) shares fell after the company’s earnings report, but Cramer and the AAP team see it as an opportunity to buy more shares. Find out what they’re telling their investment club members and get in on the conversation with a free trial subscription to Action Alerts PLUS.
Jefferies Financial Group Inc began coverage on shares of At Home Group (NYSE:HOME). They issued a buy rating and a $45.00 target price on the stock.
Real Money columnist Robert Lang says that while retail “has certainly had its challenges over the past couple of years, between difficulties in the mall and then the big gorilla in the room, Action Alerts PLUS holding Amazon (AMZN) …there are a handful of names that continue to perform well, one of those is At Home Group (HOME) .
In this segment from Motley Fool Money, host Chris Hill asks analysts Jason Moser, David Kretzmann, and Andy Cross to give us the lowdown on some companies that caught their attention recently. Their picks this week are stun gun and body-cam leader Axon Enterprise (NASDAQ:AAXN), home-improvement retailer Home Depot (NYSE:HD), and Indian online travel agency MakeMyTrip (NASDAQ:MMYT).
MakeMyTrip Limited (NASDAQ:MMYT) hit a new 52-week high and low during trading on Tuesday . The stock traded as low as $41.70 and last traded at $40.35, with a volume of 24850 shares trading hands. The stock had previously closed at $39.10.
MakeMyTrip (NASDAQ: MMYT) and Yatra Online (NASDAQ:YTRA) are both computer and technology companies, but which is the better business? We will compare the two businesses based on the strength of their dividends, profitability, valuation, analyst recommendations, institutional ownership, earnings and risk.
TheStreet lowered shares of MakeMyTrip (NASDAQ:MMYT) from a c- rating to a d+ rating in a report published on Tuesday.
Other equities research analysts also recently issued reports about the stock. Jefferies Financial Group raised shares of MakeMyTrip from a hold rating to a buy rating and set a $19.80 price target for the company in a research note on Wednesday, August 15th. BidaskClub downgraded shares of MakeMyTrip from a strong-buy rating to a buy rating in a research note on Wednesday, June 20th. Zacks Investment Research raised shares of MakeMyTrip from a hold rating to a buy rating and set a $45.00 price target for the company in a research note on Friday, June 15th. Bank of America dropped their price target on shares of MakeMyTrip from $40.00 to $39.50 and set a buy rating for the company in a research note on Monday, July 9th. Finally, ValuEngine downgraded shares of MakeMyTrip from a buy rating to a hold rating in a research note on Thursday, September 6th. One equities research analyst has rated the stock with a sell rating, four have assigned a hold rating and three have issued a buy rating to the company’s stock. The company presently has a consensus rating of Hold and an average target price of $36.36.
Nomura upgraded shares of MakeMyTrip (NASDAQ:MMYT) from a reduce rating to a neutral rating in a report issued on Monday morning, Marketbeat reports.
This entry was posted in Best Stocks and tagged AVHI, CDNA, DXPE, EPU, HOME, ITW, MMYT, NWBO, NWFL, PBH on March 14, 2019 by admin.
Shares of Clean Energy Fuels Corp (NASDAQ:CLNE) were down 15.6% during trading on Thursday . The stock traded as low as $3.05 and last traded at $3.13. Approximately 5,742,302 shares traded hands during mid-day trading, an increase of 232% from the average daily volume of 1,731,432 shares. The stock had previously closed at $3.71.
Several analysts have recently commented on CLNE shares. Zacks Investment Research upgraded shares of Clean Energy Fuels from a “hold” rating to a “buy” rating and set a $3.25 price target on the stock in a research report on Friday, June 15th. BidaskClub upgraded shares of Clean Energy Fuels from a “hold” rating to a “buy” rating in a research report on Wednesday, May 23rd. ValuEngine upgraded shares of Clean Energy Fuels from a “sell” rating to a “hold” rating in a research report on Wednesday, May 2nd. Finally, Raymond James lowered shares of Clean Energy Fuels from a “market perform” rating to an “underperform” rating in a research report on Thursday. They noted that the move was a valuation call.
News headlines about BENITEC BIOPHAR/S (NASDAQ:BNTC) have trended somewhat positive on Wednesday, according to Accern Sentiment Analysis. The research group ranks the sentiment of news coverage by reviewing more than 20 million blog and news sources in real-time. Accern ranks coverage of companies on a scale of negative one to positive one, with scores closest to one being the most favorable. BENITEC BIOPHAR/S earned a news sentiment score of 0.10 on Accern’s scale. Accern also assigned headlines about the biotechnology company an impact score of 46.3493613805465 out of 100, indicating that recent news coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an effect on the stock’s share price in the immediate future.
NASDAQ STRS traded down $0.25 during trading hours on Monday, hitting $31.10. The company’s stock had a trading volume of 528 shares, compared to its average volume of 7,123. Stratus Properties has a 52 week low of $26.15 and a 52 week high of $32.15. The company has a quick ratio of 1.09, a current ratio of 1.09 and a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.74.
Shares of AV Homes (NASDAQ:AVHI) have soared today, up by 29% as of 1:40 p.m. EDT, after the company announcedit was being acquired. Larger homebuilder Taylor Morrison Home Corporation (NYSE:TMHC) is scooping up AV Homes in a $1 billion deal.
The S&P 500 stock posting the largest daily percentage loss ahead of the close Tuesday was Viacom, Inc. (NASDAQ: VIAB) which traded down over 3% at $29.42. The stocks 52-week range is $22.13 to $46.70. Volume was about 6.6 million compared to the daily average volume of 4.4 million.
This morning, President Trump suggested that the United States is considering strong military action in response to recent chemical attacks carried out on civilians by the Syrian government. The president promised to send “nice and new and ‘smart'” missiles to Syria and accused the Russian government of partnering with a “Gas Killing Animal who kills his people and enjoys it!” The president’s remarks are a significant departure from comments made last week, which suggested that the United States would be pulling out of Syria in the coming months. Trump’s threat of war over a recent chemical attack in Syria drove crude oil and gold prices higher. Geopolitical worries often offer a boost to commodity prices due to concerns about supply. Trump’s threat comes at a time that markets are already concerned about a significant military conflict in the Middle East between Saudi Arabia and Iran. WTI crude prices added 0.9% to hit $66.10 per barrel. Brent crude pushed to $71.10 per barrel. Gold price topped $1,350 per ounce and are poised for bigger gains. According to Axios, U.S. Speaker of the House Paul Ryan (R-WI) has privately told friends that he will not seek reelection in the fall. The news comes at a perilous time for Republicans, who are expected to lose the House of Representatives and potentially the Senate. Axios was the first to report the news. The story is also notable because Ryan recently achieved his long-time goal of passing tax reform in late 2017.
The stock posting the largest daily percentage gain in the S&P 500 ahead of the close Thursday was Viacom, Inc. (NASDAQ: VIAB) which rose about 7% to $32.71. The stocks 52-week range is $22.13 to $46.72. Volume was about 11 million compared to the daily average volume of roughly 5.8 million.
Shares of Aurinia Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:AUPH) jumped 11% in May, according to data provided byS&P Global Market Intelligence, after the biotech said it plans to test voclosporin, its only drug candidate, for additional diseases.
Clinton Group Inc. acquired a new position in shares of Coca-Cola European Partners PLC (NYSE:CCE) during the 2nd quarter, according to its most recent 13F filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The fund acquired 128,976 shares of the company’s stock, valued at approximately $5,242,000. Coca-Cola European Partners comprises 0.8% of Clinton Group Inc.’s investment portfolio, making the stock its 20th largest holding.
Analysts upgraded Coca-Cola European Partners PLC (CCE) to buy on its commitment to deleveraging and capital allocation.
Goldman still rates Monster Beverage Corp. (MNST) as a buy given the global expansion of the energy drink category.
Neuberger Berman Group LLC raised its holdings in Coca-Cola European Partners PLC (NYSE:CCE) by 35.5% during the 1st quarter, HoldingsChannel.com reports. The institutional investor owned 31,270 shares of the company’s stock after acquiring an additional 8,187 shares during the quarter. Neuberger Berman Group LLC’s holdings in Coca-Cola European Partners were worth $1,326,000 at the end of the most recent quarter.
Shares of CCE traded down $0.51 during trading hours on Monday, hitting $37.88. The stock had a trading volume of 705,278 shares, compared to its average volume of 1,496,087. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.82, a current ratio of 1.03 and a quick ratio of 0.79. The company has a market cap of $18.60 billion, a PE ratio of 15.85, a P/E/G ratio of 1.93 and a beta of 0.76. Coca-Cola European Partners has a 1-year low of $36.17 and a 1-year high of $44.75.
Aristotle Capital Management LLC raised its holdings in shares of Coca-Cola European Partners PLC (NYSE:CCE) by 9.3% during the 1st quarter, according to the company in its most recent filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The fund owned 363,371 shares of the company’s stock after purchasing an additional 30,783 shares during the period. Aristotle Capital Management LLC owned approximately 0.08% of Coca-Cola European Partners worth $15,138,000 at the end of the most recent quarter.
Walmart Inc. (NYSE: WMT) is estimated to report quarterly earnings at $1.13 per share on revenue of $120.51 billion.
J. C. Penney Company, Inc. (NYSE: JCP) is expected to report quarterly loss at $0.2 per share on revenue of $2.63 billion.
Dillard's, Inc. (NYSE: DDS) is projected to report quarterly earnings at $2.77 per share on revenue of $1.46 billion.
The Children's Place, Inc. (NASDAQ: PLCE) is estimated to report quarterly earnings at $2.21 per share on revenue of $444.14 million.
Manchester United plc (NYSE: MANU) is expected to report quarterly loss at $1.35 per share on revenue of $193.67 million.
Teekay Corporation (NYSE: TK) is estimated to report quarterly loss at $0.08 per share on revenue of $296.76 million.
KEMET Corporation (NYSE: KEM) is projected to report quarterly earnings at $0.41 per share on revenue of $306.72 million.
Vascular Biogenics Ltd. (NASDAQ: VBLT) is estimated to report a quarterly loss at $0.21 per share.
Teekay Offshore Partners L.P. (NYSE: TOO) is expected to report quarterly earnings at $0.04 per share on revenue of $272.04 million.
Albireo Pharma, Inc. (NASDAQ: ALBO) is expected to report quarterly earnings at $1.77 per share on revenue of $31.32 million.
ReTo Eco-Solutions, Inc. (NASDAQ: RETO) fell 9.3 percent to $4.50 in pre-market trading.
ProPhase Labs, Inc. (NASDAQ: PRPH) shares fell 8.5 percent to $4.50 in pre-market trading after dropping 3.53 percent on Thursday.
Nordstrom, Inc. (NYSE: JWN) fell 7.5 percent to $47.10 in pre-market trading. Nordstrom reported upbeat results for its first quarter. Comparable-store sales rose 0.6 percent.
Baidu, Inc. (NASDAQ: BIDU) shares fell 6 percent to $263.00 in pre-market trading. Baidu disclosed that its COO Qi Lu will step down in July 2018.
Riot Blockchain, Inc. (NASDAQ: RIOT) shares fell 5.6 percent to $8.98 in pre-market trading after climbing 11.88 percent on Thursday.
Applied Materials, Inc. (NASDAQ: AMAT) fell 5 percent to $51.30 in pre-market trading. Applied Materials reported stronger-than-expected results for its second quarter, but issued weak sales outlook for the third quarter.
Blink Charging Co. (NASDAQ: BLNK) fell 5 percent to $7.61 in pre-market trading after rising 11.40 percent on Thursday.
Illumina, Inc. (NASDAQ: ILMN) shares fell 4.7 percent to $255.77 in pre-market trading.
Vascular Biogenics Ltd (NASDAQ: VBLT) fell 4.6 percent to $2.10 in pre-market trading after reporting a first-quarter earnings miss.
Campbell Soup Company (NYSE: CPB) fell 3.3 percent to $37.60 in pre-market trading. Campbell Soup reported upbeat Q3 earnings, but sales missed estimates. The company also lowered its FY18 outlook.
First Bank (NASDAQ: FRBA) and Marlin Business Services (NASDAQ:MRLN) are both small-cap finance companies, but which is the superior business? We will compare the two companies based on the strength of their profitability, valuation, earnings, institutional ownership, analyst recommendations, risk and dividends.
Headlines about Lazard World Dividend & Income Fund, Inc common stock (NYSE:LOR) have trended somewhat negative this week, Accern reports. The research group identifies positive and negative press coverage by reviewing more than twenty million blog and news sources. Accern ranks coverage of publicly-traded companies on a scale of negative one to one, with scores closest to one being the most favorable. Lazard World Dividend & Income Fund, Inc common stock earned a media sentiment score of -0.03 on Accern’s scale. Accern also gave media headlines about the company an impact score of 48.1658217953419 out of 100, indicating that recent press coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an impact on the company’s share price in the next several days.
This entry was posted in Best Stocks and tagged AUPH, AVHI, BNTC, CCE, FOGO, FRBA, LOR, STRS, VBLT, VIAB on July 20, 2018 by admin.
MedMen, a Los Angeles-based chain of marijuana dispensaries, can’t trade on Wall Street because cannabis is illegal in its home country.
So it listed in Canada.
MedMen started trading this week on the Canadian Securities Exchange, or CSE.
They’re not alone. US cannabis companies are heading north to list on stock exchanges in Canada, where there’s no federal ban on marijuana sales. Medical marijuana is legal there, and the country is in the process of legalizing recreational marijuana, too.
It’s a two-way street. Some Canadian cannabis companies have come south to list on Wall Street exchanges, because they’re not subject to the same restrictions that keep US pot growers away.
In the US, medical marijuana is legal in 30 states, and recreational is legal in 10. But US cannabis companies can’t list on US stock exchanges or even get basic financial services, because marijuana is prohibited by the federal government.
“There are no straight roads and there are no clear paths,” said MedMen CEO Adam Bierman.
Nielsen (NYSE:NLSN) was upgraded by Pivotal Research from a “hold” rating to a “buy” rating in a research report issued to clients and investors on Monday, The Fly reports.
ARP Americas LP grew its position in Nielsen Holdings (NYSE:NLSN) by 41.2% in the 1st quarter, according to its most recent disclosure with the SEC. The fund owned 14,400 shares of the business services provider’s stock after buying an additional 4,200 shares during the period. ARP Americas LP’s holdings in Nielsen were worth $458,000 as of its most recent SEC filing.
But in order to attract advertisers — which along with sponsorships is expected to make up 77% of the esports market this year — there has to be verifiable data about who is watching and for how long. NielsenHoldings’ (NYSE:NLSN) TV ratings are the “currency” of media buyers. Last year, Nielsen announced a new ratings service specifically for esports and has now partnered with Activision to provide verifiable ratings for its top esports ventures, including Overwatch League and Call of Duty World League.
The S&P 500 stock posting the largest daily percentage loss ahead of the close Thursday was Nielsen Holdings PLC (NYSE: NLSN) which traded down over 9% at $33.99. The stocks 52-week range is $33.90 to $45.73. Volume was 11.3 million compared to the daily average volume of 3.8 million.
Botty Investors LLC lifted its position in shares of Nielsen Holdings PLC (NYSE:NLSN) by 27.5% during the first quarter, according to the company in its most recent filing with the SEC. The institutional investor owned 19,665 shares of the business services provider’s stock after buying an additional 4,245 shares during the quarter. Botty Investors LLC’s holdings in Nielsen were worth $625,000 at the end of the most recent quarter.
Activision Blizzard (NASDAQ:ATVI), Electronic Arts (NASDAQ:EA), and Take Two Interactive (NASDAQ:TTWO) have each launched professional esports leagues this year, while advertising and sponsorships are expected to make up three-quarters of the industry’s nearly $1 billion of revenue. And the recent announcement that Nielsen Holdings (NYSE:NLSN) will apply its TV rating expertise to Activision’s esport events could be the catalyst that unleashes a floodgate of media buying.
McGrath RentCorp (NASDAQ: MGRC) and Triton International (NYSE:TRTN) are both finance companies, but which is the superior business? We will compare the two businesses based on the strength of their profitability, analyst recommendations, dividends, risk, earnings, valuation and institutional ownership.
McGrath RentCorp (NASDAQ:MGRC) VP Kay Dashner sold 1,993 shares of the company’s stock in a transaction on Friday, June 1st. The shares were sold at an average price of $65.30, for a total transaction of $130,142.90. Following the sale, the vice president now directly owns 4,891 shares in the company, valued at approximately $319,382.30. The sale was disclosed in a filing with the Securities & Exchange Commission, which is available at this hyperlink.
Chuy’s Holdings Inc. (Nasdaq: CHUY) is a Texas-based chain of casual Tex-Mex restaurants.
Arcos Dorados (NYSE: ARCO) and Chuy’s (NASDAQ:CHUY) are both small-cap retail/wholesale companies, but which is the superior stock? We will contrast the two businesses based on the strength of their dividends, risk, institutional ownership, earnings, profitability, valuation and analyst recommendations.
Papa Murphy’s (NASDAQ: FRSH) and Chuy’s (NASDAQ:CHUY) are both small-cap retail/wholesale companies, but which is the superior investment? We will compare the two businesses based on the strength of their institutional ownership, dividends, risk, earnings, profitability, analyst recommendations and valuation.
ValuEngine upgraded shares of Chuy’s (NASDAQ:CHUY) from a hold rating to a buy rating in a research report released on Thursday morning.
A number of other equities analysts also recently commented on CHUY. Telsey Advisory Group reissued a market perform rating and set a $29.00 price objective (up from $23.00) on shares of Chuy’s in a research report on Wednesday, February 28th. BidaskClub raised Chuy’s from a hold rating to a buy rating in a research report on Tuesday, March 6th. Zacks Investment Research downgraded Chuy’s from a buy rating to a hold rating in a research report on Tuesday, March 6th. Wedbush reissued a hold rating and set a $25.00 price objective on shares of Chuy’s in a research report on Friday, March 9th. Finally, BMO Capital Markets reissued a hold rating and set a $27.00 price objective (down from $30.00) on shares of Chuy’s in a research report on Friday, March 9th. One investment analyst has rated the stock with a sell rating, six have given a hold rating, three have issued a buy rating and one has issued a strong buy rating to the stock. The stock currently has an average rating of Hold and an average target price of $27.22.
Chemical Financial (NASDAQ: CHFC) and Macatawa Bank (NASDAQ:MCBC) are both finance companies, but which is the better business? We will contrast the two businesses based on the strength of their dividends, earnings, institutional ownership, analyst recommendations, valuation, profitability and risk.
Envestnet Asset Management Inc. boosted its stake in Chemical Financial Co. (NASDAQ:CHFC) by 60.8% in the 1st quarter, according to the company in its most recent 13F filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The fund owned 16,192 shares of the bank’s stock after purchasing an additional 6,123 shares during the period. Envestnet Asset Management Inc.’s holdings in Chemical Financial were worth $884,000 at the end of the most recent quarter.
Media stories about Chemical Financial (NASDAQ:CHFC) have been trending somewhat positive recently, Accern reports. Accern ranks the sentiment of media coverage by analyzing more than 20 million blog and news sources. Accern ranks coverage of publicly-traded companies on a scale of -1 to 1, with scores closest to one being the most favorable. Chemical Financial earned a media sentiment score of 0.09 on Accern’s scale. Accern also assigned news articles about the bank an impact score of 45.6707430515367 out of 100, meaning that recent media coverage is somewhat unlikely to have an impact on the company’s share price in the next few days.
This entry was posted in Best Stocks and tagged AVHI, CHFC, CHUY, MGRC, NLSN on July 10, 2018 by admin.
Make way for some waves. CVS Health (CVS) and Express Scripts (ESRX) have released their formulary exclusion list for 2017, which details which prescription drugs will not be covered by health plans.
Why do we care? Commercial payors have been showing signs of pushing back against high drugs costs, which is a huge concern for drug companies and their investors. The coverage list determines whether millions of privately insured individuals can easily use an insurance co-payment to buy their prescriptions. If a drug is excluded, it can dramatically hobble sales.
Thus, the formulary exclusion lists can be used as a tool by insurers and PBMs leverage you might say to negotiate with drug makers for better prices. Its also a double edged sword that can cost a PBM customers.
Express Scripts says it will save customers $1.8 billion in 2017 by excluding a list of 85 drugs from its formulary in 2017. It added a handful of new names to the list, including Bristol-Myers Squibb‘s (BMY) arthritis medication Orencia, Eli Lilly‘s (LLY) new psoriasis medication and Valeants (VRX) Zyclara, an actinic keratosis skin cream, while also removing several names, including Pfizer‘s (PFE) arthritis drugs Xeljanz (it is now a preferred alternative follow price negotiations with Express Scripts).
ConocoPhillips (NYSE:COP) worked hard to turn its business around during the oil market downturn. We saw the first glimpse of its ability to thrive, now that prices are on the upswing, at the end of last year when the U.S. oil giant reported $545 million, or $0.45 per share, of adjusted earnings. That result marked a significant improvement from the loss it had posted in the previous year.
The number of ConocoPhillips (NYSE: COP) shares short dropped to 17.34 million from the previous level of 18.27 million. Shares were trading at $68.71, within a 52-week range of $42.27 to $71.71.
The number of ConocoPhillips (NYSE: COP) shares short dropped to 18.27 million from the previous level of 21.33 million. Shares were trading at $70.01 within a 52-week range of $42.27 to $71.71.
Oil prices have been on fire over the past year and recently topped $70 a barrel, which is the highest crude has been since late 2014. That rally in the oil market has helped fuel big-time gains in many oil stocks. Three that stand out are Anadarko Petroleum (NYSE:APC), Hess (NYSE:HES), and ConocoPhillips (NYSE:COP) because each has risen more than 20% this year. They might still have additional upside from here given that all three plan on spending billions of dollars to buy back more of their stock.
ConocoPhillips (NYSE: COP) has seized assets from the Venezuelan-owned firm PDVSA in the Caribbean. The company won a court case that will allow it to take over assets owned by the Venezuelan government. The court enabled the seizures as part of a broader plan to allow the firm to recoup roughly $2 billion following the 2007 nationalization of its assets in Venezuela by the huge Castro-led government.
Monday will be a quiet day on the earnings front. Investors are looking to Tuesday’s calendar, when The Home Depot Inc. (NYSE: HD) reports earnings. Tomorrow, Wall Street analysts expect that Home Depot will report earnings per share of $2.07 on top of $25.2 billion in revenue. Investors will be hoping that the company reports strong profits thanks to an improving U.S. economy and the recent tax reform law.
Expect a lot of chatter today about blockchain technology. That’s because ING Bank and HSBC Holdings Plc.(NYSE: HSBC) announced over the weekend that they engaged in their first trade ever using blockchain technology. The two engaged in a trade on behalf of Cargill to finance a shipment of soybeans from Argentina to Malaysia.
Today, look for earnings reports from Agilent Technologies (NYSE: A), Itron Inc.(Nasdaq: ITRI), Vipshop Holdings Ltd.(Nasdaq: VIPS), Amyris Biotechnologies Inc. (Nasdaq: AMRS), Sky Solar Holdings Ltd.(Nasdaq: SKYS), Mazor Robotics Ltd.(Nasdaq: MZOR), China Lodging Group Ltd. (Nasdaq: HTHT), and Mimecast Ltd.(Nasdaq: MIME).
Whittier Trust Co. grew its holdings in ConocoPhillips (NYSE:COP) by 15.8% in the first quarter, HoldingsChannel reports. The institutional investor owned 11,978 shares of the energy producer’s stock after acquiring an additional 1,635 shares during the period. Whittier Trust Co.’s holdings in ConocoPhillips were worth $710,000 at the end of the most recent reporting period.
Shares of B&M European Value Retail SA (LON:BME) have earned an average recommendation of “Buy” from the sixteen ratings firms that are covering the firm, MarketBeat Ratings reports. Five research analysts have rated the stock with a hold rating and eleven have issued a buy rating on the company. The average 12-month price target among brokers that have covered the stock in the last year is GBX 442.92 ($5.90).
B&M European Value Retail (LON:BME) had its target price boosted by analysts at HSBC from GBX 470 ($6.26) to GBX 500 ($6.66) in a report released on Wednesday. The brokerage presently has a “buy” rating on the stock. HSBC’s price objective indicates a potential upside of 21.54% from the company’s current price.
BrightView Holdings Inc. (NYSE: BV) raised $469 million selling 21.3 million shares at $22, the low end of the expected range. Shares dropped 3% on the first day of trading and closed the week flat.
Below is Renaissance Capital’s list of the second quarter’s 10 largest IPOs ranked by deal size. We’ve also included the stock’s first-day pop (or decline) and its return as of the most recent close. Spotify Technology S.A. (NYSE: SPOT) is not included because its IPO was a direct offering that did not raise any new cash. Spotify shares popped nearly 13% on the April offering date, and the return to date is 27%.
Looking ahead to the third quarter, Renaissance Capital notes 65 companies currently in the IPO pipeline looking to raise $11 billion. Real estate firm Cushman & Wakefield is the both the largest potential IPO ($500 million) and the largest based on trailing 12-month sales ($7.23 billion). The pipeline is again heavy on health care offerings (11), industrials (five), financials (five) and, in a bit of a comeback, energy (four).
BrightView Holdings Inc. (NYSE: BV) entered the market quietly in its initial public offering (IPO). The stock initially saw a slight gain compared to the announced pricing but quickly fell flat.
Shares of RXi Pharmaceuticals stock traded down $0.04 on Tuesday, hitting $1.92. The company had a trading volume of 27,600 shares, compared to its average volume of 258,173. The stock has a market capitalization of $8.21 million, a PE ratio of -0.46 and a beta of 1.20. RXi Pharmaceuticals has a 52 week low of $1.90 and a 52 week high of $7.70.
Shares of RXi Pharmaceuticals traded down $0.01, hitting $2.24, on Tuesday, MarketBeat Ratings reports. 55,400 shares of the stock were exchanged, compared to its average volume of 275,015. The company has a market capitalization of $9.96 million, a price-to-earnings ratio of -0.53 and a beta of 1.15. RXi Pharmaceuticals has a one year low of $1.90 and a one year high of $7.70.
ARMO BioSciences, Inc. (NASDAQ: ARMO) shares rose 67.5 percent to $49.96 in pre-market trading after Eli Lilly and Company (NYSE: LLY) announced plans to acquire ARMO BioSciences for $50 per share.
Turtle Beach Corporation (NASDAQ: HEAR) rose 62.8 percent to $11.30 in pre-market trading after the company reported Q1 results and raised its FY18 outlook.
vTv Therapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ: VTVT) rose 23.4 percent to $2.11 in pre-market trading following announcement that the company will pre-specify new subgroup with the FDA and report Phase 3 Part B results in June.
Resonant Inc. (NASDAQ: RESN) rose 19.1 percent to $5.00 in pre-market trading after reporting Q1 results.
RXi Pharmaceuticals Corporation (NASDAQ: RXII) rose 17.7 percent to $2.39 in pre-market trading following Q1 results.
Clean Energy Fuels Corp. (NASDAQ: CLNE) rose 15.2 percent to $2.20 in pre-market trading after French company Total announced plans to acquire 25 percent stake in Clean Energy Fuels for $83.4 million.
Everspin Technologies, Inc. (NASDAQ: MRAM) rose 14.6 percent to $8.50 in pre-market trading after the company reported strong results for its first quarter.
Carvana Co. (NYSE: CVNA) shares rose 11 percent to $27.50 in pre-market trading after reporting upbeat Q1 sales.
Sunrun Inc. (NASDAQ: RUN) rose 8.9 percent to $10.70 in pre-market trading following upbeat quarterly earnings.
MediciNova, Inc. (NASDAQ: MNOV) rose 8.1 percent to $11.35 in pre-market trading after the company announced opening of Investigational New Drug Application for MN-166 (ibudilast) in glioblastoma.
New Gold Inc. (NYSE: NGD) shares rose 7.7 percent to $2.65 in pre-market trading after the company reported that its President and CEO Hannes Portmann left the company. The company named Raymond Threlkeld as successor.
Otter Tail Corporation (NASDAQ: OTTR) shares rose 7.4 percent to $46.60 in the pre-market trading session.
This entry was posted in Best Stocks and tagged AVHI, BME, BV, COP, RXII on July 7, 2018 by admin. | 2019-04-19T08:20:22Z | http://www-topstocks.com/stocks/avhi |
Berrios, Carlos G. was born 10 January 1977, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 6490 Sw 23Rd St, Miami, Florida 33155. Florida voter ID number 109609458. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carlos Gabriel was born 14 October 1963, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 401 Sw 29Th Ter, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33312. Florida voter ID number 109427415. His telephone number is 1-786-587-4994. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 August 2016 voter list: Carlos Gabriel Berrios, 7720 NW 5Th ST, APT 2 A, Plantation, FL 33324 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARLOS H. was born 26 August 1954, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1648 8Th St, Orlando, Florida 32820. Florida voter ID number 113372463. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carlos Ivan was born 14 January 1966, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1722 Thomas St, Apt 8, Hollywood, Florida 33020. Florida voter ID number 119381706. His telephone number is 1-440-554-3968. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 December 2018 voter list: Carlos Ivan Berrios, 1722 Thomas St, APT 8, Hollywood, FL 330207814 Florida Democratic Party.
30 September 2018 voter list: Carlos Ivan Berrios, 1919 Van Buren ST, APT 407, Hollywood, FL 330207814 Florida Democratic Party.
30 June 2015 voter list: Carlos Ivan Berrios, 1825 N 17th Ct, APT 4, Hollywood, FL 33020 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARLOS JAVIEL was born 12 July 1970, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1411 Olive Tree Cir, Greenacres, Florida 33413. Florida voter ID number 122772966. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 281 LITTLE JOHN DR REDFIELD NY 13437. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 October 2017.
BERRIOS, CARLOS JAVIER was born 9 March 1971, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 15330 Treviso St, Orlando, Florida 32828. Florida voter ID number 113049107. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carlos Jerry was born 15 August 1975, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 175 Ne 203Rd Ter, #4B, Miami Gardens, Florida 33179. Florida voter ID number 114912247. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CARLOS JUAN was born 7 August 1978, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1009 Mckinnon Ave, Oviedo, Florida 32765-7035. Florida voter ID number 107828073. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2014.
Berrios, Carlos Juan was born 23 June 1956, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1048 N Missouri Ave, 1048, Lakeland, Florida 33805. Florida voter ID number 124681049. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 April 2018 voter list: Carlos Juan Berrios, 405 Union DR, LOT 24, Lakeland, FL 33805 No Party Affiliation.
Berrios, Carlos Luis was born 16 March 1980, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 8321 Crosswind Rd, Jacksonville, Florida 32244. Florida voter ID number 122017889. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
28 February 2017 voter list: Carlos Luis Berrios, 8321 Crosswind Rd, Jacksonville, FL 322445457 Florida Democratic Party.
31 December 2016 voter list: Carlos Luis Berrios, 10128 ARROWHEAD DR, APT 7, Jacksonville, FL 32257 Florida Democratic Party.
30 June 2015 voter list: Carlos Luis Berrios, 3529 Tiara WAY W, Jacksonville, FL 32223 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carlos Luis was born 18 December 1967, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1008 Lagrande Blvd, Sebring, Florida 33870. Florida voter ID number 122214165. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CARLOS MANUEL was born 22 April 1975, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 35 Lansdowne Ln, Palm Coast, Florida 32137. Florida voter ID number 124617369. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CARLOS MANUEL was born 30 June 1956, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6169 Metrowest Blvd, #103, Orlando, Florida 32835. Florida voter ID number 112793582. His telephone number is 1-407-300-8681. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2018 voter list: CARLOS M. BERRIOS, 6169 METROWEST BLVD, #103, ORLANDO, FL 32835 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARLOS R. was born 4 April 1956, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 1894 Harbor Island Dr, Fleming Island, Florida 32003-7456. Florida voter ID number 102820059. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carlos R. was born 31 January 1970, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 500 Ne 161St St, Miami, Florida 33162. Florida voter ID number 110208202. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CARLOS S. was born 22 July 1963, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 5929 Lyons St, #B, Orlando, Florida 32807. Florida voter ID number 113315619. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
29 February 2016 voter list: CARLOS S. BERRIOS, 7128 HERSHEY WAY, ORLANDO, FL 32822 Republican Party of Florida.
Berrios, Carlos V. was born 30 July 1953, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 10251 Allenwood Dr, Riverview, Florida 33569. Florida voter ID number 110579354. His telephone number is 1-813-677-9549. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: PO BOX 658 Riverview FL 33568. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CARMELO was born 30 March 1963, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 10708 Goldfish Cir, Orlando, Florida 32825. Florida voter ID number 116605628. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
28 February 2017 voter list: CARMELO BERRIOS, 715 ASHFORD OAKS DR, #203, ALTAMONTE SPRINGS, FL 32714 Florida Democratic Party.
31 August 2015 voter list: CARMELO BERRIOS, 3825 DOUBLE EAGLE DR, APT 2931, ORLANDO, FL 32839 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carmelo was born 23 January 1955, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 671 Pebble Beach Ave Ne, Palm Bay, Florida 32905. Florida voter ID number 125780039. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carmelo born 6 November 1936, Florida voter ID number 124406666 See Berrios Benitez, Carmelo. CLICK HERE.
Berrios, Carmelo Pinero was born 15 September 1951, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 7331 Bunker Ct, Jacksonville, Florida 32244. Florida voter ID number 120564537. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2013.
BERRIOS, CARMEN was born 4 July 1927, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 219 Ne 12Th Ave, #A, Ocala, Florida 34470. Florida voter ID number 105669955. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2012 voter list: CARMEN BERRIOS, 219 NE 12TH AVE, APT A, OCALA, FL 34470 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARMEN was born 23 July 1960, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 138 Weathersfield Ave N, Altamonte Springs, Florida 32714. Florida voter ID number 124280688. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 April 2018 voter list: CARMEN BERRIOS, 610 BRYAN CT, ALTAMONTE SPRINGS, FL 32701 Republican Party of Florida.
BERRIOS, CARMEN was born 10 December 1931, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 13512 Perry Woods Ct, Orlando, Florida 32824. Florida voter ID number 113319819. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016.
Berrios, Carmen was born 9 January 1921, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 9025 Nw 112Th St, Hialeah Gardens, Florida 33018. Florida voter ID number 109031765. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012.
Berrios, Carmen was born 9 February 1945, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3606 Late Morning Cir, Kissimmee, Florida 34744. Florida voter ID number 106187192. Her telephone number is 1-321-369-8017. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carmen was born 18 October 1958, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 662 Milan Dr, Kissimmee, Florida 34758. Florida voter ID number 120450553. Her telephone number is 1-321-214-4042. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carmen was born 22 November 1951, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 561 Tacoma Ave, Deltona, Florida 32725-8332. Florida voter ID number 108708105. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carmen A. was born 26 November 1961, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 12021 Sw 184Th St, Miami, Florida 33177. Florida voter ID number 119660458. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 December 2015 voter list: Carmen A. Berrios, 15261 SW 301St ST, Homestead, FL 33033 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARMEN CRUZ was born 11 August 1920, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 5300 Sw 176Th Ave, Dunnellon, Florida 34432. Florida voter ID number 105731974. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
28 February 2018 voter list: CARMEN C. CRUZ, 5300 SW 176TH AVE, DUNNELLON, FL 34432 No Party Affiliation.
BERRIOS, CARMEN D. was born 9 December 1939, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 283 Torpoint Gate, Longwood, Florida 32779. Florida voter ID number 101621088. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 August 2017 voter list: CARMEN D. BERRIOS, 4302 LAKE TAHOE CIR, WEST PALM BEACH, FL 33409 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARMEN DE LOURDES was born 25 April 1956, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 4209 S Semoran Blvd, Apt 3, Orlando, Florida 32822. Florida voter ID number 116033150. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2018.
31 May 2012 voter list: CARMEN DE LOURDES BERRIOS, 5465 CURRY FORD RD, APT B103, ORLANDO, FL 32812 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carmen Elaine was born 13 September 1975, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5112 Dancing Bay Ln, Wesley Chapel, Florida 33543. Florida voter ID number 106647095. Her telephone number is 1-813-361-3816. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CARMEN ESTHER born 25 August 1952, Florida voter ID number 113328949 See SIMS, CARMEN ESTHER BERRIOS. CLICK HERE.
BERRIOS, CARMEN I. was born 21 November 1963, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 513 Village Pl, Davenport, Florida 33896. Florida voter ID number 115430390. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 513 VILLAGE PL DAVENPORT FL 33896 USA. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012.
Berrios, Carmen I. was born 8 July 1951, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 52 Butler Blvd, Haines City, Florida 33844. Florida voter ID number 106168626. Her telephone number is 1-407-414-6748. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
22 October 2014 voter list: Carmen I. Berrios, 3260 Marshfield Preserve Way, Kissimmee, FL 34746 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2012 voter list: Carmen I. Berrios, 32 St Andrews Ct, Kissimmee, FL 34759 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carmen Iris was born 16 September 1957, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 12046 Nw 31St Dr, Coral Springs, Florida 33065. Florida voter ID number 121231117. Her telephone number is 1-919-633-2999. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 January 2016 voter list: Carmen Iris Berrios, 5008 E Lakes Dr, Deerfield Beach, FL 33064 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carmen L. was born 12 February 1945, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 6404 Gainsboro Dr, Port Richey, Florida 34668. Florida voter ID number 106561855. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2012 voter list: CARMEN L. BERRIOS, 406 WASHINGTON ST, OLDSMAR, FL 34677 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carmen L. was born 18 September 1943, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 602 Elbridge Dr, Kissimmee, Florida 34758. Florida voter ID number 106279894. Her telephone number is 1-407-433-2471. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 July 2016 voter list: Carmen Lydia Berrios Rivera, 602 ELBRIDGE DR, Kissimmee, FL 34758 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2016 voter list: Carmen Lydia Berrios-Rivera, 2903 Fox Squirrel DR, Kissimmee, FL 347413844 Florida Democratic Party.
29 February 2016 voter list: Carmen Lydia Berrios Rivera, 2903 Fox Squirrel DR, Kissimmee, FL 347413844 Florida Democratic Party.
31 January 2015 voter list: Carmen L. Berrios, 2903 Fox Squirrel Dr, Kissimmee, FL 34741 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carmen Luz was born 24 June 1962, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 4604 Belvedere Cir, Pace, Florida 32571. Florida voter ID number 120044923. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 October 2015 voter list: Carmen Luz Berrios, 4604 BELVEDERE Cir, Pace, FL 325711173 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2013 voter list: CARMEN LUZ BERRIOS, 12000 SCENIC HWY, APT 39, PENSACOLA, FL 325148143 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARMEN M. born 14 June 1969, Florida voter ID number 100718417 See DECKER, CARMEN M. CLICK HERE.
BERRIOS, CARMEN M. was born 16 July 1929, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 116 Seville Chase Dr, Winter Springs, Florida 32708. Florida voter ID number 114684645. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 50 CALLE 8 PH S GUAYNABO PR 00966-1704. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2014.
BERRIOS, CARMEN M. was born 5 August 1929, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 702 Palenci Ct, Winter Springs, Florida 32708. Florida voter ID number 116995857. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 March 2015 voter list: CARMEN M. BERRIOS, 116 SEVILLE CHASE DR, WINTER SPRINGS, FL 32708 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carmen M. was born 10 July 1966, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 541 Juniper Springs Dr, Groveland, Florida 34736. Florida voter ID number 112710237. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 January 2015 voter list: Carmen M. Berrios, 1554 Sarus Ave, Groveland, FL 34736 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2012 voter list: Carmen M. Berrios, 621 Skyridge Rd, Clermont, FL 34711 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARMEN MARIA born 5 March 1969, Florida voter ID number 122387034 See TORRES, CARMEN MARIA. CLICK HERE.
BERRIOS, CARMEN MARIA was born 15 March 1967, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 14310 Se 90Th Ct, Summerfield, Florida 34491. Florida voter ID number 119151860. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CARMEN MARIA was born 30 September 1965, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 48 President Ln, Palm Coast, Florida 32164. Florida voter ID number 122962289. Her telephone number is 1-787-554-1623. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 July 2018 voter list: CARMEN MARIA BERRIOS, 7 BLAIRMORE PL, PALM COAST, FL 32137 Florida Democratic Party.
30 September 2016 voter list: CARMEN MARIA BERRIOS TIRADO, 7 BLAIRMORE PL, PALM COAST, FL 32137 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARMEN MARIA was born 3 December 1972, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 900 50Th Ave N, St Petersburg, Florida 33703. Florida voter ID number 114847603. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 900 50TH AVE N ST PETERSBURG FL 33703-0000. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012.
Berrios, Carmen Milagros was born 14 May 1985, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 351 Red Kite Dr, Groveland, Florida 34736. Florida voter ID number 112955461. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2013 voter list: CARMEN MILAGROS BERRIOS, 8508 VALENCIA VILLAGE LN, APT 106, ORLANDO, FL 32825 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carmen Nelida was born 12 August 1954, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 9324 Via San Giovani St, Fort Myers, Florida 33905. Florida voter ID number 123217658. Her telephone number is 1-847-370-0363. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carmen Rosa was born 11 December 1958, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 3206 Silverlake Ct, Plant City, Florida 33566. Florida voter ID number 110718232. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Carmen Santana was born 1 November 1945, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2700 E Buck Ct, Inverness, Florida 34452. Florida voter ID number 112141370. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2016 voter list: CARMEN A. BERRIOS, 4638 VESPASIAN CT, LAKE WORTH, FL 33463 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CARMEN YOLANDA was born 13 September 1956, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1400 Cricket Club Cir, Apt 205, Orlando, Florida 32828. Florida voter ID number 117449220. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016.
Berrios, Caroline Cristina was born 17 April 1989, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 234 Westview Dr, Crestview, Florida 32536-9254. Florida voter ID number 114994938. Her telephone number is 1-850-612-1050. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 June 2018 voter list: Caroline Cristina Berrios, 208 Forrest Pkwy, Crestview, FL 325398584 Florida Democratic Party.
22 October 2014 voter list: Caroline Cristina Berrios, 234 Westview Dr, Crestview, FL 32536 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Carolyn Densie was born 6 February 1962, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 14373 Sw 289Th Ter, Homestead, Florida 33033. Florida voter ID number 109142525. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2012 voter list: Carolyn D. Berrios, 14373 SW 289Th Ter, Homestead, FL 33033 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Casey was born 24 March 1998, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 8321 Crosswind Rd, Jacksonville, Florida 32244-5457. Florida voter ID number 123990725. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 December 2016 voter list: Casey Berrios, 10128 ARROWHEAD DR, APT 7, Jacksonville, FL 32257 No Party Affiliation.
BERRIOS, CASEY R. was born 25 June 1991, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 10960 Winding Creek Ln, Boca Raton, Florida 33428. Florida voter ID number 117655620. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CATHERINE was born 23 February 1989, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 13446 Sw 62Nd St, 106, Miami, Florida 33183. Florida voter ID number 115281818. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 December 2014.
BERRIOS, CATHERINE was born 28 April 1955, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6134 Nw Gaylord Ter, Pt St Lucie, Florida 34986. Florida voter ID number 108178733. Her telephone number is 1-772-626-2723. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Catherine was born 23 February 1989, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 18241 Sw 108Th Pl, Miami, Florida 33157. Florida voter ID number 126425863. Her email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 January 2019 voter list: Catherine Berrios, 15025 SW 49Th LN, #C, Miami, FL 33185 No Party Affiliation.
Berrios, Cathy June was born 2 June 1956, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 4733 Jacqueline Dr, New Port Richey, Florida 34652. Florida voter ID number 117564721. Her telephone number is 1-516-984-2012. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 December 2018 voter list: Cathy June Berrios, 4840 Darlington Rd, Holiday, FL 34690 No Party Affiliation.
31 July 2014 voter list: Cathy J. Berrios, 4840 Darlington Rd, Holiday, FL 34690 No Party Affiliation.
31 May 2012 voter list: Cathy J. Berrios, 4321 Plaza DR, APT 107, Holiday, FL 34691 No Party Affiliation.
Berrios, Cecilia was born 10 July 1962, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 3336 Sw 24Th St, Miami, Florida 33145. Florida voter ID number 116425716. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Cecilia Chantell was born 30 July 1999, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 2456 Una Dr, Jacksonville, Florida 32216. Florida voter ID number 123552789. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Celeste was born 28 February 1939, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 14816 Sw 125Th Ct, Miami, Florida 33186-7458. Florida voter ID number 109898307. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 June 2017 voter list: Celeste Berrios, 12310 SW 151St ST, Apt 180, Miami, FL 33186 Florida Democratic Party.
30 June 2015 voter list: Celeste Berrios, 12330 SW 151St St, APT 170, Miami, FL 33186 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Celia Maria born 2 July 1932, Florida voter ID number 116425572 See Matos, Celia . CLICK HERE.
Berrios, Cermen L. was born 1 July 1928, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 2506 Lorraine St, Tampa, Florida 33614. Florida voter ID number 110733830. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 3545 W Palmer St Chicago IL 60647. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 May 2012.
Berrios, Cervando was born 9 September 1978, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 14731 Sw 160Th St, Miami, Florida 33187. Florida voter ID number 118157352. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Cesar A. was born 11 July 1961, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 2618 Okeechobee Ln, Ft Lauderdale, Florida 33312. Florida voter ID number 120360919. His telephone number is 1-954-471-5871. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 September 2016 voter list: Cesar A. Berrios, 1409 Saint Gabrielle LN, APT 3405, Weston, FL 333264033 Florida Democratic Party.
30 June 2015 voter list: Cesar A. Berrios, 964 Savannah Falls Dr, Weston, FL 33327 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CESAR ANIBAL was born 26 January 1971, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 14 Langdon Dr, Palm Coast, Florida 32137. Florida voter ID number 115222574. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2012 voter list: CESAR ANIBAL BERRIOS, 13 LAMONT LN, PALM COAST, FL 32137 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CESAR ANIBAL was born 18 March 2000, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 14 Langdon Dr, Palm Coast, Florida 32137. Florida voter ID number 126334099. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Chico R. was born 18 August 1975, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 11407 N 52Nd St, Apt 2, Temple Terrace, Florida 33617. Florida voter ID number 123691315. His telephone number is 1-863-877-8430. His email address is [email protected]. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Christa Anamelia was born 8 January 1998, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1984 Kimlyn Cir, Kissimmee, Florida 34758. Florida voter ID number 124022523. Her telephone number is 1-407-744-7855. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CHRISTIAN was born 25 January 1981, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 14304 Colonial Grand Blvd, Apt 3001, Orlando, Florida 32837. Florida voter ID number 113028603. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 November 2016.
31 May 2012 voter list: Christian Berrios, 14304 Colonial Grand Blvd, Apt 3001, Orlando, FL 328374866 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Christian was born 29 July 1983, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 3500 Washington St, Apt 314, Hollywood, Florida 33021. Florida voter ID number 102481968. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 30 April 2014.
31 May 2012 voter list: Christian Berrios, 2331 N 59th Ter, Hollywood, FL 33021 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Christian was born 29 July 1983, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 602 N University Dr, Plantation, Florida 33324. Florida voter ID number 123796851. His telephone number is 1-954-822-7053. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 October 2017 voter list: Christian Berrios, 2340 N 59th AVE, Hollywood, FL 33021 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Christian was born 11 October 1980, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 689 Alabama Rd S, Lehigh Acres, Florida 33974. Florida voter ID number 124247433. His telephone number is 1-321-520-1777. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 April 2018 voter list: Christian Berrios, , , FL No Party Affiliation.
28 February 2018 voter list: Christian Berrios, 689 Alabama RD S, Lehigh Acres, FL 33974 No Party Affiliation.
Berrios, Christian Alfonso was born 8 February 1980, is male, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 17102 Heart Of Palms Dr, Tampa, Florida 33647. Florida voter ID number 125937882. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Christian Antonio born 11 July 1996, Florida voter ID number 121879844 See Villar, Christian Nicholas. CLICK HERE.
Berrios, Christian David was born 13 December 1995, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 2404 Sw 110Th Ave, Miami, Florida 33165. Florida voter ID number 121650747. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 July 2014 voter list: Christian David Berrios, 2704 SW 110Th AVE, Miami, FL 33165 No Party Affiliation.
BERRIOS, CHRISTIAN G. was born 8 September 1994, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 3200 Rosebud Ln, Apt 4204, Winter Park, Florida 32792. Florida voter ID number 123778195. His telephone number is 1-706-341-5255. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Christian Lillyana was born 4 July 1980, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5207 E 127Th Ave, Temple Terrace, Florida 33617. Florida voter ID number 117596825. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2012 voter list: Christian L. Berrios, 5207 E 127th Ave, Temple Terrace, FL 33617 Florida Democratic Party.
Berrios, Christiann Elizabeth was born 16 April 1974, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 11214 Creekview Dr, Riverview, Florida 33569-5117. Florida voter ID number 110582710. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CHRISTINA was born 1 May 1974, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 3952 Valencia Grove Ln, Orlando, Florida 32817. Florida voter ID number 113292617. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CHRISTINA was born 30 June 1968, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 118 Woodland Rd, Palm Springs, Florida 33461. Florida voter ID number 112333637. Her telephone number is 433-4802 (no area code listed). This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Christina was born 17 January 1983, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 213 Highland Dr, Deltona, Florida 32738. Florida voter ID number 108670963. The voter lists a mailing address and probably prefers you use it: 100 State St Apt 28 North Haven CT 06473. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2015.
Berrios, Christina was born 25 April 1981, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 6630 Silverbell Dr, New Port Richey, Florida 34653. Florida voter ID number 106515343. Her telephone number is 1-727-847-4325. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 March 2015 voter list: Christina Berrios, 6520 Corbin LN, New Port Richey, FL 34653 No Party Affiliation.
31 January 2014 voter list: Christina Berrios, 6338 Limerick Ave, New Port Richey, FL 34653 No Party Affiliation.
BERRIOS, CHRISTINA MARIE was born 2 January 1989, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1159 Westmoreland Loop, The Villages, Florida 32162. Florida voter ID number 117933339. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CHRISTINE MARIE was born 7 February 1985, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 5037 Quill Ct, Palm Harbor, Florida 34685. Florida voter ID number 110276665. Her telephone number is 1-727-937-6065. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Christopher was born 17 April 1984, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 30331 Sw 155Th Ave, Homestead, Florida 33033-3511. Florida voter ID number 110128778. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2012 voter list: Christopher Berrios, 14341 SW 296Th ST, Homestead, FL 33033 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CHRISTOPHER ANTONIO was born 2 June 1965, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 4142 6Th Ct, Lantana, Florida 33462. Florida voter ID number 126466521. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Christopher John was born 12 December 1994, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 580 Nw 43Rd Ave, Miami, Florida 33126. Florida voter ID number 119772115. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
BERRIOS, CHRISTOPHER LEE was born 10 October 1993, is male, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 1505 S Kirkman Rd, Apt 2112, Orlando, Florida 32811. Florida voter ID number 120444626. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 September 2018 voter list: CHRISTOPHER LEE BERRIOS, 10515 BASTILLE LN, #PS-106, ORLANDO, FL 32836 Florida Democratic Party.
31 August 2016 voter list: Christopher Lee Berrios, 1 Maplewood Trl, Ormond Beach, FL 32174 Florida Democratic Party.
31 May 2013 voter list: Christopher L. Berrios, 58 Malaga AVE, Ormond Beach, FL 32174 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL was born 8 March 1987, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 4030 New Broad Cir, #304, Oviedo, Florida 32765. Florida voter ID number 114734268. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Christopher Roy was born 28 September 1994, is male, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 1609 Cedar Dr, Plant City, Florida 33563. Florida voter ID number 119482675. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Cindy was born 12 December 1960, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 671 Pebble Beach Ave Ne, Palm Bay, Florida 32905. Florida voter ID number 125780125. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
Berrios, Cindy Lynn was born 13 June 1987, is female, registered as No Party Affiliation, residing at 336 Nw 153Rd Ave, Pembroke Pines, Florida 33028-1823. Florida voter ID number 102488792. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 May 2015 voter list: Cindy Lynn Berrios, 336 NW 153rd Ave, Pembroke Pines, FL 33028 No Party Affiliation.
BERRIOS, CINDY MARIE was born 6 May 1975, is female, registered as Florida Democratic Party, residing at 4015 Kingston Ln, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida 33418. Florida voter ID number 112432331. Her telephone number is 1-561-429-2917. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 June 2014 voter list: CINDY MARIE BERRIOS, 3202 MORNING GLORY CT, APT 212, PALM BEACH GARDENS, FL 33410 Florida Democratic Party.
BERRIOS, CLARA BARBARA was born 6 February 1976, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 6675 83Rd Ave, Pinellas Park, Florida 33781. Florida voter ID number 102443396. Her telephone number is 1-727-417-8322. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
31 October 2017 voter list: CLARA BARBARA BERRIOS, 7736 FAREHAM CT N, ST PETERSBURG, FL 33709 Republican Party of Florida.
30 June 2015 voter list: CLARA BARBARA BERRIOS, 12191 76TH ST, LARGO, FL 33773 Republican Party of Florida.
31 May 2012 voter list: Clara Barbara Berrios, 6765 SW 39th CT, Davie, FL 33314 Republican Party of Florida.
BERRIOS, CLARIBEL was born 3 January 1984, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 10 Buffalo Plains Ln, Palm Coast, Florida 32137. Florida voter ID number 115690376. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
30 June 2018 voter list: CLARIBEL BERRIOS, 64 FISCHER LN, PALM COAST, FL 32137 Republican Party of Florida.
31 August 2015 voter list: CLARIBEL BERRIOS, 121 PINE LAKES PKWY N, APT 603, PALM COAST, FL 32137 Republican Party of Florida.
BERRIOS, CLARIMAR was born 17 December 1965, is female, registered as Republican Party of Florida, residing at 10450 Laxton St, Orlando, Florida 32824. Florida voter ID number 112798819. This is the most recent information, from the Florida voter list as of 31 March 2019.
29 February 2016 voter list: CLARIMAR BERRIOS, 13324 TWINWOOD LN, APT 1910, ORLANDO, FL 32837 Republican Party of Florida.
30 June 2014 voter list: CLARIMAR BERRIOS, 11860 OLD GLORY DR, ORLANDO, FL 32837 Republican Party of Florida. | 2019-04-21T14:22:37Z | https://flvoters.com/pages/b105800.html |
2015-2016 PAGE IS UP HERE.
Don't be a lurker...PLEASE UPDATE!
There are two general sections.
List of Schools: Post information about positions here.
This section may become more useful later on in the search year, but some possible sections are below. Please feel free to add or remove topics.
I received my PhD in 2014 and don't yet have any publications to my name (I hope to have 2 by next Sept.). I'm limited to NY/CT/MA for jobs and only received one interview during this search. Is it an "email of shame" to throw one's hat back in similar rings next year if some of the same schools are hiring, or do search committees expect to see repeat applicants? Thanks.
Here's a nice post on applying for the same job a second time around by Karen Kelsky on Vitae. I would consider re-tooling your materials if you haven't had luck in a search this year. Karen Kelsky's blog, The Professor Is In, has some really nice and very helpful materials. I followed her advice and ended up getting an offer from my first choice and interviewing with all of the schools to which I applied, so I think that her advice works.
My references were called before the campus visit.
I was asked for my references to email their letters as attachments after my campus visit.
Common. Mine were called before offers were extended, but not before.
Agreed, common. One of my references was called the day before an offer was extended to me; the others were not contacted at all. I was told many schools only contact references if they are planning to make an offer to the candidate.
I have an MSW, and 2-years post (so I can teach clinical practice). My sense is that it helped my job search quite a bit. I think that it probably depends on where you're looking, and some of the big-ticket R1s (i.e., Wash U) don't care as much about an MSW and 2-years post, but they do care to some degree.
The impact of not having an MSW for assistant professor positions in social work schools depends a lot on the type of schools you are applying. Teaching schools want to hire those who can teach advanced clinical classes, for which you have to have an MSW and at least two years of post-master clinical experience. Research-focus schools are divided. Schools like Wash U are moving towards a more public health model, in which faculty generates grants, and adjuncts teach clinical classes. In schools that value clinical practice and research, you find that leadership is pushing for research and the majority of tenured faculty values clinical skills. The true is that almost anybody can teach research methods classes, but CSWE considers that only MSW with post-master experience can teach clinical classes.
I've also heard that a lot of schools didn't get nearly as many applicants this year as they did in previous years.
I think it really depends on school/location. I'm applying to schools in the NY/CT area, and it's been extremely competitive.
20+; 6 (so far); 1; ?
13, 9, 1 (so far), ?
10: 2: ? : ?
20, 10, 6 (so far), ?
$78,000 in a city with an extremely high cost of living.
$70,000 in an area with a moderate cost of living.
$69,000 in an area with a moderate cost of living.
$66,000 in an area with a low-to-moderate cost of living.
$62,000 in an area with a moderate cost of living.
$70,000 in an area with a moderate cost of living (public, 9-month contract).
This link provides mean faculty salaries for full professors, associate professors, assistant professors, and instructors at universities throughout the country. The data are aggregated (but searchable!), so it's not possible to identify mean social work salaries at non-public institutions. However, it may be helpful to people who are negotiating at non-public universities that are not required to report individual faculty salaries publically. Has anyone been offered a position? If so, what are the packages looking like this year?
Other schools seem much more vague, with promising language about helpful career placement specialists, etc., which my current school offered as well, and which has been utterly useless.
Can someone please share where to locate the accouncement? Can't find it. Thanks.
Check the CSWE jobs website. I remember seeing it awhile back. Maybe in September?
It is on the school HR website.
I received a phone call on 2/13 asking if I was available for an interview or visit. We talked about how late it is for this step of the job process-- it sounds like the search committee is moving slow!
Very Interesting! This was what I also heard from them long before.. aproximately 2-3 months ago! Hard to understand..
Assistant Professor position in Phoenix.
Assistant Professor position #1: Preferred candidates will have experience and expertise to teach in the MSW Multicultural Clinical Practice concentration. Successful candidates will have demonstrated competence and experience in clinical social work practice.
Assistant Professor position #2:Preferred candidates will have experience and expertise to teach advanced and generalist social work curriculum. Successful candidates will have demonstrated competence and experience in the following but not limited to: community and organizational practice, policy and social work research methods.
Looking for candidates for multiple (unspecified number) tenure-track assistant or associate professor positions (8/18/14, per CSWE website).
Looking for a tenure-track assistant professor in the area of children, youth, and families (per SSWR and CSWE websites, 6/26/14).
To the 2nd person receiving an interview, did you also submit before the 9/15 screening date?
Has anyone heard about any movement on either of these positions (updated 10/28/14)?
I have heard that it is a supportive environment, however, if you are used to exessive support, i.e. some state schools have this you might find this environment more of a hands off approachy! If you need support though, the administrationw ill do its best to provide it to you so that you are succesful.
Position #3 does not involve field coordination. It's a tenure track position focusing on field education and social work pedagogy research.
Could you clarify the comment above? Here is the posting for position 3: http://carleton.ca/facultyrecruitment/2014/school-of-social-work-social-work-field-coordination-instructor-i-or-ii/ --> Sorry, I wasn't aware that they were looking for a coordinator. I meant that Position #1 is for social work education research.
Hiring a three-year visiting position in Sociology at the rank of visiting assistant professor beginning August 2015. Looking for someone to teach the liberal arts foundations of social work including courses such as Social Welfare, Social Policy, or Introduction to Social Services. Ability to teach an Introduction to Sociology course is a must; ability to teach about crime, law, and justice would be a plus. Requirements include a Ph.D., dedication to student-oriented teaching, and the ability to incorporate community-based learning into classes. For additional information and/or to apply, go to apply.interfolio.com/25580.
Hiring two or three open-rank, tenure-track faculty members. Looking for applicants in the areas of behavioral health, healthy aging, child welfare, and/or health and wel-being (7/17/14, per Chronicle website).
Rejection letter received by snail mial yesterday (2/23 x 3).
Any movement from this school?
It is confirmed, they are hiring for Fall 2015.
Two people were denied tenure last year, so they should have at least 2 openings.
Actually 3 were denied - but they don't necessarily hire to fill vacancies. They hire most years.
Does anyone know when we are expected to hear back form Search committee after SSWR interview?
-> I asked their search schedule. It would be about 2 wks after SSWR. Thank you!
A colleague of mine had a campus visit within the last couple of weeks.
Hiring for Instructor/Assistant/Associate Professor (per HigherEdJobs 10/12/14). In the ad they indicate: "ABD will be considered at the rank of Instructor"
Looking for multiple tenure-track assistant professors. Interest area is unspecified, but the job ad does note that they're specifically looking for people with 5 or more years of full-time, post-MSW social work practice experience (8/11/14, per CSWE website).
How long after phone interview did you get invite for campus visit and what did they say?
Had interview before Christmas- emailed them early January after I received another offer and they said they were interested. Didn't get the invite till early Feb though. They have multiple searches going on, so may still be inviting candidates. I just cancelled after accepting another offer.
I have a friend who has scheduled a campus visit there 11-16.14.
Will start their Dean search soon for the Fall Semester 2015.
Looking for demonstrated knowledge and interest in direct practice, specifically mental health, families and children, and cultural competence.
Link on CSWE's website to apply does not work. Are they still accepting applications?
Rescinded? That's strange. What did they say?
Basically, I was invited to interview on a Thursday, didn't hear back, wrote to inquire what time, and was told that the search committee had met the night before and were choosing not to interview me at that time. Wasn't fun.
does anyone know why this was re-posted on the SSWR board on 1/7/15 ?
States that salary is $46,000 and duties include teaching 24 credits/year, both in class and online; student advising; institutional service; professional development; and assisting with CSWE re-accreditation.
Seeking three faculty positions that include: one Assistant Clinical Professor, non tenure-track; and two Assistant/Associate Professors for tenure-track positions in our School of Social Work which includes BSW, MSW and PhD programs. Strong preference will be given to applicants in the following desired areas: 1) Substance use disorders (CADC required or eligible; this includes administration of a CADC approved program), 2) Health care practice, 3) Non-profit management, and 4) At-risk children and youth.
Anyone heard back from them? I have received nothing; even though said they would get back in touch with me.
A colleague of mine had a campus visit in December.
Hiring two assistant professors and one senior associate/full professor (6/4/14 per SSWR and CSW website).
Looking for candidates in the areas of aging, developmental disabilities, health/health disparities, and substance use.
Hiring for two positions: an assistant professor and an open-rank professor who will serve as coordinator for social work programs for Fall 2015 (6/12/14 per SSWR and CSWE websites).
For assistant professor (not coordinator) position: "Teaching and research interests should be related to a variety of social work issues, including but not limited to, substance abuse, veterans issues, rural issues, mental health, aging issues and/or child welfare."
Seems like the open-rank program coordinator position would be more for a non-junior person; the ad says that they're looking for someone in this position with a macro focus.
Hiring for an Associate Dean for Research AND 3-5 open-rank, tenure-track faculty members (7/29/14, per Chronicle website).
Received email invitation (10/3/14) for preliminary interview for open rank position; applied 9/2/14; preliminary interview scheduled for 11/4/14 on campus.
Were you contacted by email or phone? When did you apply?
Received an email invitation for preliminary interview for the assistant professor position at CSWE (10/9/14 x1) (10/15/14x3).
Are these 2nd interviews for a full campus visit and job talk?
Campus visits scheduled since early November (x3).
Any news about Rutgers? They were hiring 3 to 5 positions, and stated the search in August.
The School of Social Work at Ryerson University (www.ryerson.ca/socialwork) in Toronto invites applications for a tenure-stream appointment at the rank of Assistant Professor. The position will commence July 1, 2015 and is subject to budgetary approval. The area of specialization we are particularly interested in must include policies, practices and scholarship in criminalization/incarceration, with a focus on Anti-Black Racism and/or Black Scholarship. The successful candidate will be expected to teach a variety of Social Work courses at both the graduate and undergraduate levels. http://www.ryerson.ca/jobs (faculty opportunities).
Has anyone heard anything from them?
Hiring two open-rank faculty members to teach in the HBSE or Research sequences (9/26/14, per Chronicle website).
Received a CSWE interview invite via email (10/3/14 x1) (10/16/14 x2) (10/17/14 x1).
Only applied a few days previous to receiving the interview invite (x2).
3 Positions: tenure-track generalist, BSW Coordinator and MSW Coordinator.
Has anyone heard from them yet?
The department has announced the scheduling of 5 interviews. It looks like they're probably for two different positions, but I'm not sure which two.
Sorry - what do you mean by "announced the scheduling?" Where was this announced?
It was announced within the department, via email and Facebook.
Thanks. Any sense yet of which positions the interviews were for?
A recent note on the department's FB page indicates that they're "in the process of hiring three new social work professors and have begun to invite candidates to campus." The 5 interviews I've seen announced so far were clustered into two groups, and usually these clusters are based on position, from what I've seen of previous searches there. But I'm not certain whether they've broken it down that way this time. My guess is that some of those 5 candidates are being considered for the generalist position with a specialization in research, based on what I know of the professional backgrounds of a few of the candidates.
Heard there was a state-wide hiring freeze. Anyone know if this affects SCSU?
Positions filled: Three offers extended and accepted.
Remember when Betty White was a golden girl? Great opportunity here!
Hiring at the assistant or associate level. Must have MSW plus 2 years. Will consider ABD.
Received an email that an offer had been accepted.
Really slow, confusing process. Campus visits just happening right now.
Hiring one open-rank tenure track or tenured professor (6/4/14 per SSWR website).
Interested in applicants with backgrounds and expertise in vulnerable children and families.
Via e-mail, heard that an offer has been made and accepted (11/6/14).
Looking for an assistant professor AND an open-rank professor "who can contribute to the diversity and excellence of the academic community through their research, teaching, and service" (7/31/14 per CSWE website).
anyy news on campus visits after sswr?
Person who had accepted another position, when was the invite extended to you?
Campus invite was on 2-3-15.
Looking for an endowed chair (interest areas open), an assistant professor (interest areas open), and an open-rank faculty member in veteran and/or military family research (8/18/14, per Chronicle website).
Which position received the campus invite?
This was for the assistant prof. position. I ended up declining it, so good luck to those still in the running!
Likely to search for Clinical Faculty in Aging / Health, start date Fall 2015.
Hiring an assistant professor in the areas of: social change, interventions, and organizations; global/international social welfare and social work; health; or mental health (8/20/14, per SSWR job board).
What student profile? From your university?
Wow, I applied on 11/23 and haven't heard a word. They are only hiring for one position, right?
Hiring for faculty positions at the assistant, associate, or full professor ranks. Looking for candidates with research programs in the following areas: (1) scholars with an international perspective whose scholarship focuses on global processes and issues; (2) scholars whose research focuses on human service, health, and/or community-based organizations; and (3) scholars whose research focuses on clinical practice, with emphasis on school social work, SMI, trauma, or gerontology (8/1/14, per Chronicle website).
Rejection letter (9/26/14 x2; 11/6/14 x 2).
Aside from some rejections letters being out, does anybody have an update? I applied and received no rejection letter or email thus far (10/5/2014 x2).
Any info on how this search is going? Haven't heard anything either way (10/7/2014).
Thanks for the update. Can you clarify if rejection letters for the international/clinical practice searches were sent or were they only for the organizations search?
An earned doctoral degree from a nationally accredited institution in Social Work or a closely related field by August 1, 2015. An earned MSW from a CSWE-accredited program or equivalency as determined by CSWE with at least two years of post-MSW experience. Ohio state licensure or license eligible. At least one year of relevant college-level teaching experience.
Applicants must apply online at www.jobsatuc.com ; Applicants should submit: (1) a letter of application, (2) curriculum vitae including at least three references with contact information, (3) evidence of teaching effectiveness (student evaluations, peer reviews, etc.), (4) statement of teaching philosophy, and (5) an unofficial transcript. Please submit evidence of teaching effectiveness in "Other" and statement of teaching philosophy in "Other2." Additionally, three letters of recommendation sent by the recommenders or a dossier service should be addressed to: UCBA HR Department, RE: Asst Prof Social Work Search, UC Blue Ash College, 9555 Plainfield Rd., Blue Ash, OH 45236 or emailed to [email protected].
Applications will be reviewed beginning November 10, 2014 but will be accepted until filled.
areas: health, mental health, health disparities, trauma, or violence prevention and reduction.
Has anyone received an offer or an update?
Insider here. The school hired one person but they wanted to hire two to three. The school and the state are in a major budget crunch.
Hiring two assistant professors and one assistant or associate professor.
Looking for people with experience in teaching and research in one of more areas: community practice; mental health; family systems interventions; health; global practice; the human-animal bond & animal assisted social work (8/14/15, per Chronicle website and blast GADE email).
Are these requests coming in via email or phone?
Phone AND a follow-up email.
I heard from a personal communication they are not looking for a children or families focus.
Indeed. I heard from personal communication they want a macro level researcher and educator.
FYI- This year they hired a candidate from a school ranked in the 40s to 50s nationally.
One assistant professor tenure-track, one open rank, and two named professorships (10/9/14).
Looking for a new dean of the Graduate College of Social Work (per CSWE and Chronicle websites, 6/12/14).
Were any CSWE interviews conducted?
I was not at CSWE and had phone interview (x3).
a friend accepted a position there.
What level - assistant professor?
Hiring a new Dean AND two assistant professors in the broadly defined areas of aging/health, adult/child mental health, child welfare/child well-being, and poverty/economic inequality (8/4/15 per CSWE website).
Rejection email (1/21/15x3), they said positions are filled.
Looking for an assistant professor in social work practice and/or mental health (7/24/14 per CSWE website).
Word on the street (from personal communication) is that they're not hiring at the assistant level this year (8/19/14).
The job posting advertises for multiple positions at any level (including assistant), is your understanding that only Associate/Full Profs will be seriously looked at? (10/3/14) - I was told in August by a senior faculty member that they didn't think they'd be advertising positions at the assistant level this year. They may have changed their mind, or they may have advertised for open-rank with the intention of only hiring tenured folks unless someone really great at the assistant level came along...I'm just not sure (10/6/14). Not true. Its open rank. They are interested in anyone Assistant, Associate or Full.
Received a CSWE interview request via email (10/16/14 x8).
Two open-rank faculty positions with priority given to candidates whose work emphasizes one or more of the following five areas: child well-being, non-profit and public management, gerontology, health and health service delivery, and criminal justice.
Two clinical faculty positions with priority given to candidates whose work is aligned with one of more of the following five areas: child well-being, non-profit and public management, gerontology, health and health service delivery, and criminal justice.
The offers that have been extended and accpeted - what positions have they been for?
Wow, really? Hunh. Wondered what happened.
Sad, what a great school. I heard they got a slower start than they had wanted, and one of the candidates they invited out accepted another position before they made the campus visit.
Not that sad. Smart that the school waits for the best candidiate. Heard they will open up the search again next year.
Looking for applicants in the areas of aging, veterans/military families, substance abuse, mental health, health disparities, and child welfare service delivery.
Hired 4 tenure track professors.
Per CSWE and SSWR websites, hiring for one position at the Assistant or Associate level.
Did anyone receive a campus visit invitation?
I had a follow up phone interview after CSWE. They are still planning on campus visits before and after Thanksgiving. I'm guessing campus visit invitations should go out soon?
Word on the street is that they're hiring for three positions; one in macro practice and the other two open interest area. No word on whether these are at the assistant professor level or are open-rank (8/19/14, per personal communication).
Receieved an invite for an informational meeting at CSWE via email (10/8/14 x5, 10/9/14 x1, 10/20/14 x2).
Seems like a lot of their reputable researchers have left in the past few years. Does anybody know what's going on there?
My friend is a doc student there. It is a very research intensive university - a lot of pressure to publish and get grants.
I've also heard of a number of cases of their better-known researchers getting offers from private universities that the NC state system just can't match, so leaving for that reason. I've heard that if you like working and have fundable research, it's a great, supportive place to work, but because it's a state university in a state that is not funding higher ed at the same level that it used to, successful people get snatched up by others schools and Carolina just can't compete with the offers that they get.
I've heard you need to be very careful there. A lot of politics inside the department among the faculty. And the expectations for tenure have increased since receiving a number 5 ranking. They dont always convey the expectations accurately for those going through the process.
Yes, I would be careful there. They will smile to your face and then stab you in the back... so to speak.
I haven't heard anything from this institution. No rejection, no first round invite. Anyone else in this camp?
Two open positions: nonTT Field Coordinator and TT senior position for MSW Coordinator.
Is this search moving forward?
YES. Chair is on search committee, and I think they're meeting within the next couple of weeks. I think they may be planning to interview at SSWR.
Any SSWR invitations? YES - Dissertation chair (who is on search committee) said that they have interviews scheduled at SSWR, although I didn't ask if they were done scheduling SSWR interviews, I just know that they have some scheduled.
Anyone heard of on campus invites yet?
How many candidates per position they normally invite and are they both for mental health concentration or criminal justice?
They invited 3-4 to campus for the positions over the past couple of years.
The person who got rejection letter (2/10) did you interview at SSWR? I did not. Just a snailmail letter.
have there been any hirees for any positions? There are two positions available, am I correct?
They made offers (which I believe will both be accepted) very recently (4/20).
Hiring tenure-track Assistant Professor but MSW required/ PhD "preferred" to teach in BSSW curriculum.
They are hiring four tenure track appointment positions for Assistant and Associate rank. The areas they are looking for include but aren't limited to: child welfare, mental health, human development and equity across the life course (children, families, and older adults), neuroscience and education for professional practice.
They are hiring two tenure track positions - one assistant professor and one dual appointment with Ethnic Studies.
I have a friend who did a campus visit in the last couple of weeks.
4/14/15 - Emailed the search chair to inquire if they were still accepting candidates and was informed the SW asst. professor position has also been filled.
Is this interview in addtion to an interview at CSWE?
No, I applied after CSWE.
Had CSWE interview and follow up 2nd interview (by phone) on 11-7-14. Was told on campus interview invitations would happen in the next two weeks with actual campus interviews scheduled in December.
Was your phone interview with more members of the search committee? Or same from CSWE?
I heard it was declared a "failed search," and no one will be hired from the existing pool.
Hiring an assistant professor in "any area of specialization relevant to social work" (9/16/14, per School email, and 9/27/14 per SSWR and CSWE websites).
Hiring for an open rank faculty position (per VCU's hiring website, 07/10/14, and Chronicle and CSWE websites, 7/14/14), concentration seems open, although the ad mentions "candidates who contribute to our growing interdisciplinary research foci in child welfare, health, mental health, gerontology, practice and policy affecting members of the military and their families, and disparities among racial and ethnic minority populations" and makes specific reference to collaboration with the "Virginia Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Massey Cancer Center, and Center for Clinical and Translational Research."
Also hiring for the Samuel S. Wurtzel Endowed Faculty Chair in Social Work AND a non-tenure track teaching position (per VCU and Chronicle websites, 7/14/14).
Was this following a CSWE interview, or is it your first interview?
Have both offers been accepted? | 2019-04-23T04:57:58Z | https://academicjobs.wikia.org/wiki/Social_Work_2014-2015 |
Immunotherapy aims to assist the natural immune system in achieving control over viral infection. Various immunotherapy formats have been evaluated in either therapy-naive or therapy-experienced HIV-infected patients over the last 20 years. These formats included non-antigen specific strategies such as cytokines that stimulate immunity or suppress the viral replication, as well as antibodies that block negative regulatory pathways. A number of HIV-specific therapeutic vaccinations have also been proposed, using in vivo injection of inactivated virus, plasmid DNA encoding HIV antigens, or recombinant viral vectors containing HIV genes. A specific format of therapeutic vaccines consists of ex vivo loading of autologous dendritic cells with one of the above mentioned antigenic formats or mRNA encoding HIV antigens.
This review provides an extensive overview of the background and rationale of these different therapeutic attempts and discusses the results of trials in the SIV macaque model and in patients. To date success has been limited, which could be explained by insufficient quality or strength of the induced immune responses, incomplete coverage of HIV variability and/or inappropriate immune activation, with ensuing increased susceptibility of target cells.
Future attempts at therapeutic vaccination should ideally be performed under the protection of highly active antiretroviral drugs in patients with a recovered immune system. Risks for immune escape should be limited by a better coverage of the HIV variability, using either conserved or mosaic sequences. Appropriate molecular adjuvants should be included to enhance the quality and strength of the responses, without inducing inappropriate immune activation. Finally, to achieve a long-lasting effect on viral control (i.e. a “functional cure”) it is likely that these immune interventions should be combined with anti-latency drugs and/or gene therapy.
During last year’s International AIDS Society (IAS) Conference (July 2011) the “Rome Statement for an HIV Cure” was issued, pleading for “the development of a functional cure which, without completely eliminating the virus from the body, would permanently suppress its replication and considerably diminish viral reservoirs, possibly leading to the long-term remission of patients, in the absence of antiretroviral drugs” (see http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx?pageId=584). More recently (July 2012), the dedicated IAS Working Group organized a well-attended symposium in Washington “Towards an HIV Cure”, accompanied by a “Perspective” paper in Nature Reviews Immunology. Two possibilities for cure were distinguished: “first, the elimination of all HIV-infected cells (a sterilizing cure); and second, the generation of effective host immunity to HIV that would result in lifelong control of the virus in the absence of therapy, despite not achieving the complete eradication of HIV (a functional cure)” . The prototypical example of an HIV cure is the well-known “Berlin patient”, who, after elimination of his own immune system by irradiation in the context of acute myeloid leukemia treatment, was transplanted with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from a homozygous CCR5 delta32 donor and subsequently remained virus-free without any antiretroviral treatment for over 5 years at the time of writing . Nevertheless, during the recent symposium, data were presented on some remaining detectable HIV DNA in rectal biopsies, despite having plasma RNA levels below 1 copy and a complete absence of viral DNA, RNA or cultivable virus from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Hence, this much-acclaimed patient is probably an example of a “functional” rather than of a “sterilizing” cure (S Palmer personal communication). As a consequence of this unique success story, several research groups are now attempting to knock out the CCR5 genes in various cell types, including HSC . Results of syngeneic CCR5(−) HSC transfer in humanized mice indicate that, upon infection, HIV-1 viral levels are clearly lower, but not absent . Since it remains uncertain whether this cumbersome genetic therapy will offer a cure for all patients , other strategies need to be considered, including immunotherapy and anti-latency drugs, as proposed by the Working Group (http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx?pageId=606).
Several excellent reviews on immune mechanisms of HIV control have recently been published [6–8]. In the earliest phase of infection innate responses, including type-1 interferon (IFN-α/β) and Natural Killer (NK) cells partly control virus replication. Only after a few weeks do HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses as well as antibody responses emerge and reduce viral load (VL) to a patient-specific setpoint . For a long time, interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been thought to have an essential immune-regulatory role in the induction of a “Th1-skewed cellular response”, characterized by an optimal interplay between IL-2/IFN-γ producing CD4 helper and CD8 effector T cells, which is crucial for the adaptive phase on anti-viral responses .
Examples of the “naturally occurring” functional cure in HIV infection include the so-called “elite controller” (EC) HIV-1 patients, who are therapy-naïve but nevertheless keep their “viral setpoint” below 50 RNA copies per ml plasma . In addition, rare non-controllers acquire a “secondary” controller status after prolonged “Highly Activate Antiretroviral Therapy” (HAART), initiated either in the acute phase [12, 13] or, even more rarely, in the chronic phase [14, 15].Clearly, this uncommon phenomenon of “post treatment control” (PTC) is seemingly more easily induced if HAART is started in the acute as opposed to the chronic phase, pointing to a contribution of a less damaged immune system and/or a lower proviral reservoir.
Whereas the in-depth study of PTC is just beginning, more data are available on EC. Decreased viral replication capacity and genetic host factors have been identified in a percentage of EC. Unfortunately, these factors are largely impossible to operationalize with the present state-of-the art technology. However, an association has been found between viral control and HIV Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, but not Env-specific T cells or Env-specific neutralizing antibodies, pointing to an important role for HIV-specific T cell immunity towards more conserved structural parts of the virus such as Gag [16, 17].
Effective CD8 T cells, capable of keeping the plasma viral load under control, are characterized by a central and effector-memory phenotype, low levels of aberrant activation and exhaustion markers (e.g. CD38 and programmed death (PD)-1), and preserved costimulatory receptors (e.g. CD28). Effective HIV-specific CD8 T cells produce multiple cytokines and effector molecules; they have preserved proliferative capacity; and their T cell receptors show high avidity and/or cross-reactivity, preferentially recognizing conserved epitopes in Gag, thus leaving little opportunity for immune escape [16, 17]. Importantly, these CD8 T cells also show a high-avidity cytolytic potential against infected cells and have the capacity to suppress viral replication in vitro[19, 20]. These observations provide a rationale to attempt to develop strategies to enhance immune control by “therapeutic vaccination” [11, 21].
In order to induce and maintain this type of effective CD8 T cells, a well-coordinated interaction with dendritic cells (DC) and CD4 T cells is important . HIV-specific CD4 T cells play an important role by producing “helper” cytokines, such as those triggering the “common γ chain receptors” (IL-2, IL-7 and IL-21), as well as by upregulating costimulatory membrane markers such as CD40L as well as CD80 and CD86, which promote CD8 T cell survival, proliferation, cytotoxicity and virus-suppressive capacity [6, 23]. DC can directly activate CD8 T cells, but also induce effective CD4 T cell help to CD8 T cells. Therefore, harnessing the DC function to improve the quality of T cell responses against HIV can be an important mechanism in immunotherapy [24, 25].
Progressive HIV infection is characterized by persistently increased levels of various soluble inflammatory markers, dysregulation of T cell surface markers, and upregulation of receptors for immune suppressor signals such as PD-1 and cytolytic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4. This inappropriate immune activation is partly due to a persistent VL, but in addition endotoxins originating from microbial translocation through a “leaky gut” and “hypersensitivity” to type 1 IFN have been implicated (for review see ). A sizeable body of evidence suggests that this persistent “immune activation syndrome” constitutes a bad prognostic sign, independent from CD4 T cell count, plasma VL and cellular proviral load, even under suppressive HAART . Unsurprisingly, inappropriate T cell activation is associated with increased susceptibility of CD4 T cells to infection and decreased T cell responsiveness to antigenic stimulation, including reduced IL-2 production, and increased apoptosis. This activation-induced “T cell exhaustion” conceptually limits the possibilities of immunotherapy and therefore it is important to provide sufficient co-stimulatory signals , without increasing susceptibility of target cells to HIV.
HAART reduces VL and immune activation, and therefore it was hoped that long-term HAART would allow the immune system to recover its capacity to control the virus. A number of “structured treatment interruption” (STI) trials have indicated that while immune responses to HIV were boosted, the VL rebounded to pre-treatment levels in most patients (except for the rare “secondary controllers” or PTC), suggesting that infectious virus is not a good antigen for immune therapy . The fundamental problem to fully eradicate the virus is the persistence of a “latent” reservoir. Neither long-term treatment with classical HAART cocktails (based on reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors) nor treatment intensification with newer integrase or entry-inhibitors can consistently reduce this reservoir (for review see ).
One proposed strategy for cure is to activate the latent provirus under coverage of HAART: the rescued virus will kill the producer cell, but cannot infect new targets . Many excellent reviews have been dedicated to this complicated challenge [3, 31, 32]. The y-chain cytokine interleukin-7 (discussed below for its immune stimulating potential) is currently under study for its potential to “purge” the latent HIV reservoir (ERAMUNE trial, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov). A number of pharmacological agents, including (combinations of) histone-deacytelase inhibitors, NF-κβ activating agents and others have shown some HIV-rescuing activity in vitro. This has been accompanied, however, by global T cell activation and, until now, no convincing favorable clinical data have been reported . Many pharmaceutical companies are currently screening compound libraries to find novel factors that could more potently and more selectively rescue the latent virus, but this topic is beyond the scope of the present review.
In the context of immunotherapy, however, anti-latency drugs are relevant; even if they were unable to “purge” the reservoir by themselves. In fact, complete latency renders infected cells invisible to the immune system, precluding targeting by therapeutic vaccination. Anti-latency drugs could overcome this hurdle, because they induce expression of viral proteins that would mark the infected cells as targets for immune elimination [33, 34].
In conclusion, several principles can be proposed for immunotherapy. These include a non-specific enhancement of anti-viral immune responses by various immune stimulators, including type-1 IFN, IL-12 and the so-called common γ-chain signaling cytokines, related to IL-2. In addition, blocking antibodies against immune suppressive receptors such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 could also provide beneficial immune stimulation. On the other hand, a range of antigenic formats have been proposed to induce HIV-specific T cell responses, in order to elicit more effective CD8 T cell-mediated immune surveillance.
In the following paragraphs, we will explain the rationale of each strategy and then focus mainly on therapeutic vaccination trials in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected macaques and HIV infected patients, critically investigating their potential to complement (and ultimately replace) anti-retroviral drug therapy. Clearly, no definite strategy for a cure has been established yet, but encouraging results are emerging and the concepts are slowly but surely maturing.
An overview is presented in Table1.
Dose related increase in serum IFN-γ levels, NK and CD8 T cell numbers.
sc, multi dose twice weekly for 4 weeks.
Higher CD4 T cell count, lower VL and 43% reduction in risk of disease progression or death.
Temporary effect on CD4 T cells without affecting clinical progression.
Sustained increase in CD4 T cells without affecting viral load.
Delay HAART resumption following treatment interruption. No effect on viral load.
Increased numbers of circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells. Transient increase in VL.
Expansion of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells.
Counteracts IFN-α induced lymphopenia. Increasing circulating CD4 T cells.
Delayed viral suppression. Failed to enhance antigen-specific CD4 T cell reconstitution at mucosal and lymphoid sites. Upon ATI loss of CD4 T cells more rapidly.
2 iv injections 7 days apart and 3 sc doses 23 days after 2nd vaccination.
Safe and well tolerated. Increased cytotoxic potential of T cells, increased SIV antibody production.
Expansion virus specific CD8 T cells and B cell activation. Reduction in plasma VL and prolonged survival.
Increase CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and drop of viral RNA.
No expansion SIV specific T-cells. Increased activation of T cells and increased viral replication at mucosal sites.
During the acute phase of HIV infection, high levels of serum IFN-α are part of the innate antiviral response, as in vitro results showed that IFN-α indeed reduced HIV replication in both CD4 T cells and monocytes-macrophages. However, the role of type-1 IFN in HIV pathogenesis is rather ambiguous, since in the chronic phase, serum markers of increased IFN activity, such as neopterin and β2-microglobulin have consistently been associated with a bad prognosis .
Based on the first premise (type 1 interferon = anti-viral), in vivo IFN-α treatment was attempted in the era before anti-retroviral drugs were available, but failed to provide benefit in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients; whereas in infected patients with preserved immunity a trend to a better clinical outcome was noted. Later, IFN-α was combined with monotherapy or bi-therapy of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). A trend for increased antiviral effects was noted, but this benefit was offset by rather serious flu-like side effects . Once efficient HAART tri-therapy became available, combinations with type 1 interferons were abandoned for the indication of HIV infection alone (though they are still in use for selected cases of chronic hepatitis and HIV co-infection).
Since elevated IFN-α levels are suspected to play a role in pathological immune activation, Zagury et al. attempted to immunize HIV patients against this cytokine. The subgroup of patients with a rise in anti-IFN-α antibodies had a significantly lower incidence of HIV-1-related events compared with placebo recipients and vaccinees who failed to develop antibodies .
A different approach was used more recently with the anti-malarial drug chloroquine. Preliminary evidence in vitro and in vivo indicated that chloroquine reduces IFN-α production and decreases the level of immune activation . A randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial in therapy-naïve patients, however, failed to show any favorable effect on immune activation and, unfortunately, did result in a greater decline in CD4 T cell count and increased VL .
A Th1/Th2 imbalance has traditionally been regarded as a hallmark of HIV-related immune dysfunction . IL-12 represents the archetypical Th1 switching agent: it induces type II interferon (IFN-γ) production by T cells and NK cells and increases their cytotoxic capacity against virally infected cells . A number of in vitro studies in PBMC cultures from HIV infected subjects confirmed that IL-12 increased Th1 responses [55, 56]. Before the HAART era, two phase 1 studies of subcutaneous (sc) IL-12 were conducted in medically stable HIV-infected patients. Single doses of sc IL-12 between 30 and 300 ng/kg were reasonably tolerated and induced a dose-related increase of serum IFN-γ, but failed to influence CD4 T counts or VL . In a subsequent placebo-controlled multi-dose trial, IL-12 was tolerated in doses up to 100 ng/kg, but again no effect on CD4 T counts or VL was observed . Apparently, repeated IL-12 administration resulted in “tolerance”, and overdosing could even result in paradoxical immune suppression through activation of NO production [57, 58]. Nowadays, in many experimental immunization schedules with HIV antigens in either plasmid DNA or viral vectors, an expression cassette for IL-12 is being added, thus focusing IL-12 expression at the site of immunization and avoiding systemic side effects.
These cytokines include IL-2, -4, -7, -9, -13, -15 and -21 and bind to receptor complexes that include the so called common γ signaling chain. Among these, IL-4, -9 and -13 skew the immune system towards Th2 responses, considered pathogenic in HIV infection. The other γ chain cytokines have potentially beneficial effects to overcome immune dysfunction [59, 60].
IL-2 enhances both CD4 T cell proliferative and CD8 T cytolytic functions, but may also induce peripheral tolerance by activating regulatory T cells (Treg) . Deficient IL-2 production upon antigenic stimulation has consistently been reported as a hallmark of HIV-related immune dysfunction, from the early 80’s on [62, 63]. Interleukin-7 has been shown to play a crucial role in promoting expansion and maintenance of T cells. IL-7 production is increased during HIV-induced lymphopenia, but this feedback is apparently not sufficient to maintain T cell homeostasis . The primary role of IL-15 is to expand the effector-memory subset of CD8 T cells, which is crucial in immune control, and to promote survival of NK cells. Several studies have shown that IL-15 production is compromised in AIDS patients, and supplementation of IL-15 improves the function of immune cells from these patients in vitro. Finally, IL-21 promotes proliferation and accumulation of antigen-specific CD8 effector T cells, increases their survival and cytolytic potential, especially in synergy with other cytokines, and promotes differentiation of naive CD4 T cells without inducing Treg. IL-21 production is compromised early on during HIV infection and it is only partly restored by HAART .
A number of smaller studies in the 90’s evaluated systemic IL-2 therapy in HIV patients treated with mono- or dual- NRTI drug therapy. A pooled analysis suggested that this type of immunotherapy resulted in higher CD4 T counts, lower VL, as well as fewer opportunistic infections and deaths . In order to confirm the observed effects in fully treated patients, two multicenter placebo controlled trials with IL-2 were initiated. In both the SILCAAT and the ESPRIT trial, “induction” and “maintenance” cycles of sc IL-2 were added to virus-suppressive HAART. In both trials a positive effect on peripheral CD4 T counts was confirmed (temporary in ESPRIT and sustained in SILCAAT). VL was continuously suppressed (by HAART), but the occurrence of opportunistic infections or death was not altered as compared to HAART only . Two smaller ANRS (Agence de Recherche sur le SIDA) studies addressed additional questions. ANRS 119 showed that intermittent IL-2 therapy in HAART-naïve patients with CD4 T counts between 300–500 cells/mm3 could induce a significant and sustained increase in CD4 T cells, though unfortunately without affecting VL, but, based on CD4 T criteria, initiation of HAART could be deferred . The ANRS-NIH ILIADE trial suggested that administration of 3 cycles of IL-2 in HIV-infected patients with high CD4 T cell counts and controlled VL on HAART, could allow a significant delay in HAART resumption following treatment interruption . Taken together, the potential beneficial effects of systemic IL-2 are rather limited; additionally, it is not devoid of side effects, and sc administration is cumbersome. Therefore, adjunctive systemic IL-2 therapy has not been adopted in routine clinical care. This negative appreciation, however, does not preclude a local targeted IL-2 administration in conjunction with therapeutic vaccination.
A single injection of IL-7 in untreated HIV-infected subjects increased the number of circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells, mainly those of the central-memory type, without affecting the frequency of Tregs, but with a slight increase of viral RNA (blip) in half of the patients [41, 42]. A prospective open label trial (EudraCT) investigated the effect of repeated sc IL-7 administration in those patients who remained lymphopenic under fully virus-suppressive HAART. A significant expansion of circulating memory, but also naive, CD4 and CD8 T cells was observed, without tolerability problems and without increases in T cell activation or proviral load. Moreover, IL-7 treatment counteracted IFN-α therapy-induced lymphopenia and stimulated SIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in SIV-infected rhesus macaques . Ongoing phase 3 trials should indicate whether IL-7 has a role in correcting lymphopenia in patients who fail to recover CD4 T cell counts under HAART (or in purging the viral reservoir, as discussed above).
Interleukin-15 has several theoretical advantages over IL-2, in that it inhibits apoptosis and enhances expansion of both CD4 and CD8 memory T cells, as well as NK cells . However, systemic IL-15 administration in chronically SIV infected macaques treated with HAART resulted in a delay in viral suppression; and, when HAART was interrupted, IL-15 co-treated animals experienced a more rapid loss of CD4 T cells as compared to HAART-only treated animals . These negative results have discouraged further systemic administration, though IL-15 might still be useful in conjunction with a HIV vaccine .
Interleukin-21 might be the most suitable γ-chain cytokine for immunotherapeutic purposes. IL-21 by itself induced potent antiviral activity in human CD8 T cells and augmented the lytic potential of NK and CD8 T cells from HIV-infected subjects [70–72]. HIV-1 specific IL-21 producing CD4 T cell responses also contributed to durable viral control through the modulation of HIV-specific CD8 T cell function . The in vivo relevance of all these in vitro/ex vivo observations was most recently confirmed in a small trial of systemic IL-21 administration in chronically untreated SIV infected rhesus macaques. IL-21 administration was well tolerated, augmented the cytotoxic potential of both T cells and NK cells, and promoted B cell differentiation with increased SIV antibody production, without an increase in cellular activation or plasma VL . These results encourage further testing of IL-21 in conjunction with HAART and/or a specific therapeutic vaccine.
In an elegant in vitro study, Shankar et al. recently showed that co-culture of HIV-infected DC with naïve T cells induced elevated membrane expression of a broad array of negative costimulatory molecules such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, with a concomitant decreased expression of the effector cytokines . Many of these characteristics of T cell anergy and exhaustion have also been described in T cells from HIV-infected subjects.
High levels of PD-1 were shown on both CD4 and CD8 T cells but particularly on HIV-1 specific cytolytic T cells (CTL), and were correlated with CTL dysfunction and apoptosis. PD-1 expression correlated directly with VL and disease progression and inversely with CD4 T counts. The natural ligand PD-L1 was significantly upregulated on antigen-presenting cells (APC) from HIV-infected individuals. Importantly, antibody-mediated blocking of this interaction improved HIV-specific T cell functions in vitro[75, 76].
CTLA-4 is overexpressed on CD4 T but not on CD8 T cells and more particularly on HIV-specific T cells in all infected subjects, except elite controllers. In vitro blocking of CTLA-4 augmented HIV-specific CD4 T cell proliferation. Additionally, CTLA-4 signaling resulted in high CCR5 expression and enhanced susceptibility to viral infection .
Administration of blocking antibodies to PD-1 during chronic SIV infection in macaques had remarkably positive effects. A rapid expansion of virus-specific CD8 T cells with improved functional quality, as well as B cell activation with increased SIV-specific antibodies was observed. These immune phenomena were associated with significantly reduced plasma VL and prolonged survival . Interestingly, PD1 blocking actually reduced immune hyper-activation, expression of type 1 IFN stimulated genes (ISG) and bacterial translocation, and enhanced immunity to gut-associated pathogens .
The results of CTLA-4 blocking in this primate model were unfortunately less encouraging. Whereas an increase in CD4 and CD8 T responses and a decrease of viral RNA in lymph nodes were noted in an early study , the second trial showed no expansion of SIV-specific CTL, but an increased activation of CD4 T cells and viral replication at mucosal sites . These discrepant results may point to the delicate balance of enhancing beneficial HIV-specific responses and increasing deleterious immune activation.
Clearly, blocking various individual and combined negative receptors should be studied in more detail in SIV-infected animals; additionally, the potential synergy of receptor blocking with therapeutic vaccines and other anti-retroviral therapies should be investigated.
A general overview is presented in Figure1 and Table2.
Schematic overview of HIV-antigen specific therapeutic vaccination strategies.
Increased HIV-specific T cell responses. Positive impact on controlling the virus.
Increasing CD4 and CD8 T cell counts and stable viral load.
Safe and immunogenic. No difference between the three groups after STI on viral rebound.
Increase in HIV specific cellular responses and lower viral rebound in vaccinated animals.
Sustained polyfunctional T cells. One log decrease in VL.
Safe and tolerable. In some persons weak responses. Overall no differences with placebo group.
Poorly immunogenic. No effect on viral rebound after ATI.
Broader and higher HIV specific T-cell responses. No effect on viral rebound after ATI.
Safe and immunogenic. Delay in treatment resumption of ATI.
Lower viral set point after ATI, correlated with HIV specific CD4 T cell responses.
Lower viral rebound after ATI in ALVAC vaccines. IL-2 + vaccine boosted CD4 T cell count but had no influence on VL.
Tendency lower viral rebound after ATI but not significant.
Vaccinated animals had higher CD4 T cell counts, SIV-specific cell-mediated immunity and anti-SIV-neutralizing antibodies. After ATI there was a sustained reduction in VL and increased CD4 T cell responses.
Well tolerated. Induction HIV specific responses. Lower viral rebound.
Increased T cell responses no effect on viral rebound.
Well tolerated and no effect on viral load. HIV specific responses were enhanced.
Well tolerated, discontinuation of HAART after vaccination failed to lower viral set points. CD8 T cell responses induced in 2 out of 4 patients.
SIV-specific CD4 and CD8T cell responses during antiretroviral cover and off treatment. Virus levels were 10-fold lower in immunized animals for 1 year.
Effective and durable SIV-specific cellular and humoral immunity is elicited. At week 34 of the study: 50-fold decrease of SIV DNA and a 1,000-fold decrease of SIV RNA.
Plasma viral load levels were decreased by 80% (median) over the first 112 days following immunization. The suppression of viral load was positively correlated with HIV-1-specific interleukin-2 or IFN-γ expressing CD4 T cells and with HIV-1 gag-specific perforin-expressing CD8 effector cells.
Safe and well tolerated. Partial viral control 24 weeks after ATI .
Feasible, safe and well tolerated. Modest decrease in viral load 24 weeks after first vaccination compared to controls.
Viral load rebounded in both groups no differences in HIV-specific immune responses.
Mild adverse events. Full or partial HIV-specific immune responses in 7/9 subjects.
Vaccine was safe, 69 weeks after STI 6/17 patients remains off therapy.
Vaccine was safe. HIV-specific responses against Gag were broader, higher and polyfunctional after vaccination. CD8 T-cells could inhibit superinfection of CD4 T-cells.
Remune® was derived from a Congolese clade A/G HIV-1, which was gp120 depleted, chemically inactivated, irradiated, and emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant . The first uncontrolled clinical trials all showed that Remune® induced HIV-specific T cell responses . In an open Remune® trial in chronically infected subjects, with suboptimal drug treatment, a significant delay in viral rebound after treatment interruption (TI) was observed . Another open trial in asymptomatic non-treated HIV-infected individuals reported higher CD4 and CD8 T-cell counts and stable VL . However, these beneficial effects were not observed in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with patients, receiving full HAART during acute infection and vaccinated with either placebo, ALVAC (canarypox expressing env, gag, pol and nef - see below) or with ALVAC + Remune®. After analytical treatment interruption (ATI), there was no difference in viral rebound between the three arms .
DNA-based vaccines have the conceptual advantage over other vaccines in that they can express both viral antigens and “molecular adjuvants”, such as cytokines or costimulatory molecules. Moreover, they can be administered repeatedly without inducing anti-vector immunity. DNA vaccines have successfully been used prophylactically in various infectious models in rodents, but they are less efficient in primates. Nevertheless, repeated intramuscular (im) immunization with carefully designed optimized SIVmac239 gag and env plasmids by Pavlakis’ group resulted in strong cellular and humoral responses in naïve Indian rhesus macaques and a significant sustained reduction of VL upon mucosal infection with the related SIVmac251 . This DNA vaccine was further improved by adding a plasmid encoding Nef-Tat-Vif (NTV) fusion protein and applying in vivo electroporation .
The same group of researchers next used this strategy in a therapeutic setting, comparing HAART alone or HAART + 3 DNA vaccinations in chronically SIV-infected animals. A significant increase in cellular responses was noted in the vaccinated animals. Upon ATI, the HAART-only treated animals showed a full-blown viral rebound and gradually progressed to AIDS, whereas only a limited viral rebound was observed in the vaccinated animals and a 10 times lower VL was sustained for 3 years . At that time, the combination of HAART and therapeutic DNA vaccine was repeated in some of the originally vaccinated animals, using an improved strategy with a DNA construct, containing the 5 SIV genes + IL-15 + IL-15 receptor α genes, and using in vivo electroporation. This repeated vaccination resulted in sustained polyfunctional central memory and effector memory CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and, importantly, an additional 1 log reduction in VL load after ATI . These studies therefore provide proof-of-principle for plasmid DNA as a therapeutic vaccine.
However, in HAART-treated HIV-infected subjects the evidence for success of DNA vaccination has not yet been delivered. Repeated im injections of a DNA vaccine, based on CTL epitopes from multiple HIV-1 gene products elicited only weak T cell responses in HAART treated chronic patients . The VRC-HIVDNA 009-00-VP, consisting of 4 plasmids encoding a subtype B Gag-Pol-Nef fusion protein and modified multiclade envelope constructs, was tested in a double blind placebo controlled study on patients treated with HAART during the acute/early phase. Even four im injections remained poorly immunogenic, and there was no effect on viral rebound after ATI . A similar study in chronically treated patients, using DNA plasmids containing genes of several HIV-1 subtypes, apparently resulted in broader and higher HIV-specific T cell responses, but again there was no favorable effect on the viral rebound after ATI . The DermaVir concept, recently reviewed by Lori, features a single plasmid DNA expressing 15 HIV antigens, a nano-particular formulation and a dendritic cell (DC) targeting topical (skin patch) administration. An impressive amount of safety and immunogenicity studies has been accumulated, but no statistically convincing data on VL reduction have been presented yet [115, 116].
In a preventive setting, co-delivery of the genetic information to produce IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-15 or IL-18 has been shown to enhance T cell responses to SIV or HIV DNA constructs in non-infected macaques . A favorable immune enhancement effect of co-delivered IL-12 or IL-15 genetic information was confirmed in a therapeutic setting in SIV-infected macaques as well as in HIV-infected chimpanzees . A strong synergistic effect between IL-12 and in vivo electroporation was also observed in preventive DNA vaccination in macaques . In a human preventive setting, however, co-administration of IL-12 and/or IL-15 plasmids im failed to enhance T cell responses to HIV-1 gag DNA vaccine . In vivo electroporation might be a viable option in humans, as two recent studies in healthy volunteers confirm the afore mentioned macaque data in that the T cell responses to intradermally (id) applied plasmid HIV DNA, followed by in vivo electroporation, are much stronger and more polyfunctional than those induced by regular im injection without electroporation [122, 123].
ALVAC is a recombinant canarypox vaccine, expressing full length env and gag as well as portions of pol and nef. The vCP1521 variant, expressing subtype E gp120 and gp41, gag and protease of subtype B, was used as a prime for AIDSVAX (VaxGen bivalent gp120 subtype B/E), the recombinant glycoprotein boost in the prophylactic RV144 “Thai” trial, which showed a 31.2% protective efficacy against HIV acquisition . The mechanisms of this protection are still under active investigation.
ALVAC vCP1433 and vCP1452, based on subtype B LAI sequences have been used in several therapeutic settings with varying success. The open-label single arm ANRS 094 study used 4 monthly im ALVAC injections, showing safety and immunogenicity . The ANRS 093 trial used 4 im injections of ALVAC and Lipo-6T, a mixture of HIV derived lipopeptides, followed by 3 sc cycles of IL-2 in chronic HIV patients under stable HAART and included a control group under HAART alone. After ATI, a larger proportion of subjects in the vaccine group managed to lower their viral setpoint (24% vs 5%), and this was correlated with an enhanced vaccine-induced CD4 T cell response . A follow-up study in HAART patients (ACTG A5024) included 4 arms, comparing placebo with ALVAC-HIV alone, sc IL-2 + ALVAC placebo, and the combination ALVAC-HIV and IL-2. Viral rebound, assessed 12 weeks after ATI, was 0.5 logs lower in both ALVAC-HIV vaccinated groups, whereas IL-2 increased CD4 T counts but did not diminish VL . These early studies suggest that ALVAC vaccination can partly prevent viral rebound in chronically infected HAART patients.
As mentioned, a double blind placebo controlled trial with ALVAC-HIV or ALVAC-HIV and Remune® in patients already treated in the acute phase (QUEST), confirmed induction of immune responses, but did not result in better virological control 24 weeks after interruption of HAART . A very similar study in chronic patients (CTN173) confirmed that both vaccines were unable to lower the viral setpoint, but nevertheless tended to delay rebound and extend time to restart HAART, which was also marginally correlated with higher IFN-γ and IL-2 responses .
Finally, a rather disappointing result was obtained in the ORVACS study, where 4 and 3 injections of ALVAC vCP1452 were compared with placebo in chronic HAART patients. The vaccines were immunogenic, but both vaccinated groups showed a higher viral rebound and had to resume treatment more rapidly than the placebo group . A lower CD4 nadir and a higher vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD4 T cell cytokine response in Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Spot Assay (ELISPOT) were predictive of this adverse outcome . This result is somehow reminiscent of the prophylactic STEP trail, where vaccine-induced CD4 T cell activation has been invoked to explain apparently enhanced susceptibility to HIV infection .
Clearly, these various ALVAC trials provided rather contradictory results. Nevertheless, they indicate that baseline characteristics of patients (e.g. pre-treatment VL or CD4 T cell nadir) need to be carefully matched, and they confirm the notion that vaccine-induced immune activation can have both beneficial and adverse effects: whereas HIV-specific T cell activation is required to control viral rebound, immune stimulation can also increase the susceptibility of CD4+ target cells to productive infection.
An Australian group compared two recombinant fowl pox vectors: one expressing gag/pol from subtype B only (a so-called partial construct or PC), while the second co-expressed human IFN-γ (full construct or FC), in addition to a placebo (diluent only). Thirty five fully HAART-treated subjects were randomized to the 3 regimens (12 placebo −11 PC −12 FC) and received 3 im injections (week 0, 4 and 12), and were then followed up for 52 weeks under HAART . A subset (7 placebo; 8 PC and 10 FC subjected) underwent ATI for 20 weeks thereafter . The most remarkable observation was a significantly lower mean viral rebound in the FC patients (+ 0.96 log), as compared to placebo (+ 1.80 log) and PC (+ 1.78 log). The T cell responses during the vaccination period were very weak. During ATI the IFN-γ ELISPOT increased in all three groups, but the changes were higher in the placebo as compared to the vaccinated patients. In a post hoc analysis, however, it was found that IgG2 antibodies to HIV p24 were present at 52 weeks (time of ATI start) in 5/9 FC patients and not in the PC or placebo patients. The presence of these antibodies was associated with lower viral rebound . Clearly, the addition of IFN-γ to the vaccine seemed to be beneficial, and IgG2 antibodies were implicated in this protective effect.
Several constructs expressing various HIV or SIV genes in replication-deficient poxvirus have been used as prophylactic vaccines in macaques, preceded by plasmid DNA priming with the same antigens. Partial, but sustained, protection has repeatedly been shown against homologous challenges: in most cases infection could not be prevented, but VL was lower and disease progression delayed or halted [128–130]. Whereas correlations with neutralizing antibodies as well as CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were noted in some cases, a crucial role for CD8 T cells in this protection was strongly suggested by a CD8 depletion approach in the study of Amara .
A few studies addressed the potential therapeutic effect of MVA expressing SIV antigens in infected macaques under antiretroviral treatment. A small trial using MVA gag-pol/MVA env or MVA tat-ref-nef in SIV-infected animals, treated with the NRTI PMPA, showed a tendency towards lower viral rebound after ATI in the vaccinated groups . A regimen with combined Adenovirus constructs (see below) and MVA expressing gag and env in infected and treated macaques provided a more sustained reduction in VL and increase of CD4 T cell counts, correlated with increased anti-SIV cell-mediated and humoral responses .
In HIV-infected subjects under HAART, nef-expressing MVA was shown to induce CD8 and CD4 T cell responses in some patients and there was a relatively lower viral rebound after treatment interruption . An elegant series of studies was carried out in 16 chronically infected patients under HAART, using an MVA construct expressing consensus clade A p24/p17 and multiple CD8 T cell epitopes. The authors showed that both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were amplified and broadened, and that CD8 T cells acquired the capacity to inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro[96, 97]. Especially the latter characteristic seems most important for potential therapeutic effect.
Other groups have also developed promising HIV MVA constructs that elicited polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in either healthy or HIV infected subjects [132–134], and more formal testing in therapeutic trials is presumably ongoing.
Two phase IIb studies, STEP and Phambili, evaluated the prophylactic effect of the replication- defective recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) MRK gag/pol/nef vaccines in healthy volunteers. Clearly, neither trial showed a decrease in HIV acquisition, nor decreased early plasma VL in vaccinees, who were infected. A post-hoc analysis showed even an increased risk of infection in uncircumcised vaccinated men, who were already Ad5 seropositive before vaccination . This deleterious effect was tentatively explained by the observation that Ad5 could induce expansion of memory CD4 T cells with a mucosal homing phenotype, which are readily susceptible to HIV-1. Several studies provided evidence that the untoward effect of pre-existing Adeno immunity by natural infection could have a negative impact on immune responses against HIV and could increase susceptibility towards HIV infection, even if rare Adeno serotypes were being used [126, 136, 137].
Human replication deficient rAd5 and rAd35 vectors, encoding SIV gag, env and nef (with or without IL-15 encoding cassettes), were used in chronically SIVmac251 infected and properly treated macaques, followed by ATI. HIV specific T cells were increased but viral rebound was not influenced .
The AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) protocol A5197 was a randomized placebo controlled trial to test rAd5 expressing gag in chronically infected patients under stable HAART with 77 persons in the vaccinated and 37 in the placebo group. Interestingly, 16 weeks after ATI, the plasma VL was 0.5 logs lower in the vaccinated group .
Though the therapeutic trial in SIV-infected macaques was not promising, the rather positive result of the ACTG trial in chronic HAART patients raises some hope. There are several recent studies in seronegative controls indicating that a prime-boost regimen with HIV env and gag/pol DNA/Ad5 may enhance antibody titers and T cell responses. Importantly, the T cells showed not only increased poly-functionality, but also a significant HIV-suppressive effect towards several HIV strains, including transmitted/founder viruses in vitro[138, 139]. Another possible way forward is the subsequent vaccination with rAD5 and rMVA, with synergistic activities on effector memory and central memory CD8 T cells .
A number of DC-based therapeutic trials have recently been completed in animals and humans. DC have the capacity to process proteins through both MHC class I and class II pathways for stimulation of CD8 or CD4 T cells respectively. Antigen can be provided to DC in many formats: as peptides, whole proteins or apoptotic cells, and also in a “genetic” format by transfecting DC with antigen-encoding viral vectors in DNA or mRNA format.
The use of antigenic peptides is an efficient loading strategy, but DC can also be pulsed with recombinant HIV proteins . In principle, “exogenous” protein should preferentially induce MHC (HLA)-class II restricted CD4 T cells, whereas peptides could stimulate both CD4 and CD8 T cells, according to their class I or II binding, depending on their length and composition. The first small trial in humans was performed by Kundu and showed that the administration of HIV peptides or protein-pulsed autologous DC was well-tolerated and could enhance the immune response to HIV in therapy-naïve patients with normal CD4 T cell counts . In a second trial, 6 doses of synthetic HIV-1 peptide-pulsed autologous DC were administered to 4 HAART-treated, HLA-A2402 individuals who underwent ATI: no significant changes in VL or CD4 T cells were observed during ATI . Finally, De Rose et al. performed an intriguing trial in pigtail macaques, where blood was exposed ex vivo to overlapping SIV peptides or medium for 1 hour and re-injected. This procedure was repeated 7 times. SIV specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were induced; and, remarkably, virus levels were approximately 10-fold lower for 1 year in immunized animals as compared to medium controls . A basic problem with peptides and proteins, however, is that it is difficult to cover HIV variability and HLA polymorphisms at an affordable cost.
Whole inactivated HIV-1 particles have successfully been used in DC vaccination of mice, monkeys and humans. Two prophylactic trials were performed in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, reconstituted with human PBMC. Yoshida and colleagues used IL-4 DC (i.e. monocytes differentiated into DC in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF and matured with IFN-α), whereas Lapenta and colleagues used IFN-DC (i.e. monocytes differentiated into DC in the presence of IFN-α and IL-4). In both trials, autologous DC were pulsed with aldrithiol (AT)-2-inactivated R5 subtype B viruses: HIV-1SF-162 by Lapenta and HIV-1JR-CSF by Yoshida . After vaccination with the pulsed DC, HIV-1 specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were generated in vivo. Moreover, upon infection with homologous virus, there was also evidence for partial protection.
Around the same time, Lu et al. published their paper on therapeutic vaccination in Chinese rhesus macaques . They used AT-2-inactivated SIVmac251-pulsed IL-4 DC, matured with the classical “Jonuleit” cytokine cocktail, consisting of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6 and Prostaglandin E2. All animals displayed a significant decrease in viral load 10 days after vaccination and an increased CD4 T cell count. Clearly enhanced SIV-specific cellular immunity was also observed.
The same authors vaccinated 18 untreated chronically HIV-infected patients, using IL-4 DC pulsed with autologous AT-2-inactivated virus. This resulted in an effective HIV-1-specific T cell response with sustained viral suppression of over 90% in 8 of 18 subjects . Based on statistical correlations, robust virus-specific CD4 T helper cells were required to induce and maintain virus-specific CD8 T effector cells for virus containment.
In another clinical trial, Garcia used heat-inactivated autologous virus to pulse IL-4 DC: in 12 HIV-1-infected persons under HAART, partial viral control could be achieved 24 weeks after ATI . In contrast to the observations of Lu et al., the HIV-specific cellular immune response was weak and transient in Garcia’s study. The latter author also performed a double blind clinical trial on untreated HIV-1 infected patients with IL4 DC pulsed with heat-inactivated virus . VL in the active group was maintained at a lower level as compared to the placebo group at week 48. However, this result was inversely correlated with HIV-1 specific immune responses.
Clearly, although Lu’s and Garcia’s vaccination strategies both yielded a positive effect on VL, the association between VL and T cell responses was different. Whether this discrepancy is due to the different inactivation procedure (AT2 vs. heat inactivation) or other factors remains to be investigated.
Unfortunately, DC loading with inactivated virus is difficult to standardize due to numerous variables: type and activation state of infected cells, method of virus inactivation, and the amount of antigen in the preparation. Moreover, it requires meticulous quality control testing on the inactivation procedure in order to eliminate any biological risk of infection.
As already discussed, direct vaccination with Canarypox virus vectors carrying HIV-1 genes (ALVAC) yielded discordant results in several studies. Recently a phase I/II clinical trial was performed, comparing direct injection of ALVAC vCP1452 and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) as adjuvant with injection of autologous IL-4 DC infected ex vivo with ALVAC vCP1452 and treated with KLH. After three injections, subjects underwent a minimum of a 12-week ATI. Viral load rebounded in both groups and there was also no difference in HIV specific responses .
Loading HIV antigens encoded by nucleic acid, either cDNA or mRNA, is easier to standardize, it does not carry infectious risk, and hence seems straightforward for clinical applications. In our hands, transfection of IL-4 DC with cDNA is less attractive than mRNA, as cDNA electroporation resulted in more cell death and expression levels were lower, probably due to the more stringent transformation conditions required to penetrate into the nucleus. Transfection with mRNA encoding antigens requires cytoplasmic penetration only and was very efficient for loading DC and subsequent stimulation of HIV-specific T-cells .
Several clinical trials have already been performed based on DC electroporated with mRNA encoding HIV-1 proteins. In AGS-004, nine HAART-treated individuals were vaccinated with autologous IL-4 DC electroporated with mRNA encoding CD40L and autologous HIV antigens Gag, Vpr, Rev and Nef. Patients received monthly injections in combination with HAART . Seven out of nine patients showed proliferative CD8 T cell responses. This vaccine was further evaluated in a phase II study, resulting in partial viral control . Another recent clinical trial was performed by Allard et al. In this study, 17 HIV infected individuals on HAART received 4 vaccinations with 4 week intervals of autologous IL-4 DC electroporated with mRNA encoding a subtype B TatRevNef fusion protein. Four weeks after the last vaccination, treatment was interrupted . Six out of 17 patients remained off therapy 69 weeks after ATI. However this clinical result was not better than a historic control group undergoing STI, despite the induction and enhancement of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses specific for the vaccine . Around the same time our group also performed a phase I/II clinical trial: 6 HIV-infected individuals who received stable HAART were included. Individuals were vaccinated with autologous IL-4 DC electroporated with mRNA encoding the same TatRevNef fusion protein as in Allard’s study and with IL-4 DC expressing subtype B Gag mRNA. After vaccination, HIV-specific responses to Gag were increased in magnitude, breadth and proliferative capacity. Although no virological parameters could be measured because patients did not undergo ATI, we showed that the CD8 T cells from the vaccines could inhibit superinfection of autologous CD4 T cells with vaccine related IIIB virus in vitro.
Overall, 210 patients (60 therapy naïve and 150 on HAART) have been recruited in clinical trials with DC based vaccines. The safety profile has been excellent and DC therapy clearly elicits HIV-1 specific immunological responses, but only four of these studies reported virological responses to immunization .
Current immunotherapeutic strategies involve the ex vivo manipulation of autologous DC. This vaccination procedure is labor-intensive, logistically complicated, expensive and not useful in developing countries. A possible solution is direct in vivo delivery of suitable antigens and co-stimuli to resident DC. A first attempt in animal models was to apply protein antigens in complex with antibodies to DC-specific membrane molecules such as DC-SIGN or DEC-205 [146, 147]. A future strategy could be the delivery of biodegradable nanoparticles, which will be taken up by endocytic DC in vivo, such as the DermaVir patches .
Early attempts of immunotherapy, during the pre-HAART era, included non-specific (e.g. IFN and IL-2) and HIV-specific (e.g. Remune) immune interventions in patients who were either untreated or received mono- or dual drug therapy. In some cases positive effects have been reported, but these trials were small and usually not well controlled. During the last 10–15 years, the concept of immunotherapy as a supplement to full HAART has been further developed, with the ultimate aim to reduce or even replace drug therapy.
Amongst the non-antigen-specific immune approaches, systemic IL-2 has been exhaustively investigated and was ultimately shown not to provide clinical benefit in addition to HAART. It remains to be seen whether systemic use of other common γ chain cytokines, such as IL-7 or IL-21, could be useful for particular indications (e.g. to counteract lymphopenia). The newer “non-specific” approach is to block negative regulatory pathways, such as PD-1 or CTLA-4 signaling, both over-expressed during HIV infection. Experimental treatment in SIV-infected macaques indicated that PD-1 blocking helped to control viremia and to reduce immune activation. In contrast, CTLA-4 blocking resulted in increased viremia, most probably as a result of an unfavorable balance between too much non-specific and insufficient specific immune activation.
The obvious goal of therapeutic vaccination is to stimulate effective HIV-specific T cell responses, primarily cytolytic/virus suppressive CD8 T cells with supporting CD4 T cell help, while avoiding increased HIV-susceptibility of target cells. To that end, protein or particulate antigen is conceptually not the best option, since it primarily results in CD4 T and B cell activation: antibodies are considered ineffective and CD8 T cells seem essential in immune protection post infection.
Repeated im vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding various HIV antigens, along with cytokines, was successful in lowering VL in macaques, but this has not yet been confirmed in humans, despite repeated attempts. However, the immunogenicity of DNA vaccination is being improved by innovative constructs and enhanced delivery systems . Especially for applications in less sophisticated environments, DNA vaccines have the advantage of being stable and to carrying no infectious risk, but because they are considered “genetic therapy”, the development of DNA vaccines is subjected to strict regulations .
Recombinant viral vectors have been applied rather extensively in therapeutic vaccination trials. In most cases poxviruses (e.g. canary pox, fowl pox and MVA) and occasionally Adenoviruses were used. A fair number of encouraging results were observed in infected/treated macaques and patients in terms of T cell responses, and in some cases also VL reduction after ATI was observed. However, the variable results, obtained with the most extensively used canarypox platform, ALVAC, illustrate that apparently similar trials can have quite discrepant outcomes. Again, this may be the result of a delicate balance between the beneficial enhancement of anti-HIV CD8 T cell immunity and the deleterious effect of non-specific immune activation, inducing increased cellular susceptibility to HIV infection.
DC-based therapy has been developed in a therapeutic context, with various antigenic formats and corresponding loading strategies. Remarkably positive results in terms of viral control have been obtained with autologous inactivated virus loaded DC. DC trials with safer and less cumbersome formats (e.g. RNA) are ongoing, but the first results suggest that there is a need for improvement and further simplification of this methodology.
Collectively, it seems that HIV immunotherapy, although still highly experimental, is a viable option to explore. Although some beneficial effects have been described in untreated individuals, most evidence today argues that more effective immune responses can be induced under HAART coverage. In most trials, potentially favorable T cell responses were induced, while effects on VL have at best been transient. This limited success should not come as a surprise, since in most cases antigens from one particular or a limited number of HIV strains were used as immunogen and even in those trials, where the “autologous” virus or sequences thereof were used, epitopes from which the immune system had already escaped may have been presented.
To overcome these restrictions, new options are available. One is to immunize with a set of the most conserved, subdominant epitopes, mainly in the structural core genes (i.e. Gag) in order to focus and “teach” T cells to effectively react against at least some determinants which the virus cannot possibly escape from without completely losing infectivity. Obviously, this strategy might require repeated immunizations with sufficiently large numbers of different stretches of antigens, in view of the requirement to accommodate the HLA restrictions and to allow T cell receptor “maturation” by gradual somatic mutations. One such approach was proposed by Letourneau et al. . With these antigens, strong immune responses were already induced both in mice and macaques, using HIV conserved alphavirus replicon DNA and electroporation . A similar approach, focusing on different epitopes was proposed more recently by C. Brander . A second alternative is the so-called mosaic gag approach, where a large number of natural HIV sequences are included by in silico recombination (ftp://ftp-t10.lanl.gov/pub/btk/mozaïek) for maximum coverage of potential T cell epitopes of HIV-1 group M, including potential escape variations [153, 154]. This approach has successfully been applied in macaques, using DNA + recombinant vaccinia boost [155–157]. Interestingly, this viral construct also induced broad responses in PBMC from HIV-1 B or C infected subjects .
The next important question to address is how to deliver this improved antigen in vivo. Clearly, genetic constructs, either plasmid DNA, mRNA or recombinant viruses are suitable. All three formats have advantages and drawbacks as explained. Our own preference goes to mRNA, as it is flexible and clean, can include a large number of antigens and variants, and does not carry any infection or insertional risk or risk for vector-related adverse immune reactions . This safety advantage of mRNA-based vaccines as compared to plasmid DNA or viral vectors is reflected in their classification by the authorities (FDA in the USA and Paul Ehrlich Institute in Germany) as no gene therapy approaches. This relaxes the requirements concerning preclinical toxicology studies in animals .
Another feature of mRNA is, however, its biological instability (sensitivity to ubiquitous RNAses); and therefore it has mostly been used to load patient-derived DC ex vivo, a strategy which is not applicable at a larger scale. Recent evidence, however, indicates that mRNA can be chemically stabilized to be injected as “naked” RNA in vivo (e.g. intranodally) and/or formulated with either cationic lipids or positively charged proteins. The latter technologies have been refined over the years, and are now ready for clinical application [158–160].
In addition to the antigen and its format or formulation, further signals may be required to optimize the immune responses. Especially if the format is DNA or RNA, a clearly defined genetic adjuvant is most attractive, as it will restrict the costimulatory effect to the site where the immune response is elicited. Th1-skewing (IL-12, IFN-γ), common γ chain or cytokines, TNF ligand members or Toll-like receptor ligands have been used with some success . From our review two new candidates emerge: IL-21 and PD-1 blocking agents .
The desired clinical outcome of a therapeutic vaccine is to keep the VL under control and restore CD4 T cell counts through CD8 T cell-mediated suppression of viral re-emergence. However, there are no easy correlates for this protective effect while the patient is still on HAART. A straightforward ELISPOT using a standard subtype B set of peptides provides a first indication of immunogenicity, but it does not represent a true correlate for protection. Expanding the breadth of the T cell responses by testing many peptide variants, “potential T cell epitopes” (PTE) , increasing avidity by testing low peptide concentrations or improving the “quality” in terms of lytic capacity of CD8 T cells or poly-functionality as well as expansion of HIV-specific effector-memory or central memory CD4 and CD8 T cells have all been proposed as useful [6, 8], but these tests remain somewhat indirect correlates and require rather delicate and cumbersome experimental approaches. As mentioned, several authors, including ourselves, have proposed to measure the vaccine-induced capacity of the patients’ CD8 T cells to suppress various HIV isolates in vitro, as this function has repeatedly been associated with the “elite controller” status [18–20, 111]. Obviously, this type of functional test is also difficult to standardize, but it has the conceptual advantage of being a direct correlate of the desired protective effect.
Another important parameter to consider is whether immunotherapy or any other intervention aiming at a “functional cure” could reduce the size of the latent reservoir. Several assays have been proposed to measure residual replication-competent virus in purified CD4 T cells, based on (enhanced) viral culture as well as on an array of PCR-based methods quantifying intracellular viral mRNA (unspliced or multiple spliced) or proviral DNA. With regard to the latter, it is important to determine integrated versus non-integrated proviral DNA as well as the precise cell subset of the reservoir (activated versus resting T cells, central-memory versus terminally differentiated, macrophages, dendritic cells etc.). Moreover, the measurement should not be limited to blood, but also consider reservoirs in lymphoid tissues (peripheral or gastro-intestinal-associated lymph nodes) as well as “sanctuary sites” (such as the CNS or the genital tract). While the conceptual importance of these measurements is evident, these assays are presently not standardized and it remains to be determined which ones are most predictive of what we really want to know: will our intervention be able to mitigate or abrogate viral rebound after subsequent interruption of HAART [1, 30]?
Since there is no definite ex vivo/in vitro correlate of protection and since the SIV macaque model does not necessarily predict effects in human trials, one needs to proceed to a human trial with analytical treatment interruption to assess the ultimate clinical effect. In view of the observed variability in trial outcome, there is a clear requirement for a carefully matched and sufficiently large placebo group. Treatment interruption, even when guided by CD4 T cell counts and carefully designed to avoid emergence of drug resistance, is being considered as harmful in the long run since the SMART trial . To address this problem, Routy recently reanalyzed the SMART data for the effects of a limited duration of treatment interruption (e.g. 16 weeks) in patients on stable HIV-suppressive HAART with CD4 T counts > 400/μL, a CD4 T cell nadir of > 200/μL and without concomitant diseases. He concluded that ATI under those conditions is safe and thus acceptable in the context of a well monitored therapeutic trial with timely resumption of HAART in case of rebound and/or CD4 T cell drop .
The authors would like to thank Rafaël Van Den Bergh and Lotte Bracke for carefully correcting and Ciska Maeckelbergh for processing the manuscript. Funding was provided by SOFI (Speciaal Onderzoeksfonds ITG); IAP (Interuniversity Attraction Poles grant no. P6/41) and FWO (Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen grant no. G.0226.10 N).
GVH an EVG conceived and wrote the review together. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. | 2019-04-22T09:14:29Z | https://retrovirology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4690-9-72 |
Your program's financing goals and objectives and lending partners will help orient and guide you as you work with other partners and stakeholders to design your financing activities. The demand for financing will be influenced by market conditions, structure of your program, and the design of the loan product. In BBNP programs, approximately 15-25% of homeowners utilized a loan product offered by the program, with some programs achieving much higher rates of financing uptake by offering competitive interest rates and efficient loan approvals.
Many programs start by outlining the basic parameters for their financing strategy, then solicit and choose lending partners who can help finalize design decisions (which is the order presented in these handbooks). The steps to develop and deliver loans, however, do not need to be performed in this sequence. Instead, you may choose to work with prospective partners on financing program design but complete all major finance design decisions before entering into a partnership with a lender. Regardless of order, keep in mind that lenders can provide valuable feedback on design decisions that can impact your program’s success.
Your financing design decisions go hand in hand with decisions you make about other program components. For example, financing is often closely coupled with rebates and other non-financial incentives (discussed in Marketing & Outreach-Make Design Decisions). The design decisions you make with your partners will also serve as the initial steps for the development of your financing implementation and evaluation plans.
DOE’s State and Local Solution Center contains information about key financing structures.
EPA’s Clean Energy Financing Programs: A Decision Resource for States and Communities helps state and local governments design the appropriate finance programs for their jurisdiction by describing financing program options, key program components, and factors to consider.
The Energy Efficiency Financing Program Implementation Primer, developed by the State and Local Energy Efficiency Action Network, provides an overview of considerations for designing and implementing successful energy efficiency financing programs.
Getting the Biggest Bang for the Buck: Exploring the Rationales and Design Options for Energy Efficiency Financing Programs, developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, provides an overview of the fundamentals of energy efficiency financing program planning and design and provides tools for deciding the objectives and mechanics of energy efficiency financing initiatives.
Based on the financing needs you identified for your community and the financing goals and objectives you established for your program, it is now time to design your program’s financing activities.
As your program begins to make decisions regarding financing activities, you are likely to encounter many terms that you may not be familiar with. Please refer to the Glossary of Key Financing Terms, developed by DOE, for definitions of some of these terms.
Your market analysis can help identify the shortcomings of existing loan products and financing programs, as well as opportunities for your program to facilitate greater loan uptake.
Improve the loan terms offered to homeowners (e.g., lower interest rates, less restrictive loan eligibility requirements, longer loan repayment periods).
Enabling homeowners to arrange financing through contractors to make the process simpler for them.
Generally, the longer the loan application and approval process, the less likely a homeowner will undertake the energy upgrade.
Your contractors will be a critical ally in your efforts to make the loan process simpler. Most energy efficiency improvements are sold and installed by contractors who have an influential, face-to-face relationship with the homeowner. Homeowners may be actively seeking energy efficiency improvements, but they are rarely in the market for financing. Homeowners are looking to get the best price for the improvements they are making, and tend to be appreciative when contractors can offer financing options to facilitate the sale.
Your market analysis will likely show that contractors can be skeptical about the benefits of financing because it can complicate the sale, slow down payment, and add paperwork to the process. Consequently, your program may find that addressing contractor concerns by facilitating quick loan approvals, limiting the amount of paperwork, and ensuring that contractors receive payment within a few days of completing work can greatly facilitate the uptake of energy efficiency improvements in your community.
The first consideration in program design is to understand the needs of your participating contractors. Residential HVAC and home improvement contractors are generally small businesses with annual sales of less than $5 million. They retain little or no capital in their business, meaning they are unable to loan money directly because they do not have the funds themselves.
Contractors typically require quick payments from customers because they don’t have large lines of credit, and often don’t have people who can help with administrative work. When asked about payment options, the first response, especially among smaller contractors, is that they want their customers to pay cash (including checks and credit cards).
A simple process and ongoing cash flow are critical to contractor success, and these considerations drive their thinking when it comes to customer financing.
High interest rates – homeowners are typically turned off at rates above 9.9%.
Restrictive loan eligibility requirements – underwriting standards that establish minimum credit scores of 660 generally approve 65% of applicants, but as minimum scores increase towards the 700s, approval rates decline to the mid-50% range, which contractors typically find unsatisfactory. (Loan applicants typically don't know their credit score and/or the program's minimum credit score requirements before applying, so the universe of applicants remains the same regardless of program rules. As the minimum score requirement increases, more applicants are rejected for an insufficient score and approval rates decline).
Short loan repayment periods (loan term) – the shorter the loan repayment period, the higher monthly payments are. Longer repayment periods result in lower monthly payments for homeowners, and make it easier for contractors to close deals or add additional energy efficient measures to projects.
To increase access to financing, your program design can focus on offering loans that are more attractive to homeowners.
Better Buildings Neighborhood Program partners found that interest rates in the 4–6% range were often low enough to improve loan volume.
Driving loan volume and contractor participation with a low-rate loan product typically requires a continuous subsidy for two to three years, with no indication that the loan product will be terminated. The lowest market rate for unsecured home energy loans is around 8%, assuming a nonprofit lender (such as a credit union) with a 3% cost of funds, 2% for origination, 2% for servicing, and 1% for losses.
One shortcoming of providing a low interest rate through a credit enhancement is the cost to your program of doing so. Assuming an average loan size of $8,000, reducing the interest rate could require a one-time payment to the financial institution of $200 to $300 for each percentage point reduction (assuming a 1% point reduction reduces interest revenue by $80 per year, each year, for a four-year term). The cost must also be paid as an upfront fee because financial institutions must record the interest rate and other loan details at time of origination.
Consequently, it is much less expensive to choose a lender that has access to low-cost capital (e.g., credit unions have low cost deposits) so your program is reducing an interest rate that is already low.
Michigan Saves is a private, nonprofit entity whose mission is to increase the availability of energy efficiency financing in all market sectors.
During this process, Michigan Saves contacted the Michigan Credit Union League, which identified 13 credit unions that helped Michigan Saves design the financial product and process. A loan loss reserve was used to allow its financial partners to offer interest rates in the range of 4-6%. Six of the original thirteen credit unions participated in the program launch; as of early 2014, there are nine credit unions participating.
Between October 2012 and February 2014, Michigan Saves closed more than 3,400 loans with a total value of more than $27 million. The program approves approximately 80 loans each month. The applicant approval rate is approximately 60%.
To help homeowners finance home energy upgrades, state and local governments can develop and implement residential Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programs.
Residential PACE allows homeowners to finance energy efficiency, renewable energy, water conservation, and other home improvements that have a public purpose (as defined in state law) through an assessment collected with their property taxes. Depending on state or municipal law and the PACE program structure, the PACE obligation may be secured by a lien placed on the home, with principal and interest repaid through the local government property tax assessment. If the property is sold, the assessment may be able to stay with the property if the buyer agrees and the new mortgage lender allows.
States establish PACE programs by enacting legislation that authorizes the adoption of PACE assessment districts at the local government level. Local governments authorize PACE in their jurisdictions by enacting an ordinance, resolution, or other policy that authorizes the local government to establish voluntary special assessments for energy, water, and related improvements financed through local government (or special assessment district) property assessment and collection procedures.
Between 2009 and 2016, 31 states passed PACE-enabling legislation, the number of states with active PACE programs (including commercial and/or residential PACE) grew from two to 16, and more than 100,000 homeowners made energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements to their homes through residential PACE programs. By 2016, residential PACE programs allowed homeowners to invest nearly $2 billion in energy efficiency, solar, and other upgrades to their homes.
In November 2016, the U.S. Department of Energy released Best Practice Guidelines for Residential PACE Financing Programs. DOE developed these revisions to the original “Guidelines for Pilot PACE Financing Programs,” initially issued on May 7, 2010, to reflect the evolving structure of the PACE market and incorporate lessons learned from various PACE programs that have been successfully implemented. The DOE guidelines outline best practices that can help state and local governments, PACE program administrators, contractors, and other partners develop and implement programs and improvements that effectively deliver home energy and related upgrades.
Enhanced PACE eligibility criteria, including requirements for review of income, existing debt obligations and credit score; clear and understandable consumer disclosures of all PACE terms, including interest rates and fees, repayment procedures, and lien requirements.
Additional consumer protections for low-income households, including enhanced screening procedures (e.g., verbal confirmation of PACE terms with the homeowner), written disclosures, and recommendations to structure PACE financing to be cost-effective for low-income participants.
Recommendations for quality assurance, contractor management, and enforcement procedures.
Recommendations for access to dispute resolution procedures or other mechanisms if work is performed improperly.
More information on PACE programs is available on the DOE State & Local Solution Center.
Improving existing or creating new forms of energy efficiency financing generally consists of addressing one or more of the three elements key to successful programs: confidence, capital, and convenience (referred to as the “Three Cs”).
Confidence: Do borrowers and contractors know about and trust the lenders that offer the financing?
Convenience: Is the process for obtaining financing simple and quick for both the contractor and the customer?
Capital: Does the program provide access to financing (capital) with attractive rates, minimal fees, and good terms?
Economic support (the “capital” of the three Cs).
Sponsoring an existing loan product or program is a simple, low-cost, low-risk approach to making energy efficiency financing more available and attractive in your community. It requires no capital, it needs little to no staff expertise relative to financing, and your program does not need to assume any credit or regulatory risk. By providing sponsorship and marketing support, you can improve the loan product’s or program’s name recognition and drive loan application volume.
Strengthening existing marketing and outreach of the loan product performed by lenders, contractors, or other programs through activities such as customer outreach (e.g., flyers, web content, advertisements, meetings, etc.) and/or contractor trainings.
When Colorado’s Xcel Energy set out to establish a program to offer financing to the residential market, they decided to partner with lenders and sponsor existing loan products rather than provide a loan loss reserve, on-bill repayment, or other more costly and resource-intense financing option. Xcel first contracted with a finance consultant to evaluate partnership opportunities. The consultant identified two existing residential energy efficiency loans: (1) an unsecured energy efficiency loan offered by Elevations Credit Union and (2) the federally insured PowerSaver second lien product offered by Bank of Colorado and WJ Bradley Mortgage Company.
Xcel chose to sponsor both products and signed letters of “alliance” with all three financial institutions. Under this arrangement, Xcel works with the lenders to present their loan products to contractors and Xcel customers through workshops, their website, and other promotional avenues. In addition, Xcel educates contractors participating in their various demand-side management programs about the loan products so they can offer them to their customers.
Xcel’s name and sponsorship is extremely valuable to the lenders as it gives their product instant name recognition and credibility, which helps them increase loan volume. Xcel benefits from the arrangement by being able to offer financing to their residential market sector without taking on substantial cost or risk.
Administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Fannie Mae, Green Refinance Plus allows owners of existing affordable rental housing properties to refinance into new mortgages that include funding for energy- and water-saving upgrades, along with other needed property renovations.
Every 10-15 years, owners of existing multifamily affordable properties typically refinance their mortgages. In older apartment buildings, however, owners are hard-pressed to find additional financing to maintain or improve the physical condition of their properties, including making energy-efficient upgrades. Green Refinance Plus is intended to refinance the expiring mortgages of Low Income Housing Tax Credit and other affordable housing projects and to lower annual operating costs by reducing energy consumption.
Property improvements that save energy and water costs for owners and tenants, such as energy efficient windows and ENERGY STAR appliances.
Borrowers obtain a "Green Physical Needs Assessment" completed by a qualified provider (e.g., someone who is either: certified to complete energy audits by RESNET or BPI; a Certified Energy Manager (CEM) or state equivalent; a registered architect; a registered professional engineer; a RESNET certified Home Energy Rater; or a BPI Certified Building Analyst). This assessment identifies property improvements that both reduce energy and operating costs and will help borrowers make rehabilitation choices that will give them the greatest energy savings for their investment. Property owners are able to select the energy- efficiency upgrades that make the most economic sense for their properties.
Learn more about Green Refinance Plus and program requirements.
If your program has staff with financing expertise and loan process and/or systems capabilities, you may be able to improve the interactions between lenders, contractors, and customers in a way that streamlines the loan process (e.g., lower-cost, quicker, simpler, easier).
Conduct quality assurance inspections in a timely manner so contractors can be paid more quickly.
Energy efficiency programs have worked with financial partners to streamline the loan approval process. Pennsylvania's Keystone Home Energy Loan Program, in partnership with EnergyWorks Philadelphia, works with multiple financial institutions to provide quick-approval energy efficiency loans, often within two hours of receiving the application. This is accomplished by underwriting based on a minimum credit score and income and employment information “stated” by the borrower, rather than “verified” via the employer.
In partnership with the Green Madison program, Summit Credit Union is developing an online application with "auto-decisioning" features that let a customer know immediately if they qualify for a loan. The program then follows up by checking income levels and employing other safeguards.
To increase the number of homeowners eligible for financing, a number of energy efficiency financing programs are deploying alternative underwriting criteria to identify credit-worthy borrowers that do not meet traditional lending standards.
NYSERDA’s Green Jobs–Green New York (GJGNY) initiative is using a two-tiered underwriting process to expand access to financing for its Home Performance with ENERGY STAR program.
Tier One underwriting uses standard FICO credit score (minimum 640) and debt to income (DTI) (maximum 50%) metrics to evaluate creditworthiness; 43% of applicants are rejected for this financing. NYSERDA is trying to reduce this decline rate with its Tier Two standards, which offer households with low credit scores or high DTIs a second opportunity to qualify for GJGNY financing. For households with credit scores below 640, NYSERDA Tier Two standards increase the maximum DTI to 55% and use utility bill repayment history in lieu of credit score to assess creditworthiness. For households with FICO scores above 680 that were rejected from Tier One because of their DTI ratios, Tier Two standards increase the maximum DTI to 70% and use utility bill repayment history.
Update: As of July 2015, NYSERDA allowed credit scores down to 540 under its loan program. A total of 8,581 Tier 1 loans and 1,312 Tier 2 loans have closed, valued at more than $95 million and $14 million respectively. Loan approval rates are over 75 percent.
Craft3, a participating CDFI lender in Enhabit, also uses utility bill repayment history to evaluate creditworthiness of borrowers. While Craft3’s underwriting process includes a credit score check and review of other debt obligations (e.g., bankruptcies, liens, judgments), instead of analyzing an applicant’s DTI, Craft3 examines utility bill repayment history. Using utility bill repayment history in lieu of DTI significantly reduces loan underwriting expenses. Because more households in many programs are rejected for financing due to high DTI than low credit scores, this strategy may be an effective approach for some households that can effectively manage their finances, and utilize cost savings from efficiency improvements to help offset the cost of the loan. As of December 2013, Craft3 had completed more than 2,600 loans valued at $33.4 million, with an average loan amount of $12,500. While the loans have only been made for a few years, loan default rates have been below industry averages.
Source: Scaling Energy Efficiency in the Heart of the Residential Market: Increasing Middle America's Access to Capital for Energy Improvements, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2012.
If your program is fortunate enough to have financial assets available or can secure such assets (“capital”), you may seek to improve the core elements of a loan product such as the interest rate, terms, fees, applicant approval rates, etc. You can do this by making funds available to lenders to offset their costs related to operations or credit losses, or simply to buy down the interest rate.
There are two primary types of economic support programs often use: credit enhancements and revolving loan funds.
Credit enhancements are a class of tools that reduce lender or investor risk associated with offering loans. Credit enhancements deliver capital providers with a level of protection against losses in the event of borrower default or delinquency. Many home energy upgrade programs include credit enhancements to make loans for home energy upgrades more accessible to a broader target audience.
Credit enhancements can motivate lenders to broaden consumer access to home energy loans, extend the length of time in which a loan is due, and lower interest rates. The terms of credit enhancements can also be used to negotiate favorable loan products and relax loan eligibility requirements.
Loan loss reserves (LLRs). An LLR sets aside a limited pool of funds from which lenders can recover a portion of their losses in the event of borrower defaults. LLRs are one of the most common credit enhancements due to their relative ease of implementation (see call-out box below).
Loan guarantees. A loan guarantee enables lenders to recover all potential losses in the event of borrower default.
Debt service reserve funds (DSRF). A DSRF sets aside a limited pool of funds from which lenders or investors can recover overdue debt service payments on a financial product.
Subordinated capital structures. Program administrators can invest subordinated capital in a loan or pool of loans alongside privately funded senior capital. In the event of customer defaults, the subordinated capital absorbs all losses. The senior capital does not experience any losses until all of the subordinated capital has been exhausted.
The Credit Enhancement Overview Guide, developed by the Financing Solutions Working Group of the State and Local Energy Efficiency Action Network, describes the various types of credit enhancements, the trade-offs among them, and what they can be reasonably expected to accomplish to advance energy efficiency goals.
Why Offer Credit Enhancements? - An overview of the program objectives that may warrant deploying credit enhancements.
Credit Enhancement Basics - A description of common credit enhancement tools and their trade-offs.
Additional Resources – A listing of resources on designing and deploying credit enhancements.
Loan loss reserves (LLRs) are the most commonly used credit enhancement, frequently deployed to reduce borrowing costs or extend borrowing terms for program participants that would likely qualify for other, often more expensive loan products.
Under an LLR, funds—typically public or utility—are set aside (“reserved”) as loans are issued (e.g., typically 5% of the total portfolio of loans). In this way, a 5% LLR on a $60 million loan portfolio provides up to $3 million to cover a lender’s losses, should they occur.
The LLR may be specific to a portion of the loss on individual loans. For example, compensation for losses is often limited to 90% of any individual loan, ensuring a natural incentive for lenders to apply appropriate underwriting criteria to all loans.
Under an LLR, funds are placed into an escrow deposit account―either with a separate institution or under their own administration. As loans are made, escrowed funds are transferred to an LLR fund in the amounts specified by the LLR agreement. Projects are then completed and loans are repaid over time according to the loan agreement between the financial partner and the borrower.
Much of the administrative work is done by financial institutions with pre-existing capacity and experience making loans.
Programs can stimulate market transformation and eventually function without government capital, by proving to lenders that home energy loans can be profitable.
Rather than simply lowering interest rates, a few innovative programs are using credit enhancements to incentivize their financial partners to offer energy improvement loans to households that would otherwise not have access to capital.
The city of Indianapolis is using a large LLR—with 50% of losses covered—to households in its target income demographic (low to moderate income households).
The cities of Madison and Milwaukee used part of their DOE Better Buildings grant to structure a $3 million loan loss reserve to expand access to their loan product. Madison’s and Milwaukee’s 5% LLR reduces losses for their financial partner, Summit Credit Union, in the event of loan defaults and supports a loan pool of up to $60 million. It has been structured so that Summit Credit Union can recover more funds from the LLR on each loan default for lower-credit-quality consumers.
A revolving loan fund—which is a source of capital from which loans are made to eligible borrowers—can also be an important component of energy efficiency finance programs.
Loans are issued from the initial capital used to set up the fund, and as loans are repaid, additional loans are made. Often, similarly rated loans are grouped together as an investment and resold to secondary market investors, providing program administrators with an additional replenishing source of capital for new loans.
In 2010, St. Lucie County partnered with local financial institutions and community leaders to establish a community development financial institution (CDFI), which manages the Solar and Energy Loan Fund (SELF). SELF, a revolving loan fund capitalized with seed money from the Better Buildings Neighborhood Program, provides affordable clean energy financing to low-to-moderate-income homeowners and small businesses.
In 2011, SELF began taking applications for weatherization (i.e., insulation, caulking, window and door replacement), replacement of inefficient air-conditioning systems, and installation of solar thermal and solar photovoltaic systems. The program offers loan amounts from $1,000 to $50,000 with rates ranging from 6.5% to 9% depending on the installed technology. Maximum terms of up to 15 years are available.
The SELF funding goal is to issue $10 million in loans by 2017. As of early 2014, the SELF program has closed 249 loans valued at over $2 million. Cumulative energy savings exceed 1 million kilowatt-hours and the avoidance of 980 metric tons of carbon dioxide. The program has also generated nearly 11,000 labor hours for local contractors.
A revolving loan fund is a particularly effective tool for energy efficiency improvements in the $2,000 to $10,000 range (e.g., time-sensitive replacement of failed equipment, home efficiency upgrades such as attic or wall insulation), because few homeowners have immediate access to this amount of cash and they are reluctant to fund this amount with a credit card, as it will likely approach the card’s credit limit.
On-bill financing, which is a mechanism that allows repayment of loans through a customer’s utility bills.
Revolving loan funds can also leverage program funding from sponsors and mitigate risk for investors, allowing consumers with lower credit scores to receive loans.
Energy efficient mortgages (EEMs) allow borrowers to include the cost of energy efficiency improvements in a mortgage. Lenders offer EEMs through allowing increases in the amount that a borrower can borrow relative to the property value and the debt that the borrower is eligible to carry relative to their income. The Federal Housing Administration and Fannie Mae offer versions of EEMs, including the FHA 203(k) Rehabilitation Mortgage Insurance Program.
DOE developed the Home Energy Score as a low cost and reliable method for estimating the energy use of a home and providing a corresponding “score” to rate the relative energy efficiency of the home based on area location. The Home Energy Score uses a systematic approach to provide a reliable and scientifically-based analysis of a home’s energy characteristics and overall energy efficiency. The Home Energy Score uses a 10-point scale with a “1” applying to homes likely to use a large amount of energy and a “10” corresponding to the most energy efficient homes. An average home in the United States will score a “5” on the scale.
Homes that score a “6” or higher on the Home Energy Score scale can qualify for a higher mortgage. HUD has developed guidance on Home Energy Score and mortgages.
Learn more about on-bill financing and repayment programs.
They are relatively simple to set up compared to other options.
Many cities and states already have revolving loan funds that can be used for energy upgrades, so expert assistance is available.
Funds revolve indefinitely, creating a source of funding that will be available in the long term as long as capital is not exhausted from loan defaults.
Programs can change eligibility requirements of loan applicants over time as market conditions warrant.
More information about revolving loan funds is available through the DOE State and Local Solution Center.
Plan to evaluate each function and determine the functions that (1) your program will perform (those that match your capabilities and that you can perform at a lower cost, quicker, more accurately, etc.) and (2) those that your program partners will perform.
If you haven’t already done so when establishing partnerships with lenders, develop a list of the functions to be performed by your partners and use it as the basis for a scope of services or scope of work document. Include this list as selection criteria during the procurement of partners and subcontractors. The functions should also be documented in your program’s implementation plan.
Ultimately, you will likely be looking to create a sustainable market for home energy loans in your community that doesn’t require support from your program, so keep that in mind as you make design decisions.
Revolving loan funds and credit enhancements can be effective tools to prove to the market that home energy loans can be profitable and that the associated risk is for lenders is manageable, but they are probably not sustainable strategies in the long run.
The graphic below illustrates how the development of an initial revolving loan fund, converting over time to a loan loss reserve, can lead to a well functioning private market.
Collect data to show that home energy loans can be a profitable line of business for lenders, and a useful tool for homeowners to use to pay for energy upgrades. Lenders must perceive home energy lending to be a profitable, creditworthy, and sizable business.
Leverage credit enhancement monies. Home energy lending programs that rely on a credit enhancement can leverage modest amounts of grant capital into much larger amounts of lending capital. Better Building Neighborhood partners all used federal funds to attract private sector investment.
Build and/or access the secondary market. Some lenders will decide to originate loans, assemble portfolios, and then seek to refinance or sell the portfolios to a “secondary market” capital source. A typical target portfolio size for an early-stage secondary market transaction is $20 to $25 million although later transactions may be much larger, in excess of $100 million. Availability of financing from the secondary market can drive development of home energy loans and also lower the costs of capital. However, this approach is only possible if underwriting for all of the loans in the portfolio is consistent. It is also made easier if underwriting is consistent with other loans being issued across the country. DOE is supporting work to develop a standard set of underwriting criteria for the secondary market. These criteria would create a standard loan product that is uniform enough for secondary market investors to understand its risks and consider a purchase of the loan product.
Link clean energy finance programs to other state government development, finance, and financial system support/reform initiatives. State governments throughout the nation are seeking new ways to increase home energy lending as a means to meet sustainability goals and enhance economic development and job creation. Consider linking your home energy finance programs to these initiatives to help turn home energy financing into a leading economic development strategy.
Developing new energy efficiency loan products requires financial expertise and resources that not every program has available or that might not even be necessary. Finding and promoting existing energy efficiency loan products, such as loans that may be offered by a local credit union, your state energy office, or national lenders, or loan products available to contractor networks that meet the needs of your target audience is a simpler, low-cost, low-risk approach to improving access to financing for home energy upgrades. Many programs have partnered with lenders to offer the Federal Housing Administration’s PowerSaver Loans, a trio of national loan products available for home energy efficiency improvements.
EnergyWorks of Philadelphia decided to leverage an established and successful state financing program rather than starting a financing initiative from scratch. This approach enabled the program to offer loans more quickly and leverage existing consumer and contractor acceptance of its loan offerings. The program leveraged the Keystone Home Energy Loan Program (Keystone HELP), Pennsylvania’s award-winning residential financing program with low fixed rates for single measure and whole house improvements. EnergyWorks provided financial support from its Better Buildings Neighborhood Program grant to make Keystone HELP loans available at even lower interest rates to homeowners in the Greater Philadelphia area. By leveraging the existing Keystone HELP loan, and by providing additional consumer and contractor outreach, EnergyWorks was able to help finance over 1,900 upgrades totaling more than $17 million between 2010 and 2013. This represented an annualized increase of close to 40% over pre-EnergyWorks Keystone HELP volume in the Philadelphia region.
In addition to helping to develop new loan products, Efficiency Maine offers and promotes the use of the federally insured FHA unsecured and secured PowerSaver loans. The PowerSaver loan is an energy-related home improvement loan offered under the Federal Housing Administration Title 1 home improvement loan insurance program. PowerSaver provides homeowners with low-cost, long-term funds to make cost-effective energy efficiency improvements to their homes. FHA supports lenders by offering insurance that covers 90% of the loss amount on loans up to $25,000. Between 2010 and October 2013, AFC First—Efficiency Maine’s authorized lender—issued 106 PowerSaver loans with a total loan value of nearly $1.3 million, and average loan amount of $12,000.
When Colorado’s Xcel Energy set out to establish a program to offer financing to the residential market, they decided to partner with lenders and sponsor existing loan products rather than provide a loan loss reserve, on-bill repayment, or other more costly and resource-intense financing option. Xcel first contracted with a finance consultant to evaluate partnership opportunities. The consultant identified two existing residential energy efficiency loans: an unsecured energy efficiency loan offered by Elevations Credit Union, and the federally insured PowerSaver second lien product offered by Bank of Colorado and WJ Bradley Mortgage Company. Xcel chose to sponsor both products and signed letters of alliance with all three financial institutions. Under this arrangement, Xcel works with the lenders to present their loan products to contractors and Xcel customers through workshops, their website, and other promotional avenues.
Complicated loan and program application processes have deterred many potential customers from following through with an upgrade. Delays and overly burdensome requirements raise barriers to participation. Many programs have successfully employed strategies to reduce the number of requirements that homeowners must meet in order to receive a loan, and to speed the processing of loan applications so projects can proceed quickly once a homeowner decides to move forward.
Enhabit, formerly Clean Energy Works Oregon, worked with Craft3, a non-profit community development financing institution (CDFI), to help more homeowners qualify for loans and streamline the loan application process. Their approach was to use utility repayment history as a proxy for credit. Craft3’s underwriting process includes a credit score check and review of other debt obligations (e.g., bankruptcies, liens, judgments); however, Craft3 examines utility bill repayment history in lieu of analyzing an applicant’s debt to income ratio (DTI). This approach significantly reduces loan underwriting expenses for Craft3, helps to simplify the loan application process for homeowners, and allows for quicker approvals. Between March 2011 and December 2013, Craft3 completed more than 2,600 loans valued at $33.4 million, with an average loan amount of $12,500. While the loans have been made for only a few years, loan default rates have been below industry averages.
Pennsylvania's Keystone Home Energy Loan Program, administered by AFC First Financial Corporation in partnership with EnergyWorks Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Treasury Department, worked with multiple lenders to provide quick-approval unsecured energy efficiency loans up to $15,000, often within two hours of receiving the application. This was accomplished by underwriting based on a minimum credit score (640 or higher), 50% debt ratio requirement, and income and employment information (as stated by the borrower, rather than verified via the employer). Approximately 70% of applicants are approved for loans. The combination of minimum credit score, debt ratio and other factors used in underwriting allows AFC First to streamline the application process while minimizing risk of borrowers defaulting on their loans. Between 2010 and 2013, EnergyWorks was able to help finance over 1,900 upgrades, totaling more than $17 million.
Without an incentive, homeowners and contractors may limit themselves to smaller upgrade projects. Programs in search of more energy savings have found that some homeowners already interested in an upgrade are amenable to a bigger upgrade when coupled with better financing terms or larger rebates. To encourage deeper upgrades, many successful programs have offered tiered levels of financing or rebates, with terms and amounts that grow more favorable as more energy savings are pursued.
Maryland’s Be SMART Home program offered two energy loan options to homeowners: the Be SMART Home ENERGY STAR loan (6.99% interest rate for upgraded heating and systems and efficient appliances) and the Be SMART Home Complete loan (4.99% interest rate for comprehensive home energy improvements). The two loan products were created to provide borrowers with options for completing their home energy upgrades. In addition, the products were intended to encourage hesitant borrowers primarily interested in upgrading one system to consider the benefits of a whole house approach. In many cases, the program noted that borrowers entered the Be SMART Home program for the Be SMART Home ENERGY STAR product; however, after discussions with Be SMART staff about the value of a comprehensive home energy upgrade, many of these borrowers completed an energy assessment and converted to the whole house Be SMART Home Complete approach. Between July 2010 and May 2014, more than $1 million was loaned, with a 66% loan approval rate.
EnergyWorks Philadelphia offered two tiers of loan rates, tying the interest rate to the number of energy efficiency measures incorporated into the home. Homeowners who undertook Gold Star projects using a participating contractor were eligible for the lowest possible rate—0.99% fixed for 10 years. Gold Star projects were guided by an energy assessment and consisted of whole home upgrades that addressed multiple components of the home (e.g., envelope, HVAC, water heating, appliances, etc.). With the Silver Star level, homeowners who installed a single energy efficiency measure (e.g., high efficiency furnace replacement) using a participating contractor could qualify for a 4.99% loan, in addition to rebates and tax credits. Between 2010 and 2013, EnergyWorks issued 559 Gold Star loans worth more than $6.4 million and 1,347 Silver Star loans worth more than $11.4 million.
Enhabit, formerly Clean Energy Works Oregon, initially launched its program with aggressive incentives to generate interest in the program. Early adopters were quick to apply. Enhabit based incentives on the level of projected energy savings: $3,200 for savings of 30% or more, $2,200 for savings between 20% and 30%, and $1,500 for savings between 15% and 20%. After an initial 90 days, incentives were lowered to $1,500 for savings of 30% or more, $1,000 for savings between 20% and 30%, and $500 for savings between 15% and 20%. Recognizing that rebate levels were not sustainable, incentives are currently set at $1,250 for savings of 30% or more, $1,000 for savings between 20% and30% and $500 for savings between 10% and 20%. According to Enhabit Executive Director Derek Smith, “Our incentive structure gets customers excited about aiming high and gives contractors a lever to encourage a more comprehensive scope of work.” Approximately 85% of participants reach the 30% projected savings goal. In addition to being able to access incentives, program participants have access to low cost-financing through Enhabit’s network of lending partners to finance the balance of project costs. Between March 2011 and December 2013, Enhabit, through Craft3 (one of Enhabit’s lending partners), completed more than 2,600 loans valued at $33.4 million.
In order to overcome lenders’ concerns over the risk associated with energy efficiency loans, many Better Buildings Neighborhood Program partners offered credit enhancements to lenders (e.g., loan loss reserve funds) to attract lender participation and to mitigate lender losses in the event of loan defaults. Over the long term, however, a thriving market for energy efficiency financing requires that lenders and capital providers operate without credit enhancements. In order for this to happen, lenders and capital providers need to understand that home energy lending can be profitable and that the risks are manageable. Several Better Buildings Neighborhood Program partners were able to prove the viability of energy efficiency lending.
Enhabit, formerly Clean Energy Works Oregon, took a sequential approach to designing for long-term sustainability through successfully engaging lenders in the program with credit enhancements, but removing these over time following evidence of success. In the process, Enhabit has unlocked millions of dollars of private capital while eliminating the need for program-funded lending support. During its program pilot, the City of Portland partnered with Craft3 to provide low-interest, long-term financing with utility on-bill repayment to program participants. Craft3 used bill payment history as a proxy for credit to help more homeowners qualify for loans. Loan defaults proved to be low from the outset, demonstrating the low risk associated with home energy lending. As Enhabit expanded its program throughout Oregon in 2011 and 2012, additional lenders joined the program. While loan fees and loan loss reserves were initially offered to some of these new lenders, Enhabit eliminated payment of all loan fees and loan loss reserves effective January 1, 2013, and still maintains a strong network of lending partners. Enhabit’s strategy to remove credit enhancements over time has worked because program results (e.g., low defaults) demonstrate that home energy lending can be profitable to lenders while also providing them access to new customers from whom they can solicit additional business. In addition, lenders become more comfortable with lending for energy efficiency if measures are properly installed and deliver the promised savings (which helps ensure loans are repaid) so Enhabit’s quality assurance has been an important factor in supporting the lending partners in non-financial ways. Between program launch in March 2011 and December 2013, Enhabit completed nearly 3,200 residential upgrades and 2,600 loans valued at $33.4 million (through its lending partner, Craft3), generating $49 million in local economic activity.
The Maryland Be SMART Multifamily program utilizes a revolving loan fund initially capitalized with $9 million to provide financing for energy efficiency upgrades in affordable multifamily apartment buildings. Leveraging their Better Buildings Neighborhood Program grant, the Be SMART Multifamily program team worked closely with property managers, owners, and developers to promote the value of energy efficiency in the multifamily housing community and succeeded in leveraging significant private and public capital to finance energy efficiency upgrades. The program’s revolving loan fund allowed short-term loans for loan loss reserves for multifamily upgrade projects accompanied by rehabilitation work funded through Low Income Housing Tax Credits. These short-term loans facilitated several energy upgrade projects that would otherwise not have been possible. These loans also provided for a quick revolution of the loan funds, typically resulting in full repayment of the loan loss reserve within 24 to 36 months (with interest rates ranging from 1% to 4%). The short-term loans have been tremendously beneficial to the viability of the Be SMART Multifamily revolving loan fund, and have enabled program activities to continue at similar projected funding levels into calendar years 2014 and 2015. Between July 2010 and September 2013, the program financed nine projects representing 935 multifamily units. Projected annual energy savings from these projects is more than 3,600 Megawatt-hours (MWh) and more than 260,000 therms.
Historically, energy efficiency financing have required two sources of funding: credit enhancement funds to mitigate risk and support attractive financing, and senior capital to fund the majority of the loan principal. Some residential energy efficiency programs have successfully assembled loan portfolios and sold them to secondary market investors as a new way to fund their programs and loan products. Availability of financing from the secondary market can also lower the costs of capital, allowing programs to offer home energy loans with better interest rates.
The Keystone Home Energy Loan Program (Keystone HELP) is Pennsylvania's financing program for energy efficient home improvements. The program is principally supported by the Pennsylvania Treasury Department, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, and the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency. Keystone HELP offers low-rate loans to help eligible homeowners make affordable energy efficiency home improvements. Pennsylvania Treasury began Keystone HELP expecting to hold loans to term. Because of the program’s success, however, Treasury would exhaust all the funds it was prepared to make available for energy efficiency upgrade loans much sooner than planned. Without additional capital for new loans, Keystone HELP would need to stop offering financing for energy efficiency improvements. Treasury soon realized that a functioning secondary market would be necessary just to continue its own efforts, let alone scale up energy efficiency lending on a national basis. To meet the capital needs of Keystone HELP (and similar programs around the country), the Warehouse for Energy Efficiency Loans (WHEEL) was designed. WHEEL is a collaboration among the Energy Programs Consortium, the Pennsylvania Treasury, Renewable Funding, and Citigroup Global Markets. It provides low-cost, large-scale private capital to state and local government and utility-sponsored residential energy efficiency loan programs. WHEEL’s goal is to create a secondary market for clean energy loans, which over time will deliver better financing terms with declining reliance on credit enhancements and other subsidies. In March 2013, Treasury sold almost 4,700 Keystone HELP loans, receiving $23 million in cash and $8.3 million in deferred payments for a projected total of $31.3 million.
One of Enhabit's, formerly Clean Energy Works Oregon, goals is to access secondary markets for residential energy efficiency loans to help bring liquidity to the program. To date, Enhabit has successfully engaged lenders in the program, unlocking millions of dollars of private capital while eliminating credit enhancements. The program has been able to access secondary market investors by eliminating credit enhancements and proving the value of home energy lending. Enhabit’s success led its lending partner, Craft3, to pursue the sale of its loan portfolio to both mitigate its own risks and replenish funds for lending. Working with Enhabit, Craft3 closed on its first sale of loan assets to Self-Help Credit Union (based in North Carolina) in December 2013. The purchased portfolio included 1,251 loans with a total outstanding value of $15.7 million. Most loans in the purchased portfolio had 20 year terms and ranged in size from approximately $800 to $30,000 with an average loan size of about $12,500. Enhabit continues to work with its lending partners to pursue secondary market sales.
Homeowners do not benefit from access to financing if they don’t know about or understand options available to them. Contractors are often the primary transaction point for selling upgrades, and many programs have found that ongoing collaboration with contractors through sales training, regular meetings, and requests for feedback can foster greater understanding and sales of program loan products. Some successful programs have staff in a contractor manager role to organize trainings, address questions and concerns, and overall coordinate relationships with participating contractors. Along with simplifying the financing application process, working with contractors to integrate financing into the home performance sales process avoids making financing another complicated decision point for customers.
EnergyWorks of Philadelphia recognized that contractors can have a tremendous influence on homeowner decisions about how to pay for an energy upgrade. The program therefore trained contractors on how to effectively make affordability of energy efficiency a key part of every sales proposal and assessment. Contractors were also trained on how to better utilize special financing and monthly payment plans to increase both their closing rates and market penetration for more energy efficient home improvements. In addition, EnergyWorks provided contractors with program-sponsored technical training for BPI and RESNET certification, if needed, streamlined the energy assessment process and developed a consistent customer report template, and used an integrated software platform to provide maximum efficiency and customer service to contractors during loan/incentive origination, administration, payment, and reporting. Between 2010 and 2013, EnergyWorks helped finance over 1,900 residential upgrade projects, totaling more than $17 million.
Enhabit, formerly Clean Energy Works Oregon, works with its contractors to provide business coaching, peer mentoring, business development classes, business accounting, and sales training. Supporting the development of these skills is a key factor in Enhabit’s success. Trainings include discussion of Enhabit’s loan offerings and eligible lenders, and how financing is a valuable tool to help drive sales. These trainings were well-received by contractors and helped them improve their business processes, making them more profitable. Between program launch in March 2011 and December 2013, Enhabit’s close relationship with its contractor partners resulted in the completion of more than 3,000 upgrades. For more information on how Enhabit partners with their contractors, see the case study Making the Program Work for Contractors.
The Greater Cincinnati Energy Alliance (GCEA) recognized that the best way to drive demand for home energy upgrades was to involve local contractors that worked in homes on a daily basis. To that end, GCEA identified, trained, and mentored contractors who were interested in promoting the benefits of energy efficiency and saw it as a means to expand their business. Through a network of participating contractors, homeowners throughout Greater Cincinnati ultimately purchased energy efficiency upgrades and services totaling almost $19 million. Between program launch in 2011 and November 2013, GCEA issued 127 residential loans, totaling more than $1 million with no losses.
In October 2010, Austin Energy rolled out its single-family residential energy "Best Offer Ever" promotion, a three-month special that combined rebates and no-interest loans for energy upgrades. Austin Energy offered extra contractor training on the financing to drive sales during the promotion. Once draft promotional plans were in place, Austin Energy hosted a breakfast meeting—getting on their Home Performance with ENERGY STAR contractors’ schedules before they were out in the field for the day—to discuss the plans and collect feedback from the contactors. Contractors provided feedback on the launch plans, received sample forms, and were trained on how to use them. The contractors were also candid about their involvement in implementing the offer. Most contractors had not actively marketed financing options before, so Austin Energy walked the group through each party’s role and responsibility in the loan process. Austin Energy also scheduled the promotion during the fall and winter, which is typically a slow season for building contractors in otherwise sunny and hot Texas—increasing the likelihood that projects would be completed in a timely manner while also helping contractors avoid seasonal layoffs. As a result of the promotion, a total of 568 participants received Home Performance with ENERGY STAR upgrades through 47 contractors in six months—more than 10 times Austin Energy's typical participation rate.
As part of the ShopSmart with JEA program, Jax Metro Credit Union (JMCU) worked closely with contractors by holding regular meetings (monthly or quarterly) as well as lunch and learn opportunities to educate contractors on the loan options available. The credit union also did outreach to contractors or contractor associations in the community recognizing that the contractors would play an important role in selling benefits of the loan product. It was a long process, nearly 14 months, before the relationship between the credit union and the contractors was fully developed. From 2010-2012, ShopSmart with JEA completed 206 residential upgrades. JMCU members completed more than $1.2 million worth of energy upgrades on 183 homes in the community, and JEA and JMCU financed nearly 90 percent of completed upgrades.
This case study highlights the Help My House Pilot Program conducted in South Carolina by Central Electric Power Cooperative that included on-bill financing.
This report highlights program and policy attributes that enable successful on-bill programs based on analysis of four program case studies.
Presentation that describes the successful elements of the Massachusetts HEAT loan program, including how it is funded and who is eligible.
Presentation describing AFC First's (a lender's) aggressive underwriting and smart product delivery as part of the Keystone HELP program.
A sample for defining and elaborating on the specifics of a clean energy loan program.
An Excel-based example of a financing program model.
This summary from a Better Buildings Residential Network peer exchange call focused on integrating contractors with the loan process.
Presentation on the key programmatic elements of financing initiatives.
This summary from a Better Buildings Residential Network peer exchange call focused on innovative financing approaches programs are using to support residential energy efficiency. | 2019-04-19T16:18:07Z | https://rpsc.energy.gov/handbooks/financing-%E2%80%93-make-design-decisions |
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The Organic synthesis is the study of how we make molecules ranging from complex, biologically active natural products to new materials. As the synthesis lets a chemist to construct wholly new structures, it authorizes chemists to probe the world around them in new, creative manners. Can we make new molecules which particularly deliver drugs to targeted cancer cells? Can we manufacture molecular libraries which let us to map the three-dimensional (3-D) needs of a receptor? Can we form new, more proficient routes for constructing the complex molecular architectures found out in natural products? Can we make new catalysts for inducing asymmetry to a chemical reaction? Can we manufacture new nano-structures capable of delivering the biological agents to several cells within the body?
Organic synthesis is basically a special stream of chemical synthesis and is mainly concerned by the construction of organic compounds through organic reactions. The organic molecules often comprises of a higher level of complexity as compare to purely inorganic compounds, in such a way that the synthesis of organic compounds has developed to one of the most significant streams of organic chemistry. There are some major areas of research in the general area of organic synthesis: total synthesis, semi-synthesis and methodology.
Wohler synthesis of Urea in the year 1828 heralded the birth of the modern chemistry. The Art of synthesis is as old as the Organic chemistry itself. Natural product chemistry is resolutely rooted in the science of degrading a molecule to recognized smaller molecules by employing known chemical reactions and conforming the assigned structure through chemical synthesis from small, recognized molecules by using well established synthetic chemistry methods. Once this art of manufacturing a molecule was mastered, chemists attempted to change bioactive molecules in an attempt to build up new drugs and as well to unravel the mystery of bimolecular interactions. Till the middle of 20th Century, organic chemists approached the task of synthesis of molecules as independent tailor made projects, guided mostly via chemical intuition and a sound knowledge of chemical reactions. Throughout this period, a strong foundation was laid for the growth of mechanistic principles of organic reactions, new reactions and reagents. More than a century of such intensive studies on the chemistry of carbohydrates, terpenes, alkaloids and steroids laid the base for the growth of logical approaches for the synthesis of molecules.
The duty of a synthetic chemist is identical to that of an architect (or civil engineer). As the architect could in reality see the building he is constructing, a molecular architect termed as Chemist is handicapped via the fact that the molecule he is manufacturing is too small to be seen even via the most powerful microscope developed to date. By such a restriction, how does he 'see' the developing structure? For this aim, a chemist makes utilization of spectroscopic tools. How does he cut, tailor and glue the components on a molecule which he can't see? For this aim chemists have developed molecular level tools known as Reagents and Reactions. How does he clean the debris and generate pure molecules? This feat is accomplished through crystallization, distillation and extensive utilization of Chromatography methods. A mastery over some such methods lets the molecular architect (that is, popularly termed as organic chemist) to accomplish the challenging task of synthesizing the mirade molecular structures encountered in the Natural Products Chemistry, Drug Chemistry and modern Molecular Materials. In this task, he is further guided through some 'thumb rules' that chemists have progressed over the past two centuries.
At the dawn of the 21st century, the state of the art and science of organic synthesis is as healthy and energetic is as ever. The birth of this multifaceted, exciting and boundless science is marked via Wohler's synthesis of urea in the year 1828. This milestone event - as trivial as it might seem by nowadays standards - contributed to a 'demystification of nature' and illuminated the entrance to a path that afterward led to big heights and countless rich dividends for humankind. Being both an accurate science and a fine art, this stream has been driven via the constant flow of beautiful molecular architectures from nature and serves up as the engine which drives the more general field of organic synthesis forward. The organic synthesis is considered, to a big extent, to be responsible for some of the most exciting and vital discoveries of the 20th century in biology, chemistry and medicine and carries on to fuel the drug discovery and development procedure by myriad processes and compound for latest biomedical breakthroughs and applications. Nowadays, natural product total synthesis is related by prudent and tasteful choice of challenging and preferably biologically significant target molecules; the discovery and invention of latest synthetic strategies and technologies; and explorations in chemical biology via molecular design and mechanistic studies. The future strides in the field are probable to be aided through advances in the isolation and characterization of novel molecular targets from nature, the availability of new reagents and synthetic processes, and information and automation technologies. These advances are destined to bring the power of organic synthesis closer to, or even beyond, the boundaries stated by nature, that, at present, and in spite of our many advantages, still look so far away.
In early days, the chemistry of natural product and its organic synthesis fascinated a very lively interest. New substances, more or less complex, more or less helpful, were constantly discovered and investigated. For the determination of the structure, the architecture of molecule, we have nowadays very powerful tools, often borrowed from the Physical Chemistry. The organic chemists of year 1900 would have been very much amazed if they had heard of the techniques now at hand. Though, one can't state the work is simpler; the steadily enhancing processes make it possible to attack more and more hard problems and the capability of Nature to form complicated substances has, as it seems, no limits.
In the investigation of a complex substance, the investigator is sooner or later confronted by the problem of synthesis, of the preparation of the substance via chemical methods. He can have different motives. Possibly he wants to check the accuracy of the structure he has found. Possibly he wants to enhance our knowledge of the reactions and the chemical properties of the molecule. Whenever the substance is of practical significance, he might hope that the synthetic compound will be less costly or more simply accessible as compare to the natural product. It can as well be desirable to change several details in the molecular structure. The antibiotic substance of medical significance is often first isolated from the microorganism, possibly a mold or a germ. There ought to susbsist a number of related compounds having similar effect; they might be more or less potent; some might possibly have undesirable secondary effects. This is by no means, or even probable, the compound produced by the microorganism - most probable as a weapon in the struggle for existence - is much excellent from the medicinal view-point. If it is possible to manufacture the compound, it will as well be possible to vary the details of the structure and to find the most efficient remedies.
The twentieth century has been an age of massive scientific expansion and technological growth. To be sure, we now stand at the highest point of the human achievement in science and technology, and the 21st century assures to be even more revealing and rewarding. Advances in the computer science, medicine, communication and transportation have dramatically altered the manner we live and the way we interact by world around us. The huge amount of wealth has been made and opportunities for latest enterprises proliferate. This is clear that at the heart of this technological rebellion has been science and one can't deny that fundamental research has given the base for this to take place.
The drive to enhance the effectiveness of the drug discovery procedure has created the requirement for rapid compound synthesis and proficient processes for screening compounds for the biological activity. The fields of combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening matured throughout the early 1990s to meet up the challenges of modern pharmaceutical research. The Solid-phase synthesis (SPS) and parallel solution-phase synthesis methods have the potential to deliver hundreds of thousands of compounds in a relatively short period of time. Though, the emergence of such combinatorial organic chemistry methods has made the additional demand for new analytical methods to follow the course of chemical reactions and characterize the final products.
A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of the complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (that is, petrochemical) or natural precursors. Total synthesis might be achieved either through a linear or convergent approach. In a linear synthesis - often sufficient for simple structures - some steps are carried out one after the other till the molecule is complete. The chemical compounds made up in each and every step are known as synthetic intermediates. For more complex molecules, a distinct approach might be preferable: convergent synthesis comprises the individual preparation of some 'pieces' (that is, key intermediates), which are then joined to form the desired product.
Robert Burns Woodward, who awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for some total syntheses (example, his 1954 synthesis of strychnine), is regarded as the father of modern organic synthesis. A few latter-day illustrations comprise Wender's, Holton's, Nicolaou's and Danishefsky's synthesis of taxol.
Semi-synthesis or partial chemical synthesis is a kind of chemical synthesis which employs compounds isolated from the natural sources (example: plant material or bacterial or cell cultures) as starting materials. Such natural biomolecules are frequently large and complex molecules. This is different from total synthesis where large molecules are synthesized via a stepwise combination of small and low-priced (generally petrochemical) building blocks.
Semi-synthesis is generally employed whenever the precursor molecule is too structurally complex, too expensive or too hard to be produced via total synthesis. From the synthesis view-point, life is able of biosynthesizing structurally complex chemical compound. In several cases, by a small agricultural investment, a plant can be grown to generate chemical intermediates which chemical synthesis would struggle to generate. Explanation of such intermediates by synthetic chemistry can then cost-effectively give the complex final targets.
Drugs derived from the natural sources are generally produced via harvesting the natural source or via semisynthetic processes: one illustration is the semi-synthesis of LSD from ergotamine that is isolated from ergot fungus cultures. The commercial production of paclitaxel is as well based on the semi-synthesis.
Methodology is the methodical, theoretical analysis of the techniques applied to a field of study. It includes the theoretical analysis of the body of processes and principles related by a stream of knowledge. Generally, it encompasses concepts like paradigm, theoretical model, phases and qualitative or quantitative methods.
A methodology doesn't set out to give solutions - it is, thus, not similar as a method. Rather, a methodology offers the theoretical underpinning for understanding that method, set of methods, or so-called 'best practices' can be applied to particular case, for illustration, computing a particular result.
a) The analysis of principles of techniques, rules and hypothesizes used by a discipline.
b) The systematic study of methods which are can be or have been applied in a discipline.
c) The study or illustration of methods.
The Organic synthesis plays a significant role for medicine, chemistry, biochemistry, agriculture and other fields. In several cases the target molecule consists of an unusual structure whose characterization might advance understanding of different theoretical features of chemistry. Such a molecule might possess mainly unusual patterns of bonding, like a strained ring system or unique symmetry.
The heart of organic synthesis is designing synthetic routes to the molecule. Organic synthesis can be compared by architecture and construction, where the chemist should work out a synthetic route to a target molecule (that is, blueprint), then use a repertoire of organic reactions (that is, the 'tools') to complete the construction project. All along the manner, the synthetic chemist should make extensive utilization of analytical methods for purifying and characterizing the intermediate products and also the final product.
The easiest synthesis of a molecule is one in which the target molecule can be achieved via submitting a readily available starting material to a single reaction which transforms it to the desired target molecule. Though, in most of the cases the synthesis is not that straightforward; in order to transform a selected starting material to the target molecule, many steps which add, change or remove the functional groups and steps that build up the carbon atom framework of the target molecule might require to be done.
Stereo-selectivity can't be accomplished for all organic reactions; the nature of method of some reactions might not allow for the formation of one specific configuration of a chiral (that is, stereogenic) carbon center or one particular geometry (that is, cis versus trans) for a double bond or ring. Whenever stereo-selectivity can be accomplished in a reaction, it needs that the reaction proceeds through a geometrically defined transition state and that one or both of the reactants have a specific geometrical shape throughout the reaction.
The accomplishment of stereo-selectivity is a significant feature of organic synthesis, as generally a single stereoisomer of a target molecule is the desired goal of a synthesis. At times the target molecule includes a chiral (that is, stereogenic) carbon center; which is, it can exist as either of two possible enantiomers. The possible synthetic routes to the target molecule might not be selective for making a single enantiomer of the target molecule; each would make a racemic mixture. (+)-Dibenzoyl-D-tartaric acid monohydrate is employed as an intermediate in the organic syntheses. In various cases, such non-stereoselective synthetic routes to a molecule are acceptable.
However, whenever a synthesis of a single stereoisomer of a target molecule is needed, the stereo-selectivity of the reactions derived throughout the retro synthetic analysis would require to be considered. The growth of stereoselective reactions is the active area of research in organic synthesis.
There are many methods which are often employed and practiced in the organic synthesis.
1) UV/Vis Spectroscopy: The organic molecules and functional groups are transparent in the part of electromagnetic spectrum that as UV and visible regions lie in the wavelengths from 190 to 800nm. As a result, absorption spectroscopy is of limited value in this range of wavelengths. Though, in some case we can derive valuable information from such regions of the spectrum. That information, whenever combined by the detail provided via IR and NMR spectra, can lead to important structure proposals.
2) Infra red (IR) spectroscopy: Nearly any compound having covalent bonds, whether organic or inorganic, absorbs different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation in the infra red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This region lies at wavelengths longer than those related by visible light, that range from around 400 to 800 nm, however lies at wavelengths shorter than those related with microwaves that are longer than 1mm. For chemical aims, scientists are interested in the vibrational part of the infrared region. It comprises by the wavelengths between 2.5µm and 25µm. IR spectroscopy states us regarding the functional groups present in the molecule.
3) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: NMR is the spectroscopic technique which is even more significant to the organic chemist as compare to IR spectroscopy. Most of the nuclei might be studied by NMR methods; however hydrogen and carbon are most generally available. While IR spectroscopy reveals the kinds of functional groups present in the molecule, NMR provides information regarding the number of magnetically dissimilar atoms of the kind being studied. Whenever hydrogen nuclei are studied, for illustration, one can find out the number of each of the different kinds of hydrogen nuclei and also acquire information concerning the nature of the immediate environment of each kind. Identical information can be found out for the carbon nuclei. The combination of IR and NMR data is often adequate to find out completely the structure of an unknown molecule.
4) Mass Spectrometry: Mass Spectrometry originated from the late year 1890s when J.J.Thomson found out the mass-to-charge ratio of the electron, and Wien studied magnetic deflection of anode rays and found out the rays were positively charged. Each and every man was honored by the Noble Prize later on. In the year 1912, the former scientist studied mass spectra of atmospheric gases and employed a mass spectrum to illustrate the existence of neon-22 in a sample of neon-20, thus establishing that elements could have isotopes. The earliest mass spectrometer was manufactured by A.J.Dempster in the year 1918. Nowadays, mass spectrometry is employed in different fields of life sciences.
5) Chromatography: Discovered in the year 1906 via a botanist, Mikhail Tsvet. | 2019-04-25T11:01:01Z | http://www.tutorsglobe.com/homework-help/chemistry/organic-synthesis-79984.aspx |
Dr. Baum and now we begin.
always Baum or . . . .
Interviewer: You know that it was an adopted, a name he took on then?
got to this country. But what the name was I don’t know. My . . . .
Interviewer: Do you know about what time he arrived in Philadelphia?
started a business there which is still there.
Interviewer: What’s the name of it?
people who are in ballet, that sort of thing.
grandparents I knew quite well. My grandfather . . . .
Interviewer: What was the family name on that side of the family?
and wagon and was peddling you know, fruits and vegetables.
Baum: No this was New York City.
Interviewer: Oh in New York City?
worker and he brought his wife over with the baby. The baby was my mother.
Baum: Yeah. And then they had two sons and one son was in the AEF in France.
and five years in the army during World War II.
Baum: II. He was . . . .
Interviewer: You had an uncle also a doctor?
Interviewer: I have to ask, was he your role model that led you into this?
research, found 14 doctors in the family.
a pre-med and then went into the ASTP Program and . . . .
Interviewer: Okay. That’s the Army Specialized Training Program.
Baum: Army Specialized Training Program.
Interviewer: Prior to being drafted, they would be in college?
think, suspect, I wasn’t . . . .
Interviewer: Well yes, they were in the army.
Baum: They were in the army.
Interviewer: Is he deceased or . . . .
University of Rochester. He followed an academic career in medicine.
Interviewer: Did he ever see overseas duty?
Interviewer: Okay. Now he was from Columbus at the time . . . .
Baum: Now again, we’re talking New York City.
Interviewer: You were living in New York City at the time?
Baum: Yeah the family was in New York City.
Interviewer: Okay. Up until war time?
Interviewer: So you’re not an life-long forever resident of Columbus?
beyond the Hudson. I decided to settle in Columbus. I first came here in 1947.
you . . . . so to speak.
to encourage medical students to take reserve commissions and most of us didn’t.
was mandatory, and I went on active duty in January of ’44.
Interviewer: Where was that in Texas?
Interviewer: Abilene? That’s way out in no man’s land?
Baum: In the middle of nowhere.
Baum: Camp Barkley it was called.
surgeon for, which was the 556th Anti-Aircraft.
Interviewer: Uh huh. And those were 40 mm guns.
Baum: 40 mm, uh huh. Plus quadruple mount 50 caliber machine guns.
Miles Standish where we shipped from.
participate in relig- ious observances here during training?
of your relig- ious affiliation and background? Were there any situations?
Interviewer: Was it known among the troops that you were Jewish?
Interviewer: So it was no . . . .
amazed at the number of Jews in the outfit.
Interviewer: Really, there were quite a . . . .
Baum: We filled that truck, you know, we had about 20 men.
Interviewer: All the men from your anti-aircraft . . . .
Baum: From my anti-aircraft battalion.
Interviewer: But they were not all medical personnel I assume?
Baum: No just from the battalion.
from Cleve- land. He was the only other Jew in the medical detachment.
Interviewer: Do you recall anything about the services there on Yom Kippur?
Interviewer: You say it was in Cherbourg?
Interviewer: They didn’t have a Temple in that town?
Interviewer: Did they have a rabbi or did they have . . . .
came out and, you know, you’re supposed to fast on Yom Kippur.
Interviewer: Did they ask the rabbi?
Baum: There were, we didn’t have any access to the rabbi.
Baum: So I made a special dispensation and we all had donuts and coffee.
Interviewer: Uh huh. I think that’s permitted during wartime, isn’t it?
Baum: I’m sure somebody could find a ruling that would cover it.
degree of, I guess orientation? Were you Orthodox or . . . .
Baum: Conservadox I would say.
Baum: We primarily attended a Conservative Temple in the Bronx.
Interviewer: Did you, you know, require kosher?
you know Yiddish or . . . .
Baum: I didn’t know Yiddish. My grandparents were not Yiddish speakers.
English and did pretty well. And I learned, initially I learned German at home.
Interviewer: Oh so you did know some German?
Baum: Yes which made it easy. When I went to high school I took German.
year of German in college. It was very helpful actually when I was over there.
in the U.S. to a certain point?
Baum: At Camp Barkley. Yeah it was . . . .
Baum: I have no idea.
Interviewer: They just — okay.
Barkley, Texas, and then the 556th Anti-aircraft”.
Interviewer: Uh huh. So you went overseas with that unit?
Baum: With the unit, yeah.
unit reunion in September of last year.
doctors that you knew come with you into that unit? Were you alone? Were you . .
Baum: . . . . called for one doctor.
Baum: Yeah. And I was it.
Interviewer: So you didn’t come in with any friends coming with you?
Interviewer: You had to start from fresh?
Interviewer: How were you received by the men?
Baum: And I had a medical administrative officer and myself.
a Jewish doctor,” . . . .
Baum: Oh no. Not at all. There was nothing of that.
Baum: And we took care of a battalion of 800 men.
Interviewer: Of all faiths and . . . .
suspect he thought this assignment was beneath him.
Interviewer: Not big enough huh?
Interviewer: A battalion is only what, 600 men or so?
general hospital or some facility like that.
Interviewer: In that case he might be afraid of a little bit of action too?
Baum: I don’t, well, I don’t know. I didn’t think that of him.
Baum: But that was his problem.
battalion? I mean, were there good leaders, bad leaders? The officers?
lieutenant colonel who had been in, I think, in the Connecticut National Guard.
At that time they had something called Seacoast Artillery.
Interviewer: Coastal guns. Yeah that’s what they were trained to.
he did and he commanded the unit.
Interviewer: And he went over with the unit when you did?
Baum: Oh yeah, oh yeah.
name of the troop ship?
Baum: Yes I do. It was called the West Point.
at the most. We had 10,000 troops aboard.
Interviewer: How were your accommodations?
Baum: I shared it with ten men.
Interviewer: Oh, oh. Ten men?
have been ten men in that cabin designed for two. But you know, it was adequate.
At least we had a bunk to sleep in.
Interviewer: Any events on the way over of . . . .
did not go in convoy.
Interviewer: Sailed by itself then?
were going to the Pacific or the Atlantic.
Interviewer: Is that right? You didn’t know either way?
marched us to a train, put us on the train and we took off.
or a night, that is?
Baum: I don’t think so.
Interviewer: Straight off to . . . .
getting into one of those boats, this landing craft, was quite an experience.
“Private Ryan,” the movie, “Private Ryan”?
Interviewer: You go the same . . . .
Baum: What was it, Higgins?
Baum: It was probably a Higgins boat.
Baum: Yeah. . . . bottom, then they’d lower the front and out you went.
had no blankets, no sleeping bags, no tents, no food.
Interviewer: Is that right? You were totally exposed to the elements.
Baum: Yeah and just, just dumped in the field.
Interviewer: For how long was this?
Baum: A matter of weeks.
Interviewer: Without . . . .
Baum: Well we got, we finally, well we got food. What we got were C rations.
They had two cans for each meal. And we lived on that for three weeks.
Interviewer: Did the weapons arrive, the . . . .
Baum: We had no weapons at that time.
Baum: No, did not have our trucks or our artillery. They finally arrived.
the front was moving pretty fast and the supply lines were being outrun.
northern France . . . .
period from early September through October when you didn’t have your things?
just don’t, I just don’t . . . .
like a sick call trip.
Baum: No, no, no. The Beach was secured and there was no combat.
Interviewer: No bombing or anything? Nothing happened?
when we went to Valkenberg.
expect we arrived there some time in October.
Interviewer: . . . . October. Was there any combat in the Valkenberg area?
Baum: Occasional planes coming over but that was about all.
the first day of the Bulge.
Interviewer: What do you recall on that day in particular?
Baum: I can recall it very clearly. We didn’t know the Bulge had started.
may recall the picture of that old archway with the tank coming through.
password which we happened to know.
Interviewer: Right at that spot?
you know, “What kind of cigarettes do you smoke?” “Camels”.
driver knew the answer and so that took care of that.
Interviewer: You weren’t a baseball fan then, huh?
Interviewer: How did you feel having that gun so close to you?
then it was just fine, you know.
Interviewer: Well that’s an interesting event.
Baum: So that’s how we became aware of the Bulge.
and the names — they were well-known names. It was the Fifteenth German Army.
Interviewer: Those were opposing your forces?
Anti- Aircraft. That was all that was left.
there was any German aggression in that area.
Interviewer: Did you know you were the front at that time?
Interviewer: You did know this?
Interviewer: You were left there holding that front?
Corps to do as much damage as they could. It was almost a suicide mission.
Interviewer: Did you see some of that action?
hospital. It was in Valkenberg. 9lst Evac. It was in Valkenberg. Very fine unit.
And I took some casualties into that. But that was mainly civilians.
Interviewer: Did you treat them yourself in any way?
Baum: Oh yes. Emergency care. Sure.
Interviewer: Did you have ambulances for that purpose?
Baum: No I had, I had at that time a jeep and a two-and-a-half-ton truck.
Interviewer: So you really didn’t have the proper ambulance on that?
that I got put on at some facility . . . .
Interviewer: That you had to do yourself?
carry two litters on a jeep, yeah. That was all I had for evacuation.
Interviewer: You had a driver? That’s typical.
Baum: Yes. Officers were not permitted to drive during World War II.
Interviewer: Is that right? You weren’t permitted?
Interviewer: So you had your assigned driver?
Interviewer: Do you recall his name?
Interviewer: I thought you might. Have you ever seen him since the war?
Interviewer: Did you have a kind of a special relationship with him, I mean?
the one who was assigned as my driver. Others drove me too.
Interviewer: Did he carry a weapon?
Baum: Medics did not carry weapons in World War II.
Baum: We were signatories to the Geneva Convention.
Interviewer: So neither one of you had weapons?
we wore . . . . on the arm or on the helmet.
German infantry . . . . .
damaged, had apartment houses on both sides. It seemed to be totally deserted.
at us but he missed.
Interviewer: So you saw Aachen?
Baum: Yeah, yeah, yeah. Valkenberg isn’t very far out of Aachen. Yeah.
Interviewer: So was that about the closest call that you, that you had?
Baum: Oh no. I had a number of others.
Interviewer: Any others that you recall in particular . . . .
river. I also had a little dog, a little black and white and tan dog on a leash.
for control of the river and I just got covered with mud and that was all.
Interviewer: That’s . . . .
Baum: No that’s Lieutenant St. Johns. He was the officer of the 556th who .
Baum: who was killed. And he’s buried, he’s buried in Margraten U. S.
there were casualties during the Bulge?
Interviewer: You didn’t witness that?
Interviewer: You did witness the aircraft, the German aircraft attack?
Baum: Yes, yes. Uh huh.
Interviewer: What was the next combat event then?
Baum: The next was crossing the Roer River.
had opened the valves and flooded the river so that it was about two miles wide.
Interviewer: Did you see that flooding?
down and then we crossed the Roer River and we were now in Germany.
Interviewer: Do you recall where you crossed it, what village or anything?
this underground room with a dirt floor and . . . .
Interviewer: This was at Immendorf?
Interviewer: Ah hah, after you crossed the river?
slippers, you know, which was . . . .
Interviewer: What did you think of slippers for Christmas?
Baum: Well they meant well.
Interviewer: What would you rather have had?
Baum: Oh I don’t know. Salami.
Baum: In any event . . . .
Interviewer: Who sent those to you? Do you recall?
Baum: I think my uncle who was fighting the war in Memphis, Tennessee.
Interviewer: Wow. So you got letters from home . . . .
Interviewer: Even your uncle would write you, huh?
Baum: Yeah my uncle and my mother.
Interviewer: You didn’t have any of those . . . .
with going to medical school and going right into the Army.
said you visited a friend there in the 102nd?
on the map but I don’t know whether it actually, it was a tiny village . . . .
Interviewer: Do you recall what the village looked like during the war?
Interviewer: You say you were underground though?
Interviewer: Oh I see, of Immendorf?
Interviewer: Was there combat at the time or was it a quiet front then?
Baum: Oh there was activity. Yeah there was activity.
caliber. Did you ever see those actually firing in combat?
Baum: Oh yes. Yes indeed. Yeah.
Interviewer: Which do you recall? The 50 . . . .
Baum: Yeah and they could fire at the rate of 850 shells a minute.
Interviewer: Did you ever see them hit anything?
number of planes we shot down with each battery.
Interviewer: Oh really? Okay. That’s interesting.
couldn’t, he had no feeling in his lower legs.
Interviewer: That’s what he told you?
Interviewer: How did it happen? Did he tell you that?
Baum: Shrapnel from a bomb that was dropped.
Baum: An overhead, a plane and . . . .
thought St. Johns had a major injury. Well he went back to talk to St. Johns.
Interviewer: He died that night?
Interviewer: Had you known him for a long time or . . . .
Baum: I knew him, well ever since I joined the battalion, yeah.
injuries, life-threatening or perhaps killed?
Interviewer: What types of injuries?
Baum: Most of them were small-arms fire and shrapnel from artillery shells.
Those were the major things.
Interviewer: Yeah. Now you were the first treatment for them?
them at the aid station.
Interviewer: Were you a captain or a major at the time?
Baum: That called for a captain, yeah.
Interviewer: And you were the official surgeon, or . . . .
medical officer . . . .
Baum: who is in command.
Interviewer: It doesn’t mean we had an operation tent . . . .
Interviewer: tent facility with nurses and things?
Baum: No. Just like, you know, you talk about the Surgeon General of the . .
commands whatever medical troops are present.
Interviewer: Were you capable, trained, of doing some surgery if necessary?
Interviewer: Did you remove shell fragments and bullets?
Baum: Oh I wouldn’t do that.
but we stopped hemorrhage, we gave morphine. That sort of thing.
find that? Was that an effective treatment, useful, or what?
Baum: Well it would depend upon the illness.
quarter . . . .
Ruhr River crossing. Time period being March of 1944.
Baum: Yeah, oh yeah. We had . . . .
Interviewer: What did they call that, “frozen feet”?
incidents of trench foot went down to zero.
Interviewer: Hmmm, you cured that, huh?
Interviewer: The Army. What did you think about the Army ways and means?
Baum: Well . . . .
Interviewer: It’s interesting, you know.
Baum: And I was 18 years at Fort Hayes.
Interviewer: Was that a daily job or was that . . . .
Baum: Yeah either weekends or one night a week.
Yearling Road, the unit I, I was the first commander of that unit and . . . .
Interviewer: What’s the name of that unit?
Baum: But I . . . .
Interviewer: You were the first commander?
Interviewer: Was the hospital actually in existence or was it a reserve . . .
Interviewer: . . . . hospital?
Interviewer: That’s enormous isn’t it?
transferred to Beaumont General Hospital.
Baum: In Texas and it still exists as far as I know.
Interviewer: Well that was some of the post-war . . . .
Interviewer: . . . . Well we’re talking about the death of . . . .
Baum: You want me to put this . . . . on?
Interviewer: Yeah that would be fine.
Baum: I’ve lost a tape on mine so I thought.
Baker . . . .
Baum: Baker I didn’t take care of.
Baum: Yeah. When we were in Valkenberg the V-2s went over every night.
Interviewer: Now actually the V-1 was the smaller one.
Baum: That’s . . . . (mixed voices) Yeah.
Interviewer: You heard that? Did you see those?
Baum: Not too many. We mainly saw V-2s.
Interviewer: That’s the big ones?
Interviewer: Those were supersonic though. Those could . . . .
Baum: Yeah I know but . . . .
Baum: but we could see them. They had an orange tail, a bright orange tail.
Yeah we saw them just about every night going over Valkenberg.
at those or perhaps they were not supposed to, I don’t know?
Baum: They were too far up. They were beyond our range.
aircraft guns but they couldn’t hit them either.
Interviewer: Were there 90s in your unit?
Baum: We had no 90s. We were a 40 mm battalion.
Interviewer: The 90s . . . .
during the Bulge or any other ground activity?
Baum: So far as I know our battalion did not.
captured German troops. Is that true?
Baum: Yes uh huh. Yeah we did see some.
Interviewer: Did your unit personally take any captives?
wherever they were supposed to go.
Interviewer: Did you have any encounter with German prisoners?
flying so we could put in a claim and get credit for shooting it down.
Interviewer: Oh your unit shot him down?
gave name, rank and serial number.
Baum: So that, we just sent him off to the . . . .
Interviewer: Were you actually the one interrogating him?
Baum: Yes I was the only one who could speak German.
Interviewer: So you interrogated a German pilot?
Baum: Yeah and he was sent off to the Prisoner of War Enclosure.
like a pistol or . . . . .
Baum: I didn’t. I was not interested.
Baum: It probably was a, you know a ME 109 or FW 109.
Baum: . . . . or a Messerschmidt.
Interviewer: 190 or a Messerschmidt.
Interviewer: It wasn’t one of those new jet planes, huh?
batteries and a 262 came by. It was one of the first German jets.
existed. And what they had to do, when he swooped down low, there was strafing.
were no insignia and it swooped down and was strafing around . . . .
picked her up and took her to the 91st Evac Hospital.
Interviewer: Was she badly injured?
Interviewer: Wow. But your unit didn’t shoot that one . . . .
village or town or anything . . . .
Baum: Yes I . . . .
Baum: Oh . . . .
Interviewer: It wasn’t Remagen? It wasn’t the famous . . . .
name at the moment. I do know it. Rhineburg I think it was.
Patton, General Patton? Anybody like that?
Baum: Well I reported directly to the battalion commander.
Interviewer: The battalion commander? Not a senior medical officer?
Baum: There was only one medical officer.
Interviewer: Uh huh. Nobody looking over your shoulder?
Baum: No. I reported to the . . . .
Rhine and then the industrial area I take it would have been the Ruhr?
Interviewer: Bochum. Anything you recall of those cities?
of the Ruhr Valley and that was the Ninth Army. The First Army was to the south.
Interviewer: But not your unit?
Baum: No we kept going.
Interviewer: You kept going? Okay.
Baum: We kept going to the Elbe River.
where they made cameras, you know, the two-lens cameras the . . . .
Interviewer: Leica? Could it be Leica?
Baum: No, no, it wasn’t Leica. Oh they made Rolliflex and Rollicords.
Baum: But unfortunately . . . .
Interviewer: Did you get a camera?
Baum: Not at that time, no.
with them. But the Allied Command decided to let the Russians take Berlin.
Interviewer: The Russians take it?
Baum: Which didn’t distress us at all.
Interviewer: What do you recall about that?
fire and we came up and they were still smoking.
Interviewer: What do you recall about your first contact with that event?
Baum: Well it was kind of overwhelming.
what had transpired . . . . Was it reported to you?
Baum: We saw the bodies. We saw the bodies.
Interviewer: You came upon the bodies?
Baum: Yeah we saw the bodies.
Interviewer: Were they still smoking?
Interviewer: In this barn area?
Baum: Yeah, uh hum. Yeah that was . . . .
that time? These were slave laborers which could have been Jews.
Baum: Yeah, well they were working in caves in the Hartz Mountains.
Interviewer: Did you know there were concentration camps?
Baum: I was aware of their existence. I knew the policies regarding the Jews.
just didn’t know that I was near some of them or didn’t know it at the time.
Interviewer: Uh huh. Only for Gardelegen that you . . . .
Interviewer: And you were an eye-witness to it, huh?
instead chose to kill them.
Interviewer: Was there anyone there left to be treated for anything?
Interviewer: Did you treat at any time any slave laborer or camp survivors?
and I don’t know how they got to this area in Salswedel but there they were.
And there were about, I don’t know, 14 different nationalities among them.
was to get food and so I visited the mayor. He didn’t have any food he said.
into town and he spotted me and said, “Hey it’s your baby”.
Interviewer: Oh my. How many women?
Baum: Oh two or three thousand.
days before the 84th Division sent any troops up to handle this thing.
Interviewer: Now this mixture of women, were any of them identified as Jews?
Did they have that yellow Star of David sewn on their clothing or . . . .
reasonably good shape, I mean so far as body weight was concerned.
Baum: No not at this, I’m sure they appeared later.
Interviewer: Yeah . . . . large amount.
Baum: Yeah but at that time, no, I didn’t see any.
Interviewer: Were there any British in the area?
Baum: That was just north of us, yeah.
Interviewer: But they weren’t involved with that particular . . . .
Baum: No that was in our area. That was U. S. area.
Interviewer: Uh huh. What eventually happened with that group of people?
then we were just inundated with displaced persons.
needed medical care we took care of them.
so-called historians who say there was no Holocaust?
Baum: They’re liars. Such as David Irving who sued Deborah Lipstadt.
Interviewer: That’s a fairly current controversy isn’t it?
Baum: It’s no longer a controversy. He lost.
Interviewer: He lost that issue as they say?
a couple of months now. And he was found to have no case.
Interviewer: So you followed the outcome, huh?
Project” or the “Shoah Foundation”.
Interviewer: That sort of thing.
Baum: No. I’ve done a video for the Ohio Historical Society.
then the final third is the post-war adjustments. It’s a good exhibit.
Interviewer: What did you contribute on the video?
Baum: Well something like what we did just this afternoon.
of the other people and you can just press a button and see it on video screen.
Interviewer: Can we press a button and see you?
Holtzminden, your, the Ruhr, well the thing the war ended. Do you recall then?
Baum: Yeah we were in Saltswedel. We found a case of wine and celebrated.
Interviewer: Anything unusual? People firing weapons? Anything . . . .
Interviewer: All the gates were down?
Interviewer: Close down the town, huh?
Baum: Yeah, yeah. . . . .
Interviewer: That’s how you celebrated?
Baum: Yeah that was how we celebrated in Salswedel. Yeah.
Belgium, and our job there was to set up a camp, a tent camp, for redeployment.
Interviewer: Let me ask you, any contact with German civilians or soldiers?
You mentioned at one time you treated a pilot.
Interviewer: Did you treat any other German casualties?
and the village was full of D.P.’s and they were in the barns and all over.
point I . . . .
Interviewer: . . . . instinct, huh?
know, storm trooper types . . . .
probably were Nazis, did you ever encounter them?
Baum: No I had no contact with them. I had no contact with them.
Baum: I had no occasion to do business with them.
explode or hand grenades. A terrible . . . .
thing was happening but I, no I had no actual experience . . . .
Baum: Again, we knew it happened but fortunately it didn’t happen to us.
think you did say you did treat weather-related injuries, frostbite?
Baum: Frostbite, yes. Lots of it.
days. He warmed up and went back to his gun.
fatigue. Did you ever have any of that?
fatigue. It was exposure. And I see this man every year at our reunions.. Yeah.
Interviewer: Oh when the unit has a reunion?
Baum: And he has a son who went to medical school.
Interviewer: Ah. So suffering from the weather?
do notice in your speech you made reference to a Christmas gift.
Baum: Well it was just like a paperweight. I’ve got it inside.
Interviewer: Oh something that you have as a souvenir?
gave each of his staff officers these as a Christmas gift.
Interviewer: Oh okay and what is it? What’s it look like?
Baum: Well I can bring it in and show it to you?
Interviewer: Yeah let me see it. We’ll stop right now.
belt buckles? That’s what the German soldier wore.
Interviewer: I’m sure that would be of interest to historians.
Interviewer: Yeah what the Germans had for their medical supplies.
Interviewer: Pretty interesting . . . .
crossing, it got onto the wrong side of the river.
Interviewer: Uh huh. This is a tin container of various . . . .
Baum: It was in a great big cannister . . . .
bandages and all sorts of things. And, you know, I just kept a few items.
small bottles and a, what do you call that, a syringe?
particular view in your history that you share with the Ohio Historical Society?
Is there any particular theme that you have . . . .
Interviewer: to . . . .
Baum: No. In that video I did?
Interviewer: About the same . . . .
Interviewer: topics that we’ve . . . .
Baum: Yeah . . . . Ohio News Network. They’ve used me twice on that.
Interviewer: Oh really? On the radio . . . .
Jewish . . . .
Baum: Yeah I think I am.
Interviewer: Okay. Yeah. All right.
Baum: I just retired in March of ’99.
Interviewer: Actual practice? Last year?
then on how you met your wife, your entry back into civilian life as you did.
How did you meet your wife after the war?
parents were also at the party. I met her under those circumstances.
Interviewer: Was this in New York City or?
Baum: Yeah . . . .
Interviewer: How did you come to Columbus then?
Baum: Came to Columbus as a resident in Pathology at Ohio State, 1947.
Interviewer: Uh huh. And have a family here?
Interviewer: Are they living locally or are they . . . .
husband is with Agilent Technologies.
Interviewer: That’s computer . . . .
Agilent Technologies and he’s second in command of Agilent Technologies.
Interviewer: And what is his last name?
Interviewer: I see. So he’s a pretty big executive in that?
Baum: Yeah. . . .
Interviewer: Okay. Anything else to contribute that we haven’t touched on?
sure there’s always some new topics coming up.
end it at this point and I’ll turn the recorder off. | 2019-04-24T10:40:48Z | http://columbusjewishhistory.org/oral_histories/walter-baum/ |
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