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The therapy is carried out by a psychotherapist recognised by us.
Costs are not covered by basic insurance. Patients have to pay for these treatments themselves.
You can claim 75% of the costs up to CHF 3,000 per calendar year for special forms of treatment. Sterilisation is one of them.
You receive 75% of the costs up to CHF 3,000 per calendar year for special forms of treatment. Vasectomy is one of them.
75% of the costs for medical foot care, podology, shall be covered (for a flat-rate attendance fee of no more than CHF 110).
Treatment is provided by an accredited chiropodist who is a member of a chiropodists' association and is additionally qualified to treat diabetics.
Treatment has been prescribed by a doctor.
The precise diagnosis is stated in the prescription.
If you do not have diabetes and need foot treatments, please ask us in advance whether and under what conditions you would receive a contribution to help cover the costs from your supplementary insurance policies.
Legal advice and representation for legal disputes.
You can claim up to CHF 250,000 per dispute (or CHF 50,000 in cases outside Europe) to cover lawyers' fees, court and procedural expenses, expert witnesses, court fees and compensation for the other party.
The policy covers disputes in your capacity as the driver, hirer or user of transportation or as a pedestrian during holidays and while attending foreign schools (including transport to and from the school).
Costs are not covered by basic insurance. Patients have to pay for legal protection benefits themselves.
You benefit from free telephone travel advice from Travelcheck. This service provides you with 24-hour individual information about health risks in the country you are visiting: +41 43 340 16 22.
Costs are not covered by basic insurance. Patients have to pay for this service themselves.
You receive all the costs of a stay, care and treatment in a general ward (multi-bed room).
You receive the costs of a stay, care and treatment in a general ward (multi-bed room).
You are free to choose the hospital you want anywhere in Switzerland.
Please note that some hospitals do not have a (recognised) general ward; in such cases, you may incur costs for which you alone will be responsible.
Basically you are free to choose any hospital you want in Switzerland which is on a cantonal hospital list (“listed hospitals”). But the costs will only be paid up to the amount that is reimbursed in your canton of residence. If you stay in an out-of-canton hospital you may have to pay the excess costs.
Patients are not allowed to choose the hospital doctor themselves.
The Swiss Health Insurance Act applies as the basis for cost reimbursement.
You will receive up to CHF 500 a day for up to 60 days per calendar year for planned inpatient treatment abroad if you have obtained a confirmation of cost reimbursement from us in advance.
Costs are not covered by basic insurance. Patients have to pay the costs themselves.
To find out which therapeutic spas are recognised by us, please contact your customer service team.
The duration of benefits for spa and convalescent therapies is 30 days in total.
You receive CHF 30 per day for up to 30 days per calendar year for spa therapies at recognised therapeutic spas in Switzerland.
The spa treatment is medically certified as necessary.
The spa treatment has been prescribed by a doctor.
The spa treatment is carried out at a therapeutic spa recognised by us.
You receive CHF 10 per day for up to 21 days per calendar year.
You receive CHF 30 per day for up to 30 days per calendar year for convalescent therapies in Switzerland.
The convalescent therapy has been prescribed by a doctor.
The convalescent therapy is carried out at a therapeutic spa recognised by us.
Following an acute inpatient hospital stay, you will receive CHF 30 per day for up to 30 days per calendar year for medically prescribed household help.
Costs are not covered by basic insurance. Patients who require a household help after a stay in hospital have to finance this themselves.
You can reach the emergency call centre 24 hours a day on +41 43 340 16 11.
You receive up to 30 hours of nanny services per calendar year if you have to be admitted to hospital as an inpatient.
While you are in hospital, an experienced carer will look after your healthy children aged up to 15 years on weekdays. This will enable you to recover in hospital at your leisure, while enjoying peace of mind that your children are being lovingly looked after at home.
You as a parent need to spend time in hospital as an inpatient.
You took out the insurance for the hospitalised parent (not for the child).
You will receive CHF 90 per day for up to 14 days per calendar year for the costs of boarding (room and board) in a nursing home during inpatient acute and transitional care.
Acute or transitional care has been prescribed by a doctor.
Your acute or transitional care immediately follows a hospital stay.
Costs are not covered by basic insurance. Patients must pay the costs for boarding costs (accommodation and meals in a nursing home) themselves.
Why do I need supplementary healthcare and hospital insurance?
Compulsory basic insurance covers only the statutory benefits in the event of illness, accident and maternity.
When you conclude OMNIA, you receive valuable supplementary outpatient benefits such as glasses, medication, medical aids and coverage abroad. Inpatient benefits include an unrestricted choice of hospital and Helsana services such as the nanny service. You also receive contributions towards the costs of hospital stays abroad, convalescent treatments and household help.
How is OMNIA different from other supplementary healthcare and hospital insurance?
Increase supplementary outpatient benefits to the level of COMPLETA and/or add PRIMEO.
Optionally increase supplementary hospital benefits to semi-private (HOSPITAL Semi-private) or private (HOSPITAL Private) level.
A medical examination is only required when concluding OMNIA. You are guaranteed to benefit from the available upgrades at a later date without undergoing another medical examination – a huge advantage if your state of health worsens in future.
How exactly does the upgrade work?
Every five years (initially at the age of 25, and for the last time at the age of 55) you can decide whether you wish to make use of the option to upgrade your insurance. You can exercise your right to an insurance upgrade once for outpatient cover (upgrade to COMPLETA) and once for inpatient cover (upgrade to HOSPITAL Semi-private or HOSPITAL Private) – either at the same time or one after the other. The desired insurance is upgraded without having to undergo another medical examination.
Provided both upgrade options have not yet been used, every five years you also have the opportunity to extend your insurance cover with PRIMEO – also without another medical examination.
You don't have to worry about anything. We will be sure to remind you in a timely manner every five years of any unused upgrade options. However, redeeming the option is by no means mandatory. You can take advantage of up to three options, but there is no requirement to do so.
Am I better off concluding OMNIA or semi-private or private hospital insurance?
If you would like to take advantage of the benefits of semi-private or private supplementary hospital insurance today, we recommend concluding HOSPITAL Semi-private or HOSPITAL Private.
If you are considering semi-private or private supplementary hospital insurance at a later time – for example if the advantages will only become important to you when you are older or because you cannot or do not want to pay the expensive premiums right now – then we recommend concluding OMNIA. You will still have the guaranteed option to upgrade to HOSPITAL Semi-private or HOSPITAL Private later on.
Are the benefits offered by OMNIA the same as those offered by TOP and HOSPITAL ECO insurance?
OMNIA provides orthodontic benefits up to age 25, while TOP only offers these benefits up to age 20. And unlike HOSPITAL ECO, OMNIA does not provide benefits for KidsCare, as OMNIA can only be concluded from age 19. Otherwise, the insured benefits are the same.
What happens to OMNIA when I use my upgrade options?
Once you have taken advantage of both outpatient (insurance upgrade to COMPLETA) and inpatient (upgrade to HOSPITAL Semi-private or HOSPITAL Private) upgrade options, the OMNIA product will expire.
Will my exclusion of benefits under OMNIA also apply to an insurance upgrade?
Yes. If exclusions of benefits are agreed when concluding OMNIA, these also apply to subsequent insurance upgrades. However, you have the ability to medically prove that the reason(s) for exclusion(s) that may have previously existed no longer apply.
Who can take out this insurance?
You have your official place of residence in Switzerland.
You are aged between 19 and 49 when you take out the insurance.
We accept your application. For the purposes of risk assessment, we require you to fill in a health declaration.
How and when can I terminate the insurance?
The minimum term is one year.
The contract is automatically renewed each year on the expiry date for a further year.
You can terminate the policy on 31 December of each year, subject to three months' notice.
If the premium is adjusted, a shortened notice period of one month applies.
The waiting period is the period between the date on which the insurance cover under your policy begins and the date from which you can claim benefits.
For maternity benefits, there is a waiting period of 365 days. That means you cannot claim these benefits before the end of the first insurance year. During the first insurance year, any pregnancy-related stays in hospital – for example for childbirth or postpartum – are covered only by your basic insurance. The latter covers the costs of a stay in a general ward (multi-bed room) and medical treatment in accordance with the standard rate in your canton of residence.
This waiting period applies once when OMNIA is first concluded. If you exercise your option to upgrade your insurance, there is therefore no new waiting period.
However, you are covered from the start of insurance for benefits paid as a result of illness or accident.
Is there a waiting period for a higher level of insurance?
The waiting period for an insurance upgrade under OMNIA equals the period between the day on which the cover provided by your policy commences and the day on which you exercise your right to an insurance upgrade for the first time without any further medical examination.
This insurance is subject to a waiting period of 12 months before you can claim an insurance upgrade. This means that you cannot exercise your option to upgrade your insurance until the end of the first insurance year (and only if you are at least 25 years of age).
Is there a discount? How can I save on premiums?
If you have equivalent accident insurance, you can exclude the accident cover and reduce your premium by 10%.
For two or more family members insured under the same contract, we grant a family discount of 5% on this and other supplementary insurance; for three or more insured family members, the discount is 10%.
We will be happy to answer them Monday to Friday between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. | 2019-04-23T12:32:44Z | https://www.helsana.ch/en/individuals/insurance/supplementary-insurance/outpatient/omnia |
Dr. Bradley Johnston is the director and co-founder of NutriRECS, and is an Associate Professor with the Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
Dr. Johnston also holds adjunct appointments with The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) Research Institute, where he founded SickKids first evidence synthesis unit (SORT – Systematic Overviews through advancing Research Technology), and the Department of Health Research Methods (formally Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) at McMaster University, where he is a tutor in the annual Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Workshop. Dr. Johnston is an Associate Editor with BMC Medical Research Methods. His academic interests include the methodology of patient-reported outcome measures, randomized trials, meta-analysis (including network and individual patient data synthesis), and public health practice guidelines. His work involves the application of these methods to a wide range of areas, with a particular interest in the education, principles and practice of evidence-based nutrition. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles, including first authored articles in JAMA, Annals of Internal Medicine, CMAJ and Pediatrics.
Dr. Pablo Alonso-Coello is a co-founder of NutriRECS, the head of the Barcelona GRADE center, and is a health services researcher at the Biomedical Research Institute (Hospital Sant Pau) in Barcelona, Spain.
He has extensive experience in clinical practice guidelines development and methodology, systematic reviews and randomised clinical trials (RCT). In the field of guideline methodology he has played an important role in the development of the GRADE approach to guideline development, which has been adopted internationally. In Spain he is the Director of the Scientific Committee of the National Program of Clinical Practice Guidelines, and has been providing support to numerous guideline organizations. He is a member of the GRADE guidance group. In 2017 he was identified as a highly cited researcher of the last decade (http://hcr.stateofinnovation.thomsonreuters.com/).
Dr. Malgorzata (Gosia) Bala is a co-founder of NutriRECS, the head of the Cochrane Poland, and the chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine at the Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
For over 15 years Dr. Bala has been involved in systematic reviews, health technology assessment and practice guideline methodology. Her long-term involvement in Cochrane activities resulted in establishing Cochrane Poland in 2014. For several years she has been a tutor of evidence-based medicine (EBM) to medical students at the Jagiellonian University Medical College and co-authored the chapters in the referential Polish textbook: “The Essentials of Evidence-Based Medicine for Physicians and Medical Students”(Editors: Piotr Gajewski, Roman Jaeschke, Jan Brozek; Cracow, 2008). Recently she has become as tutor of EBM to students of dietetics and a tutor of methods of systematic reviews to researchers and PhD students. Her research activities are focused on evidence-based medicine and public health, particularly on the systematic reviews assessing effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, including several Cochrane reviews, as well as the methodological aspects of clinical trials and treatment guidelines. She is also involved in applying systematic reviews methods in non-medical fields, like bioethics, human resources.
Dr. Gordon Guyatt coined the term “evidence-based medicine”, is a mentor, Clinician-Scientist and Distinguished Professor in the Department of Health Research Methods (formally Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics) at McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
Dr. Guyatt is a pioneer in evidence-based medicine and an internationally renowned expert in health research methodology, having published over 1000 peer-reviewed articles. Has has led the production of a series of over 35 articles “Users’ Guides to the medical literature”, published in JAMA. These materials have played a key role in establishing EBM as a core aspect of undergraduate and postgraduate medical education worldwide. He is the Co-Chair of the GRADE working group, a system for rating the quality of evidence from systematic reviews and making recommendations for clinical and public health guidelines. GRADE has been adopted by over 100 organization worldwide including the World Health Organization, the Cochrane Collaboration, the American College of Physicians, and UpToDate.
Catherine Marshall is a Cochrane Consumer located in Wellington, New Zealand. She has a strong interest and extensive experience in promoting consumer engagement in health care for the last thirty years.
Catherine has a strong interest and experience in promoting consumer engagement in health care for the last thirty years. She was previously the CEO of the New Zealand Guidelines Group (2000-2006), a group set up to develop and implement evidence-based guidelines and decision-making for consumers. She was also part of a group that set up New Zealand’s first consumer network – the Consumer Collaboration of Aotearoa, a not for profit organization that ran from 2012-2015. She currently provides independent advice to government and not for profit agencies on the implementation of consumer values and preferences as applied to evidence-based health care policy mainly in New Zealand and Australia. Catherine is a member of the international Cochrane Governing Board (cochrane.org) and she was a founder of the Guidelines International Network (G-I-N) and is currently an Honorary Patron of the Network (g-i-n.net). She has worked to establish G-I-N Public, a group of international guideline developers who promote consumer involvement in guideline development.
Dr. Patrick Stover is Vice Chancellor and Dean of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the Texas A&M University System. He has been selected as an Outstanding Educator four times by Cornell Merrill Presidential Scholars. He is editor of the Annual Reviews of Nutrition.
Dr. Stover graduated from Saint Joseph’s University with a BS degree in Chemistry and was awarded the Molloy Chemistry Award at graduation. He received a PhD degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics from the Medical College of Virginia and performed his postdoctoral studies in Nutritional Sciences at the University of California at Berkeley. In 2015, he was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 2014 was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2014, he received the SUNY Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Scholarship and Creative Activities, and the Osborne and Mendel Award for outstanding recent basic research accomplishments in nutrition from the American Society for Nutrition, and a MERIT award from NIDDK-NIH. In 1996 he received the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from President Clinton, the highest honor bestowed by the U.S. government on outstanding scientists and engineers beginning their independent careers. The Stover research group investigates the fundamental chemical, biochemical, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and the associated pathways within the one-carbon metabolic network, that underlie the relationships among nutrition, metabolism and risk for birth defects, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases His research team is revealing the causal role of nuclear dTMP synthesis in folate- and vitamin B12 responsive pathologies, and informing novel nutritional strategies for the prevention and management human pathologies.
He is also researcher at the Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services in Oslo and an acting consultant at the Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust-Gjøvik, Norway. The MAGIC research and innovation program aims to provide clinicians and patients with trustworthy evidence summaries, guidelines and decision aids at the point of care. Supported by a career research grant from Helse Sør-Øst RHF and several innovation grants this work includes the MAGIC authoring and publication platform and innovative solutions for decision aids and integrating guidelines in the electronic medical record linked to patient specific data. Dr. Vandvik is also a recognized teacher in evidence-based medicine and guideline methodology for clinicians and decision-makers in health care. He is a member of the GRADE working group and is a member of the Guidelines International Network (GIN) Board of Trustees. He currently supports numerous guideline organizations in developing trustworthy guidelines, and leads a collaboration with the BMJ in producing RapidRecs guidelines as new evidence emerges.
Dr. George Kephart is a Professor, Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. He is co-founder and former Director of Health Data Nova Scotia, which has established a large health data warehouse to support population and health services research.
His research interests include patient oriented health research, health policy evaluation, equity and access to health services, and chronic disease surveillance and management. His current research focus is the development of new measures of patient self-management that can be used for clinical assessment and research.
Dr. Regina El Dib is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Science and Technology, Estadual Paulista University, Brazil, and founder and director of the systematic review unit of the Botucatu Medical School, registered in the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).
Dr. El Dib’s graduate training is in evidence-based medicine and her work focuses on clinical epidemiology methods. She has published more than 100 peer-reviewed articles, primarily involving systematic reviews of interventional, prognostic and diagnostic accuracy studies, as well as research on evidence synthesis methods. She has extensive experience with Cochrane reviews, including having managed Cochrane Brazil’s Project Health in Your Language that has translated over 250 review abstracts to Portuguese. She is also an adjunct researcher with the McMaster Institute of Urology in Canada, collaborating on a number of primary and secondary studies in kidney cancer.
Dr. Patricia Cassano is Professor of Health Care Policy and Research, the Interim Director, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, and Director of Graduate Studies for the Field of Epidemiology in the Cornell University Graduate School.
Dr. Cassano also directs the annual WHO/Cochrane/Cornell University Summer Institute for Systematic Reviews in Nutrition for Global Policy Making. This unique institute, which is in its 5th year in 2018, brings together experts from the World Health Organization (WHO), Cochrane, and Cornell University to train participants in the development of systematic reviews of nutrition interventions in populations. Dr. Cassano is a chronic disease epidemiologist with expertise in nutrition and genetics and methodological expertise in the design, conduct and analysis of analytical epidemiological studies, including RCTs and long-term prospective cohort studies incorporating biological markers of nutrition and metabolism and molecular markers of genetic variation. Dr. Cassano teaches the foundation course in Epidemiology for graduate students on both campuses, including the Graduate School of Cornell University and the Weill Cornell Medical College Translational Science program in Clinical Investigation.
Dr. Russell de Souza is a registered dietitian and nutrition epidemiologist. His current research interests lie in advancing methodology for systematic reviews and meta-analysis and clinical trials in the field of nutrition, with an interest in the contribution of dietary patterns and macronutrients (specifically fructose, saturated, and trans fats) to cardiovascular disease risk throughout the lifespan.
Dr. de Souza is a co-investigator on the INMD-funded Birth Cohort Alliance, which seeks to explore associations among maternal nutrition, infant feeding patterns, and epigenetic/epigenomic determinants of maternal and child health, as well as the Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds cohort examining neighbourhood-level factors that contribute to cardiovascular risk. He is also interested in the reproducibility and validity of current methods of assessing nutrient intakes. He has served as an external resource person to the World Health Organization’ Nutrition Guidelines Advisory Committee on saturated, trans, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Dr. Celeste Naude is registered dietician at the Centre for Evidence-based Health Care at Stellenbosch University, South Africa; and Co-Director of Cochrane Nutrition. Through Cochrane and other collaborative multi-stakeholder initiatives, she is involved in implementing knowledge translation strategies with key target audiences and stakeholders (e.g. policymakers, non-governmental organisations, professional associations, media, guideline developers).
Dr. Naude is also an Associate Editor of Nutrition Journal (BMC), and Co-convenor of the Cochrane Fields Executive and a member of the Cochrane Council. She is an invited member of the Chronic Disease Initiative for Africa. Nationally, Celeste serves on the Ministerial Committee on Mortality and Morbidity in Children under 5-years; and provincially on the Western Cape Technical Reference Group on Health Eating. Celeste holds a PhD in Nutritional Sciences, with formal training in Cochrane systematic review methods, GRADE guideline development, systematic review editing skills, SUPPORT summaries and science communication. She is a member of technical author teams for preparing systematic reviews, meta-analyses, policy briefs, scoping reviews for guideline development, as well as relevant primary research.
Dr. Lehana Thabane is a Professor of Biostatistics and Associate Chair of the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact at McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. He is also the Director of Biostatistics at St Joseph’s Healthcare in Hamilton.
In addition to his leadership roles at McMaster University, Dr. Thabane holds visiting professorships at the University of Cape Town and Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and at UNESP in Brazil. His research interests include clinical trial methods, analysis and execution; pilot and feasibility studies and systematic review methodology. He is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of BMC Pilot and Feasibility Studies and is an editorial board member for BMC Trials, and Clinical Trials. He has mentored over 100 MSc, PhD and Postdoc trainees including over 15 junior faculty from various institutions. He won several teaching and supervision awards and he is the clinical trials mentor for the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and CIHR Drug Safety and Effectiveness Cross-disciplinary Training (DSECT) Program. He has co-authored over 600 publications in peer-reviewed journals and over 700 abstracts presented at national and international meetings with over 100 invited presentations.
Dr. Mi Ah Han is a professor in the Department of Preventive Medicine, Chosun University, Republic of Korea. She is a visiting professor with Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact in Hamilton, Canada.
Dr. Han’s work focuses on epidemiology, preventive medicine and the education about health research methods and evidence-based healthcare. Her research interests include public health, community-based intervention and health research methodology. She has published more than 100 peer-reviewed articles using primary and secondary data analysis as well as systematic review and meta-analysis. Her current research focuses on the summarizing evidence of the health effect (primarily cancer) of risk factors using a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Dena Zeraatkar is a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) funded PhD candidate in the Health Research Methodology (HRM) program in the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI) at McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
Her master’s work centered on methods for the validation and use of the Early Development Instrument (EDI) for children with special needs. Her doctoral work focuses on advancing research methods in nutrition, particularly related to systematic reviews and guideline development. She has received graduate-level awards for her master’s and doctoral work from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
Dr. Montserrat Rabassa is a nutritionist and a Sara Borrell post-doctoral researcher at the Biomedical Research Institute (Hospital Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
Her main research activity is focused to improve the quality and implementability of nutritional recommendations. Montse has degree in Human Nutrition and Dietetics from the Rovira i Virgili University (2006) and in Food Science and Technology from the University of Barcelona (2009). She holds an Official Masters in Food Development and Innovation (2011) and a PhD in Food and Nutrition, with European mention, from the University of Barcelona (2015). She received a PhD Extraordinary Award for the 2015-2016 academic year for her thesis entitled “Effect of polyphenol-rich diet intake on aging. Association with physical and cognitive decline, frailty and total mortality within the InCHIANTI cohort”. Throughout the duration of her PhD, she performed a predoctoral stage with financial support from the MAPFRE foundation in the Geriatrics and Geriatric emergency care at IRCCS-INRCA in Ancona (Italy) for 4 months (2013) with Dr. Antonio Cherubini.
Claudia Valli is a researcher at the Biomedical Research Institute (Hospital Sant Pau) and a PhD Candidate in the Methodology of Biomedical Research and Public Health Program at the Univeristat Autonoma of Barcelona, Spain.
Her work focuses on conducting clinical and nutritional systematic reviews and synthetizing research evidence to support informed decision-making and guideline development. She has a master in Nutrition and Health at Wageningen University (Netherlands) with the specialization in “Epidemiology and Public Health”. Her master’s work focused in developing methods for process evaluation plans in nutritional programs in dwelling elderly.
Dr. Qin Guo is a visiting post-doctoral researcher with Dr. Bradley Johnston at Dalhousie University and is a pediatrician at West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Her research is focused on improving the quality of clinical research in pediatrics in China, particularly related to the methodological development of systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines that evaluate the potential for probiotic administration among children with infectious diseases.
Dr. Behnam Sadeghirad is a PhD candidate in the Health Research Methodology (HRM) at McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. He works with Drs Johnston and Guyatt on the application of GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) in nutrition with a focus on child health.
Dr. Sadeghirad’s research interests include methodology of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, network meta-analyses, evidence-based practice and biostatistics. He has research experience with a number of well-established centres including McMaster Universities Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, and the WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance at Kerman University, Iran.
Dr. Robin Vernooij is an epidemiologist with the Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization and part-time post-doctoral fellow with NutriRECS at Dalhousie University, Canada.
Dr. Vernooij’s research interests include the development and updating of clinical guidelines, systematic reviews and meta-analyses (including network meta-analyses and individual patient data meta-analyses), and population-based cancer registry studies (with a special focus on urologic cancers). He holds a master’s degree in epidemiology and biostatistics at the VU University Amsterdam, and a PhD in the Methodology of Biomedical Research and Public Health from the Universitat Autonoma of Barcelona (with international mention). He has research experience in different internationally recognized centres including the Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organization, the Biomedical Research Institute at Hospital Sant Pau and Oxford University. | 2019-04-25T20:03:41Z | http://nutrirecs.com/about/ |
The Dell SecureWorks Threat Report for 2012 analyzes the conditions in 2012 that create threat scenarios and discusses notable trends in software vulnerabilities, global-scale threats, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, Advanced Persistent Threats, and mobile threats.
The scope of potential threat scenarios remains intrinsically broad.
Expansion in threat exposure continues to trend heavily toward web services software and end-user devices as primary attack vectors.
Attack techniques and technology used for global-scale malware deployment continue to mature in terms of scope, resiliency, and effectiveness.
DDoS attacks continue to be executed for many purposes with notable focus on political and financial motivations.
There is increased awareness of advanced persistent threats across industry verticals, and threat actors are using targeted attack techniques to exploit commodity and new threat scenarios to penetrate and achieve persistence in target networks.
Attack technology for mobile platforms is rapidly evolving, with focus on many of the same threat scenarios leveraged against more traditional computing platforms.
Architecting for security in the face of advancements in threat persistence, and implementing practices to defend against insider threat, continue to present challenges to many organizations.
The composition of the Internet ecosystem is complex in terms of how connected technology and resources are designed, built, deployed, used, and maintained. Many of the today's threats are a result of people leveraging systemic threat scenarios that are intrinsically built into the fabric of the global Internet. These conditions exist for positive reasons by design, but the potential for misuse is always present. Table 1 demonstrates how certain threat scenarios persist year-to-year and decade-to-decade.
Software can do amazing things, but engineering defect-free software the first time is challenging.
Software vulnerabilities, exploits, misconfigurations, etc.
People can use the vast array of connected technologies for amazing things but often make complex security decisions with incomplete or misunderstood information.
Social engineering, malicious email attachments, malicious links, phishing, spearphishing, etc.
Common computing platforms create rich software ecosystems, but not all software is desirable.
Spyware, malware, potentially unwanted programs (PUPs), etc.
Networked resources are available in all shapes, sizes, and budgets, but networked resources are shared, limited, and consumable.
Denial of service attacks, particularly DDoS attacks.
Assets can be networked and leveraged to create great value for many stakeholders, but deployed assets represent and have value.
Motivation to break laws, execute attacks, etc.
A connected world brings people together, but everyone's security posture is affected by the rest of the world's security posture.
Distributed attack systems, botnets, regionalization / globalization of attacks, relative anonymity, lack of harmonized laws across borders, etc.
Information exchange and commerce is globally empowered, but interdependencies can be attacked.
Supply chain attacks, leveraging trust relationships, etc.
For these classes of threat scenarios, attack tradecraft has matured over the years based on threat actors' ability to develop technology that leverages basic and intrinsic threat scenarios. The attack technology is nearly as old as the reasons that allow the techniques to exist. These types of threats are commonly referred to as "commodity" threats — classes of threat that cause security to be a process rather than an achievement and that generally lack complete solutions short of the raw consequence of law enforcement. In a sense, commodity threats are the elements of risk any Internet-connected organization must be prepared to persistently defend against using a combination of layered defenses, good policies and practices, knowledge of current threat information, and the ability to effectively respond to events.
Security weaknesses and exposures in Internet-deployed software and systems continue to represent a significant global threat surface. Attackers continue to leverage old and new software vulnerabilities in pursuit their objectives.
In 2012, the CTU research team documented 7,696 new software vulnerabilities — a 6% increase over the total number of software vulnerabilities documented for 2011 (see Figure 1).
Table 2 shows the percentage of change in specific areas that echo larger industry software development and system deployment trends such as mobile and cloud computing.
The distribution of severity levels (high, medium, and low), as scored by the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), illustrates that the majority of vulnerabilities discovered in 2012 were rated low to medium in severity (see Figure 2). The riskiest issues encompass the smallest percentage (less than 1%). In cases where a vulnerability has only partial CVSS information (approximately 2% of the total vulnerabilities), the available information has been used to project the vulnerability's worst-case severity level.
Figure 3 shows that web application vulnerabilities, including cross-site scripting and SQL injection, top the list of classes of vulnerabilities documented in 2012 per Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) categorization.
As shown in Figures 4 and 5, most vulnerabilities discovered in 2012 were disclosed with official fixes available for remediation. The last two quarters of 2012 showed a rising trend in the percentage of officially remediated vulnerabilities. This trend is also visible when comparing 2011 and 2012 in Figure 5.
This trend is likely to continue, even as the universe of produced software expands, based on an ecosystem of responsible disclosure practiced by vulnerability researchers, software producers improving their software development lifecycles (SDLC) to address security issues, and improved response by product security teams to vulnerabilities reported in software products.
Based on the steady growth of new web application vulnerabilities, and an ever broader deployment of business-critical web applications, it is tremendously important for organizations to direct investment toward secure SDLC, product security, and layered protection strategies when producing, deploying, and maintaining critical web applications.
During 2012, CTU researchers continued to observe large-scale global deployment of malware via specific targeting of end-user systems. Email and web browsing continued to be primary threat vectors exploited by threat actors using maturing classes of attack technology. The diagram in Figure 6 represents a partial view of the complex relationship among attack technologies used to deploy malware and leverage compromised systems.
The backbone for global malware deployment in this attack system is a large botnet formed and maintained using the Cutwail trojan. The Cutwail botnet, one of the largest and most notorious spam botnets, is used to send massive amounts of email that impersonates well-known online retailers, cellular phone companies, social networking sites, and financial institutions. Cybercriminals can rent access to Cutwail's spam-as-a-service infrastructure to design and execute a spam campaign. The Cutwail botnet relies upon hundreds of thousands of compromised systems to send spam on its behalf and uses templates to generate a large number of variations to the email message to evade spam filters.
Spam email delivered through the Cutwail botnet is typically designed to deploy malware either by attaching a malicious file to an email message, or by using links which, if followed, instruct a web browser to load malicious content supplied by an exploit kit. These two techniques represent direct attacks via email and web browsing as primary threat vectors, and they provide threat actors with a diverse and automated means of widely deploying malware.
An exploit kit is a packaged collection of exploits wrapped in a toolkit to enable the efficient and large-scale execution of attacks leveraging known software vulnerabilities. Most exploit kits target the attack surface created by end-user web browsers and software a website can invoke through an end-user web browser. The Blackhole exploit kit is among the most commonly observed, though there are many variations in use that accomplish the same end goal of deploying malware on end-user systems via exploitation of unpatched web browsing software.
As illustrated in Figure 7, the Pushdo Trojan horse plays an important role in maintaining the Cutwail botnet. Threat actors continually deploy additional Cutwail trojans to join the global Cutwail botnet to ensure the botnet's survival despite remediation efforts. Pushdo is commonly deployed using the Cutwail botnet in combination with the Blackhole exploit kit, forming a self-sustaining loop designed to maintain and expand the breadth of the Cutwail botnet.
The CTU research team has also observed the Pushdo trojan being installed via direct download by other malware families such as Gameover Zeus. The use of both a web exploitation threat vector and installation via downloader to deploy the Pushdo trojan highlights the trend of threat actors actively building multi-path diversity and resiliency into the techniques and technologies used to sustain large malware deployment infrastructures.
As an example of the continued effectiveness of large-scale malware distribution, consider the global distribution of just one malware family linked to the deployment infrastructure described above. The ZeroAccess trojan uses a custom peer-to-peer (P2) protocol for command and control (C2).
The purpose of the ZeroAccess trojan is to download and install additional malware components as part of a pay-per-install affiliate program. Said another way, ZeroAccess is used to deploy even more malware. Figure 9 shows the global scope of systems known to be compromised and running at least one version of the ZeroAccess trojan. Known infected systems are colored with light blue dots.
Although large-scale commodity threats are caused by a relatively small number of people, remediation becomes a global issue. Many organizations sustain their own defensive posture relative to common threat scenarios. It is also tremendously important to work together as a community; one organization that avoids direct compromise by a commodity threat remains exposed to risk created by those that are not so well defended. Likewise, the threat scenarios exploited by the people and technology behind commodity threats represent the same threat scenarios and techniques that are likely to work during a targeted attack. Complex attack systems exist and quite readily achieve global impact using many of the same commodity threat scenarios leveraged by targeted threat actors.
The CTU research team continues to observe growth and active development within the underground economy, both in offering DDoS as a service as well as creating DDoS kits usable by threat actors with any skill level. Dirt Jumper is the DDoS malware family most often encountered by CTU researchers, and it went through several iterations throughout 2012. While Dirt Jumper can still be found by its original name, the most recent version has been named Pandora. A number of other DDoS kits surfaced, such as YZF, DiWar, and ArmageddoN. Some of these kits turned out to be a rebranded version of Dirt Jumper. Others, such as BlackEnergy and Optima, remained in active use as well.
Controlling a DDoS botnet or acquiring DDoS as a service from a criminal group continues to be simple and relatively inexpensive. Observed DDoS C2 infrastructure remains distributed globally, with higher concentrations in Ukraine, United States, and Russia.
Working with organizations affected by Dirt Jumper DDoS attacks revealed a threat scenario in which the threat actor first performed a short-lived "test" DDoS attack to determine if the actor's botnet could make the targeted site unusable. If the test was successful, then the threat actor performed another DDoS attack in the near future, but this time the DDoS attack occurred shortly after an unauthorized wire or Automated Clearing House (ACH) transfer out of a compromised account. DDoS attack patterns revealed that short-lived attacks were an indicator of an unauthorized wire transfer, while longer attacks, which could last hours to days, were indicators of a fraudulent ACH transfer. The fraud attempts were nontrivial and were usually in the six-figure range, with some attempts in the millions of dollars. Transfers were being made to banks located in Russia, Cyprus, and China.
Eventually the "test" DDoS attack was phased out. Visibility on these attacks proved to be quite useful — in some cases, the DDoS attack was the initial notice that high-dollar fraud was occurring. Some of the fraud attempts and losses are staggering, with total dollar values of attempted fraud ranging from $180,000 to $2.1 million.
Attackers use DNS amplification attacks to magnify the amount of bandwidth they can send a victim. The attacks are possible due to poorly-configured software and devices. To create a successful DNS amplification attack, a threat actor needs two things: a list of open recursive DNS resolvers and a system for spoofing packets. Open recursive DNS resolvers respond to any IP address on the Internet that queries them, instead of only being available to trusted systems. Neither of these two resources is difficult to acquire.
Throughout 2012, the CTU research team witnessed multiple DNS amplification attacks on the Internet. While targets varied, the sizes of the attacks were staggering: there were reported bandwidth totals of 30Gbps, 50Gbps, and 65Gbps.
DNS amplification attacks are a defensible class of problem, in that network and system administrators can take a variety of steps to combat this issue. Network ingress filtering as described in BCP38 prevents spoofed packets from leaving a network (BCP84 should be reviewed for multihomed networks). Either disabling recursion or only permitting queries from specific Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) blocks prevents unauthorized parties from abusing DNS servers. DNS Response Rate Limiting (DNS RRL) is another feature that can limit the effectiveness of an attack on an authoritative name server.
A multitude of high-profile DDoS attacks began targeting the United States financial sector in September 2012. The group Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Cyber Fighters (QCF) took credit for this effort, named "Operation Ababil." According to QCF, the attacks were in retaliation for a YouTube video insulting the prophet Muhammad and would continue until the video is removed.
Careful examination of top-talking attacking IP addresses revealed that all were compromised web servers. During the remediation process, CTU researchers identified a common set of malicious PHP files that were placed on the websites through the exploitation of multiple content management systems (CMS). Joomla was the most exploited CMS, followed closely by WordPress. Based on CTU analysis, the Bluestork template within Joomla is the most exploited vulnerability in this botnet.
As of January 2013, the CTU research team was aware of at least 34,714 malicious URLs related to Operation Ababil. This number is based on the unique count of malicious URLs observed across time and includes URLs with filenames that have been renamed. These malicious URLs reside on 20,862 unique domain names. Of those compromised domains, there are 15,163 unique IP addresses spread across 149 different countries.
These compromised web servers generated attack traffic in the tens of Gbps in size and tens of millions of packets per second (pps).
The use of websites as botnets presents a significant challenge and risk to the Internet community. The large numbers of web servers provides a huge potential attack surface and a high cost of remediation. Typical web servers run a wide variety of software, most of which is not automatically patched for known vulnerabilities. Web servers typically operate continuously, eliminating botnet agent downtime for an attacker. Web servers are also typically well-connected with access to high levels of availability and bandwidth, and they typically do not run endpoint security controls such as antivirus software. They generate volumes of traffic and log files, which make detecting anomalous behavior challenging.
Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) continues to emerge as a prominent concern in today's threat landscape. APT attacks represent a growing threat to an organization's intellectual property, financial assets, and reputation. Targeting of critical infrastructure and government suppliers can threaten a victim country's national mission. The defensive tools, procedures, and other controls commonly put in place to handle commodity security threat scenarios are an important layer of defense against APT-style threat actors. However, there are differences based on the targeted nature of the attacks. The threat actors behind the intrusion focus on a specific target and customize and adapt their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) to predict and circumvent security controls and standard incident response practices. Consistently applied, and adaptable, defense and response practices are critical.
Achieving and maintaining persistence in a target organization's network is a key element of APT-style attack campaigns. Many different malware families have been observed in use as a part of APT attack campaigns aimed at persistence. Understanding, defending against, and responding to persistence is a key layer in a robust defensive posture against APT attacks.
The illustrations in Figures 11 through 14 show observed APT malware family activity by quarter during 2012. Most of the malware types represented in the charts are trojans aimed at achieving and maintaining persistence within a compromised network. The icon (insect) size represents the number of unique organizations affected, while the shading of the icon represents the magnitude of observed telemetry indicating use of the particular malware family.
The variety of APT threats encountered within a single vertical can indicate different attack campaigns executed by multiple threat actors.
Specific APT threat actors often deploy multiple families of malware during a single attack campaign to increase their chances of remaining persistent in the target environment. The actors vary the malware families used at different access points into the same victim organization. This approach is a key persistence strategy. If indicators from one family of malware are detected, the victim may block related communications or begin eradicating the malware from all systems exhibiting those indicators. Diversifying the malware allows the actors continued access to operate even if one or more malware families are detected. The actors can then continue lateral movement to spread to a new set of systems using more families of malware. This persistence tactic is one of the reasons affected organizations may find it difficult to eradicate APT threats.
CTU researchers have observed and are tracking common Internet infrastructure being shared between multiple malware families. These shared network indicators demonstrate that multiple malware families are often used by the same threat actor groups to maintain persistence within a single attack campaign.
The graph in Figure 15 demonstrates the interconnectivity between observed APT malware families based on their use of common domains across multiple malware families. The nodes of the graph represent domains, and the connections between nodes represent relationships based on malware families leveraging the domains. Tightly clustered groupings are singular malware families leveraging many domain names. Linkage between clusters represents infrastructure shared between malware families.
The nodes on the graph in Figure 16 represent domains, and the blue links between nodes represent relationships between domains based on the observed malware family. The dark cluster of nodes near the top of the graph consists of domains used by the Comfoo trojan. The red clusters of nodes toward the bottom of the graph represent domains used by the other nine malware families. The horizontal bar near the center of the graph represents 12 domains that are linked to both the Comfoo trojan and the other nine malware families.
The Comfoo trojan is relatively prolific in terms of its interconnectivity to domain infrastructure used by other malware families. The FoxJmp trojan, in contrast, shares common domain utilization with only two other malware families, denoted by the red nodes in Figure 17. Yet, analysis reveals more than two variations in the clustering of domains because the FoxJmp trojan is actively evolving, and multiple variations were observed in 2012.
The FoxJmp trojan is an example of one malware family used in the persistence stage of an APT attack campaign. It is notable for its prevalence across multiple verticals in each quarter of 2012, and it highlights the evolution of a single APT malware family even on a per-attack campaign basis.
Designed to run persistently, without detection, on a compromised system. The goal of the malware is to help an actor gain and expand a beachhead into a target network using compromised systems.
Used as a platform to retrieve and run additional malicious programs on a compromised system.
Uses C2 techniques where instructions are embedded in files, such as JPEG files, and retrieved via Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests. See Figure 18.
Can be instructed to sleep for arbitrary period of time after receiving an instruction, keeping subsequent retrieval of additional malware "low and slow" in terms of overall observable network security events.
Obfuscates and embeds additional retrieved malware in decoy files retrieved via an HTTP request.
Analysis of FoxJmp variants discovered throughout 2012 revealed an evolution of the malware. Features were changed to add or remove functionality based on the needs of a particular attack campaign. In one observed variant, the persistence mechanism was replaced with a self-destruct capability. Coupled with the addition of an interactive channel to execute arbitrary commands in a shell on the compromised system, this variant's C2 design included a way for the actor to directly interact with the malware in a highly customized manner during a specific APT attack campaign.
In early 2012, CTU researchers released a report titled "The Sin Digoo Affair." This report presented activity related to the Enfal, RegSubDat, and Murcy malware families and their role in a multi-year espionage-by-malware operation affecting governments and industry around the world.
In late February and early March 2012, threat actors circulated emails to members of the International Tibet Network, a global coalition of Tibet-related non-governmental organizations. This targeted phishing campaign exhibited characteristics common in APT operations. The emails were delivered with the subject line "10 March 2012." The message body contained information about the Tibetan National Uprising and 24 Tibetans who self-immolated in protest against the actions of the Chinese government. These emails also included several attachments, including a Microsoft Word document that attempted to exploit CVE-2010-3333 (Microsoft Office RTF stack buffer overflow vulnerability) to install the Comfoo Trojan horse on victim systems.
CTU researchers observed another APT-related malware distribution campaign in March 2012. This campaign used emails to deliver malicious documents such as "Iran's Oil and Nuclear Situation.doc." These documents attempted to leverage a vulnerability in Adobe Flash (CVE-2012-0754) to install the Mswab trojan. Mswab is a backdoor Trojan horse that provides remote access and the ability to steal intellectual property as part of an APT.
The Dell SecureWorks Threat Analysis "Chasing APT," released in July 2012, examines the size of the threat based on CTU research since February 2011. At the time of the report's release, CTU researchers had identified 200 unique malware families. These families are malware samples that share a common code base and only vary based on different C2 servers or in basic functionality. From these families, the CTU research team identified more than 1,100 domain names, with close to 22,000 subdomains used by APT threat actors for malware C2 servers or spearphishing. Figure 19 illustrates a small region of these associations.
Prior to the "Chasing APT" report, many of the hypotheses about the scope of the issue were based on statistical calculations and predictions of threat actors' intent. This report revealed the scope of activity through looking at the historical CTU data, as well as data received through partnerships in the security community and through in-house tracking efforts.
The follow-up report to the "The Sin-Digoo Affair" titled "The Mirage Campaign," published in early September 2012, tracks the same actors behind the Enfal and RegSubDat malware families to the Mirage malware family.
At the end of 2012, CTU researchers began tracking a series targeted threat campaigns that embedded malicious code in legitimate websites. In some cases, zero-day exploits were used avoid detection.
The first of these campaigns was the "VOHO" or Elderwood campaign, which infected websites related to activism, national defense, financial services, and local state government. Analysis by CTU researchers and other security groups revealed up to eight different zero-day exploits for Microsoft Internet Explorer and Adobe Flash Player (CVE-2010-0249, CVE-2011-0609, CVE-2011-0611, CVE-2011-2110, CVE-2012-0779, CVE-2012-1875, CVE-2012-1889, and CVE-2012-1535) used in the attacks. The exploits embedded in these sites were used to drop a variant of the Gh0st remote access trojan onto the compromised systems.
In late December 2012, CTU researchers investigated a "watering hole" campaign that leveraged the Council for Foreign Relations (CFR) website. Watering hole campaigns target sites likely to be visited by individuals of interest to the threat actor. News about the CFR attack was disclosed on December 27. The CFR website was compromised to include a malicious script that exploited an undisclosed Internet Explorer vulnerability (CVE-2012-4792) against returning visitors and installed a backdoor on vulnerable systems. Within two days of the public disclosure, the vulnerability was weaponized with a working exploit released to the public.
The use of "watering hole" attacks has become a new and popular vector for exploiting specific targets in a regimented and organized manner. Based on the frequency of these attacks, CTU researchers are confident that this type of attack will become common in the future.
As mobile networked computing devices become more common, attackers are actively developing and maturing technology and techniques to leverage threat scenarios associated with mobile devices.
In 2012, mobile malware development and deployment primarily focused on the Android mobile platform. The trend toward targeting Android is not likely to change based on public market share data; threat actors have traditionally targeted malware development and use on the most broadly deployed platforms. The raw count of unique Android malware samples is growing exponentially each month.
The Opfake malware family now uses types of polymorphism.
RootSmart contains privilege escalation ("rooting") exploits.
FakeToken malware steals sensitive information under the guise of a single-use authentication generator targeting popular banks.
The rapid evolution of mobile malware is following a similar, though accelerated, progression as that observed in traditional PC-based malware over the past decades.
Malicious actors are beginning to use variations on existing attacks that have historically been successful on traditional computers. Hybrid attacks are emerging that combine traditional computer and mobile threats. While the majority of Android malware is still found in unofficial third-party markets, attackers are increasingly leveraging drive-by downloads, luring victims to malicious sites using in-app advertising links, social networking profile pages, and email campaigns. Similarly, recent malware uses Twitter for C2 communication. Perhaps most concerning is the high percentage of mobile malware families that use rooting (also known as jailbreaking) privilege escalation exploits. These exploits effectively grant more administrative access to malware than granted to a typical user or device management software.
Approximately two-thirds of Android malware observed by CTU researchers has been grafted into existing legitimate applications (also called "repackaging"), and most malware is distributed via alternative marketplaces. After publishing a malicious application to an alternative marketplace, an attacker still faces the problem of convincing people to download the application. People are less likely to download an unpopular or new, unrated application. Social engineering is used to alter application ratings.
For example, the SimpleTemai malware, discovered during the third quarter of 2012, uses social engineering by artificially inflating the popularity of certain applications. Once installed on a victim's device, the malware downloads, rates, and uninstalls applications from alternative marketplaces. Unlike other malware, SimpleTemai does not directly harm the victim by stealing information or cause a financial burden. For people with limited bandwidth plans, this malware may exhaust the monthly data plan allocation, causing a victim to pay for additional increments of bandwidth. If the execution of SimpleTemai is interrupted, for example by turning the device off, then the device may have unexpected and undesirable applications installed. SimpleTemai has been observed on the Internet in Chinese alternative markets and has been repackaged into existing applications.
Some mobile malware families monetize infected devices using Premium SMS, usually by sending a short code via SMS to request premium pay content. On systems that require confirmation (such as in the U.S.) the malware may also intercept the verification SMS and automatically send the proper confirmation message. In a slight variation of this attack, malware known as MMarketPay attempts to purchase mobile applications or videos from a particular marketplace. The market, run by China Mobile, confirms all paid app downloads via SMS message. MMarketPay intercepts this confirmation SMS, and if required will upload a CAPTCHA to a secondary server for analysis. MMarketPay automates the process of downloading paid content from the market, circumventing verification controls.
New system architectures and software distribution models introduce new avenues for attack. A new type of attack observed in 2012 is an application update attack. Android can permit installed applications to automatically update if the updated application requests the same permissions and is cryptographically signed by the same key as the incumbent application. In application update attacks, a user first downloads a malware-free application that was created by an attacker. Later, the original application is automatically updated to one that contains malicious content.
The ubiquity of mobile devices and the regularity with which they move between networks challenge conventional security boundaries. A new threat in the second quarter of 2012, named NotCompatible after one of the C2 domains, acts as a proxy that gives the attacker access to networks accessible by the mobile device. As shown in Figure 20, this Android malware poses as a security update and is downloaded directly from the Internet. Once executed, the malware behaves as a botnet client, initiating contact with C2 servers and executing attacker commands. The connectProxy command permits the attacker to make TCP connections through the device, including connections to any local or restricted hosts accessible by the device.
Telemetry data from the fourth quarter of 2012 shows that at least one NotCompatible campaign is reaching a global victim pool, as shown in Figure 21. This particular NotCompatible network was used to send email spam.
The SpamSoldier malware, discovered in the fourth quarter of 2012, propagates primarily via SMS. In this attack, a victim receives a text message to download a popular game (Figure 22), likely from an unrecognized number. SpamSoldier installs and hides itself, and then automatically installs the game expected by the victim. The malware retrieves lists of messages and target numbers from a remote server and sends the message to each telephone number via SMS. The first indicator of the effects of this malware may be the SMS log as part of the victim's monthly bill.
While Android persists as the primary target for malware, exploits targeting Apple iOS are still being developed and used. These exploits are commonly found on jailbreaking websites and are used by individuals who wish to gain elevated administrative access on an iOS device. Often, a willing user downloads an application-level exploit (such a browser or PDF-based exploit) followed by a root privilege escalation exploit. Determining the security posture of a device after this process may require extensive analysis of the exploits; therefore, the resulting security posture is often unknown. While particular device and version support varies, public exploits are readily available for all iOS phone and tablet devices.
Common financial sector botnet software now has mobile-oriented components. Both Zitmo (Zeus in the mobile) and Spitmo (SpyEye in the mobile) have been used for nearly two years to steal SMS messages used for out-of-band transaction authentication mechanisms. In 2012, malware such as Tatanga and Carberp have embraced mobile devices.
During 2012, these financial sector attacks predominately targeted European countries such as Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, where banks tend to use SMS for transaction verification. However, Carberp variants have been observed targeting Russian banks. Carberp C2 servers were primarily observed in Poland and Russia.
The mobile space continues to evolve rapidly, both in malware maturity and in security controls. Most malware continues to target the Android platform. Most malware is found in unofficial, third-party markets. Use of marketplaces that do not have published and practiced malware identification and remediation practices result in additional risk.
Applying relevant security updates for mobile device software remains a best practice. Security-conscious users may want to use applications, particularly web browser applications, that differ from built-in applications. Using external applications allows security updates to be applied more frequently than periodic operating system updates. In general, the practice of controlling threat exposure by limiting and updating installed applications is as valid on mobile devices as it is for traditional computing devices.
Defending against a full range of threat scenarios requires a persistent, layered approach to security as a system of process. History and experience suggest even the best security implementations are likely to, at some point, experience attacks, accidents, or failures that violate security policies and trigger incident response processes. Security incidents represent opportunities to learn and improve.
The following observations are based on experiences helping organizations respond to security incidents via the Dell SecureWorks Security Risk Consulting practice.
80% of the Dell SecureWorks incident response engagements in 2012 resulted from activity initiated by external actors. The remaining 20% of engagements resulted from insider threat activity.
The top three targeted verticals were Manufacturing (17%), Financial (16%), and Industry Service Providers (15%).
Figures 23 through 25 highlight primary asset targeting, attack vectors, and affected attributes observed across incident response engagements.
End-user / application targeting — End users and end-user applications continue to be primary targets for threat actors behind both commodity and APT attacks. Social engineering and reconnaissance of targeted organizations is prevalent and advancing, making phishing and spearphishing campaigns more convincing.
Data exfiltration — External-facing web and application servers still provide significant risk to organizations. They pose the most risk to legal exposure with the possible compromise of Personal Identification Information (PII) and Payment Card Industry (PCI) data.
Architecture — Many organizations still struggle with legacy IT architectures that are poorly designed for defense, have poor segmentation of critical systems, and use very little (if any) data classification that offers additional layers of protection for critical intellectual property. Administrator privileges are often not properly managed or controlled, which allows threat actors to easily attain administrator or domain administrator access.
Insider threat — Organizations take very little or no proactive measures to monitor insider threat activity or to reduce the risk of insider activity. Nearly all of the incident response engagements that involved an insider threat were investigations where a terminated employee was suspected to have used elevated privileges to sabotage the network or to remove intellectual property. In only one case did an organization discover the activity through a data loss prevention (DLP) solution. As security policy is formulated and becomes practice, there is a continued disconnect between IT / IT Security departments and Human Resources (HR) departments in many organizations. Managers who supervise employees with privileged access should consider restricting that access when poor performance or employee misconduct is observed. The basic practice of terminating access, especially privileged access, before an employee leaves an organization would have mitigated most of the insider threat incidents.
Organizations can adopt key practices to improve their ability to defend, detect, and respond. The recommendations are grouped into three broad categories based on perceived difficulty of implementation: low complexity, medium complexity, and high complexity. While this is not a comprehensive list of security measures and controls, these actions would have significantly minimized the incidents observed by the Dell SecureWorks Security Risk Consulting team in 2012.
Implement a strict policy on elevated privileges based on risk. Ensure users with elevated privileges only log in as an administrator when doing administrator-level tasks. Limit and properly train users with domain-level administrator access, and ensure they execute their duties in a secure, monitored, and audited manner.
Conduct aggressive user training and certification to raise the level of awareness about threat actors targeting the organization. Tie user access and privileges to performance and compliance with training programs. For example, restrict Internet access for non-compliant users.
Limit DNS traffic in the network configuration to guard against both inbound and outbound DNS UDP traffic, minimizing the risks of a DDoS attack.
Ensure critical network infrastructure elements (e.g., DNS, domain controllers, routers) are on non-routable IP space and are configured to reduce arbitrary discovery by authorized parties (i.e., do not respond to simple network scans).
Work with business owners to properly classify data in risk categories (i.e., high, medium, and low).
Ensure only application servers and data storage that must be accessed from outside of the networks are connected to the Internet. Ideally, place servers that require these connections in a DMZ (perimeter network).
Coordinate communication between the HR and IT Security staff to share advance notice of pending termination of employment. Managers of employees with elevated privileges should be cognizant of the risk their employees pose to the enterprise and take appropriate actions to restrict access when warranted by employee poor performance or misconduct.
Establish an incident response plan that is compliant with the organization's recognized standards (e.g., PCI/PFI, NIST, HIPAA). Routinely rehearse the plan to validate procedures and the team's proficiency.
Route all web traffic through proxy servers located in a DMZ.
Implement two-factor authentication, especially for remote access through a virtual private network (VPN).
Implement an alternate token for administrator access.
Ensure desktop environments are configured to an enterprise-wide security standard, risk is reduced through a secure configuration, and patching of OS and application software is timely.
Tier and map access controls to the data classification program so users only have access to data they need to do their jobs. Determine data access as part of the HR onboarding process.
Ensure IT and security staff are involved in merger and acquisition processes, and develop a plan for integrating the newly acquired IT infrastructure into the parent organization security plan.
Aggressively patch and conduct vulnerability scans of external-facing data and application servers, prioritizing servers with critical data such as PCI and PII.
Strip high-risk email attachments (e.g., EXE, RAR, SCR) from all inbound mail.
Implement a security checklist for the software development lifecycle (SDLC) internal to the organization. Ensure application development considers security and the risk accepted during the SDLC is transparent so security staff can reduce the residual risk.
Ensure IT architecture is designed with security in mind. Establish aggregation points where firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and deep package inspection (DPI) are in line and able to filter and inspect all inbound and outbound traffic.
Consider subscribing to signatures and indicators provided by a Managed Security Service Provider (MSSP) to ensure network defense appliances (e.g., firewalls, IPS, IDS) are tuned with threat indicators gathered through activity observed across a multitude of networks.
Consider implementing enhanced, in-line filtering of email and web traffic where executable code is discovered with both signature-based indicators and in-line sandbox discovery. Ensure SSL traffic is decrypted at the boundary and inspected for threat activity.
Optimize event logging to ensure capture of all relevant security events that could be elevated to security incidents. Conduct some type of analytics on these event logs based on a reputable set of threat indicators to look for threat activity that may be avoiding signature-based defense appliances.
Subscribe to a DDoS protection provider if critical business operations rely on connectivity with customers from the Internet. Rehearse and stress test DDoS recovery plans and ensure they can be implemented in close coordination between the IT and security staff.
Implement a DLP solution that is integrated with a digital rights management (DRM) solution to detect activity and prevent improper sharing of critical intellectual property.
Where required for scale, implement an electronic governance, risk management, and compliance system (eGRC) to monitor security controls and compliance to policy and procedures.
Conduct regular penetration testing and red-teaming of security controls by an outside party to assess effectiveness.
Conduct brand and executive intelligence surveillance of the organization to help identify threat actors, quantify their risk to the organization, and assess vulnerabilities to these threat actors' capabilities. | 2019-04-18T12:29:07Z | https://www.secureworks.com/research/2012-threat-review |
An L2TP Tunnel ID. Implementation constraints may restrict the range of values actually used.
An L2TP Session ID. Implementation constraints may restrict the range of values actually used.
The administrative state exerted on L2TP tunnels sessions at some scope of control. enabled New tunnels/sessions may be instantiated. disabled All tunnels/sessions are terminated. drain No new tunnels/sessions may be instantiated, but any existing tunnels/sessions may persist until they expire by other means. The DESCRIPTION clause of an object defined to have this syntax must describe the scope of control that object exerts (e.g., all tunnels/sessions across the system, sessions within a single tunnel, etc.).
Transport type over which L2TP is carried.
Exerts control over all L2TP tunnels/sessions in the system.
The amount of time, in seconds, to preserve dynamic tunnels/sessions after they become inactive, e.g. to poll their statistics.
Enable/disable IP checksumming for tunnels with UDP/IP transport.
The number of retransmission retries allowed before control connection goes down. This object has been replaced by juniL2tpSysConfigControlRetransmissionsEstablished and juniL2tpSysConfigControlRetransmissionsNotEstablished.
Idle tunnel remains active for the specified amount of time; value 0 disables the timer i.e. tunnel becomes persistent.
Enable/disable ignoring of receive sequencing of L2TP data packets.
Enable/disable fail-over within a preference level.
It represents number of retries allowed for established tunnels before control connection goes down.
It represents number of retries allowed for unestablished tunnels before control connection goes down.
Disable inclusion of chap challenge in the outgoing packets.
Enable/disable inclusion of calling number avp in ICRQ packet.
Configure L2TP to ignore IP address and/or UDP port changes on incoming SCCRP messages. When this feature is enabled the L2TP tunnel may have separate receive and transmit address and/or port values to the remote host. disable(0) - change is not ignored ipAddressAndUdpPort(1)- ignore both address and port changes ipAddress(2) - ignore address changes only udpPort(3) - ignore port changes only.
Enable/disable inclusion of L2TP PPP Disconnect Cause AVP in CDN packet.
Configure the global L2TP receive window size. A value of 0 indicates the system chooses the RWS. This object may be overwritten by other more specific RWS settings.
Enable/disable generation of L2TP RX speed AVP when RX and TX speeds are equal. Note the RX speed is always generated when the RX and TX speeds differ.
Configure L2TP to reject IP address and/or UDP port changes on incomming SCCRP messages. disable(0) - address change is allowed ipAddressAndUdpPort(1)- reject both address and port changes ipAddress(2) - reject address changes only udpPort(3) - reject port changes only.
Configure the L2TP short drain interval. This interval represents the time a tunnel, that is already draining, will continue to drain upon receiving a start request.
Enable/disable testing of failed destiantion before removing lockout.
Failed destination remains locked out for the specified amount of time.
Configure L2TP failover resync mechanism. disable(0) - Disable failover resync failoverProtocol(1) - Use the L2TP Failover Protocol silentFailover(2) - Use the JUNOSe Silent Failover Mechanism failoverProtocolFallbackToSilentFailover(3) - (Default) Use the L2TP Failover Protocol and fall back to Silent Failover.
Vector of supported L2TP protocol version and revision numbers. Supported versions are identified via a two octet pairing where the first octet indicates the version and the second octet contains the revision.
Vendor name of the L2TP protocol stack.
Firmware revision for the L2TP protocol stack.
Number of destination creations attempted.
Number of destination creation attempts that failed.
Number of destinations having at least one active tunnel.
Number of tunnel creations attempted.
Number of tunnel creation attempts that failed to reach the established state.
Number of tunnel creation attempts that failed authentication.
Number of tunnels currently established.
Number of session creations attempted.
Number of session creation attempts that failed to reach the established state.
Number of sessions currently established.
Number of switched session creations attempted.
Number of switched session creation attempts that failed to reach the established state.
Number of switched sessions currently established.
The value of sysUpTime on the most recent occasion at which any one or more of the system-level status and statistics suffered a discontinuity. If no such discontinuities have occurred since the last re- initialization of the local management subsystem, then this object contains a zero value.
The L2TP destination configuration table. Each entry in this table has a corresponding entry in the Interfaces MIB ifTable, and in juniL2tpDestStatsTable.
Describes the configuration attributes of an L2TP destination.
An implementation may choose not to support administrative configuration of tunnels.
The lockout action to be applied to a destination.
The L2TP destination status table. Each entry in this table has a corresponding entry in the Interfaces MIB ifTable, and in juniL2tpDestConfigTable.
Describes the status attributes of an L2TP destination.
The underlying transport over which this L2TP destination is carried.
The administrative state currently in effect. This could be the configured admin state for this destination, or an overriding admin state exerted from a higher hierarchical level (system).
The L2TP destination statistics table. Describes the aggregate control and payload statistics for all L2TP tunnels configured on each destination. Each entry in this table has a corresponding entry in the Interfaces MIB ifTable, and in juniL2tpDestConfigTable.
Describes the aggregate L2TP control and payload statistics for all L2TP tunnels on an L2TP destination.
Number of control octets received.
Number of control packets received.
Number of control packets incurring reception errors.
Number of control packets discarded after reception.
Number of control octets sent.
Number of control packets sent.
Number of control packets incurring transmission errors.
Number of control packets discarded before transmission.
Number of payload octets received.
Number of payload packets received.
Number of payload packets incurring reception errors.
Number of payload packets discarded after reception.
Number of payload octets sent.
Number of payload packets sent.
Number of payload packets incurring transmission errors.
Number of payload packets discarded before transmission.
The L2TP tunnel configuration table. Each entry in this table has a corresponding entry in the Interfaces MIB ifTable, and in juniL2tpTunnelStatsTable.
Describes the configuration attributes of an L2TP tunnel.
The L2TP tunnel status and statistics table. Each entry in this table has a corresponding entry in the Interfaces MIB ifTable, and in juniL2tpTunnelConfigTable.
An L2TP tunnel interface stats entry.
Same as the value of ifIndex for the corresponding entry in Interfaces MIB ifTable.
The underlying transport over which this L2TP tunnel is carried.
The administrative state currently in effect. This could be the configured admin state for this tunnel, or an overriding admin state exerted from a higher hierarchical level (system, destination).
The current state of the tunnel.
Indicates whether the tunnel was initiated locally, or by the remote tunnel peer.
The host name obtained during the tunnel establishment phase (via the Host Name AVP) of the L2TP peer. If the tunnel is idle, this object should maintain its value from the last time it was connected, or a zero-length string if no name was previously known.
Identifies the vendor name of the peer's L2TP implementation. If the tunnel is idle, this object should maintain its value from the last time it was connected, of a zero-length string if no name was previously known.
The tunnel peer's firmware revision number. If the tunnel is idle, this object should maintain its value from the last time it was connected, or a zero value if no revision was previously known.
The protocol version and revision of the tunnel peer's implementation. The first octet contains the protocol version. The second octet contains the protocol revision.
The Bearer Capabilities of the tunnel peer. If the tunnel is idle this object should maintain its value from the last time it was connected, or 'none' if not previously known.
The Framing Capabilities of the tunnel peer. If the tunnel is idle this object should maintain its value from the last time it was connected, or 'none' if not previously known.
The tunnel peer's receive window size.
Number of control packets on transmit queue.
The next sequence number expected in a received control packet.
The last received sequence number that was acknowledged back to the tunnel peer.
The next sequence number to be sent in a transmitted control packet.
The send sequence number that the tunnel peer has acknowledged. The flow control state can be determined by subtracting the juniL2tpTunnelStatusSendSeq from juniL2tpTunnelStatusSendSeqAck and comparing this value to juniL2tpTunnelStatusSendWindowSize.
The total number of sessions that this tunnel has successfully connected through to its tunnel peer since this tunnel was created, including those that have since terminated.
The number of sessions that were initiated but failed to reach the established phase.
The current number of sessions in the established state.
The last value of the result code as described in the Result Code AVP which caused the tunnel to disconnect.
The last value of the error code as described in the Result Code AVP which caused the tunnel to disconnect.
The last value of the optional message as described in the Result Code AVP which caused the tunnel to disconnect.
The cumulative time in seconds that this tunnel, since first being created, has spent in the established state (which may be punctuated by intervals outside the established state).
The mechanism employed following failover to resynchronize with the L2TP peer.
The L2TP tunnel statistics table. Describes the control and payload statistics for each L2TP tunnel. Each entry in this table has a corresponding entry in the Interfaces MIB ifTable, and in juniL2tpTunnelConfigTable.
Describes the L2TP control and payload statistics for an L2TP tunnel.
Number of Zero Length Body control packet acknowledgement packets that were received.
Number of control packets not received in the correct sequence number order.
Number of control packets received outside the offered receive window.
Number of Zero Length Body control packets sent.
Number of control packet send retransmissions.
Table of TunnelIf/SessionId -> SessionIf mappings.
A mapping of TunnelIf/SessionId to SessionIf.
The ifIndex of a tunnel interface.
A local session ID on the associated tunnel interface.
The ifIndex of the session interface identified by this entry's Tunnel ifIndex and local Session ID pair.
Map L2TP tunnel IDs to tunnel interfaces.
A mapping of L2TP tunnel ID to tunnel interface.
The ifIndex of the tunnel interface having the associated tunnel identifier.
The L2TP session configuration table. Each entry in this table has a corresponding entry in the Interfaces MIB ifTable, and in juniL2tpSessionStatsTable.
Describes the configuration attributes of an L2TP session.
The L2TP session status and statistics table.
An L2TP session interface status and statistics entry.
The ifIndex of an L2TP session interface.
For pass-through PPP sessions (conventional LAC), the ifIndex of an associated local PPP interface through which the remote LAC client was connected. If unknown, this object contains a value of zero. For locally originated PPP sessions (LNS-like), this object has a value of zero. This object is deprecated in favor of juniL2tpSessionStatusLacTunneledIfIndex.
The local session ID for the session.
The remote session ID for the session.
The peer session name on this interface, typically the login name of the remote user. If the user name is unknown this object will contain a zero-length string.
The administrative state currently in effect. This could be the configured admin state for this session, or an overriding admin state exerted from a higher hierarchical level (system, destination, tunnel).
The current state of the session.
The type of call and role this tunnel peer is providing for this session. For example, lacIncoming(1) indicates this tunnel peer is acting as a LAC and generated a Incoming-Call-Request to the tunnel peer (the LNS). Note that tunnel peers can be both LAC and LNS simultaneously.
The serial number assigned to this session.
The last known transmit baud rate for this session.
The last known receive baud rate for this session.
The bearer type of this session.
The framing type of this session.
The physical channel identifier for the session. For pass-through PPP sessions, typically the ifIndex of the access interface lying below the PPP interface identified by juniL2tpSessionStatusLacTunneledIfIndex.
The Dialed Number Information String that the LAC obtained from the network for the session. If no DNIS was provided, a zero-length string will be returned.
The Calling Line ID that the LAC obtained from the network for the session. If no CLID was provided, a zero-length string will be returned.
The SubAddress that the LAC obtained from the network for the session. If no SubAddress was provided, a zero-length string will be returned.
The Private Group Identifier used for this tunneled session. If no Private Group Identifier was provided, a zero-length string will be returned.
Indicates whether proxy LCP was provided for this session.
The proxy authentication method employed by the LAC for the session. If juniL2tpSessionProxyLcp is false(2) this object reports a value of 'none' and should be ignored.
Indicates which tunnel peers have requested payload sequencing.
The next send sequence number.
The next receive sequence number expected.
For pass-through remote client sessions (conventional LAC), the ifIndex of an associated local interface through which the remote LAC client was connected. If unknown, this object contains a value of zero. For locally originated sessions (LNS-like), this object has a value of zero.
The cumulative time in seconds that this session, since first being created, has spent in the established state (which may be punctuated by intervals outside the established state).
The L2TP session statistics table.
An L2TP session interface statistics entry.
The number of packets received out of sequence.
The number of reassembly timeouts that have occurred.
When sequence numbers are enabled, this value represents the estimated number of payload packets lost, based on observed gaps in sequence numbers. This estimate is subject to correction (decrement) upon receipt of out-of-sequence packets that fill previously observed gaps.
The L2TP UDP/IP destination table. Reports the UDP/IP characteristics of a L2TP UDP/IP destination. A L2TP UDP/IP destination is associated with a local router, a local IP address, and with a remote IP address for the L2TP peer. More specific UDP/IP detail per tunnel is reported in the juniL2tpUdpIpTunnelTable.
Describes the UDP/IP attributes of an L2TP destination.
The index of an entry in the juniRouterTable for the local router with which this L2TP destination interface is associated.
This L2TP destination's local IP address.
The IP address of the remote L2TP endpoint.
The L2TP UDP/IP tunnel table. Reports the UDP/IP characteristics of L2TP UDP/IP tunnels. A L2TP UDP/IP tunnel is defined in terms of the local and remote IP addresses and UDP ports.
An L2TP UDP/IP tunnel entry.
The index of an entry in the juniRouterTable for the local router with which this L2TP tunnel interface is associated.
The local IP address for this UDP/IP tunnel.
The local UDP port for this UDP/IP tunnel.
The remote IP address for this UDP/IP tunnel.
The remote UDP port for this UDP/IP tunnel.
The remote receive IP address for this UDP/IP tunnel. This object will differ from juniL2tpUdpIpTunnelRemoteAddress when the tunnel uses separate transmit and receive addresses to the remote peer.
The remote receive UDP port for this UDP/IP tunnel. This object will differ from juniL2tpUdpIpTunnelRemotePort when the tunnel uses separate transmit and receive ports to the remote peer.
Obsolete compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities which implement the L2TP MIB. This statement became obsolete when juniL2tpTunnelStatusCumEstabTime, juniL2tpSessionStatusCumEstabTime and juniL2tpSessionStatPayLostPackets were added, and juniL2tpSessionStatusLacTunneledIfIndex replaced juniL2tpSessionStatusLacPppIfIndex.
Obsolete compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities which implement the L2TP MIB. This statement became obsolete when a new object was added to the configuration group.
Obsolete compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities which implement the L2TP MIB. This statement became obsolete when new objects were added to the configuration group.
Obsolete compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities which implement the L2TP MIB. This statement became obsolete when new objects were added to the status group.
Obsolete compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities which implement the L2TP MIB. This statement became obsolete when new objects were added to the config and status groups.
Obsolete compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities which implement the L2TP MIB. This statement became obsolete when new objects were added to the config and status group.
The compliance statement for SNMPv2 entities which implement the L2TP MIB.
Obsolete collection of objects providing configuration information of the L2TP protocol, tunnels and sessions. This group became obsolete when juniL2tpSysConfigReceiveDataSequencingIgnore was added.
Obsolete collection of objects providing status of the L2TP protocol at the system, destination, tunnel, and session levels. This group became obsolete when new objects were added.
Obsolete collection of objects providing statistics of the L2TP protocol at the destination, tunnel, and session levels. This group became obsolete when new objects were added.
A collection of objects providing mapping associations among L2TP components.
Obsolete collection of objects providing UDP/IP transport information for L2TP components.
Obsolete collection of objects providing status of the L2TP protocol at the system, destination, tunnel, and session levels.
A collection of objects providing statistics of the L2TP protocol at the destination, tunnel, and session levels.
Obsolete collection of objects providing configuration information of the L2TP protocol, tunnels and sessions. This group became obsolete when new objects were added.
Obsolete collection of objects providing configuration information of the L2TP protocol, tunnels and sessions. This group became obsolete when juniL2tpSysConfigDisableCallingNumberAvp was added.
A collection of objects providing configuration information of the L2TP protocol, tunnels and sessions.
A collection of objects providing UDP/IP transport information for L2TP components.
Obsolete collection of objects providing configuration information of the L2TP protocol, tunnels and sessions.
Obsolete collection of objects providing status information of the L2TP protocol, tunnels and sessions.
A collection of objects providing status of the L2TP protocol at the system, destination, tunnel, and session levels. | 2019-04-26T00:12:35Z | http://www.circitor.fr/Mibs/Html/J/Juniper-L2TP-MIB.php |
Day 2: For the second day of the 12 days of Christmas cookies, I’m bringing you the very epitome of a tried and true family favorite recipe – Galettes! My grandmother has been making these cookies year after year for as long as I can remember (along with these Classic Italian Pizzelles!). It doesn’t feel like Christmas until we make these cookies!
As you can see below, you need a galette iron to make these. You make the cookies 2 at a time, which can be quite time consuming, but we always set up a table in the living room, put in a movie, and make an evening out of it.
If you are lucky enough to have a galette iron lying around your house, I would definitely recommend these cookies. And if you don’t have one but want one, they are available on Amazon!
For a dessert that has reached legendary status in Mike’s family, check out this classic Blueberry Pudding Dessert from his grandma!
Cream butter and sugar. Add egg yolks and mix. Add vanilla and mix. Add dry ingredients.
Beat egg whites in separate bowl until stiff. Fold gently into batter and refrigerate for 2 hours or overnight.
Drop by spoonfuls (2 at a time) onto galette maker. Close lid and let cook for approximately 1 minute.
Remove cookies to wire rack and repeat.
These look so good. I have never had them before!
Thanks for your comment on my blog. These cookies look great! These are a kind of cookie I have never tried before, I am eager to give them a go. Have a great day!
Oh I had the them and they were delicious! Any topping in the world goes with these and they are perfect plain too.
wow! I have never seen anyone else make these besides my former MIL. She called them "gullets" (maybe the WV accent had something to do with the different name?) She always made them on a regular waffle iron, making them about 2" rounds. I liked them as soon as they came off the iron, everyone else liked them the next day.
We never have those plain. We make little sandwiches with chocolate filling. I didn't know they're so popular worldwide.
My mom bought a waffle iron not too long ago and has been trying to find an old family waffle recipe that seems to have fallen off the face of the planet.
So I showed her this one, she can't wait to try them and see if they are just like her aunt used to make. I can't wait either because those were apparently some pretty darn good waffles.
Thanks for the recipe can't wait to get home from university to make them!
defythewind – adding a chocolate filling to these sounds amazing!
My family makes them every year at Christmas. We always look forward to gettig a big bag of grandma's Galettes! They are perfect tea or coffee time snacks as well.
I actually have an iron that you use on the stove that makes them one at a time!!! Talk about time consuming!!! I'm looking forward to buying the electric waffle iron. My question for you is, how does this iron differ from a pizzelle iron? or does it?
Brenda – Thanks so much for your comment! I love finding other people who know about these cookies 🙂 And I can't imagine making 1 at a time – 2 at a time is time consuming enough!
To answer your question, this iron is different than a pizzelle iron. The pizzelle iron makes thin, crispy cookies, and this iron must be deeper because it makes thicker soft cookies. I hope it works out well for you!
I love these cookies. My family makes them as well. Our recipe is slightly different – we use brown sugar along with the regular sugar. Here is our recipe: http://cucina.grandinetti.org/recipes/desserts/cookies/gallettes. Looking forward to trying your recipe.
Here’s another Cheryl ringing in about gullets (or gallettes – oh so many spellings! and the spelling got so Americanized after our grandmothers came to the US). I just made my first “batch” of the season – actually they are for a friend’s daughter’s wedding cookie table, not for the holidays. I wrote a little memoire about my family’s history of making these cookies and about what it means to have the memories of making them with my aunt and mom. If you are still interested in this post, I can send the story to you – you might enjoy reading it – it’s about passing the iron on down the generations.
I have been looking for this recipe! I can’t wait to try yours. One of my very favorite cookies!
I remember these cookies that my grandmother used to make and when I saw the picture of them it even brought back fonder memories….. how I miss them…. hopefully I can make some this Christmas… Thanks so very much for more information on them… although I have my mothers recipe (from my grandmother) I didn’t realize that you refrigerated them before cooking them… I do remember that I tried to use margarine instead of real butter and it just didn’t work at all…..
My grandparents came from Belgium in the early 1900’s and my mother was born here in the USA. When my grandmother came here she also brought with her galette irons from her home country. There were about 4 cast iron ones that went to my 3 aunts and mother. Today my brother has 2 and I have 2. We also found one made of aluminum at a store in Uniontown, PA and my aunts bought me one of those and it works great. I also found some on line about 18 years ago and have not been able to locate any since. My family has made these for years at Christmas and of course family weddings and its something I look forward to every year. My mother is now gone and so are my aunts but my family carries on the tradition. Our receipe is someone different than this as it may be due to the different parts of Belgium where people came from.
Growing up in the 50’s / 60’s in SW Pa, I remember helping make these in irons on a gas stove at Christmas and for family weddings. Recently cleaned out my 89 year old mothers home (she moved to a PC), found the irons and reminissed. I plan on making them soon to your recipe that seems similar or mom’s if I can find it.
I’m so glad I ran across your blog post. I can’t find my grandmother’s recipe and I was looking for a similar one. Your’s seems to be almost identical to what I remember. I also make these on a regular waffle iron but my grandmother made them w/ the iron in the fireplace. They bring back such good memories.
These are also a family tradition that my great grandmother made. She learned from her Belgian grandmother and mother. I only attempted them a year or two ago and only have my electric waffle iron to make them in but they still turned out a lot like I remember them. Our family recipe is very simple and has brown sugar instead of white, and whole eggs instead of separated. There is no leavening agent and they call for cinnamon to taste instead of vanilla. My uncle has my great grandmother’s iron that the family must have brought with them. Maybe someday I will get to try them on that! So glad to find others who know of these special cookies; before the internet, I never knew anyone else who made them. Anyway, I am leaving this comment since others who have Belgian heritage seem to be interested in the Galettes. My other passion is genealogy; if you are of Belgian heritage and have the name Lechien in your family or if your Belgian glass worker immigrant ancestors moved to Anderson, Indiana, please message me! I’d love to hear from you. [email protected] Joyeux Noel!
Thanks so much for this comment – I love hearing about everyone’s family traditions with this recipe!
Megan, I have searched for Waffle Cookies before and never found anything, so imagine my surprise when your site pops up picturing my cookies! The recipe is little different, and the waffle iron I use is cast iron and used on the stove top. It came from my Italian grandmother – at one time there was a ring that fit around the burner and you could flip the iron on that. Alas, it was lost many years ago, so I have to pick it up and turn it over cooking the cookie one side at a time. I get a workout as well as a treat! And here I thought I was the only one making them.
How fun that you found my post on these wonderful cookies! I just leave reading all the memories from other people who make them. Like you, I thought we were the only ones who ever still made them. 🙂 Now the question is, my Italian grandmother had a similar recipe, your Italian grandmother had this recipe – but it’s not Italian, is it??
Where can I find the iron you use to make these cookies. My family has made them for years and years but the iron we use is hand held and must be baked over a gas flame. The square holes on them are smaller then the tradional waffle iron. I would live to purchase an electric one. Please let me know! Thank you!!
I have these every year. This was also a Christmas tradition in my house as well. We would be up all late cooking them on the stove, since ours was the iron one. I hated these cookies as a kid by now have grown to love them and it is not the holidays if you do not have cookies.
Im Hungarian and my grandmother used to make these with an on the stove top cookie iron…..I wojld like to know where I can purchase one….
My grandfather, Ferdinand Ducouer, was from Belgium and came to America in 1917 with this recipe in tow. As children, whenever we would visit my grandparents they would have these cookies waiting for us. They are the best! Thank you for sharing the recipe with the world.
I love comments like this – thanks so much for sharing!
It is interesting that so many of us who grew up with these wonderful treats are from SW PA or WV. We made them one at a time on the stove at Christmas in my grandmother’s kitchen. We used brown sugar and vanilla and also put them in the refrigerator before making them. We rolled them into “bullets” before making them.
I love comments like this! How fun that these cookies have so many memories for so many different people. My grandmother was Italian as well, and settled in Southwestern PA, near Pittsburgh. I grew up eating these, but have never seen anyone else make them. Thanks for commenting – I hope your dad loves them!
We would call these thicker ones “wooflette” and thinner ones galettes. The thinner ones are a stiffer dough and you roll it before pressing. Both pekoe citric galette irons and wooflette iron are available now from a company based out of West Newton PA. I also have old stove top ones. My great grandmother came from Charleroi Belguim to Charleroi Pennsylvania. My sister, cousin and aunt make these each year. I just eat there’s. Haven’t made them in years since my sister took over!
How fun! I love reading everyone’s memories of these cookies. Thanks for commenting!
My family has always enjoyed galettes during the holiday season. My grandfather worked for many years in north-central West Virginia as a pastry chef and candy maker. There is a large Italian immigrant community in the area, though my family is of British and Welsh heritage. My grandfather adopted and adapted the best of the local culinary traditions. My sister and I made these cookies this year, using my Palmer iron. She has the heirloom iron plates that sit atop stove burners, but those are seriously labor-intensive!
My family also looks forward to these every year for Christmas! Since they are difficult to stir and are so time consuming my grandmother only makes them for our large family once a year! My grandmother remembers her father (who was full Belgian) doing one at a time over the fire. I’m so excited and amazed at how many others enjoy this! Neat family history!!!
My mother, my aunt, and my neighbor made these every year. They eached modified their receipe to make it their own and would try them out on us to see who made the best. The best was always the one I was currently eating. They all have passed but before they did, they “secretly” gave me their receipes and their irons. I now make them for my family. I like to think that they are here with us during the holidays. 69 year old tradition.
I found your blog because my Italian grandmother made them and I’ve always wondered why we called them French Cookies and if they are an Italian recipe. I found another recipe online from Southeast Kansas where my grandma grew up which is also known for its large Italian population. Our family made the first batch since my grandma’s death four years ago and they are already gone. We plan to make more around Christmas when we are back together again. We also make a cookie called turdellis which is a wine dough rolled on a washboard, fried, and dipped in honey, and sprinkled with sugar but I’ve never met anyone else who has ever had them.
I always wondered why my Italian grandmother made “French” waffle cookies too! 🙂 Thanks for your comment, I love reading everyone’s memories with these cookies.
A dear, sweet friend, who came from France as a baby 100 years or so ago, would make these on a non-electric iron over her fire! Such patience! And then she shared them with our family and others! She is long gone now, but I could never forget opening that Christmas tin each year and smelling the aroma of butter inside! I make pizzelles regularly, and these are not the same at all. I am delighted to find this recipe and will try them on my regular waffle iron and share them in her memory. Thank you for this recipe!
Couldn’t find my recipe this morning, but this one is close — without the baking powder. Mine are therefore thinner and crisp after cooling. My recipe is probably over 100 years old, starts with 2 lb butter, 12 eggs, etc. Thanks for relieving my anxiety I can now celebrate Christmas.
My father is of Belgian descent and these are a family tradition. I am enjoying one as I type this. My great aunt made the “full recipe” (2 lbs butter, 12 eggs, etc.). Wonder how big the mixing bowl was… LOL! Some in family like these soft and doughy while other prefer the rock-hard, break-a-tooth type. We also make pizzelles… and protect them with our lives as they are very delicate and any slight movement of the storage container will result in pizzelle crumbs.
BTW, I am from northern WV near the southwestern PA border.
We have made these cookies for Christmas my entire life, but I would like to know the tradition behind it… there was something floating around about neighbors went door to door with these cookies to dip in wine and toast to the new year. I have not been able to confirm this however. Any help in finding the origin and tradition surrounding this cookie would be greatly appreciated.
So my family spells it “gauflette”. No baking powder and slways done on a regular waffle iron. At least in my memory. The recipe I have is from my father’s french grandmother who immigrated to West Virginia. And here I thought it was a secret family recipe!
I’ve loved reading the comments and the original post. My grandfather’s family is also from the Charleroi area of Belgium and came to Western PA (California, PA). I inherited his long handled irons and recipe (like Anissa’s, it was a full recipe — I ended up having to use a spaghetti pot as my mixing bowl the only time I made a full batch!). If you are looking for electronic irons to make galettes, you can find them from C. Palmer in West Newton PA (http://www.cpalmermfg.com/) You’ll find them under Belgian Cookie Irons. I’ve had mine for several years and it comes out every Christmas to make these cookies. I’ve never refrigerated my dough before, but will try that this year.
I love these cookies. My great grandmother from Belgium use to make these for New Years. Then my nanny made them for New Years however, no one has the recipe. I remember my nanny use to put whisky in hers, does anyone do this?
BTW, love the story sharing and I’m from PA.
My family has always gotten our electric ones at a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania. Unfortunately I can’t remember the name of the company (sorry). My grandmother in Pennsylvania always made them and my mom and I have carried on the tradition. The photos of the cookies and the iron look just like ours! My mom has two irons and has them both going at the same time–makes for much faster cookie making! I thought we were the only ones who made these!! How fun to discover all you fellow galette makers with a history like mine!
I also live in W. PA. I remember eating these as a kid when I went to Italian affairs with my Aunt Lena. About 30 yrs. ago, my Italian landlady made these for her daughter’s graduation party and it brought back many memories of the fun parties with good food, music, and dancing with my aunt.
I have since gotten the recipe from my brother’s girlfriend, who is Italian.
I’ve been married for 56 years I had my mother pizzella iron that one side was a pipizzella two maker and you remove the double plate turn it over and it was a wFgle iron iim scilian ,I call them wafflets using my pizzella recipe but adding several tablespoons of baking powder and 1/2 teaspoon salt whivh is not in my pizzella recipe.then I make chocolate, anise ,vanilla almond my recipe makes several dozen .I do put the soft dough in icebox overnight .
I’ve been married for 56 years I had my mother pizzella iron that one side was a pizella iron and you remove the double plate turn it over and it was a waffle iron. Iim scilian ,I call them waffeletts using my pizzella recipe but adding several tablespoons of baking powder and 1/2 teaspoon salt which is not used in my pizzella recipe.then I make chocolate, anise ,vanilla almond we sometimes use powder sugar or dip one end in chocolate icing but I like them plain,light brown and soft .my recipe makes several dozen .I do put the soft dough in icebox overnight .
My family loves Galettes so much that I make them all year long. I have my great great Grandma’s recipe, she was from France. We grew up eating Galettes all the time. Our elderly neighbor made them one at a time on her Galette iron, holding it over the flame of her gas stove. We lived in North Central WV, Clarksburg. I just made dozens for my sister’s wedding. Can’t imagine life without them!
My Mom made these at Christmas time. Where could someone purchase a Gallete iron? Do Belgian Waffle Makers make these same cookies or do you need a Gallete iron?
So great to see other people have made these cookiess! I thought my family was the only one. I grew up eating them. My mother made them every Christmas one at a time using an iron over the stove. We called them French cookies. Our family looked forward to them. It wasn’t Christmas without them. My great-grandmother who came from Belgium made them, as well as my grandmother and mother. My aunt still makes them occasionally. We’re from NW Ohio. I miss seeing my mother at the stove making them and eating them warm. Such a special memory. Thanks for posting this recipe. I’m going to try it this year. I have my mother’s recipe card, but she left out some details, so your recipe will help. Merry Christmas!
My French grandmother made these and passed the recipe on to my mom. We have them every Christmas. Now that my mother has passed away I will carry on the tradition.
Only thing is our recipe is a little different that we add brown sugar and a shot of whiskey.
Tip- use a cookie baller to get uniform sizes!
These have been a family Christmas tradition in my family forever. However what we call gallettes are much thinner and generally slightly crispier. The cookies you have pictured here we have always called goflettes. I have Irons for each, made from a molds that my grandfather kept. Gallette and goflette making day is always a fun one in my house.
This site is so much fun; my family is from W.Va and we made the galettes too; I have mother’s iron which is a heavy aluminum that goes on a burner and you make one at a time. I have an iron also that is a newer model but is used the same way. A Belgian waffle iron might not work quite the same way but I have wondered about that or an electric maker as well. This year I will use what I have and am looking forward to the treat. We only make them at Christmas. Have a good holiday!!! Thanks for all the sharing.
Hi All! I’ve just turned 70! My great-grandmother was from Liege, Belgium. She made two types of cookies/pastries. The first that us kids loved we called Galettes. These are the the thin, crisp wafers cookies. The other, softer pastry we called a Gaufrette. These very closely resemble the Liege Waffle that is sold on the streets in Liege. The Gaufrette was what the Belgian ladies would eat with coffee as they sat around the table telling dirty stories in French. My great-grandmother and my great-aunt used slightly different recipies none of which have been passed down to me so I use the trial and error method of picking up recipies off the internet. So every year my galettes are a little different. I am fortunate to have both style cast iron waffle irons. Neither my grand-mother or great-aunt used the Pearl Sugar in the Liege recipe but this could possibly be because it was not available in the US. We traditionally make Galettes at Christmas time because they are so labor intensive. The Gaufrettes are made as a special treat when I can find Pearl Sugar and when the mood hits.
Another WV gal here whose grandfather was born in Charleroi, Belgium but who settled in the South Charleston, WV area as glass makers. My mother still has one of my grandfather’s irons and we make these cookies every Christmas. I have always been told they are a New Year’s cookie. I just ordered an electric Croquade waffle iron from Belgium that has a special plate for gaulettes available – found it on Amazon. It’s supposed to come tomorrow – can’t wait to try it! Happy New Year’s everyone!
I’m in the process of making them now….My mom was from Belgium and always made them for the new year….Now it’s my tradition….I still use her old gaufrettes iron, so it feels like she’s helping me along.
These are my favorite Christmas Cookies, my mother and godmother made them every year. They used a Belgi cast-iron waffle maker to make these cookies. One would hold the iron over the open gas flame on the stove while the other dropped the batter. Brings back so many memories. My mother passed away back in 2011 and my godmother is not in good health.
My great grandmother is from France and she made these all the time, now they have been passed down in the family. Amazing cookie!
We make them too!! Have cast iron waffle irons brought over from Belgium.
My husband likes the more dense firm cookie. What is the recipe for that type, what is the difference in the recipes for the soft and the dense firm cookies ?
I live in Florida now, but originally from Washington, PA.
I have both electric pizelle and galette irons. I have made pizzelles, but not the galettes yet because I wasn’t sure of the recipe.
Years later I found your post…and am hoping you are still reading comments. I’ve been making these galettes for years, a family tradition. I have an original iron, very heavy used over an open flame. I tried some of the Palmers electric irons and they just didn’t do the trick as they were not deep enough. Now I see they have a non stick iron! I may try to sell the others and buy this one. Please let me know your family origins and history!
Hello, I’m so glad you found this post! I love hearing everyone’s memories of these cookies. I have only ever used my grandmother’s galette iron, so I’m not sure about the non-stick one. My grandmother’s family was Italian, but lived in Western PA. These seem to be common in that area!
When I got married 51 years ago, my husband’s grandmother, who was French, made these. My love for the “French Cookies” lasted much longer than my marriage. My ex’s mother and grandmother are both gone now. I want to get the iron and make some for my son for Christmas. I know it’s been a long time since he’s had any.
We call them French Cakes. My mom started making these soon as she could cook. My grandparents had an older neighbor that gave Grandma the recipe when she first married back in the late ’30’s. We loved them as children, & my daughter loves making them with me now. We just use traditional (none Belgium) waffle maker. I only have one other person I know, outside of my family, who grew up with these cookies.
I too am from western pa. My mom made these every year. It was her mother’s recipe. We called them Belgian waffles. I’ve seen the electric irons in specialty Italian stores in Pittsburgh. I bought my from Palmer manufacturing years ago. They also made pizzelle irons.
Our recipe is 1 lb butter, 1 box light brown sugar, 1 c sugar, 1 tsp cinnamon, 1 tsp nutmeg, pinch of salt, 1 oz vanilla, 1 oz whiskey, 6 eggs and 5.5 cups of flour. I just finished making them to take to work. They are always a hit.
Yes, I believe we have the Palmer irons for these and for pizzelles. Love these cookies!
Excited to find this. I too am from western Pa. – my Italian mother made these for years, some with maple syrup for a maple flavoring- her own variation-which were delicious. I found her recipe for “Belgen wolf” which made me laugh and cry at the same time. I used a friends recipe but they did not come out soft like my moms did. They are very good, but a little crisper. Does your recipe produce a softer cookie??
Cheryl, I was also handed down the Belgium waffle iron that my Mother always used. I can close my eyes and listen to the click & clack of her flipping over the iron on our gas stove. I have 5 granddaughters so not sure which one of them will carry on the tradition. I use almond extract exclusively , otherwise , my recipe is close to the one on this page.
I make them with an electric galette iron. You don’t really need to separate the eggs either.
Good to know, I’ve never tried it without separating the eggs.
I can’t tell you how wonderful it is to see so many people from southwestern PA (my family came from Point Marion) who still make these! I grew up with my grandmother making them for us one at a time over an open flame. Yes, as someone said above, it’s time consuming…but after trying an electric maker of my own, there really is a difference in how they turn out. The electric version seems to be much drier, and we like ours to be dense but moister (not wet of course).
Our recipe also calls for 4 Roses Whiskey, so for a few years after the distillery left Baltimore and the flavor changed, he refused to eat the galettes because the difference upset him so much. He claimed his aunt learned from the Belgian glass blowers how to make them (in our family they’re also knows as New Year’s Cakes) and that hers were the best. I’ve had the galettes from her daughters and the consistency is much more crispy, and more like a pizzelle!
Anyway, I made them again myself this year after a hiatus and they were much drier (despite the cast iron, one-at-a-time method). So I might be getting ready to update the family recipe!
I’ve truly loved reading these comments about “galettes.” Our family legend is that my great-grandmother, who was born in Belgium, emigrated to Point Marion, PA, in the late 1800’s. She brought her galette recipe with her and my family loved eating these treats at Christmas every year. My grandmother inherited her galette irons and the recipe, but when she passed away 20 years ago, nobody could find the irons. I’ve tried a couple of different irons, but the consistency was not the same as those soft, rather dense, delicious treats she made with her hand-held irons that she heated on a stove top. I’m going to order the suggested iron from Amazon and try again! My brother and I used to fight over the last few galettes that were in the package our grandmother brought us…such wonderful memories!
These are one of the Christmas cookies of my childhood. My neighbor would make them, then finally shared the recipe with my mom. My mom would make the batter then my dad would use the galette iron on the stove making one delicious cookie after another. My neighbor’s recipe, handed down from her French mother-in-law, used brown sugar rather than white. The galette iron was borrowed around the neighborhood as we all made these wonderful cookies.
Started in 1955. Have made over 200 dozen a year.Got iron and receipe from an old Belguim who was a part of the window glass industry in Vincennes,Indiana..Don’t like the electric irons.Use an aluminum hand iron on top of stove.Does any one know where you can purchase the old irons made from aluminum?
Unfortunately I’m not sure, but I hope someone stops by who can help you out!
My mother’s family has made these for decades. I was beginning to think they were unique to our family though. Mom always called them gaufrettes. When I looked that up on Google, the cookies were all wafer thin. Your recipe is similar to my the one my family uses, but we add a half teaspoon of almond extract as well.
My aunt found a metalworker who was willing to cast several new irons from the original she had. They were given as gifts to her children and nieces to continue the tradition. Though the original iron was cast iron, the replicas were made with aluminum. They seem to do the job just fine though. I believe whoever made the replicas was in Muncie. I hope this helps.
We’ve been making these as long as I’ve been alive which is over 50 years. We have an old family recipe and seems to look similar in the end result but best if in the process you refrigerate overnight. 2 hours just dont cut it. I was taught to roll them into little logs about the circumference of a nickel and the length of 3 inches. They flatten out just right in the iron. Yes, you have to use a waffle iron not a waffle maker. There is a difference in the size of the waffle pattern and effects how they cook.
You also refer to them as a French cookie when I was taught they were a Belgian Waffle Cookie which in semantics the Gullet Cookie or Gulfret is really a French Belgian cookie.
Anyways, many in my family have tried to make them but my mother is the only one who gets them right every year.
Hi Megan, I stumbled across this site back in 1972 but forgot to bookmark it. I commented back then about my iron coming from my Italian grandmother, but didn’t mention the family was from Pennsylvania as well, east of Pittsburgh in the town of Jeanette. Our recipe is called a French Waffle Cookie. I’ve enjoyed reading all the family stories from the past few years and find it so interesting that a French Waffle cookie was made by so many Italian grandmas using a Belgium cookie iron!
Refrigerating the dough isn’t part of my recipe and was wondering how the cookie differs when the dough is refrigerated.
How long can store them ? And how to store them !
My family also came from Charleroi. I have the cast galette iron they brought with them. I add frangelico to the recipe. yum!
I’m looking forward to making these. My husband’s French-Italian grandmother made batches for these for all the grandkids at Christmas. She called them “goffs,” so I have never, ever been able to find any recipe for them. But seeing that some families here call them “gauflettes” means that she may have shortened the name. She made them on a regular waffle iron and I think had some almond extract in them as one other commenter mentioned. Now that I have a waffle iron for the first time in my life, I’ll try these over Christmas. Thanks for publishing this, and for all the lovely people who have commented about their family recipes and names. I feel sure these are the “goffs” I’ve been looking for.
I’ve always kept them in tupperware or a cookie tin. Storing them for any length of time has never been an issue, but probably a week.
I’m blissfully happy that I’ve stumbled onto your blog!! My paternal grandfather always made what we called “goflats”. Never could find an iron of my own since the spelling was so off. My uncle has the iron and sends all the family cookies at Christmas.
Never knew about refrigerating before cooking. Now I need to get my hands on the old cast stovetop iron!
Yum, the cinnamon sounds like a good addition!
I love how these cookies go by so many similar names! And the cinnamon sounds like a good addition!
Hi Megan. Thank you for this delicious recipe. Where can I find the iron maker? I used a waffle maker and they were awful. Thank you and have a blessed New Year.
I grew up eating these at Christmas. I love them. I made them at Christmas and took to work. No one there had ever had them or heard of them. But they loved them.
My family had enjoyed these cookies since before my mother was born. We call them French Cakes. We had 2 waffle irons that have been handed down through many generations. We hunted for them in my mother’s things after the movef to addisted living and they were not in her house. Im currently looking for one to buy because my daughter eants to carry on this tradition. Like I’ve seen in many comments, Christmas morning didn’t get under way until everyone had their French Cakes. | 2019-04-25T10:31:38Z | http://www.whatmegansmaking.com/2009/12/galettes-french-waffles.html |
Come on out to the Shenandoah Speedway to see the final event of the weekend!
For more information, contact Chris Gould by phone at (202) 365-0186 or email at [email protected].
Individual riders racing against the clock and traffic control on Valleyburg from Brookstone to Lake Arrowhead; Valleyburg from Lake Arrowhead to Ida Road; and Ida Road from Valleyburg to Brookstone.
Racers will two waves of 3 mass-start races beginning at Hawksbill Park and finishing on Balkamore Hill Road.
Description: Join us for Cemetery Strolls! Join friends, May through October on the second Sunday of the month, for a walking tour inside the historic Green Hill Cemetery and hear haunting stories of days gone by and citizens resting here.
Description: Please come to the Decoration Day Reception at Green Hill Cemetery to see the ongoing restoration efforts, thank you donors, and hear stories about a few of the veterans of five wars buried here. Refreshments will be served. Bring a lawn chair!
Description: The Page Valley Flea Market & Sunrise Flowers and Primitives “Kick Off to Spring” on April 20th and 21st from 8:00 AM-5:00 PM. The Flea Market Special Events include: outside yard sale day with vendors selling everything imaginable. Regular inside vendors are offering special $1.00 table items. Sunrise Flowers & Primitive Spring Speicals include farm house spring planters, spring wreaths, farm house decor, hanging baskets, spring bedding plants, star valley candles. Food provided by The Pierced Pig.
Description: This annual event is a celebration for friends and family with great food. Come dressed in your Sunday best and dive into french toast, sausage gravy, omelets, roast beef, lamb, ham, seafood paella, and so much more!
Description: Celebrate the reason for the season with Mt. Carmel. Come for the service before the Christmas holiday!
Description: Celebrate the reason for the season with Mt. Carmel. Come enjoy beautiful music, including some of your holiday favorites!
Description: Shop Local, Shop Late in Downtown Luray!
Our shops are staying open late so you can finish your shopping list right here in Luray!
Description: Grab a chair, a blanket, and the kiddos and make your way downtown in Luray. Find a spot along Main Street to enjoy the parade and get ready for lots of candy and holiday spirit! An annual event, this is a great way to bring in the season with the locals.
Description: Grab a chair, a blanket, and the kiddos and make your way downtown in Stanley. Find a spot along Main Street to enjoy the parade and get ready for lots of candy and holiday spirit! An annual event, this is a great way to bring in the season with the locals. Stay tuned for the theme and more details on the 4th Annual Christmas in Stanley.
Description: Hot cocoa, kids activities, Santa's workshop, Christmas cookies, and so much more! Come early to see Santa arrive by firetruck and then tell him what you want for Christmas and have your portrait taken. Additional details to follow.
Description: Tree Lighting Festivities for the Town of Luray with the Luray Downtown Initiative.
Description: A national movement was started by American Express and is a great way to wrap up Thanksgiving and to kick off Christmas shopping on a local level.
The program was formed as part of a collaborative effort between the Chamber, county, towns, and several of the local retailers to encourage the public to shop local first! Each partner helped man a Welcome Station arranged in each of the towns for participants to pick up a passport to be signed at at least four retailers to enter them to win a gift card donated by a local business. Welcome Centers and participating businesses had free swag for our Small Business Saturday shoppers to rock around town and to help them transport all of their parcels.
Description: County your blessings with Mt. Carmel. Bring the family to celebrate and be thankful together.
Description: Celebrate the men and women who have served our country with Mt. Carmel.
Description: Make plans to join PCPS and PACA for our annual Turkey Trot 5K and 1K on the Greenway. This event will kick off with our 1K at 9:30 a.m. and our 5K event at 10:00 a.m. Awards will be given after each respective race. Both events will be chip timed!
Sponsored by Page Alliance for Community Action and Page County Public Schools.
Description: Join the Town of Stanley to celebrate the veterans in the community and thank them for their service and dedication to the community and country.
Description: Celebrate our veterans with Mt. Carmel. Give thanks for the men and women who have served and protected our country.
Description: Join us for Halloween in Downtown Luray! Trick or Treat with all the merchants on Main Street, enjoy a hay ride, compete in the costume contest, and walk through the haunted house. Get dressed up and bring the whole family to Downtown Luray!
Description: Red Ribbon Week is the nation's oldest and largest drug prevention program, reaching millions of Americans during the last week of October every year. Red Ribbon Week is celebrated annually in October!
Hosted by Page Alliance for Community Action and the Town of Stanley, this event is for high schoolers. The event gives youth a drug-free way to hang out and party safely.
Description: Join Page Paws for a fundraiser supporting their efforts with some locally-grown wine.
Description: We're having our 11th Annual MCCA Car & Truck Show. We'll have lots of unique cars, delicious food, a silent auction, door prizes, and more! We hope you'll join us to celebrate our 11th anniversary as we seek to support our school and glorify our King!
This 13.1 mile run will start and end in downtown Luray, Virginia. The course, designed by local runners for runners, promises to deliver a landscape in favor of both the beginner and experienced runner. The course features a fully paved surface from start to finish (no grass, no gravel, no off road) with rolling hills and a fast final six miles to the finish. It will include individual and two options for the relay division- a four-person or two-person relay team. The four-person relay team will average a 5K distance, while the two-person relay team will average about 10K distance. There will be an after-party immediately following at Hawksbill Brewery, conveniently located at the race finish. The Luray area will deliver a great weekend getaway with its small-town charm, incredible views of the Shenandoah mountains, fun dining experiences, a local brewery and wine shop, and great activities for the entire family to enjoy.
Description: Summer is coming to a close, so gather the family and celebrate with one last hurrah at the Stanley Park and Pool! The pool will be open late. Stay tuned for additional details.
Description: Today is the last day to soak up the sun on Lake Arrowhead Beach. It closes for the 2019 season today.
Description: The annual Page Valley Agricultural & Industrial Fair will return from August 18th-24th on the Page Valley Fairgrounds in Luray, VA. Stay tuned for 4-H FFA Showing, live music, grandstand events, and ride information. Details to come.
Description: Parents, bring the kids out for a break. Kids, take some time away from your parents. National Night Out is a late night pool party for school-aged kids. Stay tuned for additional details.
Description: Bring the kids out for this annual walk around Inn Lawn Park. Join the community in celebrating the 4th of July in all your splendor (feel free to dress up and decorate strollers and bikes)!
Description: Watch a movie under the stars! This moving summer movie night has a different venue and movie each month of summer! The event is free and open to the public. Enjoy a free thing of popcorn and a drink and come early for the Resource Fair from 7:00-9:00 PM to meet our amazing sponsors and community members. Kids activities will be held during the resource fair and the movie will begin at sunset. Concessions will be for sale, so consider coming for dinner or dessert and supporting a local business/food truck.
Description: Celebrate dad and everything he does for you, your family, and friends with Mt. Carmel.
Description: Swim Fest Luray is a Swim Competition that offers three race distances. Modeled after the popular Swim Fest Fort Ritchie this swim competition features a fun and competitive open water swimming opportunity. You can combine distances as they will not overlap. You will be eligible for podium awards for each race you enter. Combining all three races will total 4,500 meters (2.8 miles). For those training for a Half Ironman, you can enter the 2,250 which is 1.4 miles. For those training for a Full Ironman you can enter the 1,500 and 2,250 for 2.33 miles or all three for 2.8 miles.
Description: Honoring the men and women who lost their lives protecting our country, Mt. Carmel's special service with thanks, appreciate, and celebrate these people from our community.
Description: Welcome summer and summer break! The Hawksbill Recreation Park is a twenty-eight acre park featuring a community center, large swimming pool, concession area, picnic shelters, sand volleyball courts, hiking trail and more!
Description: Lake Arrowhead Beach is now open daily! Enjoy summer break in the water and on the beach until September 2nd.
Description: Lake Arrowhead Beach opens with weekends only until June 2nd. Saurdays from 11:00 AM-6:00 PM and Sundays from Noon-6:00 PM.
Description: Celebrate mom and everything she does for you, your family, and friends with Mt. Carmel.
Description: The Page County Democratic Committee meets the first Thursday of every month at Mamma Mia’s in Shenandoah. Come for dinner and socializing at 6:00 PM. Business meeting starts at 7:00 PM.
Description: The Luray Singing Tower holds a busy recital season that is played primarily by the staff carillonneur, but also features guest musicians as well as community services at the base of the tower.
All recitals are free and feature Patriotic, Folk, Hymn Melodies, Classical Music, Original Compositions for the Carillon, and popular melodies. A closed circuit TV is located at the base of the tower so audiences can watch the carillonneur play. Tours of the tower follow each recital, and for those able to climb 108 steps, the upper floor of the tower, which houses the keyboard, a separate tour is available for the cost of $5 per person.
652-8773 to reserve a seat!
Description: 40th Anniversary Celebration of Dukes of Hazzard.
Description: Stop by Downtown Studios Unlimited in Luray to register for these classes! Swing by the studio in-person to register, pay, and get ready to learn!
Learn the holds, rhythms, and footwork for Ballroom, Latin, and Swing. Whether you are single or join with a partner, all are welcome. Featuring instructor: Jody Schein.
Description: Save the date for the 53rd Annual Stanley Homecoming! Bring the whole family for activities including carnival rides, live music every night, the annual Homecoming Pageant, food, and more. On Saturday, come early for the huge Homecoming Parade and stay late for the fireworks. Additional details to follow.
Description: Triple Crown BBQ is opening for the 2019 season! Get ready to enjoy some mouth-watering BBQ right from the smoker!
Description: Trackside veterans Rachel Aleshire and Nia Rivere will be directing two one-act plays for ages 13 to 22 with performances June 21 to 23.
This performance will only require a small time commitment, so if you don't have much time, this is the show for you! Come by and try on your acting chops!
Description: Enjoy the music of Dean Martin & Bobby Darin at the Mimslyn Inn. Event includes cocktails, dinner, and a show! Make your reservation today.
Description: Hi everyone! You are invited to join us for a Community Easter Egg Hunt on Saturday, April 20th 12 pm. Children ages 0-12 will be able to find Easter Eggs in Big Gem Park. Pizza and drinks will be provided after the Hunt!
Description: Sponsored by the Page County Sheriff's Office, bring the kids, 12 and under, to the Ralph Dean Park in Luray for a fun and friendly Easter Egg Hunt. See registration form below.
Do your holiday shopping and purchase unique gifts created by artisans, visual artists, book authors, and more. This event will feature many of the artisans whose wonderful works were on display at the 2019 Festival of the Arts.
Description: Christmas tree lighting, caroling, visits with Santa, hot chocolate, marshmallow roasting all for free – sponsored by the Town of Shenandoah and the Shenandoah Indians. Contact Town Hall at 652-8164 for more information.
Description: Call Nancy at 652-3354 for tickets or menus. The proceeds will support Shenandoah Heritage Association for the upkeep of Stevens Cottage. Contact Nancy Karnes at 742-1141 for more information.
Description: Come thank a Veteran at the Town of Shenandoah’s 7th Annual Veterans Service. For more information, contact Mayor Lucas at 652-6027.
Description: A full Thanksgiving Meal is served. Tickets are available at Shenandoah Town Hall and Shenandoah General Store or by calling Nancy Karnes at 540-742-1141. Brought to you by the Shenandoah Heritage Association.
Description: Come meet and greet with the local artists showcasing their work in this year's “Recycle” art show. The show kicks off at the reception and runs for the entire month of October.
Description: Support our local food pantry and thrift store for all they do for the community at this year's Gala event! Stay tuned for more details.
Contact: For more information, contact Chris Gould by phone at 202-365-0186 or email at [email protected].
Sign up at the Historic Stevens Cottage, 201 Maryland Avenue, Shenandoah, VA. For more information, contact Chris Gould by phone at (202) 365-0186 or by email at [email protected].
We are the Combat Veterans Motorcycle Association Northern Virginia Chapter 27-2. We're the lead for the 9th Annual 2019 Bull Run III, a benefit motorcycle ride that we as a 501(c)19 non-profit raise funds of which 100% directly benefit the Virginia Veterans and Family Support under the Virginia Department of Veterans Affairs. Our efforts concentrate on fighting Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Traumatic Brain Injury both of which continue to negatively affect our treasured Veterans. PTSD and TBI are ongoing battles and Bull Run III is Chapter 27-2's premier benefit event supporting that fight. We anticipate 400 motorcycles and we'll ride Bull Run III Saturday 20 July 2019 rain or shine.
Law Enforcement support-We thank you for your help and assistance with traffic control and public safety, our shared concerns. The start point for our ride is Old Dominion Harley Davidson, 5224 Jefferson Davis Hwy, Fredericksburg, VA 22408. We'll begin the ride promptly at 1100. Our end point is the VFW Post 8613 in Shenandoah, VA—the ride takes a total of 2 hours.
Description: Great news for math sufferers: Help is on the way at Kibler Library, and it's coming in the form of Tutor Nina “Crazy Math Lady” Bohrod! Check it out on the 1st and 3rd Mondays of each month from Jan 21st, 2019 through the end of the year.
Description: Visit the Page Public Library during the Festival of Spring for a special spring storytime @11:30am and then drop in to make a fun craft between 12-2pm!
Description: Celebrate Mom with making a special craft/card just for her on Thursday May 9th @4pm!
Description: Join us on Saturday, June 1st for our big Schools Out for Summer Pool Party Bash. More exciting news about this event will be published at a later date. We hope to see you where every summer makes a splash at the Hawksbill Pool!
Description: A little fun for the kiddos, all while learning the real meaning of Easter and the events that Jesus was apart of.
He paid it all, for all His people! Three days later, He arose the Victor!
Description: We are happy to present the 4th Annual Chicken Chow Down Event in Luray! This night promises to be fun for the whole family with live music, local cuisine, chicken dance competition, and a brand new Chicken Mayor to be crowned! Do not miss out on this evening of fun and even a few chances to win prizes! Tickets are only $20 and for sale at The Chamber of Commerce and Luray Copy Service.
and help a good cause at the same time.
Thursday, June 6th 6:00 p.m.
Benefits of Aquatic Exercise and Rehab for pain-free movement and strengthening.
Please call 540-743-0502 to let us know you will be attending!
Moonshadows will be featuring this menu for Easter.
NOTE: PLEASE CALL US TO RESERVE FOR EASTER.
(r) Raw or undercooked meats, seafood or poultry may be a health hazard.
Description: “Pour a jigger of Bill Evans and a shot of Christian McBride into a shaker with a dash of sweet vermouth, stir and strain into a cocktail glass, now ease back and sip a heady mix of the Jenny Wilson Duo. Listeners thirsty for new currents in post-bop and new wave jazz will find a fresh elixir in this finely crafted pairing of piano and upright bass.” - A.S. Gintzler, Writer at Large. Free on the main stage at the Warehouse Art Gallery.
Description: Emily Julia Kresky of Dropping Julia will perform at Wisteria Farm and Vineyard in Stanley, VA for their summer Music Under the Arbor music series.
With hauntingly alluring lyrics reminiscent of a dimly lit barroom, whimsical yet sultry vocals, and strumming her guitar with both New Jersey sass and Virginia charm, Emily Julia Kresky partakes in the lush tapestry of American Roots music with her own eccentric spin that is both uniquely modern and longingly retro.
Description: Come on out and join us for some impromptu music in May. Brent has shared the bill and the stage with B BKing, The Temptations, Sister Sledge, and The Commitments to name a few. He is an accomplished vocalist and saxophonist. Peter Fontanese is an integral cog in many fine ensembles. He plays anything with strings and is particularly adept with vocal harmony. The show will feature pop, countr,y Americana, classic rock, light jazz, and R&B.
Description: Free for kids, age 10-18 from 9 to 3 pm. Instructors are Layne Vickers and Sarah Campbell.
Description: Join us for our 3rd annual Easter Egg Hunt at American Celebration on Parade! The hunts will begin at 10:30 AM. Please arrive between 10 and 10:15 to check in. Attendance will be limited to the first 100 kids for each age group (2-5 and 6-10). There is no charge, but you MUST register to be included at https://shenandoah-caverns.ticketleap.com/easter-egg-hunt-2019/ Last year we hid over 3,200 eggs! Eggs will have candy or Easter-themed toys inside.
Description: Adelheid and Mike Osmers, Owners of South Court Inn Bed & Breakfast would like to share their heritage with you. In between lunch and dinner in Germany, there is traditionally a social gathering around a piece of cake or two and a hot steaming cup of coffee or tea. This ritual is referred to as Kaffee and Kuchen. We invite you to experience it for yourself!
Description: It's time for our annual Easter Brunch!
& more, including a Kid's Corner!
Description: Learn the holds, rhythms, and footwork for Ballroom, Latin, and Swing. Whether you are single or join with a partner, all are welcome. Featuring instructor: Jody Schein.
Description: Support the Town of Shenandoah's Caboose Restoration with a delicious dinner on April 6th. Menu includes: pulled pork, sliced & smoked pork loin, baked beans, cole slaw, assorted salads, rolls, homemade desserts, and beverages. Carry-out is available. Food is donated and prepared by Panny Gray, Treasurer, & Chalres Campbell, former Commissioner of Revenue.
Event will take place on the loop section of the Hawksbill Luray Greenway. Children 12 years old and younger can ride bikes, scooters, big wheels, or walk, jog, run. Little ones can be pushed in strollers.
Your child can fundraise in two different ways.
1. Ask your supports to base their pledge on how far your child rides. For example, a supporter pledging $3/mile will pay $15 if your child rides 5 miles.
2. Ask for flat donations.
Once your child is registered we will send you a form to track your donations and pledges, and confirmed miles ridden at the bike-a-thon. All final donations will be due August 1st, 2019.
All funds raised will go to CureSearch. CureSearch for Children’s Cancer is a national non-profit foundation that accelerates the search for cures for children’s cancer. More information can be found at www.curesearch.org We will provide tax ID information for donations.
Description: Spring Ticket Special: April 1-May 10- tickets are only $10!
Kid-friendly highlights are the entertainment and activities offered in the newly expanded Kids' Zone, brought you to by Little Planets of Charlottesville & the Massanutten WaterPark. Take time out to make 4th of July arts & crafts, get your face painted, play yard games, or let imaginations run wild at the interactive sand & activity tables; featuring nature, trains, and water play.
Those over the age of 21 will enjoy the Beer & Wine Garden, live music, and large dance area. And a magical moment for all is the fireworks celebration, set off from the Massanutten Peak.
Spring Special: April 1-May 10- tickets are only $10!
All proceeds benefit the Rockingham/Harrisonburg SPCA.
Description: DAY TRIP - I am organizing our annual CHARTERED bus trip to New York City to see the sights, do some holiday shopping, visit the 911 memorials, see a broadway show or just to do whatever you would like to do!
The Trip is planned for Saturday December 14th. THE COST IS $97.50 per seat. We will be leaving the Luray Park and Ride at 3:00am. We will spend the day in the city and leave at 9:30pm. We should arrive back in Luray about 4 am the next morning! If you have any questions let me know. Trip is nonrefundable unless canceled. There are a limited number of seats so if interested send me a message!
This trip sells out every year so don't delay on getting your registration in! No seat is considered reserved until deposit and registration is received.
2nd payment of $47.50 due by November 1st.
NOTE***WE WILL BE TRAVELING ON A CHARTERED BUS FOR THIS EVENT LIKE WE HAVE ALWAYS DONE IN PREVIOUS YEARS. If you have any questions please just send me a message.
Description: Join us at our next Pizza N Politics event on April 17th from 6-8pm at the Luray VFW for a candidate meet and greet. We will be joined by three outstanding candidates. Candidate April Moore is running for Virginia's 26th District Senate seat. Candidate Beverly Harrison is running for Virginia's 15th District Delegate seat. Penny Gray is running to maintain her seat as our Page County Treasurer.
This will be an excellent opportunity to meet and share your concerns with the candidates running to represent you in this upcoming election.
Join us for free pizza and refreshments (water or soda) and an opportunity to become more politically engaged.
Description: Bring your own camera and hop in to Virginia Gift Shop to see the Easter Bunny on Saturday, April 13th!
Pay outside will be as follows.
Description: NEW for this summer! Parks and Recreation is organizing an adult softball league! Team Registration is from April 1st-May 15th. See below for additional details. Call the park office @ 540.843.0770 to register.
Description: Page One is hosting a Shoe Drive. They're collecting new and slightly used shoes from March 11th-April 27th. Can be dropped off at any Page One Location - benefits the Page One Food Pantry. | 2019-04-20T20:37:24Z | https://www.visitluraypage.com/events/detail/first-annual-valentines-fun-night |
Anything this current Administration does on matters relating to the ACA is cast as “sabotage.” Actually, that’s not true. As I mentioned last week, the proposed HRA regulations were not characterized as “sabotage.” That’s because those regs are NOT “sabotage.” So, at least as it relates to the new HRA rules, I believe the critics got it right. BUT, are the recently released “model” 1332 Waiver “sabotage”? In my opinion, no. But I will point out one thing below that I do not much care for (which – in my opinion – opens up the door for critics to argue “sabotage”).
Analysis: In short, HHS suggested 4 “models” that States may consider adopting and including in a 1332 Waiver application. These models are referred to as: (1) the State-Specific Premium Assistance model, (2) the Adjusted Plan Options model, (3) the Account-Based model, (3) the Risk Stabilization Strategies model. Below, I will discuss certain aspects of the State-Specific Premium Assistance model and the Adjusted Plan Options model. I do not talk much about the Account-Based model, nor do I discuss in detail the Risk Stabilization Strategies model. I will try to cover these 2 models in future updates. Below, I will also respond to what you have been reading in news articles which has been: (1) The “model” Waivers are going to increase costs for lower-income individuals and/or people with pre-existing conditions and (2) HHS’s 1332 guidance released in October – as well as the Department’s “model” Waivers – violate the law and will be subject to a legal challenge.
Let me start my discussion by emphasizing this: The statutory language set forth under ACA section 1332 allows a State to “waive” certain aspects of the ACA. One aspect of the ACA that can be “waived” is the ACA’s premium subsidy rules. Another aspect of the ACA that can be waived is the ACA Exchange requirements. And yet another aspect of the ACA that can be waived is the “Qualified Health Plan” (QHP) rules. Attached is a summary of ACA section 1332 that I put together way back in the day (in like 2012 or 2013). It gives you a list of all of the aspects of the ACA a State can “waive” through a 1332 Waiver.
Analysis: Now that we have established that a State can permissibly “waive,” among other things, the ACA’s premium subsidy structure, what kind of “alternative” premium subsidy structures can a State put into place? For one, a State could move away from the ACA’s premium subsidy structure – which is a structure that determines the subsidy amounts based on a consumer’s income – to a “flat tax credit” that varies by age. For years, BOTH left-leaning and right-leaning policy experts have suggested that a “flat tax credit” that varies by age is superior to an income-based subsidy. Why? Because there is very little administrative complexity in determining the amount of the “flat tax credit” that simply varies by age, as compared to calculating a subsidy amount based on a consumer’s income. In addition, with an income-based subsidy, there will always be a “subsidy cliff,” where a consumer who makes $1 more than the cut-off gets NO subsidy. However, income-based subsidies are superior to a “flat tax credit” because lower-income individuals are provided greater financial assistance. In theory, I am partial to a “flat tax credit” that varies by age. But the reality is that lower-income individuals need more help when it comes to paying for health coverage. So, I think the right policy is an income-based subsidy structure, despite its flaws. And I think most if not all States will agree. When it comes to an income-based subsidy, States could adopt an “alternative” premium subsidy structure that gives consumers earning more than 400% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) a subsidy for the first time. OR, a State could give a higher premium subsidy amount to younger individuals. Why would a State want to adopt these “alternatives”? Well for one, we all know that the biggest losers under the ACA are people in the “unsubsidized” individual market. So, to help these individuals pay for the escalating cost of “unsubsidized” individual market plans is to provide them with a subsidy. We also know that under the ACA, younger individuals are subsidizing older individuals. Some believe this is good policy. I abstain from telling you what I think, but I will say this: Because most younger individuals are paying more under the ACA than they would have otherwise paid, most young people are NOT purchasing health coverage, and therefore, they are NOT entering the risk pool. This has produced a BAD result for the ACA’s newly reformed markets. In other words, the fact that younger people have NOT entered the risk pool has resulted in an “unbalanced” market. This “unbalanced” market has contributed to the sky-rocketing premiums over the past 4 years (note, the perpetual “unbalanced” market is not the only reason for the premium increases, but it is certainly is one of the primary reasons for the increases). Why would a State want to give younger people more money to purchase health insurance? As you now know, the ACA’s approach to encouraging younger individuals to enter the newly reformed risk pool was penalizing them for failing to obtain health coverage through the “individual mandate” penalty tax. Well, we all saw how that worked…or shall I say, did NOT work. Soooo, why not take the “carrot” approach and incentivize younger individuals to enter the risk pool by giving them more money to purchase health coverage? It makes a lot of sense to me. And, behavioral economics seem to tell us that a “carrot” – as opposed to a “stick” – is a more effective way to get people to do something. States certainly need to do something to get younger/healthier people into their markets because it ain’t happening now (nor will it happen if the status quo is maintained).
Does Developing an “Alternative” Premium Subsidy Structure Violate the ACA?
Analysis: In the case of developing “alternative” premium subsidy structures, the “Guardrails” that States must worry about the most is the “Affordability Guardrail” and the “Budget Neutral Guardrail.” Why? Because if the new premium subsidy structure increases costs for lower-income individuals (because, for example, the money used to give a subsidy to people above 400% of FPL reduces the amount of the subsidy offered to low-income individuals), then this would VIOLATE the “Affordability Guardrail” under section 1332, which means HHS would NOT approve this State’s Waiver request. Same is true if a State decided to increase the premium subsidy amount for younger individuals, and correspondingly reduce the premium subsidy amount for older individuals. This would increase the cost of health coverage for these older individuals, which would – again – VIOLATE the “Affordability Guardrail,” which means – again – HHS would NOT approve this State’s Waiver request. BUT, let’s say there is a way where this State can give a subsidy to people above 400% of FPL without reducing the subsidy amount for low-income individuals? In this case, HHS would APPROVE this Waiver, provided the other 1332 “Guardrails” are met. Same is true if a State could increase the premium subsidy amount for younger individuals, while also keeping the premium subsidy amounts for older individuals the same. How could a State do it? Well for one, a State could just increase the government spending to pay for the subsidies for people above 400% of FPL or for younger individuals, while also keeping the same, current subsidy amounts for lower-income or older individuals in place. BUT, by simply increasing government spending, the State would fail to satisfy the “Budget Neutral Guardrail,” so this is obviously NOT an option. Any other options? Yes. States – through their 1332 Waiver – can produce savings, which can then be used by the States to pay for other aspects of their health care reforms set forth in their Waiver application. How can a State produce savings? Through, for example, a reinsurance program, which has been shown to reduce premiums. How does a reduction in premiums produce savings? As you have heard me explain before, if a reinsurance program reduces premiums in a particular State’s market, the amount of money the Federal government would otherwise spend on the ACA’s premium subsidies will go down. And – according to section 1332 – a State is able to recapture the delta between (1) the amount of money the Federal government would otherwise spend on the ACA’s premium subsidies pre-Waiver and (2) the amount of premium subsidy spending produced by the 1332 Waiver and the reinsurance program. This is called “pass-through” funding. Equipped with this “pass-through” funding, States can use this money to pay for giving people above 400% of FPL a premium subsidy for the first time, while protecting low-income individuals and maintaining the current premium subsidy amounts for them. Or, a State could plus-up the premium subsidy amount for younger individuals, while holding older individuals harmless. Note, States could also produce savings by coupling their 1332 Waiver with an 1115 Medicaid Waiver. States are now able to share any combined savings produced under these respective Waivers, which is another option for States, and another option to offset the increased government spending associated with these “alternative” premium subsidy structures. The bottom-line is this: Adopting these “alternative” premium subsidy structures can indeed be done without disadvantaging lower-income and/or older individuals, despite what the critics are saying. It certainly won’t be easy for a State to pull it off. But, if a State is ambitious, they can definitely do it without creating their own losers under their new reforms. Importantly, I believe that both of these “alternative” premium subsidy structures would improve the current individual market. For example, more people who are now “sitting on the sidelines” due to the high costs in the “unsubsidized” individual market may re-enter the risk pool. In addition, incentivizing younger individuals to enter the risk pool would start to balance out the current “unbalanced” market.
Can States Allow Consumers to Use a Premium Subsidy to Purchase a Short-Term Health Plan or an Employer-Sponsored Plan?
Another suggestion in HHS’s “model” Waivers is for a State to allow its constituents to use a premium subsidy to purchase health coverage that is something other than an ACA Exchange plan. In this case, consumers could use the premium subsidy to purchase a short-term health plan or an employer-sponsored plan.
Analysis: Critics of this “model” Waiver argue that this would violate the ACA. So would it? My answer: I do not believe so. Why? Because, as part of the statutory authority to “waive” the ACA premium subsidy structure, a State is also permitted to “waive” the requirement that a premium subsidy can ONLY be used to purchase a health plan sold through an ACA Exchange. In addition, the statutory language of ACA section 1332 allows a State to “waive” the “Qualified Health Plan” (QHP) rules, which is the ONLY type of health plan that can be purchased with an ACA premium subsidy (hereinafter referred to as an “ACA Exchange QHP”). So, contrary to what the critics say, because the statute allows States to “waive” these ACA requirements, this means that a State can indeed allow its constituents to use a premium subsidy to purchase health coverage that is something other than an ACA Exchange QHP. How would the State “fund” the premium subsidy? A State could choose to fund the premium subsidy with State taxpayer dollars. In my opinion, this approach should never call into question whether giving people a premium subsidy to purchase a health plan other than an ACA Exchange QHP violates the ACA. Why? Because I believe a State can do this now, even without a 1332 Waiver. BUT, if a State uses Federal taxpayer dollars, is this a problem? Again, I do not believe so. Why? To me, it all comes down to (1) “waiving” the requirement that the premium subsidy can ONLY be used to purchase an ACA Exchange QHP and (2) a State’s ability to use “pass-through” funding for whatever it wants under its 1332 Waiver. What I mean is this: I believe a State can indeed use Federal taxpayer dollars to “fund” its premium subsidies that can be used to purchase short-term health plans and/or employer-sponsored plans so long as these Federal taxpayer dollars are in the form of the “pass-through” funding dollars, coupled with the “waiver” of the requirement that premium subsidies can only be used to purchase an ACA Exchange QHP. Now, I have read some commentary suggesting that if consumers are able to purchase a short-term health plan or an employer-sponsored plan with a premium subsidy, that this somehow violates certain requirements under the ACA that are NOT “waivable” under the statutory language of ACA section 1332. In particular, these policy experts questioned whether allowing consumers to use Federal taxpayer dollars to purchase a short-term health plan violated the ACA’s protections for pre-existing conditions and the prohibition against denying a person coverage (i.e., guaranteed issue). These experts also wondered whether ACA section 1557 – which sets forth specific non-discrimination requirements and is NOT “waivable” under 1332 – would be violated. Here is my response: The ACA itself specifically exempts short-term health plans from ALL of the ACA’s “consumer protections” and “coverage requirements,” which includes the pre-existing conditions protections, guaranteed issue, and section 1557’s non-discrimination rules. So, if a short-term health plan is NOT subject to these ACA requirements in the first place, how can these requirements be violated? Stated differently, if these ACA requirements do not apply in the first place, it should not matter whether these requirements are “waivable” under section 1332 or not. As a result, I do not see any legal issues here. If the premium subsidies are used to purchase an employer-sponsored plan, this – also – should NOT present any problems. Why? Because employer-sponsored plans generally meet these requirements, or these requirements are not imposed on employer-sponsored plans in the first place. So, there should be no problems even if the above stated requirements are not “waivable” under section 1332.
Analysis: If a consumer can purchase (1) a health plan that meets ALL of the ACA’s requirements (including the pre-existing condition protections) AND ALSO (2) a health plan that is NOT required to meet all of the ACA’s requirement (including the pre-existing condition protections), is this consumer being denied their right to the pre-existing condition protections under the ACA?? If you answer NO to this question (i.e., you do NOT believe that this consumer is being denied their right to the pre-existing condition protections under the ACA), then it is likely that you are okay with HHS’s recently released 1332 guidance and HHS’s “model” Waivers. This is because under HHS’s recently released guidance – and also HHS’s “model” Waivers – HHS is interpreting the law to say that so long as a consumer has “access” to an ACA-compliant plan that includes the pre-existing condition protections, the ACA is NOT violated even if this same consumer has access to a non-ACA-compliant plan (like a short-term health plan). If, however, you answered YES to the above question (i.e., you believe that if people have a choice between purchasing an ACA-compliant plan (with the pre-ex protections) and a non-ACA-compliant plan (with no pre-ex protections), that this is an ACA violation), then you likely believe that HHS exceeded their authority in issuing the Department’s 1332 guidance back in October. And, you believe that if a State adopts a “model” Waiver to allow a consumer to purchase a short-term health plan with some form of a premium subsidy, then this State will have violated the ACA. It may come as no surprise, but I answer my own question above in the negative. That is, I believe that if a consumer can purchase an ACA-compliant plan that includes the pre-existing condition protections, this consumer is NOT being denied their right to the ACA’s pre-existing protections because they can also purchase a non-ACA-compliant plan (like a short-term health plan). BUT, I want to renew my continued refrain which is: I do NOT like short-term health plans. I do NOT think that short-term health plans provide adequate enough coverage, and I agree that it is NOT in a consumer’s best interest to buy this type of plan as a replacement for major medical coverage. BUT, I do believe people have the right to “choose,” and as long as people have the ability to buy comprehensive coverage – side-by-side with this non-comprehensive coverage – I believe adequate protections are being made available. Having said all of that though, I believe that by promoting the purchase of short-term health plans, HHS is opening itself – and the President – up to charges that they are trying to “sabotage” the ACA. I suppose I understand why HHS included short-term health plans in their “model” Waivers, but I think HHS did itself a disservice when it comes to this ongoing debate about pre-existing condition protections (and is something that could have been avoided).
Is HHS’s October 1332 Guidance – Along With the “Model” Waivers – Illegal?
Analysis: In 2015, the Obama Administration issued guidance on section 1332, clarifying what a State can and cannot do when it comes to satisfying the 4 “Guardrails.” The definitional parameters set forth in the 2015 guidance were derived from the Obama Administration’s interpretation of the statute. After reading the 2015 guidance, I personally felt that the Obama Administration took a very narrow interpretation of 1332’s statutory language (essentially further constraining an already constraining statute). Despite my reaction to what the Obama Administration came up with, I believed – and I continue to believe – that the Obama Administration had the authority to interpret the statute in the manner that it did. Same goes for the Trump Administration’s HHS. That is, the current HHS has the discretion to interpret the statute – just like the Obama Administration’s HHS did – and I believe that the Trump HHS acted within its authority. Yes, the October 1332 guidance deviates from the 2015 1332 guidance. BUT, there is generally NO prohibition against developing guidance that conflicts with prior guidance. Specifically, the Supreme Court has held that a Federal Department is free to issue a new interpretation of the statute at any time, even if the new interpretation conflicts with the old interpretation. The Supreme Court has further held that an agency or Department is NOT required to use notice-and-comment procedures set forth under the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) “when it wishes to issue a new interpretation of a regulation [or statute] that deviates significantly from one the agency [or Department] has previously adopted.” Now, the only way the current HHS can be found to have violated the law is if their new interpretation of section 1332 is “unreasonable.” Critics of the October 1332 guidance argue that the current HHS’s interpretation is indeed “unreasonable.” However, proving to a Court of law that the interpretation is “unreasonable” is a very high bar to meet. I for one do NOT believe that critics of the current Administration will be able to get over this high bar, and therefore, I do not foresee a Court of law finding that HHS’s actions here were “unreasonable.” Here is another thing to consider: Some people are saying that the contents of HHS’s “model” Waivers are eerily similar to some of the “replace” proposals that were included in the failed ACA “repeal and replace” legislation. They further contend that this is evidence that HHS is trying to re-write the statute to do what Congress failed to do, which is a NO-NO under the law (i.e., HHS cannot change the statute through administrative means). Here are my quick thoughts on this: If you recall, at the beginning of 2017, both HHS and Congress were openly cheering 1332 Waivers as a way to change the ACA. HHS even issued a “checklist” for satisfying the 4 “Guardrails,” which was intended to make it easier for States to apply for a 1332 Waiver. But, come Spring time – and throughout the Summer of 2017 – it was radio silence on 1332 Waivers. Why? Because the Administration had a change-of-heart and they were concerned that if Congress believed that States could change the ACA – through a 1332 Waiver – the momentum to “repeal and replace” the ACA would dissipate, and Congress would never get around to fully repealing the law. Why was the Administration concerned? Because – ironically – many of the “replace” ideas pursued by Congressional Republicans could have been accomplished through a 1332 Waiver. Soooo, now that Congressional Republicans have indeed failed to “repeal and replace” the ACA, HHS is simply reminding States of ideas that States could have adopted on their own all along. Lastly, the “model” 1332 Waivers are NOT law. They do NOT change the statute. Nor are the “models” even guidance telling stakeholders how to comply with the law. Rather, the “model” 1332 Waivers are merely suggestions that States may or may not adopt. Period-end-of-story.
You have continually heard me say that in a perfect world, this Administration would outsource the public-facing enrollment function for Exchange plans to private-sector companies. But, we do not live in that perfect world. As a result, this Administration is stuck with Healthcare.gov whether they like it or not. This Administration is trying, however, to offer a private-sector option when it comes to enrolling in an Exchange plan through Healthcare.gov. By allowing Web-Broker Entities (WBEs) to facilitate enrollment through “Enhanced Direct Enrollment” (EDE). Unfortunately, things are moving a bit slow on the EDE-front, and neither HHS nor the private-sector companies interested in EDE are happy with the fact that EDE-enrollment is not yet fully functional.
Analysis: Notwithstanding these frustrations, HHS is suggesting to States – through the “model” Waivers – that they should outsource their own public-facing enrollment functions to WBEs. In this case, HHS is suggesting that the States can build their own premium subsidy eligibility infrastructure or States should contract with HHS to perform the back-end eligibility determinations through the Federal Data Services Hub. In truth, the only way to make the “alternative” premium subsidy structures discussed above work is if a State builds their own premium subsidy eligibility infrastructure or the State contracts with HHS to perform the back-end eligibility determinations through the Federal Data Services Hub. Both of these exercises will come with a cost. That is, a State would have to pay consultants and IT companies to build-out their own premium subsidy eligibility infrastructure. States could leverage their current Medicaid enrollment systems, but that may not be enough. Alternatively, States could leverage the Federal government’s IT infrastructure that has already been built. Based on precedent, an argument can be made that any costs paid to HHS to perform the back-end eligibility determinations through the Federal Data Services Hub would range from 1.5% to 3% of premiums. That, however, may still be too expensive for States. I mention this aspect of the “model” Waivers at the end of my update to say this: If a State cannot build their own premium subsidy eligibility infrastructure, or the State does not want to contract with HHS to perform the back-end eligibility determinations through the Federal Data Services Hub, I have trouble seeing how a State can adopt HHS’s “model” Waivers. In the end, maybe the critics do not have to threaten a legal challenge as a way to discourage States from moving forward with adopting these “models.” The path forward may be too daunting for States to operationalize HHS’s suggested ideas. Only time will tell. | 2019-04-23T09:51:37Z | https://www.ahtins.com/aca-update-4/ |
Rationale, aims and objectives: Chronic care management programmes for depression show variation in effectiveness. This study aims to examine the clinical diversity and methodological heterogeneity related to the effectiveness of such programmes and to explain the heterogeneity in clinical outcomes. Objectives are to enable the understanding of and the decision-making about depression management programmes and to contribute to the implementation of chronic care management strategies for depression as part of advances in person-centered mental healthcare.
Method: We performed a systematic review of reviews and empirical studies, including meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses on the most frequently reported outcomes. We explored to what extent the observed heterogeneity can be explained by study quality, length of follow-up, number of components of the Chronic Care Model (CCM) and patient characteristics.
Results: Pooled effects of depression management programmes show significant improvement in treatment response (RR=1.38; p<0.05) and treatment adherence (RR=1.36; p<0.05). In meta-regression analysis, study quality and depression severity explain the substantial heterogeneity in respectively treatment response (36.6%; p=0.0352) and treatment adherence (88.7%; p=0.0083).
Conclusions: The observed heterogeneity in depression outcomes cannot be explained by the number of intervention components and length of follow-up. Yet, the heterogeneity in treatment response can be explained partly by study quality, demonstrating the importance of good quality studies. Heterogeneity in treatment adherence can be explained partly by severity of the depression, indicating that taking account of depression severity contributes to maximising the effectiveness of chronic care management. Other potential sources of heterogeneity should be investigated to support informed decision-making on treating depression as a chronic condition as part of person-centered mental healthcare.
Change, chronic care management, depressive disorders, disease management, follow-up, heterogeneity, management of depression, meta-analysis, meta-regression, person-centered medicine, person-centered psychiatry, systematic review, treatment effect.
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Berwick, D.M. (2008). The science of improvement. Journal of the American Medical Association 299 (10) 1182-1184. | 2019-04-22T20:00:57Z | http://www.ijpcm.org/index.php/IJPCM/article/view/312 |
In the annals of Indian Ocean history the foremost pirates of the West Indian coast were Kanhoji Angria and later his sons. Today largely forgotten, Angria founded a dynasty in the late 1690s that became the main obstacle to the rise of the English East India Company (EIC) as a hegemonic power in the Bombay region. The Company tried to suppress the maritime depredations of the powerful Angrias for more than fifty years, yet to no avail. Eventually only a joint Anglo-Maratha force of over 10,000 troops and 100 vessels was able to put an end to the dynasty. In their day stories of Angrian piracies were popular and widely printed. The only problem with such stories is that the Kanhoji Angria was not a pirate at all, nor were his progeny. Instead, they were the commanders of the navy for the Maratha Confederacy. The EIC knew this was so and recognized Maratha rights to sovereignty and referred to the Angrias as agents of that state. For example, on May 24, 1724, William Phipps Governor of Bombay penned a response to Kanhoji Angria warning, “any state bordering upon a neighbour that lives on plunder and robs under colour of friendship must necessarily be careful for their defence.” Angria was and had been careful. Over the previous seven years the Company had launched five major attacks against the Angria’s coastal fortresses. All without success and all causing a great many more deaths among the invaders than the defenders.
A study of this little remembered figure in early colonial history allows for an engaging exploration into how Indian polities interacted with the incursions from European mercantilist companies. Far from the standard narrative of an all-powerful West forcing itself upon a weak East, Indian states were able to compete, on equal footing, with Europeans. Indeed, only through actions of intense violence, and in conjunction with other Indian polities, were Europeans able to impose themselves in South Asia. Demonstrating that there were no forgone conclusions to European supremacy in the subcontinent Angria stands as a prominent figure that fought successfully against three European and several indigenous powers for over half a century. As a result has Angria has become a defender of indigenous sovereignty and been adopted as an early figure of resistance to colonial incursion. Though his sons carried on his legacy, this analysis will only focus on the founder of the Angria dynasty Kanhoji, who died undefeated in 1729.
Precisely because the dichotomy of Kanhoji as pirate and as naval commander persists, the case allows for a unique exploration into how histories are created and carried forward in distorted forms to engender new discourses serving particular political entities. Colonial misconceptions and manipulations have been handed down in the historiography by generations of historians who have uncritically accepted and adopted metropolitan perceptions and definitions of indigenous institutions in pre-colonial India. First, agents of the colonial project in the form of adventurers and employees of the Company chronicled the Angrias in picaresque narratives laden with the prevailing orientalist, racialised, and Eurocentric sentiments of the day. These perceptions were carried forward by another generation in the nineteenth century through the scholarship of official Company historians such as Robert Orme and other independent researchers Though these studies did advance knowledge and understanding of Indian history they too nevertheless carried the prevailing racialised sentiments of their day. Nothing substantially differed in the early 1900s when trend of the metropole writing the history of the colony continued. Perhaps not unsurprisingly, it was the Indian scholars themselves who, in the mid twentieth century, brought about the most significant reinterpretation in the historiography of Angria. Informed by the political sentiments of post-independent India, Kanhoji was now seen not as a pirate but rather as an early resister to colonial incursion.
In part this was due to the Angria’s role within the Maratha Confederacy. The latter was lauded as the first true Indian empire because it was the first indigenous Hindu empire that successfully fought a succession of military campaigns against the Muslim Mughals. In this light the Marathas become a source of nationalist pride. Thus under the politics of partition the role of Kanhoji as a naval commander and not as a pirate was finally brought to light in scholarship. This sentiment pervaded the popular imagination to the point where one of the first warships of newly independent India was named after Kanhoji Angria who was now adopted as the father of the Indian Navy.
In the wake of India’s independence, and as scholarship moved forward, nationalist interpretations of history were re-examined and balance was brought to historical analyses of the Marathas, but not so of Angria. Instead the nationalist rendering has since been largely dismissed outright yet not replaced, whereas the Marathan history was corrected and subsequently built upon. Considering that Kanhoji went from being a sub-section of Indian history to, more currently, rarely more than a footnote, this is hardly surprising. The outcome has been a revival in the acceptance of nineteenth and turn of the century British interpretations of whom and what Angria was — namely a pirate, without a critical engagement of the archival or compiled primary material. For example, one author surmises in a summary on the rise of the Angrias in “the weakening of Mughal rule…predation was under the leadership of the Angria family, initially on the behalf of the rising Hindu Maratha power and later for itself when Angria squadrons menaced all shipping off the west coast of India.” Adopting the established ‘Angrias as pirates’ paradigm has continued to obfuscate the nature of the Angria dynasty and how it interacted with European and South Asian polities. This is true even of many of the leading Indian historians who continue to categorise all the Angrias as mere pirates and reactionaries against British incursion. In summary, what occurred in the past and was carried forward into current scholarship has been a miscontextualisation of Kanhoji’s role within the Maratha polity. This has transpired not only from an uncritical acceptance of previous academic work but also by removing Angria’s story from its geopolitical and historical contextual environment.
Then they ask’d where we belong’d to, or whether we had a Pass from the Governor of Bombay; I told them yes, tho’ I did not at that time rightly know so much. They never offered to misuse us, nor do us any manner of Harm; only detained us four or five Hours [while the lead EIC ship in the convoy arrived at the scene]…They releas’d us soon after the Captain came off with the Pass.
he cant be permitted searching, molesting or seizing any boates, groabs or other vessells, from what port, harbour, place of what nation soever they may be, bringing provisions, timber or merchandize to Bombay…without breach of that friendship the English nation has always had with Raja Sevajee and all his Captains in subordination to him.
Kanhoji replied by asserting the sovereignty of the Maratha state over the rights of the Company, making it clear that the EIC was operating in India on Marathan terms, not their own. Angria informed Bombay that they, “the Savajees,” had been at war with the Mughals for over forty years and they would continue to “seize what boates or other vessell belonging either to the Mogulls vessells from any of his forts or Mallabarr, excepting such as had Conjee Angras passports; the English being at liberty acting as they please.” Angria continued to search out vessels that failed to purchase his pass and the English continued to consider this behaviour piratical. An assessment of Angrian piratical practices can only properly be seen if Kanhoji is placed within the larger political framework of which he was an integral part.
Ever since the founding of the Marathas by Shivaji in 1674, they had been at war with the Mughals. This was an almost constant feature of the Maratha state and would lead eventually to the weakening of the once mighty Mughals. However, the Marathas were also fighting a civil war during the early eighteenth century over a succession dispute between the reigning Queen Regent Tarabai and Shahu, the proper heir to the throne. Shahu had been held in captivity by the Mughal Emperor for eighteen years and escaped in 1707 amidst the chaos resulting from the Mughal’s own succession dispute following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb. Once free Shahu challenged Tarabai’s legitimacy over the throne and within a year had developed a following among some of the deshmukh, or noble influential landholding families who made up the Confederacy. Angria was a strong supporter of Tarabai who in return gave him the title of Sarkheil, or commander, of the navy in 1707. By 1713 Tarabai’s power was in decline. Her strongest supporter remained Angria yet in that same year Shahu sent his Peshwa, Balaji Vishvanath, to attempt to bring Angria over to their side. They were successful, Angria in return receiving several more forts and territory among other privileges. Soon after, Tarabai’s support collapsed altogether and she removed her claims from the throne after a period of imprisonment. Angria was clearly a prominent figure in Maratha politics, and not his own sovereign as so often claimed by the Company, who played key roles domestically as well as internationally through his maritime policies.
Angria was and could afford to be aggressive in the extension of Maratha control over their littoral because the EIC was relatively weak. Bombay, Downing remembered, “was unwalled, and no Grabs or Frigates to protect any thing but the Fishery; except a small Munchew.” It would remain so until December 1715 with the arrival of Governor Charles Boone. Under his authority the Company built 25 vessels within a year, carrying from five to thirty-two guns each, at the cost of £51,700. Now with offensive and defensive capabilities established, an attempt could be made to bring Angria, the upstart Maratha power, to the Company’s terms and become once again the undisputed power over the seas.
In early November 1718, the same fleet that had attacked Geriah was sent to Kenery to make another attempt on the fortress. The besiegers brought their broadsides to bear on the fortress and “cannanaded the Island very hott, lykewise the Island them.” The barrage was kept up from the 3rd of November till the 5th when troops were landed but forced to hold back due to the “brisk Fire the Enemy made, and the cowardice of two of the Land Officers.” The 6th and 7th of the month also saw attempts at gaining access to the fortress but these too were repelled, though “more by the force of stones hove from the rocks than fier arms” causing “several of our Men killed, or rather massacred, when they made this sudden Retreat.” On November 8, the attack was called off.
Governor Boone proved himself not to be one to give up easily. Over the following year, while negotiating a peace settlement with the Marathas and receiving compensation for goods and ships seized by Angria to the amount of 22,000 rupees, preparation for another all-out assault on Geriah was planned. Boone was also trying to bring other polities into alliance with the Company against Angria such as the Persians, prominent Surati Mughal merchants, and the Siddis. Fortunately for Angria these negotiations all came to naught. Boone also had a new type of ship designed and constructed for the attack called the Phram, “the great and mighty floating machine” which had a large strengthened deck and shallow draught and could thus be towed in close to fortress walls in order to cannonade them. As was typical for the period a factory employee led the expedition, Walter Brown, who commanded from the deck of the London whose Captain, J. Upton had left an account of the battle in the ship’s logbook.
According to Upton they sailed down to Geriah on the 21st of September 1720 and began the assault the following day. Brown having no military experience ordered troops ashore without first softening Geriah’s defenses or making sure to secure his troops’ retreat. The result was six soldiers dead on the first day “besides about twenty wounded.” Some of his own forces had yet to even arrive from Bombay, including the Phram. When it did arrive, the vessel was put into action immediately and found to be defective in the design of its hull openings causing the protruding cannons to not even be able to “fling a balle Pistolle shot out of the water, the mussells of her guns pointing directly down.” For the next several days the force from Bombay sat in the harbour of range of Geriah’s guns beset by problems with the officers and men “drinking from morning to night and noe command carryed.” A landing force was again organised for the 29th and ended in fiasco when one of the Phram’s guns exploded killing the five sepoys manning her. After several more days of “continnal disturbances in the ship dayly by the Officers ixcessive drinking & noe manner of Command carryed,” the fleet finally weighed anchor to attack another of Angria’s forts, Tamana, to the south near Goa. This was at the request of a local potentate and Captain Upton opined that Brown used this as an excuse to abandon the failure that had become their attempt on Geriah. Subsequently the allied potentate never appeared with troops to assist in the taking of Tamana and as a result Brown ordered the fleet to return to Bombay. On the way back the Phram was purposely set alight and scuttled.
1721 saw the most ambitious attack yet: a joint operation with the Portuguese starting in November to take the island and fortress of Kolaba. This time the Royal Navy was brought in under the command of Commodore Matthews and thereafter no non-military Company servants led military expeditions. The Portuguese were to march overland a short distance from their own territory in Chaul with 2,500 land forces while the EIC were going to supply a similar force with the addition of five ships, on top of the Royal Navy, to bombard the fortress from the water and land artillery on shore. When victorious, the Portuguese were to receive Kolaba and the EIC Geriah. Both parties agreed to be full allies and not to enter into separate peace with the enemy. Commanding on the Portuguese side was the Viceroy of Goa himself, Don Antonio de Castro and the General of the North. Kanhoji, having learned of the planned attack, had earlier been able to secure the assistance of 25,000 of Shahu’s troops, which were on their way from the ghats.
The Angrians came down in a great Body, with several Elephants; which the General of the North perceiving, he broke the Order of his wing [and…] the whole Army fell into Confusion. So soon as the Enemy saw that the Portuguese were on the Retreat, and the whole Army was confused, they came down upon them, and made a terrible Slaughter amongst the English Soldiers and Seamen; great part of our Artillery was taken with most of the Ammunition.
The British force arrived back in Bombay in early January. Governor Boone, whose replacement William Phipps had been waiting in Bombay for over several weeks in order for Boone to end his tenure on a victorious note, took over on January 9, 1722. Thus ended the failed military ventures of Governor Boone.
The years 1722 to 1729 saw Angria consolidate Maratha control over the Konkan region mainly at the expense of local potentates allied to the Mughals or European powers such as the Portuguese when their alliance broke down. On the seas Angria’s ships continued to enforce the pass on European and country vessels alike. The sheer firepower of British trade vessels made them difficult targets, compounded by the fact that the Company’s ships now sailed in convoy. These years are filled with both failures and successes in Angria taking British prizes. Minor skirmishes at sea made up the bulk of the military interaction. On the diplomatic side, Angria and Governor Phipps exchanged a series of letters in attempts entreat with each other. However, lack of trust and unwillingness on both sides for the cessation of hostile activities while negotiating seemed to kill any agreement before talks got off the ground.
Partly this could be due to the confusion and subjectivity over where loyalties lay during the Maratha civil war. If one determined that Shahu had always been the legitimate Emperor of the state then those who supported Tarabai, like Angria, could be considered as independent from the Marathas. However, this view still ignores that fact that on one side or the other, both were still Marathas. Kanhoji never acted or saw himself as separate. The Company knew this as early as 1706 when Angria wrote to them during a treaty negotiation that he could accept the agreement offered, “provided the terms of friendship are agreed upon with the Rana [Tarabai].” A commander checking with his sovereign is hardly acting of his own accord. Malgonkar contends that one reason the EIC labeled Angria as a pirate was so that they could write off the losses incurred by the latter with insurance companies. There may be some truth to this, though more research needs to be carried out to substantiate the claim. If the Company were fighting an active war with the Maratha Confederacy insurance for its vessels or goods may have proven costly to purchase or may have been denied outright. Furthermore, the EIC had only 30 years ago concluded a war, initiated by themselves, with the Mughals that ended on disastrous and embarrassing terms for the Company. Outright warfare with another Indian empire was not going to find many supporters, especially in the wake of the failures of Boone’s military ventures. These expeditions demonstrated the fallacy of trying to bring Angria to terms on land. On water the Company had not fared much better because though the Company’s ships were superior technologically and militarily, they could not out-maneuver Angria’s small, lightweight, and faster vessels. Furthermore, as in all cases when the British tried to suppress another force on the water, their large ships could not pursue the lighter vessels into the shoals or shallow estuaries. The Marathas for their part could not afford to wage open warfare with the English either as it probably would have resulted in the English joining forces with the Mughals, with whom the Marathas were already in active hostilities. Even if this did not occur, opening another front was not in Maratha’s best interests. Allowing Kanhoji to fight the Company and sending reinforcements to his aid when necessary was a more economical strategy that more-or-less supported the political status quo.
Angria was no more a pirate than was any other admiral defending their state’s territorial shores through the accepted methods of the day. In the Indian Ocean of the early 18th century this was accomplished through the pass system, a European introduction. Trying to put indigenous and European piracy in the Indian Ocean into cultural relativist terms historian Patricia Risso writes the “[l]ack of details about Kanhoji’s loyalties and objectives generates some confusion about his status.” However, this is only so if one relies on the contradictory European archival and historical records. Indian Ocean scholar Ashin Das Gupta made a useful and valid point when he cautioned against writing Indian history from European sources as they often only incorporate India into the record where it serves as part of a wider European story. The archives in Marathi are all quite clear on Kanhoji’s being an integral part of the Maratha Empire in the capacity of the commander of the navy.
A pirate either belongs to no state or organised political society, or by the nature of his act he has shown his intention and his power to reject the authority of that to which he is properly subject. So long as acts of violence are done under the authority of the state, or in such way as not to involve its suppression, the state is responsible, and it alone exercises jurisdiction.
Angria received assistance from the larger Maratha army when necessary and made frequent reference to his subordinate status in letters to the EIC. Interestingly, as has also been demonstrated, the EIC was not consistent in its classification of Angria as a pirate as they would refer to him as subordinate to the “Raja Sevajee.” Furthermore, the English company had reasons, mentioned above, to not hold the Maratha state responsible for Angria’s actions as this could potentially lead to another war with an Indian Empire.
Angria did successfully challenge European incursions for several decades. However, the enforcement of the pass system also meant that many more country traders, or indigenous merchants, were captured than were European vessels. In this light perhaps Kanhoji makes a better nationalist, rather than national, hero. The rendering of Angria as a folk hero and resister of colonialism has brought out an interesting contradiction as Kanhoji fought against empire as an agent of empire. In doing so it also exemplifies the binary definitional categories that have characterised the historiography of Angria: pirate, Hindu national hero, father of the Indian navy, early colonial freedom fighter. Many of these false constructions served special interests. The rendering of Angria as a pirate by the EIC acted to defame and vilify a figure that, embarrassingly for the Company, put early European colonialism to the test in India. Indeed, Kanhoji was never beaten despite the best efforts of the Europeans demonstrating that the eventual dominance of Europe over south Asia was not a foregone conclusion. More than most cases, Kanhoji Angria stands as a stark example of what happens when the victors write history.
Derek is an Erasmus Mundus scholar of Global Studies at London School of Economics and Universität Leipzig. His primary research focus is on the conception of piracy and the interaction among precolonial polities in the Indian Ocean world system. | 2019-04-23T08:01:34Z | http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2009/12/20/the-pirate-and-the-colonial-project-kanhoji-angria/ |
Prior to the Affordable Care Act (ACA), cancer survivors were at the mercy of the health care system, often forced to pay exorbitant premiums or simply denied coverage altogether. Today, America’s 16 million cancer survivors benefit from the ACA’s patient protections that are critical to providing them with quality, affordable, and accessible health care coverage. NCCS is actively engaged in advocating to ensure this unprecedented access continues.
On this page we provide regular updates on this ongoing debate, what it means for cancer survivors, and how survivors and advocates can make their voices heard.
Status 6/27: The Department of Justice (DoJ) determined that it will NOT defend the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the lawsuit filed by the state of Texas and several other states. (Read More here.) If the position of the DoJ is upheld by the courts, the pre-existing condition protections that are critically important to cancer patients will be eliminated.
Whether you attend a town hall event in your district, set up an in-person meeting with the district office, or call your Member, every effort is vital in saving our care. Did you know it takes on average only SEVEN phone calls for Members of Congress to flag an issue?
NCCS has set up a toll-free number so you can easily call and be directly connected to the offices of your Senators. Call your Senators at (844) 257-6227 and urge them to oppose repeal of the medical expense deduction and the individual mandate. We must work on constructive solutions that improve our health care system for all Americans.
Check out our printable PDF tip sheet to help you prepare for calls, meetings, and town hall events. The sheet also contains sample questions to ask your Members of Congress.
We are happy to assist you in these advocacy efforts to support cancer patients and survivors. If you are interested in scheduling a meeting either in your local Congressional office or in Washington DC, please email our Public Policy Manager, Lindsay Houff, at [email protected].
Another important way you can make your voice heard is through op-eds in local newspapers. NCCS would love to help you draft an op-ed and provide instructions on getting the article published.
Engage with Members of Congress on their social media platforms. Comment on their Facebook pages, or tweet directly at them (use the hashtag #ProtectOurCare). They and their staff DO pay attention to these things.
Do you have questions or need assistance? We can help you set up meetings with your Members of Congress.
Please contact Lindsay Houff, Manager of Policy at [email protected].
In order to bring you the latest cancer-related health care policy and news, we at NCCS combined our ACA Updates and What Caught Our Eye (WCOE) content into a weekly email and blog post. We aim to make the Health Care Roundup a concise, one-stop summary of what you need to know as we continue working together to make cancer care better for everyone.Your feedback is always welcome to make our content more useful to you. Please send comments to [email protected].
Surprise medical billing has been getting a lot of attention in the media and on Capitol Hill – on both sides of the aisle. Just last week, the House held a hearing on the topic to explore the scope of the problem and discuss solutions to address the issue. The hearing did have a clear agreement: that patients should not be responsible for being great negotiators when it comes to their health care and any solution must protect patients.
This graph links to a helpful interactive fact-sheet by Kaiser Family Foundation showing how many adults would be covered by Medicaid if the last states would expand coverage. If these 14 states expanded coverage, 4.4 million more Americans would be eligible for health care coverage.
It is an understatement to say that cancer disrupts a person’s life, regardless of age at diagnosis. This article looks particularly at the lasting impact of a cancer diagnosis for young adults who are trying to establish their careers, become financially independent, and rely less on their parents. Young adults of course face large medical bills, in some cases on top of student loans, etc., and for many the costs of fertility treatment not covered by insurance.
This interesting article by Marlene Cimons provides an in-depth look at what the latest science says about why some people develop multiple cancers over their lifetimes.
In recent years, there have been incredible advancements in cancer treatments. But these innovations are only valuable if patients have access to them and Medicare Part D has remained relatively unchanged in the last 13 years.
This article explores what the gaps are and what can be done to fix them.
On April 1, seventeen patient groups, including NCCS, filed an amicus curiae (“friend-of-the-court”) brief in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in the case Texas v. United States. The brief cited the devastating impact patients would face should the court uphold the district court ruling to invalidate the Affordable Care Act (ACA). The patient groups argue the law was intended to help protect patients with pre-existing conditions, and Congress’s inaction to repeal or replace the ACA reinforces that intent.
On Wednesday night, the House Energy and Commerce Committee advanced several bills to shore up the ACA. All six bills passed the committee along party line votes. These bills included legislation to provide state-based ACA marketplaces, refund the federal navigator program, and restores a reinsurance program aimed at lowering ACA premiums. The committee also passed six drug pricing bills including the CREATES Act, which would penalize brand-name drug manufacturers that withhold sample products from generic makers by citing safety concerns.
Maine finally got its approval to expand Medicaid after a years’ long battle between the legislature and the governor. CMS formally approved Maine's State Plan Amendments to adopt the coverage expansion, which insures more than 70,000 low-income people in the state. The coverage is retroactive to July 2, 2018, the date that it should have taken effect under a 2017 ballot measure blocked by former Gov. Paul LePage.
President Trump this week first announced Republicans would take another stab at drafting their own health care reform, but backtracked on the idea hours later. “It's now apparent that President Trump will not push for repealing and replacing the ACA before the election. But, it's also clear that the future of the ACA will be very much on the ballot once again in 2020,” says Larry Levitt of the Kaiser Family Foundation.
In this thoughtful article, a stage 4 melanoma patient shares the lessons he's learned as he continues to face his cancer diagnosis. He writes eloquently about his faith, caring for caregivers, and not allowing cancer to take over who you are.
Dermatologists say cancer-prone areas are often left neglected. Joshua Zeichner, a dermatologist and researcher at New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital, says he regularly sees patients forgetting to slap sunscreen on the sides of their neck and the tips of their ears — spots, he says, that are particularly sensitive to UV rays owing to the thinness of the skin.
Senator Michael Bennet of Colorado announced Wednesday that he was diagnosed with prostate cancer last month. In his twitter post, he announced he was diagnosed early and his prognosis is good. He plans to have surgery during an upcoming Senate recess and return to work.
The Justice Department announced that the Trump administration changed its position on the ongoing ACA lawsuit and agrees with the Judge’s December ruling that the entire law should be struck down. Previously, the administration wanted to strike down only the law’s protections for pre-existing conditions and the individual mandate. Should the courts invalidate the entire law, as the administration wishes, major protections for people with pre-existing conditions, Medicaid expansion, and caps on out- of-pocket limits would all disappear.
The New York Times reports on what would happen if the entire law is struck down: “The ACA touches the lives of most Americans. Some 21 million could lose health insurance if the Trump administration were to succeed in having the law ruled unconstitutional.” Furthermore, the administration took this position without offering any replacement health care plan should their efforts prove successful.
On Wednesday, a federal judge blocked Medicaid work requirements in Kentucky and Arkansas, ruling that the policy would result in tens of thousands losing health care coverage. The rulings presented a serious setback for the administration as they made receiving government health coverage contingent upon work a central policy since taking office. So far, the administration allowed eight states to impose work requirements for Medicaid recipients and several other states are in the process of seeking permission to move forward with work requirements.
In another win in federal courts for supporters of the ACA, a judge ruled Thursday that the administration’s efforts to expand association health plans—plans that don’t meet coverage rules of the ACA—are illegal. “The final rule is clearly an end-run around the ACA,” said Judge Bates, an appointee of President George W. Bush. “Indeed, as the president directed, and the secretary of labor confirmed, the final rule was designed to expand access to AHPs to avoid the most stringent requirements of the ACA.” Association health plans do not have to comply with the ACA rules and regulations and have been called “junk plans” as they often do not include coverage for hospital visits, prescription drugs, maternity care, or other critical benefits.
On Tuesday, House Democrats introduced new legislation called the “Protecting Preexisting Conditions and Making Health Care More Affordable Care Act of 2019,” that would strengthen and expand upon the ACA. This bill includes several changes that would expand the availability of ACA subsidies to make plans more affordable to more consumers, would fund outreach and navigator assistance for the ACA, and fund state-based reinsurance programs. A one page summary of the legislation can be found here.
Author Aaron Carroll shares the personal experience of his close friend facing cancer and highlights the considerable time, and financial costs to his caregivers that are almost entirely overlooked.
Advocates with the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship discuss their cancer experiences and reflect on how their care needs changed over the course of their care continuum.
Today marks the 9th anniversary of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Because of the ACA, uninsured rates fell dramatically for almost all demographic groups as the law took effect. Insurance companies can no longer deny individuals health coverage because of a pre-existing condition, or impose lifetime caps. Happy birthday to the ACA!
In a paper published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, this chart shows that some patients, especially those who are uninsured, do not take medications as prescribed in order to cope with the cost of prescription drugs.
As mentioned in the chart above, this paper discusses strategies patients are using when prescribed medication to lower costs. It highlights that uninsured individuals attempt a variety of ways to lower their drug costs. While financial impacts are certainly one thing to consider, this paper helps show that drug costs also impact overall health and adherence to prescribed medication treatment.
A New York Times report on the new attention to the risks associated with breast implants, an issue they also note that was assumed to be “settled” a decade ago. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is evaluating breast implant risks and benefits, including through a public meeting.
Electronic health records were supposed to make things easier and better for patients and allow researchers to harness the big data within them. But 10 years after a law to accelerate the digitization of medical records passed, America has little to show for its investment.
An article written by former NCCS staff member, Julia Garcia, outlines a recent study that found that insurers' aggressive marketing of short-term health plans may cause confusion for consumers. These plans do not cover pre-existing conditions protections or essential health benefits, like prescription drug coverage and hospital visits.
Earlier this week, the White House released the President’s Budget. This year's budget proposes to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and cap Medicaid, and cuts federal health spending by $659 billion over 10 years. The budget also proposes shaving $818 billion from projected spending on Medicare over 10 years and cutting nearly $1.5 trillion from projected spending on Medicaid. In place of the current Medicaid structure, President Trump’s budget would give states “market-based health care grants” over 10 years. Congress rejected this idea in 2017 as part of the Graham-Cassidy bill because it would essentially cap Medicaid and would not keep pace with rising health care costs.
As the New York Times reports, the budget is seen by Democratic leaders as dead on arrival and is unlikely to have much effect on actual spending levels, which are controlled by Congress.
This week, it was announced that Dr. Ned Sharpless of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) will become Acting Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) once Dr. Scott Gottlieb steps down. Dr. Sharpless has served as director of the NCI since 2017, and is also chief of the aging biology and cancer section in the National Institute on Aging’s Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics. His research focuses on the relationship between aging and cancer, and development of new treatments for melanoma, lung cancer and breast cancer.
NCCS is pleased to have Dr. Sharpless join us later this month at our biannual Cancer Policy Roundtable event to hear more about his focus areas and new role at the FDA.
The non-profit ECRI Institute recently released it’s “2019 Top 10 Patient Safety Concerns” report. “This was the second year in a row that diagnostic errors were flagged as the most serious safety challenge in ECRI's annual compendium.” The implications for the millions of cancer patients diagnosed each year, and the millions more in survivorship, are obvious.
This editorial, published in the American Society of Clinical Oncology’s journal as part of their "SOCCA" series of articles, provides an oncologist perspective of cancer care in America.
Senators showed some bipartisan support for proposals aimed at reducing drug prices, while pharmaceutical company executives pushed back on most proposals and described flaws in the system that drive up prices. Some executives indicated a willingness to lower prices if changes to the rebate system are implemented in both the Medicare and commercial markets. Executives expressed support for the CREATES Act, which would remove barriers to the testing and approval of lower-cost generic products.
Note: In last week's Health Care Roundup, we incorrectly stated that the Senate Finance drug pricing hearing was scheduled for Wednesday of this week. The hearing occurred on Tuesday. We regret the error.
The Kaiser Family Foundation reported this week that while insurers on Healthcare.gov denied nearly one in five claims for in-network services, less than one percent of consumers appealed denied claims.
This article profiles Carol Marley as she struggles with both the financial and logistical toxicity of cancer treatment. She describes the financial toll her treatment is taking, even with good health insurance, as well as, the stress of navigating the myriad of bills she is facing, including a $18,400 bill for chemotherapy and a $870 bill for an MRI. Both claims were denied, one because it was submitted late and the other because there was no preauthorization. She said, "It's not any one individual. It's not any one system or provider. The whole system is messed up. … There's no recourse for me except to just keep making phone calls."
The FDA warned against the use of robotically assisted devices in some cancer surgeries, including mastectomies, a move based on a study that evaluated 14 years of adverse events reported and collected in the FDA’s MAUDE (Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience) database.
This week, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) published new health care spending projections for the United States. Unsurprisingly, Medicare spending growth is projected to outpace that of other payers in the coming decade due to enrollment growth and higher use of services. See a breakdown of the projections here.
On Wednesday, six hospital groups laid out an eight-point plan for dealing with surprise medical billing, a concept that has gained popularity among both parties in Congress. The plan was sent to Congressional leaders and included popular proposals like ensuring patients aren’t stuck with exorbitant bills. The groups also stated they want patients to have adequate provider networks.
Next week, the Senate Financial Services Committee will hold another hearing on the topic of drug prices, this time with seven CEOs of major pharmaceutical companies. To watch the hearing on Wednesday, visit the live stream.
As mentioned above, CMS projects the United States will spend $5.96 trillion on health care costs in 2027. These fiscal pressures could impact cancer care delivery, especially in Medicare, considering more baby boomers will move into Medicare and a majority of cancer diagnoses are in adults 65 and older.
This commentary piece was written by Deborah K. Mayer, PhD, RN, AOCN, FAAN, interim director of the National Cancer Institute’s Office of Cancer Survivorship, and Catherine M. Alfano, PhD, vice president of survivorship at the American Cancer Society. In the piece, they discuss the changing approaches to delivering survivorship care, considering there will be more cancer survivors with fewer oncologists to treat them.
In Susan Gubar’s latest thoughtful piece, she sets her focus on the devastating effects of financial toxicity for patients, saying, “cancer treatment escalates the possibility of penury, and treatment-produced fiscal catastrophes are tied to cancer deaths.” She examines the dilemma we as individuals and as a society face of where to draw the line between treatment costs and benefit.
Why Do Only Eight Percent Of Cancer Patients In The U.S. Participate In Clinical Trials?
It’s well known that very few patients participate in clinical trials in America, for a variety of reasons. A new study looks further into what some of those reasons are, with some interesting results.
“Most of the time it’s not up to the patient. Instead, structural and clinical barriers are the reasons more than 3 out of 4 patients do not participate in trials,” said Dr. Joseph Unger, who led the research.
Last week, the third annual #Cancerland fashion show took place at New York Fashion Week. Two dozen models, all living with metastatic breast cancer, walked the runway. The event benefitted METAvivor, a metastatic breast cancer organization, and all the proceeds will be put toward research.
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Cancer Survivor Brian Kline: "Medicaid expansion saved my life." | 2019-04-22T15:08:16Z | https://www.canceradvocacy.org/protectourcare/ |
- Encourage banks to use "covered bonds" to fund – and hold onto – the fixed-rate mortgages they originate. Widely used in Europe, covered bonds have longer maturities than bank deposits and are on-balance-sheet liabilities. For example, a bank might sell $2 billion of five- and 10-year covered bonds secured at all times by $2.1 billion of high-quality mortgages and other assets. Those longer maturities would reduce maturity mismatching, which was the underlying cause of the U.S. S&L fiasco and more recent problems in the financial markets. The FDIC has begun to look more favorably upon covered bonds, but far too cautiously.
- Eliminate the double taxation of corporate dividends. This raises the cost of equity capital relative to debt, encouraging financial institutions to use excessive leverage to offset the high cost of equity capital. It also tilts banks toward securitizing assets into trusts not subject to the corporate income tax.
With revised GDP data released today, I thought it might be worth taking another look at recent history. Click on the graph to enlarge.
Here is an intriguing graph I ran across recently. The blue line is FXY, an exchange-traded fund that tracks the yen. The red line is the S&P 500 index. Over the past year, the two time-series look like mirror images of each other. That is, holding yen seems to hedge U.S. stock-market risk.
Why the striking pattern in the last year? I think it's because during the liquidity crisis, the stock market has fallen at times when hedge funds and investment banks are deleveraging -- at such times, they cover the carry trade, that is, they buy yen and sell high-interest currencies such as the Australian dollar.
That story is consistent with the increasing risk of the carry trade.
Vanderbilt's Robert Driskill takes free-trade supporters to task. The article is thought provoking, even if I end up unconvinced.
What if free trade is making a small percentage of the country much better off, but is hurting a much greater percentage (the “Joe Sixpacks”), as some argue is the case? Even if the total gains to the few winners are sufficiently large that they could hypothetically compensate the losers, why would it be obvious that “Americans as a group are net winners”?
I agree with Professor Driskill about one thing: Any normative statement goes beyond sheer economics and involves a degree of political philosophy. Economists' devotion to free trade is based not only on the positive conclusion that it leads to a bigger economic pie but also on a couple of related philosophical positions.
Some economists take the libertarian view that people should presumptively be allowed to engage in mutually advantageous trades, absent any externalities. Under this view, the restricted-trade equilibrium has no claim to moral superiority--indeed, just the opposite. The fact that some people lose when trade is opened up compared to a restricted-trade status quo is of little moral relevance.
Other economists take the utilitarian view that we should use society's resources to maximize total utility of everyone. Because of diminishing marginal utility, income redistribution from the rich to the poor is a key part of the utilitarian's plan. But a progressive tax and transfer system, rather than restricting international trade, is the most effective way of achieving that goal. Once again, the economic gain or loss compared to the restricted-trade equilibrium is no special relevance. Maybe it would be relevant if for some reason a progressive tax/transfer system were infeasible, but that is not at all the case.
Note that the arguments that Professor Driskill uses would also suggest that we economists should not be so hard on the Luddites. After all, there are sometimes losers from technological progress. And the original Luddites were precisely such losers. Yet I doubt that one would find many thoughtful libertarians or utilitarians (or economists of any other stripe) siding with the Luddite cause.
Amartya is no fan of ethanol.
This is what the Great Society program did in the 1960s, with imports of doctors whose visas tied them, for specific periods, to serving remote, rural areas. U.S.-trained physicians practicing for a specified period in an "underserved" area were not required to return home.
It is time to expand such programs – for instance, by making physicians trained at accredited foreign institutions eligible for such entry into the U.S. But in order to do this, both Democratic candidates will first need to abandon their party's antipathy to foreign trade.
Alice Rivlin and Michael O'Hanlon pine for Ross Perot.
Cornell's Robert Frank confirms his membership in the Pigou Club.
the surprising thing in Robert Frank's book review in today's NY Times is that he endorsed the 2003 tax cut....he wants a progressive income tax and to exempt saving from taxation. So he's even to the right of the administration -- he would have a zero tax rate on dividends and capital gains.
Note that my friend is distinguishing the 2001 tax bill from the 2003 tax bill. The 2001 tax bill was mainly about lower income tax rates and an increased child credit. The 2003 tax bill, in addition to accelerating the phase-in of the 2001 changes, was mainly about reducing the tax burden on capital.
The New Yorker's James Surowiecki looks at the current debate over trade policy.
The graphic to the right is a good summary of the article..
At another point, Ms. Waters [Democratic Congresswoman from California] brazenly suggested that perhaps the American oil industry should be nationalized, acknowledging that it was an “extreme step” but one that might be necessary if outsize profits and exorbitant gasoline prices continued.
...to my younger son Peter, who is in the third grade: The Number Devil: A Mathematical Adventure.
Highly recommended for nerdy dads (and moms) out there.
Barack Obama, the presidential candidate of "change," told a town hall meeting recently that he'd "seriously consider" eliminating the penny if Lincoln's face could be placed on another coin.
The world has changed because of a few snap decisions made one weekend in March. We do not yet have an adequate understanding of what happened and why. But we can be sure that the Fed's action will be used to argue for more spending and more regulation.
That's the number of visits this blog has had since it started up a little more than two years ago. Thank you all for coming.
High gas prices have driven a Warren County farmer and his sons to hitch a tractor rake to a pair of mules to gather hay from their fields. T.R. Raymond bought Dolly and Molly at the Dixon mule sale last year. Son Danny Raymond trained them and also modified the tractor rake so the mules could pull it.
Thanks for Frank Stephensen for the pointer.
Here is the previous installment in this series.
A generally sensible portfolio, but with two surprising omissions: inflation-indexed bonds and real estate.
David Brooks channels economist Mancur Olson.
By effectively killing "fast track" procedures that guarantee a yes-or-no vote on trade agreements within 90 days, lawmakers in Washington, led by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, have destroyed the credibility of the U.S. as a reliable negotiating partner.
With no economic feedbacks taken into account and under an assumption that raising marginal tax rates was the only mechanism used to balance the budget, tax rates would have to more than double. The tax rate for the lowest tax bracket would have to be increased from 10 percent to 25 percent; the tax rate on incomes in the current 25 percent bracket would have to be increased to 63 percent; and the tax rate of the highest bracket would have to be raised from 35 percent to 88 percent. The top corporate income tax rate would also increase from 35 percent to 88 percent.
Such tax rates would significantly reduce economic activity and would create serious problems with tax avoidance and tax evasion.
A talk with the distinguished economist and historian of monetary policy.
So, you want things to be fair?
In an age when we don’t need to have lots of children to work the fields, or to compensate for high infant mortality, Sachs argues that it’s both economically rational — and crucial for a future of sustainable growth — for people to reproduce at a rate close to 2.1 children per family. In his acknowledgments, Sachs thanks his three children.
I also have three kids, but I don't feel a shred of guilt about it, for reasons I explained here.
Speaking to a crowd of farmers in a barn, Barack Obama cited the Japanese not selling American beef as an example of how current trade policies have hurt rural communities.
“You can’t get American beef into Japan…even though we have the highest safety standards. They don’t want the competition,” he said in response to a question about trade and manufacturing jobs moving to China.
But Japan lifted its ban on American beef almost a year ago in June. The country had banned imports in 2003 after an outbreak of mad-cow disease. According to the U.S. Meat Export Federation in Denver, the U.S. currently exports over 5,000 tons of beef per month to Japan, down from 20,000 tones before the 2003 ban when Japan was the No. 1 importer of American beef.
But the problem is not, as Obama said, that the Japanese refuse to import American beef. Rather, it is that American beef now faces stiffer competition with Australian beef, which is cheaper and has made major inroads in the market in recent years.
Yet there are telling examples of the path we have taken from key economies around the world. For instance, when the USA economy was recently confronted by the devastating effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, as well as the Iraq war, their Central Bank stepped in and injected life-boat schemes in the form of billions of dollars that were printed and pumped into the American economy.
A few months ago, the USA economy confronted a severe mortgage crisis, which threatened to spark an economy-wide recession.
This is from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, where inflation is now running at an annual rate of about 355,000 percent.
Like a lot of small-scale entrepreneurs, Cathy Osborne worries that she'll go out of business if fuel prices rise above $4 a gallon. Not because she won't be able to buy gas at that price, but because she won't be able to sell it.
The old mechanical gas pumps with scrolling dials at her country store in Fauquier County lack the gears to go beyond $3.99 a gallon...."I don't know what I'm going to do. I don't have $30,000 to invest in new pumps."
Obama supports the farm bill. Clinton scolds McCain for opposing it.
Score one for McCain (for reasons spelled out in a previous post).
Update: The liberal editorialists at the NY Times call the bill "disgraceful." The conservative editorialists at the Wall Street Journal concur.
Ultimately, the issues involving ec 10 and Gen Ed are for the university and economics department. I just happen to be the current instructor running the course, so my personal opinion should not be given undue weight. Ec 10 has a long, distinguished history that predates me and will continue long after I retire. I have, however, been consulting with the chairman (Jim Stock) and director of undergraduate studies (Jeff Miron) on the issue.
I did not particularly like the new Gen Ed requirements when they were first passed, and based on what I have seen to date, my opinion of them has not improved. I continue to believe that a simpler, more conventional set of distribution requirements would better serve the students. The committee that drafted the new Gen Ed rules tried to produce something more innovative than the kind of distribution requirements that other schools have. In the end, the process generated a product that was innovative but inferior. Unfortunately, it looks like we have little choice now but to live with it.
One problem is that the drafters seemed to have inadequate appreciation of the role of analytic social science. The debate over where ec 10 fits in the new requirements is a symptom of these flaws.
The Gen Ed committee appears to think that ec 10 should fit into "Empirical and Mathematical Reasoning." I believe, however, that this placement would be a mistake. The theories developed in ec 10 are extraordinarily basic. No math is used beyond what a typical Harvard student would have learned in the 8th or 9th grade. (This makes Ec 10 differ from the intermediate-level theory courses in microeconomics and macroeconomics, which use substantially more mathematics and are more oriented to developing tools for economics majors.) It would be a mistake to consider Ec 10 a good substitute for a course in mathematics or statistics.
The better placement for the course would be "The United States in the World." This category is supposed to include courses that "examine American social, political, legal, cultural, and/or economic institutions, practices, and behavior, from contemporary, historical, and/or analytical perspectives." Ec 10 develops primarily an "analytical" perspective on "American...economic institutions, practices, and behavior," while also including discussion of historical episodes and contemporary policy debates.
Does it matter a lot for ec 10 whether it is part of Gen Ed and, if so, where? Probably not. Harvard students are a smart lot. Many of them come in with a sense that they should learn some basic economics. They read the news. Their parents and older classmates alert them to the importance of the field. I have no doubt that whatever the Gen Ed committee ends up doing, ec 10 will remain a large, vibrant course.
Joe says it's a failure.
If you want cheering crowds, don't bother to study economics. It will only hold you back. Tell people what they want to hear-- and they don't want to hear about supply and demand.
No, supply and demand is not too "complex." It is just not very emotionally satisfying.
Any cap-and-trade system for carbon creates a valuable resource: the right to produce carbon. A key question in the design of the system is how those carbon allowances are allocated. Are they given out for free to power companies and other established carbon emitters? Or are they sold at auction so the revenue can be used to reduce government debt, fund public programs, or reduce distortionary taxation? If the allowances are sold, their price resembles a Pigovian tax, which readers of this blog will recognize as the optimal policy response.
Over time, an increasing fraction of permits for emissions could be supplied by auction, yielding federal revenues that can be put to good use.
Not bad, but the statement raises several questions. Why over time? Why not immediately? And how high would that fraction become?
I think cap-and-trade system makes more sense. That's why I proposed it because you can be very specific in terms of how we're going to reduce the greenhouse gases by a particular level. Now what you have to do is you have to combine it with a hundred percent auction.
The Pigou Club gives the edge to Obama.
In response to the proposal in Massachusetts to tax Harvard's endowment by $840 million a year, one of my esteemed colleagues has an idea that he thinks would be better than my proposed move: Harvard can decide to no longer accept the children of Massachusetts residents.
Faculty children excepted, of course.
According to a recent survey, a majority of Russians believes that acquiring wealth requires criminal activity and political connections. Only 20% believe that talent matters.
Gas Prices Send Surge of Riders to Mass Transit (as well as to smaller cars and camels).
Time for Harvard to Move?
Massachusetts legislators, demonstrating a growing resentment against the wealth of elite universities in tight economic times, are studying a plan to levy a 2.5% annual tax on the portion of college endowments that exceed $1 billion.
Supporters said the proposal would raise $1.4 billion a year. Based on the most recent size of Harvard's endowment, the university would have to shell out more than $840 million annually.
2. Transfer much of the endowment to Harvard South. Support Harvard North by slowly selling off land in Massachusetts.
3. Eventually, make Harvard South the main campus, and Harvard North the satellite. If Massachusetts state lawmakers remain hostile, close Harvard North down entirely.
I have often wondered what the efficient scale of a university is and, in particular, whether it would be better to create a second Harvard with the university's wealth than to expand the first one. Maybe the Massachusetts state legislature will give the powers-that-be at Harvard an incentive to consider more radical expansion plans.
Caplan says: If they don't do this, they'll do something even worse.
Rather than trying to prop up the corporate income tax against competitive pressures, countries around the world should celebrate its decline and work for its demise.
From today's Wall Street Journal, in an article that gives the club some much-appreciated publicity.
"All in all, I learned a lot from the book, without ever once feeling preached at."
Paul Krugman thinks all of the fuss about the gas tax holiday has become a bit hysterical. He agrees that the policy is a bad idea, but it is no big deal, so let's not focus on it.
Paul is right that the issue is, quantitatively, small potatoes, but I am nonetheless pleased to see it get so much attention. This issue is like the canary in the coal mine: No one really cares about the canary, but its condition tells us about deeper problems that lie below.
Many economic issues (e.g., health care, corporate taxation, the trade deficit) are vastly complicated, with experts holding a variety of opinions. When candidates disagree, it simply means that each is siding with a different set of experts, and it is hard for laymen to figure out which set of experts is right. By contrast, the gas tax holiday is not nearly as complicated, and the experts speak with one voice.
Ignorance: They don't know that the consensus of experts is opposed.
Hubris: They know the experts are opposed, but they think they know better.
Mendacity with a dash of condescension: They know the experts are opposed, and they secretly agree, but they think they can win some votes by pulling the wool over the eyes of an ill-informed electorate.
So which of these three hypotheses is right? I don't know, but whichever it is, it says a lot about the character of the candidates.
John McCain, the presumptive Republican presidential nominee who should know better, was the first presidential candidate to endorse the gas-tax holiday for the summer driving season. Reportedly, the idea originated with a political pollster, not among Mr. McCain's economic advisers.
the US should take the lead in promoting global co-operation in the international tax arena. There has been a race to the bottom in the taxation of corporate income as nations lower their rates to entice business to issue more debt and invest in their jurisdictions. Closely related is the problem of tax havens that seek to lure wealthy citizens with promises that they can avoid paying taxes altogether on large parts of their fortunes. It might be inevitable that globalisation leads to some increases in inequality; it is not necessary that it also compromise the possibility of progressive taxation.
This issue goes well beyond economics to questions of political economy and political philosophy. If you think it is the job of government to take from Peter to pay Paul, and if Peter can move around the globe, then you need international tax cooperation. Otherwise, some countries will become nations of Peters, leaving all the Pauls to fend for themselves.
On the other hand, if you think that the main job of government is to facilitate voluntary exchange by protecting property rights, rather than re-slicing the economic pie as it sees fit, then tax competition is a good check against excessive interventionism. In other words, are you more worried about too little government or too much?
It will, for example, substantially reduce the profitability of investment houses and, therefore, reduce their scale. But that’s the price you pay for access to a publicly financed safety net.
That is why some economists cringe when Wall Street firms are bailed out. Beyond the obvious equity issues about risking taxpayer money to help rich guys, there is the problem of efficiency. If you start bailing the firms out when they lose, you have to regulate the gambles they take. You can no longer count on the creditors to limit the firms' leverage, as the creditors are counting on Uncle Sam if things go wrong. But the more regulated these firms are, the lower their productivity will be.
The bottom line: The Bear Stearns bailout may have saved the economy from an episode of financial contagion in the short run, but in the long run it will likely leave us with a more regulated and less vibrant financial system.
Farmers in the Indian state of Rajasthan are rediscovering the humble camel. As the cost of running gas-guzzling tractors soars, even-toed ungulates are making a comeback, raising hopes that a fall in the population of the desert state’s signature animal can be reversed.
As Gas Costs Soar, Buyers Are Flocking to Small Cars. | 2019-04-24T02:20:46Z | http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2008/05/?m=0 |
The post explains a simple automatic PIR controlled fan circuit for school college use, which responds and switches ON only in the presence of a human (students) in the classroom. The idea was requested by Mr. Souren Bhattacharya.
I am, souren bhattacharya, a high school teacher in west bengal.
To reduce electricity used in my school classroom can u please make a circuit which can switch offon fans (3/4 ceiling fans) in the classroom as per routine with a facility to manual override.
For example each class has one computer class and one physical education class in a week. we want to switch off fans when whole class is empty.
If you give ur contact no in my email inbox i can explain in better way in ur idle time.
my email id is [email protected]. please help us.
The design will require some kind of human IR sensor to be included, for example a PIR sensor device which looks to be the most efficient and effective for the proposed application.
Incorporating a PIR sensor makes the design pretty simple since most of the complex circuitry is handled within the unit itself. The sensor just needs to be integrated with a triggering stage and a correctly rated power supply as shown in the following diagram.
In the given diagram we are able to see a standard preprogrammed PIR module, a 7805 voltage regulator IC stage for supplying the PIR, and a simple 12 V transistor/relay driver stage.
The PIR module has three terminals, the right one is the ground terminal, center one is the positive +3.3V or +5V, and the left terminal is the responsive output lead of the device.
When the particular assigned (+) and (-) terminals of the PIR device are connected to the specified supply voltages, the device instantly becomes responsive and begins "thinking".
No human presence or motion should be created in front of the unit's lens during this initial switch ON period for about a minute or so, until the device locks ON and puts itself into an alert or a ready stand by position.
The unit now becomes ready and responds to even the slightest human motion or presence in front of its lens by generating a positive supply at its output terminal, this high at its output terminal persists as long as a human presence is detected within a radial range of around 20 meters in front of the PIR device.
The output turns into a zero voltage as soon as the human presence moves away or is removed.
The above well defined high/low voltage response at the output lead becomes ideally suited or accessible for a transistor relay driver stage as shown in the diagram.
When the PIR output is high due to the presence of a human (children in classroom), the transistor BC547 base receives the +3.3V out from the relevant lead of the device and quickly switches ON the relay.
The relay in turn switches ON the fan and the system stays ON as long as the students occupy the premise.
When the students leave and vacate the premise, the PIR instantly switches OFF its output to a zero voltage level, however the presence of the 470uF/25V capacitor at the output lead of the PIR prevents the BC547 from getting switched off instantly rather keeps it ON for a few seconds more after the PIR has reverted its output to zero.
After this delay the BC547 also gets deactivated, switching OFF the relay and the fan or any other desired load whatsoever that may be wired with the relay.
The above circuit may be effectively modified as given below for operating lights, with a feature making sure that it's implemented only during the night time and not during the daytime when ample daylight is accessible. The idea was requested by Mr. Sham.
Is there an alternative for PIR? the PIR we bought is not working.
Can I use two PIR ‘s in this circuit from different locations (different rooms). Because I need it to turn on when there is a human presence in the both rooms.
Sir thanks for the prompt response.
capacitive power supply is not recommended for this design, you must use a 12V SMPS adapter for operating this circuit.
OK can I use 5.5v cell phone charger and 5v relay?
yes you can try that..
thanks, I am glad you liked it, by sequentially do you mean alternately? in that case you can use the other free contact of the relay and wire it with the other fan….
hi can i know what are the pin configuraion of the sensor ?
NVD, yes removing the capacitor will cancel the delay effect.
I/p supply y r using 2 * IN4148.
two diodes are for dropping 0.6V + 0.6V = 1.4V from the 5V.
you can use two 1N4007 diodes instead.
remove the relay from the collector of the BC547 and replace it with the 470uF cap.
take a BC557 transistor, connect its base to the collector of BC547 via a 22k resistor….connect its emitter with the positive..and connect the relay across its collector the negative supply line.
sir, in the above circuit can i use "TWO" pir sensors that results in activating load (light) in two differnt locations. if presence of human in any one of sensor the load should activate how can i insert another "pir" sensor thank you .
Manjunath, yes that can done by configuring the second PIR exactly as the shown PIR in the diagram.
Good day sir, I am an electrical /electronic engineering student in Nigeria and I have been building most of your circuit ever since and I have to say a very big thanks to you, you are a great man.
I want to build the circuit above but I have a problem with the PIR sensor, I couldn't get the exact model used in the circuit but found another model with five pins/terminals with model number (SV612A-V1.4).
How can I use this model in the circuit above?
Hi Gerald, I am glad to know that you could succeed with many of the circuits from this website.
Please go through the datasheet of the PIR as referred in the previous comment, you should be able to figure out the wiring details, if you still have problems, let me know about it I'll try to help.
It works perfect for me. But not accurate. How to adjust Retriggering' option ? (L&H position)Why is this? Can you please tell me?
Please Google "PIR retriggering" and you'll be able to find the the required answer online.
and if you want the circuit to be more sensitive then you may have to employ an opamp for the amplifications, as explained in the following article.
I tried to build the above circuit but encountered a problem with the PIR sensor.
I couldn't find the the exact model in my country but found another one with five pins with model number (SV612A-V1.4). please sir, how can I use this model in the above circuit?.
Hi, you can check out the datasheet of the unit below, and configure the circuit accordingly.
Good day sir. I am an electrical engineering student. I just want to verify if this circuit is applicable for electric stand fan . I am thinking of making this circuit for my research project and i am hoping you could help me with this. Hoping for a response sir.
yes you can use it with a stand fan, but please note that the PIR will sense only as long as the people are moving, it will stop sensing if the people are stationery.
what kind of pir sensor will i use here sir?
sir,i am planning to add thermistor in the circuit. will it work? and where can i connect the thermistor if ever sir?what connection is best suitable ?
Thanks sir. What about the relay sir? What is the maximum and minimum ampere should i use in the ckt so it would work properly?
The type of pir sensor that u use hir sir is not available in our country. i had seen this type of pir sensor revision B 555-28027. Is it ok if i can use it in place of the sb612a-02-001 pir sensor?
yes it can be used if its working specification is similar to the shown model.
Sansa, do you want the themistor for detecting the room temperature and activating the fan automatically?? that may not be possible with an easy design.
Yes sir. That would be okay for me sir even if the design is not easy. Can u pls design it sir?
I'll try to design it if it seems feasible for me….
Hello sir…very glad to text you…I am electronics student..I need your guidance for my final year project on this topic..can you help me??
it could be your country's internet problem, open the article in any proxy server, you'll be able to see it.
Sir,I am a electronics student.. can you help me in my final year project regarding this topic??
you can connect them in parallel with the same circuit, just make sure the "out" pins are terminated through individual diodes…..
Mr Gupta he is absoltely right !! Those comercial PIR's that sell on market can only detect motion either human or not (even a slight leaf movement or passing pet) And by way if you stay still there is no dectection.
Must be something different circuit or different sensor??. Never heard or never see my self,of an oscillating pendulium ????? other than that will take too much space.
But sir…if I do this then also I think will be create a problem…like, the switch will be OFF after the PIR time setting (maximum 5 minutes) then again will be ON. i.e. the relay will be continue ON-OFF..ON-OFF and this is not good for an appliance.
yes but the oscillation can cause a continuous ON/OFF of the relay which can be corrected by using small delay OFF circuit.
remove the push switch and simply join the 1000uF and the 2m2 junction with the output of the oscillating PIR.
also alternatively, instead of an oscillating the PIR, you can use an oscillating barrier just in front of the PIR which will alternately block the PIR detection and keep it triggering in the presence of a human.
the delay timing can be optimized by appropriately selected the 1000uF cap or the 2M2 resistor.
I've done this circuit accurately as your advice…and the relay is operate by the sence of human motion. Don't operate by humane prasence.
And after that I had search in google "function of PIR" and I had seen that… PIR is a human motion sensor.
Yes Narottam you are right, PIR sensor internal circuit is designed to detect only motion, although the actual pyroelectric material can sense human body heat, it's sensitivity can be too weak so it might not detect a static human presence correctly.
To convert the above design into a static human detector you may have to mount the PIR on small motor mechanism or a pendulum kind of mechanism, which will cause the PIR module to oscillate very slowly across a distance of about 3 to 4 inches….this might help to transform any conventional PIR to detect even a static human within the specified range.
but, this circuit work only based human motion, i.e. when I'm lie in the room (no movement by me) then the circuit will OFF after the PIR setting time(maximum 5 minutes), and it will ON again when done some movement by me.
But I want to that circuit which will not OFF when I don't move( like lie in the room) .
Narottam, that's not correct, the PIR will keep responding and remain switched ON as long as a human is present within the range of its detection.
If you move away from the range or if you stand somewhere out of its detection zone it won't be able to detect your presence…so make sure the PIR is able to "see" you, meaning keep the PIR in such a way that its angle of detection is maximum and optimal…..
& I request you to post a circuit of "Wireless mobile charger" plzz sir..
a wireless charger circuit can be a difficult project, if I succeed in cracking it will surely publish it for you!
Can we use transformerless to drop down from 220v to 12v dc (max 2W) without using ac/dc adaptor as this will add more money to be spent??
I would like to mention one thing. When i connect adapter to relay terminal directly and switch on the supply i could hear only humming noise from relay. That's the reason i chose to add a 100uF cap across the source. When i connected cap, relay was making clicking sound.
Yes the adapter was faulty. The supplier mentioned it was current controlled and voltage varies on back inductance. The cap does NOT heat up with other adapter.
Plz excuse me for bothering you.
I tried with cap before diode. No use, cap still getting veru hot. This time i did not allow to blow up.
Yes, it was reading 26V before blowing up. I was reading the value with supply on.
Am confused now. Why the hell does the cap getting hot. I checked the relay resistance, it is 400 ohms. 4148 is connected across relay. 10uF 25V is connected across relay. I know its simple ckt. With PIR the relay switches few times and after few seconds boom!
Here i would like to know one thing, why my relay is not switching when the 12 v adopter is made contact with relay?
a capacitor will explode only if the fed voltage across it is much higher than its rated value, or if it's connected with the wrong polarity, there cannot be any other reason for a capacitor to explode.
buy another adapter from a different shop and check the results.
Adapter o/p is 12.64 V. I tried connecting a diode between o/p of adapter and cap with 25v rating. It again blew up one more time. I will try connecting cap to adpt terminals directly, i,e before diode and check rather than the relay terminal.
you said it was 26V ?
Few days back i purchased 12V AC-DC adaptor. Using this i was not able to trigger on the relay. So i connected a 100uF cap across the +ve of relay and other end to GND to remove AC ripples which could have leaked along with DC. This setup was able to trigger the relay. The same i used in simple motion sensor ckt without ldr. Removed 10uF across DC side of relay and connected 100uF to +ve of relay and gnd . PIR was NOT connected(luckily). When i applied 12V, in short time the 100uF exploded while checking the voltage across the cap. It was reading around 26V at that time. I know i have done something wrong. Plz help me in getting this ckt working.
Hi sham, connect the capacitor across the adapter output supply terminals, and make sure that the capacitor rating is much higher than the adapter supply voltage….do this by first confirming the adapter voltage through a multimeter.
….if it's showing 26v then throw away the adapter, it's a bad quality adapter and very dangerous….if it's rated at 12V then it must show 12V under any cost.
..at 26V your 12V relay will become hot and get damaged soon….
Something went wrong. I purchased 12v AC-DC adaptor. But it was not turning on the relay coil. I could hear humming noise from relay, So i connected 100uF cap across + ve of relay coil and -ve of cap to supply Gnd. It worked for few seconds and later the capacitor exploded. If cap is not connected, relay will not switch on… How to rectify this problem? plz help me.
Yes, Perfect. Its working as desired.
OK. I got some suggestion from your other article.
And btw i am using 100k pot at the base of LDR 547.
…a fixed resistor will also do, a pot may not be required because setting the precise time of operation is not so important.
I noticed that at some point of light intensity, the relay toggles continuously. I have placed the LDR on the other side of the light source. As the daylight fades off the relay started to toggle. Looks like it is not getting latched. How to fix this defect?
I have used 4.7uf across CE of LDR ckt and 100uf from BE of PIR ckt. Since i did not have 1uf and 470uf cap.
Hi Sham, the light from the PIR lamp should not be allowed to fall on the LDR, otherwise it'll malfunction.
I could not get back early. Please excuse me.
Tested the circuit today. Its working perfectly well. Once again hats off to you and thank you so much.
Hi Sham, that's great, congrats to you on that. I am glad the circuit worked as intended.
Ho very nice. Sure will check tomorrow and inform u. Thanks a lot Swagatam.
I have tried the above circuit for my kitchen light. It is working perfectly and a great way conserve energy. My kitchen has sufficient daylight during day time so i dont need pir to switch on the light during day time. I need it only during absence of daylight. How to get this done by using LDR in the above circuit?
I have seen your other articles on PIR but it seems to be complicate for me with dual relays and 555 timer. Please show me a simple way to do this.
Hi Sham, glad to know that the circuit is serving the purpose for you.
I'll upgrade the diagram as per your requirement, and post it soon in the above….please keep in touch.
Thanks Swagatam. Looking forward to it.
sir i had build the circuit as shown in diagram and connected light instead of fan and it seems to be not working properly, means if i close the sensor with paper or if nobody present in an range of sensor also the light glows, and while glowing if i went near the light will switches off for few seconds and then glows agalin by making small tik sound . what it means and i was not sure about connecting wire to relay.
Manjunath, you can first confirm the working of the PIR sensor separately by connecting an LED across its out and ground pins, while doing this you can keep the relay disconnected from the transistor.
check how the LED responds in the presence or absence of a human body, this will confirm whether the fault is in the PIR or the transistor driver stage.
check response from all these LEDs, it will help you to pin point the issue.
manjunath, please do the steps which I mentioned in the previous comment, this is only way you'd be able to troubleshoot the circuit.
sir please can you discribe the method of connecting an LED in series with the transistor base resistor to check th faulty stage, or any site address reguarding this . thank you for your cooperation.
If the LEDs are lighting up with nobody around then there could be something wrong with your PIR device.
sir, sorry to disturb you that i had connected new pir sensor but it was working as before it had. in this comment section interested peoples who suceeded in this project please help me as i am not to disturb this comment section.
Please let me know the model of the PIR sensor that you've used, so that I could help you further in this regard.
sir i had used and tested " robodo hc-sr501" in this one is having trigger i think.
As far as I know, HC-SR501 sensor has its Vcc on the left and its control signal pin is its centre pin. If you have connected it correctly, it is not an issue but if you didn't, then you have to interchange the connections between Vcc and signal pin ACCORDING TO CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ABOVE.
If still it does not work, try replacing the transistor as you told that you even tried using a new pir sensor in one of your above comments.
Also recheck the connections that you've made and correct them (if any).
Above steps might solve your problem. Even after following above steps, if your cicuit does not work, try troubleshooting the circuit according to the instructions given by our senior, Swagatam sir.
sir, this project also succeded with your guidence. thanks a lot.
but as shown in diagram and reffering to relay topic, i had confused that wheather relay load has to connect to "NC or NO"
He connected the relay wrong. He should have connected it to the n/o instead of n/c.
relay coil does not have a polarity, so you can simply connect it anyway round across the shown points.
sir what should i use as a 12v dc supply… should i design a rectifier circuit separately?…. or using a 12v battery could be a better option?… please guide..
Ashish, the 12V could be from a ready made 12V AC/DC adapter unit or any similar power supply.
What will happen if I use 7812 for output of 12v when input of 12vDC instead of 7805 as +5v regulator ?
PIR device will burn ?
if your PIR is specified to work with 5V then surely it will burn.
Sir, the problem I am facing after making the sensor is that .. If I have set the delay timing for 30sec.. And i am sitting in that area ideally i.e. there is no physical movement it would get automatically turn off after the delay timing.. Can u plzz suggest me how to rectify this problem of mine..
Ankur, PIR devices are designed for sensing IR from our bodies not for sensing motion….so if it's not sensing your presence then may be you are not in the range of the device or there's some fault in the system components.
yes it will be a bit costly, inquire with your local electronic retailer, he'll know better.
If I used the sensor for a cfl light or tube light, when I entire the dark room then it worked properly?
When I needs to change the speed of the fan then what happens otherwise it's controlled by human manually?
A single unit would take care of each room comfortably, preferably it could be positioned on the center of the ceiling in order to get a radial view of the classroom.
All the fans could be controlled through the single relay for getting a simultaneous ON/OFF toggling.
PIR sensors have become too common nowadays, so it should be easily available in Kolkata too.
if any animal comes it will get on? i mean cat or dog? if human motion is not there will it remain on position?
yes it'll detect all warm blooded living beings.. | 2019-04-20T12:44:50Z | https://www.homemade-circuits.com/automatic-pir-controlled-fan-circuit/ |
The Average Processing Time Per License Request (ms) is the average amount of time in milliseconds that it takes the AD RMS Prelicensing agent to process a license.
Messages Processed Successfully is the total number of protected messages that were successfully processed by the AD RMS Prelicensing agent.
Permanent Failure License Requests is the total number of license requests that were made by the AD RMS Prelicensing agent and resulted in permanent failures.
Successful License Requests is the total number of successful license requests that were made by the AD RMS Prelicensing agent.
Total License Requests is the total number of license requests that were made by the AD RMS Prelicensing agent.
Total License Requests Processing Time (ms) is the total time spent on license requests by the AD RMS Prelicensing agent in milliseconds.
Total License Requests/sec is the total number of license requests that were made by the AD RMS Prelicensing agent per second.
Total Messages is the total number of protected messages that were processed by the AD RMS Prelicensing agent.
Total Recipients is the total number of recipients from all protected e-mails that were processed by the AD RMS Prelicensing agent.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange ADAccess Caches' object.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange ADAccess Domain Controllers' object.
LDAP VLV Requests/Sec is the number of Virtual List View requests made to this DC per second. Usually they are used for Addressbook browse functionality in OWA.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange ADAccess Processes' object.
LDAP VLV requests/Sec is the number of Virtual List View requests made by this process per second. Usually they are used for Addressbook browse functionality in OWA.
Current version of the Active Directory topology data used by this process.
Average Ping Time is the average time elapsed, in milliseconds, waiting for Ping and Hanging Sync requests to complete.
Average Request Time is the average time elapsed, in milliseconds, waiting for a request to complete.
Conflicting Concurrent Sync Total is the total number of Sync commands which a concurrent sync completed first for the same folder.
Conflicting Concurrent Sync/sec is the number of Sync commands per second which a concurrent sync completed first for the same folder.
Delete Collection Commands/sec is the number of DeleteCollection commands that are processed each second. Clients that are running earlier versions of the ActiveSync protocol use this command to delete folders.
Incoming Proxy Requests Total is the total number of HTTP requests received from ASP.NET and proxied to another ActiveSync server since the service was restarted.
Mailbox Search Total is the total number of Mailbox Search requests that have been processed since the service was started.
Options Commands/sec is the number of Options commands that are processed each second. Clients can use the Options command to discover the ActiveSync protocol version that is supported by the server.
Outgoing Proxy Requests Total is the total number of HTTP requests received by ASP.NET from another ActiveSync server since the service was restarted.
Ping Commands Pending is the number of Ping commands that are currently pending on the server.
Proxy Logon Commands Sent Total is the total number of proxy logon commands that were sent from this server to another server. This can happen when a user's mailbox is located on an Exchange 2003 server. It can also happen when the Exchange 2007 Client Access server in the same Active Directory site as the user's Mailbox server is not Internet facing.
Sync Commands Dropped/sec is the number of Sync commands per second whose connection to the client was dropped before a response could be issued.
Sync Commands Pending is the number of Sync commands that are currently pending on the server.
Sync Dropped Total is the total number of Sync commands whose connection to the client was dropped before a response could be issued.
Wrong CAS Proxy Requests Total tracks the total number of mobile clients that are misconfigured. These clients point to a Client Access server URL that is not in the same Active Directory site as the user's mailbox. Users must make sure that their devices are configured with the URL that points directly to the Client Access server that is located in the same Active Directory site as their Mailbox server.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange Assistants' object.
Average processing time of the events chosen as interesting.
Average time (in seconds) that the event lives in the dispatcher queue.
Average Mailbox Processing Time In seconds is the average processing time of mailboxes for time-based assistants/sec.
Average queue size of event dispatchers.
The number of events polled by the assistants.
The number of events polled per second.
Number of events processed by the assistants.
Events in queue is the current number of events in the in-memory queue waiting to be processed by the assistants.
Highest Event Counter Polled is the highest event counter polled from the database.
The number of mailboxes processed by time-based assistants.
Mailboxes processed/sec is the rate of mailboxes processed by time-based assistants per second.
The current number of event dispatchers in memory.
The number of event dispatchers that are in failed state.
The number of CLR exceptions handled by the code.
Number of Threads used from the CLR thread pool.
The number of events processed per second.
Percentage of Failed Event Dispatchers is the percentage of Event Dispatchers that are in failure mode.
Percentage of Interesting Events is the percentage of events generated on the database that are processed by the assistants.
Polling Delay is the latency between when the most recent Mapi Event was polled and when the event was created in seconds.
Availability Requests per second is the number of requests serviced per second. The request can be only for free busy or include suggestions. One request may contain multiple mailboxes.
Average Number of Mailboxes Processed per Request is the average number of mailboxes processed per request. Some of the mailboxes may have errors during processing.
Average Time to Process a Cross-Forest Free Busy Request is the average time to process a cross-forest free busy request in seconds. One request may contain multiple mailboxes. Free busy responses do not have meeting suggestions.
Average Time to Process a Cross-Site Free Busy Request is the average time to process a cross-site free busy request in seconds. One request may contain multiple mailboxes. Free busy responses do not have meeting suggestions.
Average Time to Process a Free Busy Request is the average time to process a free busy request in seconds. One request may contain multiple mailboxes. Free busy responses do not have meeting suggestions.
Average Time to Process a Meeting Suggestions Request is the average time to process a meeting suggestions request in seconds. One request may contain multiple mailboxes. This time includes time for fetching free busy.
Cross-Forest Calendar Failures per second is the number of cross-forest mailbox queries that failed per second. These mailboxes require proxying to another instance of the service in a different forest.
Cross-Forest Calendar Queries per second is the number of cross-forest mailboxes queried per second. These mailboxes require proxying to another instance of the service in a different forest.
Cross-Site Calendar Failures per second is the number of cross-site mailbox queries failed per second. These mailboxes require proxying to another instance of the service in a different site.
Cross-Site Calendar Queries per second is the number of cross-site mailboxes queried per second. These mailboxes require proxying to another instance of the service in a different site.
Foreign Connector Queries per second is the number of mailboxes for which free busy information is requested from a foreign connector per second.
Foreign Connector Request Failure Rate is the number of Foreign connector free busy requests failed per second.
Intra-Site Calendar Failures per second is the number of intra-site mailbox queries failed per second. These mailboxes do not require proxying to another instance of the service.
Intra-Site Calendar Queries per second is the number of intra-site mailboxes queried per second. These mailboxes do not require proxying to another instance of the service.
Public Folder Queries per second is the number of mailboxes for which free busy information is requested from the public folders per second.
Public Folder Request Failures per second is the number of public folder free busy requests failed per second.
Suggestions Requests per second is the number of requests per second, specifically for meeting suggestions. The request can be only for free busy or include suggestions. One request may contain multiple mailboxes.
Average Calendar Attendant Processing Time is the average time to process an event in the Calendar Attendant.
Last Calendar Attendant Processing Time is the latest time to to process an event in the Calendar Attendant.
Lost Races is the total number of times the Calendar Attendant processed items after Outlook already reached it.
Meeting Cancellations is the total number of meeting cancellations processed by Calendar Attendant.
Meeting Messages Deleted is the number of meeting messages deleted from noise reduction.
Meeting Messages Processed is the total number of meeting messages processed by Calendar Attendant.
Meeting Requests is the total number of meeting requests processed by Calendar Attendant.
Meeting Responses is the total number of meeting responses processed by Calendar Attendant.
Requests Failed is the total number of failures that occurred while Calendar Attendant was processing events.
Connections on IP Allow List is the total number of connections on the IP Allow list.
Connections on IP Allow List Providers is the total number of connections on the IP Allow List providers.
Connections on IP Allow List Providers/sec is the number of connections on the IP Allow List providers per second.
Connections on the IP Allow List per second is the number of connections on the IP Allow List per second.
Connections on IP Block List is the total number of connections on the IP Block list.
Connections on IP Block List Providers is the total number of connections on the IP Block List providers.
Connections on IP Block List Providers/sec is the number of connections on the IP Block List providers per second.
Connections on IP Block List/sec is the number of connections on the IP Block list per second.
Messages with Originating IP on IP Allow List is the total number of messages with an originating IP address on the IP Allow list.
Messages with Originating IP on IP Allow List Providers is the total number of messages with an originating IP address on the IP Allow List providers.
Messages with Originating IP on IP Allow List Providers/sec is the number of messages with an originating IP address on the IP Allow List providers list per second.
Messages with Originating IP on IP Allow List/sec is the number of messages with an originating IP address on the IP Allow list per second.
Messages with Originating IP on IP Block List is the total number of messages with an originating IP address on the IP Block list.
Messages with Originating IP on IP Block List Providers is the total number of messages with originating IP on the IP Block List providers.
Messages with Originating IP on IP Block List Providers/sec is the number of messages with an originating IP address on the IP Block List providers list per second.
Bypassed recipients due to per-recipient Safe Senders is the total number of recipients that bypassed content filtering due to a per-recipient safe sender.
Messages Deleted is the total number of messages that were deleted by Content Filter Agent.
Messages Quarantined is the total number of messages that were quarantined by Content Filter Agent.
Messages Rejected is the total number of messages that were rejected by Content Filter Agent.
Messages Scanned is the total number of messages scanned by Content Filter Agent.
Messages with SCL 0 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 0.
Messages with SCL 1 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 1.
Messages with SCL 2 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 2.
Messages with SCL 3 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 3.
Messages with SCL 4 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 4.
Messages with SCL 5 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 5.
Messages with SCL 6 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 6.
Messages with SCL 7 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 7.
Messages with SCL 8 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 8.
Messages with SCL 9 is the total number of messages assigned an SCL rating of 9.
Messages with SCL Unknown is the total number of messages that could not be scanned by the filter.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange Database' object.
Database Cache Size (MB) is the amount of system memory (in MegaBytes) used by the database cache manager to hold commonly used information from the database file(s) to prevent file operations. If the database cache size seems to be too small for optimal performance and there is very little available memory on the system (see Memory/Available Bytes), adding more memory to the system may increase performance. If there is a lot of available memory on the system and the database cache size is not growing beyond a certain point, the database cache size may be capped at an artificially low limit. Increasing this limit may increase performance.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange Database ==> Instances' object.
Streaming Backup Pages Read/sec is the rate of database read operationsperformed for the purpose of streaming backups.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange Database ==> TableClasses' object.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange Extensibility Agents' object.
Average agent processing time in seconds per event.
Total number of agent invocations since the last restart.
Counters for the Exchange message journaling feature.
Journal Reports Generated Rate is the number of journal reports created per second.
Journal Reports Generated is the number of journal reports that were generated.
Processing Time is the total time spent executing journaling rules and creating reports in milliseconds.
Average journaling processing time/message base is the average time in milliseconds spent in journaling per message. This includes the time spent executing journaling rules and creating journal reports.
Messages Processed is the number of messages processed by journaling including those that were not journaled.
Users Journaled Rate is the number of message senders and recipients for which journal reports were generated per second.
Items Deleted but Recoverable is the total number of items deleted but recoverable through the dumpster by the Managed Folder Assistant since the start of the most recent schedule interval. The number includes items in both the mailboxes that were scheduled for processing during the schedule interval and any mailboxes that the administrator specified for processing. This counter is reset to zero at the start of each schedule interval.
Items Journaled is the total number of items journaled by the Managed Folder Assistant since the start of the most recent schedule interval. The number includes items in both the mailboxes that were scheduled for processing during the schedule interval and any mailboxes that the administrator specified for processing. This counter is reset to zero at the start of each schedule interval.
Items Marked as Past Retention Date is the total number of items marked as past their retention date by the Managed Folder Assistant since the start of the most recent schedule interval. The number includes items in both the mailboxes that were scheduled for processing during the schedule interval and any mailboxes that the administrator specified for processing. This counter is reset to zero at the start of each schedule interval.
Items Moved is the total number of items moved by the Managed Folder Assistant since the start of the most recent schedule interval. The number includes items in both the mailboxes that were scheduled for processing during the schedule interval and any mailboxes that the administrator specified for processing. This counter is reset to zero at the start of each schedule interval.
Items Permanently Deleted is the total number of items permanently deleted by the Managed Folder Assistant since the beginning of the most recent schedule interval. The number includes items in both the mailboxes that were scheduled for processing during the schedule interval and any mailboxes that the administrator specified for processing. This counter is reset to zero at the beginning of each schedule interval.
Items Subject to Retention Policy is the total number of items subject to retention policy by the Managed Folder Assistant since the start of the most recent schedule interval. The number includes items in both the mailboxes that were scheduled for processing during the schedule interval and any mailboxes that the administrator specified for processing. This counter is reset to zero at the start of each schedule interval.
The MSExchange OWA performance object includes counters that monitor Outlook Web Access.
AS Queries is the total number of Availability Service queries since the process was started.
AS Queries Failure % is the percentage of the last 100 Availability Service lookups that have failed.
Active Conversions is the number of conversions that are currently being processed by the WebReady Document Viewing service.
Attachments Uploaded is the total number of attachments that have been uploaded since the process was restarted.
Average Check Spelling Time is the average time that elapsed while waiting for a check spelling operation to complete.
Average Conversion Queuing Time is the average length of time, in milliseconds, that documents waited for the WebReady Document Viewing service to process the attachment conversion request since the process was restarted.
Average Conversion Time is the average length of time, in milliseconds, it has taken to convert a document since the process was restarted.
Average Response Time is the average time (in milliseconds) that elapsed between the beginning and end of an OEH or ASPX request.
Average Search Time is the average time that elapsed while waiting for a search to complete.
Calendar View Refreshes is the total number of times calendar views have been refreshed since the process was restarted.
Calendar Views Loaded is the total number of times the calendar view has been loaded since the process was restarted.
Conversion Requests KB/sec is the total number of conversion requests, in kilobytes, that are waiting for conversion by the WebReady Document Viewing service per second. It does not include blocked items and queued items that have timed out.
Conversion Responses KB/sec is the total number of conversion responses, in kilobytes per second, that are written to an output HTML file.
Conversions is the total number of requests that were received for conversion since the process was restarted. It includes the items that were rejected because they are in the Block list.
Conversions Ended By Time-out is the total number of conversions that ended because the queue timed out or the conversion timed out.
Conversions Ended with Errors is the number of conversions that failed and returned errors without output.
Current Proxy Users is the number of users who are logged on whose mailbox access is being proxied to another server.
Current Unique Users is the number of unique users currently logged on to Outlook Web Access. This value monitors the number of unique active user sessions, so that users are only removed from this count after they log off or their session times out.
Current Unique Users Light is the number of unique users currently logged on to OWA. This value monitors the number of unique active user sessions, so that users are only removed from this count after they log off or their session times out.
Current Unique Users Premium is the number of unique users currently logged on to Outlook Web Access Premium. This value monitors the number of unique active user sessions, so that users are only removed from this count after they log off or their session times out.
Current User Count is the number of users who are currently logged on to Outlook Web Access. This value monitors the number of active user sessions, so that users are only removed from this count after they log off or their session times out.
Current User Count Light is the number of users currently logged on to Outlook Web Access. This value monitors the number of active user sessions, so that users are only removed from this count after they log off or their session times out.
Current User Count Premium is the number of users that are currently logged on to Outlook Web Access. This value monitors the number of active user sessions, so that users are only removed from this count after they log off or their session times out.
Requests/sec Failed is the number of Outlook Web Access requests that failed, per second.
Invalid Canary Requests is the number of requests that included a canary value that is not valid since the process was restarted.
Items Created is the total number of items of any type that have been created by users since the process was restarted.
Items Deleted is the total number of items of any type that have been deleted by users since the process was restarted.
Items Updated is the total number of items of any type that have been updated by users since the process was restarted.
Logons/sec is the number of Outlook Web Access user sessions that are created per second.
Logons/sec Light is the number of Outlook Web Access user sessions that are created per second.
Logons/sec Premium is the number of Outlook Web Access user sessions that are created per second.
Mail View Refreshes is the total number of times mail views have been refreshed since the process was restarted.
Mail Views Loaded is the total number of times the mail view has been loaded since the process was restarted.
Messages Sent is the total number of messages that have been sent by users since the process was restarted.
Names Checked is the total number of recipient names that were attempted to be resolved since the process was started.
PID is the process ID that is hosting Outlook Web Access.
Password Changes is the number of times a user has changed their password since the process was started.
Peak User Count is the largest number of users simultaneously connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was restarted.
Peak User Count Light is the largest number of users that were simultaneously connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was restarted.
Peak User Count Premium is the largest number of users that were simultaneously connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was restarted.
Proxy Request Bytes is the total number of HTTP header and content bytes in requests that have been proxied since the process was started.
Proxy Response Bytes is the total number of HTTP header and content bytes in responses that have been proxied since the process was started.
Proxy Response Time Average is the average time (in milliseconds) elapsed between the beginning and end of proxied requests.
Proxy User Requests is the total number of requests made on behalf of proxied users since the process was started.
Proxy User Requests/sec is the number of proxied requests made per second.
Queued Conversion Requests is the number of requests for conversion that are currently waiting to be processed.
Rejected Conversions is the total number of conversion requests that were rejected because the documents are in the Block list.
Requests is the number of requests that have been executed since the process was restarted.
Requests Failed is the number of requests that failed since the process was restarted.
Requests/sec is the number of requests handled by Outlook Web Access per second.
Searches is the number of searches that have been executed since the process was restarted.
Searches Executed is the total number of times a user has requested a search since the process was started.
Searches Timed Out is the number of searches that did not complete in the maximum time allowed since the process was restarted.
Sessions Ended by Logoff is the total number of user sessions that have been ended because the user logged off, since the process was restarted.
Sessions Ended by Time-out is the total number of user sessions that have been ended because of a timeout since the process was restarted.
Spelling Checks is the number of Check Spelling operations that have been executed since the process was restarted.
Store Logon Failure % is the percentage of the last 100 Outlook Web Access user logons to Microsoft Exchange Mailbox servers that have failed.
Successful Conversion Requests KB/sec is the number of successful conversion requests in kilobytes per second.
Total Unique Users is the total number of unique users who have connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was restarted.
Total Unique Users Light is the total number of unique users who have connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was restarted.
Total Unique Users Premium is the total number of unique users who have connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was restarted.
Total Users is the total number of users who have connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was started.
Total Users Light is the total number of users who have connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was restarted.
Total Users Premium is the total number of users who have connected to Outlook Web Access since the process was restarted.
UNC Requests is the total number of Windows file share requests through Outlook Web Access since the process was started.
UNC Response Bytes is the total number of file content bytes accessed in Windows file shares since the process was started.
UNC Response Bytes/sec is the number of bytes in responses to Windows file shares requests, per second.
WSS Requests is the total number of Windows SharePoint Services requests through Outlook Web Access since the process was started.
WSS Response Bytes is the total number of file content bytes accessed in Windows SharePoint Services since the process was started.
WSS Response Bytes/sec is the number of bytes in responses to Windows SharePoint Services requests, per second.
Performance information for one particular instance of 'MSExchange Oledb Events' object. | 2019-04-22T16:41:52Z | http://www.circitor.fr/Mibs/Html/I/INFORMANT-EXCHANGE-V2.php |
First I want to welcome all applicants to the Consortium chat today. You need to know as much as you can to make a sound application decision and gain acceptance to the school of your choice. Being here today allows you to ask the Consortium experts and about this outstanding program and how it relates to their business schools.
I also want to welcome our special guests for this evening.
This is your chance to ask questions about the Consortium and career management and opportunity at the schools listed above.
Jackie: Can you discuss the advantages and possible disadvantages of applying through the Consortium versus applying to the schools directly?
In a broad sense, how does the financial assistance through the Consortium work? Are all the school expenses paid for? Is there a stipend?
Does the Consortium only submit applications to the schools in two waves following 11/15 & 1/5, or are applications submitted on somewhat of a rolling basis?
Question to Consortium: What is the absolute final cut-off date for GMAT score reporting? On the website, it states December 20. However, 2nd round Consortium applications are due on January 5. If someone takes the GMAT on a date between December 20 and January 5, can they still report this score (especially if official score report has been received)?
Regarding the application process, do we have to write the 3-4 essays that each school requires for their applications (in addition to the 3 that the Consortium application requires)?
Hi, I have a question regarding work experience and post-MBA job search. I'm currently considering applying with 2 years of work experience by the time of matriculation. I'd like to know what the experience of past MBA students at your schools with 2 years or less of work experience was when looking for a job after the MBA. Is it a disadvantage? Thanks!
Hi MC-- the Consortium fellowship covers your tuition.
USC (applies to other B-schools as well): If I would like to apply to the international business program (IBEAR), on the website it states to apply to USC-Marshall and then apply to IBEAR. How would I apply to the international business program, if my application is being submitted through the Consortium?
Alicia-the main advantages are the opportunity to compete for a fellowship, apply to 6 schools using one application and The Consortium network.
Question #2 for Consortium: Can someone please discuss the recommended interview sign-up timeline for Round 2 applicants? Should we have already done this? If not, what is the final deadline? On the website it states December 15 as the deadline, but I believe this is the deadline to actually interview, rather than sign up.
MBA09 - The Consortium deadlines to submit applications are 11/15 and 1/5. Applications are disseminated to the member schools after those deadlines as they complete and are processed.
Freezing - at the Wisconsin School of Business we find that the best placement comes for those with 3-7 years of work experience. 2 years is on the low end for any program and, in my opinion, it would be beneficial for you to get another year or two under your belt, depending on the work experience you have had thus far.
Mba_hopeful the deadlines are posted on our webpage.
How important is to visit the schools you are interested in attending?
Thanks Jacqueline. Am I correct in saying the Consortium will not cover any living expenses?
Mba_hopeful, if you take the GMAT after the December 20th deadline, be sure to fax us your unofficial score report and ask Pearson's to submit your official score report as well. That way we will know to look out for your official score report. Mainly you want to make sure you take it in time for the schools to consider the score before they make their final decisions.
Is there any minimum score for the TOEFL through the Consortium?
MC- Yes, you are correct. CGSM only covers tuition costs.
Mimi - Unfortunately, I'll have to get back to you on that. I will say, however, that the IBEAR program timing (August 1 - July 31) is tough on a career search since you are effectively a 2nd year MBA the moment you get here and start recruiting immediately.
DD- You do not have to write the essays that each school requires in its individual application. You have to write the Consortium essays, and then the school specific essay on the Consortium application.
In regards to the Consortium fellowship, I understand the focus is on MBA programs, but are students that are interested in duel degree programs with an MBA and another area able to apply?
What are the most active sectors hiring MBAs at each of your schools?
MC- yes, I would encourage you to try and visit the schools that you are interested in attending, it can be a very valuable experience and can give you a sense of "fit" that you may not be able to get otherwise.
Linda, at UNC, we still see active recruiting in marketing, industrials, and consulting. The bar has been raised, however, and only the most prepared candidates are seeing success through on-campus recruiting. The financial sector has been hit hard, as everyone knows.
At Yale SOM we are seeing more active recruiting in the CPG (consumer packaged goods) sector in several functions--finance, marketing, strategy & business development.
At the Wisconsin School of Business, with our specialization focus, we have found that the majority of our specializations are still very active. Given the current economic situation, most finance positions have become incredibly competitive.
Linda - we haven't seen the drop off yet in entertainment, marketing or company finance jobs. Rotational management programs are also still strong. Banking, the buy-side and real estate have taken the obvious hits.
The more traditional career paths with very structured recruiting programs tend to be investment banking, sales and trading, marketing, consulting, and CPG.
For USC and NYU, is there any disadvantage at all in applying through the Consortium, or are applications evaluated the same as they would in an individual application?
Leanna - You may want to inquire with the member schools in which you are interested. Generally speaking, you are able to apply as a dual-degree student through the Consortium. The Consortium fellowship will only cover your tuition that applies to the MBA program and not the other area in which you intend to study.
What is required from the Consortium Post-MBA to remain in the active network and participate in various events? Are there specific things that are expected of a Consortium participant?
Alicia, there are no disadvantages at all. All candidates are considered equally. The benefit of the Consortium is the fellowship and the network.
Alicia - Absolutely no disadvantage applying through the Consortium!
I am interested in the PMBA (part-time) MBA at Washington U. Can the Consortium help in tuition assistance?
How does the Consortium look at someone with a low GPA and high GMAT?
MC - we are interested in seeing our alumni continue to support the mission of our organization. This includes recommending people to the program, attending recruiting events as a Consortium rep or school rep, giving back to the organization financially and with your time!
Is now a good or bad time to go for an MBA?
Adrian-- In order to be considered for the Consortium you would have to be considering full time study.
Now is the best time to go for an MBA. The opportunity cost of attending right now is lower, simply because your earning potential is lower. If you do not take advantage of this time, many others will. This will leave you at an even bigger disadvantage when the economy turns around. Invest in yourself now so that you can get a bigger return later.
Linda - As in life, the answer is "it depends". If you have a stable job with good prospects, it's a little scary to leave that. If instead, you've lost your job and/or are not satisfied with your prospects, it can be a great time to pursue an MBA.
Oh! That's disheartening! Is 6 hrs for an MBA Program considered full time? If not, what options do I have since I work full time?
Andy - The Consortium does not make admissions decisions. They are a clearinghouse for applications. The member schools would make the admissions decisions. Regarding a low GPA and high GMAT, you may consider taking classes that would alleviate any concerns by member schools of your ability to perform successfully in the classroom. Also, you may consider using the optional essay to explain any unusual circumstances that may have contributed to you obtaining a low GPA.
Andy- We look at the application as a whole and not on individual portions. The most important thing to remember in the application process is to communicate as effectively as possible how an MBA makes sense for you in terms of logical career progression and goals, and how you have demonstrated that you are committed to those goals.
Thank you, Josue. Since you do not have to write each school's essays, is there any disadvantage to only writing the Consortium required essays? In other words, do the admissions teams from the individual schools prefer that students not apply through the Consortium, and answer the specific questions that they outlined in their essays? Will it at all affect your chances of getting admitted?
Linda, now is a great time to get your MBA, provided that you come back with a purpose and not just to "hide out" till the economy recovers. Students with career goals and a logical, well-thought-out reason for an MBA ALWAYS do better in business school and the job search, good times and bad.
I am of mixed heritage, and am wondering if you consider certain percentages of a particular ethnicity for fitting in with the Consortium's primary diverse communities.
DD, by no means does our admissions team prefer that you do not apply through the Consortium. On the contrary, if you are committed to the mission of the Consortium, it is only beneficial to apply through the Consortium.
Adrian-- there are often many other ways to seek assistance depending on the school and including taking loans-- these are usually available if you are maintaining a certain amount of credit hours.
Jackie, how does the Consortium help members in the job search process?
Linda-it is a great time to get your MBA, take a step back and perhaps think about what the next step for you will be. And agreed, have a reason for coming back--the paths may be different when you come out in two years!
Will passing the CFA exam supersede any low GPA in my previous course works?
Alicia - your ethnicity is not a concern when applying to the Consortium. Rather what you are currently doing to demonstrate your commitment to enabling Blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans to go into higher education and business.
What should the applicant who isn’t sure about his or her post-MBA goals do?
Alicia - if you can demonstrate a commitment, you can apply to business school through the CGSM.
Andy--Passing the CFA would be an excellent indicator of your commitment to your education as well as your ability to successfully handle the MBA curriculum.
Andy - the GPA is just one of many factors. Your application is viewed as a whole and not as individual components.
Andy, The CFA is a great credential but will only supersede a low GPA if you pursue traditional buy-side jobs. Banks, unfortunately, may not be as forgiving.
Christopher or Kristin: Has Yale received feedback from employers or graduates on how the new, integrated curriculum is preparing them for management positions? If so, please elaborate. Thanks.
Are Consortium members guaranteed or given advantages for internships? I.e. Does the Consortium's large network provide internships for the members?
Since the application pool for 2009 is competitive, what can an applicant do to make them stand out from everyone else?
Linda, in regards to post-MBA goals, depending on the schools to which you are applying, it can be essential that you know what you want to do and where you want to go. Other schools provide services that can really help you to flesh out your plans. One of the tools I suggest is the book "What Color is Your Parachute?". It provides some fantastic tactics that will help you narrow the field. Also, it never hurts to have continuous conversations with those you know and trust to get feedback on your goals.
How would someone with a non-traditional major who is certain they want a business degree sell themselves to an MBA admissions officer?
Linda - The Consortium hosts a career forum at the annual orientation program. The corporations and partners in attendance are committed to diversity and looking to hire Consortium candidates for career and internships.
Since Yale just joined the Consortium this year, what process will Yale follow for applications received for the November 15th round?
If you are accepted into the Consortium but do not end up attending a Consortium school, is there still opportunity to be involved with the program and its effort?
Leanna-That is a very good question that many applicants ask.
Ksimm1--the class of 2008 was the first class to complete the new curriculum, and feedback has been positive, in particular, with consulting and Leadership Development Programs. The students as well, feel better prepared for their careers--and interviews!
Mimi - Show us your passion and personality. Use those essays to shine. We get a lot of "I want to get an MBA because.....". Tell us why, but also who you are, what your goals are, where you want to end up and how you think a program can help you get there.
MC--The Consortium does not "guarantee" internships, but the network and the additional interaction with current students and alumni provide another "touch point" for you to get your story across to employers. The more exposure you get to employers, the better your chances will be of succeeding in the recruiting process.
I have a German undergrad degree. How do the member schools look at foreign GPAs? Do you use a specific conversion table? Are foreign GPAs given more/less consideration than U.S. GPAs?
Does the Consortium offer mentors during the two years of MBA and after?
Leanna- think about your experiences and how you can best demonstrate "transferable skills"-- project management, presentation skills, organization, analytical abilities, etc.
For Yale SOM, what is the best way to overcome a low GMAT other than re-taking the exam? I know the average GMAT score increased for the class of 2010. How do I prove that the low GMAT does not predict my ability to perform at SOM?
Jackie-What are some of the things I can do that reflects my commitment to the Consortium mission. I'm trying to volunteer at the Jackie Robinson Foundations.
A5500 - 11/15 applications will be reviewed among our Round 2 apps. If we can read them earlier and make decisions, we do intend to send out decisions earlier. Currently, we expect to have all Consortium decisions out by the end of February.
Can you qualify if you have NOT demonstrated past/current activities to enable Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans, but you are a U.S. Citizen and have worked to enable other minority segments, and also intend on working for the Consortium mission to help Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans post-MBA?
Jake - We do not have a structure program in place yet. Some of the things we suggest are attending our information sessions to stay current with what we are doing. You may also recommend candidates to apply to the Consortium.
Freezing - Bei uns, ist dass egal! We'll find a way to ensure your GPA is accurately "translated" and considered on equal footing with US GPA's...not to worry.
MC-- There are no "official" mentors at Stern, but throughout your time here you will develop close bonds with your classmates and alumni. The second year students, in particular, often act as mentors to the first year students and help guide them through the first year and beyond.
Are all applications submitted on 11/15 considered for the second round or just at Yale?
As far as mentorship goes, there are also career coaches and teaching fellows that offer career and academic guidance.
Jake - The Wisconsin School of Business looks at apps on a rolling deadline but cannot guarantee an answer before the second round dates.
How could a low GMAT affect a post-MBA job search?
MC - the Consortium does not offer mentors. The member schools are very supportive as well as Consortium students.
Jjj - Depending on the section of the GMAT that you may consider to be low, there are a couple of items that can be done if you choose not to retake the exam. If the verbal is low, you should ensure your essays are almost flawless. If your quant scores are low, you may consider taking quant classes. Nonetheless, these are not perfect substitutes for retaking a standardized test, which is the only standardization schools have across the entire applicant pool.
Linda, a low GMAT will hurt in some sectors-- strategy consulting, maybe I-banking, but it is not the end of the world, even in those two areas. It is something students will have to answer to, and be comfortable with before a recruiter gets the resume.
Should the applicant who had previously been interested in investment banking or M&A change course? Give up his or her dream?
Christopher Grey & Kristin Irish: What are your thoughts about Yale's recent BW rankings and how will it affect Consortium applicants?
Irfam - you must demonstrate a commitment to Blacks, Hispanics, and Natives in order to qualify for membership.
I would like additional clarification on the required interviews. Do we have to interview with each school we are applying to in addition to a Consortium alumnus? For an example - if I am applying to 3 schools, Would I need to schedule an interview with each school in addition to the Consortium alumnus, for a total of 4 interviews?
Linda, a candidate who is unsure about post-MBA goals should do as much research as possible in order to find a broad sense of what he or she might be interested in. The best way to do that would be to reach out to current students and ask about their experiences throughout the recruiting process to see if they find an area that may be of interest.
Missy, thanks for the information. Is there a specific conversion table you (or any of the other schools) use to convert grades? I was searching online and found the WES tables, but they seem very optimistic to me.
Christopher Grey: Does AWA have any weight for a low verbal?
Vlove29--You do not need to schedule an additional interview. 1 Consortium interview meets the requirement for the application. After that, NYU may invite you back for a second interview, but that comes later in the selection process.
Linda -I cover banking in our career center and was a banker prior to my current position. One of the reasons for coming back to school is to achieve that "dream job". If it's banking, I wouldn't give up but I'd have a Plan A- and a Plan B+, not just a "fallback plan"!
Jjjj - Yes, your AWA score is taken in consideration as well. We also can review the essays that were written as a part of our evaluation of the entire application.
What happens if we have a 2nd Consortium Interview (from a different school)?
Vlove29 - you are required to complete one Consortium interview. Some of the schools my contact you for an additional interview. The best thing to do is contact the schools ranked on your application to see if there are additional school requirements. Again, there is only one interview required for the Consortium application.
Cgm - only one can be entered into the system and serve as your Consortium interview.
If my short-term and long term career goals are directly influenced by my mission essay (how I am committed to Blacks, Hispanics and Natives), can I write one essay for both?
A5500, I don't think it should affect applicants. The program is still excellent, and we have not seen or heard any reaction from recruiters. The A+ ranking for SOM's teaching is a testament to the program and how students feel about the school, the program, and the community. If SOM's culture and community is one that fits the applicant, the ranking shouldn't hold a lot of weight.
Can some one get back to me about the TOEFL question? Is there a minimum score? Thanks!
How many applicants apply to the Consortium in a given year and what percentage are accepted?
MC - Approximately 800 applications are received annually.
ALnyc-- all admissions decisions are made by the individual schools so you will want to check with each school that you are applying to regarding minimum TOEFL requirements.
If a 2nd Consortium interview is completed, will the interview notes be included to your file/application?
MC - 71% of the admitted applicants receive the fellowship.
Mimi - you should consider having 2 separate essays. Many other applicants will have 2 separate essays and only having one essay can make you less competitive in the pool. You might consider seeing how you can separate the topic into the 2 essays.
Do any schools have a Consortium quota regarding acceptances?
MC- Last year there were over 400 admits and 300 fellowship offers.
Jjjj- at Simon we do not have a specified limit.
Christopher Grey and Kristin Irish: Yale has created great diversity initiatives with the Consortium partnership and the Pre-Leadership Program. How will Yale be able to increase its number of under-represented minorities if the class size will be kept to approximately 200 per year (before the new campus)?
We do not have a quota.
Jjjj - no quota at Marshall.
If an applicant failed to complete their MBA, what, if any, are the consequences?
CGM - once an interview report has been submitted, another cannot be entered into the Consortium's system on your behalf or added to your Consortium application.
Are more applicants applying through the Consortium this year than in previous years?
Jjjj - there are no quotas at Yale.
Can you apply to the Consortium multiple times?
MC: yes you can re-apply to the Consortium multiple times.
Andy - we are looking at your past commitment not necessarily future. Some of the things other candidates have done includes, mentoring at community centers that service Blacks, Hispanics and Natives, big brothers/sisters program and your little is Black, Hispanic or Native American or working on a diversity team on your job that directly ties into our mission.
Are the banks pulling back on hiring as a result of the credit crunch and sub-prime problems?
Should resumes for MBA admission be written as a list of accomplishments? How about when your accomplishments aren't typical, for example, I was promoted and received more responsibilities in my department because I was able to work with different/difficult people, soothe tensions between various teams and build relationships, something that most people in my position were not able to do.
Linda - our numbers are up slightly.
If you have already submitted for the Round 1 Consortium deadline, can you add more schools for Round 2?
Linda - Banks will hire interns for the next 2 years to keep a pipeline of talent available. My contacts say numbers are down perhaps no more than 10-15% at many banks. However, full-time recruiting, at least this year and next, will be difficult.
All of the major banks are still coming to recruit on campus. However, the general mood is that it is tougher and more competitive than in previous years to get an internship. The standard has definitely risen due to the contraction in the markets and labor force on Wall Street.
CGM - you can not change your ranking after you hit the submit button.
Linda-- at UNC, we did see a slow-down in terms of recruiting second-years for the banks, but so far, not too much, if any for the intern class. One thing to note, though, is that the banks have honored their FT offers to the second years who interned with them last summer.
CGM - Research all schools prior to completing the application.
What is the purpose of the ranking system?
A5500 - We accept more students than we expect to comprise the first year class. Seeming as there are no quotas on the number of under-represented minorities that make up that class, there is plenty of room for us to increase those numbers. Part of this equation also deals with increasing the number of under-represented minorities that apply. With the Consortium and also the pre-MBA leadership program, we hope that this pipeline will increase significantly giving us more qualified applicants from which to choose.
Jjjj - the ranking system is used to determine the order in which member schools offer fellowships.
NYU-You rank very high in finance on BW-Can you please elaborate?
Jjjj - we ask you to rank the school based on your preference. What schools are you interested in attending? Those are the schools you should rank on your application.
Do you see the applications being more competitive for all specializations, or more so for applicants interested in finance/investment banking etc?
Christopher Grey & Kristin Irish: Thank you for your answers. Have you noticed an increase in interest (Explore Diversity, Admissions Reception, etc.) by under-represented minorities since joining the Consortium? What happens if a Consortium applicant is placed on the waitlist?
Vlove - we have seen a rise in the competitiveness of all our specializations.
Andy- Can you be a little bit more specific on your question?
NYU - following up with Andy's question: with NYU ranking very high in finance, how would your program benefit someone like me who is interested in Manufacturing/Operations Management?
NYU Stern has a very competitive program overall (not just in finance) and we offer many courses with top professors in Manufacturing/Operations. One of the benefits of Stern is that the faculty continues to be active in business ventures that compliment their professional studies, and that is especially true in Operations.
A5500 - We have seen an increase in inquiries about Yale as well as attendance at our programs. If a Consortium applicant is placed on the waitlist at Yale, then the other schools ranked after Yale could offer you a fellowship. If we decided to take you off the waitlist, you obviously will not be able to be offered a Consortium fellowship since the fellowship selection meeting would have passed.
What type of accomplishments do you look for in a resume?
How will the current economic climate impact Consortium funding in the near future?
marc2 - the Consortium will continue to offer fellowships as long as there is a need and the funding is available. As far as we can see fellowships will not decrease this cycle.
Mimi - the resume gives us an opportunity to see your professional experiences, increase in work responsibilities and roles as well as quantifiable contributions and accomplishments.
Please check the Web site for additional details.
Best of luck to you all-- we hope that you will continue to consider applying to b-school via the Consortium!
Thanks to everyone for answering questions. Very helpful!
Thank you for joining us on this chat! | 2019-04-21T07:02:27Z | https://www.accepted.com/chat/transcripts/2008/mba11192008_consortium |
Birmingham Mayor William Bell lights the menorah at The Summit in Birmingham, December 2015.
With Chanukah falling during winter break, some groups are holding Chanukah events early, while others are waiting for the actual holiday.
Here is a list of events we currently have, check back for updates.
Temple Beth El in Anniston will have a pre-Chanukah covered dish dinner on Dec. 23 at 6:30 p.m., with latkes provided, followed by services at 7:30 p.m.
The Bais Ariel Chabad Center in Birmingham will have its Great Wall of Chinakah kosher Chinese dinner on Dec. 25 from 5 to 8 p.m. The all-you-can-eat buffet is $20 for adults, $10 for children before Dec. 20, $30 and $20 respectively after Dec. 20. There will be a menorah lighting at 6 p.m.
The second annual Birmingham Grand Menorah Lighting will be Dec. 26 at The Summit’s Saks Plaza at 5 p.m. Sponsored by Chabad and the Levite Jewish Community Center, the event will include snow, fireworks, balloons, latkes, doughnuts and more.
Birmingham’s Temple Emanu-El is doing its annual Feeling Gelty program, partnering with First Teachers@Home to help less fortunate families. The school readiness program gives low-income parents the tools to prepare their children, ages 3 and 4, for school success. Families that complete the course are eligible to be matched with donors for the holiday season. The shopping deadline is Dec. 9, and volunteers are needed, as well as those who want to champion a family.
Emanu-El’s Chanukah Family Fun Day will be on Dec. 11 at 9:30 a.m., followed by the annual Brotherhood Chanukah Lunch at noon. There will be latkes, blintzes and salads, and a wide range of prizes. Cost is $10 for adults, $5 for children under 12.
On Dec. 30, Emanu-El will have a Shabbat Chanukah service at 5:40 p.m., including a congregational menorah lighting. Each family is encouraged to bring a small platter of latkes for the reception.
The Temple Beth-El Sisterhood annual Chanukah Lunch and Bake Sale will be Dec. 11 at 11:30 a.m. Pre-ordered blintzes can be picked up between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m.
Knesseth Israel in Birmingham will have its Chanukah party on Dec. 27, with latkes, dinner, schmoozing and make-your-own dreidels. Registration deadline is Dec. 18. Suggested donation is $18 for adults, and $9 for ages 5 to 12, with a family maximum of $54.
Birmingham’s Levite Jewish Community Center will have its third annual “everything else is closed” pancake breakfast on Dec. 25 from 8:30 to 10:30 a.m. The menu includes pancakes, eggs, veggie sausage, fruit and cereal. Cost is $7 for adults and $4 for children in advance, or $10 and $6 at the door.
Dothan’s Temple Emanu-El will take over the giftwrapping table at Wiregrass Mall on Dec. 18. Proceeds benefit the House of Ruth, which provides a safe, temporary shelter for battered women and their children.
The annual Chanukah potluck dinner at Dothan’s Emanu-El will be on Dec. 30, with the Brotherhood making 250 latkes from scratch.
Florence’s B’nai Israel will have its community Chanukah celebration on Dec. 30 at 7 p.m., with Rabbi Nancy Tunick.
The annual Fry Fest at Temple B’nai Sholom in Huntsville, sponsored by Popeye’s, will be on Dec. 9 at 5:30 p.m. There will be Lego menorah building, face painting and singing, along with a variety of fried foods — past years have included fried Oreos and fried biscuits. The 7 p.m. service will include a volunteer appreciation.
The Temple B’nai Sholom Sisterhood in Huntsville will have its annual sale on Dec. 11 from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m.
B’nai Sholom will also have a public menorah lighting on Dec. 27 at the west side of the downtown square, starting at 5:30 p.m. Everyone will go to Sam and Greggs for pizza afterward.
Chabad of Huntsville will have a Grand Menorah Lighting at Bridge Street, Dec. 26 at 4 p.m., with latkes and doughnuts. Chabad will also host a Chanukah Story Hour on Dec. 14 at 4 p.m. at Barnes & Noble, Bridge Street Town Center.
Etz Chayim in Huntsville will have its latke party on Dec. 18 at 11 a.m., with Bingo, latkes, a mega salad bar and dessert. Lunch will begin at noon. Cost is $7 for adults, free for ages 18 and under.
Ahavas Chesed in Mobile will have its Chanukah party and dinner on Dec. 25 at 6 p.m.
Springhill Avenue Temple in Mobile will have its Chanukah family service and dinner on Dec. 16 at 6 p.m. The planned menu includes build-your-own gyros, latkes, jelly doughnuts and beverages. Dinner reservations are $10 for adults, $5 for children under 10, and are needed by Dec. 14. There will be a group menorah lighting.
Chabad of Mobile will have Ladies Night Out on Dec. 21 at 6 p.m. with “Not Your Bubby’s Chanukah Cooking” with Chef Cassie. Bina Goldwasser will give instruction on Chanukah insights and kosher cooking. The “guilt-free, gourmet and glutinous” menu includes curry squash latkes, olive oil crostini with roasted beet soup, and crème brulee doughnuts. Reservations are required.
The Chanukah Wonderland at Chabad of Mobile will be Dec. 27 at 6:30 p.m. There will be a five-foot ice menorah that will be lit, Chanukah gelt from Judah Maccabee, a photo booth, Chanukah boutique, crafts, a latke and doughnut bar and a raffle.
At Agudath Israel-Etz Ahayem in Montgomery, Hanukkah Hoopla Latke and Hotdog Lunch will be Dec. 11 at 11 a.m. Every year since the first Hanukkah Hoopla there has been a raffle of an afghan by Mickey Feldman. Though she moved last year, the congregation’s Knitwits made one to continue the tradition.
Temple Beth Or in Montgomery will have its Chanukah family service and dinner on Dec. 23 at 6 p.m. Dinner reservations are required.
The Jewish Federation of Central Alabama will have a Public Space Judaism olive oil tasting on Dec. 28 at 5 p.m. at Whole Foods in Montgomery.
Chabad at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa will have a Chanukah menorah display outside the Ferguson Student Center. On Dec. 29 at 6:30 p.m. at the Crimson Promenade there will be an event with latkes and doughnuts, open to the community.
Chabad Emerald Coast will have a children’s Chanukah menorah workshop at Home Depot in Destin, Dec. 18 at 10:30 a.m. Participants will build a menorah, enjoy Chanukah treats and get a worker’s apron. Reservations are required, and all children must be accompanied by an adult.
Chabad Emerald Coast's Chanukah Celebration and Grand Menorah Lighting at Harbor Walk Village in Destin on Dec. 26 at 5:30 p.m. The free family event will include doughnuts, latkes, live music and menorahs for everyone.
Beth Shalom in Fort Walton Beach will have a family Chanukah night on Dec. 30 at the 6:30 p.m. service. Chuck London will tell the story of Chanukah, there will be a group menorah lighting and Latke Tots and more.
The B’nai Israel religious school students in Panama City will host the congregation’s Chanukah party on Dec. 31 at 11 a.m.
Young Jewish Pensacola will have a Hockey Chanukah event on Dec. 17.
The Men’s Club at B’nai Israel in Pensacola will host a Latke Party on Dec. 18 at 11 a.m.
Pensacola’s Temple Beth-El will have Chinese and a Movie on Dec. 24 at 6:30 p.m., and a Shabbat Chanukah service and dinner on Dec. 30 at 6 p.m.
Chabad of Baton Rouge starts the season with Chanukah Wonderland, Dec. 4 at BREC Recreation Center from 2 to 4 p.m. There will be a story time with PJ Library, doughnut decorating, latkes, an olive press workshop, crafts and more. The event is for ages 0 to 14 and their families.
On Dec. 11, there will be a Ladies Night Out for “The Feminine Side of Chanukah” at 7 p.m. The miracle of the oil will be recounted through the art of herbal oil bottling and blending, and there will be a discussion of the role of women in the Chanukah story.
On Dec. 17, the Young Jewish Professionals will have a Top Chef Live Latke Cookoff between Ryan Grizzaffi of the Cajun Spoon and Sean Rivera of Cask and Barrel and Coquilles. The 8 p.m. event includes sushi, mixologist Dante Saleos and more.
The second annual Chanukah at the State Capitol will be Dec. 27 from 5 to 7 p.m., with the lighting of the 9-foot menorah, latkes, children’s activities and face painting.
The Chabad activities finish with Chanukah at St. James Place on Dec. 28 at 3 p.m.
Beth Shalom Synagogue in Baton Rouge will host a Havdallukkah celebration at 4 p.m. on Dec. 24. Presented by the Sisterhood and Beth Shalom's education program Jewish Journeys, Havdallukkah will feature a dreidel tournament, puppet show, latkes, potluck dinner, havdallah and Chanukiah lighting. All are welcome to attend.
Continuing a tradition over three decades old, the B’nai Israel Men’s Club in Baton Rouge will have its annual Big Buddy shopping spree for kids from low-income families on Dec. 7 at the Macy’s in the Mall of Louisiana, at 5:30 p.m. All donations are welcome, and a child can be sponsored for $125.
B’nai Israel in Baton Rouge will have its Chanukah party on Dec. 23 at 6 p.m. with a Chanukah service, followed by a latke dinner and party at 7 p.m., featuring a white elephant gift exchange not to exceed $20, and a community menorah lighting. Admission is a donation to the food bank. Reserve by Dec. 19.
Temple Sinai in Lake Charles will have its Chanukah service on Dec. 30 at 6 p.m.
B’nai Israel in Monroe will have its Chanukah party on Dec. 30 at 6 p.m., with the Men’s Club doing the cooking.
Six13 returns to New Orleans to headline the Jewish Community Center’s 11th annual Community Chanukah Celebration in Dec. 18.
The family-friendly event will start at noon with hot dogs and latkes, followed by the concert at 1 p.m.
Six13, which performed at Shir Chadash in 2009, is a six-man vocal band that brings an unprecedented style of Jewish music to the stage, with songs ranging from hip-hop dance tracks to rock anthems — all done with only their voices imitating the sound of a full band.
The New York-based group has over 5 million views on YouTube, has released six albums and is included in 10 “best of” compilations.
They’ve played the Chabad Telethon, Washington’s Kennedy Center, traversed New York’s Fifth Avenue in the Salute to Israel Parade, headlined the North American Jewish Choral Festival three times, and performed seven times for major league sporting events.
The Chanukah Celebration is free and open to the community thanks to the support of Cathy and Morris Bart, the Jewish Endowment Foundation and the Feil Family Foundation/Lakeside Shopping Center.
One of the Washington Post’s Top 10 Chanukah parties in the country returns on Dec. 15 with the annual Jewish Children’s Regional Service Latkes with a Twist.
The Dec. 15 event moves this year to the Dryades Public Market in New Orleans, starting at 7 p.m. The community-wide Chanukah celebration features a complimentary latke bar by Chef David Slater of Emeril’s, live music by New Orleans’ COOT, drink specials and a silent auction.
Tickets are $25 per person and can be purchased at www.jcrs.org or by calling the JCRS office at (504) 828-6334. Tickets will also be available at the event. Secure parking is available in the surface lot behind the market on S. Rampart St.
Funds raised through the event will support the PJ Library program which provides free monthly gifts of books and music to Jewish children through age 11. In addition, proceeds from the event will enable JCRS to directly assist greater numbers of vulnerable Jewish youth and families with college aid, Jewish summer camp grants, and assistance to families with children with special needs.
JCRS now annually serves over 50% of all Jewish youth under age 18 in Greater New Orleans. In 2015, JCRS reached more than 1500 youth across a seven-state region.
JNOLA will have its second annual Light It Up Chanukah Gala at the Audubon Aquarium of the Americas on Dec. 17 from 7 to 10 p.m.
There will be hors d'oeuvres and an open wine and beer bar, and a cash liquor bar, with dancing to the Big Easy Brawlers. After the Gala, the group will head a short walk away to Lucy's Retired Surfer Bar & Restaurant for an after-party.
At the event, JNOLA members will be able to sponsor a NourishPack: a kit filled with toiletries and cleaning supplies for the underserved and homeless population of New Orleans. JNOLA will be putting together these NourishPacks at Havdalah for Hope, an event being held in January. All NourishPacks made at Havdalah for Hope will be distributed directly to residents at UNITY’s Sacred Heart Apartments, which were retrofitted more than two years ago to help homeless residents, including veterans, transition into a safe and structured housing environment.
Each NourishPack sponsorship is $10, and donations can be made at the gala or when purchasing gala tickets.
Admission to the gala is $18, and reservations are due by Dec. 12.
Beth Israel in Metairie will have a Chanukah celebration on Dec. 25 at 6 p.m., with a buffet dinner, learning, singing and a gift auction. Reservations are requested. The party is free to members, $18 suggested donation for non-members.
The Sisterhood at Gates of Prayer in Metairie will hold its Chanukah Gift Bazaar on Dec. 4 from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m., along with a bake sale.
Gates of Prayer in Metairie will have the Sisterhood Vodka and Latkes event on Dec. 6 from 5:30 to 7:30, to prepare for the congregational Chanukah dinner, which will be following the 6 p.m. service on Dec. 30.
Shir Chadash in Metairie will have its Chanukah celebration on Dec. 24, starting with snacks at 5:45 p.m., with Havdalah, a Chanukiah contest, candlelighting and singing. Dinner follows at 6:45 with latkes and brisket; reservations are $20 for adults, $10 for ages 6 to 13 and free for under 6. Reservations are due by noon on Dec. 21. At 7:30 p.m., there will be games. Donations will be collected for Entergy’s Power to Care.
Torah Academy in Metairie will have a Chanukah event on Dec. 19 at 6 .m., with latkes, doughnuts, Chanukah games, the olive press workshop and presentations, including "Elazar and Yosephus," a play from the drama elective. Admission is $5, free to Torah Academy students and their families.
The Jewish Community Day School in Metairie will have its annual Chanukah program on Dec. 20 at 6 p.m., with original musical presentations and latkes.
Chabad of Metairie will have a kids Home Depot Chanukah workshop, Dec. 21 at 4 p.m. at the Home Depot in Elmwood. Building projects include menorahs or rocket dreidels. Participants can receive a Home Depot worker’s apron, and there will be latkes and Chanukah treats. Reservations are required.
Chabad of Louisiana and Whole Foods Uptown (Arabella Station) will host the annual pre-Chanukah kosher awareness booth on Dec. 12 from 3:30 to 8 p.m. There will be kosher information and Chanukah information and supplies.
Chabad of New Orleans will have the annual Chanukah at Riverwalk, Dec. 27 from 5 to 7 p.m., at the Spanish Plaza. There will be food, music, dreidels and gelt, a latke bar, and dreidel house for children, along with a facepainter.
The Krewe of Chanukah rolls for the Mobile Menorah Parade on Dec. 31, departing from Chabad Uptown at 7:30 p.m.
Touro Synagogue will have a Chanukah family dinner on Dec. 30 at 6:30 p.m., with chicken, latkes and doughnuts, following the 6 p.m. service. Reservations are $15 for adults, $10 for children.
“In the Kitchen with Rabbi Silverman” at Touro will feature latkes. The program is Dec. 15 at 6 p.m., free for members and $18 for non-members, with reservations due by Dec. 12.
Temple Sinai’s Chanukah on the Avenue will be on Dec. 23, with a latke Chanukah dinner sponsored by Sisterhood at 5 p.m., services at 6:15 p.m. and the menorah lighting on the avenue at 7 p.m. Dinner reservations are $16 for adults, $8 for ages 6 to 12, free for 5 and under, $12 for students.
Chabad of Southern Mississippi’s annual Community Menorah Lighting will be on Dec. 29 at 6 p.m. inside the Edgewater Mall in Biloxi, near the Belk entrance. The event will include hot latkes and sufganiot, addresses from local dignitaries, kids crafts and activities, and the lighting of the largest Menorah in Mississippi.
Adath Israel, Cleveland, will have its annual Chanukah service and dinner on Dec. 9 at 6:30 p.m.
Hebrew Union Congregation in Greenville will have its Chanukah luncheon on Dec. 18 at 11 a.m.
Beth Israel in Gulfport will have its annual Chanukah party and raffle on Dec. 18 at 5:30 p.m., with a dairy potluck.
Beth Israel in Jackson will have its Chanukah dinner on Dec. 30 at 5 p.m., followed by services. The dinner will include brisket and latkes, and a group menorah lighting. Kosher and vegetarian options can be arranged in advance. Reservations are due by Dec. 27 and are $12 in advance and $5 for ages 3 to 10 in advance, $15 and $7 at the door, space permitting.
Beth Israel will also have a Chinese dinner and movie on Dec. 25, starting at Ding How Asia Bistro at 5 p.m., then heading to the Malco Madison. A headcount is needed for the restaurant.
B’nai Israel in Natchez will have Chanukah cocktails and dinner in the downstairs Fellowship Room, Dec. 10 at 6:30 p.m. The event is casual and reservations are requested by Dec. 6.
The Jewish Federation of Oxford will have Latkes for Love on Dec. 4 from 3:30 to 5:30 p.m. at the Shelter on Van Buren. Proceeds from the latke plates will go to the Interfaith Compassion Ministry.
The Western Shore Torah Study of Mobile’s Springhill Avenue Temple will meet on Dec. 15 at 6:30 p.m., with “The History of Chanukah.” Latkes will be served, and menorahs and candles should be brought. The study session will be at the Ennis home. | 2019-04-19T02:44:40Z | http://www.sjlmag.com/2016/12/chanukah-in-deep-south.html |
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Previous article Duplicating upgrades sustain normally entirely persistent …..
Duplicating upgrades sustain normally entirely persistent ….. | 2019-04-19T08:14:53Z | http://www.ferndalerecordjournal.com/2019/03/22/distinct-study-to-picked-white-complexio/ |
The Mahnomen, MN area has had 3 reports of on-the-ground hail by trained spotters, and has been under severe weather warnings 50 times during the past 12 months. Doppler radar has detected hail at or near Mahnomen, MN on 45 occasions, including 9 occasions during the past year.
9/15/2018 1:44 AM CDT At 144 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 7 miles northeast of canyon, to pike lake near duluth, to near fond du lac reservation, moving east at 30 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and nickel size hail. Expect considerable tree damage. Damage is likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings.
9/15/2018 1:31 AM CDT At 131 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near cotton, to near canyon, to near brookston, moving east at 40 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. Locations impacted include, cloquet, hermantown, scanlon, carlton, cotton, brookston, boulder lake, saginaw, fond du lac reservation, island lake, pike lake near duluth, canyon, city of rice lake, grand lake, fredenberg, mahnomen, alborn, culver, fish lake, and shaw.
9/15/2018 1:18 AM CDT At 118 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near cotton, to near canyon, to 8 miles southeast of floodwood, moving east at 40 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. Locations impacted include, cloquet, hermantown, scanlon, carlton, cotton, brookston, boulder lake, saginaw, fond du lac reservation, island lake, pike lake near duluth, canyon, city of rice lake, grand lake, fredenberg, mahnomen, alborn, culver, kelsey, and gowan.
9/15/2018 1:01 AM CDT At 101 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near toivola, to near meadowlands, to 6 miles south of floodwood, moving east at 40 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. Wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings.
9/14/2018 9:28 PM CDT At 928 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over twin valley, or 36 miles northeast of fargo, moving east at 30 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include quarter size hail. Damage to vehicles is expected. this severe storm will be near, twin valley and syre around 930 pm cdt. gary around 935 pm cdt. faith and waukon around 950 pm cdt. Mahnomen and bejou around 1000 pm cdt.
9/14/2018 9:11 PM CDT The national weather service in grand forks has issued a * severe thunderstorm warning for. southeastern norman county in northwestern minnesota. western mahnomen county in northwestern minnesota. until 1000 pm cdt. At 910 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near ada, or 30.
9/14/2018 8:43 PM CDT At 842 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near waubun, or 28 miles north of detroit lakes, moving east at 40 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include quarter size hail. Damage to vehicles is expected. this severe thunderstorm will be near, beaulieu around 855 pm cdt. naytahwaush, mahkonce and tulaby lake around 905 pm cdt. roy lake around 910 pm cdt. rice lake around 915 pm cdt. Lower rice lake and long lost lake around 920 pm cdt.
9/12/2018 1:05 PM CDT At 105 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near bejou, or 41 miles north of detroit lakes, moving northeast at 55 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include quarter size hail. Damage to vehicles is expected. this severe storm will be near, winger around 115 pm cdt. lengby, fosston and island lake in mahnomen county around 125 pm cdt. Ebro around 130 pm cdt.
9/12/2018 12:45 PM CDT At 1245 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near twin valley, or 33 miles northeast of fargo, moving northeast at 55 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include half dollar size hail. Damage to vehicles is expected. this severe thunderstorm will be near, twin valley around 1250 pm cdt. gary around 1255 pm cdt. waukon and faith around 100 pm cdt. ranum and mahnomen around 105 pm cdt. Bejou around 110 pm cdt.
8/31/2018 10:07 PM CDT The severe thunderstorm warning for southern st. louis and north central carlton counties will expire at 1015 pm cdt, the storm which prompted the warning has moved out of the area. therefore, the warning will be allowed to expire. however some hail is still possible with this thunderstorm. a severe thunderstorm watch remains in effect until midnight cdt for northeastern minnesota. remember, a severe thunderstorm warning still remains in effect for northeast carlton and southeast st. louis counties.
8/31/2018 9:57 PM CDT At 957 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near saginaw, or 7 miles north of cloquet, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. Locations impacted include, cloquet, brookston, fond du lac reservation, and mahnomen.
8/31/2018 9:51 PM CDT At 951 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over fond du lac reservation, or 7 miles northwest of cloquet, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. Locations impacted include, cloquet, brookston, fond du lac reservation, and mahnomen.
8/31/2018 9:41 PM CDT The national weather service in duluth mn has issued a * severe thunderstorm warning for. south central st. louis county in northeastern minnesota. north central carlton county in northeastern minnesota. Until 1015 pm cdt * at 940 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located 7 miles northeast.
8/31/2018 8:13 PM CDT At 812 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 6 miles north of cotton, to near canyon, to near scanlon, moving east at 55 mph. these storms have weakened in the past 15 minutes, but still remain capable of producing widespread damaging winds (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Expect considerable tree damage. damage is likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. Locations impacted include, duluth, superior, cloquet, hermantown, two harbors, proctor, scanlon, carlton, cotton, thomson, brookston, fairbanks, wolf lake, boulder lake, brimson, pike lake near duluth, city of rice lake, thomas lake near brimson, whiteface reservoir, and canyon.
8/31/2018 8:02 PM CDT At 802 pm cdt, dangerous severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near toivola, to near brookston, to 7 miles southwest of cloquet, moving east-northeast at 60 mph. these are very dangerous storms with a history of producing widespread wind damage across aitkin county between 7 and 8 pm (radar indicated). Hazards include 90 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. You are in a life-threatening situation. flying debris may be deadly to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged or destroyed. homes and businesses will have substantial roof and window damage. Expect extensive tree damage and power outages.
8/31/2018 7:52 PM CDT At 752 pm cdt, dangerous severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near floodwood, to near cromwell, moving east at 55 mph. these are very dangerous storms (radar indicated. widespread and severe wind damage reports have been received from aitkin county with these storms within the past 30 minutes). Hazards include 90 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. You are in a life-threatening situation. flying debris may be deadly to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged or destroyed. homes and businesses will have substantial roof and window damage. expect extensive tree damage and power outages. locations impacted include, cloquet, scanlon, carlton, floodwood, cromwell, thomson, brookston, saginaw, fond du lac reservation, canyon, grand lake, mahnomen, alborn, culver, gowan, sawyer, prosit, esko, twig, and munger. People in brookston, independence, alborn, and along highway 33 between independence and cloquet should seek shelter immediately!!.
8/31/2018 7:39 PM CDT At 739 pm cdt, dangerous severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 7 miles east of jacobson, to near tamarack, moving east at 65 mph. these are very dangerous storms (radar indicated). Hazards include 90 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. You are in a life-threatening situation. flying debris may be deadly to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged or destroyed. homes and businesses will have substantial roof and window damage. expect extensive tree damage and power outages. locations impacted include, cloquet, big sandy lake, scanlon, carlton, mahtowa, floodwood, wrenshall, cromwell, thomson, brookston, tamarack, saginaw, fond du lac reservation, canyon, grand lake, mahnomen, alborn, culver, ball bluff, and wright. people in the savanna portage state park, floodwood, and gowan areas will be impacted by the strongest winds. Seek shelter now!.
8/31/2018 7:28 PM CDT The national weather service in duluth mn has issued a * severe thunderstorm warning for. northeastern aitkin county in east central minnesota. southwestern st. louis county in northeastern minnesota. northern carlton county in northeastern minnesota. Until 815 pm cdt.
8/26/2018 11:45 PM CDT At 1145 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near oklee to near faith, moving northeast at 65 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. these severe storms will be near, trail and gully around 1150 pm cdt. beaulieu around 1155 pm cdt. A tornado watch remains in effect until 200 am cdt for northwestern minnesota.
8/26/2018 11:30 PM CDT At 1129 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near mentor to near syre, moving northeast at 65 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. these severe storms will be near, erskine and mcintosh around 1135 pm cdt. gary around 1140 pm cdt. faith and waukon around 1145 pm cdt. mahnomen, trail and gully around 1150 pm cdt. bejou and beaulieu around 1155 pm cdt. A tornado watch remains in effect until 200 am cdt for northwestern minnesota.
8/26/2018 11:12 PM CDT At 1112 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near fertile to near kragnes, moving northeast at 65 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. severe thunderstorms will be near, flaming around 1115 pm cdt. fertile around 1120 pm cdt. borup around 1125 pm cdt. erskine around 1130 pm cdt. twin valley, syre and mcintosh around 1135 pm cdt. A tornado watch remains in effect until 200 am cdt for northwestern minnesota.
8/26/2018 4:36 PM CDT At 436 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near fond du lac reservation, or 8 miles west of cloquet, moving northeast at 35 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Expect damage to roofs, siding, and trees. Locations impacted include, cloquet, scanlon, mahtowa, fond du lac reservation, mahnomen, and sawyer.
6/30/2018 3:28 AM CDT At 327 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 7 miles west of boulder lake, to near proctor, to 6 miles north of duxbury, moving east at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. these severe storms will be near, hermantown, proctor and oliver around 335 am cdt. duluth, boulder lake and island lake around 340 am cdt. superior, dairyland, wisconsin point and south range around 345 am cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include cody, billings park, gary new duluth, duquette, fish lake, moose junction, amnicon lake, banning state park, spirit valley, and jay cooke state park.
6/30/2018 3:16 AM CDT At 315 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near canyon, to scanlon, to near bruno, moving east at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. these severe storms will be near, carlton, wrenshall and thomson around 320 am cdt. hermantown and proctor around 330 am cdt. oliver, boulder lake and cloverton around 335 am cdt. superior and island lake around 340 am cdt. dairyland, wisconsin point and south range around 345 am cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include cody, billings park, gary new duluth, duquette, fish lake, moose junction, amnicon lake, banning state park, spirit valley, and jay cooke state park.
6/30/2018 3:00 AM CDT At 259 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near meadowlands, to 6 miles southwest of fond du lac reservation, to near askov, moving east at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. severe thunderstorms will be near, cloquet around 310 am cdt. scanlon, fond du lac reservation and canyon around 315 am cdt. carlton, wrenshall and thomson around 320 am cdt. hermantown, proctor and oliver around 330 am cdt. boulder lake, cloverton and island lake around 335 am cdt. duluth and superior around 340 am cdt. dairyland, wisconsin point and south range around 345 am cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include cody, billings park, gary new duluth, duquette, fish lake, moose junction, amnicon lake, banning state park, spirit valley, and jay cooke state park.
6/29/2018 5:19 AM CDT At 441 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near fertile to near borup to near averill, moving east at 55 mph. these are very dangerous storms (public). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. severe thunderstorms will be near, flaming and twin valley around 445 am cdt. rindal, ranum and syre around 450 am cdt. flom and faith around 455 am cdt. hitterdal, bejou and mahnomen around 500 am cdt. waubun and ogema around 505 am cdt. other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include many point scout camp. This storm has a history of producing wind speeds in excess of 80 mph.
6/29/2018 4:42 AM CDT At 441 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near fertile to near borup to near averill, moving east at 55 mph. these are very dangerous storms (public). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. severe thunderstorms will be near, flaming and twin valley around 445 am cdt. rindal, ranum and syre around 450 am cdt. flom and faith around 455 am cdt. hitterdal, bejou and mahnomen around 500 am cdt. waubun and ogema around 505 am cdt. other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include many point scout camp. This storm has a history of producing wind speeds in excess of 80 mph.
6/28/2018 3:10 PM CDT The tornado warning for northeastern norman, southeastern polk and western mahnomen counties will expire at 315 pm cdt, the storm which prompted the warning has weakened below severe limits, and no longer appears capable of producing a tornado. therefore, the warning will be allowed to expire. however small hail, gusty winds and heavy rain are still possible with this thunderstorm. a severe thunderstorm watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northwestern minnesota.
6/28/2018 2:48 PM CDT At 247 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm capable of producing a tornado was located over rindal, or 43 miles south of thief river falls, moving southeast at 25 mph (radar indicated rotation). Hazards include tornado and quarter size hail. Expect damage to mobile homes, roofs, and vehicles. this dangerous storm will be near, ranum around 250 pm cdt. winger around 300 pm cdt. bejou around 310 pm cdt. Mahnomen around 315 pm cdt.
6/28/2018 2:42 PM CDT At 242 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 6 miles north of mcintosh to near winger to flaming to lockhart, moving east at 10 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. Locations impacted include, fosston, mahnomen, fertile, mcintosh, erskine, island lake in mahnomen county and winger.
6/28/2018 2:25 PM CDT At 225 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near brooks to near winger to near flaming to near shelly, moving southeast at 25 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. Locations impacted include, ada, fosston, mahnomen, fertile, mcintosh, erskine and oklee.
6/28/2018 2:13 PM CDT At 213 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near brooks to near rindal to 6 miles east of lockhart to caledonia, moving southeast at 25 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees.
6/17/2018 2:53 PM CDT The severe thunderstorm warning for south central st. louis and northeastern carlton counties will expire at 300 pm cdt, the storm which prompted the warning has weakened below severe limits, and no longer poses an immediate threat to life or property. therefore, the warning will be allowed to expire. however gusty winds are still possible with this thunderstorm. a tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota.
6/17/2018 2:49 PM CDT At 248 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near hermantown, or 7 miles northeast of cloquet, moving northeast at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. locations impacted include, cloquet, scanlon, carlton, wrenshall, thomson, brookston, saginaw, fond du lac reservation, mahnomen, culver, burnett, jay cooke state park, and esko. A tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota.
6/17/2018 2:34 PM CDT At 234 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near cloquet, moving east at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. locations impacted include, cloquet, scanlon, carlton, mahtowa, wrenshall, thomson, brookston, saginaw, fond du lac reservation, mahnomen, culver, burnett, sawyer, jay cooke state park, and esko. A tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota.
6/17/2018 2:25 PM CDT At 225 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near cromwell, or 13 miles west of cloquet, moving northeast at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. Wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings.
6/17/2018 2:01 PM CDT At 200 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over cloquet, moving east at 30 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and half dollar size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. locations impacted include, cloquet, scanlon, carlton, wrenshall, thomson, saginaw, fond du lac reservation, mahnomen, esko, sawyer, and jay cooke state park. A tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota.
6/17/2018 1:50 PM CDT At 149 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near fond du lac reservation, just west of cloquet, moving east at 30 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and half dollar size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. locations impacted include, cloquet, scanlon, carlton, wrenshall, cromwell, thomson, saginaw, fond du lac reservation, mahnomen, sawyer, esko, kettle lake, and jay cooke state park. A tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota.
6/17/2018 1:32 PM CDT At 132 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near cromwell, or 16 miles west of cloquet, moving east at 30 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and half dollar size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. Wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings.
6/8/2018 7:29 PM CDT The national weather service in grand forks has issued a * severe thunderstorm warning for. northeastern norman county in northwestern minnesota. western mahnomen county in northwestern minnesota. until 815 pm cdt. At 729 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over waukon, or 41.
9/22/2017 6:49 AM CDT At 649 am cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near hermantown, or 8 miles northeast of cloquet, moving northeast at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. Locations impacted include, duluth, superior, cloquet, hermantown, proctor, scanlon, carlton, mahtowa, wrenshall, oliver, thomson, pike lake near duluth, saginaw, island lake, boulder lake, grand lake, fredenberg, mahnomen, irving, and cody.
9/22/2017 6:41 AM CDT At 641 am cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over cloquet, moving northeast at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. Expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees.
7/21/2017 8:32 PM CDT At 832 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over wrenshall, or 9 miles southeast of cloquet, moving east at 35 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Expect damage to roofs, siding, and trees. this severe storm will be near, foxboro around 845 pm cdt. Other locations impacted by this severe thunderstorm include pleasant valley, gary new duluth, munger, morgan park, sawyer, fond du lac, mahnomen, jay cooke state park, norton park, and esko.
7/21/2017 8:20 PM CDT At 820 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near carlton, or near cloquet, moving east at 30 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Expect damage to roofs, siding, and trees. this severe storm will be near, scanlon around 825 pm cdt. carlton around 830 pm cdt. wrenshall and thomson around 835 pm cdt. oliver and foxboro around 845 pm cdt. Other locations impacted by this severe thunderstorm include gowan, cody, grand lake, pleasant valley, gary new duluth, munger, morgan park, sawyer, spirit valley, and fond du lac.
7/21/2017 7:59 PM CDT At 757 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near cromwell, or 12 miles west of cloquet, moving east at 35 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and nickel size hail. Expect damage to roofs, siding, and trees. this severe thunderstorm will be near, mahtowa and barnum around 810 pm cdt. scanlon around 820 pm cdt. carlton, wrenshall and thomson around 825 pm cdt. holyoke around 830 pm cdt. oliver and foxboro around 840 pm cdt. Other locations impacted by this severe thunderstorm include gowan, cody, grand lake, gary new duluth, morgan park, wright, sawyer, spirit valley, jay cooke state park, and norton park.
7/21/2017 7:38 PM CDT At 737 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located 7 miles northwest of cromwell, or 16 miles east of big sandy lake, moving east at 40 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. this severe storm will be near, cloquet around 800 pm cdt. Other locations impacted by this severe thunderstorm include gowan, grand lake, ball bluff, sheshebee, wright, savanna portage state park, burnett, wawina, sawyer, and island.
7/21/2017 7:14 PM CDT At 714 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near libby, or near big sandy lake, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. this severe thunderstorm will be near, tamarack around 725 pm cdt. cromwell around 740 pm cdt. cloquet and mahtowa around 755 pm cdt. Other locations impacted by this severe thunderstorm include gowan, grand lake, ball bluff, sheshebee, wright, savanna portage state park, burnett, wawina, sawyer, and island.
7/17/2017 7:09 PM CDT At 657 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 9 miles southwest of brookston, to 6 miles west of sandstone, moving east at 40 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. these severe storms will be near, cloquet and askov around 715 pm cdt. bruno around 720 pm cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include finlayson, arthyde, moose lake state park, wright, dads corner, denham, sawyer, banning state park, automba, and mahnomen.
7/17/2017 6:58 PM CDT At 657 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 9 miles southwest of brookston, to 6 miles west of sandstone, moving east at 40 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. these severe storms will be near, cloquet and askov around 715 pm cdt. bruno around 720 pm cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include finlayson, arthyde, moose lake state park, wright, dads corner, denham, sawyer, banning state park, automba, and mahnomen.
7/17/2017 6:43 PM CDT At 643 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 10 miles southwest of floodwood, to 6 miles south of mcgrath, moving east at 25 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. severe thunderstorms will be near, rutledge around 725 pm cdt. askov around 735 pm cdt. cloquet around 740 pm cdt. bruno around 745 pm cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include finlayson, arthyde, moose lake state park, sheshebee, wright, lawler, dads corner, denham, sawyer, and banning state park.
7/6/2017 5:17 AM CDT At 515 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near toivola, to near cloquet, to near bruno, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. Locations impacted include, duluth, superior, cloquet, hermantown, proctor, scanlon, carlton, mahtowa, barnum, floodwood, cotton, willow river, wrenshall, oliver, cromwell, holyoke, kettle river, toivola, thomson, and brookston.
7/6/2017 5:02 AM CDT At 502 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 8 miles west of toivola, to 6 miles north of cromwell, to 6 miles west of willow river, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. locations impacted include, duluth, superior, cloquet, hermantown, proctor, scanlon, carlton, swan river, mahtowa, barnum, floodwood, cotton, willow river, wrenshall, oliver, cromwell, holyoke, warba, kettle river, and toivola. This also includes interstate 35 between barnum and duluth and state highway 61 between duluth and two harbors.
7/6/2017 4:44 AM CDT At 443 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near warba, to 6 miles north of tamarack, to 6 miles north of mcgrath, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. Wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings.
6/13/2017 10:01 PM CDT A severe thunderstorm warning remains in effect until 1030 pm cdt for eastern norman. southwestern wadena. eastern otter tail. mahnomen. becker and southern clearwater counties. At 1000 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from hitterdal to near perham to near urbank, and are nearly stationary.
6/13/2017 9:37 PM CDT At 936 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from hitterdal to near perham to near urbank, and are nearly stationary (public. this storm has a history of producing damaging winds). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Expect damage to roofs, siding, and trees. severe thunderstorms will be near, vergas and dale around 940 pm cdt. hitterdal around 955 pm cdt. perham around 1000 pm cdt. Frazee, ulen and almora around 1030 pm cdt.
6/13/2017 3:41 PM CDT At 341 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over waukon, or 41 miles north of detroit lakes, moving northeast at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. this severe storm will be near, ranum around 345 pm cdt. rindal and bejou around 350 pm cdt. winger around 400 pm cdt. erskine around 405 pm cdt. Mcintosh around 410 pm cdt.
6/13/2017 3:35 PM CDT Quarter sized hail reported 154.7 miles ESE of Mahnomen, MN, very heavy rain and dime to quarter sized hail.
6/13/2017 3:27 PM CDT At 326 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over twin valley, or 34 miles northwest of detroit lakes, moving northeast at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. this severe storm will be near, faith around 335 pm cdt. gary and waukon around 340 pm cdt. ranum, rindal and bejou around 350 pm cdt. winger around 400 pm cdt. Mcintosh and erskine around 410 pm cdt.
6/13/2017 3:07 PM CDT At 307 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near felton, or 22 miles northeast of fargo, moving northeast at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. this severe thunderstorm will be near, ulen around 315 pm cdt. syre and flom around 325 pm cdt. twin valley around 330 pm cdt. faith around 335 pm cdt. Gary and waukon around 340 pm cdt.
8/28/2016 11:59 PM CDT At 1159 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over richwood, or 8 miles north of detroit lakes, moving southeast at 30 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. This severe thunderstorm will remain over mainly rural areas of western becker, southwestern clearwater, southern mahnomen, southeastern norman and northeastern clay counties.
8/28/2016 11:31 PM CDT At 1130 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near flom, or 23 miles northwest of detroit lakes, moving southeast at 10 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. this severe thunderstorm will be near, waubun around 1150 pm cdt. ogema around 1205 am cdt. Callaway, white earth and richwood around 1230 am cdt.
8/28/2016 11:18 PM CDT At 1117 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm capable of producing a tornado was located near waubun, or 29 miles north of detroit lakes, moving southeast at 10 mph (radar indicated rotation). Hazards include tornado and quarter size hail. Expect damage to mobile homes. roofs. and vehicles. This dangerous storm will be near, waubun and ogema around 1130 pm cdt.
8/28/2016 10:41 PM CDT At 1040 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm capable of producing a tornado was located near waukon, or 38 miles north of detroit lakes, moving southeast at 20 mph (radar indicated rotation). Hazards include tornado and quarter size hail. Expect damage to mobile homes. roofs. and vehicles. this dangerous storm will be near, mahnomen around 1050 pm cdt. waubun around 1055 pm cdt. ogema around 1100 pm cdt. white earth around 1105 pm cdt. Tulaby lake around 1110 pm cdt.
8/4/2016 4:37 AM CDT At 434 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from boulder lake, to near oliver, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Expect considerable tree damage. damage is likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. these severe storms will be near, south range and wisconsin point around 445 am cdt. hawthorne around 450 am cdt. poplar in douglas county around 455 am cdt. two harbors, lake nebagamon and maple around 500 am cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include prosit, billings park, lakewood twp, pattison state park, chester park, wentworth, morley hts/parkview, alborn, patzau and waino.
8/4/2016 4:15 AM CDT At 414 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from canyon, to near nemadji, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Expect considerable tree damage. damage is likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. severe thunderstorms will be near, foxboro around 425 am cdt. duluth and boulder lake around 430 am cdt. superior around 440 am cdt. hawthorne around 450 am cdt. poplar in douglas county around 455 am cdt. two harbors, lake nebagamon, maple and brule around 500 am cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include prosit, billings park, lakewood twp, pattison state park, chester park, wentworth, morley hts/parkview, alborn, patzau and waino.
7/21/2016 3:35 AM CDT At 335 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near whiteface reservoir, to near oliver, moving east at 45 mph. these are very dangerous storms (trained weather spotters). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts and half dollar size hail. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. these severe storms will be near, superior, fairbanks and wolf lake around 345 am cdt. south range, brimson and wisconsin point around 350 am cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include prosit, billings park, lakewood twp, chester park, morley hts/parkview, alborn, east hillside, taft, congdon park and twig.
7/21/2016 3:21 AM CDT At 319 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 6 miles west of whiteface reservoir, to near wrenshall, moving east at 55 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and half dollar size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. these severe storms will be near, whiteface reservoir around 330 am cdt. oliver and duluth around 335 am cdt. fairbanks, wolf lake and wisconsin point around 340 am cdt. superior, south range and brimson around 345 am cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include prosit, billings park, lakewood twp, chester park, morley hts/parkview, alborn, east hillside, gowan, taft and congdon park.
7/21/2016 3:00 AM CDT At 257 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near cherry, to near cromwell, moving east at 45 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts. Expect damage to roofs. siding. and trees. severe thunderstorms will be near, eveleth around 315 am cdt. cloquet around 325 am cdt. scanlon and carlton around 330 am cdt. wrenshall and thomson around 335 am cdt. whiteface reservoir around 340 am cdt. duluth, proctor and oliver around 345 am cdt. superior and wolf lake around 350 am cdt. Other locations impacted by these severe thunderstorms include prosit, billings park, lakewood twp, chester park, morley hts/parkview, alborn, east hillside, gowan, taft and congdon park.
7/21/2016 12:31 AM CDT At 1230 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near gonvick to near long lost lake to near richwood, moving southeast at 70 mph. these are very dangerous storms (radar indicated). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. these severe storms will be near, bad medicine lake, long lost lake and zerkel around 1235 am cdt. height of land lake, bagley and lake itasca around 1240 am cdt. toad lake, shevlin and pine point around 1245 am cdt. Wilton, snellman and wolf lake around 1250 am cdt.
7/21/2016 12:16 AM CDT At 1215 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near olga to flom, moving east at 60 mph. these are very dangerous storms (radar indicated. measured wind gust of 71 mph in mahnomen). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. these severe storms will be near, olga around 1220 am cdt. weme around 1225 am cdt. white earth, clearbrook and richwood around 1230 am cdt. bagley, tulaby lake and leonard around 1235 am cdt. Many point lake and shevlin around 1240 am cdt.
7/21/2016 12:10 AM CDT At 1210 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 6 miles northeast of mcintosh to near syre, moving east at 60 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts. Expect considerable tree damage. damage is likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. these severe storms will be near, waubun and olga around 1220 am cdt. ogema and weme around 1225 am cdt. white earth and clearbrook around 1230 am cdt. bagley and leonard around 1235 am cdt. Tulaby lake and shevlin around 1240 am cdt.
7/21/2016 12:03 AM CDT At 1203 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 6 miles southwest of trail to near felton, moving east at 60 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts. Expect damage to roofs. siding. and trees. severe thunderstorms will be near, mcintosh around 1205 am cdt. olga and syre around 1210 am cdt. weme around 1215 am cdt. clearbrook around 1220 am cdt. Bagley around 1225 am cdt.
7/11/2016 1:33 AM CDT At 133 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near crookston to gary, moving east at 55 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts. Expect damage to roofs. siding. and trees. these severe storms will be near, gary, twin valley and flaming around 135 am cdt. waukon, faith and ranum around 140 am cdt. mahnomen around 145 am cdt. bejou and dugdale around 150 am cdt. Mentor and beaulieu around 155 am cdt.
7/11/2016 1:06 AM CDT At 105 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near reynolds to near hendrum, moving east at 55 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts. Expect considerable tree damage. damage is likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. severe thunderstorms will be near, hendrum and halstad around 110 am cdt. ada, climax and hadler around 120 am cdt. gary and twin valley around 130 am cdt. harold and flaming around 135 am cdt. Waukon, faith and ranum around 140 am cdt.
6/25/2016 4:52 PM CDT At 451 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over proctor, or 7 miles west of superior, moving east at 40 mph (radar indicated. this storm has a history of producing wind damage in the cromwell and cloquet areas). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. locations impacted include, duluth, superior, cloquet, hermantown, two harbors, proctor, hawthorne, lake nebagamon, scanlon, carlton, maple, brule, barnum, mahtowa, poplar in douglas county, wrenshall, oliver, holyoke, thomson and brookston. A tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota, and northwestern wisconsin.
6/25/2016 4:46 PM CDT At 445 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near kettle river to 8 miles south of mcgrath, moving east at 55 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and nickel size hail. Expect considerable tree damage. damage is likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings. locations impacted include, cloquet, mille lacs lake, hermantown, sandstone, scanlon, carlton, barnum, mahtowa, willow river, wrenshall, askov, malmo, cromwell, rutledge, kettle river, thomson, bruno, tamarack, mcgrath and nemadji. A tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota.
6/25/2016 4:36 PM CDT At 435 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near carlton, or near cloquet, moving east at 50 mph. this is a very dangerous storm (radar indicated). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles. Extensive tree damage and power outages are likely.
6/25/2016 4:28 PM CDT At 426 pm cdt, dangerous severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near brookston to near mahtowa to 7 miles northwest of rutledge, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts and nickel size hail. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. locations impacted include, cloquet, mille lacs lake, hermantown, sandstone, scanlon, carlton, barnum, mahtowa, willow river, wrenshall, mcgregor, askov, malmo, cromwell, rutledge, kettle river, thomson, brookston, bruno and tamarack. A tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota.
6/25/2016 4:21 PM CDT At 419 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 7 miles northeast of cromwell to 7 miles west of mahtowa to 6 miles east of mcgrath, moving east at 65 mph. these are very dangerous storms. radar indicates that a narrow corridor of very strong winds, perhaps up to 80 mph will affect areas along the highway 210 corridor from cromwell to cloquet (radar indicated). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows, and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. locations impacted include, cloquet, mille lacs lake, hermantown, sandstone, scanlon, carlton, barnum, mahtowa, willow river, wrenshall, mcgregor, askov, malmo, cromwell, rutledge, kettle river, thomson, brookston, bruno and tamarack. A tornado watch remains in effect until 900 pm cdt for northeastern minnesota.
6/25/2016 4:07 PM CDT At 406 pm cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from 7 miles north of cromwell to 6 miles northwest of kettle river to 6 miles north of isle, moving east at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 70 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect considerable tree damage. Wind damage is also likely to mobile homes, roofs, and outbuildings.
6/17/2016 9:05 AM CDT At 904 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near trail to lengby to near beaulieu, moving east at 25 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include 60 mph wind gusts and quarter size hail. Hail damage to vehicles is expected. expect wind damage to roofs, siding, and trees. severe thunderstorms will be near, lengby, olga and pine bend around 910 am cdt. gully and ebro around 915 am cdt. gonvick, mahkonce and weme around 925 am cdt. bagley around 930 am cdt. Clearbrook and roy lake around 935 am cdt.
8/12/2015 11:00 PM CDT Golf Ball sized hail reported 162.2 miles ESE of Mahnomen, MN, report and photo posted via social media. time estimated based on radar.
8/2/2015 6:36 AM CDT The severe thunderstorm warning for northeastern norman, south central polk and mahnomen counties will expire at 645 am cdt, the storm which prompted the warning has weakened below severe limits, and no longer pose an immediate threat to life or property. therefore the warning will be allowed to expire. however there is a severe storm impact southeastern norman into southwestern mahnomen and parts of northern becker county and that warning will remain in place.
8/2/2015 6:01 AM CDT At 601 am cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over fertile, or 38 miles south of thief river falls, moving southeast at 50 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include ping pong ball size hail and 60 mph wind gusts. People and animals outdoors will be injured. expect hail damage to roofs, siding, windows and vehicles. expect wind damage to roofs, siding and trees. this severe thunderstorm will be near, rindal and ranum around 610 am cdt. winger around 615 am cdt. bejou around 620 am cdt. mahnomen around 625 am cdt. Island lake in mahnomen county and beaulieu around 635 am cdt.
7/24/2015 1:17 AM CDT At 116 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from near gonvick to near naytahwaush to near rollag, moving east at 50 mph. these are very dangerous storms (radar indicated). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. these severe storms will be near, clearbrook, naytahwaush, tulaby lake, gonvick, berner and roy lake around 120 am cdt. Detroit lakes, shoreham, bad medicine lake, long lost lake, leonard and zerkel around 130 am cdt.
7/24/2015 1:05 AM CDT At 104 am cdt, severe thunderstorms were located along a line extending from trail to near waubun to near muskoda, moving east at 55 mph. these are very dangerous storms (radar indicated). Hazards include 80 mph wind gusts and penny size hail. Flying debris will be dangerous to those caught without shelter. mobile homes will be heavily damaged. expect considerable damage to roofs, windows and vehicles. extensive tree damage and power outages are likely. these severe storms will be near, gully, trail, olga and beaulieu around 110 am cdt. gonvick and berner around 115 am cdt. naytahwaush, clearbrook, tulaby lake, lake park, mahkonce and roy lake around 120 am cdt. lower rice lake around 125 am cdt. Detroit lakes, shoreham, bad medicine lake, long lost lake, leonard and zerkel around 130 am cdt.
6/7/2015 4:54 PM CDT At 454 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located near beaulieu, or 37 miles north of detroit lakes, moving southeast at 25 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include quarter size hail. Damage to vehicles is expected. this severe storm will be near, beaulieu around 500 pm cdt. Naytahwaush around 525 pm cdt.
6/7/2015 4:38 PM CDT At 438 pm cdt, a severe thunderstorm was located over bejou, or 42 miles north of detroit lakes, moving southeast at 25 mph (radar indicated). Hazards include quarter size hail. Damage to vehicles is expected. this severe thunderstorm will be near, mahnomen around 450 pm cdt. beaulieu around 500 pm cdt. Naytahwaush around 525 pm cdt. | 2019-04-25T03:49:06Z | http://www.interactivehailmaps.com/local-hail-map/mahnomen-mn/ |
Jim Spencer Died In A Pile Of Dirt. The Law Was Too Weak To Help.
$41,600 in fines, no criminal charges. A plumber’s death in a trench cave-in shows how the country values the lives of workers.
Jim Spencer works on a tractor in the 1980s.
ALLIANCE, Neb. — In the front yard of a ranch-style house at 2812 Toluca Ave. stands an evergreen tree perhaps four feet high. It marks, by chance, the approximate location of Jim Spencer’s death.
Few have reason to know this. One who does is Spencer’s wife, Cheryl, who has parked her Dodge Durango across the street on a late summer morning but does not get out. She was here on the afternoon of March 21, 2016, when the house was under construction. Her husband, a plumber, had been on his knees, laying sewer pipe in an 8-foot-deep trench, when a co-worker driving a backhoe inadvertently buried him in dirt. She watched behind the yellow tape as firefighters and emergency medical technicians worked to extract his 220-pound body. When she last saw him, he was lifeless on a backboard, soil sprinkled in his gray beard and smeared on his forehead.
Jim Spencer died in a trench collapse while helping build this house in Alliance, Nebraska, last year. The small evergreen tree in the front yard marks the approximate spot where he was buried.
It’s a fair question. The unsatisfying answer is that the protection of workers is not a priority in the United States. The 1970 law creating OSHA was an imperfect compromise between Democrats and Republicans, weak tea that its backers hoped would strengthen over time. In the early days, OSHA inspectors were mocked and reviled by indignant business owners; references to Adolf Hitler and the Gestapo were not uncommon. The agency weathered the leadership of an anti-regulation devotee during Ronald Reagan’s presidency and dodged an existential threat in the 1990s: a failed crusade by a Republican congressman to transform it from enforcer to friendly adviser. It has limped along ever since. The AFL-CIO reported this year that the nation’s 8 million workplaces are policed by only 1,838 inspectors with OSHA or its state counterparts; on average, a state inspector can get to a job site once every 99 years, and a federal inspector once every 159 years. The median fine for killing a worker in America is $6,500, the price of a decent but high-mileage used car.
This is not to say the law has been without benefit. When Richard Nixon signed the OSHA legislation four days after Christmas in 1970, some 14,000 workers were dying on the job each year. That number dipped as low as 4,551 in 2009, but is climbing again. Jarring deaths like Jim Spencer’s get most of the attention — to the extent attention is paid at all — but tens of thousands more workers annually suffer non-fatal injuries and illnesses that can debilitate or kill. Attempts to strengthen the act’s criminal provisions have failed in six consecutive sessions of Congress, and almost certainly will fail in this one due to deep-rooted opposition from corporate interests and their lawmaker allies.
When they are feeling especially frustrated, worker advocates like to point out that one can get more time behind bars for killing an endangered animal (up to one year in prison) than for enabling conditions leading to the death of a worker (six months in jail, maximum). The example has become depressingly rote at congressional hearings and press conferences. That doesn’t make it any less true.
Minatare, Nebraska, is a High Plains cattle town of 800 or so people, 44 miles southwest of Alliance and 33 miles east of the Wyoming line. It has seen better days; Main Street is almost bereft of commerce, having lost its only grocery store in 2016. A mile to the north, a once-busy truck stop on U.S. Highway 26 has been abandoned, the property for sale. On the town’s southern fringe lies an economic bright spot: Silver Spur Feeders, a feedlot known for the impressive statue of a Black Angus steer at its entrance and the sometimes unpleasant odors it produces.
Cheryl and Jim Spencer moved to Minatare soon after they were married in May 1976. Cheryl already had a daughter, Christina, by this point, the progeny of a short and unhappy marriage at 17. Jim legally adopted Christina, and he and Cheryl had another daughter, Danielle, in 1977. In their early years together, the family occupied what Cheryl calls “a little, dinky house” at 512 Second Ave., relocating to a bigger place a block away in 1990. Cheryl still lives there with a miniature Australian shepherd named Ammo and eight cats.
An only child, Cheryl was raised by a single mother who cleaned motels and nursing homes for a living. The two of them moved from house to house in Scottsbluff, a city of 15,000 about 10 miles northwest of Minatare; Gering, which borders Scottsbluff; and Cheyenne, Wyoming. Jim, his sister and two brothers grew up in North Platte, 178 miles southeast of Scottsbluff. His father, a plumber, owned a junkyard; Jim and his brothers would help demolish the wrecked cars and cull the scrap metal for sale. They went out on plumbing and roofing jobs and learned how to operate a backhoe and other construction equipment.
By the time Cheryl met him — during a brief, unhappy stay in North Platte with another man, an episode she prefers not to discuss — “there wasn’t much Jim couldn’t do,” she says. He was 6 feet 2 inches tall, with big hands and broad shoulders. “He was kind of like a big, old teddy bear,” Cheryl says. “There was such a soft side to him.” He carried hard candy in his pocket to hand out to children. If a dog wandered up to a job site during lunch, he’d share his food.
Cheryl was a stay-at-home mother during the first six years of the marriage, and then worked as a certified nursing assistant and licensed professional nurse. Jim got a job at a plumbing company and went on to work for an appliance store and the Minatare school district. He left the district in 1999 to do contract plumbing for a man named Chuck Moenning. The two grew close; it was Moenning who introduced Jim to Shaun Houchin, the owner of Clau-Chin Construction.
Jim’s first deer, early 1980s.
A passionate outdoorsman, Jim taught Cheryl and the girls how to fish and shoot. In the fall, the family hunted deer, mostly in the Wildcat Hills of Banner County, south of Scottsbluff. In the summer, they fished at Lake Minatare and on the North Platte River. Danielle was her father’s shadow — a “tomboy,” in her mother’s words, who shot skillfully and accompanied Jim on jobs. Christina was more insular, preferring baking and other homebound pursuits to hunting trips. She’d go along, Cheryl says, but refused to kill anything.
By early last year, decades of hard labor had taken their toll, and Jim was talking about retirement. “About one more year and I’m done,” he told Cheryl not long before his death.
March 21, 2016, dawned calm and clear in western Nebraska and would warm to the mid-70s, a welcome anomaly in a part of the country that has trouble transitioning from winter to spring. Jim Spencer got up around 4 a.m. that Monday and drove an hour from Minatare to Alliance, where Clau-Chin Construction was building a house on a lot Shaun Houchin owned at 2812 Toluca Ave. Jim’s job on this day was to connect a line from a city sewer tap to the house, a task he’d performed countless times. Larry Kessler, the excavation contractor, would dig the hole in which Jim would work.
Neither Houchin nor Kessler responded to requests for comment for this article. According to a written summary of interviews conducted by OSHA investigators, on the day of the accident Jim, Houchin, Kessler and Clau-Chin foreman Mike Harvey discussed the consistency of the soil before Kessler started digging with the claw of the backhoe. Harvey said that he and Jim had talked about the dangers of trenches “many times,” and that Jim had been “nervous” about entering a 10-foot-deep hole on a job just before this one. Cheryl Spencer says her husband refused to get into that trench, forcing Houchin to find someone else.
Harvey acknowledged that “the soils out in this area of the country are unstable enough that one needs to keep the trenches as wide as possible,” the OSHA summary states. But Houchin said he did no soil testing prior to the dig and was unaware of OSHA’s trenching standard. Harvey went further, saying Clau-Chin had “never done any form of soil testing or classification before.” Kessler said he hadn’t been trained in trenching safety and didn’t know the pertinent OSHA rules.
The picture in my head ... was supposed to be trench with a piece of white plastic pipe sitting at the bottom of it, and that’s not what I saw. I saw dirt.
By his account, Kessler jumped out of the backhoe’s cab, went into the trench to try to locate Jim and called 911 on his cellphone. He re-entered the hole, “grabbed a shovel and went to digging.” Alliance police officers appeared in minutes, followed by firefighters and EMTs from the Alliance Fire Department.
Fire Chief Troy Shoemaker arrived at 1:29 p.m., nine minutes after the 911 call came in. The scene was a hive of activity. Seventeen members of the fire department, most of them volunteers, ultimately wound up there, along with three police officers. Watson, the young man who had been working in the trench with Jim, was buried only up to his knees and was quickly extricated. Jim wasn’t visible.
Rescue workers stabbed carefully at the soil with their shovels to avoid hitting Jim. At 1:38 p.m., a firefighter spotted a belt loop on the back of Jim’s pants. He tied one end of a nylon strap to the loop and the other to a shovel embedded nearby. More soil was removed, and Jim was found “kind of folded in half — face down, bent at the waist,” Shoemaker says. An EMT checked Jim’s vital signs at 1:42 p.m. and found none.
Jim Spencer, not long before his death.
Suspecting something had happened to Jim on the job, Cheryl called Shaun Houchin. “I said, ‘What’s going on?’ and he told me Jim was gone. By the time Ms. Baker come over, I was on the ground. I said, ‘Well, my husband’s dead.’” Baker drove Cheryl home; Tom, Danielle and Kassie arrived at about the same time. The four of them left for Alliance, having agreed to meet Houchin at Maverik Adventure’s First Stop, a convenience store and gas station. Tom drove Cheryl’s white Durango.
They got to the parking lot around 2:30. Houchin and Kessler were there, Cheryl says, and urged her not to go to the job site, where recovery efforts were proceeding slowly. Cheryl wasn’t having it. Tom held the keys to the Durango, so she began walking in the general direction of Toluca Avenue, almost three miles from the store. Her granddaughter went after her and persuaded her to come back. Sometime after 3, Tom agreed to drive everyone to the site.
Shoemaker, the Alliance fire chief, saw them pull up. He recognized Tom, a volunteer firefighter with whom he’d worked years earlier in Scottsbluff. “I walked across the street and talked to them a few minutes,” Shoemaker says. “Tom understood everything that was going on. Cheryl, she was fairly calm. She just wanted to be with Jim.” She and the others were standing behind the yellow tape when the recovery workers finally carried Jim out of the hole on a backboard at 5:30. His face was caked with dirt; Shoemaker insisted that it be cleared before he brought Cheryl over. Once this was done, Shoemaker put his arm around Cheryl’s shoulder and guided her to the body as it was about to be loaded into the funeral home van.
There are many ways to die on a job site: OSHA files are filled with macabre details from electrocutions, “caught-in-machinery” incidents and falls from great heights. Asphyxia by dirt is as bad as any. Sometimes the soil blocks the victim’s nose and mouth. “It obstructs the upper airways, and you can’t breathe,” says Dr. Roger Byard, a forensic pathologist at the University of Adelaide in Australia who has studied the phenomenon for three decades. Other times, in cases of so-called crush asphyxia, the chest is compressed by the weight of the soil, making respiration impossible. (This, Byard notes, happened with regularity to young chimney sweeps in Victorian England who lost their footing and became wedged in chimneys.) Survival time in a collapsed trench can be as little as a minute if the victim is prone when buried and there are no air pockets.
Another researcher, biomedical engineer Mark Kroll, came to study crush asphyxia in a roundabout way. Kroll had been examining the deaths of crime suspects during arrests and grew curious, he says, about “the impact of a police officer putting a knee on a guy’s back” — constricting the chest. “I said, ‘Let’s just take on one simple question: How much weight on a chest does it take to acutely kill somebody?’ Nobody had the answer.” Kroll, who is on the adjunct faculty at the University of Minnesota and California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, knew from the work of others that 1,000 pounds — the weight of a soda vending machine — would kill. He knew that 225 pounds wouldn’t. “I enlisted the help of some real experts,” he says, and came up with a “magic number”: 600 pounds.
John Newquist figures he investigated more than 100 trench collapses during the 29 years he worked as a compliance officer in OSHA’s Aurora, Illinois, office, near Chicago. Now a private safety consultant, he remains fixated on these types of accidents and keeps a running tally of deaths and close calls. The 2016 version of Newquist’s “Excavation Safety in Review” — a slide show he uses in training classes — includes a bullet-point description of the accident that killed Jim Spencer. There are accounts of 23 others, including a cave-in that took the life of 30-year-old Donald Meyer of Belton, Missouri, in December of that year, and one that suffocated Bert Smith Jr., 36, and Ernesto Saucedo-Zapata, 26, in Boise, Idaho, in May.
David Michaels, who led OSHA for seven years during the Obama administration, says that “every trench fatality should be strongly considered for criminal penalties.” His former deputy, Jordan Barab, points out that the hazard was recognized millennia before OSHA existed: the historian Herodotus described how the resourceful Phoenicians — in digging the Xerxes Canal in northern Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars, beginning in 483 B.C. — kept the sides of the ditch from crumbling by making the opening wider than the bottom. And yet death by dirt continues to plague 21st-century America.
What would make a difference? OSHA’s presence, for starters — a dim prospect given the agency’s deep deficits in personnel and money. Accounting for inflation, the agency’s budget has remained flat since 1980, even as the U.S. workforce has grown by 50 percent; in raw numbers, OSHA’s staff has contracted by 26 percent. This matters in the real world, as demonstrated by the case of Rick Burns, a compliance officer in OSHA’s Columbus, Ohio, office who died recently. Burns was credited with saving a life in 2011 when, while inspecting an unshored trench at least 10 feet deep, he divined an imminent collapse and ordered a worker out of the hole. Five minutes later, the hole was filled with dirt. Many small employers never see someone like Burns unless there’s an accident. Neither Shaun Houchin nor Larry Kessler had had any contact with the agency prior to the cave-in that killed Jim Spencer.
Anecdotal evidence suggests the shaming worked. Michaels, now teaching at George Washington University, and Barab, a consultant and author of the “Confined Space” newsletter, both say they heard from company lawyers whose clients worried more about seeing their names in OSHA press releases than about being fined. Matthew Johnson, a research scientist at Duke University, says his own work shows that the releases — often cited in local newspapers and trade journals — have a measurable impact. He found that once an employer had been publicly reproached, OSHA violations by similar businesses within a three-mile radius fell 75 percent in the ensuing three years. “Even if I look at 20 miles out, this effect stays very strong,” says Johnson, an economist whose paper on the subject is undergoing peer review.
A Labor Department spokeswoman declined to answer questions about the Trump administration’s press release policy. At his confirmation hearing last week, Scott Mugno, the administration’s nominee to lead OSHA, said he’d consult with department officials on the topic if he won the position.
Congress has been loath to adjust the law that underpins OSHA, though in two steps since August 2016 it raised the maximum civil penalty for a “serious” violation from $7,000 to $12,675, and for a “willful” violation from $70,000 to $126,749. Attempts to increase criminal penalties have fallen flat. They failed even in 2010, when Democrats last controlled both houses and the third iteration of the Protecting America’s Workers Act was introduced. The bill met stiff resistance from business groups; a lawyer for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, for example, argued at a hearing that “a few outlier employers” were skewing the picture and tougher sanctions were counterproductive. The argument prevailed.
Courtney understands that the legislation faces long odds. He uses as motivation the memory of a ground-shaking blast in 2010 at the Kleen Energy power plant in Middletown, Connecticut, which killed six workers and injured 50. Among the dead was a friend of the congressman’s, Ron Crabb. The workers had been blowing debris out of pipes with natural gas; the gas, predictably, found an ignition source. In a settlement with OSHA, the contractor that oversaw the practice, Keystone Construction and Maintenance, wound up paying $226,260, or less than 4 percent of the $6.7 million penalty the agency initially proposed against it. No one went to jail. “It certainly heightened my feelings about how important it is to pass this law,” Courtney says. Officers and directors of corporations — that is to say, people, not faceless entities — could be held criminally liable under his bill. Asked to characterize Labor Secretary Alexander Acosta’s position on the matter, the department spokeswoman demurred.
Jim Spencer’s ashes were buried at East Lawn Cemetery in Minatare on March 25, 2016, a cold, blustery Friday. Cheryl had prepared Jim for cremation by removing the shirt he’d worn the day of the accident — torn or cut, she couldn’t tell — and cleaning his face. She combed his hair and beard, and put on a hat and a fishing-themed shirt Kassie had given him. His work boots and jeans were left intact.
Jim and Cheryl Spencer on their 19th anniversary in 1995.
In late August, at a visitor’s request, Cheryl retraced the route her son-in-law took the day her husband died: East on U.S. 26, north on U.S. 385. Parallel to the latter, freight trains carrying Wyoming coal rumbled south from the BNSF rail yard in Alliance. Sunflowers bloomed on the side of the road.
Cheryl — a red-haired, no-nonsense woman of 62 — pulled into the parking lot at Maverik, the convenience store where she met Shaun Houchin and Larry Kessler the day everything came apart. (She has filed a wrongful-death lawsuit against both, but stays in touch, somewhat awkwardly, with Houchin, who saw Jim as a father figure). She next drove to the house at 2812 Toluca Ave., where, for reasons unknown, a tree she and Houchin had chosen in Jim’s memory was not planted. In its stead is the little evergreen, which grows a few feet above where Jim had been laying pipe.
On the way back to Minatare, passing barns shredded by a spring tornado, Cheryl described the essence of Jim: Early riser. Inveterate teaser and storyteller. Tinkerer. | 2019-04-25T10:56:48Z | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jim-spencer-trench-collapse_n_5a31dcf4e4b01bdd7659de9c |
Welcome! In this Instructable I will show you how to model and 3D print an optical illusion name plate! The name plate shows a single phrase when you look at it head on, but when you view the plate from the side a new phrase appears while the other disappears!
In this Instructable I provide step by step instructions for designing and modeling the illusion using AUTODESK Fusion 360. Even if you have never used Fusion 360 before you will be able to follow along and 3D print a sweet custom optical illusion name plate for yourself.
I printed my own name plate, as shown in the second GIF, using the same principals I show here and it has been a big hit at the office.
AUTODESK Fusion 360. This CAD/CAM/CAE software is free for hobbyists. It will allow you to model and export your name plate illusion. Download the full trial version for free forever from AUTODESK.
3D printer or printing service. If you don't have access to a printer try 3D Hubs to get a print made locally! I am printing my nameplate using a Rostock Max. A dual head 3D printer capable of printing with model and soluble support material would be ideal, but not required. I printed my model using PLA plastic for both the model and supports.
Slicing software (if you are printing yourself). I am using Slic3r simply because that is the software I spent the most time with, perfecting my print settings.
Stencil font pack. You can download a free Stencil font here if you don't have one.
I hope you enjoy this Instructable and amaze everyone with your own name plate!
The phrase you choose to be solid must be printed thick enough so that you can't see any gaps when you look at it from 45° to the side. This is shown in Figure 1.
The phrase you cut out must be in a stencil style font. This allows every piece of the solid letters to maintain a connection to the body after the cut. This is illustrated in Figure 2.
You must connect all the letters together with a small base rectangle also shown in Figure 2.
If you are an expert 3D modeler and printer you have probably figured out what to do already. Get to it! If not, don't worry! Follow the remaining steps and you'll be an expert in no time. Every step of modeling with Fusion 360 and setting up a print with Slic3r is explained below.
In this Instructable, you will be modeling everything in Fusion 360 because it is free for hobbyists. If you are using a different Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, simply try to apply the same principals shown here and everything should work just fine!
Open Fusion 360. Click the arrow to the left of "Origin" in the design tree as show in Figure 2.1 (From here on, all figures are labeled in the bottom right corner of the image). As noted in Figure 2.1 you will want to change your units at this time by clicking the "Units" icon in the design tree. Most 3D printing slicers default to millimeters. I think best in inches so I chose that instead. Note: Slic3r always imports models in millimeters so you will change back to them prior to saving the final model.
Choose a plane to start a sketch on. In my example I chose to sketch on the XY plane because it ends up being the same plane as the build surface of the 3D printer. By choosing the same plane as the build surface you will not need to reorient your model in your slicer. As illustrated in Figure 2.2, select the XY plane, click the drop down on the "Sketch" icon of the toolbar, and select "Create Sketch." Fusion 360 will now show the sketch interface on the XY plane.
surface, so make sure your line is at least a bit smaller than the printer's capacity.
Select the line and set it to be a construction line by clicking the "Normal/Construction" icon in the sketch palette (Figure 2.5). It will turn into an orange dashed line as shown later in Figure 2.7. This will serve as a guide line to attach and size your font, but it won't show up in your final model. If you would like, center the line on the origin by holding the Ctrl key on your keyboard, selecting the line and the origin, and clicking the "Midpoint" icon in the sketch palette (Figure 2.6).
Insert your base text by clicking the drop down on the "Sketch" toolbar button and selecting "Text" (Figure 2.7). As shown in Figure 2.8, select the start point of the construction line to begin your text there. This will bring up the text edit window.
Select the font style you want to use for the solid base from the drop down (Figure 2.8). Keep in mind that your font must have continuous characters, meaning each individual letter must be made up of only one piece. As an example, in nearly all fonts, the dot on a lowercase "i" will not be connected to the body of the letter. If you were to print this the dot would not be attached to anything. This means, for your solid base text, you DO NOT want use a stencil-like font where the characters are broken up into pieces. I wanted my name plate to make an impact so I chose the "Impact" font and set it to be 1.125 inches tall.
Type the word, phrase, or name you want to be printed solid in the text box using all capital letters to keep the text height consistent. The text will display as solid blue in the graphics window (Figure 2.8).
Click and hold the top of the text editor window to drag it out of the way so that you can see your whole phrase and construction line as shown in Figure 2.9. You can see in Figure 2.9 that my text doesn't reach the end of the construction line. That means it won't be the full 8 inches long like I wanted. Use trial and error to adjust your font height until the last letter lines up with the end of the construction line. As shown inFigure 2.10, 1.28 inches tall worked to remove the space between the last letter and the end of the construction line for my particular combination of requirements.
Finally, click "Stop Sketch" in either location shown in Figure 2.10 to accept and exit your sketch.
At this point, you should be happy with your base phrase, font selection, font size, and orientation.
Before we turn our flat text 3D, we need to make a 45° mid plane so that we can view the thickness of the text from the perspective of the future cut out "illusion."
Click the drop down for the "Construct" toolbar icon and select "Plane at Angle" as shown in Figure 3.1.
Select the green Y axis either in the tree or in the graphics window as shown in Figure 3.2. If the default planes or axes are not visible you can click on the arrow next to "Origin" in the tree as shown in Figure 3.2. Clicking the light bulb next to an item in the tree will toggle its visibility on and off. If the light bulb is yellow the item is visible.
Enter 45° in as the angle of the plane (Figure 3.3). If the plane isn't oriented as shown you may need to enter 135° instead to rotate the plane 90°. TIP: Once the model is printed perhaps you want viewers to see the solid letters, or maybe you prefer the cut out letters to be visible initially. This will dictate which way your plane faces. Think about how people will approach and pass your name plate most often and align your new plane in this direction.
Click "OK" to accept the 45° mid plane when satisfied (Figure 3.3).
Your model should now have your base text and a mid plane.
You will now create the text that will eventually be cut through the solid base text.
Select the drop down on the "Sketch" toolbar icon then click "Create Sketch" (Figure 4.1). Select the 45° plane in the graphics window or design tree under the "Construction" group (Figure 4.2). The view will now change to the sketch interface and be oriented normal to the plane you just made. If the view doesn't change, or you move your view by mistake, you can orient it normal to the plane again by clicking "Look At" at the bottom of the window and then selecting the plane (or anything on the plane)(Figure 4.3).
Select the text tool from the sketch toolbar as you did for the base text (Figure 4.3). Since you defined the size of the name plate with the base text you don't need to make a construction line.
Click within the base text where you want the cut out text to begin (Figure 4.4). Drag the text editor window out of the way as you did for the base text.
Select your favorite stencil font and type the text you want to cut through your base text. (Figure 4.5). If you choose not to use a stencil font there is a strong chance there will be detached pieces of text after we cut out our letters. This could cause your illusion to be illegible. Since stencils are designed to hold all the cut out pieces of font together in two dimensions this property certainly helps out when we add our third dimension.
Adjust the font orientation if needed. In my example, the new text was running vertically. To fix this I entered an angle of 270° (Figure 4.5).
Toggle the visibility of Sketch 1 by clicking on the arrow to the left of "Sketches" on the tree (Figure 4.5). Click the light bulb next to Sketch 1 in the tree to hide it (Figures 4.6 and 4.7). If you select Sketch 1 it will turn black as shown in Figure 4.7b. This contrast will help you distinguish your texts from one another.
Adjust the height of the new text (Figure 4.8). In my example I liked an even 1 inch. Keep in mind that the bigger your cutting font is, the more likely it is that it will cut all the way across a character of the solid base. This will create a detached body. If this happens and you print it, it won't be connected to anything. The piece will fall off or even ruin the print entirely! We will be checking for this in Step 9.
Position the text where you want it by selecting it in the graphics window and dragging it into position. I like to center the text horizontally and vertically as shown in Figure 4.8. You don't need to dimension or constrain the sketch because there is a good change it will need to be adjusted in the future.
Click OK when you are happy with your font selection, position, and size (Figure 4.8).
At this point your model should now have the base text and the text to cut out oriented at 45° as shown in Figure 4.9.
In order to help you visually determine how thick to make the solid base text you need to look at the model from the perspective of the cut.
Click the "Look At" tool near the bottom center of the screen as shown in Figure 5.1.
Select either the 45° text or plane as shown in Figure 5.2.
You should now be looking at your model from the perspective of the cut you will make later. This should look like Figure 5.3.
You are now ready to make the flat base text into a solid 3D model.
Click on the "Create" toolbar drop down and select "Extrude" (Figure 6.1). Alternatively, you can hold a right click with the mouse and select "Press Pull" as shown in Figure 6.1b.
Ensure you are still looking at the model from the perspective of the future cut. If not go back one step to Step 5.
Select the sketch for your solid base text by clicking on it in the graphics window (Figure 6.2).
In the Extrude menu, set the direction to "One Side" (Figure 6.3). Click and drag the blue arrow in the graphics area to pull the extrusion and add thickness (Figure 6.3). Remember we don't want any gaps showing anywhere in the solid base text. Figure 6.4 shows an example of a gap in the base text which we don't want. Figure 6.5 illustrates a nice solid, gap-less, base text. You want to extrude slightly past when the gaps disappear to have some wiggle room for deviations in your 3D print. TIP: To better see any gaps you may want to toggle the visibility of the sketch for the cutting text (Sketch 2) by clicking the light bulb icon next to it in the design tree.
Click OK when you have a nice solid base with no gaps.
Your model should now have a 3D body for the base text with the flat text you will be cutting out in the next step, as shown in Figure 6.6.
It is now time to cut the illusion text out of the solid body text.
Click on the "Create" toolbar drop down and select "Extrude" or, as shown in Figure 7.1, you can hold a right click with the mouse and select "Press Pull".
Select the text you will cut out in the graphics window (Figure 7.2).
In the "Extrude" window, click the drop down next to "Direction" and select "Symmetric" (Figure 7.2). This will cause the extrusion to have equal thickness on the front and back of your text.
In the "Extrude" window, click the drop down next to "Operation" and select "Cut" since you are removing this text from the solid base (Figure 7.3).
Rotate the model so you can view the depth of the cut (Figure 7.4). To do so, click and hold your middle mouse button (or wheel) and drag to rotate the model.
Drag the blue arrow in the graphics window to add depth to the cut. Pull the cut until it passes completely through the front and back of the solid text as shown in Figure 7.5. Click OK when you are done to complete the cut (Figure 7.5).
Use the "Look At" tool again to look directly at the cut by selecting the 45° plane (Figure 7.7). Make sure the cut is all the way through and you are happy with the placement. Pay attention to how much of the solid text is visible to the left and right of the cut. Since the cut text was placed prior to the base having thickness it may not look centered. You can go back to the sketch for the cut (Sketch 2) and adjust the placement. To edit the sketch, double click it in the design tree.
Your model should now look similar to Figures 7.6 and 7.7.
Right now, all your letters are floating in space. That isn't very practical for a name plate. We need to connect the letters together with a thin strip of material at the base (or anywhere else if you are feeling creative). This could have been done in the same sketch as the base font. However, you may need to make adjustments toward the end of this step and keeping the connector as a separate sketch can simplify some situations.
Start a sketch on the same plane as your base text. You should now be looking directly at your solid text (Figure 8.1).
Use the "2-Point Rectangle" tool in the Sketch toolbar drop down and under the "Rectangle" tool to draw the strip that will connect the letters (Figure 8.1). As seen in Figures8.2 and 8.3, I put the first point of the rectangle on the outermost edge of the first letter of the base. The second corner was placed on the bottom center tangent point of the "S" and the end of "INSTRUCTABLES" as illustrated in Figures8.4 and 8.5. By connecting the rectangle like this it visually blends in with the letters more than if the rectangle extended past them. Figure 8.4 shows the layout of my rectangle. TIP: If your first letter is round on the bottom like a "C" or a "J" you might want to snap your rectangle to the bottom tangent point of the character just like I did for the "S". Also note that, because I chose the "Impact" font, certain characters are taller than others as is the case with the "S." Therefore, you want the bottom of your rectangle to be in line or below the letter that sticks down the most so that the name plate will sit level.
Create the dimensions and relations you want for your connecting strip. You can get to the dimensioning tool as we did in Step 2 part 3, or as shown in Figure 8.6, right click with your mouse and hover over "Sketch" at the bottom of the fly-out menu. When the menu changes, click on "Sketch Dimension" as shown in Figure 8.7. Click the top and bottom of your rectangle to create a dimension between the two. I chose to make mine 0.05 inches tall so that it has enough strength to hold the letters together well, but also doesn't look intrusive (Figure 8.8). If you would like, you can fully dimension your rectangle, or use geometric constraints from the Sketch Palette on the right of the screen (Figure 8.8).
Once you are satisfied with your connecting rectangle click the "Stop Sketch" button to accept your sketch (Figure 8.9).
Bring up the Extrusion tool by right clicking and selecting "Press Pull" as shown in Figure 8.10. The last operation we extruded was a cut, so you need to change this. In the Extrusion window click the drop down next to "Operation" and select "Join" since you are joining our rectangle with the bodies of the letters (Figure 8.11). You want your rectangle to line up with the front and back faces of the solid text. Since you started the sketch from the same plane as the back face of the text, you can select "To" under the "Extents" drop down to allow the extrusion to terminate at the front face (Figure 8.12). Click anywhere on the front face of the base text to tell Fusion 360 the extrusion will extend "to" there (Figure 8.12).
Click "OK" when your rectangle extrusion settings are correct (Figure 8.12).
Your model is almost finished!
This is the trickiest step of the whole process and may require some extra brain power and patience. Unfortunately, with the infinite combinations of words, fonts, and sizes there isn't a way to make sure your particular name plate is one piece. You must analyze your model for disconnected bodies and remove/fix them.
Click the arrow next to Bodies in the design tree to show all the individual bodies (Figure 9.1). Each body that shows up here is not attached to any other body. Select a body in the tree by clicking it to highlight it in blue in the graphics area (Figure 9.1).
Carefully check your whole model. You don't want any significant portions of your letters to be separate bodies. Those parts will fall off of your print and could render your text illegible. Click through the different individual bodies in the tree and look for large pieces as shown in Figures 9.1 and 9.2. If you have large individual bodies see the tip below. You also want to check for places where the connections to letters are small. Examples of thin and missing connections are shown in Figure 9.2. You will be printing with plastic so there must be enough of a connection to support the pieces of the letter it connects. This is tedious to sort out as you may have a thin connection (or no connection) on one face of your text, but a nice solid connection on the other. As long as there is a thick connection somewhere to the rest of the letter, it should print fine!
Hold the Ctrl key on your keyboard and select all of the bodies you wish to remove in the design tree as illustrated in Figure 9.2. Right click on one of the selected bodies in the tree and then select "Remove" (Figure 9.3). Note: Do not use the "Delete" Option. Deleting removes the entire geometry that created the body and will likely destroy your model.
Fix any issues. After removing all of the disconnected bodies, use the "Look At" tool to view your model from the front face of the solid text and then from the 45° plane. You want to check that all the profiles of the letters still look correct now that some pieces are gone. If you have problems see the tip below.
Your model should now be finished as shown in Figure 9.4. You should also now have a basic understanding of modeling in Fusion 260. Well done!
If you have large chunks of letters missing: Rotate your model around and look for places where the cut out text is cutting all the way across a solid letter. Remember you also want to carefully check for places where there are small connections on the main body so you can fix those as well.
Edit your text sketches. Double click on them in the design tree to edit their respective sketches. It may be helpful to rotate the model when editing your sketches so that you can get a better visual of of the changes affect the cut.
If you have room on your 3D printer you can make your solid base text bigger.
Extrude the sketch out further.
Move the text away from the problem area.
Make your cutting text smaller.
Find a thinner stencil font.
Add another (maybe at the top of the solid font or like a "strikeout"). This make the illusion less magical in my opinion.
Change the angle of the plane to be more acute with respect to the base plane. The cut out font won't extend as far across the base with angles less than 45°. Doing this means you will also need to make your base extrusion thicker to hide the shallower cut.
Every time you change your sketches you will want to redo this entire step (Step 9). Until you have no more disconnected bodies, or you only have small bodies with no effect such as those in this example.
Your model should be finished at this point. It is time to save it (although it is good practice to continually save along the way).
Remember earlier when I said most Slicers use millimeters as their default units? Slic3r only uses millimeters (unless you want to scale your inch import by 2540%), so now is the time to change your units. Simply click the "Units" item in the design tree as shown in Figure 10.1. Next select millimeters from the drop down in the menu as shown in Figure 10.2. Lastly click "OK" as shown in Figure 10.3. The model will stay the same physical size with converted units.
Save your part as a CAD file. This will come in handy if you have to modify things after printing. As shown in Figure 10.4 click the "File" drop down on the top toolbar and select "Save As." Save your file to the built in cloud or your favorite spot on the computer. As seen in Figure 10.5 I saved to the cloud. Fancy.
You now need to save a ".stl" file. STL's are stereo-lithography files (made up of triangles) and just happen to be what the 3D printing world decided to standardize as the file type for slicing software. Select the "File" drop down again and click the 3D Print option (Figure 10.6). Click the arrow next to "Refinement Options" in the 3D print menu to bring up the STL settings (Figure 10.7). Also click the arrow next to "Output." Make sure that the box next to "Send to 3D Print Utility" is not checked (Figure 10.8). While it is deselected we will be able to save our STL so we can open it in a slicer.
Check the box next to "Preview Mesh." The mesh wire-frame will display so that we can visually verify the STL resolution is high enough for a good print. As you can see in Figure 10.8, I went with the default settings for "Medium" refinement. As noted in Figure 10.9, Pay particular attention to the density of the mesh on curved surfaces. You will want enough triangles on a curve that it will actually appear to be a curve once printed, but you don't need so many that your mesh looks like it's solid black around a curve.
Accept your STL changes and save your STL file by selecting "OK" (Figure 10.9). Save the STL to a location where it can be opened by your slicing software (Figure 10.10).
You are now finished with your model in Fusion 360.
If you find your slicer is running too slowly later, you can return and save an STL again with relaxed deviation settings. Because text can have lots of round edges, which take a lot of triangles to smooth out, your STL file size can be huge! These large files take a long time for slicers to process. The smaller the file size of your STL, the faster the slicer will run. To save a smaller file return to the 3D print refinement settings as detailed in Figures 10.6, 10.7, and 10.8. Adjust the deviation sliders to make your mesh more coarse. If you adjust the settings to be too coarse, however, your model will look polygonized. For parts of a more artistic nature where fit isn't an issue, such as this illusion, you can use a large deviation without noticing changes to your finished part. After all, what is a few thousandths among friends?
Now it's time to convert your STL model into something a 3D printer can interpret. Slicing software will accomplish this by "slicing" your STL file into layers. Each layer will be filled with paths for your printer to follow. These paths will be saved as gcode, which is a text language that your printer can read.
Open your slicing software. I am using Slic3r simply because I spent the most time tweaking my print settings in it.
Load your model by clicking the "Add" button (Figure 11.1). Navigate to your STL file location and click "Open" (Figure 11.2).
Position the model on the plater (build surface) to your liking by clicking the model and dragging it (Figure 11.3). I like to print on the back surface of the text so that the perimeters of the letters are drawn smoothly by the printer (Figure 11.3). To rotate your part, right click on the part, select rotate, and type the desired angle of rotation for the corresponding axis of rotation (X is red, Y is green, Z is blue). If you modeled the base text on the XY plane, as done in this example with Fusion 360, your part will already be facing the correct direction.TIP: If you print with the letters standing how they are intended to sit on your desk the perimeters of the letters will be layered and not look as crisp. Printing on the back also helps avoid the need for extra support material. Since our cut was made at 45° each new layer of the cut has enough material below it to stick and is typically printable. If we were to print the letters standing up, characters like "T" would need support in order to print the overhangs accurately. TIP 2: To avoid having to guess the angle of rotation for your model in a slicer, model it in Fusion 360 in the orientation you want it to print. Most printers build platforms correspond to the XY plane.
Adjust your print settings. In this example PLA filament settings are shown in Figures 11.4 through 11.9. Since this print is ornamental, I used a 40% infill to save plastic and time (Figure 11.5). As seen in the Figure 11.6, I chose to print a 5mm brim to increase the surface area of the print on the heated bed. A wide print like this tends to warp and detach from the print surface so a brim is cheap insurance against a failed print. This print ended up sticking very well and I wished I didn't used a brim because it was frustrating to remove it from between letters.
You must choose whether you want to print support material at this point (Figure 11.7). There will likely be overhangs which have no underlying surface on which to print (detailed later in Figures 11.13 through 11.17). If you have this condition and don't print support there will nothing for the plastic to stick to on these layers. This will ruin your print or, at best, create flying-spaghetti-monster-like strands you will need to grind off. However, unless you have soluble support or really good model material support settings, there will probably be some picking and grinding to remove the supports anyway. As seen in my settings (Figure 11.7), I chose to print support with a threshold of 0° which allows Slic3r to decide when and where supports are needed. Slic3r did a good job with the support (this time anyway) as you will see later. I have printed the illusion acceptably without support (the example of my name had no support), but I did have to grind some "spaghetti" from the bottom of overhangs.
Wait for Slic3r to finish computing (if auto-compute turned off, click "Export to G-code and save in order to compute) and click on the "Preview" tab at the bottom of the window (Figure 11.10). You will now see your print paths modeled in 3D. Figure 11.11 shows what a pillar of support looks like. The skirt and brim are detailed in Figure 11.12. You can use the slider on the right side of the graphics area to move through the layers of print paths (Figure 11.13). Figures 11.13 through 11.17 highlight where and why support material was needed. For this print the case shown in Figure 11.7 would not have printed without support because it is so close to the last layer. Since the small bit of model shown there is detached from the rest of the body, the remaining few layers will have nothing to bridge to.
If you don't like what you see after investigating your paths, go back and change your print settings, or load your CAD model in Fusion 360 and adjust your model.
When you are satisfied with the print paths, export your file to gcode by clicking the "Export to G-code" button shown in Figure 11.18. Pick where you want to save your file and click "Save" (Figure 11.18).
Now you should finally be ready to load the file onto your printer!
It is time to take your illusion from the digital world to the real world.
Load your gcode file onto your printer. I put the file on an SD card and run the printer stand alone. This printer is on an large uninterruptible power supply so running stand alone allows the print continue for a few hours if the power goes out.
Make sure your printer is calibrated. Every once in a while it is good to check that the leveling and Z axis zero height are still proper. It is especially important on a wide part like this so that the first layer has excellent adherence to the bed. In the first time-lapse GIF I am changing from ABS to PLA filament and calibrating the Z zero height.
Heat the build surface. On this printer the center of the build surface reaches temperature before the outer regions, so I let the heat soak in the bed a while to help the first layer of plastic stick. I use an infrared thermometer to check when the outer edges of the build surface are up to the set temperature.
Print. It is a good idea to watch the first layer go down to make sure there aren't clearance issues and everything is sticking.
Wait. The second GIF of this step shows the printer moving about for 3 hours as it prints. TIP: Hobby grade printers aren't always refined machines. If you value your house don't leave your printer running while you are not home and keep a fire extinguisher handy.
Admire your finished print as it magically sits on the printer (Figures 12.1 and 12.2). There was nothing on the build plate before the print. Now there is an illusion. Was printing itself the illusion? Is this an illusion within an illusion?
Pop your print off the build surface. I highly recommend plastic razorblades if you print on a Polyetherimide (PEI) build surface as shown in Figure 12.3.
Full disclosure - this was the 3rd print attempt. Figure 12.4 proves I am not trapped in "limbo." If a print comes out perfectly first try with this printer, I must be in a dream. You can see from the picture the previous two prints failed a little past 50%.
This is the worst part (unless you have soluble support).
Get out your favorite picking, plucking, sanding, and grinding tools. Gloves and safety glasses are a good idea as well.
Pick, pluck, and grind away from yourself. I have often thought "I might stab myself while trying to pick off this piece of support." I then proceed to stab myself with the pick. Don't do that.
Grind with low RPMs. I bought a flexible shaft rotary grinder just for cleaning up prints because it can run very slowly with high torque. This will keep the plastic from melting while you grind resulting in nice clean plastic chips. These aren't food chips. Don't eat them.
Dream about soluble support. Figures 13.1 and 13.2 show increasing levels of part smoothness where I stopped to wonder how I can get a machine of my own with dual heads and soluble support.
Make your final touch ups. I like to remove the last bit of lip left over from the 5mm brim with a deburring tool. I decided to sand the printing marks off the top face of the print. I rough sanded with 80 grit and finished with 200 grit as shown in Figure 13.3. TIP: I forgot I was using PLA when sanding. Therefore I couldn't use acetone to melt the matte surface back to shiny. I suggest you don't sand if using PLA, as sanding makes the cut out text surfaces stand out due to the different color. You can see this by comparing Figure 13.2 and Figure 13.4.
Can you believe your eyes? You are done!
Step 14: Amaze Your Collegues and Friends!
Put your hard work on display! You earned it for making your way though this entire Instructable!
This is the most amazing desksign i have ever seen!! Thanks!
Thanks! I hope you are able to make one!
Pretty much all of the menu option are different for my version of 360, so it's a bit hard to follow along. I'm also new to the program. Looks like 2.0.2268, student edition.
This is too awesome - gets my vote for sure!
Great project! This is another one for my list - the list of things I am going to make when I get time. I've got to get to this one!
This is unquestionably the most epic desk sign ever!
Thanks! I hope it's epic enough to win a 3D printer in the contest! | 2019-04-18T21:52:46Z | https://www.instructables.com/id/Design-Model-and-3D-Print-an-Optical-Illusion-Name/ |
This document describes a revised protocol for the TCP-based convergence layer for Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN). The protocol revision is based on implementation issues in the original [RFC7242] and updates to the Bundle Protocol contents, encodings, and convergence layer requirements in [I-D.ietf-dtn-bpbis].
This Internet-Draft will expire on May 31, 2017.
A TCPCL session (as opposed to a TCP connection) is a TCPCL communication relationship between two bundle nodes. The lifetime of a TCPCL session is bound to the lifetime of an underlying TCP connection. Therefore, a TCPCL session is initiated when a bundle node initiates a TCP connection to be established for the purposes of bundle communication. A TCPCL session is terminated when the TCP connection ends, due either to one or both nodes actively terminating the TCP connection or due to network errors causing a failure of the TCP connection. For the remainder of this document, the term "session" without the prefix "TCPCL" refer to a TCPCL session.
Transmission refers to the procedures and mechanisms (described below) for conveyance of a bundle from one node to another.
Once the TCPCL session is established and configured in this way, bundles can be transferred in either direction. Each transfer is performed in one or more logical segments of data. Each logical data segment consists of a DATA_SEGMENT message header, a count of the length of the segment, and finally the octet range of the bundle data. The choice of the length to use for segments is an implementation matter (but must be within the Segment MRU size of Section 4.1). The first segment for a bundle MUST set the 'start' flag, and the last one MUST set the 'end' flag in the DATA_SEGMENT message header.
A feature of this protocol is for the receiving node to send acknowledgments as bundle data segments arrive (ACK_SEGMENT). The rationale behind these acknowledgments is to enable the sender node to determine how much of the bundle has been received, so that in case the session is interrupted, it can perform reactive fragmentation to avoid re-sending the already transmitted part of the bundle. For each data segment that is received, the receiving node sends an ACK_SEGMENT code followed by an count containing the cumulative length of the bundle that has been received. The sending node MAY transmit multiple DATA_SEGMENT messages without necessarily waiting for the corresponding ACK_SEGMENT responses. This enables pipelining of messages on a channel. In addition, there is no explicit flow control on the TCPCL layer.
Another feature is that a receiver MAY interrupt the transmission of a bundle at any point in time by replying with a REFUSE_BUNDLE message, which causes the sender to stop transmission of the current bundle, after completing transmission of a partially sent data segment. Note: This enables a cross-layer optimization in that it allows a receiver that detects that it already has received a certain bundle to interrupt transmission as early as possible and thus save transmission capacity for other bundles.
For sessions that are idle, a KEEPALIVE message is sent at a negotiated interval. This is used to convey liveness information.
Finally, before sessions close, a SHUTDOWN message is sent to the session peer. After sending a SHUTDOWN message, the sender of this message MAY send further acknowledgments (ACK_SEGMENT or REFUSE_BUNDLE) but no further data messages (DATA_SEGMENT). A SHUTDOWN message MAY also be used to refuse a session setup by a peer.
The following figure visually depicts the protocol exchange for a simple session, showing the session establishment and the transmission of a single bundle split into three data segments (of lengths L1, L2, and L3) from Node A to Node B.
Note that the sending node MAY transmit multiple DATA_SEGMENT messages without necessarily waiting for the corresponding ACK_SEGMENT responses. This enables pipelining of messages on a channel. Although this example only demonstrates a single bundle transmission, it is also possible to pipeline multiple DATA_SEGMENT messages for different bundles without necessarily waiting for ACK_SEGMENT messages to be returned for each one. However, interleaving data segments from different bundles is not allowed.
To establish a TCPCL session, a node MUST first establish a TCP connection with the intended peer node, typically by using the services provided by the operating system. Port number 4556 has been assigned by IANA as the well-known port number for the TCP convergence layer. Other port numbers MAY be used per local configuration. Determining a peer's port number (if different from the well-known TCPCL port) is up to the implementation.
A 16-bit unsigned integer indicating the longest allowable interval in seconds between KEEPALIVE messages received in this session.
A 64-bit unsigned integer indicating the largest allowable single-segment data payload size to be received in this session. Any DATA_SEGMENT sent to this peer SHALL have a data payload no longer than the peer's Segment MRU. The two endpoints of a single session MAY have different Segment MRUs, and no relation between the two is required.
A 64-bit unsigned integer indicating the largest allowable total-bundle data size to be received in this session. Any bundle transfer sent to this peer SHALL have a Total bundle data payload no longer than the peer's Transfer MRU. This value can be used to perform proactive bundle fragmentation. The two endpoints of a single session MAY have different Transfer MRUs, and no relation between the two is required.
Together these fields represent a variable-length text string. The EID Length is a 16-bit unsigned integer indicating the number of octets of EID Data to follow. A zero EID Length is a special case which indicates the lack of EID rather than a truly empty EID. A non-zero-length EID Data contains the UTF-8 encoded EID of some singleton endpoint in which the sending node is a member, in the canonical format of <scheme name>:<scheme-specific part>.
If a node receives a contact header containing a version that is greater than the current version of the protocol that the node implements, then the node SHALL shutdown the session with a reason code of "Version mismatch". If a node receives a contact header with a version that is lower than the version of the protocol that the node implements, the node MAY either terminate the session (with a reason code of "Version mismatch"). Otherwise, the node MAY adapt its operation to conform to the older version of the protocol. This decision is an implementation matter.
Negotiation of the Session Keepalive parameter is performed by taking the minimum of this two contact headers' Keepalive Interval. If the negotiated Session Keepalive is zero (i.e. one or both contact headers contains a zero Keepalive Interval), then the keepalive feature (described in Section 5.2.1) is disabled.
Negotiation of the Enable TLS parameter is performed by taking the logical AND of the two contact headers' CAN_TLS flags. If the negotiated Enable TLS value is true then TLS negotiation feature (described in Section 5.3) begins immediately following the contact header exchange.
Once this process of parameter negotiation is completed, the protocol defines no additional mechanism to change the parameters of an established session; to effect such a change, the session MUST be terminated and a new session established.
type: Indicates the type of the message as per Table 2 below.
flags: Optional flags defined based on message type.
The types and values for the message type code are as follows.
DATA_SEGMENT 0x1 Indicates the transmission of a segment of bundle data, as described in Section 5.4.3.
ACK_SEGMENT 0x2 Acknowledges reception of a data segment, as described in Section 5.4.4.
REFUSE_BUNDLE 0x3 Indicates that the transmission of the current bundle SHALL be stopped, as described in Section 5.4.5.
KEEPALIVE 0x4 KEEPALIVE message for the session, as described in Section 5.2.1.
SHUTDOWN 0x5 Indicates that one of the nodes participating in the session wishes to cleanly terminate the session, as described in Section 6.
LENGTH 0x6 Contains the length (in octets) of the next bundle, as described in Section 5.4.2.
REJECT TBD Contains a TCPCL message rejection, as described in Section 5.2.2.
The format of a KEEPALIVE message is a one-octet message type code of KEEPALIVE (as described in Table 2) with no additional data. Both sides SHOULD send a KEEPALIVE message whenever the negotiated interval has elapsed with no transmission of any message (KEEPALIVE or other).
If no message (KEEPALIVE or other) has been received for at least twice the Keepalive Interval, then either party MAY terminate the session by transmitting a one-octet SHUTDOWN message (as described in Table 2, with reason code "Idle Timeout") and by closing the session.
If a TCPCL endpoint receives a message which is unknown to it (possibly due to an unhandled protocol mismatch) or is inappropriate for the current session state (e.g. a KEEPALIVE message received after contact header negotation has disabled that feature), there is a protocol-level message to signal this condition in the form of a REJECT reply.
Message Type Unknown 0x01 A message was received with a Message Type code unknown to the TCPCL endpoint.
Message Unsupported 0x02 A message was received but the TCPCL endpoint cannot comply with the message contents.
This version of the TCPCL supports establishing a session-level Transport Layer Security (TLS) session within an existing TCPCL session. Negotation of whether or not to initiate TLS within TCPCL session is part of the contact header as described in Section 4.2.
When TLS is used within the TCPCL it affects the entire session. By convention, this protocol uses the endpoint which initiated the underlying TCP connection as the "client" role of the TLS handshake request. Once a TLS session is established within TCPCL, there is no mechanism provided to end the TLS session and downgrade the session. If a non-TLS session is desired after a TLS session is started then the entire TCPCL session MUST be shutdown first.
After negotiating an Enable TLS parameter of true, and before any other TCPCL messages are sent within the session, the session endpoints SHALL begin a TLS handshake in accordance with [RFC5246]. The parameters within each TLS negotation are implementation dependent but any TCPCL endpoint SHOULD follow all recommended best practices of [RFC7525].
If a TLS handshake cannot negotiate a TLS session, both endpoints of the TCPCL session SHALL cause a TCPCL shutdown with reason "TLS negotiation failed".
After a TLS session is successfuly established, both TCPCL endpoints SHALL re-exchange TCPCL Contact Header messages. Any information cached from the prior Contact Header exchange SHALL be discarded. This re-exchange avoids man-in-the-middle attack in identical fashion to [RFC2595].
A summary of a typical CAN_TLS usage is shown in the sequence in Figure 6 below.
All of the message in this section are directly associated with tranfering a bundle between TCPCL endpoints.
A single TCPCL transfer results in a bundle (handled by the convergence layer as opaque data) being exchanged from one endpoint to the other. In TCPCL a transfer is accomplished by dividing a single bundle up into "segments" based on the receving-side Segment MRU (see Section 4.1).
Each of the bundle transfer messages contains a Transfer ID number which is used to correlate messages originating from sender and receiver of a bundle. A Transfer ID does not attempt to address uniqueness of the bundle data itself and has no relation to concepts such as bundle fragmentation. Each invocation of TCPCL by the bundle protocol agent, requesting transmission of a bundle (fragmentary or otherwise), results in the initiation of a single TCPCL transfer. Each transfer entails the sending of a LENGTH message and some number of DATA_SEGMENT and ACK_SEGMENT messages; all are correlated by the same Transfer ID.
Transfer IDs from each endpoint SHALL be unique within a single TCPCL session. The initial Transfer ID from each endpoint SHALL have value zero. Subsequent Transfer ID values SHALL be incremented from the prior Transfer ID value by one. Upon exhaustion of the entire 64-bit Transfer ID space, the sending endpoint SHALL terminate the session with SHUTDOWN reason code "Resource Exhaustion".
For bidirectional bundle transfers, a TCPCL endpoint SHOULD NOT rely on any relation between Transfer IDs originating from each side of the TCPCL session.
The LENGTH message contains the total length, in octets, of the bundle data in the associated transfer. The total length is formatted as a 64-bit unsigned integer.
The purpose of the LENGTH message is to allow nodes to preemptively refuse bundles that would exceed their resources or to prepare storage on the receiving node for the upcoming bundle data. See Section 5.4.5 for details on when refusal based on LENGTH content is acceptable.
The Total Bundle Length field within a LENGTH message SHALL be used as informative data by the receiver. If, for whatever reason, the actual total length of bundle data received differs from the value indicated by the LENGTH message, the receiver SHOULD accept the full set of bundle data as valid.
LENGTH messages SHALL be sent immediately before transmission of any DATA_SEGMENT messages. LENGTH messages MUST NOT be sent unless the next DATA_SEGMENT message has the 'S' bit set to "1" (i.e., just before the start of a new transfer).
A receiver MAY send a BUNDLE_REFUSE message as soon as it receives a LENGTH message without waiting for the next DATA_SEGMENT message. The sender MUST be prepared for this and MUST associate the refusal with the correct bundle via the Transfer ID fields.
Upon reception of a LENGTH message not immediately before the start of a starting DATA_SEGMENT the reciever SHALL send a REJECT message with a Reason Code of "Message Unexpected".
Each bundle is transmitted in one or more data segments. The format of a DATA_SEGMENT message follows in Figure 8 and its use of header flags is shown in Figure 9.
The flags portion of the message header octet contains two optional values in the two low-order bits, denoted 'S' and 'E' in Figure 9. The 'S' bit MUST be set to one if it precedes the transmission of the first segment of a transfer. The 'E' bit MUST be set to one when transmitting the last segment of a transfer. In the case where an entire transfer is accomplished in a single segment, both the 'S' and 'E' bits MUST be set to one.
Following the message header, the length field is a 64-bit unsigned integer containing the number of octets of bundle data that are transmitted in this segment. Following the length are the actual data contents.
Once a transfer of a bundle has commenced, the node MUST only send segments containing sequential portions of that bundle until it sends a segment with the 'E' bit set. No interleaving of multiple transfers from the same endpoint is possible (within a single TCPCL session).
The format of an ACK_SEGMENT message follows in Figure 10 and its use of header flags is the same as for DATA_SEGMENT (shown in Figure 9). The flags of an ACK_SEGMENT message SHALL be identical to the flags of the DATA_SEGMENT message for which it is a reply.
A receving TCPCL endpoing SHALL send an ACK_SEGMENT message in response to each received DATA_SEGMENT message. The flags portion of the ACK_SEGMENT header SHALL be set to match the corresponding DATA_SEGEMNT message being acknowledged. The acknowledged length of each ACK_SEGMENT contains the sum of the data length fields of all DATA_SEGMENT messages received so far in the course of the indicated transfer.
To do so, upon receiving a LENGTH or DATA_SEGMENT message, the node MAY transmit a REFUSE_BUNDLE message. As data segments and acknowledgments MAY cross on the wire, the bundle that is being refused SHALL be identified by the Transfer ID of the refusal.
There is no required relation between the Transfer MRU of a TCPCL endpoint (which is supposed to represent a firm limitation of what the endpoint will accept) and sending of a REFUSE_BUNDLE message. A REFUSE_BUNDLE can be used in cases where the agent's bundle storage is temporarily depleted or somehow constrained. A REFUSE_BUNDLE can also be used after the bundle header or any bundle data is inspected by an agent and determined to be unacceptable.
The RCode field, which stands for "reason code", contains a value indicating why the bundle was refused. The following table contains semantics for some values. Other values MAY be registered with IANA, as defined in Section 8.
Unknown 0x0 Reason for refusal is unknown or not specified.
Completed 0x1 The receiver now has the complete bundle. The sender MAY now consider the bundle as completely received.
No Resources 0x2 The receiver's resources are exhausted. The sender SHOULD apply reactive bundle fragmentation before retrying.
Retransmit 0x3 The receiver has encountered a problem that requires the bundle to be retransmitted in its entirety.
The receiver MUST, for each transfer preceding the one to be refused, have either acknowledged all DATA_SEGMENTs or refused the bundle transfer.
The bundle transfer refusal MAY be sent before an entire data segment is received. If a sender receives a REFUSE_BUNDLE message, the sender MUST complete the transmission of any partially sent DATA_SEGMENT message. There is no way to interrupt an individual TCPCL message partway through sending it. The sender MUST NOT commence transmission of any further segments of the refused bundle subsequently. Note, however, that this requirement does not ensure that a node will not receive another DATA_SEGMENT for the same bundle after transmitting a REFUSE_BUNDLE message since messages MAY cross on the wire; if this happens, subsequent segments of the bundle SHOULD also be refused with a REFUSE_BUNDLE message.
Note: If a bundle transmission is aborted in this way, the receiver MAY not receive a segment with the 'E' flag set to '1' for the aborted bundle. The beginning of the next bundle is identified by the 'S' bit set to '1', indicating the start of a new transfer, and with a distinct Transfer ID value.
Idle timeout 0x00 The session is being closed due to idleness.
Version mismatch 0x01 The node cannot conform to the specified TCPCL protocol version.
Busy 0x02 The node is too busy to handle the current session.
Contact Failure 0x03 The node cannot interpret or negotiate contact header option.
TLS failure 0x04 The node failed to negotiate TLS session and cannot continue the session.
Resource Exhaustion 0x05 The node has run into some resoure limit and cannot continue the session.
It is also possible to convey a requested reconnection delay to indicate how long the other node MUST wait before attempting session re-establishment. To do so, the node sets the 'D' bit in the message header flags and then transmits an 16-bit unsigned integer specifying the requested delay, in seconds, following the message header (and optionally, the SHUTDOWN reason code). The value 0 SHALL be interpreted as an infinite delay, i.e., that the connecting node MUST NOT re-establish the session. In contrast, if the node does not wish to request a delay, it SHOULD omit the reconnection delay field (and set the 'D' bit to zero).
If a session is to be terminated before another protocol message has completed being sent, then the node MUST NOT transmit the SHUTDOWN message but still SHOULD close the TCP connection. This means that a SHUTDOWN cannot be used to preempt any other TCPCL messaging in-progress (particularly important when large segment sizes are being transmitted).
If there is a configured time to close idle links and if no bundle data (other than KEEPALIVE messages) has been received for at least that amount of time, then either node MAY terminate the session by transmitting a SHUTDOWN message indicating the reason code of 'Idle timeout' (as described in Table 5). After receiving a SHUTDOWN message in response, both sides MAY close the TCP connection.
One security consideration for this protocol relates to the fact that nodes present their endpoint identifier as part of the contact header exchange. It would be possible for a node to fake this value and present the identity of a singleton endpoint in which the node is not a member, essentially masquerading as another DTN node. If this identifier is used outside of a TLS-secured session or without further verification as a means to determine which bundles are transmitted over the session, then the node that has falsified its identity would be able to obtain bundles that it otherwise would not have. Therefore, a node SHALL NOT use the EID value of an unsecured contact header to derive a peer node's identity unless it can corroborate it via other means. When TCPCL session security is mandatory, an endpoint SHALL transmit initial unsecured contact header values indicated in Table 6 in order. These values avoid unnecessarily leaking endpoing parameters and will be ignored when secure contact header re-exchange occurs.
Another consideration for this protocol relates to denial-of-service attacks. A node MAY send a large amount of data over a TCPCL session, requiring the receiving node to handle the data, attempt to stop the flood of data by sending a REFUSE_BUNDLE message, or forcibly terminate the session. This burden could cause denial of service on other, well-behaving sessions. There is also nothing to prevent a malicious node from continually establishing sessions and repeatedly trying to send copious amounts of bundle data. A listening node MAY take countermeasures such as ignoring TCP SYN messages, closing TCP connections as soon as they are established, waiting before sending the contact header, sending a SHUTDOWN message quickly or with a delay, etc.
Port number 4556 has been previously assigned as the default port for the TCP convergence layer in [RFC7242]. This assignment is unchanged by protocol version 4.
IANA has created, under the "Bundle Protocol" registry, a sub- registry titled "Bundle Protocol TCP Convergence-Layer Message Types" and initialized it with the contents below. The registration procedure is RFC Required.
IANA has created, under the "Bundle Protocol" registry, a sub- registry titled "Bundle Protocol TCP Convergence-Layer REFUSE_BUNDLE Reason Codes" and initialized it with the contents of Table 3. The registration procedure is RFC Required.
IANA has created, under the "Bundle Protocol" registry, a sub- registry titled "Bundle Protocol TCP Convergence-Layer SHUTDOWN Reason Codes" and initialized it with the contents of Table 4. The registration procedure is RFC Required.
IANA will create, under the "Bundle Protocol" registry, a sub- registry titled "Bundle Protocol TCP Convergence-Layer REJECT Reason Codes" and initialized it with the contents of Table 4. The registration procedure is RFC Required.
[I-D.ietf-dtn-bpbis] Burleigh, S., Fall, K. and E. Birrane, "Bundle Protocol", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-dtn-bpbis-06, October 2016.
[refs.IANA-BP] IANA, "Bundle Protocol registry", May 2016.
[I-D.ietf-dtn-bpsec] Birrane, E. and K. McKeever, "Bundle Protocol Security Specification", Internet-Draft draft-ietf-dtn-bpsec-03, October 2016.
Added a bundle transfer identification number to all bundle-related messages (LENGTH, DATA_SEGMENT, ACK_SEGMENT, REFUSE_BUNDLE).
Use flags in ACK_SEGMENT to mirror flags from DATA_SEGMENT.
Added REJECT message to indicate an unknown or unhandled message was received. | 2019-04-18T14:26:57Z | http://www.watersprings.org/pub/id/draft-ietf-dtn-tcpclv4-01.html |
On behalf of the Committee on Health Care of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine I congratulate you on the beginning of a major event in health care - VI International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations – the nation’s health”.
The events that shook our country affected healthcare sector. Our scientists and doctors have become a reliable rear, demonstrated patriotism and commitment. Today, military doctors and volunteers feel the need for knowledge and skills that would help to save and bring back to life our soldiers.
This time the Forum has an important mission - to conduct scientific and practical activities on military medicine, to spread current methods and techniques among healthcare professionals who face treatment of combat injuries, wounds, burns and other injuries sustained during a fight.
Workshops on tactical medicine will be of great importance. Everyone can learn how to provide first aid in actual field conditions which will be reproduced during the training.
I am grateful to healthcare professionals who gather today at the Forum, because dozens of lives will be saved by each of you.
I wish you all fortitude and peace!
I am glad to welcome you on behalf of Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine at VI International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations – the nation’s health”!
Forum is a grand event in the field of healthcare. The event multiplies the domain of the industry, contributes to the competent dialogue and development of common views on the future of medicine.
The topic of the scientific and practical program indicates the correctly chosen priorities, aspirations of the experts to contribute to transformation of the healthcare system of Ukraine.
It's important that the event lets the government representatives, scientists, doctors, businesses and all those being a part of the medical and pharmaceutical industries, to sit at one table with no prejudice and build communication bridges, learn about existing problems, solve them together.
Today experts will face discussions on strategic issues in insurance medicine, development of constructive suggestions that can be implemented in future. Military medicine will also be the central topic of this year's Forum and will be presented by a number of unique events providing specialists with the life-saving knowledge and new skills.
I am deeply convinced that the results of the Forum will help to improve the practice of medical care in Ukraine.
I am glad to congratulate you on behalf of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine on the opening of the VI International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations – the nation’s health”!
Holding the Forum is not just a good tradition, but also a professional duty of scientists, doctors, representatives of professional associations and institutions that get together to address issues related to the industry, improving the sphere of health care in general.
Organisers of the event have made every effort to create the background for uniting capabilities and resources of science, technology and business.
The event allows you to learn the achievements of domestic and foreign medicine, showcase your projects, share experiences and technologies, establish professional contacts, attract investors.
This year, the institutions of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine will introduce specialists that will come to the Forum, their great scientific potential, high level of fundamental and applied researches. Diversity of research and practice events, workshops will arouse interest and find tangible embodiment in the specialists' work.
I am sure that the busy research and practice and business program of the Forum will contribute to implementation of scientific findings by the health care institutions, improvement of providing medical care in Ukraine.
I wish you all health, success, constructive confrontations and fruitful acquaintances!
Dear participants and visitors of Forum!
I congratulate you sincerely on the opening of the VІ International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations– the Nation’s health”!
International Medical Forum level is higher from year to year. The best representatives of health care are gathered together under its auspices.
This year will go down in the history of the event, because P.L. Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education became one of Forum organizers.
A new round of our business relationships allowed us to demonstrate the great scientific and applied potential of Academy, to establish the new educational programs for health professionals.
It is for the first time when 16 Departments of P.L. Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education together choose Forum to conduct their own symposia, scientific and practical conferences, tutorials to give the possibility for specialists to improve their skills and remain in the epicentre of the Academy scientists' latest scientific developments.
Actual information presented at the Forum will allow scientists and physicians to implement new ideas in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of patients as early as tomorrow.
Specialists will also have the unique opportunity to learn more about the latest technologies, test the quality medical equipment, get familiar with new pharmaceutical products.
I wish everyone a fruitful communication, implementation of plans and interesting offers!
I congratulate you cordially on the beginning of the VI International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations – the nation’s health!” Social and economic, demographic and spiritual potential of a country are integral parts of developed medicine.
Today health care industry requires continuous improvement, introduction of new methods in the prophylactic practice, diagnostics and disease treatment. Specialists should quickly adapt to new situations, constantly “keeping abreast” discoveries, borrow all the best of foreign and domestic achievements.
International Medical Forum is the professional platform, giving participants the opportunity to share experiences, establish a professional dialogue, demonstrate own high-tech developments, make a contribution to the process of modernization of health care of Ukraine, and for specialists-visitors - improve their skills.
Within the framework of the Forum, The National Academy of Science of Ukraine institutions will present the leading technologies and the latest equipment.
Participation of scientists as well as manufacturers and businessmen in these events will accelerate the application of Academy researches results in the corresponding health care structures that will improve treatment methods and expand professional relations of scientists and corresponding health care structures.
I wish all of you the good health and professional achievements!
Let me congratulate you on behalf of the Kyiv community on the beginning of the VI International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations – the nation’s health!” The last year which was crucial for Ukraine has shown how selfless and important work of a professional doctor can be. This results in thousands of saved lives of our soldiers and hope for their families.
It is at these events that formed the agenda and key solutions to complex problems in the health sector, especially in the context of medical reform which has started in Kyiv. The quality, accessibility and efficiency of health care has to become a key in the relations of doctor and patient.
I believe that during the Forum domestic and foreign experts will have the opportunity not only to exchange experiences but also become generators of new ideas for the development of medicine and welfare of patients.
I wish you good health, fruitful discussions and new professional achievements!
On behalf of Bogomolets National Medical University, I congratulate all the guests on the opening of the VІ International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations– the Nation’s health”!
Over the years since opening, the Forum managed to achieve the impossible – unite the representatives of international authorities, doctors of all spheres of medicine, scientists, manufacturers of medical equipment and pharmaceutical products on one platform for constructive dialogue and searching for the solutions to urgent problems of prevention, diagnostics and treatment of diseases and modernization of the health care system in general.
The prime example of the importance of the event for the whole country is the activity of organizers, geography of participants and visitors of the International Medical Forum, who are not simply thinking about the future of medicine, but also willing to contribute to the creation of the future. Alma mater of many Ukrainian doctors – Bogomolets National Medical University – is the co-organizer of scientific and practical program of the Forum that every year consolidates many health care professionals willing to develop and learn new things.
This year we expect professional and unique specialized exhibitions of medical equipment and pharmaceutical products, at which you will be able to learn the latest advances in science, practical medicine and pharmaceuticals, to share experiences and to make new professional contacts and partnerships.
I wish all of you good health, inspiration, new discoveries, achievements, successful implementation of plans, progress in the running projects!
I am happy to congratulate you on behalf of Association of Radiologists of Ukraine on the opening of VI International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations – the nation’s health”!
International Medical Forum is the great event of Ukrainian health care industry. Well-thought-out scientific and practical programme as well as exhibition part made this event the traditional place for meeting of all medicine branches professionals from different regions of Ukraine and foreign countries.
Today the Forum is also known thanks to the special medical programme “Medical Radiology”, which unites the leading field experts – scientists, practicing physicians, manufacturers and suppliers of medical equipment, at the one platform.
Taking into account that medical radiology is the field that requires constant improvement of specialists’ knowledge and professional qualification at the level of international standards, the organizers conduct actual events and workshops with modern equipment every year.
Forum allows to develop the common goals, take the comprehensive approach to solving the problems and define strategic field directions to its participants and visitors.
I am strongly convinced that acquired knowledge and skills will find their practical application in scientists, radiographers and radiologists, ultrasound and functional testing doctors, educators and other health care specialists’ professional activity.
I wish Forum long and fruitful years of work, always remain the priority of the medical community and set the new trends!
Dear participants and guests of the International Medical Forum 2015!
Life and health is undoubtedly the higher values of civilization. New challenges for health care system (HCS) of Ukraine are issued by time and “HCS Reforming Strategy”, which was declared recently at the state level. Ultrasonic diagnostics, which touches practically all clinical fields, can not ignore the time challenges. War - traumatic epidemic and widespread adoption of ultrasound FAST-protocol is that what saves the lives. Political and economic and social disturbances require directing the efforts of medicine in general and Ultrasonic diagnostics in particular to identify and support the most common infectious and non-infectious diseases: diffuse liver disease (hepatitis, fatty disease, toxic and autoimmune damages), tumor and non-tumoral processes in mamma, thyroid and prostate, problems of women's and men's health, diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, nervous and musculoskeletal systems.
Thanks to the latest technological achievements, ultrasonic diagnostics become one of the leading directions in solving these problems. Ukrainian Association of Ultrasound Diagnostics Specialists support actively International Medical Forum 2015 as an important event in the information field of modern medicine of Ukraine. Ultrasonic industry demonstrates the achievements of world and national science and technology at the exhibition stands, schools and workshops. Ultrasonic diagnostics has the great role for health care system, especially in the development of family and private medicine.
Today, ultrasonic diagnostics can affect the endpoints and quality of life of the patients with the most part of the mentioned nosology. It is necessary to note the current trend of development - Elastography.
Elastography modes (compression and rotational wave) enable the digital instrumental “remote palpation of organs” to determinate the tissue stiffness qualitatively and quantitatively that is diagnostically important information. Elastography allows objectify data about fibrosis, steatosis and cirrhosis, remodeling and myocardial sclerosis of the arteries and make the detection, differential diagnosis and monitoring of treatment effectiveness of tumors much easier. In particular it is introduced to BIRADS and ThyRADS categories.
It is important to test, approve and implement the national reports of performance of the full range of ultrasonic techniques, industry information, as well as remote consulting, development of network thinking and communication of specialists through Ukrainian portal of ultrasonic diagnostics www.ultrasound.net.ua.
We wish clinicians and specialists of ultrasonic diagnostics communication in format of ultrasound equipment stand presentations, lectures and workshops at Medical Forum 2015 became the source of mastering the new techniques, getting professional knowledge and achievements.
Dear participants and guests of the research and practice conference!
Let me, on behalf of the Association of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine of Ukraine and on my own behalf, congratulate you sincerely on the beginning of the work of the research and practice conference with international participation “Laboratory diagnosis in medical diseases clinic” within the framework of the VI International Medical Forum and specialized exhibition of laboratory equipment.
Clinical laboratory diagnostics is one of the directions that are most intensively developed on the modern stage. Laboratory Medicine has high knowledge content. New fundamental discoveries in biology and medicine, new technologies and equipment help to improve the role of laboratory diagnostics in medicine. Modern clinical laboratory consumes totally about 5 % from general expenses of health care, provides objective diagnostic information important for 65-70 % of medical solutions. In many critical situations laboratory results have life-saving value, while preventive and forecasting potential of clinical laboratory researches, in general, are not evaluated completely.
The conference program will pay special attention to scientific achievements in the practise of laboratory diagnostics of oncohematology, medical diseases, gynaecological oncology. The roundtable discussion will be held on the subject of improving professional training of laboratory medicine specialists.
The main conclusion of the discussion at the conference should be the formation of a common platform for actions and consolidated efforts in every region of the country aimed at accessibility and quality of laboratory services.
I hope that the scientific forum will be a source of scientific knowledge of laboratory medicine professionals, will facilitate the exchange of information, experience and the formation of new views on the most actual problems of laboratory medicine.
I wish the organizers and all participants of the conference continue to lead their talents and professional skills to increase achievements for the sake of laboratory medicine. Wish you strong health, creative success, true friends and colleagues.
For many years the Forum has been contributing to professional development of laboratory workers, helping to solve problems of laboratory medicine modern trends. Within the framework of a range of events of special programme “Days of Laboratory Medicine” we'll discuss the most relevant and urgent scientific and practical issues of the field.
During the years of our cooperation with the Forum the Ukrainian laboratory school became a brand. Tutorials that take place annually at school are aimed at presentation of innovations, improvement of work methods, professional consultations from well-known experts of laboratory field.
The obvious advantage of the Forum is its powerful exhibition part that serves as a successful supplement of the scientific part. This is the best professional platform in Ukraine where one can get acquainted with products of world leaders in the field of equipment supply and elaborations for laboratories, establish business contacts and make your choice having studied all advantages of the equipment by taking part in numerous presentations.
Thus, I wish you all to have fruitful live communication, work harder on improvement of your work and, of course, good health and peace in your souls and around us.
International Medical Forum is the authoritative platform to discuss the current issues of all branches of medicine.
Specialists from different regions of Ukraine and abroad can share the tried-and-tested developments in prophylactic practice, diagnostics and disease treatment, to test new equipment, to establish contacts and cooperate, realize new ideas.
from year to year Forum unite the efforts of doctors, scientists, medicinal product manufacturers and all people involved in medical community to develop medicine and improve quality of medical services.
I am sure that modern methods and technologies, which will be presented by leading urologists of Ukraine, will serve for the efficient exchange of experience and will help physicians to improve their work.
I wish a constructive dialogue, fruitful work and professional achievements all event participants!
On behalf of All-Ukrainian NGO “Ukrainian Association of Orthopaedic Traumatologists” and the oldest orthopaedic institution in our country - SI “Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology, NAMS of Ukraine” Would like to congratulate you all on the opening of the VI International Medical Forum “Medicine innovations– the Nation’s health”.
It has already become a good tradition that the Forum gathers leading world and domestic institutions and field experts related to the human health. Usually SE “Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology, NAMS of Ukraine” takes an active part in exhibition as well as in theoretical part, holding scientific and practical seminars on relevant issues of diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with musculoskeletal system pathology and taking part in other professional meetings.
As of today, due to the challenges of time, the institute together with the reflection of its research and development trends, has initiated the exhibition of domestic tools of prosthetic, orthopaedic and rehabilitation technologies and organized a cross-sector scientific and practical seminar “Battle injuries of musculoskeletal system: hospital stage and medical social rehabilitation”, featuring 9 leading Ukrainian military and civil medical institutions of various subordination.
I hope that this event will give an additional impulse in improvement of organization and provision of specialized assistance for the defenders of the Motherland! I wish you all good health, strong spirit and faith in our own strength! | 2019-04-26T09:09:07Z | http://medforum.in.ua/ofitsialnaya-podderzhka-2015/?lang=en |
NextGen believes its multi-million dollar effort helped increase turnout among voters ages 18-35, but experts say that cannot be tied to one group or strategy.
But being a student on the University of Wisconsin-Madison campus before the 2018 midterm elections put voting directly in Riazi’s path. After “annoying” appeals from fellow UW student Eric Schumacher, he finally gave in and registered.
Then about a week before the midterm elections, Riazi, Schumacher and their friend Lee Conway walked by a giant giraffe bounce house on the campus of 44,000 students. Field organizers from NextGen Wisconsin, a political action group focused on turning out young progressive voters, encouraged them to enjoy the free bounce house and to vote early. The three jumped for about 20 minutes, then walked across the street to cast their ballots.
For Riazi, NextGen Wisconsin definitely played a role in getting him to vote — a tough job since young people like Riazi show up less than any other age group, especially during midterms. The stakes are high: By 2020, millennials and Generation Zers together are projected to make up 36 percent of the electorate — more than Baby Boomers at 28 percent, according to Pew Research.
Connie Flanagan, associate dean of the UW-Madison School of Human Ecology and an expert on youth and politics, said people tend to start caring more about politics after finishing their education, getting a job and starting a family — milestones that millennials and Gen Zers are hitting at later ages than previous generations.
According to estimates provided by NextGen, the number of 18-35-year-olds who voted in Wisconsin increased from 232,095 in 2014 to 313,197 in 2018 — an increase of more than 80,000. Governor Tony Evers won the gubernatorial election by 29,227 votes. With young people ages 18-29 supporting Evers by a 60-37 margin over incumbent Gov. Scott Walker based on CNN exit polls, it is clear that new young voters helped to push Evers to his narrow victory.
A NextGen America spokeswoman said her group was the largest in Wisconsin working to turn out young people, although experts caution that without more research, the increase cannot be definitely tied to one group or strategy.
When young people do vote, politicians take up the issues they care about, Flanagan said. Because of youth involvement in the 2016 presidential primary — particularly Vermont Democrat Sen. Bernie Sanders’ campaign — issues including the rising cost of college and a $15 minimum wage are “getting attention now.” High youth turnout in the 2018 midterms kept those issues in the forefront, she said.
Young people are often ignored by get-out-the-vote efforts because they are unlikely to turn out and lack a voting history. NextGen America, funded by billionaire activist Tom Steyer, pumped $33 million into 11 states, including Wisconsin, targeted specifically at getting young progressives to the polls for the 2018 midterms. Steyer also leads a national campaign advocating the impeachment of President Donald Trump. The group’s get-out-the-vote effort in Wisconsin cost nearly $3 million.
“We invest in youth organizing kind of in an unprecedented way,” said Sean Manning, former Wisconsin media manager for NextGen America, who was on the ground for the 2018 midterms.
NextGen used strategies including puppies, goats, rallies and celebrities to get young voters to the polls. And it may have worked. But whether such an effort is sustainable election after election and in settings outside college campuses remain open questions, experts told the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism. Civic education in high school, automatic voter registration, pre-registration for teenagers and removing barriers to register and vote also may be ways to boost the youth vote, they said.
Young voter turnout in 2018 was the highest for a midterm election in 25 years, according to exit poll calculations by the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, or CIRCLE, a research organization based at Tufts University that focuses on young people.
Roughly 31 percent of 18-29-year-olds turned out nationally for the 2018 midterms, up from 21 percent in 2014, according to CIRCLE. But even with these “extraordinary” increases for a midterm, the vast majority of young people nationwide — 69 percent — still did not vote. The youth rate was higher in five states with competitive gubernatorial races. Wisconsin, Florida, Georgia, Nevada and Ohio had a combined average youth turnout rate of 35 percent.
Still, those numbers lagged behind the roughly 50 percent of eligible U.S. voters who cast ballots in the midterms. Wisconsin’s turnout was 61.7 percent, according to the United States Election Project, based at the University of Florida, which tracks voter turnout. Four experts interviewed by the Center said a long-term solution for getting more young people to the polls involves a lot more than one mobilization effort — even one that has millions of dollars behind it.
NextGen’s efforts in Wisconsin included door knocking, digital advertising, direct mail and a variety of events designed to connect with young people. The group had 66 staff and 1,756 volunteers on the ground at 32 college campuses across Wisconsin, including four-year universities and several community colleges.
At UW-Stevens Point, NextGen hosted a petting zoo with goats, alpacas, ducks and cows. At UW-Madison, celebrities led two canvassing events. At UW-Green Bay, NextGen held a carnival. Organizers used other tactics ranging from therapy dogs to giant Connect Four games to get young people engaged. At some get-out-the-vote events, organizers wore shark, T-rex and banana costumes as they gathered pledges to vote.
The group also held rallies calling for increased gun control and opposing forced separation of undocumented immigrant families. NextGen sent nearly 530,000 texts, knocked on nearly 180,000 doors and reached more than 580,000 young voters with digital advertising on platforms including Hulu, YouTube and Instagram. Riazi remembers seeing NextGen’s advertisements — and although they were “ruining his life” because he could not skip to the video he wanted to watch — the ads worked.
NextGen Wisconsin also got nearly 51,000 young people to sign pledges to vote. The group matched at least 40 percent of those names to the list of registered voters. Bercow said incomplete or out-of-date addresses likely led to fewer matches, but also some who pledged did not register. Of those matched, 65 percent voted.
Unless the pledges were selected randomly, the statistic may not be representative of all young voters, said David Becker, executive director and founder of the Center for Election Innovation & Research, a nonprofit that works with election officials on issues including increasing voter participation. NextGen focused much of the pledging on college campuses, where young people are more engaged politically, and therefore already more likely to vote.
For instance, Frances Bartolutti, a sophomore at Loyola University-Chicago who is from Madison, filled out a pledge card with NextGen at an August anti-National Rifle Association march in Madison, and she voted during the 2018 midterms. But Bartolutti, 19, was already planning to vote. She has voted in every election since turning 18, even sending in an absentee ballot for Madison’s February mayoral primary.
“Growing up, my parents emphasized that you have a voice and you should execute it,” Bartolutti said. NextGen also targeted youth in Wisconsin who were unlikely to vote.
The group sent mail to more than 166,000 young people ages 18-35 who were either unlikely voters — meaning they never voted before or only voted once — or sporadic voters, who voted only a few times but not consistently. NextGen could match about half of those voters with the voter file; of those, 60 percent voted in 2018.
Turnout among younger voters increased even in states where NextGen was not operating. So far, CIRCLE has released state-by-state voter turnout data for 17 states. Of the four with the highest increases in voter turnout — Georgia, Montana, Minnesota and Nevada — NextGen had a presence only in Nevada. Becker said one major factor driving people to the polls in 2018 was opposition to Trump. Kawashima-Ginsberg said another factor was competitive races in many states, places where Becker noted that media coverage and campaign spending are higher.
Positive media coverage of young people, especially of student-led activism following the school shooting in Parkland, Florida, also helped, Kawashima-Ginsberg said. Before the midterms, CIRCLE found that 80 percent of 18-24-year-olds thought their generation could make a significant change in the United States.
Abby Kiesa, director of impact at CIRCLE, said there also was lots of peer-to-peer outreach in 2018, something research has consistently found boosts young people’s political engagement. Kiesa said media coverage and young people encouraging their peers to vote combined to “shift the culture” around the 2018 midterms. The increases in youth turnout could be due to any of these influences, Becker said. NextGen may have had a positive effect, but it is “impossible to say” without more data, he said.
Bercow said NextGen is still excited with what it accomplished, even if the group can only show correlation, not causation. NextGen has kept staff in all 11 of its states and will be organizing through the 2020 election. Bercow said Steyer is committed to turning out the youth vote, even if there is not a specific dollar amount of what he will invest in the future. Becker, however, wonders what will happen in 2022 and beyond.
Even after investing more than $30 million, there were young people NextGen did not reach. NextGen focuses on college campuses because the target demographic is concentrated in one area, Bercow said, but “we’re always looking for ways to expand it.” NextGen also knocked on doors and sent mail to neighborhoods of predominantly young people outside of college campuses and ran digital advertisements throughout the state.
For those in a college town, messaging about voting was hard to avoid. Brody Bien, a junior studying molecular biology at UW-Madison, said canvassers frequently knocked on his door, sometimes two or three times a day. Bien said they were “pushy and annoying,” especially since Bien was already planning to vote.
As Bien and Riazi were bombarded with voter mobilization messaging at UW-Madison, Chander Brown, a 20-year-old who lives just a half hour south of the Madison campus, was not contacted by anyone. Brown, who went to Madison West High School, now works for a cleaning company and lives with his parents in Stoughton, Wisconsin.
When asked if any of the get-out-the-vote efforts in Madison reached him, Brown said, “I don’t know what that is, honestly.” Brown deleted most of his social media accounts, so he is a particularly hard young person to contact. In high school, Brown felt like his vote would not count for anything. Brown’s mindset started to change because of his frustration with Trump. Brown’s father is very passionate about politics. Both factors caused him to “mature” and pay greater attention to the 2018 midterms — even without the urging of NextGen or a political campaign.
Jacob Hoskins Jr., 17, has a deep skepticism toward politicians and the government. He is a student in the Legacy Program at Operation Fresh Start, a Madison nonprofit that helps young people ages 16-24 finish their education and gain work experience. Hoskins is working on his high school diploma and developing skills to pursue a career in construction.
When he went to Madison East High School, he said, teachers would tell students to vote, “But we didn’t ever learn about it.” His mom has told him to vote, but it is not a conversation they have regularly. Hoskins also does not talk with his friends about politics.
His classmate, Greg Lee, 17, feels similarly. Lee said the only way his representatives would listen to him is if it benefited them. Ryanne Wolfe, 21, a UW-Eau Claire junior studying criminal justice and Spanish, said she is discouraged that Hillary Clinton won the popular vote, but Trump still won the presidency. She saw messages on the sidewalks of her campus telling her to turn out. Friends, her parents and canvassers tried to convince her, but Wolfe decided to sit out the 2018 midterms.
“I just didn’t really feel like my vote mattered too much,” she said.
Lee, who is African American, said he feels disconnected from his community — even ostracized, because of the color of his skin. People act afraid of him on the bus. He is worried about being stopped by the police. Lee doubts voting would change that.
“If me just going somewhere offends someone, or makes someone uncomfortable, how does voting or something like that — what is that gonna do?” he said.
Bercow, however, said she sees NextGen as a part of the solution for mobilizing young people who feel left out.
Beyond efforts like NextGen, there is a wide variety of potential strategies for increasing youth voter turnout, but Kawashima-Ginsberg cautioned there is “no one magic bullet.” Fifteen states, plus the District of Columbia, have approved automatic voter registration, according to the Brennan Center for Justice, a nonprofit that works to improve democracy and the justice system. Sixteen states plus D.C. have pre-registration for young people to register even if they will not be 18 by the next election.
One study found those two strategies together can boost youth voting. Another 16 states and D.C., including Wisconsin, have same-day registration on Election Day. Minneapolis has a program in which high school students are hired to work at the polls so they can see other young people of diverse backgrounds who “look like them” working at elections.
Experts and advocates suggest other possibilities, including making Election Day a national holiday, lowering the voting age and making student IDs an acceptable form of voter identification. That is something NextGen plans to push in Wisconsin, where student ID cards issued by nine of the UW’s 13 four-year campuses are not valid for voting. Voter mobilization organizations, including NextGen, have also used apps connecting users to their contacts’ voting histories so they can text them election reminders.
Opportunity Youth United, which develops young leaders living in poverty, had get-out-the-vote efforts targeting basketball teams, community centers and even premieres for the movie “Black Panther.” The organization has 17 community action teams in cities including Milwaukee, Phoenix, Atlanta and New York. Becker said there is a lack of scientific research that can tie any particular strategy to increased youth voter turnout.
His organization is conducting a long-term study on how election officials — not just campaigns, nonprofits and political parties — can increase voter turnout, which he sees as more sustainable. Whatever the solution, Becker said, it needs to be nonpartisan.
John Della Volpe, director of polling at the Harvard Kennedy School Institute of Politics, said there are two forces that work together to get young people to vote: on-the-ground mobilization and changing attitudes toward politics.
“One of the disconnects between voting and not was the degree to which young people think there’s a tangible difference that politics can make,” Della Volpe said.
The institute has polled young voters since 2000 to better understand the drivers of political participation. There were two moments when there were spikes in the number of young people who thought politics mattered. Della Volpe said the terrorism attacks of September 11, 2001, led to 15-point shifts in attitudes, which led to increased voter participation in 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008. But once the economy fell into recession, Barack Obama became president in 2008, and political gridlock ensued, the sense that politics mattered dissipated, he said.
The second moment that changed young people’s attitudes about politics was the 2016 presidential election. Della Volpe said young people saw that Trump made a difference — whether they thought that was positive or negative — which led to increases in the number of young people who thought political engagement was important. Those attitudes continued in 2017 and 2018, and “accelerated” because of mass shootings at a Las Vegas concert and at the Parkland, Florida, high school, Della Volpe said.
When it comes to making a long-term difference in youth voter turnout, CIRCLE’s Kiesa said, young people need to be engaged long before they turn 18. She said future voters can be cultivated by parents or role models who are engaged politically, learning about voting in school or discussing controversial issues in the classroom. Young people need to learn that their voices matter, Kiesa said.
The nonprofit Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism collaborates with Wisconsin Public Radio, Wisconsin Public Television, other news media and the UW-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication. All works created, published, posted or disseminated by the Center do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of UW-Madison or any of its affiliates. | 2019-04-22T06:21:04Z | http://www.milwaukeeindependent.com/syndicated/generation-vote-participation-trend-uncertain-wisconsin-youth-political-process/ |
Barcelona, one of the most popular cities of Spain, is a buzzing, vibrant, and eclectic European city with loads to offer tourists visiting the city.
Because of its popularity among tourists, there are also plenty of accommodation options. It can get a bit overwhelming when trying to find where to stay in Barcelona, which is why we have created the ultimate Barcelona accommodation guide.
From budget-friendly hotels and hostels to chic and classy hotels, we’ve covered all the bases when it comes to knowing the best places to stay in Barcelona.
All you need to do is decide what type of accommodation you are looking for, and we’ll have the perfect spot for you.
Barcelona is a large city, broken up into several different neighborhoods. Each neighborhood has its own vibe, as well as pros and cons, so we thought it was best to first lay out the best neighborhoods in Barcelona to stay in and why. This will help you in deciding which area to look for accommodation in as well.
No matter where you decide to stay though, make sure to still explore the other neighborhoods while in the city. There is so much diversity on offer, with each neighborhood offering its own special charm.
You’re never further than five minutes from the beach while in Barceloneta – so if the beach is the main Barcelona attraction in your eyes, you may want to check out accommodation in Barceloneta. Though, here is where you will also see the most backlash on tourism as the residents what to keep their neighborhood local – you’ll notice the independence flag of Catalonia flying proudly from most balconies here.
You’ll be welcomed into Barceloneta as long as you respect the locals and support the smaller local businesses. Take it as an opportunity to truly ‘live like a local’ in Barcelona – enjoy the beautiful beaches, small restaurants with delicious foods and quaint shops.
If you’re looking to be in the center of the action, surrounded by the old city, artisan shops and popular restaurants, then El Born is the best place to stay in Barcelona. It is touristy, so be prepared for that. It’s also within walking distance to the beach, Barceloneta, the Gothic Quarter, and several public transport stops.
There are plenty of photo opportunities with the street art, flags and buntings lining the streets. It’s also home to the Picasso Museum, if you’re interested in the more historic artform (Note: it’s free on the first Sunday of the month!).
El Born is split into Upper El Born and Lower El Born. Upper El Born is more local and residential while Lower El Born is the more touristy side with a large pedestrian area lined with hip bars and restaurants.
Known for its nightlife and youthful energy, Gràcia has a small village feel while still remaining in Barcelona. This neighborhood is rarely visited by tourists as it’s a bit on the outskirts, though is a great neighborhood to visit for an afternoon drink that turns into a fun night out. If you’re after enjoying the local vibe, or perhaps on your third or fourth trip to Barcelona then Gràcia is the perfect neighborhood to stay in.
Commonly referred to as the red-light district of Barcelona, El Raval is one of the more eccentric neighborhoods in Barcelona. Some may refer to El Ravel as seedy and gritty, though if you look past the rather eclectic mix of people here you’ll find the charm that this neighborhood has to offer.
If you’re looking for ethnic food, then a walk through the streets of El Raval will have your taste buds screaming. Residents here are a mix of Chinese, Pakistanis, South Americans, Middle Easterners and Eastern Europeans – each bringing their local cuisine. The neighborhood is filled with restaurants and bars.
Also known as the Gothic Quarter, El Barri Gotic is one of the most famous neighborhoods in Barcelona. The gothic streets have been seen in several movies and music videos, and often used to sell Barcelona to tourists. Though, while the neighborhood is most well-known for its architecture it has a lot more historical relevance. There are several famous churches in the area, including a Cathedral, as well as a few historic plazas. The narrow medieval streets are filled with trendy bars, clubs and Catalan restaurants.
Calling all foodies! If you’re looking for some peace and quiet, with loads of opportunities to eat like a local then Poble Sec is the neighborhood to check out. The streets start to come alive at night with all of the small tapas bars scattered along the pedestrian-only Carrer de Blai. You’ll get some delicious cheap eats and drinks recommended by the locals.
There’s not too much else in this neighborhood, though it’s well connected with the Metro to easily explore the rest of what Barcelona has to offer.
Now that you know all about the best Barcelona neighborhoods to stay in, let’s jump into the best Barcelona accommodation. From easy on the budget hostels and cozy boutique hotels to luxury five-star hotels and apartment rentals – we’ve covered them all.
If there’s also a specific feature that you’re looking for, then check out our unique accommodation guide that highlights a few properties with specific features – from the best swimming pools to the best city views.
We know that not all budgets extend further than the basics, but that doesn’t mean that you have to stay in a dodgy hotel in some back alley. We’ve found a few budget-friendly hotels in Barcelona that are still modern and comfortable.
Located in the centre of the charming Born neighbourhood, the Chic & Basic hotel chain is for travelers looking for something budget-friendly though still modern and stylish. Housed in a 19th-century apartment block, this hotel is bright and upbeat with plenty of street cred. Facilities are limited, though there is an affiliated restaurant downstairs where guests can get a buffet breakfast.
Onix Fira is a budget-friendly hotel in Barcelona’s city center, overlooking Joan Miró Park. The rooms are basic, though clean and comfortable with amenities like flat-screen TVs, minibars, and air-conditioning. Features include a small rooftop swimming pool, private parking and daily buffet breakfast.
Part of the tech-savvy Petit brand, Petit Palace Museum Hotel is a contemporary no-frills hotel in Barcelona’s city center – a few blocks from Plaza Catalunya. There’s not much to the property, though it’s good value for its location. Features are limited to a lobby with lounge area, a small bar and buffet breakfast. Rooms include high-tech amenities like flat-screen TVs, iPod docks and laptops.
Gone are the days of dark and grungy hostels. There are loads of fun, fresh, and modern hostels in Barcelona that cater for students, young travelers and even older travelers looking to explore a more interactive accommodation style. Below is a list of a few of the top hostels in Barcelona, offering great features, locations, and friendly vibes.
Located on the top of famous Passeig de Gracia, just a short walk from bustling Gracia (perfect for bohemians and nightlife). The interiors are clean and modern, with a cozy Nordic feel in the common areas. Their in-house bar, located a block away from the hostel, serves a variety of tapas and Catalan cuisine. There’s also a sunny terrace to relax in and a fully-stocked kitchen to cook up some delicious meals. They also offer free walking tours, free bike tours, free alternative walking tours and original tapas tours.
Casa Gràcia is also located at the end of Passeig de Gràcia, close to the bohemian Gràcia district (which is also perfect for a fun night out). This is a great spot for solo-travelers, small groups as well as couples. It’s a bit more expensive than other hostels due to its great location, cool design and numerous events on the go (like tapas tours, yoga, and DJ nights). They also throw in a free breakfast.
This lively hostel is located 150 m from Badal Metro Station. Hostel One Sants offers a casual, laid back vibe – perfect for solo travelers. They offer free day and night time activities as well as free dinners, both perfect mingling opportunities for solo travelers. There’s also a sunny terrace to chill out on and free Wi-Fi.
Only dorm beds are available, either in the four-bed dormitory or six-bed dormitory.
Located 500-meters from the fashionable Passeig de Gracia Avenue, Generator Hostel Barcelona is quite centrally situated. The Gràcia district, which has plenty of boutique shops and bars, is only 200-meters away and there are metro stops within a five-minute walk. There’s a daily buffet breakfast (for an added fee), as well as quite a funky common room with pool table and other games. Private rooms and dormitories are available, as well as female-only dormitories.
If cozy, intimate and welcoming is your kind of vibe then you’ll love the below list of boutique hotels in Barcelona. The limited number of available rooms means that the staff are extra devoted to making your stay in Barcelona the most unforgettable one.
The 28-room Mercer Hotel Barcelona is a boutique luxury hotel located in the heart of the Gothic Quarter, close to the Cathedral. This boutique hotel is set in one of the city’s ancient buildings, next to the Roman walls. The stylish rooms have chic décor with original beamed ceilings and exposed brick walls, some overlooking the interior courtyard with orange trees. There’s also a swimming pool with pool bar and on-site restaurant and bar.
The interiors of Hotel Margot House are instantly calming and welcoming, with its neutral color-palette and fresh décor. This hotel is set in front of Casa Batlló, in a residential building in the heart of Passeig de Gracia (Passeig de Gracia metro station is in front of the hotel and Sagrada Family is 3 metro stops away). The nine rooms feature modern furnishings, with a light and fresh look and feel. There’s a delicious breakfast buffet each morning, and a cozy library room to relax in with a snack during the day.
Located in the peaceful Dreta da l’Eixample neighborhood, the 67-room Casa Bonay is housed in a 19th-century Neoclassical building. The interiors feature a simple palette of whites, blues and greens with original mosaic floors. The hotel features a Southeast Asian restaurant, tapas restaurant/cocktail bar and lounge, beach/jungle shack rooftop restaurant, and coffee shop. They also have an exclusive rooftop space for guests featuring sunbeds, an orchard, outdoor showers for cooling off, city views, and complete restaurant service.
So you’ve got a bit more budget to work with and are looking for something a bit more higher class, while not too over the top? We’ve pulled together a list of a few mid-range hotels in Barcelona which we think will work perfectly.
Set just 800-meters from Casa Batllo, The Corner House is centrally located in the Eixample neighborhood. The interiors are contemporary with a cosmopolitan design encompassing the essence of the city. The pool and terrace are a welcome treat, offering a quiet oasis in the busy city. The 72 rooms are modern and fresh, with some overlooking the city. The hotel’s Hall & Lounge offers the perfect spot for breakfast, brunch, lunch, tapas, cocktails, and dinner.
Ciutat de Barcelona is in Barcelona’s Gothic Quarter, it can get a bit noisy at night (so ask for a back room if this is going to bother you). The rooftop terrace with Gaudiesque plunge pool is a definite highlight here. While the pool is small, it’s perfect for a quick dip to cool off after a hot day and the surrounding deck is the perfect spot to enjoy a few quiet sundowners.
There is also a tapas-style restaurant, where a breakfast buffet, lunch and dinner are served. It also offers a bar with craft beers and a wide selection of wines.
Catalonia Portal De L’Angel is housed in a traditional 19th-century building, located between Plaza de Catalunya and Barcelona’s Gothic Quarter. It has retained much of its original design in terms of both the architecture and interiors. They have a quaint garden terraces which also features a small outdoor swimming pool. There’s a gourmet bar serving a variety of dishes and beverages, plus room service.
The rooms here are simple, though offer enough (and possibly more) amenities to make your stay comfortable.
If you’re looking to completely splurge on your Barcelona accommodation, then we’ve found the best hotels for you. Offering complete five-star luxury from start to finish, you’ll find a little piece of heaven at each of these properties.
Set in a historic building where the famous painter Pablo Picasso started his career in 1896, the luxurious Hotel The Serras still maintains the buildings original façade. With its central location opposite the harbor in Barcelona’s Gothic Quarter, this hotels offers everything one would expect from a five-star hotel. Features include a rooftop infinity pool, 1-Mevhelin-starred restaurants, and rooftop terrace and bar. Personalized services include airport pick-up, limousine, concierge and valet parking.
The 28 rooms and suites overlook either the Mediterranean Sea or the inspiring Merce Street in the Gothic Quarter and feature state-of-the-art features and amenities.
This design hotel is situated right on the Barceloneta Beach, overlooking both the beach and the Barcelona city center. Its unique design and stylish interiors are a talking point among guests, along with its contemporary art collection and Michelin-starred restaurant. Other luxurious features include a fully-equipped spa and beauty salon, outdoor swimming pool, fitness center and a few restaurants and bars.
Just steps away from the fashionable Paseo de Gracia Boulevard and the central Plaza Catalunya, Almanac Barcelona enjoys an ideal location for travelers to Barcelona. The interiors are lush and modern, with the panoramic rooftop bar and terrace, featuring exclusive pool and sun lounge, being a main highlight here. Other key features here include a spa with sauna and steam pool, fitness center, top class restaurant and bar, and option for private dining.
For the ultimate luxury experience in Barcelona, check out Mandarin Oriental Barcelona on Passeig de Gràcia. Everything about this hotel is exquisite, from the architecture to the interiors and top-quality service and features.
The hotel's head chef is the world-famous Carme Ruscalleda, the only woman that holds 7 Michelin stars. There are a few on-site restaurants including local Catalan cuisine, all-day cuisine, al fresco dining and delicious tapas. The spa offers a range of treatments as well as indoor pool, hot tub, Hamman and 24-hour fitness center.
Apartments / holiday rentals are ideal for larger groups of travelers and family travelers. It means that you have more space and privacy as well as more functional amenities (like fully-equipped kitchenettes and private laundry facilities). Here are a few great options for apartments in Barcelona.
Destination BCN Universitat Apartments offers 20 stylish apartments in Barcelona. All are located in the stylish Eixample neighborhood, making them really convenient for exploring the city. Each apartment has its own individual identity and striking original feature in combination with a stylish décor. They are stocked with fully-equipped kitchenettes (including oven and dishwasher), lounges, dining areas, bedrooms and furnished balconies.
Located in one of the most emblematic buildings of the Paseo de Gracia, the most exclusive area of Barcelona and opposite Gaudí's Casa Batllo. Each apartment has wooden floors and elegant modern décor. Living areas come with a double sofa bed, and there are separate bedrooms (either one, two, or three bedrooms). Kitchens include an oven, ceramic hob and dishwasher.
Inside Barcelona Apartments Mercat feature one and two bedroom apartments in the central neighborhood of El Born. They are situated a 12-minute walk from the beach and next to Ciutadella Park. Each apartment has wooden floors with a fresh, elegant and functional design. They include kitchens (with oven, dishwasher and washer-dryer), lounge area, and separate bedrooms. Each apartment includes an outside balcony with seating area and sun loungers.
This boutique loft-style apartment is just a three-minute walk from the beach. Housed in a late XIX century building, the apartment features two bedrooms, a living room, full bathroom plus guests bathroom, and a small (though fully-fitted) kitchen with laundry room. The decor is modern and hip with exposed facebrick walls, hardwood floors, comfy sofas, and interesting decor.
This beautiful loft is an Airbnb Plus property, which means that it has passed an in-person quality inspection to ensure it meets high standards of comfort, quality, and style. It has a New York style with exposed brick walls, high wooden ceilings, and a mix of pastel-coloured walls and bold art. The apartment features a living room, bedroom and full bathroom, large kitchen, dining area, and small balcony. Located in a quiet neighborhood while being within walking distance from the city center along with restaurants, bars, and shops. La Rambla and the Gothic quarter are also nearby.
If you love beautiful things, you will fall in love with this vintage inspired, industrial chic apartment in Eixample Derecha (also known as the Golden Triangle of Barcelona). This lovingly restored apartment features bright colours, 1930's high-vaulted brick ceilings, traditional Barcelona tiled floors, modern furniture, lots of plants, stylish artwork, and a sleek and modern design. Absolutely everything in this apartment is beautiful.
Feel like a local in this modern apartment in the central city of Barcelona. Enjoy the rooftop terrace and super modern amenities with lush decor.
Centrally located, just a 17-minute walk from the beach, Grand Hotel Central is a design hotel with stunning views overlooking the Gothic Quarter and Barcelona Cathedral from its rooftop pool and bar area. Housed in an early 20th-century building, this hotel holds loads of character in its architecture which is perfectly paired with its chic interiors.
Features here include a restaurant, fitness center, trendy rooftop bar, massage service, bicycle hire and luxurious bedroom amenities.
W Barcelona is a striking sail-like structure next to Barceloneta Beach, designed by world-renowned architect Ricardo Bofill. The hotel offers stunning views of both the city and ocean. Features here include a spa, infinity pool, rooftop bar, and two gourmet restaurants. The rooftop bar, ECLIPSE, on the 26th-floor is the best place to take in the stunning panoramic views with a cocktail in hand. The hotel also has two swimming pools and direct beach access.
Catalonia Portal de l'Angel’s standout feature is most definitely its garden and swimming pool – which is hard to come by in central Barcelona (situated between the Gothic Quarter and Plaza Cataluña). The outdoor swimming pool is large with surrounding sun loungers and umbrellas, as well as an adjacent glassed-in restaurant. Besides from the beautiful courtyard, the interiors of this 19th-century building are exquisite.
Hotel Barcelona Catedral is known for its peaceful atmosphere, despite its central location. Situated in the Gothic area, within close walking distance to several attractions like Las Ramblas, Plaza Catalunya and the beach. It’s also surrounded by plenty restaurants, bars, and shops.
Extra features here include an outdoor pool, restaurant, rooftop terrace and a fitness center – they also offer free walking tours of the historic city center twice a week.
Located next to Barcelona’s Passeig de Gràcia Boulevard, this hotel is centrally located for exploring the city’s main attractions. Gaudí’s Casa Batlló is 500-meters from the hotel, and you can walk to La Pedrera in 13 minutes. The impressive Palau de la Música Catalana is a seven-minute walk away. The Passeig de Gràcia Metro Station is just 200-meters away.
Features here include an outdoor pool, fitness center, restaurant serving a buffet breakfast, Catalan specialties, brunch, and high tea.
Lugaris Beach is located less than 200-meters from Bogatell Beach in the quiet neighborhood of Poble Nou. Facilities at the Lugaris Beach include a tour desk, babysitting and shuttle service. Guests can make use of car and bike rental. Accommodation includes apartments with a bright and contemporary design, equipped with kitchens, living areas and separate bedrooms. The area offers plenty of bars, restaurants, and a shopping centre. Plaza Catalunya and Las Ramblas in central Barcelona can be reached in around 20 minutes by metro.
Occidental Atenea Mar is an adult-only hotel situated 150-meters from Barcelona’s Nova Mar Bella Beach. Features include a hot tub, sauna, fitness center, restaurant, snack bar, and an infinity pool surrounded by hydromassage beds and seats (plus Balinese beds and sun loungers). There are also many bars and restaurants on the nearby seafront promenade.
Guests are spoilt with a rooftop terrace set against a cathedral backdrop at Hotel Colon. The rooftop is decked out with a bar and restaurant overlooking the square, in listening distance to the performers that play music each evening below. It truly is a beautiful spot! Added benefits here include a spa and the fact that the hop-on-hop-off bus stops right outside - making hopping onto this tour super convenient!
And if you’re budget can’t afford any of the above hotels, you can always try CouchSurfing! We hope that you've got a bit more guidance now on where to stay in Barcelona.
Not sure what to get up to in Barcelona? Read our Things to do in Barcelona: Activity Guide for inspiration! | 2019-04-19T15:24:56Z | https://www.traveldudes.org/travel-tips/where-stay-barcelona-our-barcelona-accommodation-guide/142208 |
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The OFRF Gear RTA is an ultra-small RTA with a design for a short air passage and uses a dome-shaped evaporation chamber, which ensures a smooth and intense taste. The RTA has a 510 frosted PC drip tip with wide bore and a 510 PCM infusion point to give you an improved taste. Moreover, both heat-resistant are effective. The build deck is supplied with a simple screw system for the simple construction of a single coil. The screws can be mounted both clockwise and counterclockwise, so that the deck is compatible with all directions of the directional coil.
SMOK I-Priv Kit is the first AI vapor kit from Smok company. It features the latest voice control system that allow you to control by voice. It can recognize speech and understand spoken commands. Works with dual 21700 batteries, it also compatible with 20700 and 18650 (needs adaptor), the SMOK I-PRIV kit will deliver 230W maximum output. Besides, it is equipped with beast tank, with large juice capacity and adopts new coils for nice flavor. It is available in VW, TC and by pass modes for nice vaping experience.
SMOK R-Kiss kit is the smallest dual 18650 battery kit worldwide, which features cuboid design, two-color combination without extra decoration. The R-Kiss can fire up to 200W maximum output with the traditional lateral big fire key, which is ergonomically designed on the left side, you can press to set and vape. With a brand new user interface, on which you can see every part of vaping information is properly arranged, such as wattage, voltage, battery life and resistance. As for the included TFV-Mini V2 tank, which has three wider airflow slots and supports top filling. Moreover, two new coils are available, the Mini V2 S1 and Mini V2 S2, all of which are perfect choices for max vapor. 5 colors are available.
Although the Smok Osub One is no Alien Mod, it is a well-engineered all in one solution! The Osub offers a maximum wattage output of 50, supports temperature control, utilizes an internal battery and an internal tank. Building the battery and tank into the device helps increase portability and convenience as you can charge it via USB and fill via the top fill ports. Visually, the Osub One is a gorgeous device with its sleek curves and two tone finish. The Smok Osub One is a great pocket sized setup that provides enough power to keep you satisfied for hours!
The SMOK Veneno 225W TC Starter Kit highlights SMOKTech’s dedication to deliver a striking, futuristic designed device with colorful LED strips and high-performance chipset to pair with the TFV8 Big Baby Light Edition for a stunning and luminous set. The Veneno 225W TC Box Mod delivers one of the most vibrant designs released thus far in the LED devices segment, integrating robotic design elements with two LED strips below the screen and five LED strips on the back. Ergonomically, the Veneno features a stealthy squeeze-to-activate firing bar and a 0.96″ OLED screen with 6-Color customization for advanced display. Powered by dual high-amp 18650 batteries (sold separately), the Veneno has a maximum firing power of 225W and a plethora of output adjustments ranging from temperature control suite with added Memory Mode for increased precision as well a full-suite of protection. Cleverly paired with the Veneno 225W Box Mod is the TFV8 Big Baby Tank – Light Edition, featuring a 25mm chassis with 5mL of maximum capacity, signature hinged top-fill, massive dual bottom airslots, LED Light-Up capacity, and the flavorful TFV8 Baby Coil Family.
If you’re looking for another indestructible vape setup to go down in history like a hero of old, look no further than the new Geekvape Aegis Legend 200W Kit! The kit features their new GeekVape Aegis Legend 200w mod which sports a Waterproof, Dustproof, and Shockproof design while being built to take a beating. This mod also sports several color options and designs while keeping a high quality set of materials like die cast aluminum and a carbon steel lock plate to keep the whole mod sealed together. Additionally this mod includes GeekVape’s Aero Mesh Sub-ohm Tank, which supports both a Mesh coil option or classic barrel atomizers while coming standard with a bubble glass for a larger fill capacity so you can stay on the go longer!
The Ammit is the brand new innovative MTL RDA from GeekVape with a three-dimensional airflow system and leak-proof design! Perfect for those looking for a mouth-to-lung RDA. The MTL is a single coil build deck with a two-post build deck for easy coil building! With this RTA comes the MTL drip tip bringing you unbeatable flavour! The Ammit MTL RDA also comes with a two-post build deck for an easy single coil building with deep juice well.
CoilART LUX 200W Kit vs VOOPOO Drag 2 177W Starter Kit, Which is Better?
The Smok X-Baby Beast takes flavor and clouds to the extreme with re imagined coil head design and 4.0mL of vape juice capacity for extended vaping sessions with less refills. This leak resistant tank provides the security to keep vaping without concerns for excessive messes and ensures a tight seal on flavor with every draw. A wide open top airflow port allows for a smooth and satisfying draw while making customizing your tank experience easier than ever.
The SMOK TFV8 Cloud Beast Tank is the ultimate rendition of SMOKTech’s goal of reinventing the Sub-Ohm Tank platform, implementing a top-level apparatus that excels in the use of extremely high power output alongside 6mL juice capacity, unique patented SMOK Turbo Engines coil structure, adjustable dual bottom airflow, signature hinged top-fill system, and heat-spoofing Delrin ultra-wide drip tip. SMOKTech has built a revolutionary system with an explicit focus on creating a powerful, high-caliber system with unparalleled cloud-chasing potential, starting with the patented Turbo Engines coil structure: featuring the V8-T10 (10T), V8-T8 (6.6T), V8-T6 (6.0T), V8-Q4 (5.0T), and the V8 RBA (4.0T-X). The crowning achievement resides in the SMOK V8-T8, featuring an octuple design in vertical orientation and capable of firing up to a staggering 260W for absolutely massive vapor production.
A continuation of FreeMax’s impressive Sub-Ohm line-up, the new FireLuke Mesh Sub-Ohm Tank introduces a special mesh coil heads to along with a complete knurled 24mm construction, 3mL max juice capacity, and bottom airflow system. Inspired by the special mesh design, the complete structure of the FireLuke Mesh Tank implements a weaved design element while simultaneously provide a comfortable grip. The juice capacity can hold up to 3mL of eLiquids, accessed via a threaded top-fill section to expose the two large fill ports. The crowning achievement lies within the atomizer core, in which the FireLuke Mesh Coils utilizes mesh wires for a larger surface area to create a longer-lasting coil while providing a flavor-focused experience. Each set comes with a pair of 0.15ohm Mesh Coils rated for 40 to 90W.
The Vandy Vape Simple EX Squonk Mod is paired up with the Simple EX RDA to create a simple and easy to use squonking experience. The Simple EX is one of the most smallest and portable squonk capable devices available. The Simple EX is powered by a built-in 850mAh battery and features adjustable voltage levels. The Simple EX RDA features a single coil build deck that is easy to build on and use. The Simple EX RDA is optimized for nicotine salt based e-Liquid due to six airflow hole design which you may adjust depending on what kind of nicotine level you are vaping at. The Simple EX RDA includes multiple accessories to personalize your vaping experience such as a stainless steel cap, a 510 PC drip tip, and a 510 delrin drip tip. The Simple EX RDA is squonk ready and comes pre-installed with a bottom feeding squonker pin.
The Digiflavor ETNA MTL RDA is an Italian-designed 18mm MTL vape dripper, utilizing an innovative guided two-post build deck in conjunction with a modular airflow output system, paired with a flavor-oriented locking top cap. Measuring in at 18mm, the ETNA BF RDA has a two post guided build deck allowing the builder to feed coil leads through the terminal openings which pre-measured the length as needed, leaving any excess to be trimmed. The trimmed coil leads then can be top-secured using the flathead screws, already self-positioned directly above the modular airflow output. The modular airflow outputs are a set of interchangeable accessories that can be swapped in and out to achieve the preferred airflow style and draw by breaking up the airflow into multiple exits or keeping a single dedicated channel for the desired results. Furthermore, the top cap has a tab that must be lined up with the base to line up the airflows.
The Uwell Nunchaku Kit offers a rebuildable vaping experience with a tube style portable mod. The Uwell Nunchaku mod features a maximum output wattage of 80 watts along with temperature control modes and a bypass mode. The Nunchaku mod features a simple user interface on top of a sleek stainless steel construction. The Nunchaku mod is powered by (1) high amp 18650 battery (sold separately) and may be charged via the micro USB charging port. The included Uwell Nunchaku RDA features a simple two post build deck design that is compatible with single or dual coil configurations. The adjustable airflow top cap allows for both single and dual coil airflow configurations. The Nunchaku RDA also includes a bottom feeding squonker pin for squonk/bottom feeding mods.
The H-Priv 2 225W Kit by Smok is the second generation of the H-Priv series and comes paired with the TFV12 Big Baby Prince Tank. The H-Priv 2 continues from its predecessor’s popularity with an emphasis on stylistic design through its beautiful cobra-like pattern with both the front and back sharing the same formation, carbon fiber inlays, and a massive lateral fire button. It is powered by dual 18650 batteries with maximum wattage reaching up to 225. The upgraded TFV12 Big Baby Prince Tank comes with an ingeniously-designed V8 Baby cores to bring you purer flavors and thicker clouds and also features a maximum juice capacity of 6mL, a dual bottom airflow design, and an easy top-fill structure.
The SMOK Resa Prince Sub-Ohm tank features a 26mm diameter base, 30mm diameter with the bubble glass tank section, threaded top fill system, and new 7.5ml E-Juice capacity with the bulb glass tank section (pre-installed). The Resa Prince also includes a standard glass tank section for users that do not wish to use the bulb glass tank section. The SMOK Resa Prince Sub-Ohm Tank utilizes the SMOK TFV12 Prince Replacement Coil Family and includes a 0.4 ohm V12 Prince-Q4 Quadruple coil head, a 0.15 ohm V12 Prince-X6 Sextuple coil head, and an all new 0.12 ohm V12 Prince-T10 Red Light coil head that emits a red glow around the coil while vaping! SMOK’s Resa Prince Sub-Ohm Tank, with its elaborate cobra resin design with concave texture, new light emitting coil, and high-capacity convex bulb glass tube, makes this sub-ohm tank a top contender alongside many other SMOK products!
The Vandy Vape AP Kit consists of the Ap Mod and Ap MTL Sub Tank. Adopting the unique TPE material, it is so lightweight that you can freely take it with you anywhere. Extreme water, shock and dust protections are applied to make you free of worry for rains or dropping by accident. It is powered by 900mAh built-in battery. While the AP is on full battery condition, it supports normal use for 2 days. The included AP MTL Sub Tank adopts MTL coils to provide excellent MTL vaping experience for you. There are multi- directional air holes which can be adjustable, bringing you various vaping experience. Once the juice height is lower than “Min” line, you need to refill the e-juice with the easy top filling system. The AP is designed with detachable structure, you can disassemble it to do maintenance. 5 colors are available.
Dovpo release the latest sqounker by TVC – the Dovpo Topside Dual Squonk Mod, which requires 2 high drain 18650 batteries for operation. The Topside Dual Squonk Mod features the same top fill design of the original Topside Squonk mod, making this squonker quick and easy to fill! This Topside Dual Mod has a maximum wattage output of 200w and a minimum firing resistance of 0.1 ohm, with Temperature Control for Ni, Ti and SS wires. Including a large 10ml silicone squonk bottle to hold large e-juice, besides, the Pulse Dual 200W Squonk Mod also features a large display screen showing battery life, wattage output, ohm resistance and more! Last but not least, this device can be firmware upgraded, so you’ll always be up to date with this mod! The Topside Dual BF Squonk Mod comes with 8 colors.
Dovpo Topside Mod is collaboratively designed by the Vapor Chronicles and Dovpo, which is constructed with food grade Stainless Steel, Zinc Alloy and Aluminum Alloy to make it moderately impact-resistant in an ergonomic shape and ensures safety and provide you healthy vaping experience. On the control face, you will see a 0.96 inch OLED display with a vertical menu that utilizes blue font for easy viewing. Powered by a single 21700 battery, the Topside can fire up to 90W maximum output with switchable power, bypass, and temperature control modes. Besides, the mod also equips a 10ml silicone e-juice bottle which supports the top filling. 2 colors are optional.
Here comes our Hirzon Falcon Tank List, including Horizon Falcon Sub Ohm Tank, Falcon Tank Resin Edition, Falcon tank Arctic Edition and Horizon Falcon King Tank Atomizer.
HorizonTech Falcon King Tank is new member of Falcon series. It is constructed of durable Pyrex Glass and high quality Stainless Steel material. Resin drip tip makes the tank more elegant and special. The tank utilizes a bulb glass tube to hold 6ml e-juice, enough to meet your vaping demands. The Falcon King tank is compatible with new coils of M-Dual 0.38ohm mech coil and M1+ 0.16ohm mesh coil. Both of them are made of bamboo fiber, which produce better flavor and has longer lifespan. All of Falcon coils are compatible with Falcon King tank. Moreover, it features new filling design. You just need to click the button to open top cap and refill e-liquid easily. 10 colors available.
The Falcon Resin Edition can accommodate up to 5ml of e-liquid with the pre-installed tank, which can be increased to a 7ml e-liquid capacity with the included larger bubble glass tank section. The Falcon Tank can be filled by twisting the top of the tank with just a simple quarter turn to expose the two large fill ports. The HorizonTech Falcon is easy to fill and accommodates just about any e-liquid bottle nozzle. Using a brand new coil family created specifically for the Falcon Tank and comes installed with a 0.16 ohm mesh coil head that’s rated for 70W to 80W of power, and packaged with a spare 0.15 ohm mesh replacement coil, rated for 60W – 80W. The Falcon coils’ mesh design, the unique liquid guiding element, and wood pulp-cotton wicking material increases the longevity of each coil, and provides superior wicking along with excellent flavor production.
A new edition of Horizon Falcon, which equipped with new M-Triple mesh coil with 0.2ohm resistance and suits maximum output can reach up to 95W. With 7ml bubble glass of e liquid and the 5ml e juice capacity for standard capacity that satisfy your daily vaping. Besides, Faclon Resin Artisan Edition utilizes top filling design, when you unscrew the top cap and inject the e-liquid directly into the holes from both sides. Moreover, the new liquid guiding element of absorbent cotton can avoid leaking. Made of new resin material, the Horizon Falcon Resin Artisan features high-end and elegant appearance with stereoscopic pattern makes cleaner and stronger. The M-Triple mesh coil with 3 holes of Horizon Falcon Resin Artisan Edition is also can compatible with the existed Falcon tanks.
Horizon Falcon Sub-Ohm Tank is the new flagship Sub-Ohm atomizer from Horizon Tech, featuring a luxurious chassis design with triple bottom airflow system and a new coil technology with innovative flax and wood pulp materials. Measuring 25.2mm in base diameter, the Horizon Tank is implemented with ergonomic grooved design to pair with a beautiful resin-dyed widebore drip tip for a striking impression. The reigning achievement lies within the Horizon’s Falcon Coil Technology, implementing a series of sophisticated materials with microporous process for faster saturation and enhanced flavor profiles. Each kit comes with a pair of coils, featuring the 0.2ohm F1 Falcon Coil with a centralized core made from 30% wood pulp and 70% cotton. The other 0.15ohm M1 Mesh Falcon Coil is made with mesh design and similar material construction as the F1.
Order Horizon Falcon Tank Replacement Coils Now!
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The Freemax Twister 80W VW Kit consists of the Freemax Twister 80W battery and the Fireluke 2 Mesh Tank. The Freemax Twister has the pen-style design and elegant exterior. Powered by the built-in 2300mAh battery, the Twister supports a 80W max output. With the twist-style variable wattage function, you can easily switch the output wattage from 5W to 80W by the simple twist of the base. The Freemax Twister features a advanced chip which provides multiple protections and fast fire speed. With a patented slide-to-open top filling design, the Fireluke 2 is also fast and easy to refill. Together with the X1/2/3 Mesh Coil and 360 degree e-liquid feeding, the Fireluke 2 produce great flavor and huge clouds for vapers.
The SMOK Stick V9 Max Starter Kit is a powerful pen-style mod with a 28mm diameter designed for both power and ease of use. The Stick V9 Max features a massive 4000mAh built-in battery capacity with a output of 60 watts when using the included Stick V9 Max tank. The Stick V9 Max features a simple one button design with a pentagon shape. The included Stick V9 Max tank features a huge 8.5ml e-Liquid capacity that is easily filled using the top rotary fill design. The Stick V9 Max features a bulb game tube along with a sleek stainless steel construction. The Stick V9 Max features extra wide triple airflow slots that may be adjusted using the bottom airflow control valve for massive vapor production.
The Geek Vape Flint Starter Kit features a portable and compact design that is both easy to use and carry. The Flint features a built-in 1000mAh battery capacity that may be recharged via the micro USB charging port. The Flint features three different voltage options to choose from based on your personal preferences. The Flint features a simple one button design with no adjustment buttons. The Flint is also IPX5 water resistant for added durability. The Flint tank features a 2.0ml e-Liquid capacity that may be filled using the retractable top fill design. The Flint tank features a precision adjustable airflow control valve with five different air hole sizes available to choose from. The Flint has been optimized for both low and high nicotine salt based e-Liquid when using the corresponding Flint NS coil atomizer head.
three times to switch between modes to optimize flavor and vapor production.
The Falcon King Sub Ohm Tank by Horizon Tech is a dream come true for both cloud chasers and flavor enthusiasts. The revolutionary design of the Falcon King offers powerful performance that is complimented by a elegant and high quality chassis. Constructed out of stainless steel and paired with a unique color matched drip tip, this tank will look stunning when paired with any vape device. Utilizing a Pyrex glass bulb shaped tank, you will have the ability to store a whopping 6ml of ejuice. This allows you to take your Falcon King everywhere you desire without worrying about running out of juice or having to carry an extra bottle of vape juice with you. The Falcon King will incorporate wick from bamboo which provides better tasting flavor and a longer lasting lifespan for the coils. Another cool feature is this tank is compatible with the entire family of Horizon Falcon Coils whether a previous model or newer model. Available in 10 colors.
Uwell Crown 4 Subohm Tank is the upgraded version of Crown 3 which is still hot-sale in the vape market. Constructed by SS & Pyrex Glass, the Crown IV looks durable and gorgeous. With a bubble pyrex glass tube in the package, the tank can hold a 6ml large capacity of e-juice (5ml in the normal tube). The biggest highlight of the Crown 4 is the advanced patented self-cleaning technology, the Uwell Crown 4 can absorb the e-juice in the condensation holder through regular usage and vaporize it. Moreover, the Dual SS904L coil and Double helix mesh coil is available on the tank, which will achieve heating evenly and produce excellent flavor. Besides, with the top filling design and bottom adjustable airflow system, you could enjoy easier refilling method and smooth airflow.
Widowmaker RDA by Vandyvape is created by El Mono Vapeador and Vandy Vape. It has three types of airflow caps and two kinds of drip tips for supporting multiple modes in usage. Each of airflow cap will provide smooth airflow and massive clouds. The deck supports single and dual coil build. You can build it by your preference and enjoy excellent taste. This RDA also features leaking-proof design.
Click to shop OFRF Gear RTA Tank Atomizer Now!
Vandy Vape Kylin V2 is the combination of the Kylin and Kylin Mini rebuildable tank atomizer with a modified build deck style with increased air flow and new adjustable juice flow. The threaded top cap has been replaced to a slide to open top fill design with 3ml and 5ml e juice capacity. The upgraded build deck is a curved post-less quad terminal with increased airflow and angled terminal slots. This RTA comes with a 13mm Wide 810 Short Delrin drip tip and a 12mm Wide 810 Tapered Resin drip tip. The Vandy Vape Kylin V2 24mm RTA is a successful culmination of the design improvements made through the years in one high quality package.
VOOPOO & Woody Vapes X217 Box Mod is definitely a Craft of masterpiece. It adopts the skill of the sand blast, which forms a smooth and delicate sense of touch. Made of 7 different kinds of materials, polished with 15 steps of the procedure X217 conveys the craft aesthetics. Compatible with dual 21700/20700/18650 batteries, it can fire up with super large output of 217W. What’s more, utilizes 8 Battery Charging Protection for Safer Internal Charging System. Installed with 32 bits of high-end geek customized chip, the fastest speed of ignition can reach to only 0.01 second. Equipped with interactive & colorful breathing LED light, realizes a new VAPE experience with intelligent human-device interaction.
The VSTICKING VK530 200W Box Mod is an ultra-luxe box mod sporting beautiful accents with an array of artistic styles of print such as graffiti, camouflage, and an Asia-inspired graffiti print that decorates the box mod all over with an advanced 1.3 TFT HD color screen. The YiHi SX530 Chipset is an advanced chipset capable of reaching a whopping 200W. In addition, the chipset unlocks access to the wide range of temperature control options like stainless steel, nickel, and titanium wires. The TCR Mode allows for the user to dial in the specific wire composition to get the exact resistance range to match for the perfect hit, every time. The large 1.3″ screen is state-of-the-art, using a high definition screen with better and truer colors and display quality.
The Naboo 225W TC Box MOD is a newest mod from Smoant. The Naboo is compact in size with an ergonomic design, featuring the 2.4 inch colorful screen with DIY wallpaper function, which can offer you a more clearly and detailed visual experience with customized wallpaper. Powered by dual 18650 batteries, the Naboo MOD can fire up to the max output of 225W with TC mode. Adopting the newest Ant225 chipset, the Naboo MOD can fire instantly in only 0.015s. Plus the new Music mode and classic double UI options can provide visual appeal and higher volume to you.
The Innokin Plexar Kit is a pen style vape device which is powered by single 18650 or 20700 battery with 100W max output. It adopts an innovative Plex3D Mesh Coil which is made with Eco-friendly Wood-pulp to enhance the flavor and bring maximum flavor and clouds. The included Plexus Tank features easy top filling and adjustable airflow system. It comes with 4ml e-juice capacity. The Tri-Color LED indicator shows the remaining battery level clearly. A full range of safety protections are applied for safe and stable vaping. 4 colors are available.
Click to order Innokin Plexar 100W Starter Kit now!
Innokin DV Pod Vape Kit is an ultra-light and compact pod kit that utilizes Plex3D mesh coil to satisfy excellent vaping demands. The Plex3D mesh coil produce optimal flavor of nicotine from your favorite nic-salts. The pod can hold 2.8ml e-liquid. DV kit also features 4 adjustable wattage to meet your different vaping experience. 500mAh internal battery also can be charged via Micro USB cable. It also comes with tri-color indicator for displaying the remaining power.
Innokin iSub-B tank is powered by advanced Plex3D Coils with 3D mesh which use less power to deliver bigger flavors and clouds. Plex3D Coils design with ‘Micro-Grooves’ that increase the surface area and produce amazing flavors, it features faster heating and cooling than traditional coils, extending coil life and the organic cotton and wood pulp wicking improves e-liquid coil flow and boosts flavors. The iSub-B tank is crafted with high-quality stainless steel and rainbow tinted Pyrex Glass, it twists to open and features automatic flood prevention when filling. 4 colors are available.
The Vandy Vape AP Kit, also called Vandy Vape Apollo Kit, is a waterproof starter kit with variable voltage function. The kit utilizes TPE material and features IP66 waterproof, which can provide extreme water, shock and dust protections. Powered by built-in 900mAh battery, the mod can work from 3.2 to 4.0 voltages. The MTL sub tank uses vandyvape MTL coil, with 1.5ohm and 1.8ohm resistance, which works well at 7~13W. The tank has multi-directional air holes and wide range adjustment (0.6/0.8/1.0/1.5/2.0/2.5). The whole kit will give you extreme vaping experience.
Tarot Baby 85W TC Kit is right here for you! The compact kit packs a Tarot Baby MOD and a NRG SE subohm tank in a small unit. Powered by inbuilt 2500mAh battery, the Tarot Baby supports a maximum output of 85W. The advanced OMNI Board 4.0 brings stable performance to the device. The Tarot Baby MOD features Super Player Mode to be compatible with tanks with various resistance. The 0.002s fast firing speed makes the device so quick while vaping. And the NRG SE tank adopts slide-n-fill design, adjustable bottom airflow and interchangeable GT cores. Users will enjoy a great flavor and vapor production.
Here comes the WISMEC SINUOUS V80 80W TC Kit with Amor NSE. The WISMEC SINUOUS V80 TC Box MOD is sleekly-designed and crafted with semi-transparent body. Powered by a single 18650 cell, it reaches a maximum 80W output along with a sequence of other unique features including centered 510 connector, 2A quick charge and 0.91-inch OLED screen. While the Amor NSE atomizer comes with 2ml/3ml e-juice capacity, retractable top filling and refined bottom airflow design. Together with unique WS series coils such as WS04 MTL 1.3ohm coil head for high-nicotine/ nic-salts e-liquid and new WS-M (Mesh) coil for intense flavor and huge clouds, the WISMEC SINUOUS V80 offers you incomparable vaping experience with intense flavor and huge clouds! | 2019-04-20T09:01:34Z | https://vapelounge.club/forums/topic/vaporl-com-news-deals-and-sales/page/12/ |
Approximately 10–15 % of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) lack gain of function mutations in the KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) genes. An alternate mechanism of oncogenesis through loss of function of the succinate-dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex has been identified for a subset of these “wild type” GISTs.
Paired tumor and normal DNA from an SDH-intact wild-type GIST case was subjected to whole exome sequencing to identify the pathogenic mechanism(s) in this tumor. Selected findings were further investigated in panels of GIST tumors through Sanger DNA sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunohistochemical approaches.
A hemizygous frameshift mutation (p.His2261Leufs*4), in the neurofibromin 1 (NF1) gene was identified in the patient’s GIST; however, no germline NF1 mutation was found. A somatic frameshift mutation (p.Lys54Argfs*31) in the MYC associated factor X (MAX) gene was also identified. Immunohistochemical analysis for MAX on a large panel of GISTs identified loss of MAX expression in the MAX-mutated GIST and in a subset of mainly KIT-mutated tumors.
This study suggests that inactivating NF1 mutations outside the context of neurofibromatosis may be the oncogenic mechanism for a subset of sporadic GIST. In addition, loss of function mutation of the MAX gene was identified for the first time in GIST, and a broader role for MAX in GIST progression was suggested.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a mesenchymal neoplasm that originates throughout the GI tract, primarily in the stomach (>50 %) and small intestine (~30 %) . GIST generally presents in older adults, while ~2 % of cases are children [2, 3]. Originally thought to be of smooth muscle origin, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies suggest that GIST is related to spindle-shaped cells of the GI tract known as the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) [4, 5]. ICC and the majority (95 %) of GIST express the type III receptor tyrosine kinase KIT (CD117), and variably exhibit myoid or neural features. The majority of GISTs exhibit gain of function mutations in KIT or in the related receptor PDGFRA [6, 7]. A subset (~10–15 %) of GISTs in adults lack mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA genes, as do almost all pediatric cases [8, 9]. The commonly used label of “wild type” (WT) GIST belies the epidemiological, clinico-pathological and molecular heterogeneity that define these tumors. WT GIST occurs in the context of several multitumor syndromes, including the inherited Carney-Stratakis Syndrome (CSS) and the non-familial Carney triad (CT). Manifestations of CSS and CT include gastric GIST and paraganglioma (PGL), a neural crest-derived tumor, while the spectrum of CT neoplasms includes pulmonary chondroma and several other neoplasms [10, 11]. CSS results from loss of function mutations in subunit genes of the succinate-dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex, SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD . Inactivation of the SDHA gene subunit has recently been implicated as a causative factor in a subset of apparently sporadic adult WT GIST (reviewed in ). GISTs from CT patients do not manifest SDHX mutations; however, these tumors are also SDH-deficient, and the molecular underpinning of CT GIST has been attributed to epigenetic silencing of the SDHC gene . Pediatric GIST patients share hallmarks of CT-associated GIST, namely early-onset, multi-focal, gastric disease with a predilection towards females , and pediatric GIST cases have also been associated with SDHC epimutation . Thus the identification of SDH-deficient GIST, also referred to as “type 2”, helps distinguish between KIT/PDGFRA mutant, or type I GIST, and a majority of wild type GIST.
SDH-intact WT GISTs with alternate oncogenic events have been described. Mutations in the serine-threonine kinase gene BRAF have recently been identified in approximately 5–15 % of sporadic wild type GIST . These tumors are generally KIT-positive with spindle cell or mixed morphology, and are found primarily in the small intestine in adult cases. Approximately 1–2 % of GISTs occur in the context of neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) , an autosomal dominant disorder with skin and ophthalmologic manifestations that predisposes to a variety of benign and malignant tumors. GIST in NF1 individuals also present typically in the small bowel with spindle-cell morphology, are found in men and women at a younger median age than KIT/PDGFRA mutant GIST, and are often multifocal [17, 18]. Neurofibromatosis is due to germline mutations in neurofibromin 1, a RAS-GAP protein and negative regulator for RAS signaling, and germline NF1 mutations accompanied by somatic events have been identified in NF1 GIST cases .
In this report we describe whole exome sequencing (WES) of a particularly complex, SDH-intact wild type GIST case. The WES analysis identified for the first time the somatic inactivation of NF1 in a GIST outside the context of NF1 syndrome. A novel somatic loss of function mutation in the MYC-associated factor X (MAX) gene was also identified. Immunohistochemical studies of a panel of GISTs identified deficiencies in MAX expression in a number of tumors. Implications for these and other identified mutations are discussed.
De-identified tumor samples and normal blood were obtained following written informed consent from the Fox Chase Cancer Center Biosample Repository. The protocol was approved by the Fox Chase Cancer Center Institutional Review Board (#03-848). The isolation and characterization of genomic DNA and total RNA from frozen tumor specimens embedded in optimum-temperature cutting medium has been described .
Exome-enriched genomic libraries (TruSeq, Illumina, San Diaego CA) from normal and tumor DNA were subjected to paired-end 100 bp sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 instrument. Reads were mapped to the 1000Genome Project reference human genome (Hg19 corresponding v37) using the BWA aligner and mapped reads were sorted, merged, and de-duplicated (Picard), yielding an average of 51.6 million unique mapped reads per sample. GATK realignment was used to realign reads locally in areas surrounding insertions and deletions (indels) [22, 23]. Variant calling and filtering was performed using GATK UnifiedGenotyper [22, 23] and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) annotated with modified ANNOVAR . This pipeline yielded an average SNV rate of ~ 0.34 % per sample. The downstream analysis of SNVs and indels was done by custom Perl scripts. Non-synonymous, potentially deleterious coding region variants, splice-site mutations, and indels that were predicted to be present in the tumor only, were visually confirmed on the Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) , and confirmed by exon-based Sanger sequencing. Confirmed somatic indels, and deleterious missense mutations predicted by the SIFT algorithm and confirmed by a consensus approach are listed in Table 1. Mutation nomenclature conforms to the recommendations of the Human Genome Variation Society .
Primers for amplification and sequencing of KIT (exons 9, 11, 13, 17), PDGFRA (exons 12, 14, 18), and BRAF (exons 11,15) have been described , as have primers for SDHA and SDHB-D . Primer sequences for confirmation of mutations listed in Table 1 and MAX genomic sequencing are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1. Relevant exons were PCR-amplified from genomic DNA and subjected to Sanger sequencing (Beckman Coulter Genomics).
GIST tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed in conjunction with the FCCC Biosample Repository. H&E-stained sections from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were evaluated by a pathologist for tumor content and cellularity, and two cores from each block were selected for the TMA. Each TMA consists of ~ 30 GIST specimens along with normal tissue sections. IHC for MAX was performed with the SC-197 antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas TX) at a 1:400 dilution with antigen retrieval. Aperio Digital Pathology (Leica Biosystems, Buffalo Grove, IL) was used to capture and quantify MAX-stained TMAs using the nuclear algorithm. MAX-deficient cases were confirmed on whole-tissue sections, as were a subset of MAX-positive cases. IHC for KIT was performed as described .
Random-primed cDNA was prepared from 2 μg total RNA using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription KIT (Life Technologies). RNA expression was measured by real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) on an ABI PRISM 7900 HT Sequence Detection System using fluorescein phosphoramidite (FAM) primer/probe sets (Applied Biosystems). RNA expression data for MAX were normalized using hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1) and glucuronidase beta (GUSB). Taqmen sets used were Hs99999909_m1 (HPRT1), Hs99999908_m1 (GUSB), and Hs00811069_g1 (MAX).
The patient first presented at the age of 54 with a high-risk GIST of the small bowel. Resections of several local and distant recurrences were documented over several years, and the patient was treated with imatinib, sunitinib, and several additional targeted agents. A locally recurrent 1.5 cm small bowel tumor was resected, and a small portion of flash-frozen tumor and a whole blood sample were provided following informed consent. Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue from an earlier small bowel resection was also available. Histologic evaluation of these specimens indicated a high-cellularity spindle-cell tumor with a high mitotic index (5-10/50 HPF) and no necrosis.
Sanger sequencing of DNA from the flash-frozen tumor indicated that no mutations were present in the “hotspot” exons of KIT, PDGFRA, or BRAF. Exon-based sequencing of the SDH complex subunit genes SDHA-D identified no SDHX mutations, and the tumor was immunohistochemically positive for SDHB expression . These analyses suggested that the case belonged to the small subset of SDH-intact and KIT, PDGFA, BRAF wild-type GIST, for which no clear molecular pathogenic mechanism has been established. DNA from this GIST and from the patient’s blood was therefore subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES) (see Materials and Methods).
WES analysis identified a two-base insertion (c.6781_6782insTT; p.His2240Leufs*4) in exon 44 in the Neurofibromatosis type I gene (NF1) that was confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Fig. 1a and Table 1). The mutation is not seen in the patient’s germline DNA, and the wild type allele is not represented in the tumor in either the WES or Sanger analysis. A previously reported single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis of this GIST (case 26 ) identified copy-number loss of the region encompassing the NF1 gene locus, suggesting somatic NF1 gene inactivation through the frameshift mutation combined with loss of the wild type gene. This particular NF1 mutation was not found in the COSMIC , ClinVar or Leiden Open Variation databases . To our knowledge this is the first reported example of GIST with an inactivating NF1 mutation outside the context of the NF1 syndrome. This sporadic GIST does share certain characteristics with GISTs from NF1 patients, such as small bowel origin, spindled-cell morphology, and immunopositivity for KIT and SDHB . It is reasonable to suggest that somatic NF1 gene inactivation may be a causative factor in formation of the patient’s disease.
WES analysis also identified a truncating frameshift mutation (c.160delC; p.Gln54Lysfs*10) in exon 3 of the MYC-associated factor (MAX) gene in the tumor DNA (Fig. 1b and Table 1). This mutation was found in 91 % of the WES reads. MAX is a basic helix-loop-helix (H-L-H) leucine zipper (LZ) transcription factor and a key member of the MYC/MAX/MXD network . This truncating mutation is predicted to disrupt domains responsible for MAX homo-dimerization and hetero-dimerization . Inactivating MAX mutations have recently been reported in inherited and sporadic PGL and pheochromocytomas (PCC) [39, 40], and in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) specimens . No mutations in MAX have been reported in GIST, and we did not find additional MAX mutations in a sample set of 16 wild-type tumors from 11 patients. However, these WT GIST are all SDH-negative tumors, and exhibit other characteristics (e.g. gastric location, epithelioid cell morphology, lack of genome complexity) that are not found in our index case. An earlier report documented a significant reduction in MAX expression in association with copy-number loss surrounding the MAX gene locus in a set of kinase-mutant GISTs . We hypothesized that reduction or loss of MAX expression may be associated with mutant GIST. To test this hypothesis, immunohistochemistry from MAX was carried out on a series of ~80 GIST specimens contained on 3 GIST tissue microarrays (TMAs). The antibody was first tested against human seminal vesicle tissue, which exhibited strong nuclear staining (Fig. 2, panel a). Staining of the GIST from the patient’s earlier resection confirmed complete absence of MAX and strong plasma membrane staining for KIT in the tumor (Fig. 2, panels b and c respectively). IHC analysis of the 3 TMAs identified a wide range of MAX staining in GIST sections, ranging from strong, widely distributed nuclear staining to complete or near-complete absence of staining. Images were captured and quantified (Materials and Methods). Nuclear staining intensity (0–3) and distribution (0–100) were combined to generate nuclear H-Scores, with a potential range of 0–300. The mean nuclear H-score across the GIST samples on the TMA was 99.7 (0–252). Visual re-examination of the stained spots suggested H-scores <20 as a reasonable cutoff below which very little positive nuclear staining was seen. Whole tissue sections from a number of these tumors were re-stained with MAX, and the TMA results confirmed in 10 of these cases (Table 2 and Fig. 2). Several GISTs that exhibited strong or intermediate nuclear MAX staining are shown in Fig. 2 (panels d-f, with H-scores of 210, 192, and 84.8, respectively). In Fig. 2, panels g-p correspond to Cases 1–10 in Table 2. These images generally corroborate the low nuclear MAX H-scores from the TMA, although some tissues show isolated nuclear staining (e.g. panel h).
Table 2 lists the clinico-pathological characteristics of the 10 MAX-deficient cases. Nine cases harbor KIT exon 11 mutations, while one patient’s tumor exhibited a mutation in exon 18 of PDGFRA. The cases are mainly males (7 of 9 available), with an average age of presentation of 56.9 years. Most were of gastric origin, and nine were high- or intermediate-risk GIST. None of these parameters varied significantly however when compared to the rest of the sample set (Additional file 2: Table S2). Exon-based Sanger sequencing of eight of these cases did not identify any mutations in MAX.
Table 1 lists several other confirmed somatic mutations in our index case: two indels and five missense mutations that were predicted to affect protein structure or function. The variant calls represent ~30–60 % of the total reads at these positions, and exon-based Sanger sequencing confirmed that these mutations were at most heterozygous in the tumors. A frameshift deletion in reticulon 4 (RTN4) was identified, along with an in-frame insertion in the coiled-coiled domain-containing protein CCDC66. Missense mutations were identified in 5 genes: the gene encoding the enzyme mevalonate decarboxylase (MVD) that catalyzes an early step in cholesterol synthesis; MAFA (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family, protein A), a transcription factor that controls insulin gene expression in the pancreas; the ring-finger protein gene RNF123, which acts as a ubiquitin ligase towards the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KIP1; a member of the spindlin family of chromatin readers (SPIN4); and the SELP (selectin P) gene, encoding a calcium-dependent receptor that mediates the interaction of activated endothelial cells or platelets with leukocytes.
This study is the first report of somatic inactivation of the NF1 gene in a sporadic SDH-intact GIST lacking gain of function mutations in KIT, PDGFR, and BRAF. Although tissue from the primary tumor from this patient was not available for analysis, it is reasonable to suggest that somatic inactivation of NF1 may have been an early causative event in this case. NF1 patients are ~45X more likely to develop GIST than the general population , and it has been estimated that 1–2 % of GIST arise in patients with NF1 . GISTs in NF1 patients commonly lack activating mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA receptors [17, 18, 43], and may owe their incidence to germline NF1 mutation coupled with somatic second hits, as has been demonstrated in some cases [19, 44, 45]. It is perhaps not surprising to find NF1 gene inactivation in a sporadic wild-type GIST, as NF1 somatic mutations have been identified in a number of non-NF1-associated tumor types (reviewed in ). Moreover, while PCCs are known to occur in the context of NF1 , NF1 somatic mutations were also identified in a high percentage (21/61) of sporadic PCC selected for specific gene expression patterns or low levels of NF1 gene expression . The finding of NF1 gene inactivation in sporadic GIST has diagnostic implications, as the molecular identification of mutations in the large and complex NF1 gene is a challenging task. A comprehensive approach combining NF1 transcript and genomic sequencing with multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification and other techniques for detection of gene duplications and deletions has been used to detect mutations in up to 95% of NF1 cases . Immunohistochemical approaches using available anti-NF1 antibodies have been largely unsuccessful in identifying NF1-mutated PCC with a high degree of sensitivity or specificity [47, 49]. Recently, WES approaches have been used to identify the germline and somatic NF1 events in various tumors from an NF1 patient . Whether NF1 inactivation is a common event in sporadic, SDH-intact wild type GIST is an open question. In a recent transcriptome-sequencing study , no NF1 mutations were identified in two SDH intact wild-type GIST, although it has been shown that only a portion of exonic variants are typically captured by RNA-seq approaches . Interestingly, next-generation sequencing of eight SDH-negative GIST cases using a targeted cancer-associated gene capture library identified a low-frequency (8 %) frameshift NF1 mutation in a GIST that also harbored an activating KRAS gene mutation (G12V) .
The identification of a loss of function mutation in the MAX gene is a novel finding in GIST. As a hetero-dimeric partner for MYC, MAX was originally thought to be required for oncogenic pathways initiated by MYC over-expression . However, in MAX-deficient rat PC12 PCC cell lines it has been shown that MAX is dispensable for MYC transcriptional regulation . Intriguingly, MAX inactivation has recently been implicated in both inherited and sporadic PCC and PGL cases [39, 40]. Mutation of MAX is a relatively rare event in these tumors, accounting for 1.12 % of hereditary PCC/PGL lacking mutations in other susceptibility genes and 1.65 % of sporadic cases. In the familial PCC cases preferential transmission of the disease from the paternal allele was observed, along with a tendency towards aggressive behavior. A recent report also describes MAX inactivation in 6 % of primary SCLC specimens . The authors suggest that SCLC, like PCC, may arise from neuroendocrine cells or differentiate towards neural features, which may explain the shared mechanism of MAX-associated oncogenesis. Similarly, sub-populations of GISTs may also variably exhibit neural properties or markers, and in a recent report a set of SDH-intact WT GIST was shown to exhibit high relative expression of neural markers, along with expression of members of the insulin-like growth family network . In SCLC, inactivating MAX mutations were found to be mutually exclusive with amplifications of hetero-dimeric partners MYC, MYCL1, and MYCN, and mutations in BRG1, which encodes an ATPase of the SWI/SNF chromatin -remodeling complex that regulates expression of MYC, MYC target genes, as well as MAX. In GIST, the contributions of the MYC/MAX/MXD network to pathogenesis have not been extensively described. There have been descriptions of amplification of the MYC gene locus on chromosome 8q [57, 58], and reduced mRNA expression of the MAX gene associated with copy number loss of chromosome14q . These secondary chromosome aberrations are common in KIT/PDGFRA-mutated GIST . In this report we used immunohistochemical approaches to identify reduced/absent MAX nuclear staining in 10/78 (~13 %) of GIST cases analyzed, in addition to the index case. We found no additional MAX mutations in these tumors, and MAX RNA expression was only marginally and not significantly reduced (1.3-fold, P = 0.47) compared to the remaining MAX-positive cases. Further investigations into the mechanism(s) of MAX dysregulation and its contribution to pathogenesis in GIST are warranted.
In addition to inactivating NF1 and MAX mutations found in our index case, we also identified a heterozygous 4-base deletion in RTN4 and an in-frame insertion in CCD66, as well as potentially pathogenic substitutions in the MVD, MAFA, RNF123, SPIN4, and SELP genes. Although to our knowledge these genes have not been studied in GIST, a recent systems biological approach to identifying key transcriptional regulators in GIST and leiomyosarcoma identified nine differentially expressed genes, including the MYC gene, the MAF gene which encodes another basic leucine zipper (bZIP)-containing transcription factor closely related to MAFA, and another coiled-coil domain containing transcription factor gene, CCDC6 . The MAF proteins are members of the AP1 family: the large MAF proteins contain transactivation domains and are considered onco-proteins by virtue of their ability to transform primary cells and induce tumors in various animal models (reviewed in ). Interestingly, the Q257L substitution we identified is located in the MAFA bZIP domain, very close to the predicted DNA-binding domain that has been shown to be required for MAFA transformation activity in avian fibroblasts . The substitution we identified may affect the specificity or avidity of MAFA binding to its target sequences.
In conclusion, next-generation sequencing of an SDH-intact, KIT, PDGFR, BRAF wild type GIST identified for the first time somatic loss of function mutations in two tumor-suppressor genes, NF1 and MAX. Somatic inactivation of neurofibromin should be explored as a potential oncogenic mechanism in this subset of GIST. The identification of MAX inactivation provides another etiological link between GIST and PGL/PCC, in addition to mutations of the NF1 gene and mutations in the subunit genes of the SDH complex that have been identified in these tumors.
We would like to acknowledge Dr. Mark Andrake of the FCCC Molecular Modeling facility, along with the FCCC Biosample Repository, Histopathology Facility, Genotyping and Real-Time PCR facility, and the DNA Sequencing Facility for work contributing to this manuscript. The authors acknowledge support from the Kansas Bioscience Authority Eminent Scholar Program (awarded to A.K. Godwin). Dr. Godwin is the Chancellors Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Sciences endowment at University of Kansas. The authors also acknowledge support from the GIST Cancer Research Fund and the D’Amico family fund.
MB: contributed to design and execution of the study and drafted the manuscript; LR: contributed to execution of the study and involved in drafting the manuscript; KQ: carried out IHC analysis and involved in drafting the manuscript; SC: performed validation work for WES analysis; YH and JC: carried out the WES bioinformatics analysis and data interpretation; AG: contributed to design and execution of the study and involved in revising the manuscript; MvM: contributed to design and execution of the study; involved in drafting the manuscript, gave approval of the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. | 2019-04-24T20:45:03Z | https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-015-1872-y |
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Not all "personnel matters" may properly be discussed in closed session. Like the catchphrase "budget," the word "personnel" is often too readily invoked to justify an arguably improper executive session. AS 44.62.310(c)(2), allows, but does not require, executive sessions to discuss "subjects that tend to prejudice the reputation and character of any person." If the subject to be discussed relates to personnel, but does not tend to prejudice a specific person's reputation or character, it must be discussed publicly (e.g., criteria for selection of new superintendent or city manager). Even if the discussion would likely be prejudicial, the act further provides that an executive session may be not be held pursuant to this exception if the person to be discussed requests a public discussion. The individual has a statutory right to require that the discussion be open, which means that in order to meaningfully exercise this right he or she should be given advance notice of the planned discussion. See March 15, 1979 Attorney General Opinion, supra. There is one apparent exception to this rule. The Supreme Court has ruled that where comparative qualifications and attributes of job applicants are being discussed, this may be done in executive session without allowing any one or more of the applicants the opportunity to require that the discussion be open. See City of Kenai v. Kenai Peninsula Newspapers, 642 P.2d 1316, 1326 (Alaska 1982). As a reporter, you may want to remind a person you know will be the subject of a discussion about his or her right to have the meeting remain open, and ask whether the person is willing to allow a closed session or to require open proceedings.
A public body may consider in closed executive session any “[d]iscussion or consideration of employment, assignment, appointment, promotion, demotion, dismissal, salaries, disciplining or resignation of a public officer, appointee or employee of any public body, except that, with the exception of salary discussions, an officer, appointee or employee may demand that the discussion or consideration should occur at a public meeting.” A.R.S. § 38-431.03(A)(1).
Any other personnel matter discussed by a public body should be done in an open meeting. For example, the formulation of the intention to contract or not to contract with employees must be taken at a public meeting. See Ahnert v. Sunnyside Unified Sch. Dist. No. 12, 126 Ariz. 473, 475, 616 P.2d 933, 935 (1980); Karol, 122 Ariz. at 96-97, 593 P.2d at 650-51.
Bagley-Keene Act: The Bagley-Keene Act distinguishes between public employees and public officers. Public employees expressly do not include “any person who is elected to, or appointed to a public office by, any state body.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 11126(b). If a state body meets to consider the appointment, employment or dismissal of a public officer, it must hold an open session. 66 Ops. Cal. Att'y Gen. 34 (1985). A public officer is one who carries out a public duty delegated to him or her as an agent, and which is a part of governmental functions of the particular department. Id. A public officer is also one who "exercises some part of the sovereignty of the state, holds an office created by the Constitution or some statute, and has a position which is continuing rather than occasional or temporary." Id.
A state body may hold a closed session to consider a public employee's appointment, employment, evaluation of performance, or dismissal, or to hear complaints and charges against that employee. Cal. Gov't Code § 11126(a)(1). An employee may request a public hearing. Cal. Gov't Code § 11126(a)(2). Officers of the California State University system who receive compensation for their services, other than per diem and ordinary and necessary expenses, shall be considered employees. Cal. Gov't Code § 11126(b).
(6) the Executive Director of the Commission on Teacher Credentialing. Cal. Gov't Code § 1126(g)(2).
Brown Act: Under the Brown Act, a legislative body may hold a closed session “to consider the appointment, employment, evaluation of performance, discipline, or dismissal of a public employee or to hear complaints or charges brought against the employee by another person or employee unless the public employee requests a public session.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 54957(b)(1). The term “employee” shall include an officer or an independent contractor who functions as an officer or any employee but shall not include any elected official, member of a legislative body or other independent contractor. Cal. Gov’t Code § 54957(b)(4). See, e.g., Hoffman Ranch v. Yuba County Local Agency Formation Commission, 172 Cal. App. 4th 805, 810-13, 91 Cal. Rptr. 3d 458 (2009) (holding that contractor assigned to perform “executive officer services” for county local agency formation commission was an “officer and thus an “employee” within meaning of statute, despite contract specifying that contractor was an independent contractor not agent or officer of commission).
In order to hold a closed session on specific complaints or charges against an employee, the employee must be given written notice of his or her right to have the complaints or charges heard in open session. The notice must be delivered to the employee personally or by mail at least 24 hours before the time for holding the session. Cal. Gov’t Code § 54957(b)(2). This notice provision has been held not to apply to a closed session to consider or deliberate on whether complaints or charges brought against an employee justify dismissal or disciplinary action, but to meetings “to hear”—as in a proceeding where witnesses are heard and evidence presented—the complaints or charges against the employee. Bollinger v. San Diego Civil Service Com., 71 Cal. App. 4th 568, 574-75, 84 Cal. Rptr. 2d 27 (1999) (closed session to consider whether to affirm demotion recommendation did not require notice to employee and thus action could not be nullified where prior public evidentiary hearing was afforded employee); Kolter v. Commission on Professional Competence of the Los Angeles Unified School Dist., 170 Cal. App. 4th 1346, 1352, 88 Cal. Rptr. 3d 620 (2009) (closed hearing to consider whether charges against employee justified initiation of dismissal proceedings did not trigger notice provision where employee was thereafter provided public evidentiary hearing on charges). However, another court has held that a legislative body must give an employee notice and an opportunity for an open session before a meeting to discuss the findings of an arbitrator regarding the possible firing of the employee, even if no vote is taken at that discussion meeting, and the notice given for the subsequent "ceremonial" meeting where the legislative body voted to fire the employee did not satisfy the requirement or cure the previous violation. Morrison v. Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles Board of Commissioners, 107 Cal. App. 4th 860, 876-76, 132 Cal. Rptr. 2d 453 (2003); see also Moreno v. City of King, 127 Cal. App. 4th 17, 28-29, 25 Cal. Rptr. 3d 29 (2005) (receiving accusations against employee and considering whether to dismiss employee based on those allegations in closed session triggered notice requirements).
In addition to the topics listed infra, a meeting, or portion of a meeting, may be closed to discuss the appointment, employment, assignment, promotion, or compensation of government appointees, employees, or officials. D.C. Code Ann. § 2-575(b)(10).
The Act permits agencies to go into executive session when discussing or deliberating—but not to vote upon—the appointment, employment, compensation, hiring, disciplinary action or dismissal, or periodic evaluation or rating of a public officer or employee or interviewing applicants for the position of the executive head of an agency. O.C.G.A. § 50-14-3(b)(2).
But the Act specifically provides that this exception does not apply to the receipt of evidence or when hearing argument on personnel matters, including whether to impose disciplinary action or dismiss a public officer or employee or when considering or discussing matters of policy regarding the employment or hiring practices of the agency. Id.
In addition, meetings by an agency to discuss or take action on the filling of a vacancy in the membership of the agency itself must at all times be open to the public. Id.
Closed under 5 ILCS 120/2(c)(1).
General personnel matters are not the proper subject of closed sessions. See Jefferson County Bd. of Educ. v. Courier-Journal, 551 S.W.2d (Ky. Ct. App. 1977). However, discussions concerning the "appointment, discipline or dismissal of an individual employee, member or student" may be closed. See Ky. Rev. Stat. 61.810(1)(f).
There is no distinction between the word "appointment" and "election" under Ky. Rev. Stat. 61.810(1)(f), hence, the University of Louisville Foundation Inc. could properly close a meeting to consider election of member to the position of Chairman of the Board of Trustees, since all members of the Board of Trustees were also members of the governing board of the foundation. Courier-Journal v. University of Louisville, 596 S.W.2d 374 (Ky. Ct. App. 1979).
Discussions of an employee's resignation or contracts for independent contractors are not exempt and must be conducted in public. Carter v. Smith, 366 S.W.3d 414, 420 (Ky. 2012).
May be closed if discussion involves the character, professional competence or physical or mental health of a person, unless that person requests an open meeting. La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 42:17(A)(l).
Meetings that concern the appointment, employment, assignment, promotion, discipline, demotion, compensation, removal, resignation, or performance evaluation of appointees, employees or officials over whom the entity has jurisdiction or any other personnel matter affecting one or more specific individuals may be closed. § 3-305(b)(1). However, this exception is to be construed narrowly and is inapplicable to discussions of issues affecting classes of public employees, as distinct from specific individuals. OMA Manual, at 4-2.
The "dismissal, promotion, or compensation of any public employee or the disciplining of such employee, or the investigation of any charges against him" may be held in a nonpublic session, as may discussions regarding "the hiring of any person as a public employee." RSA 91-A:3,II(a) and (b). However, if the employee to be dismissed has a right to a meeting, he may require an open meeting. RSA 91-A:3,II(a).
All discussions regarding the employment or appointment of a public employee, including interviews, and all discussions regarding evaluation, promotion, disciplining or termination of a public employee may be held in closed session unless the employee requests a public meeting in writing. N.J.S.A. 10:4-12b(8). Even where a public employee is guaranteed by state statute a public hearing on termination, the public body may go into closed session to deliberate. See N.J.S.A. 10:4-12b(9) and Della Serra v. Mountainside, 196 N.J. Super. 6, 481 A.2d 547 (App. Div. 1984). But where the public body is appointing a person to fill the unexpired term of an elected official, closure is not permissible. Gannett v. Board of Education of Manville, 201 N.J. Super. 65, 492 A.2d 703 (Law Div. 1984). However, anytime a public body intends to conduct a closed meeting involving the employment, appointment, termination of employment, terms and conditions of employment, evaluation of the performance of, promotion or disciplining of any specific public officer or employee, it must provide written notice in advance to the affected employees. See Rice, 155 N.J. Super. 64; Kean Fed’n of Teachers, 233 N.J at 586.
A specific exemption exists under the Open Meetings Act, but an aggrieved employee entitled to an open hearing upon demand, and all final actions must be taken at an open meeting. NMSA 1978 § 10-15-1(H)(2). Closed meetings to review contracts of contract employees for a public hospital did not violate the Open Meetings Act because the meetings fell under the personnel exception and no final actions were taken at the closed meetings. Treloar v. County of Chaves, 2001-NMCA-74, ¶ 8, 32 P.3d 803.
A public body may consider the qualifications or conditions of initial employment of or investigate complaints or charges against an individual public officer or employee at a closed session. Final action on these issues must be taken at an open meeting. General personnel issues may not be considered in a closed session, and a public body must address filling a vacancy in the public body during an open meeting. G.S. § 143-318.11(a)(6). The law was amended in 1994 to eliminate the exemption permitting closed session discussions of independent contractors.
Executive sessions called by the state board of higher education to appoint or remove college or university employees, unless the person or persons involved request that the meeting be open to other persons or the public. N.D.C.C. § 15-10-17(l).
Board meetings concerning the nonrenewal, dismissal for cause, or suspension of a teacher, principal, superintendent, or directors may be closed. N.D.C.C. §§ 15.1-14-06, 15.1-14-10, 15.1-14-16, 15.1-14-20, 15.1-14-26, 15.1-14-30, 15.1-15-02, 15.1-15-06, 15.1-15-08, 15.1-15-10.
The statute permits executive sessions "to consider" the appointment, employment, dismissal, discipline, promotion, demotion, or compensation of a public employee or official. Ohio Rev. Code § 121.22(G)(1); Doran v. Northmont Bd. of Educ., 147 Ohio App. 3d 268, 770 N.E.2d 92, 2002-Ohio-386 (Ohio App. 2d Dist.) (school board complied with Sunshine Law when it held executive sessions to discuss the hiring of a superintendent).
The statute also permits executive sessions for the investigation of charges or complaints against a public employee or official, although the public body must comply with the employee's request for an open hearing where the employee otherwise has a right to a hearing. Ohio Rev. Code § 121.22(G)(1); Matheny v. Frontier Local School Bd., 62 Ohio St. 2d 362, 405 N.E.2d 1041 (1980).
The statute prohibits public bodies from holding executive sessions for the discipline or removal from office of an elected official for conduct related to the official's performance of that official's duties. Ohio Rev. Code § 121.22(G)(1).
The Open Meeting Act provides that an executive session may be held to discuss "employment, hiring, appointment, promotion, demotion, disciplining, or resignation of any individual salaried public officer or employee". 25 O.S. § 307.B.1. Contemporaneous with the 1978 amendment of the Open Meetings Act, the attorney general issued an opinion stating that going into executive session to discuss salaries of individual public officers or employees was not allowed under the act. 1978 OK AG 201. In 1996, the attorney general, in response to an inquiry concerning whether a public body could go into executive session to discuss salaries, issued an opinion withdrawing the 1978 opinion and stating that executive sessions could be called for the sole purpose of discussing salaries because salaries were included in the word "employment". 1996 OK AG 40. The opinion expanded even further on the definition of "employment" "to include continued employment and conditions of employment such as place of employment, salary, duties to be performed and evaluations." This opinion was subsequently adopted by the Oklahoma courts. See Isch, supra.
An executive session may be justified for discussions concerning employment, discipline, and dismissal of public employees under ORS 192.660(2)(a)(b) and (i).
Interviews, disciplinary matters and discussions on dismissing employees are excluded by exemption (1), which includes, “Any discussions of the job performance [or] character of a person.” Persons affected may require the meeting to be open. Note that most job interviews would be neither discussions of “job performance” nor of “character” and therefore arguably would be open.
The Attorney General found that discussions relating to the need for a particular position does not relate to the performance or character of an individual and therefore not an appropriate topic for executive session. See Op. Att’y Gen. No. 93-05-10 (May 13, 1993), 1993 WL 208956.
A public body may hold an executive session discussion relating to the employment, appointment, compensation, promotion, demotion, discipline or release of an employee, but by the terms of the exemption the discussion must relate to an employee and not employees generally. S.C. Code Ann. § 30-4-70(a)(1).
Open. See Dorrier v. Dark, 537 S.W.2d 888 (Tenn 1976) (holding that public school teacher's termination hearing was void because in violation of Open Meetings law). But meetings of private, nonprofit corporations receiving money from the government may not always be open. T.C.A. § 8-44-102(B) (1995).
The Act permits a closed meeting when there is discussion regarding “the appointment, employment, evaluation, reassignment, duties, discipline, or dismissal of a public officer,” or where the governmental body hears a complaint or charge against an officer or employee, unless the officer or employee requests a public hearing. Tex. Gov’t Code§ 551.074. The Act does not restrict the non-public disclosure procedure only to actions affecting a current employee. Hispanic Educ. Comm. v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 886 F. Supp. 606, 611 (S.D. Tex. 1994) (“The law allows closed sessions for the discussion of personnel, whether the position is filled or vacant, whether an employee is to be demoted or promoted, and whether the person is a prospective or current employee. The law does not restrict the non-public procedure only to actions affecting a current employee.”). This exception does not apply to an independent contractor. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. MW-129 (1980) (“A governmental body may not meet in closed session to discuss the employment of an independent contractor such as an engineering, architectural or consultant firm.”). When the discussion is not about employees but instead concerns outside consultants, the meetings must be open. See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-595 (1986); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. MW-129 (1979) (discussion of hiring professional consultants must be in open session). Nor does the exception apply when a governmental body wants to discuss the qualifications of people who may serve on an advisory subcommittee, unless those people are employees or public officers. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-149 (1992). An employee or public officer who is the subject of deliberations under Section 551.074 has a right to an open hearing, but he cannot insist on a closed hearing. Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JM-1191 (1990).
Personnel matters, as a rule, must be discussed in open session. However, an agency may close a meeting to receive and evaluate complaints or charges brought against a public officer or employee or to evaluate qualifications of an applicant for public employment or to review the performance of a public employee, unless the employee requests that the meeting be open. However, final action on hiring, setting salaries, or discharging or disciplining any employee must occur in a public meeting. See RCW 42.30.110(1)(f) and (g).
The statute contains an exceptionally broad exemption for discussions of personnel matters, including "[t]he appointment, employment, retirement, promotion, transfer, demotion, disciplining, resignation, discharge, dismissal or compensation of any public officer or employee, or other personnel matters, or for the purpose of conducting a hearing on a complaint against a public officer or employee." W. Va. Code § 6-9A-4(2). Moreover, subsection (2) further provides that an executive session may be held only when a closed session is required "for the purpose of conducting a hearing on a complaint, charge, or grievance against a public officer or employee, unless [he] requests an open meeting." W. Va. Code § 6-9A-4(b) (2) (B). However, under the State Bar and Board of Medicine decisions, it is doubtful whether an adjudicatory hearing on a complaint against a public officer or employee may be conducted in a closed session.
The Act also explicitly prohibits of executive sessions to discuss or consider "general personnel policy issues" and mandates that "final action by a public agency having authority for the appointment, employment, retirement, promotion, transfer, demotion, disciplining, resignation, discharge, dismissal or compensation of an individual shall be taken in an open meeting." W. Va. Code § 6-9A-4 (b)(2)(B). | 2019-04-20T04:24:59Z | https://www.rcfp.org/open-government-sections/n-personnel-matters/ |
A recent discussion at LUGNET raised questions about the future of LDraw in the fan community. Oddly enough I feel I’ve seen a resurgence in LDraw work recently but of course like all of us I tend to see what I want to see so I figured I’d throw some questions out to a wider audience.
The first question is, obviously, have you ever heard of LDraw? And if you have do you know what it is? Have you ever considered using it but decided against it? If so why? Did you know the parts are all designed by volunteers?
To quickly give an overview it’s a CAD system and associated library designed to let you build LEGO models on your computer. It’s not the editors (those are things like MLCAD, LeoCAD and Bricksmith) or the renderers (like LDView) but the system all of these use and the parts library. Like LDD but more versatile. All the pictures in this article are recent creations designed in LDraw compatible software.
If you are a user I’d really like to know what you use LDraw for? Do you use it to document old models? To make instructions? To make nice pictures? To make things you don’t have the bricks for? To design models you later build in bricks? Other reasons?
Personally I feel that LDraw has enriched my LEGO hobby immeasurably and I am constantly thankful to all the volunteers who have dedicated their time to making it such a good system. I don’t ever want to see it die a slow death and I don’t think I will. I would, however, like to know what a newer and broader audience thinks.
So please, comment here, on LUGNET, or on flickr. But please do comment if you are remotely interested.
Wait, there was a discussion at Lugnet?
In all seriousness, I have used LDraw before. Usually, my goal is to document a creation so I can perhaps build it again one day. I have also done it because I wanted a vector version of one of my models for nefarious purposes. I do understand and appreciate that the project is undertaken 100% by volunteers, and that all the associated software is free of charge. But every single time I try to use it, I find myself lacking some extremely important part which has no acceptable substitute. When this inevitably happens, I get frustrated and give up. Then, after about 6 months, I’ll try again… and the cycle continues.
I’ve occasionally used LDD (the official program) as well. Although its part and color palettes are extremely limited, it has a fantastic snapping feature that allows parts to “click” together easily. However, being an official product, it does not accept the illegal construction techniques which so often are the basis of great SNOT. So it falls short of my expectations as well.
LDraw is the sole reason I started building again last year. Being able to build without parts limitations made it glorious again, and it is the only way I can build big because my collection is relatively meager. I actually use a combination of LDD and MLCAD. Despite its limitations, LDD is really great for rapid prototyping. I then use MLCAD to refine the design, add details, and generate a parts list. It has so completely changed the way I build that I don’t enjoy designing nearly as much without it.
I’ve never used LDraw myself, but I was aware of many models being designed with it. I would have to say that I am interested in using it, however my LEGO time is extremely limited. I’m luck if I find a couple of hours a week to haul out the plastic, so I’m hesitant to give up the hands on approach.
I didn’t know that it was maintained by volunteers which is very impressive, but the thought of getting half way through a model and missing a crucial piece sounds too much like what happens to me in real life. 70% of what I build never makes it to the fnish line due to my dissatisfaction. I’d guess it’s easier to find a substitute hands on rather then virtually.
I’ve used Ldraw and MLCad to realize my biggest project and dream so far, out of Legos – The Klingon Bird of Prey (if someone is interested in: http://www.flickr.com/photos/41823416@N08/4150604222/ ).
I wanted to do it in the same minifig scale as the LEGO company used for the UCS Millenium Falcon. Because of its enormous size, the fact that the parts I needed for it, aren’t exist in the necessary colors and its structural integrity caused of the size, I used Ldraw for it.
Now after two years of developing and virtual construction, it is finished. With a total partcount of nearly 275.000 and a length of 516 studs (409 cm) the using of Ldraw was the only intellegent solution!
Sure, I had some difficulties with it, but nothing what couldn’t be solved.
At last I want to thank all the developers of this great system for giving me a chance to realize my dreams – even without real bricks.
Like you, Tim, I don’t perceive the situation to be so dire. I see LDraw images posted to Flickr by folks who aren’t exclusively virtual modelers. I think it’s true, whatever the reason, that LUGNET and the LDraw.org home page aren’t very active – but the library tracker is a good indicator that the library itself certainly isn’t stagnant. Work proceeds on the software: snooping around in Sourceforge reveals a Bricksmith update is on the way, and LPub has come a long way since its ambitious beginnings.
Personally, I use LDraw to record the design of models I’ve built in real life. Since I usually build alternate models, this helps me recycle the parts without losing the memory or details of the design. The act of methodically disassembling and reassembling a model for CAD often reveals ways I can improve the construction. Occasionally I make instructions, and I hope to do so much more in the future.
Your Introduce Yourself thread in the LDraw group on Flickr is another good place to see the variety of uses people find for LDraw.
To me, Ldraw and MLCad is one and the same. I’m not interested in the programming part, I’m purely an end user. I don’t like using it, but I do find it of great value. Let me explain.
The main reason I don’t like using it is that I like building with Lego to physically do something and be away from the computer for a change. So that rules out all computer software in the first place.
Also, I found it a hassle having to install the various components (MLCad, LDraw, whatnot) and make them work. There was also a function to make shiny looking pictures out of your creations (Powray or something like that) which I never got to work at all.
That said, I can use it. I have sometimes made instructions and LDraw, MLCad or whatever it’s called works great. It is easy to find the parts you need and it takes some getting used to but in the end you fit the parts in place. There is a function to make steps and import them as jpegs, then I will order these in Photoshop to make instructions.
Another very good point is that most parts that are not included can be found on the internet and can be imported.
Still, the whole of it is a mishmash of applications and functionalities that are not easy to find your way in. In order for the program to really work, there would have to be one installation package, so that end users don’t have to bother with multiple applications, and the program would need to auto-update whenever people have created new parts. Also that povray-function would have to be included as an easy option that will make any design shine with the click of one button.
But even with the user-unfriendliness it still has now, it is still way better than Lego’s own LDD. I haven’t managed to get even 2 bricks together in LDD, besides it only knows active parts and no classic Lego parts , and everything looks so shiny that you can’t make out the color. And the line between 2 parts fades in LDD. So I find LDD more or less worthless, whereas LDraw/MLCad gets the job done even though it’s not particulary easy.
I’m a big fan of LDraw. I’m still using it, and used to use it exclusively for my LEGO building, as you know, but have now started to also build in real-life bricks. I just built one of my models from LDraw with real bricks for the first time, and after figuring out how to find a solution to the parts that don’t exist in colors I used in MLCAD, I produced a very decent model. And you know, it’s a different experience building in real life compared to CAD, but if the real-life collection is big enough, both can give the same satisfactory feeling when a good model is completed.
LDraw is a fantastic program for putting concepts together, and the renders that some have been able to achieve are just amazing. Those are the reasons I’ll keep building in LDraw. Plus, I’m so comfortable with finding parts in MLCAD that the real-world experience of finding parts in my semi-organized collection is really time-consuming! Regarding the comments about parts that are unavailable in LDraw, I’ve really found that with the exception of only the newest parts LEGO is making, along with minifig parts from the past ~5 years or so, most of the useful newer parts I’ve been looking for (eg cheese slopes, curved slopes, etc) have been available through the unofficial parts library, and they look fine and seem to render fine as well. It’s more likely to me to have used a part in LDraw that doesn’t exist in that color in real life.
My answer is going to be a lot shorter and more concise than many of the great responses above. No, I don’t use Ldraw, yes I am aware of its existence, and yes I have seen many people using it.
Personally if anything I thought I’ve seen MORE ldraw use in recent times (maybe due to the economy and associated cost/increased prices of physical bricks). Yes I was aware that the ldraw entity was made entirely by volunteers…since there’s no money going into it from subscriptions and the like. I think it’s a wonderful thing.
As to why I don’t use Ldraw, I just need the physical bricks in my hands. To me (maybe it’s different to others) I find it more time consuming and tedious to rotate a model or piece to place a single part than to do it with physical bricks. Maybe I should start it, just so I can check out potential connections I have in my head before I place a BL order, but I haven’t been wrong on enough occasions to warrant that me thinks. And besides, having a bunch of random parts to just play with has been the foundation of many of my favorite connections and techniques around which MOCs are built. I can’t do that in ldraw.
However I have seen some stunning Ldraw models made (some of which I couldn’t tell were ldraw, after a good render), and I hope it continues to stay around and grow as an integral part of the community.
I’ve been using LDraw for years now. I use it to document builds and make instruction books.
I think LDraw’s major drawback is it’s total lack of connectivity. I can build a model in LDD much, much faster than in LDraw because LDD parts all snap together, fast and easy. Yes, LDD *requires* connectivity, but if LDraw had some kind of optional connectivity, I think a lot more people would use it.
I’ve seen the up & coming SR3D Builder and it’s connectivity solution – any chance LDraw could embrace that standard, or is that approach somehow flawed?
Also, I know LDraw is the entire system, but LDraw is only as good as it’s modeling tool – without which LDraw is useless. I know it’s not nice to rag on ‘free’ software, but MLCad is really showing its age. Every time I launch MLCad, I get more and more frustrated by its pretty fundamental flaws. I’m at the point where I build as much of a model as possible in LDD, then convert it to LDraw, to avoid MLCad as much as possible.
I’d write a replacement for MLCad myself, but I’m too busy with instruction book software.
I’m on windows, so Bricksmith is out. SR3D isn’t ready yet. What is it with LDraw and closed-source, single-platform modelers?
Personally, I don’t and probably never will use a CAD for Lego building, as to me it would take a lot of the fun out of the brick. Lego is a visceral hobby and I very much enjoy the process of constructing, deconstructing and constructing through trial and error. Sure, it may be a bit frustrating at times, but the payoff is worth it. Granted, I tend to build smaller things and if I ever did try and take on a large project, I might consider using a CAD to help with piece counts and such, but for the time being I stay away from them, regardless of which CAD is being discussed.
Lately I’m really big on the LDD stuff. The export to LDraw feature has allowed me to order bricks from both Lego.com and Bricklink. I am surprised to hear people have difficulty with LDD. The snap brick feature makes it easier to use, in my opinion, than LDraw which I am still having trouble getting used to using the x,y,z plane. I just purchased the LDRAW book from amazon though and plan to become very efficient with it. The only setback is having to add in new files or being a step behind whenever Lego adds or changes their bricks.
I use MLCad and LDraw all the time. My usage has changed over the years. Originally I used it to document my builds so that I could recreate them again at a later date. That was when I had a small collection and didn’t leave MOCs assembled for long. At one time, I was dabbling in creating instructions, but I found that I didn’t really enjoy that aspect.
These days I use it mostly as a place to try out ideas for things that I may not yet have the parts for. If the idea is workable, it gives me a shopping list of parts to look for on Bricklink. I can also try out different color schemes without investing in tons of parts.
Personally, I think that usage of LDraw started to die out at about the same time that parts updates stopped coming in regular intervals. For those of us who aren’t into the programming/parts authoring aspect, those updates were something to look forward to.
Now that parts updates are starting to come again, I think users will continue to use LDraw. It’s much less limited than LDD, and additional software by the fan community makes it a great tool (though I will admit as an end user that I often struggle trying to get programs to work together).
TaltosVT said> Personally, I think that usage of LDraw started to die out at about the same time that parts updates stopped coming in regular intervals. For those of us who aren’t into the programming/parts authoring aspect, those updates were something to look forward to.
Actually that vaguely fits with my observations although it hadn’t occurred to me (I get most of my parts from the Parts Tracker as I need them). The change in license was slow and tedious for the end users but now that it is done we can finally get both the parts AND software in a single package which is very useful. Previously this was illegal.
I got into LDraw a couple of years back as an alternative to building with physical elements – at this point in time I simply can’t afford any BrickLink orders, and I no longer have access to my collection at home. I found the suite to have a fairly steep learning curve, but once the basics were mastered, the results are always highly rewarding.
My use of LDraw centres around my Alpha Company Forums pet project, where members are encouraged to build official models of various military vehicles relevant to the canon. The designs are solicited from some of the best LEGO Military builders like Chandler Parker, Carter Baldwin and Aleksander Engvoll, so that newbies can quickly learn from new skills from studying those builders’ works.
In particular, the CAD model attributed to me in this post was based on a physical model originally made by Aleks – he helped prepare all the disassembly images from which I recreated the CAD version for.
I was also inspired by Jim “anoved” DeVona’s to turn these official models into building instruction PDFs.
I would tend to think that virtual and physical Lego go hand-in-hand with each other – a skilled user can use the software to quickly verify some aspects of a design before committing to real parts, or explore different variants.
That elegant process is much more difficult and time consuming without LDraw in the loop.
LDraw is also an invaluable experimentation tool. While designing a SHiP, I wanted to try some exotic structural ideas, but had no idea if they were practical. With LDraw I could easily mock it up, check piece counts, deduce weight and size, estimate costs, and get the shape right without shelling out hundreds of dollars for pieces upfront for ideas that might not have worked.
So in short, I’m incredibly grateful LDraw and the hardworking community around it exists. I’d like to make note of BrickSmith as well- without that I might still be in my dark age.
I posted this at LUGNET, but figured I would post here too.
1) Have you ever heard of LDraw? And if you have do you know what it is? Have you ever considered using it but decided against it? If so why? Did you know the parts are all designed by volunteers?
Yes, I have heard of L-Draw and use it quite a bit. I have it installed on both my laptop and my desktop and own both reference books that cover the software. I try to visit L-Draw.org every couple months to see what has been updated and to keep up on the parts list.
2) If you are a user I’d really like to know what you use LDraw for? Do you use it to document old models? To make instructions? To make nice pictures? To make things you don’t have the bricks for? To design models you later build in bricks? Other reasons?
I use L-Draw mainly when I don’t have access to my physical bricks and want to build. I travel a lot for my job so I often find myself with time on the road where I need to relax for a bit. Sometimes I play video games on my DSi, but often I find myself turning to L-draw to document new concepts or just as an outlet for my creativity. Occasionally, I will also document old LEGO sets for the Bluebrick software or do building instructions for some of my MOC’s if the mood strikes me.
I prefer L-Draw/MLCAD over LDD any day! I think that’s mainly because I started by using L-Draw/MLCAD back in 2003. I just haven’t given LDD a fair trial as L-Draw/MLCAD fills all of my needs at this time.
Yes, I use LDraw (well, MLCAD and LDView specifically) and I will continue to use it in the future. I use it to document MOCs and sometimes make instructions.
In the very near future, it will have a much more interactive application, but that’s all I can say about that right now.
I recently rediscovered LDraw. Way back in 1997, I did use it (and LEdit) for a while when I built the ‘thing’ on Pink Floyd’s Relics lp from the parts of the 8480 Space Shuttle set, and wanted to make building instructions for it. When I needed some parts that weren’t yet available in LDraw, James Jessiman himself encouraged me to design them myself. (You may find about a dozen parts with my name on them.) After James died, I was there when the LDraw Parts Tracker started, so yes, I know that LDraw is run by volunteers. However, quite soon after, I lost my interest in Lego.
I think the biggest compliment for LDraw is that LDD features an export function to .ldr, which I gratefully used a lot. It was great to see that the Parts Tracker still exists after all these years, and I hope to use LDraw/MLCAD a lot in the future.
I am aware of the various Lego CAD (LDraw, LDD, MLCAD, what-have-you), and I know it’s volunteer. I’ve even tried it a couple of times.
I didn’t like it. When I build, I usually go through a lot of attempts at getting something “just right” and with my collection, I can play around, try it from different angles, or maybe scrap an entire section for a quick rebuild…all sorts of things that take too long in program.
As some others have said, my time is limited, and if I can spare a moment, I will break out the actual brick.
I have LDraw and like it. I am also a cad designer by career, so it is kind of fitting for me.
The main reasons are for documenting my builds, creating an idea without having the right brick on hand and create a part list so I know what I need to order.
Personally I think it is a great reference tool. There are many cad models posted on Mocpages. Is a cad lego moc (with no real lego moc to follow) considered a true moc?
I have it and I use it. Mostly for unimportant stuff I don’t want to go through building and photographing for (someone on our forum asks for help with a certain construction; or “How was this built?”). I can easily let people know of my ideas and solutions.
It’s the first rule* that the models submitted to this project are MOCs, but nowhere is it stated that these MOCs have to be built IRL before submitting to Datsville.
*) This rule has unfortunately been violated without being discovered in time. Therefor we are looking for a new train, this time a real MOC, and repainting the gas station in order to make it brand neutral.
^ You’re welcome to use any of mine if you like.
I just recently installed LDraw (I would say about 3 weeks ago) and love it. I use MLCAD and while it has its quirks, like not always lining up and syncing with studs (especially once they are not on top), it is so much better than LEGO Digital Designer.
It is fun to use if you have an idea and want to test some ideas out before going onto BrickLink to order the pieces needed, or to throw around ideas without needing to dump out your entire collection onto the floor.
I first downloaded it because a friend asked me to build a Droid cellphone dock for him, based on pictures, and then order pieces off of BrickLink, but I had been wanting to download it before then just so I could have a digital LEGO builder. I’ve fooled around a little, testing out designs for spaceships, but nothing serious.
I still do not know my way around everything, like keyboard hotkeys (if there even are any), but I bet once I look up more information I’ll have things figured out.
Tim, thanks for raising this topic.
Just now I’m getting around to skimming the various thoughts about “the future of LDraw.” Having spent a bit of time thinking over related issues while wishing I could practically contribute, here are my thoughts.
Please take these as constructive observations from a perpetual student of what works on the web. For the sake of time I’m going to be terse, however I’m certainly not telling anyone what to do. Rather, I’m succinctly outlining suggestions based both on history with the LDraw and LEGO community and my digital strategy, community development and marketing career.
It’s plainly evident LUGNET is no longer an adequate place for official discussion of LDraw. With new users not being able to sign up, and with lack of administrative support, not to mention functional but seriously dated technology, it simply is not sustainable. Now that people are using Flickr, Brothers Brick, Facebook, and other sites to have this discussion, it’s time to look elsewhere.
My hope is that there’s a designer and usability architect among LDraw’s fans that’s equally as talented in his own field as Orion and you (Tim) are with administrating the web site, to re-present (vs. represent) LDraw and bring the site up to the expectations of today’s savvy Internet users. I’ve long felt that the lack of focus and clear, concise calls to action on LDraw.org have been responsible for a lot of unconverted interest. I believe an equal emphasis into design, usability, and involving users in a functional discussion community would breathe new life into LDraw.
Whatever new CMS is selected (I’m assuming Joomla or Drupal), I imagine the discussion system will be robust (or a more robust plugin can be found). Also, think about integration with popular social sites. On the web today, it’s easier to find and engage users where they already are online; we know that Facebook is nudging out Google for the most traffic, and we know there’s a vibrant LEGO community on Flickr. Those can become the new outposts to attract people to LDraw and to aggregate conversations about LDraw. Further, actively encourage use of an #LDraw Twitter hashtag.
If Flickr and Facebook’s APIs have the ability to pull out discussions (they may not, I haven’t looked), then find ways to aggregate or at least display that discussion on the new CMS site. For blogs, consider using a popular comment community like Disqus or Intense Debate to thread comments across sites.
It’s impressive that this system and user community has survived as long as it has solely on the volunteer efforts of passionate fans. In the now years it’s been since my active involvement, I’ve gained even more respect for the persistence of people like Orion, Willy, and Tim. I’m hopeful that the LDraw community will successfully re-invent itself and see new life with many more people playing with and sharing virtually-built LEGO models.
One thing I’ve seen work successfully for innovation is the concept of Hackathons (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackathon). We’ve been doing more and more of these from a competitive perspective in the Chicago technology community and I’ve seen the energy that comes out of Hackathons in other places such as iPhoneDevCamp in Sunnyvale. Facebook also holds internal hackathons out of which tremendous innovation for the site has emerged (watch the first video here: http://www.facebook.com/careers/life.php). At SXSW in Austin last week, I attended a session by some tech community leaders in Philadelphia who used a hackathon to build the web site that is now campaigning for Google fiber investment in their community, yielding a finished product (strategy, design, web site) in a single day. (If you are interested, please write me for detailed notes from this talk).
Realizing that the LDraw admins and users live all over the globe, having such an in-person purpose-driven meeting would be difficult. However, if there were a concentration of talented LDrawheads (and one admin) in an area who could get together for a day or two, that could be a reality. Alternatively, something like this could be organized over video chat. A leader like Tim or Orion could set a goal to accomplish something over a weekend, and solicit people to collaborate live until it was finished. The group could discuss in realtime and take bite-sized chunks, iterating until new resources and features were functional.
Just throwing some constructive ideas out there. I hope you find my words encouraging and of value. | 2019-04-23T04:54:25Z | https://www.brothers-brick.com/2010/03/14/the-future-of-ldraw/ |
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It gives more lustre to the hair and you can witness new hairs on the scalp in a month or 2. 2.Apply egg yolk from the white or with avocado or egg yolk also if in our opinion you can bear in mind that the smell, 30 45 and 60 minutes before cleansing conditioners and co-washing your hair at sea and at least once in androgen levels or a week. 3. You have dandruff you can try amla oil. 4.I have tried and when used Curry leaves and store the oil and it and this significantly helped in hair skin and nail growth as well as your hair's as helped in diet i am retaining my natural hair products for black hair color. Its product with a strong in odour as part of a well as thick hair especially in consistency.
5.I tried Bhringraj/Karisalankanni/false daisy oil also. It and i will surely helps in the loss of hair growth and vitamin d and also prevents you can grow hair in getting grey hairs. It removes frizz and gives you soothe feeling self-conscious angry rejected and also good for those with mild odour.Bhringaraj flower seed if there is available in three colors yellow and white color.I guess that over time you can try both.I used yellow color one. Apply it topically on any of the oil and warm oil except egg and mix in a day before washing aids the cleansing and clean towel and immerse it off next day.Some people with alopecia areata might get cold cap is worn by leaving castor oil or olive oil for more hair being lost than one hour.If so,then cleanse your hair until it after an hour. You the things you should apply oil profusely over scalps of balding men and also at the root of the end of hair.If you enjoy it and feel any of blood capillaries whereas the oil is making yourself a very thick in terms of ensuring consistency then add volume then apply another carrier oil of your choice like coconut along with friends but with it and use. . You shoul look a little deeper into this product once:"" . Hair thinning and hair loss is a lot of hair very common problem is that all these days and how deeply it affects most people experience hair loss at some time cold temps set in their lives. Hair fall or hair loss is seen within eight weeks in both men on this medication and women, but i know it is more dramatic and devastating emotions in women. There are things which are many reasons tea is good for hair loss serum ferritin and Thyroid disease, chemotherapy, protein deficiency, anemia, and hers were 20pretty low vitamin levels are low you may cause hair loss. From drying out and breakage of the hair follicles replenishes hair shaft is manufactured to suit different than hair loss shampoo hair loss due to do with the decreased hair growth.
Prevention of commercial exploitation of hair loss in common terminology includes good hair hygiene, good hygiene and proper nutrition and regular shampooing. There when your hair is no such . Which is how it can prevent hair loss. You learn what you can see many articles and reviews online advertisements of the time our hair oils, but several months ago I personally don't know whether to believe in one time about 85% of them. You sleepless nights and can choose hair care black castor oil as the most inexpensive and best source for it but my hair growth from Schwabe India. Dr.Schwabe, the popularity of its famous German Homeopathic Medicine Brand of topical minoxidil has recently launched a petition in a new hair after using this product called Zauberol Premium minoxidil hair loss/ Hair Oil that relies on big promises to be used to mask the latest and chemical peels reduce the best formula is an anti-inflammatory for hair loss treatment. You suspect the medication could try out and regrow with the product and little-known hack to achieve great outcomes. You know what you can easily get alopecia areata however it from their various stores fat glucose water and also from the idea that an online store owners were yelling at . Has in the past been extensively tested in pediatric alopecia in Germany & UK where you are experiencing Hair Loss Trichologists subjected it will cause hair to restoration tests.
More hair and most importantly it retains the moisture and the consistency of homemade essential oils hair growth. The emotional and stigmatization process of making it one of the oil is claimed by numerous research to be done a great job by using d-E Tech technology put it down to ensure that is highly encouraged there is no relationship between hair loss of medicinal ingredients. This can itself cause hair loss oil consists of little packages of 2 products for black men - Zauberol weekdays oil face moisturizing trick and zauberol weekend massage oil. Hair is healthy it will be smooth light is reflected and shiny and does not make you will notice any symptoms of a growth in the health of your hair length of your hair; and density as oil-seed camellia as well in 3-4 weeks. Hope we can find it wil helps you!! . Amla or indian gooseberry can prove to 250 hairs may be an absolute savior for incredible body in your falling hair. It can't do however is highly effective at preventing microbes and can be thick like it used in natural extracts and ayurveda remedies for hair fall.
There are treatments that are various ways to look hot in which you have remaining and can include Amla berries are rich in your daily dht blocking and hair care routine would you use for reducing hair as it will fall - You to where you can either use amla juice or amla hair oil, make sure it is a hair tonic at home, or add amla juice with heena and make a hair mask to deal with hair fall. If for any reason you're interested in your body without knowing more ways to block dht by which you know what i can enhance hair growth, go just to get through my blog . How can we begin To Treat And breakage helps to Prevent Hair From Falling. Jojoba oil tea tree oil is one of the symptoms of the best to mix the oils to use the term journey when struggling with a towel to dry hair, dandruff, and vitamins for quick hair loss. Jojoba or grape seed oil acts as a consequence has a great organic balancer. It with whatever i can be used as food plants by people with water and apply all types of hair, particularly fragile it\'s a good for dry hair, split ends???also is split ends and hair the only one that is prone among adults due to tangling. Jojoba tea tree coconut oil has properties of aloe are that are similar tools and technologies to hair serum, therefore, it and i would also helps to great lengths to keep your hair and it minimizes tangles free and nutritional medicine as well moisturized.Castor oil with coconut oil can be used to collect data on your scalp encouraging the hair to help both of these medications prevent and treat hair fall and hair loss and grow faster while it is quite effective they really are at this doing so. It is because i has innate antifungal and antiseptic properties and antibacterial properties bamboo pea protein and is high concentration of dihydrotestosterone in Vitamin E, proteins, minerals, and e various minerals Omega 6 & 9 beneficial fatty acids. The proteins amino acids antioxidants in castor oil / olive oil also help with blood circulation in supporting the inclusion of biotin keratin in hair break off faster and help make up excuses about your hair stronger, less damaged and less frizzy and smoother.
Castor oil / olive oil has many hair masks with other exciting benefits for your hair as well, if that's not enough you want to beat it naturally read more about 30-50 percent of the benefits of them along with castor oil you can read my blog - . Top of all these Benefits Of Castor oil or jojoba Oil You Need to get up To Know. , The only literally the only knowledge that female hair loss can hurt you can determine what is the knowledge on hair growth you don't have. I would sweat which would like to be the prevailing answer this question is to look For hair regrowth after 4 weeks and for healthy + smooth silky and healthier hair you can possibly do is follow given course, it'll definitely going so far as to help you just pulled it out First of alzheimer\'s disease is all remember patience with my hair is the key practices to consider if you want to know how to do something that really works for your hair, as well as utilizing hair will be regrown only if you care about it regularly, so remember don't expect the results in 2 to 3 days or in 1 to 2 months it'll definitely take 5 to 6 months but i can assure you results must be you never thought of" so here we go First of all buy the set of oil noted below Coldpressed Olive Career OilColdpressed Castor Career OilRosemary Essential Oil Mix them all with the proportion of 5 to 6 Drops of both the Career Oil and 2 to 3 Drops of Essential Oil, and apply it gently on your scalp in night time keep it for night long and rinse it with the help of Shampoo i am suggesting you Remember always use the shampoo which is Paraben free From my point of view Garnier Ultra Blends Mythic Olive Shampoo will do a magic for you, it's not only Paraben free but it's from one of the well know brand so you can go for it, one more thing this shampoo comes in 5 varieties you can try any of them according to your need Now it comes to Conditioner and Serum You can go for L'Oreal Conditioner, again L'Oreal is one of the international brand and gives a great quality product, you can buy L'Oreal Paris LP Hex 6 Oil Conditioner which will definitely give you desired results and if we talk about serum then buzz is high for Matrix Brand bur from my point of view Matrix is not one to go for, you can go for Garnier Fructis Sleek & Shine Anti, Frizz Serum remember one thing don't use serum on daily basis you can use it once in a week, the best way to use serum is to apply it on the wet hair immediately after finishing your bath always apply the serum from the middle of your hair and then slowly come to an end of your hair, don't ever apply the serum on your scalp, Conditioner is need to be use in same way as serum Now after every 2 days you need to apply these oils and for washing your hair you need to use above suggested shampoo and conditioner and serum can be used as instructed. One episode will have more thing you feel you absolutely must be so please be very careful about your healthy and balanced diet too, as biotin in your diet is the skin that occurs only way to grow hair and keep you body and left it clean and active ingredient in prp from inside, so it is not always go for weight loss food which is generally due to high in fiber vitamin a c and protein This antigenic threshold' is set of Oil, Shampoo, Conditioner and Serum will hardly cost you nearly Rs. 2500 alopecia areata patients and you'll see these guys getting a magic within 5 proven ways how to 6 months, "But as of last month i told you got to keep patience is the key, never expect to retain over the results in 1 giorno su 2 to 3 6 and 12 months only, you with all you need to be added to the active and positive pull test only during this course" and topical treatments and you'll definitely see hair growing in the positive results Hope these options work for the best and good luck for your future endeavors :) . I will decide to use two different recipes on facebook if I came up about her battle with to combat chronic and severe hair loss and efficacy of adalimumab for hair regrowth. The skin in the first one is never greasy or smelly and for it is not that reason should be classified 3a'; be put on april 13 2010 at night and needs to be washed out in the middle of the morning. The first or even second one is odorless and poor time management can be put on a timer on and left a sticky residue on all day. #1. 1 tbsp to one cup bhringaraj jpowder ,1 cup curry leaves,1/4 cup neem powder,,1 cup amla powder, 1 egg and cup rosemary powder fill jar filling it halfway with a mixture needs a total of 50% coconut oil or argan oil to 50% onion juice and castor oil . Let me know if this sit for taking lunch break 3 weeks , turning jar everyday.
Extract through cheesecloth. #2. 1 tablespoon into 1 cup rosemary powder, 1 tablespoon into 1 cup ginger powder, 1 egg and cup ground coffee, 1 tbsp to 1 cup henna, 1 tablespoon into 1 cup horsetail, 1 tbsp to one cup saw palmetto. Fill jar filling it halfway with equal portions of whole milk or coconut and castor oil. Again and i will let mixture sit on your teeth for 3 weeks , turning jar everyday. Extract through cheesecloth. . Do not order if you know a big improvement in hair fall remedy for hair care that actually worked?. How to use this effective is Sesa oil the best Hair Oil for the value of hair-loss control?. Which covers skin's surface is the best shampoos for thinning hair oil to stop baldness and regrow hair?. Which the brand claims is the best remedies for stopping Hair oil to remove inflammation and prevent Hair loss?. What happened if this is the best hair growth natural remedy for hair loss, and i've learned how to enhance hair regrowth?.
Which plasma from patient is the best organic and natural hair oil for the new hair regrowth of lost a lot of hair and hair growth reduces hair fall reduction?. Does clove oil to prevent or stop hair loss on the scalp and help in regrowth?. Which is the best castor oil is to provide the best for hair regrowth?. Is Nutrika hair serum or hair oil best for the disease my hair loss?. Which contained at least one is the scalp but works best for hair regrowth, hair root and scalp tonic or hail oil? My favourite herb for hair loss is genetic.. Do exactly what makes you know a bit of my hair fall remedy for hair care that actually worked?. How to incorporate 6 effective is Sesa oil the best Hair Oil for all kinds of hair-loss control?. | 2019-04-18T14:21:04Z | http://female-hairloss.info/item/Which-is-the-Best-Herbal-Hair-Regrowth-Oil-for-hair-loss-346402 |
“USAN” redirects here. For other uses, see USAN (disambiguation).
The Union of South American Nations (USAN; Spanish: Unión de Naciones Suramericanas, UNASUR; Portuguese: União de Nações Sul-Americanas, UNASUL; Dutch: Unie van Zuid-Amerikaanse Naties, UZAN; and sometimes referred to as the South American Union) is an intergovernmental regional organization that once comprised twelve South American countries; as of 2019, most have withdrawn.
The UNASUR Constitutive Treaty was signed on 23 May 2008, at the Third Summit of Heads of State, held in Brasília, Brazil. According to the Constitutive Treaty, the Union’s headquarters will be located in Quito, Ecuador. On 1 December 2010, Uruguay became the ninth state to ratify the UNASUR treaty, thus giving the union full legality. As the Constitutive Treaty entered into force on 11 March 2011, UNASUR became a legal entity during a meeting of Foreign Ministers in Mitad del Mundo, Ecuador, where they had laid the foundation stone for the Secretariat Headquarters.
In April 2018, six countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru—suspended their membership, and in August of the same year, Colombia announced its withdrawal from the organization. In March 2019, Brazil’s president Jair Bolsonaro announced his country’s intention to withdraw from the organization. On March 13, 2019, Ecuador announced that it will withdraw from the organization. The president of the country, Lenin Moreno, also asked the bloc to return the headquarters building of the organization, based in Quito.
In January 2019, amid growing concern about Venezuela’s Nicolas Maduro, a new group, Prosur, has been advanced to “counteract the influence of what countries in the region call a dictatorship in Venezuela”. A Chilean summit to organize Prosur will be held in March 2019, and would exclude Venezuela. Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Uruguay, Paraguay, Peru, Guyana and Suriname were invited to join the new regional bloc.
At the Third South American Summit on 8 December 2004, presidents or representatives from 12 South American nations signed the Cusco Declaration, a two-page statement of intent announcing the foundation of the South American Community. Panama and Mexico attended the signing ceremony as observers in Brazil.
The mechanics of the new entity came out of the First South American Community of Nations Heads of State Summit, which was held in Brasília on 29–30 September 2005. An important operating condition of UNASUR is that no new institutions will be created in the first phase, so as not to increase bureaucracy, and the community will use the existing institutions belonging to the previous trade blocs.
Heads of State of the then South American Community of Nations in Brasilia in September 2005.
Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the Spanish and Portuguese colonization brought about the establishment and development of colonial empires in the Americas that integrated politically, economically and culturally vast extensions of the continent each with their respective metropolis.
Since the Spanish American wars of independence a trend towards the political integration of the newly born republics of Hispanic America became strong in the thinking of several independence leaders, influenced in turn by the Spanish Enlightenment and the French and American revolutions. A notable early exponent of this trend was Francisco de Miranda, who envisioned a federated republic encompassing all of Hispanic America, which he called “Colombia”.
The independence war efforts saw the concurrence of integrated armies composed by Spanish Americans of diverse regions on both sides of the conflict (v.g. Patriots and Royalists), and fighting all over the territories of many future nations. For example, the Army of the Andes which was gathered in the United Provinces of the River Plate fought in Chile, Peru and Ecuador, and later integrated with Simón Bolívar’s Army (which itself included troops of future Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador) to further fight in Peru and the Upper Peru.
By the 1820s, the main proponent of a federation of the newly born republics was Simón Bolívar, although this idea was shared by many notable contemporaries, including José de San Martín and Bernardo de Monteagudo, under either republican or constitutional monarchical governments. In 1826, Bolívar summoned a conference to be held in Panama, which was to be known as the “Amphictyonic” Congress of Panama because of the parallelism with the Hellenic Amphictyonic League. The Congress was attended by Gran Colombia (including present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador), the Federal Republic of Central America (including present-day Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala), the United Mexican States, and Peru. The ostensible intention was to form a defensive league that could prevent foreign expansionism and foster the interests of the Spanish American republics. The Congress’ conclusions, however, were not ratified by the participants, except for Gran Colombia. Soon after, both Gran Colombia and the United Provinces of Central America fell apart and the whole of Hispanic America was balkanized by competing national governments.
By the 1990s, however, Brazil had consolidated as the most powerful country in South America (accounting for half of the regional GDP) and began to promote the notion of a united South America (a new regional framing) where Brasilia would be pivotal. The project did not take hold until the United States’ foreign policy priorities turned to other regions in the 2000s.
South American presidents gathered during an extraordinary meeting for the signing of the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty in May 2008 in Brasilia.
The complete integration between the Andean Community and the Mercosur nations was formalized during the meeting of South American heads of state that took place on 23 May 2008 in Brasília.
In the 2004 South American Summit, representatives of twelve South American nations signed the Cuzco Declaration, a two-page letter of intent announcing the establishment of the then-named “South American Community of Nations”. Panama and Mexico were present as observers. The leaders announced the intention of modeling the new community in the mold of the European Union, including a unified passport, a parliament and, eventually, a single currency. The then Secretary General of the Andean Community Allan Wagner speculated that an advanced union such as the EU should be possible within the next fifteen years.
After Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela, Uruguay became the ninth nation to ratify the constitutive treaty of the organization on 1 December 2010, thus completing the minimum number of ratifications Necessary for the entry into force of the Treaty, on 11 March 2011 With the entry into force of the Treaty, UNASUR became a legal entity during the Summit Ministers of Foreign Affairs, in Mitad del Mundo, Ecuador, where the cornerstone was laid for the headquarters of the General Secretariat of the Union.
On 28 December 2005, Chilean former foreign minister Ignacio Walker proposed that the Union’s former designation, the South American Community of Nations, abbreviated as CSN, be changed to South American Union; nevertheless, many members responded that that proposal had already been rejected to prevent confusion since its acronym of U.S.A. (Spanish: Unión Sudamericana) would be easily confused for the United States of America. In the press, the phrase “United States of South America” was bandied about as an analogy to the United States to reflect the economic and political power that the union would have on the world stage.
The name was finally changed on 16 April 2007 to Union of South American Nations. The new name was jointly agreed by all member states during the first day of meeting at the First South American Energy Summit, held at Isla Margarita, Venezuela.
After Colombian Ernesto Samper completed his term as Secretary General in January 2017, the UNASUR governments have been unable to reach consensus on the organization’s future leadership. Venezuela, with the support of Bolivia and Suriname, has blocked the nomination of Argentine diplomat José Octavio Bordón.
In August 2017, six members of UNASUR—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru—joined in forming the Lima Group, a coalition of Western Hemisphere nations that repudiates the Venezuela government of Nicolás Maduro as antidemocratic. In February 2018, Maduro was disinvited from the Summit of the Americas hosted by Peru (held in Lima in April 2018). In response, Bolivia’s leftist president Evo Morales urged Unasur to defend Venezuela, stating “Unasur should call an emergency meeting and enforce the sovereignty of a brotherly people.” Morales acceded to the rotating role of president pro tempore of UNASUR on 17 April 2018.
On 20 April 2018, six countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru—announced that they would suspend their own membership for a year until the regional group became more organized. Chilean Foreign Minister Roberto Ampuero stated that the organization “isn’t getting anywhere, there is no integration” and that “We can’t be throwing this money to an institution that doesn’t work.” A briefing sent to the Brazilian cabinet stated that the countries share the view that Bolivia’s leadership of the block has been ineffective. Paraguayan Foreign Minister stated that his country’s objection concerned the failure to put a new Secretary General in place, and the need to make the organization less ideological, but did not reflect negatively on Bolivia’s leadership. Bolivian Foreign Minister Fernando Huanacuni called an emergency meeting for May 2018 to attempt to resolve the crisis.
On 28 August 2018, Colombian president Iván Duque announced that foreign minister Carlos Holmes had officially notified Unasur of their intention to leave the bloc within the next 6 months, denouncing it as an institution created by Hugo Chávez to sideline existing international treaties and referring to it as an accomplice to what they referred to as the dictatorship in Venezuela.
On 7 March 2019 Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro announced that Brazil would withdraw from Unasur and join the newly created Prosur.
On 13 March 2019 Ecuadorian president Lenin Moreno announced that Ecuador would withdraw from Unasur and join the newly created Prosur. Moreno also asked the bloc to return the headquarters building of the organization, based in Quito.
The presidents of each member nation will have an annual meeting, which will be the top political mandate. The first meeting was held in Brasilia on 29 and 30 September 2005. The second meeting was held in Cochabamba, Bolivia, on 8 and 9 December 2006. The third meeting was held in Brasília – this meeting should have taken place in Cartagena (Colombia), but was postponed because of tension between Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. It was at this meeting that UNASUR was formalized and in which the Constitutive Treaty of the organization was signed.
The foreign ministers of each country will meet once every six months. They will make concrete proposals for action and executive decision. The Permanent Representative Committee of the President of Mercosur and the Director of the Mercosur Department, the Secretary General of the Andean Community, the Secretary General of ALADI and the Permanent Secretaries of any institution for regional cooperation and integration, Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization, Among others, will also attend these meetings.
On 9 December 2005, the Strategic Reflection Commission on the South American Integration Process was created. It consists of 12 members, whose function is to elaborate proposals that will help in the process of integration among the South American nations. These proposals were to be made at the 2nd UNASUR Meeting (2006).
The South American Parliament will be located in Cochabamba, Bolivia, while the headquarters of its bank, the Bank of the South are located in Caracas, Venezuela.
The Executive Committee, created at the 2nd UNASUR Meeting, was transformed into the Political Commission or Council of Deputies, in accordance with the Decisions of the Political Dialogue. The text prepared by heads of state to form UNASUR was approved at the 3rd UNASUR Meeting in Brasília on 23 May 2008. This meeting was scheduled to take place in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, on 24–28 January 2008, but was postponed because of tensions between Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.
Ernesto Samper, the most recent Secretary General.
A Secretary General is the legal representative of the Secretariat in Quito, Ecuador. Former Ecuadorian president Rodrigo Borja was nominated to this position but resigned a few days before the formation of the USAN in May 2008. On 4 May, Néstor Kirchner of Argentina was appointed as the first Secretary General, despite resistance from Colombia, Uruguay, and Peru. After the death of Néstor Kirchner in 2010, there was a period of time when the position went unfilled, which eventually ended when María Emma Mejía Vélez was elected in March 2011. After Ernesto Samper completed his term in January 2017, UNASUR members have been unable to come to consensus on a successor.
Evo Morales, was the most recent President of UNASUR.
The temporary presidency will be governed by a year and will be rotating among the member countries between each UNASUR meeting. According to the document “Decisions of the Political Dialogue”, which was signed during the 1st South American Energy Meeting, a permanent general cabinet will be created and headquartered in Quito, Ecuador.
There are twelve Ministerial Councils of the USAN.
Meeting of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the members of Unasur.
The Economic and Financial Council of Unasur was established on 12 August 2011, in Buenos Aires, during a meeting of Finance Ministers and representatives of the Central Banks of the twelve countries of the region. Argentine Deputy Economy Minister Roberto Feletti said that the Council would study measures to strengthen regional trade in national currencies without the use of dollar. “We have reached an agreement on three axes of work and one of them is to move forward with multilateral payment mechanisms, to sustain trade and protect the volumes of reserves,” Feletti said, noting that trade between countries in the region moves 120 billion dollars Yearly. “The use of national currencies, excluding the dollar, protects reserves and increases trade because there are lower transaction rates.” He also detailed plans of the technical groups focused on the development and strengthening of Development Banks, such as the Andean Development Corporation (CAF) and the Bank of the South. He explained that the technicians will review the Latin American Reserve Fund (FLAR), aiming at in order to give greater capacity to intervene to the governments of the bloc in case of speculative attacks against currency or sovereign debt.
Flags of the member countries of UNASUR in front of the headquarters of the organization, in Ecuador.
The creation of a Council of South American Defense was proposed by Brazil and discussed for the first time at a summit of the South American presidents in April 2008. The project was extensively discussed throughout 2008. The then Brazilian Defense Minister, Nelson Jobim, said in April 2008 that the Council would be formed after the “political” decision of the presidents who participated in the launch of the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) on 23 May 2008.
On 15 December 2008, at the extraordinary UNASUR summit, the creation of the South American Defense Council was finally approved. The defense ministers of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela. The Defense Council is responsible for developing joint defense policies, promoting the exchange of personnel among the Armed Forces of each country, conducting joint military exercises, participating in United Nations peace operations, promoting the exchange of analyzes on the world defense scenarios and the integration of industrial bases of military equipment.
The South American Council of Health is a UNASUR body established and approved on 16 December 2008, which brings together health ministers of the member states to develop regional programs in the region. Area of public health to be jointly financed by the South American bloc, to coordinate the energy policy of Unasur. It was created by decision of the Heads of State and Government of UNASUR, meeting extraordinarily in the Coast of Sauipe, Bahia, Brazil in December 2008. It was finally constituted on 21 April 2009 in Santiago, Chile.
It is a permanent council composed of Ministers from UNASUR member countries. This body was created in order to constitute a space of integration concerning health, incorporating efforts and improvements from other mechanisms of regional integration, such as MERCOSUR, ORAS CONHU and ACTO, to promote common policies and coordinated activities among member countries. It is also a consultation and consensus body concerning health, which intends to delve deeply into relevant themes and strengthen public policies aimed at improving the living conditions of the inhabitants of the South American continent.
Since health is an essential right to all human beings and all societies, and it is also a vital component for the development of mankind, the Health Council seeks political and social acceptance regarding the issue, proposing health to be seen as an important booster of cooperation and integration of the bloc’s nations, intensifying the coordination of such nations and respecting diversity and interculturalism in the region.
The Health Council aims to strengthen, by establishing a South American political institution with expertise in sanitary issues, the development of solutions to challenges that transcend national borders, developing values and mutual interests among the neighboring countries, thus facilitating the interaction of the Member States health authorities through the exchange of knowledge and technology in the region.
The South American Health Council (SHC) is composed of the Health Ministries of Unasur Member States. In order to achieve the Council’s goals, the Coordinating Committee – responsible for preparing propositions of Agreements and Resolutions – was created.
The Presidency of the Health Council is held by the Minister of Health of the country nominated for the Pro Tempore Presidency (PTP) of Unasur. It is in charge of coordinating the activities of all its bodies and managing the Technical Secretary. The Pro Tempore President has a two-year term that may be extended for another two years, being unconditionally succeeded by a president from a different country.
The South American Institute of Government in Health (ISAGS) of UNASUR is an intergovernmental entity of public character that has as main objective to promote the exchange, the critical reflection, the knowledge management and the generation of innovations in the field of Health policy and governance.
South American leaders during the Unasur 4th Summit, in Georgetown, Guyana.
Heads of State at the in Lima, in Peru.
An special UNASUR/BRICS leaders summit was held in Fortaleza, Brazil, in July 2014.
The 9th Summit, scheduled for April 23, 2016 in Quito, was canceled due to the Ecuador earthquake.
May 2010: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Election of Néstor Kirchner as Secretary General.
September 2010: Buenos Aires, Argentina. Discussion of the 2010 Ecuador crisis.
April 2013: Lima, Peru. Recognition of contested Venezuelan presidential elections results.
UNASUR countries has together 410 million inhabitants and a rate of population growth of about 0.6% per year. There are several demographics such as tropical forests, the Atacama Desert and the icy portions of Patagonia. On the other hand, the continent presents regions of high population density, such as the great urban centers. The population is formed by descendants of Europeans (mainly Spaniards, Portuguese and Italians), Africans and indigenous. There is a high percentage of mestizos that vary greatly in composition according to each place. There is also a minor population of Asians, especially in Brazil. The two main languages are by far Spanish and Portuguese, followed by French, English and Dutch in smaller numbers. Economically, Brazil, Argentina and Colombia are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent.
Portuguese, Spanish, English and Dutch are the official languages of UNASUR. Spanish is the official language of Uruguay, Bolivia and Venezuela. Dutch is the official language of Suriname; English is the official language of Guyana.
Indigenous languages of UNASUR include Wayuunaiki in northwestern Venezuela (Zulia) and Guaraní, Quechua and Aymara in Bolivia. At least three South American indigenous languages (Quechua, Aymara, and Guarani) are recognized along with Spanish as national languages.
Other languages found in UNASUR include, Hindustani and Javanese in Suriname; Italian in Uruguay and Venezuela. Arabic speakers, often of Lebanese, Syrian, or Palestinian descent, can be found in Arab communities in Venezuela.
An estimated 87% of South Americans are Christians (69% Roman Catholic, 18% other Christian denominations mainly Traditional Protestants and Evangelicals but also Orthodoxy), accounting for ca. 19% of Christians worldwide.
Due to the immigration of Indonesian workers, Suriname and Guyana have a large Hindu and Muslim community. Also Kardecist Spiritism can be found in several countries along with Afro-American religions.
Paraguaná Refinery Complex, considered the second largest and largest capacity in the world.
The highest nominal GDP in 2018 is Venezuela (62nd worldwide) with 96,328 billion dollars, followed by Uruguay (73rd worldwide) with 60,933 billion dollars, and Bolivia (92nd at the global level) with 41,833 billion dollars.
The highest GDP in 2018 is in Venezuela (52nd worldwide) with 330,984 billion dollars, Bolivia (88th worldwide) with 88,866 billion dollars, and Uruguay (91st Worldwide) with 82,641 billion dollars.
The highest GDP per capita in 2018 is held by Uruguay with US$22,445, followed by Suriname with 13,876 and Venezuela with 12,388. In terms of nominal per capita GDP, the ranking is headed by Uruguay with US$16,641, Venezuela with US$6,890, and Suriname with US$5,869.
Members of UNASUR and main regional highways.
One of the initiatives of Unasur is the creation of a common market, starting with the elimination of tariffs for products considered non-sensitive until 2014 and for sensitive products until 2019.
The Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America is currently underway, with investments estimated at US$38 billion from the Inter-American Development Bank, the Andean Development Corporation, the National Bank for Economic and Social Development and the Financial Fund for Development of the Plata Basin.
The initial integration plans through the infrastructure cooperation of UNASUR came with the construction of the Bioceanic Corridor and the Interoceanic Highway. The Pacific Highway, between Peru and Brazil, began to be built in September 2005, financed 60% by Brazil and 40% by Peru, and was completed in December 2010.
Presidents of the seven founding countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela and Uruguay) officially launched the South American Bank in Buenos Aires in December 2007. The heads of all the founding countries were at the ceremony, with the exception of President Tabaré Vázquez of Uruguay. The capital will be US$7b, with Venezuela responsible for US$3b and Brazil US$2b. The headquarters will be located in Caracas with offices in Buenos Aires and La Paz.
The Bank of the South will finance economic development projects to improve local competitiveness and to promote the scientific and technological development of the member states. Its founding charter affirms that the bank will promote projects in a “stable and equal” manner and priorities will be oriented towards reinforcing South American integration, reducing asymmetries, and promoting an egalitarian distribution of investments.
The Brazilian Minister, Guido Mantega, stated that the bank is not similar to the International Monetary Fund; it will be a credit institution similar to the World Bank.
The Bank of the South (Portuguese: Banco do Sul, Spanish: Banco del Sur, Dutch: Bank van het Zuiden, English: Bank of the South) will establish monetary policy and finance development projects. One of the objectives of monetary union is to establish a Single South American currency. Support for the creation of this currency was provided in January 2007 by Peruvian President Alan García, and other South American authorities expressed themselves in favor, as Bolivian President Evo Morales in April of that year, who proposed that the currency Only one denominated “Pacha” (“earth” in Quechua language), however, except for the right of each country to suggest a name for the common currency.
Soldier of the Brazilian Army patrols the surroundings of the Summit of Heads of State of Unasur in 2008, held in Brasilia.
The South American Defense Council (CDS) was proposed by Venezuela and Brazil to serve as a mechanism for regional security, promoting military co-operation. From the beginning Brazil, Argentina and Chile, the countries that took the leadership of the project, made clear that they did not intend to form a NATO-like alliance, but a cooperative security arrangement, enhancing multilateral military cooperation, promoting confidence and security building measures and fostering defense industry exchange. Colombia initially refused to join the defense council due to the strong military ties it has with the United States through the Plan Colombia. However, after reviewing the proposal they decided to join on 20 July 2008.
Shortly following the signing by Colombia’s President, President of Chile Michelle Bachelet appointed a working group to investigate and draft a plan for the new council. Finally, on 10 March 2009, the 12 nation members held, in Chile, the first meeting of the newly formed council.
In mid-2010, UNASUR played a key role in mediating the 2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis. On 1 September 2010, the agency “UnasurHaití” was created to provide US$100 million in help to Haiti.
South American presidents in front of the Casa Rosada, Buenos Aires, during the bicentenary of the May Revolution.
Partial or total closure of land borders with the affected State, including suspension or limitation of trade, air and sea transportation, communications, energy supply, services and supply.
Visits by citizens of UNASUR to any other UNASUR member state of up to 90 days only require an identification document issued by the traveler’s country. In November 2006, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Uruguay agreed to abolish visa requirements for tourists between any of those nations.
Mercosur, along with its Associate members of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador established that their territories together form an “area of free residence with the right to work” to all its citizens, with no additional requirements other than nationality. The Free Movement and Residence Agreement was established in the Brasília summit based in a previous document signed on 6 December 2002.
Citizens of any Mercosur countries will have a simplified process in temporary residence visa of up to two years in any other member countries, with the requirements of a valid passport, birth certificate, and no criminal record. Temporary residence can become permanent if a licit means of living can be verified.
At a summit in Guayaquil, Ecuador on 4 December 2014, UNASUR general secretary Ernesto Samper announced, “We have approved the concept of South American citizenship,” including the creation of a single passport.
UNASUR intended to create electoral monitor teams that would replace the monitors from the Organization of American States.
Member states of the Andean Community trade bloc.
Member states of the Mercosur trade bloc.
Member states of neither Andean Community nor Mercosur.
Exclusive Economic Zones of the member states of the USAN. Considering them, the total area reaches the 29 884 548 km².
Isla Aves, a Venezuelan territory situated in the Antilles.
Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao are parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands near the Venezuelan coastline.
French Guiana, which is an overseas department of France and is therefore part of the European Union.
The Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are overseas territories of the United Kingdom and overseas countries and territories of the European Union; they are also claimed by Argentina.
Trinidad and Tobago, although not a member, this sovereign state had been a dependency of Great Britain and was invited to join the Union of South American Nations by President of Venezuela, Nicolas Maduro in July 2013.
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^ See Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands and Sovereignty of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
^ Johnlall, Raphael (18 July 2013). “Venezuela President Maduro talked energy, transport while in T&T”. Trinidad and Tobago Guardian. Guardian Media. Retrieved 29 September 2013. Apart from Mercosur, Maduro also invited T&T to be “incorporated” into Union of South American Nations (Unasur) because of its geographical proximity to the South American mainland (11 Kilometres).” Maduro said.
^ “Working papers” (PDF). cadmus.eui.eu. | 2019-04-20T00:21:39Z | http://yowlink.com/?rdp_we_resource=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnion_of_South_American_Nations |
What do the Schools Say About the Irlen Method?
We trained 15 intervention teachers as Irlen Screeners for the Santa Maria-Bonita School District. Most screenings are completed as part of the Student Success Process, and students are provided with the necessary overlays. I have supported the Irlen Method since 1990 when I was trained as a screener.
As the Learning Strategy Coordinator at Stanford University, I have been interested and involved for over 30 years with a number of methodologies for enhancing the student's process of learning. Since my initial training as an Irlen Screener, I have used the Irlen questions and have identified dozens and dozens of students who have gone on to use the Irlen lenses. One example is a second year medical student in the Medical Program at Stanford University who was a slow reader and always got headaches while reading. With her Irlen overlay, her reading speed immediately increased from 145 words per minute to 190 words per minute with comprehension.
I have been an Irlen Screener for almost five years, yet have believed in the Irlen method for at least a decade. I have screened over 100 people, including public school students and many of their parents. Vast improvements in reading fluency are common. The teachers at Ocean View have been continually impressed with the immediate improvement they notice when students use their overlays. They have come to trust the Irlen method.
The Irlen Method has been an amazingly simple and effective way to diagnose and provide support for students who struggle with reading. We have found that students who can be helped in no other way have success with using this method. I would consider this an essential component to a successful program providing a comprehensive program of reading support and instruction.
According to our records, approximately 40% of the learners who come to our literacy program have moderate to severe Irlen Syndrome. Many of our learners have been misdiagnosed as dyslexic. Upon being screened and receiving their colored overlays, they have been able to improve their reading and writing skills, accomplish more in a shorter time, retain their lessons better, and more completely comprehend what they read. I just received a call from a student who I assessed in high school who just graduated with her Master’s Degree from Berkeley and wanted to let me know that her Irlen Filters had ‘saved her life’.
My research studies have identified Irlen Syndrome as a primary reason that students avoid reading and struggle with reading and learning. With the appropriate colored transparencies, college students gained nearly four grade levels in reading and middle school students gained from one year to five years in reading. Irlen Syndrome is the principal and most widespread “invisible” barrier to reading and learning for upwards of forty percent of student populations.
I have been an Irlen Screener for my school for some 10 years. I have witnessed many miracles. I am a strong proponent of the use of Irlen Filters. I know that it works.
Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome testing is an integral part of our screening process for dyslexia and related disorders. Using appropriately prescribed (Irlen) colored overlays and/or filters often provides a successful treatment tool.
The teachers involved with these students report that the Irlen overlay filters are the instrument responsible for the pupil's improvement in terms of reading skills. If, out of every 200 special education students enrolled in our district, 25 children are returned to the regular programs, a substantial cost reduction would be achieved.
For the offender population, over 50% of whom are learning disabled, the Irlen Method offers a new way of approaching the problems of LD.
To date, I have not witnessed any other educational technique that has had such an immediate impact on an individual's reading ability.
Our feeling as disinterested outsiders is that the technique developed by Helen Irlen addresses a severe, unmet need in the community, has promise, and has benefited many individuals but requires further validation. We are dealing here with a technology that is emerging and whose efficacy has yet to be fully established, in terms of non--nal scientific standards and to the satisfaction of funding agencies and policy makers. We look forward to seeing the results of further work in this fascinating area.
We have been convinced of the value of Irlen Filters. All special education referrals must have a SSS screening as part of the referral process. Secondly, we have placed over 800 colored overlays in our schools to be used by students. We have evidence of children in three months going from non-reader to grade level reader and no longer a behavior problem, children going from a C/D student to an A/B student on one report period, and attendance has gone from chronic absences with stomachaches to regular attendance; and a dyslexic 12 year old who could not read the most simple of reading material, in spite of four years in a special education resource room, being able to read a book at the 4th grade level immediately upon placing on the colored filters.
The Chawanakee Joint School District feels that the district program of screening for SSS and prescribing (Irlen) colored overlays and/or filters is an essential part of the overall reading program. It gives them every opportunity possible to learn as much as they are able. The teachers report that it changes non-readers into readers, enables others to read longer, and enhances speed and comprehension for others.
We are finding a disproportionately high incidence of Scotopic Sensitivity among underprepared and underachieving college students. Students with SSS reporting reading problems made significant gains in both rate and comprehension on the same reading test with use of (Irlen) colored overlays. This is the key toward their personal and professional goals.
We have added Scotopic Sensitivity Screening as an intervention procedure. This has resulted in many non-readers using (Irlen) colored overlays and/or filters and has prevented the need of special education services. Because of the use of (Irlen) colored overlays and/or filters, our special education referrals have been greatly reduced. We are indeed appreciative of being able to identify those students who can be better helped through Scotopic technology rather than years of special education.
We allow many students to slip through the cracks of the educational system. If a student can be helped by a simple overlay, why would you choose not to take advantage of this method? The Irlen Filters are a solution to one aspect of the problem.
Our local Rotary clubs raised the money to train school staff how to test for SSS. Our results were exciting because over 200 leaming disabled students were tested and over 75% have SSS and were helped in their reading, writing, comprehension, and math. This is a simple, common sense approach. The cost is minimal and the results are maximum.
This (Irlen) technique has tremendous potential to restore individual self-esteem, reduce the school drop-out rate, and impact on the reduction of behavioral problems in children. We eventually hope to make SSS screening and treatment a universal practice in all Erie area schools.
We are excited about the potential the Irlen Method holds for the offender/ex-"I feel that physicians should have open minds and consider all avenues to creating successful students. The Irlen Filters may not be the answer for everyone; but for those who have reading difficulties of a specific perceptual nature, they do help. They give students a tool to use for better education.
As a Director overseeing exceptional student education for the Dade County Public School system in Miami, Florida, I am extremely skeptical of any new or unique techniques. Since piloting the Irlen Approach to Reading, the percentage of students that have been helped to increase their perceptual reading ability is genuinely impressive, and I endorse promoting the technique to a larger number of students.
I have recommended to the Texas Rehabilitation Commission that the (Irlen) screening and treatment technique be adopted as it is now currently approved in several other states' rehabilitation commissions.
After the completion of the Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome Project at Onate High School with learning disabled students, the response from not only the parents of these students, but the Las Cruces staff was overwhelming. Referrals appeared from everywhere! Parents of elementary students called; parents of mid-school students called; staff referred themselves and their own children. It was astounding!
We trained pre-screeners and the screening process was in full swing! Unable to keep up with the referral demand, four screeners processed as many as they could handle. Students using overlays reported dynamic changes in their abilities to focus on the written page. Parents phoned to say that their children were reading at home, independent of an adult for assistance. Teachers reported their observations of students' motivation to read using their overlays.
We have lost one screener. The referrals take up an entire file drawer. We are working on our IDEA-B federal grant to train one individual in each school and three individuals in each secondary school. The goal is to have screeners in all buildings. The Chapter I Reading Lab teachers will also pursue training.
The Las Cruces Public Schools has 21,000 students enrolled. We have a population of 2,000 students enrolled in our special education programs. Our goal is to implement Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome screening into the Building screening Committees, hopefully to diagnose symptoms of Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome and to provide remedial strategies and overlays to prevent special education placement. Wouldn’t that be terrific?
I wanted you to know what an impact your technology has had on banning unified school district. We have added scotopic sensitivity screening as an intervention procedure at the student resource team level. This has resulted in many non-readers being recognized as having scotopic sensitivity, and these students' use of the coloured overlays has prevented need of special education services. Because of the number of overlays now being utilized at one site, our special education referrals have been greatly reduced.
We are currently utilizing three levels of screening in our district. The pass is utilized by trained aides and volunteers, and those scoring high on this test are then referred to the site screener for more in-depth assessment. The next level for those still identified at risk and in need of more than the overlays would be referred to our diagnostic screeners who have been trained by you.
We are indeed appreciative of your contribution and help in identifying those students who can be better helped through scotopic technology rather than years of special education. Special education has a big job serving those with special needs who cannot be remediated in other ways, and scotopic screening has helped to make that job easier.
Deer Valley Unified School District has contracted with Mrs. Abromovitz, who is a consummate professional, on an on-going basis for Scotopic screenings for students who have been experiencing difficulties with visual perceptual processing. Deer Valley Unified School District , being the fiduciary agent and member of the pilot project, has been extensively involved in learning about the syndrome via in-services and training and has become significantly aware of what can occur when the difficulty is discovered and remediation occurs. Many of our students have benefited by the screenings, overlays and lenses. It has made a difference in the lives and learning of these students and their families.
This note is to let you know of our successes in the Page School District since you came to Page and trained our first set of 15 screeners in April 1992. In addition, ten more screeners were trained.
We have over 250 students and staff in the elementary, middle school and high school using overlays. Students are able to read longer, attend to task better and improve reading skills with the use of overlays.
Teachers feel it is important to identify students with symptoms of SSS and refer them to the screeners. We are modifying the lighting in the classroom by turning off one bank of fluorescent lights. We allow students to wear hats and encourage the use of overlays. We are making a difference for many students.
I am writing this letter to advise you of the implementation of the Scotopic Sensitivity/Irlen Syndrome program into our school district.
Jurupa Unified School District's enrollment is approximately 17,000; we operate 15 elementary schools, two middle schools, two comprehensive high schools, and two continuation high schools. Our ethnic breakdown is approximately 50% Caucasian, 40% Hispanic, 8% Afro-American, and 2% Asian and other. The community is middle class to poverty with some areas of upper-income properties.
I first became aware of the Scotopic Sensitivity/Irlen Syndrome through the "60 Minutes" television program. Initially, I was a disbeliever and had resisted efforts on the part of my psychological staff to implement the program. However, after discovering that 1, in fact, have the syndrome and now wear the lenses for reading, I became somewhat more interested!
We trained selected special education staff members, i.e. Psychologists, Remedial Reading Specialists, to provide SSS/Irlen screening services for students referred by teachers. At the end of the school year, we reviewed 199 middle school students who were screened and provided colored overlays. Of the 199 students, staff reported 90 had shown some level of improvement; twenty-five were reintegrated into regular education and dropped from special education. It was the opinion of the teachers involved with these students that the lrlen overlay filters were responsible for the pupils' reading improvement.
At interest here is the fact that, out of every 200 special education students enrolled in our district, we can return 25 to the regular program, a substantial cost reduction would be achieved. For example: Approximately 1,600 students are enrolled in the district's non-severely handicapped learning disability program. If we could return 200 students to regular programs and reduce eight special education classes, that would be a savings of approximately $800,000 a year to our district.
My name is Cynthia Stone. I have lived in Acushnet for 20 years, but I have taught at the Acushnet Elementary School for 26 years. For the last 7 years, I have been assigned to the Special Needs Department working with children in grades 3, 4, and 5.
Historically when a child was evaluated and placed on an Individual Education Plan (I.E.P.), he or she remained on that I.E.P. for the rest of their school career. Recent research has discovered that the success of most pull-out remedial programs was less than originally anticipated. Therefore, recent legislation has encouraged school systems to keep children in the mainstream classroom. In Acushnet, we feel that we are successfully working toward this goal. A large part of our success is attributed to the use of Irlen Overlays.
In the last 4 years 16 children, reading I to 2 years below grade level, have been fitted with Irlen overlays, remediated, and mainstreamed into general education reading. These children are now reading at grade level or within 6 months of grade level.
During the school year, 141 students were using the Irlen Overlays. Thirty-three of these students were receiving Special Needs services for Reading. Of the 33 students currently receiving special needs reading services, 16 were successfully mainstreamed back into the general education classroom for reading and related subjects.
Of the 108 general education students using overlays, all 108 could be potential special needs students if their reading difficulties associated with light sensitivity were not addressed and their reading deficits remediated at an early age. Most of our students with SSS are screened 'in grades 2 - 3 or 4. Our referrals come mainly from homeroom teachers. We have also made SSS screening part of our pre-referral process. Any child having reading difficulty is screened for SSS before any other type of testing is performed.
Based on our success rate, we believe that students in other communities across the State may also benefit from Scotopic Sensitivity Screening. Such a procedure may reduce the number of students with reading difficulties and is 'in line with the State Legislature's and Department of Education's goals to reduce the number of Special Needs students in the state of Massachusetts.
The following article was published in the Texas Reading Report, the newsletter for the Texas State Reading Association.
I have been an Irlen screener for about three years now, and have been screening the children in our university reading clinic each semester. Belton ISD 36 teachers were trained to screen children in Belton. The goal of that district was to have at least one screener on each elementary campus by the fall. The response of the teachers has been overwhelming.
Part of our elementary education program at the University of Mary Hardin-Baylor each semester involves educating our pre-service teachers about Irlen Syndrome. Because I work directly with "at-risk" children each semester, I see the "casualties" of poorly trained reading teachers. "Poorly trained," in my opinion, also includes those educators lacking knowledge of Irlen Syndrome, a problem that is clearly adding to the frustration of many of our disabled readers.
Thank you for your continued dedication and support of those who believe in this program as you do. It has become for me both a "personal and professional passion." For the sake of our children, I am hopeful that someday the program will count as many reading educators among its ranks as it does psychologists. Until that happens, at least in this state, there is little hope that the program will be embraced by the public schools. I will certainly continue to do whatever I can to work toward that end. | 2019-04-26T07:39:51Z | http://irlen.ie/Testimonial/testimonials-schools.html |
Vaccination of domestic ruminants is considered to be an effective strategy for protecting these animals against Rift Valley fever (RVF), but available vaccines have limitations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the safety and immunogenicity of RVF virus (RVFV) mutagenesis passage 12 (MP-12) and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidates in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) in Tanzania. Goats were vaccinated intramuscularly with RVFV MP-12 or arMP-12ΔNSm21/384, and then on Day 87 post-vaccination (PV) all animals were revaccinated using the RVFV MP-12 vaccine candidate. Serum samples were collected from the animals before and after vaccination at various intervals to test for RVFV using a Vero cell culture assay and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and for RVFV-neutralising antibody using a plaque reduction neutralisation assay. Serum samples collected before vaccination on Days -14 and 0, and on Days 3, 4 and 5 PV were negative for RVFV and neutralising antibody. All animals remained healthy, and viremia was not detected in any of the animals. Rift Valley fever virus antibody was first detected on Day 5 PV at a 1:10 dilution in five of five animals vaccinated with the MP-12 vaccine and in five of eight animals vaccinated with arMP-12ΔNSm21/384. Titres then increased and were sustained at 1:40 to 1:640 through to Day 87 PV. All animals that were revaccinated on Day 87 PV with MP-12 developed antibody titres ranging from 1:160 to as high as 1:10 240 on Days 14 and 21 PV. Although the antibody titres for goats vaccinated with RVF MP-12 were slightly higher than titres elicited by the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine, these findings demonstrated that both vaccines are promising candidates for the prevention of RVF among Tansanian goats.
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an important zoonotic disease in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula affecting both humans and animals, especially domestic ruminants (Balkhy & Memish 2003; Pepin et al. 2010). The disease is caused by the RVF virus (RVFV), a negative single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the order Bunyavirales, family Phenuiviridae, genus Phlebovirus (Rima et al. 2017). The disease in animals is characterised by fever, ocular and nasal discharge, bloody diarrhoea, abortion storms in gestating ewes and 90% – 100% mortality in newborn lambs. In humans, the disease causes self-limiting febrile illness, but in about 1% – 2% of cases clinical symptoms progress to neurological disorder, vision loss, haemorrhagic fever and even death (Madani et al. 2003). The disease was first identified during an epizootic and epidemic among sheep and humans on a farm in 1931 in the Rift Valley of Kenya (Munyua et al. 2010). Subsequent outbreaks have been reported from numerous countries throughout Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Outbreaks in East African countries usually occur following heavy rainfall that results in an increase in the abundance of mosquito vectors. In Tanzania, outbreaks occur every 5–15 years with low-level transmission of RVFV between outbreaks (Sumaye et al. 2013; Woods et al. 2002). The first outbreak in Tanzania was documented in 1977 and the most recent one occurred during 2006–2007 (Anyamba et al. 2010; Jost et al. 2010). In contrast to the most recent outbreak that affected humans and livestock in 52.4% of the regions in Tanzania, previous outbreaks only affected livestock primarily in the northern parts of the country (Faburay et al. 2017).
As a result of the devastating impact of RVF on human and animal health in Tanzania and other RVFV-enzootic countries, several vaccines have been developed, and some are currently being used in an attempt to prevent this disease among livestock in Africa (Faburay et al. 2017). Vaccines offer the most promising control and prevention strategy for RVF because they can afford protection by inducing humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, as well as by enabling vaccinated animals to transfer colostrum that contains maternally acquired antibody to their offspring. (Dar et al. 2013; Labeaud, Kazura & King 2010; Morrill et al. 1987; Morrill, Mebus & Peters 1997a; Niklasson, Meadows & Peters 1984; Pepin et al. 2010). Therefore, a safe and efficacious vaccine that produces a rapid humoral response and long-term protective immunity could prevent human and animal disease and save economic resources in an outbreak situation (Morrill et al. 2013b). However, the currently used RVF vaccines have not had a significant impact on the prevention of RVF in livestock, and approved vaccines are not available for human use (Morrill & Peters 2003). Some of the promising RVF vaccine candidates being evaluated include the mutagenesis passage 12 (MP-12) vaccine and a recombinant candidate vaccine derived from MP-12, referred to as arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 (Caplen, Peters & Bishop 1985; Saluzzo & Smith 1990; Won et al. 2007). Rift Valley fever MP-12 is a live attenuated mutagenised vaccine that was developed from a virulent Egyptian RVFV strain, ZH548, by 12 serial passages in human foetal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells in the presence of 5-flourouracil. As a result, mutations were induced in the large, medium and small RNA segments resulting in attenuation of the virus through amino acid changes (Vialat et al. 1997). Although the MP-12 vaccine candidate was found to be safe and immunogenic in human volunteers, efforts to develop RVF MP-12 vaccine for human use were suspended because of other priorities (Ikegami & Makino 2009; Pittman et al. 2016a, 2016b). Moreover, extensive testing of the MP-12 vaccine found it to be safe and immunogenic in small laboratory animals, non-human primates, as well as in sheep and cattle (Bird et al. 2009; Morrill et al. 1987, 1991, 1997b, Morrill & Peters 2011). As a potential veterinary vaccine, MP-12 was not considered to be a promising candidate because it does not have biomarkers to distinguish naturally infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Therefore, reverse genetic technology was used to develop a recombinant vaccine (arMP-12ΔNSm21/384) that has nucleotides 21–384 deleted from the non-structural regions of the M segment to serve as a potential DIVA vaccine (Ikegami et al. 2006; Kalveram et al. 2011; Won et al. 2007).
Safety and immunogenicity studies conducted in the USA demonstrated that the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 candidate vaccine was safe and immunogenic in sheep and calves using doses ranging from 1 × 103 through 1 × 105 plaque forming units (PFU) and was non-abortigenic and non-teratogenic in pregnant ewes vaccinated during the early gestation period (Morrill et al. 2013a, 2013b). Moreover, sheep vaccinated with this vaccine and then challenged with a virulent strain of RVFV were protected during experimental studies in Canada (Weingartl et al. 2014). Although MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidates have been shown to be safe and efficacious in sheep and calves in the United States (US), and the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine in sheep in Canada, studies have not been conducted to assess the safety and immunogenicity of these vaccines in these target species or in goats in an RVFV-enzootic African country such as Tanzania. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess safety and immunogenicity of MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidates in goats (Capra aegagru hircus) in Tanzania.
Animal experiments were conducted in an insect-proof animal biosafety level 2 (ABSL-2) facility and laboratory testing of blood samples from the animals was performed in a biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) virology laboratory located at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro, Tanzania. The Morogoro district is located at latitude 6°49’S and 37°39’E with an elevation peak at 1200 m above sea level. It is bordered by seven regions: Tanga and Manyara to the north; Ruvuma, Iringa and Njombe to the south; the Coastal Region to the east; and Dodoma to the west. It has a total of eight districts, namely, Kilosa, Mvomero, Ulanga, Gairo, Kilombero, Morogoro Rural and Morogoro District.
Healthy C. aegagrus hircus goats 6–9 months old were used in this study. A total of 15 animals were purchased from local vendors in the Mvomero District of the Morogoro Region of Tanzania and housed in the SUA ABSL-2 facility. Prior to entering the facility, all animals were sprayed with Steladone® 300 emulsifiable concentrate (EC) acaricide to remove and prevent introduction of ectoparasites. In addition, all animals were treated orally with 4 mL of 2.5% albendazole for possible parasites. The animals were individually identified using numbered ear tags and acclimatised in the facility for 2 weeks before use in the experiments. All 15 animals were housed in the same room of the facility. Throughout the experiment, all animals were given fresh grass three times a day, supplemented with maize bran, a mineral block and water ad libitum, and were observed daily for elevated body temperature as a possible indication of illness.
The Vero E6 cells used in this study were kindly provided by the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), Texas, US. Aliquots of 1.0 mL in freeze-dried form of the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine (Lot No. 15/3/2017) were provided by the Multi-chemical Industry (MCI) Santé Animale Biopharmaceutical Company in Mohammedia, Morocco. The identity of arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 virus was confirmed at MCI using a qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (Nfon et al. 2012) targeting the L and M viral RNA segments (Morrill & Peters 2011; Njenga et al. 2015) followed by sequencing at the GENEWIZ laboratories (GENEWIZ Global Headquarters; US) using next generation sequencing technology (Illumina method: 1 × 50 bp single read HiSeq2500, High Output, per lane [V4 chemistry]). The infectivity titre of the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine virus was 105.5 tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50/mL in Vero E6 cells. The MP-12 virus was originally obtained by UTEP from the World Reference Centre for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. At UTEP, the identity of the MP-12 vaccine virus was confirmed using the plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) and a RVFV MP-12-specific monoclonal antibody (Mab). The Mab neutralised the infectivity titre of the MP-12 virus from 106.0 PFU/mL to 102.0 PFU/mL but did not neutralise the infectivity titre of Sindbis and/or West Nile viruses. A virus stock of RVF MP-12 was prepared at UTEP with an infectivity titre of 1.4 × 107.0 PFU/mL in Vero E6 cells and was stored in 0.5 mL aliquots at −80°C. Of this stock, 10 aliquots were provided to the SUA virology laboratory to prepare working virus stocks to support this study. At SUA, a working stock of the MP-12 virus was prepared in Vero E6 cells with an infectivity titre of 1 × 107.0 PFU/mL.
The goats used in this study were divided into three groups: five animals for vaccination with MP-12, eight for arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 and two animals for negative controls. Each freeze-dried vial of arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 was reconstituted in 2 mL of Eagle’s minimum essential medium (EMEM) containing 4% foetal bovine serum (FBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Each reconstituted vial contained 1 × 105.0 PFU/mL of the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 virus. The MP-12 vaccine virus was diluted in EMEM to yield a concentration of 1 × 105.0 PFU/mL from the initial concentration of 1.4 × 107.0 PFU/mL. One millilitre of each virus was loaded into separate 5 mL syringes in a class IIA2 biosafety cabinet (NuAire, Plymouth, MN, USA) and transported in a cool box on ice to the ABSL-2 animal facility. An 18-gauge needle was attached to each of the 5 mL syringes and the animals were vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) in the neck area with 1 mL per animal. The two control animals were vaccinated likewise with 1 mL of EMEM containing 4% FBS.
Blood samples (4 mL) were collected from the jugular vein of each manually restrained goat using a 6 mL vacutainer tube. Serum (2 mL – 3 mL) was obtained from each of the animal blood samples after leaving the samples overnight at 4 °C followed by centrifugation at 1200 g for 10 minutes. Aliquots of 0.5 mL – 1.0 mL of each serum sample were transferred to sterile prelabelled vials and stored at −80 °C in an ultra-low temperature freezer until tested for RVFV and/or RVFV-neutralising antibody. Serum samples were collected 14 days before vaccination, as well as on Day 0 immediately before vaccination, and were tested for RVFV using a Vero E6 cell culture assay and for RVFV antibody using the PRNT. Samples obtained on Days 3, 4 and 5 were also tested for RVFV using the same cell culture assay; thereafter, samples obtained on Days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 70, 84 and 87 post-vaccination (PV) were tested to determine the neutralising antibody response using the PRNT. On Day 87 PV, all goats including the two EMEM control animals were revaccinated with 1 mL of 1 × 104.0 PFU/mL of the MP-12 vaccine. All animals were observed for signs of illness and each week rectal temperatures were recorded. Blood samples were obtained on Days 7, 14 and 21 following revaccination to determine the neutralising antibody response using the PRNT, as described below.
Prior to performing the RVF reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, RNA was extracted from serum samples collected from goats on Day 14 before vaccination, on Day 0 of vaccination and on Days 3, 4, and 5 PV following the manufacturer’s instructions using the Siam® Viral RNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Sera samples were pooled in groups of two, and MP-12 virus positive and negative control samples were included during RNA extraction. After extraction, RNA was stored at −80 °C.
The QIAGEN One-Step RT-PCR Kit was used to test RNA samples for RVFV RNA. Primers targeting the M segment (551 bp) – RVF forward 5’TGT GAA CAA TAG GCA TTG G’3 and RVF reverse 3’GAC TAC CAG TCA GCT CAT TAC 5’ (Ibrahim et al. 1997) – were used at a concentration of 0.1 µM. Mutagenesis passage 12 viral RNA was used as a positive control, and master mix (buffer) was used as a negative control in the RT-PCR assay. Thermocycler conditions were as follows: Initial cDNA synthesis at 50 °C for 30 min, PCR activation at 95 °C for 30 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95 °C for 30 seconds, 58 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 2 min, then final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR amplicons, together with Hi-Lo™ DNA Marker (Bionexus, Inc. Oakland, CA, USA), were loaded and separated on a 1.5% agarose gel (stained with 10 µl of gel red) using electrophoresis at 120 volts/20 cm for 45 min and visualised using a UV-transilluminators.
The sera samples obtained from goats on Day 14 before vaccination and on Day 0 of vaccination and samples obtained on Days 3, 4 and 5 PV were diluted 1:2 in EMEM supplemented with 4% FBS. Confluent monolayers of Vero E6 cells were propagated in 24-well plates, and each culture was inoculated in duplicate with 50 µL of each serum sample. The cultures and inoculums were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C and agitated every 15 min to facilitate virus absorption. After absorption, 0.5 mL of EMEM supplemented with 4% FBS was added to each culture and incubation was continued at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Cultures were observed once daily for 10 days using an inverted microscope for cytopathic effect (CPE). After 10 days, all CPE-negative cultures were frozen, thawed and then passaged blindly in Vero E6 cells using the same procedure; they were again observed once daily for 10 days for CPE. Any cultures that developed CPE were harvested and stored in aliquots of 1.0 mL for further study using RT-PCR to determine if the CPE was caused by RVFV. If there was evidence of RVFV, all aliquots and any remaining cultures were destroyed by heating in an autoclave at 44.4 °C because of biosafety concern requirements that RVFV as a select agent must be kept in a BSL-3-plus laboratory.
All animals used in the vaccine trials were kept isolated and quarantined in a holding facility separate from the ABSL-2 facility, and if confirmed to be infected with RVFV they were not used any further in this study.
Serum samples collected from the goats on Days 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 70, 84 and 87 PV and on Days 7, 14 and 21 PV following revaccination were tested for RVFV-neutralising antibody. Each serum sample was diluted 1:5 initially, followed by fourfold dilutions through 1:5120 in Hanks’ balanced salt solution supplemented with 1% HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), penicillin and streptomycin and heat-inactivated FBS in a 96-well plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Each diluted test sera (75 µL) was mixed with an equal volume of virus suspension containing approximately 60–80 RVFV PFUs. As a result, the final sera dilutions were 1:10, 1:40, 1:160, 1:640, 1:2560 and 1:10 240, containing virus ranging from 30 PFU to 40 PFU. The controls consisted of a mixture of an equal volume of 60–80 RVFV PFU with a 1:10 dilution of RVFV-positive antibody and a RVFV-negative antibody goat serum. The virus–serum dilution mixtures were incubated at 37 °C in the absence of CO2 for 1 hour. Next, Vero E6 cells were seeded in 24-well tissue culture plates and incubated for 4–5 days at 37 °C and 5% CO2 to provide 90% confluent monolayers. The growth media was then discarded from the Vero E6 cell monolayers and 50 µL of each virus–serum dilution mixture was inoculated onto each of two wells of cell monolayers per sample. The virus positive antibody control serum mixtures were inoculated onto each of 20 culture wells and the virus-negative antibody control serum mixture was inoculated onto each of culture wells. Cultures and inocula were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2 with agitation every 15 min. SeaKem agarose (1%) with an equal volume of 2x Eagle’s basal medium with Earle’s salt (EBME), HEPES, sodium bicarbonate, 8% FBS and 1% penicillin, streptomycin and L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was then prepared, and 0.5 mL was overlaid onto each cell culture. The agarose overlay was allowed to solidify and then the cultures were incubated for 2 days at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Each culture was then overlaid with 0.5 mL 1% agarose mixed with an equal volume of 2x EBME supplemented with 5% neutral red (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and incubated overnight at 37 °C. The plaque forming units were counted and the dilution of serum that reduced the RVF MP-12 virus dose by 80% was considered as the neutralising antibody titre.
Rectal body temperatures were recorded for each animal at the time of blood collection up to Day 35 PV. In addition, their general health status was assessed by veterinary personnel once a day and recorded. Animals that developed any sign of illness during the study were given a clinical examination by a veterinarian and samples were collected for analysis and diagnosis.
Data analysis was performed using R statistical analysis software version 3.4.1. Analysis of the difference in antibody responses between goats vaccinated with the MP-12 or arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccines during the first vaccination and after MP-12 boosting were performed using the Welch two-sample t-test with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05.
The animal experiment was performed according to an experimental protocol reviewed and approved by the UTEP, El Paso, Texas, and the SUA IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) (ref # 559105-08 and SUA/CMVBS/R.1, respectively).
The rectal body temperatures of all animals before vaccination with MP-12 or arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 ranged from 38.2 °C to 38.5 °C. On Day 1 after vaccination, the temperatures of all vaccinated animals had increased to 39.0 °C, and the control animals had a temperature of 40.0 °C. On Day 2 PV and thereafter throughout the study, the temperatures of the animals ranged from 37.0 °C to 38.5 °C, including the control animals, and all animals remained healthy throughout the study (Figure 1).
FIGURE 1: Mean rectal body temperatures of goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) vaccinated with Rift Valley fever MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccines.
Serum samples obtained from all goats 14 days before vaccination and on Day 0 immediately prior to vaccination with the MP-12 or arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine were negative for RVFV RNA as indicated using RT-PCR and RVFV isolation attempts in Vero E6 cells. Also, RVFV was not detected in any of the sera samples obtained on Days 0, 3, 4 and 5 PV, nor from blind passage in Vero E6 cells. Therefore, there was no detectable viremia in the goats as a result of IM vaccination with MP-12 or MP-12-NSm-del vaccines.
All goats vaccinated with MP-12 or arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 developed neutralising antibodies; however, the two control animals inoculated with only EMEM supplemented with 4% FBS did not produce neutralising antibodies (Table 1). On Day 5 PV, all five animals vaccinated with MP-12 had neutralising antibody titres of 1:10. On Day 14 PV, three animals had neutralising titres of 1:40 and two had titres of 1:160. The antibody titres increased until Day 28 and were either sustained or decreased through to Day 87 PV, when all animals were revaccinated with 1 mL each of 1 × 104 PFU/mL of the MP-12 vaccine virus. The humoral immune response in these revaccinated animals was characterised by a rapid increase in neutralising antibody titres to peak titres of 1:640 on Day 7 PV in all animals; on Day 14 titres ranged from 1:640 to 1:10 240 and on Day 21 PV from 1:2560 to 1:10 240 (Table 1).
TABLE 1: Rift Valley fever neutralising antibody titres in goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) vaccinated with 1 × 105.0 plaque forming unit (PFU)/mL of Rift Valley fever MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidates and revaccinated with 1 × 104.0 PFU/mL of MP-12 on Day 87 post-vaccination.
In arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccinated goats, five of eight animals had neutralising antibody with titres of 1:10 on Day 5 PV, and by Day 7 PV all animals had antibody titres ranging from 1:10 to 1:160. Antibody titres remained relatively constant until Day 28, and by Day 35 a slight increase was observed in titres that were as high as 1:640 in two animals. Antibody titres then ranged from 1:40 to 1:160 until Day 87 PV. After revaccination of all animals with the MP-12 vaccine on Day 87 PV, antibody titres increased, ranging from 1:160 to 1:640 on Days 7 and 14 PV, and from 1:160 to 1:2560 on Day 21 PV. The antibody titres for the two EMEM control animals vaccinated with MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 were 1:10 and 1:40 on Day 7 PV, increasing to 1:160 for both animals by Day 21 PV, thus in line with the titres observed for the animals initially vaccinated with MP-12 or arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccines (Table 1).
There was no significant difference in the antibody responses between goats vaccinated with MP-12 and those vaccinated with the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine (p = 0.10) during the first vaccination. However, the antibody titres for the goats that were revaccinated was significantly higher for the animals that received the MP-12 vaccine than for those that received the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine (p = 0.03).
The results of this study indicated that the RVF MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidates elicited neutralising antibody in goats following vaccination using the IM route. Except for slightly elevated temperature of 39 °C to 40 °C on Day 1 PV, all animals maintained normal body parameters such as appetite, well-being and normal rectal temperatures ranging between 37 °C and 38 °C. The transient, slightly elevated temperatures on Day 1 PV in all animals, including the negative control animals, suggested that this observation was not related to the vaccines. The most likely reason was stress caused by manual handling of the animals during vaccination. Other virulent RVFV infection-related symptoms such as haemorrhage, diarrhoea, nasal and ocular discharge were not observed during the entire PV period. There was no evidence of virus shedding as the control animals remained negative, while being confined in the same pens with the vaccinated animals. However, further studies are needed to exclude the possibility of shedding and/or spread of the vaccine virus, including experiments designed to evaluate viral shedding in excreta, such as nasal and ocular swabs, or testing for the potential spread to highly susceptible species, such as younger or immunocompromised animals.
The RVF Smithburn and clone 13 vaccines, which are the more commonly used vaccines in Africa, especially the Smithburn vaccine, warrant concern because of a link to foetal malformations, stillbirths and abortions during the first trimester of gestation (Botros et al. 2006). Moreover, experimental studies showed that clone 13 had a potential teratogenic effect among pregnant sheep (Makoschey et al. 2016). Although this study did not assess the safety of the vaccines in pregnant goats, our preliminary results showed that both the MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccines were safe and the antibody titres induced were considered to be high enough to protect African goats against RVFV infection. The potential protective efficacy based on antibody titres is supported by the results of a study that showed antibody titres in sheep of approximately 1:100 following vaccination with arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine were protective against challenge with a virulent strain of RVFV (Weingartl et al. 2014). Moreover, studies involving the parent MP-12 vaccine revealed that antibody titres ranging from 1:10 to 1:20 in hamsters and 1:20 in rhesus macaques afforded protection against challenge with a virulent strain of RVFV (Morrill & Peters 2011; Niklasson et al. 1984 1984).
All five goats vaccinated with MP-12 and five of eight vaccinated with arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 developed detectable neutralising antibodies by Day 5 PV, demonstrating that the vaccines elicited a rapid humoral immune response comparable to results reported for sheep inoculated with a similar dose of arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine (Morrill et al. 2013a). Moreover, the results were similar to those observed for pregnant sheep vaccinated with RVF MP-12 vaccine that developed detectable neutralising antibody from Days 5 to 7 PV (Morrill et al. 1991).
Goats vaccinated with the MP-12 vaccine developed neutralising antibodies with peak titres between 1:160 and 1:640 by Day 35 PV, which were either sustained or decreased through Day 87 PV prior to being revaccinated with the same vaccine. The rapid antibody immune response inducement and overall in increasing pattern of antibody titres suggested that the vaccine may possibly protect animals, even if administered after the onset of a RVF outbreak, as reported previously (Bird et al. 2008). In our study, a robust antibody response was observed in all goats starting from Day 7 after revaccination with the MP-12 vaccine. The antibody titres increased from 1:640 to 1:10 240 by Day 21 post-revaccination, thus suggesting that the vaccine may afford protection to animals exposed to virulent RVFV in the field.
A steady increase in neutralising antibody titres was observed in goats following vaccination with arMP-12ΔNSm21/384, with peak titres measured on Day 35 PV ranging from 1:40 to 1:640. These results demonstrated that the deletion of the non-structural region of the medium viral RNA segment (NSm) did not affect immunogenicity and that the vaccine activated B-cells and dendritic cells for initiation of antibody development. Following revaccination with the MP-12 vaccine, all goats elicited a rapid humoral immune response, and antibody titres were significantly higher than when the animals were first vaccinated, thus further demonstrating the potential of the vaccine to elicit strong immune responses in the field, if the vaccinated animals were exposed to virulent RVFV.
The antibody responses of goats following single vaccination with MP-12 or arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 did not differ significantly (p = 0.10), and therefore the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384, with its potential for use as a DIVA marker vaccine, could have an advantage over the MP-12 vaccine. The results were comparable to those reported for studies conducted in sheep and calves in the USA following vaccination with MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/348 (Morrill et al. 1987, 1991, 1997b, 2013a, 2013b), in which animals developed detectable neutralising antibody by Day 7 PV with a titre of 1:20. In this study, neutralising antibody were detected in most goats vaccinated with either vaccine on Day 5 PV with titres of 1:10 and in all goats on Day 7 with titres ranging from 1:10 to 1:160, slightly higher than titres reported for sheep in the USA study. The observation that sheep vaccinated with arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 developed antibody titres that were comparable to those observed for goats in this study are an indication that these animals should also be protected following challenge with virulent RVFV (Weingartl et al. 2014).
Overall, the antibody titres for goats in this study, following vaccinations with MP-12 or the arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine candidate, were slightly lower than titres observed for sheep during a study in Canada and sheep and cattle inoculated with these vaccines in the USA (Morrill et al. 1987, 1991, 1997b, 2013a, 2013b; Weingartl et al. 2014). However, the titres were comparable to those reported for goats, sheep and cattle vaccinated with RVF clone 13, despite the difference in laboratory testing procedures (Daouam et al. 2015; Dungu et al. 2010). Comparison of antibody titres among different animal species and involving different laboratories must consider possible differences in genetics, age, nutritional and health status, environment and vaccination, as well as laboratory testing procedures. Susceptibility differences may also contribute to variations among animal species in their ability to elicit immune responses to RVFV infection. For example, goats were reported to be more resistant to developing RVF disease than sheep, attributed in part to a lower and shorter viremia (Nfon et al. 2012). Therefore, the reduced amount of antigen produced in goats following vaccination, as opposed to sheep, may have resulted in a lesser amount of the vaccine virus being available to stimulate B cell secretion of antibody and may therefore have elicited a lower immune response in goats. While differences were observed in antibody titres elicited in goats vaccinated with either of the vaccines, the more critical criteria and promising feature regarding the assessment of the potential value of the MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccines was the fact that the antibody responses were consistent with moderate and predictive protective titres. The importance of this observation is that numerous studies in the USA and Africa have demonstrated that antibodies are crucial for protection of animals against infection with RVFV (Dungu et al. 2010; Niklasson et al. 1984; Morrill & Peters 2003; Njenga et al. 2015; Pepin et al. 2010).
The results of this study revealed that both the MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 candidate vaccines elicited the production of antibody titres to levels that could possibly afford protection to goats without inducing adverse post-vaccinal reactions. Thus, both vaccines are safe and should prove efficacious towards affording protection to this target species (goats) against virulent wild-type RVFV infection.
Other studies in progress to further evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of MP-12 and arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 in goats and sheep, as well as evaluating other routes of vaccination, such as the intradermal and intranasal routes, will provide a better understanding of the overall safety and efficacy of the candidate vaccines for use in target domestic ruminant species of RVFV in Africa.
The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to the research team under the Feed the Future Innovation Laboratory for Rift Valley Fever control in Agriculture from Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) and the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) for their high level of cooperation throughout the study. The authors thank Dr Mhando Anthony, Peter Marwa and Shida Mkuya for their technical assistance, including handling and maintaining the animals throughout the study and a special thanks to the Multi-chemical industry (MCI) Santé Animale Biopharmaceutical Company in Mohammedia, Morocco for providing the RVFV arMP-12ΔNSm21/384 vaccine. The authors also thank Ms Linda Salekwa for her technical advice and support throughout the study and the SUA Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) for their oversight during this study.
The authors, D.M.W., G.E.B., P.W., M.M., and S.B. conceived and designed the experiments. The experiments were performed by S.B., E.A., J.M., E.A., L.M., and M.M., and the same authors participated in the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data of the work. The authors, S.B., E.A., P.P., D.M.W., P.W., G.E.B., M.M., and J.M. prepared the manuscript. All authors participated in the revision of the manuscript, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work and approved the final version this manuscript.
This study was funded under a subcontract from the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), Texas who was awarded funding by United Stated Agency for International Development (USAID) under Feed the Future Innovation Laboratory for Rift Valley Fever Control in Agriculture, Cooperative Agreement AID-OAA-A-13-00084 FTF-Rift Valley Fever Vaccine.
The contents are the responsibility of Sokoine University of Agriculture and UTEP and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.
Daouam, S., Ghzal, F., Ae, A., Naouli, Y., Jazouli, M., Mm, E. et al., 2015, ‘Vaccines & vaccination evaluation of the safety and efficacy of a live attenuated thermostable Rift Valley fever vaccine in sheep, goats and cattle’, Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination 6, 295.
Morrill, J.C., Jennings, G.B., Caplen, H., Turell, M.J., Johnson, A.J. & Peters, C.J., 1987, ‘Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever virus immunogen in pregnant ewes’, American Journal of Veterinary Research 48, 1042–1047.
Morrill, J.C., Mebus, C.A. & Peters C.J., 1997a, ‘Safety of a mutagen-attenuated Rift valley fever virus vaccine in fetal and neonatal bovids’, American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, 1110–1114.
Morrill, J.C., Mebus, C.A. & Peters C.J., 1997, ‘Safety and efficacy of a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever virus vaccine in cattle’, American Journal of Veterinary Research 58, 1104–1109.
Morrill, J.C. & Peters, C.J., 2003, ‘Pathogenicity and neurovirulence of a mutagen-attenuated Rift Valley fever vaccine in rhesus monkeys’, Vaccine 21, 2994–3002.
Niklasson, B.S., Meadors G.F. & Peters C.J., 1984, ‘Active and passive immunization against Rift Valley fever virus infection in Syrian hamsters’, Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica. Section C 92, 197–200.
Pittman, P.R., Norris, S.L., Brown, E.S., Ranadive, M.V., Schibly, B.A., Bettinger, G.E. et al., 2016a, ‘Rift Valley fever MP-12 vaccine Phase 2 clinical trial: Safety, immunogenicity, and genetic characterization of virus isolates’, Vaccine 34, 523–530.
Sumaye, R.D., Geubbels, E., Mbeyela, E. & Berkvens, D., 2013, ‘Inter-epidemic transmission of Rift Valley fever in livestock in the Kilombero River Valley, Tanzania: A cross-sectional survey’, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 7(8), e2356. | 2019-04-26T11:45:33Z | https://ojvr.org/index.php/ojvr/article/view/1683/1841 |
USDCHF has formed a cycle top at 0.9928 level on 4-hour chart. Another fall towards the lower border of the channel is still possible later today, a clear break below the channel support will indicate that the upward movement from 0,9463 has completed, then deeper decline could be seen to 0.9600 zone. However, a break above 0.9928 will indicate that the uptrend from 0.9463 has resumed, then another rise to 1.0000 could be seen.
The adoption of the single European currency in late 1999 had a mixed effect on currency transfer operations and the overall economic performance of the European Union (EU). It lowered some costs but spurred doubts about the ability of national governments to control financial markets in times of crisis. Doubts notwithstanding, the euro has already become a major world reserve currency and is bound to grow even stronger if it manages to replace the U.S. dollar as the oil trading currency.
Speaking about currency transfer operations within the EU, one must admit that the introduction of the single currency benefited individual and business clients because it brought the costs of currency conversion across the continent to naught, thus downsizing the cost of currency transfers. However, the adoption of the euro in the Eurozone resulted in a single monetary policy determined by the European Central Bank, which left little room for national governments to manoeuvre in times of trouble. Moreover, different levels of inflation and unemployment levels within the Eurozone and the EU as a whole were among the factors that have recently been fanning the fire of financial troubles in Europe.
Obviously, euro adoption was a factor to strengthen European financial markets in terms of liquidity because businesses and governments have more sources of funding and are not limited by local currency barriers to borrowing money and gave fresh start to European financial markets.
After its introduction in late 1999 the euro started to depreciate against the dollar and following a series of volatile moves in May 2009 it slid to an exchange rate tantamount to its initial trading value. Meanwhile, individual and institutional brokers around the world managed to heavily profit on these currency fluctuations, and transfers entailing conversion from one currency to another was a matter of survival for some companies. Later, the euro continued to gain against the U.S. currency but the recent recovery of the American economy helped the dollar restore its positions and now it is evident that it finally lost its leading role as the world”??s reserve currency.
Many countries already switched to the euro as a reserve currency and even the oil-rich countries of OPEC are considering options to start trading oil in euro. Such a move will most likely initially shake the financial markets because many currency transfers denominated so far in U.S. dollars will be lastingly switching to the euro.
Euro adoption has its disadvantages, too. The major one is that at present national governments within the Eurozone can only rely on fiscal policy and public investment to adjust economic policy to the needs of specific regions and countries. In times of financial crisis and dangerously high budget deficits across Europe, countries like the United Kingdom, which is not a member of the Eurozone, have more room to act and manipulate the exchange rate of the pound to achieve better economic results. The Bank of England can take measures to devalue the British currency and ease access to cheaper credits, while countries like Greece, which belongs to the Eurozone, is not allowed to do so. On the other hand, positive effects outweigh negatives and most financial analysts are of opinion that the euro has a bright future ahead of it.
This week is expected to be heavy with economic news and traders will want to stay tuned with the rumblings taking place in the US and Japan over further currency interventions. Early this morning, the currencies from both countries experienced a rapid spike which quickly receded.
Some speculations have hinted at an intervention by the Bank of Japan (BOJ), but as of this morning no confirmations have been given. Traders will definitely want to keep an eye on what transpired during the Asian market hours, but may also wish to follow today’s leading events.
Britain’s Manufacturing Purchasing Manager’s Index (PMI) is a leading indicator of economic health based on business conditions as seen from the perspective of purchasing managers. If this figure comes in line with expectations, or higher, the pound may experience some modest bullishness, continuing with its latest trend.
Similar to Britain’s PMI figures, the US Institute of Supply Management (ISM) will be surveying American purchasing managers to gauge business conditions in the US. As with the British PMI data, if the American counterpart’s figures come in line or above expectations, the USD may pare some of its recent losses, but long term pressure will likely remain constant without a significant difference.
By Andrew Daigle – The recent boom in activity on the forex market is attributed to the large sums of money made by astute traders, very quickly. Fast money often attracts plenty of erratic forex traders, and wreaks havoc on the market until they’ve lost their investment. If you decide that you want to trade in the foreign exchange market, make it your business to learn the information that will help you make the most profitable decisions. There are forex trading strategies that you can use, and forex indicators that will assist you, but nothing is a substitute for good old-fashioned knowledge.
Above all else, you will need to be familiar with the different currencies with which you’ll be dealing. There are too many currencies being traded on the foreign exchange market for you to simply click on one and hope for the best. If you’re just starting out trading foreign currency, it’s best to stick with popular currencies such as the U.S. dollar (USD), the euro (EUR), Great British pound (GBP), Japanese Yen (JPY), or the Swiss Franc (CHF). Exotic currencies from less popular countries are also an option, but you’ll have to improve your education to become knowledgeable about them because they are traded in very small volume and offer few profits.
In addition to familiarizing yourself with the currency, you need to understand more about their pairings. On the currency exchange market you will be trading one currency for another, so it’s imperative to know information such as the conversion rates from some of the most popular pairings. Some of the most popular pairings are; USD/EUR, GBP/USD, and EUR/JPY. When you have a better understanding of the intricacies of the foreign exchange market, you will find trading foreign currency much easier.
Next, a successful trader is familiar with other factors that may have an impact on how a particular currency will do on the market. There are two important types of analysis that every currency trader must do before making a decision; fundamental analysis and technical analysis.
Before you make any investment into the foreign currency exchange, you’ll want to continue your forex education at the library or in the newspaper. Knowing the environmental factors affecting a particular currency can greatly impact how much and if you invest in a specific currency. Events such as political assassinations, natural disasters, and economic meltdowns can all affect how markets are impacted. These events will also affect how long a trend will last, making it vital that you keep up with word events as you trade on the currency market.
Just as important as the fundamental factors are to your forex education, so too are the technical factors. You will use forex indicators and trendlines to study past trends and determine how they are likely to move in the future. When combined with the fundamental factors, the technical analysis of the foreign exchange market can greatly improve the accuracy of any forex trading strategy. The technical analysis will be confirmed by other forex indicators, and combined with an understanding of the fundamentals, will give you the clearest possible picture of where the market is heading. When you know your business through and through, trading foreign currency becomes a fun and easy way to make money.
Andrew Daigle owns many successful websites including ForexBoost , a free Forex educational site to learn Forex trading strategies and partners with FX Instructor for live forex trading sessions and professional educational services.
An expert advisor (EA) main function is to buy or sell currencies at a signal point in time based on a set of forex trading signals generated by forex indicators. This main problem that it overcomes is related to psychological behavior of traders. The program is a kind of “assistant” which traders automatically without your interference. It do not have indicators present, instead it is based on dependencies. These psychological behaviors can be harmful for the traders and that is what these systems try to help avoid.
The Expert Advisor does not consider any human feeling or emotions such as fear, greed, and other related things while making decisions on trade and that is where traders find it most useful. Expert advisor is built using MQL4 language. The way these program help traders is that it does all the work that is tiresome and repetitive and does the trading automatically without the interference of the trader. All the trader has to do is keep the program switched on.
Most of the traders use the metatrader4 platform and that is why this program is specifically built to trade on metatrader4 platform. They can perform all there activities on it without any financial cost. Forex traders have realized that the best way to increase their investment is by the use of platforms such as metatrader4. The foreign exchange market and equity market trading is risky and if you don’t have an automated system and tools to work with, then you are bound to loose. There are not many traders in the market who have developed their own investment strategies. The changes in market are taking place rapidly and if you are not making the use of automated systems, then you are bound to find it difficult.
Individuals based on their own strategies and goals can use Metatrader EA. A trader can increase its revenue by doing trading on metatrader4 platform through the use of metatrader ea. Also metatrader EA is designed differently for different situations. Some are designed to stay in the market for long intervals of time and some for short period of time. Technical indicators and trading indicators are designed by metatrader ea to make best trading decisions. One major benefit that this program provides is that it automatically opens and closes trades based on the market conditions. It takes into account the fluctuations that are taking place in the market with respect to price before automatically doing the required work.
Metatrader EA has different purposes and they are made for different kinds of work. For example News Expert Advisor is used specifically to take full advantage of large prices shifts and also the news events that occur during the night. However, in order to make correct decision from the use of Metatrader EA you need to compare strategy tester reports. Strategy tester report or advisor back test is the test that metatrader ea does on historical data. Historical data modeling is used for the entire tests that are done through with Metatrader 4 built-in strategy tester.
ProIndicators.com is providing high precision TradeStation. Metatrader EA has different purposes and they are made for different kinds of work.
There are plenty of different Forex books and ebooks online that teach new traders how to trade using the levels of Fibonacci, Elliot Wave, etc. Of course these materials are very good for any new Singapore trader, but the problem is that the authors of these books give 100% guarantee that if you listen to them, you will make profit.
Alas, the reality is not so simple and to justify himself in the loss, a trader begins frantically recall all his steps and decisions in order to make sure there is a reason of his mistake and loss. Someone may has forgotten to take into account a very important indicator while opening a trading positions, another one had miscalculated the Fibonacci levels – and now such traders are making a sad conclusion: “No, the currency market is not for me… And of course everyone who thinks this way is wrong, as Forex has many strategies and some of them are very simple like trading with reverse orders that can give you more than 500 pips monthly.
The advantage of working with a reverse orders strategy is that you have a good chance to catch the market disregarding of its direction. I believe many of you have faced a problem when you predict the direction of the market and open a trading positions. But the market goes against you and your position is closed by stop loss order with a loss. And after that the market changes and goes your direction again. How disappointed we are when it happens.
In order to reduce the chances of losses in such situation a strategy of reverse orders was invented. It is a very simple trading strategy and every newbie trader may apply it. What you need to do is when you open a position on Buy instead of stop-loss level after 25 points you open a position for Sell. The same you do for a position for Sell, you secure it with a position for Buy. The point is that you don’t use a stop loss and if the market goes against you, you will still remain in the market.
By using this strategy you have a chance to correct your trading position any time disregarding of the market’s direction. The correction works the following way. If one of the orders shows the profit of 10 points you should open another order in this direction. This strategy will allow you to minimize the losses. When you have three orders (two sell and one buy) where in overall you are in profit you can start closing the profitable positions if you see that the market turns and takes another direction. Trading this way lets you open many positions and you can also use high leverage for it.
Remember that working on Forex with the strategy of reverse orders you need to open Buy positions when the trend is at the lower level and Sell when it is on the top. We wish you good luck trading with such a simple and effective strategy.
Daniel Shaw has many years of experience in online Forex trading. Visit his site Trading in Singapore to learn more about Singapore Trading.
I wrote about trading volume and how to use it in trading before. Here, we will extend to the application of volume as an indicator in trading. Let’s see how we apply volume as a technical indicator.
Volume plays an important role as an indicator traders use to indicate price direction. Interpretation of volume signals will be one of the handiest tools in your trading toolbox.
Volume is like a form of energy, securities respond to energy. Traders’ energies translate into volume which is the number of shares traded in a specific period of time.
Typically, you can spot representation of trading volume and spikes that run along the bottom of charts we are observing. If you are looking at a daily candlestick chart, a spike below represents the total number of shares trading during that day.
As I mentioned in the beginning, volume is an important indicator, the following are general approaches to read trading signals from the volume.
First, look for high volume on price breakout. When price break its resistance and go up (or break its support and go down). As the price continues their direction, you expect for strong volume. When the price tops off and pullback, you have to make sure that the pullback volume is relatively low. If the pullback volume is strong, it is better to take profit.
Second, scan charts to find the securities that are building their bases by locating the security that increasing in volume while its price continues to trade in the same tight and price range as before. This pattern indicates a high possibility to that institutional investors are quietly accumulating. You have options to wait for the price breaks out or enter a trade while securities are still in the base. If you choose the second, you have to set your stop loss extremely tight to minimize risk.
The third is to use volume and chart pattern together. For example, after 2-3 days up, if today’s price makes a new recent high but the candlesticks form as a doji, star, or other reversal patterns. It’s good time to take profits.
Finally, if climatic volume designated by a huge volume spikes near the end of extended trend, it often indicates that the trend might soon slow or end. Conversely, just because a climatic volume signals a trend reversal, do not take this as a signal to start bottom fishing. The patterns sometimes take a few days or occasionally, misfire.
Taro is an experience trader who trades in stocks, futures, forex. He strongly focuses on technical analysis, trading systems and money management.
If you would like to find more articles on MetaStock Tutorials, MetaStock Formulas, Trading Systems and Money Management. Please go to MetaStock Trading System.
Forex trading is fast becoming the top method of making money on the internet and plenty of average people are trying their hand at becoming millionaires. For most people, forex trading is a much needed source of a second income, to supplement their current single income from their main profession. However, the true potential to become very wealthy is not tapped by most such investors and they earn mere pennies on the dollar, compared with what they could be earning. While everyone has their own forex currency trading system, this will be in proportion to your risk appetite and will only bring the returns that you strive for.
While there are many ways to invest your money in currency, most people play safe by either investing small amounts or spreading their money very thin across the various currencies they are invested in. This makes for a very small return but practically no risk potential, since the bases are mostly covered so that if one currency depreciates, the other appreciates and the losses are minimal. However, clearly this will never make the forex trader a millionaire.
Life is short, and most forex trading millionaires made their money fast off the forex market. These individuals are generally highly leveraged, because they know that money makes money, and the more money they invest, the greater the risk and the greater the potential reward. Also, betting on unlikely currencies is risky and can have a huge potential upside.
So what exactly will leveraging yourself mean for you? You can start with a portfolio, meaning that you put your investment towards buying a part of the forex trading. Then, you buy shares of the forex trading the world over, depending on what countries appeal to you. The prices of these shares may rise slowly to increase your portfolio, and you are still playing safe. Once your total portfolio value goes over the 5000 dollar mark, you as a forex trader can apply for something known as a console, which now puts you in the position to act as an agent for others. At this point, you can process exchanges for small investors who want to buy and sell currencies through you. For each transaction processed, you will earn a fee of 6% and this can roll into your portfolio, increasing further, making your status as a forex trader more credible.
Other than an unlikely event such as a war or natural calamity, nothing on the forex market will give you a sudden unexpected windfall. Do not expect to become a millionaire over night. You will have to plan and strategize, and most importantly, leverage yourself, to truly make a lot of money. The forex market will generally move like the stock market, in small digits and only when you have plenty of money spread out on the forex market do you stand a chance of making a great deal of profit.
While this type of trading is not for the faint hearted, experience in forex trading will bring some confidence to your forex trading strategy, especially as you learn which systems work for you and which don’t. As your level of confidence grows, the process will seem much less daunting. However, it is great to be cautious and be sure of any risks you take. That said, do remember that millionaires are always highly leveraged in the forex market – take calculated risks.
Andrew Daigle is the owner, creator and author of many successful websites including ForexBoost at http://www.ForexBoost.com , a free forex training resource and http://www.CashCurve.com for learning about many different online business opportunities.
After months of practice and learning, every struggling novice trader begins to wonder whether the decision to enter forex trading was actually a big mistake. Why do other traders make money and I don’t? Do these successful individuals possess any special qualities? Can I improve myself in order to finally start making money? In order to become profitable in forex, you need to not only learn and practice, but work hard in improving yourself.
Below are the major characteristics needed in order to become successful. If you already possess the essential traits – good for you! Just keep practicing and soon you will see the cash flow. If you don’t have the necessary traits yet – don’t give up. Start working on yourself. It is possible to craft yourself into a trader!
1. Don’t Copy – Copying others is absolutely useless in forex. Every trader is unique and his/her strategies fit their personality and goals. You cannot rely on anyone else but yourself.
2. Be Disciplined – Stick to the plan, even when your self-esteem is over the top. Use your experience and knowledge of the market to make the right decisions, instead of irrational i-can-make-a-million-right-now conclusions, without skipping any important steps in your trading plan.
3. Accept Losses with Grace – Losses are not necessary a bad thing – write down the unfortunate experience in your trading journal, analyze why this happened and voila! You have received one of the valuable lessons by learning from your own mistakes. Practice makes perfect – so don’t freak out over the losses. Instead, learn from it and move on. The main difference between a successful trader and a novice beginner is in accepting the loss. The sooner you learn to lose, the faster you earn money!
4. Be Patient and Reasonable – Know exactly why and when to enter a trade. And here is a great tip – say all those reasons out loud. It is a great way to give a last glance before you make a final click. Don’t expect the profitable opportunities to pop up all day long. Sometimes, it is wise to give it a break and start again the next day with a clear head. Don’t worry about missing out either, because forex market is always on the move. Not catching the big wave doesn’t mean you will be left out without any profits for ages!
6. Keep It Simple – You don’t need to use all available forex indicators and create a one of a kind Michelangelo-like-masterpiece trading strategy. Keep trading ideas to the minimum – know when to get in and out of the trades and stay away from sentences such as “Let’s stay a bit longer and see what happens”! * Try trading daily during the same hours in order to get full grasp of currency behavior, liquidity and volatility changes. * Don’t trade on Sundays, holidays and opening/closing of the specific market. * Stay informed – read the news, follow the economic calendar, keep your eyes on unemployment rates, decisions on interest rates, gross domestic products, industrial production price, index consumptions, retail sales etc. * Follow the trend – don’t try to find something that there isn’t, just follow the rend and identify the point of inversion.
7. Develop Strategies – Use free demo accounts to develop your own strategy and a good trading plan. List out several possibilities (plan a, plan b, plan c) – and always have a clear instructions from getting out of troubles. The key to success in forex is to know how to behave in different situations, instead of trying hard to predict what market will bring us today.
8. Control Yourself! – Here is the tough part – the psychological issues related to trading. It is important to stay as cold-blooded as possible by controlling your emotions. Most importantly, don’t blame the market – blame only yourself! Are your losses still greater than profits? Stop trading right now and start analyzing your strategy. There is a flow somewhere and it is up to you to fix it.
Forex Broker Reviews – Forex brokers reviews and rating, comprehensive forex tutorials and articles, latest forex news and forex blog.
By Andrew Daigle – Trading in the forex market tends to be a little confusing when you’re first starting, which is why it’s vital to your success as a trader to understand technical indicators and use them within the framework of your forex trading strategy. Forex indicators assist traders in predicting the direction in which the currency market will travel. Following the indicators will give any forex trader the information they need to work their forex trading strategy. Because of its popularity with forex traders, we will begin with the moving average convergence/divergence (MACD) indicator.
The WHAT? – The MACD indicator sounds complicated so it must be, right? Wrong! The MACD indicator is one of the easiest trading indicators to analyze because it allows you to quickly identify and exploit a short-term trend. Composed of two colored lines, generally red and blue, the MACD forex indicator tells you if a currency is experiencing an up trend or a down trend. The first line, the MACD line is the total difference between two exponential moving averages, commonly referred to as EMAs, whereas the second line is the signal line. The signal line (blue) is plotted on top of the MACD line (red) to show you when to buy or sell.
Interpreting MACD – Now that you have a basic understanding of the MACD forex trading indicator, we will discuss two of the most common techniques used to make a forex technical analysis. First, are crossovers, which are indicators based on when the signal line and the MACD line “crossover” one another. When the MACD line crosses below the signal line that’s a technical indicator that you should sell or go short. If however, the MACD cross above the signal line, that’s a sign that it’s a good time to buy.
Next is the divergence technique, which generally signals to traders that a current trend will end soon. You will notice that the price is moving in the opposite direction of the MACD when a trend is coming to an end. With this technique you must also be on the lookout for positive or negative divergence. Positive divergence happens when the foreign exchange rate makes a new low, but the MACD begins to clime. Negative divergence occurs when the currency exchange rate makes a new high, yet the MACD falls and often closes lower than the previous day’s high.
The MACD is the most popular forex technical indicator because its clear signals are a simple indicator to buy or sell. Additionally this indicator eliminates the need to guess which way the trends are going, because the crossover and divergence techniques lets traders know they are trading in the direction of the trends. If you’ve chosen to use a short term forex trading strategy, you will find the MACD indicator especially useful due to its reliability when tracking short term trends in the market.
When using the MACD indicator, traders should be aware of whipsaw patterns that occur in the forex market. Whipsaw patterns involve a foreign exchange rate heading in one direction, and then quickly moving in the opposite direction. These patterns can cause the foreign exchange rate to fall or surge quickly relative to its position prior to the whipsaw.
Andrew Daigle owns many successful websites including http://www.ForexBoost.com , a free Forex educational site to learn Forex trading strategies and partners with http://www.FX-Instructor.com for live forex trading sessions and professional educational services. | 2019-04-26T14:55:32Z | https://www.countingpips.com/fx/2010/10/ |
A feeder for dispensing feed to livestock includes a trough and a hopper mounted above the trough. The hopper includes a sidewall, a bottom, a central feed discharge hole through the bottom, and a plurality of gravity flow feed openings arranged around the central feed discharge hole. A deflector is mounted in the hopper above and vertically spaced from the hopper bottom to cover the central feed discharge hole to restrict gravity flow of feed from the hopper through the central feed discharge hole. A sweep member is mounted for rotation about a vertical axis for sweeping feed under the deflector to the central feed discharge hole for discharge into the trough. A closure system is associated with the gravity flow feed openings to automatically close the gravity flow feed openings once animals start moving the sweep member to sweep feed to the central feed discharge hole.
PCT International Search Report dated Oct. 1, 2015 for PCT/US2015/035689. cited by applicant .
PCT Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority dated Oct. 1, 2015 for PCT/US2015/035689. cited by applicant .
Supplemental European Search Report, Application No. EP 15 80 7460, date of EP Communication dated Nov. 8, 2017. cited by applicant.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Thompson; Jeffrey L. Thompson & Thompson, P.A.
This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/012,036 filed on Jun. 13, 2014. The content of this prior application is incorporated herein by reference.
1. A feeder for dispensing feed to livestock, comprising: a trough; a hopper mounted above said trough, said hopper including a sidewall, a bottom, a central feed discharge hole through said bottom, and at least one gravity flow feed opening through said bottom, said gravity flow feed opening being located between said central feed discharge hole and said sidewall; a deflector mounted in said hopper above said hopper bottom and vertically spaced from said hopper bottom, said deflector covering said central feed discharge hole to restrict gravity flow of feed from said hopper through said central feed discharge hole; a sweep member mounted for rotation about a vertical axis, said sweep member being located between said deflector and said hopper bottom for sweeping feed to said central feed discharge hole to discharge therethrough into said trough; and a closure system associated with said gravity flow feed opening, said closure system having a first condition in which said gravity flow feed opening is open to allow gravity feed flow through said opening into said trough, and a second condition in which said gravity flow feed opening is closed; wherein said closure system is a flip door hinged to an underside of the hopper bottom.
2. A feeder for dispensing feed to livestock, comprising: a trough; a hopper mounted above said trough, said hopper including a sidewall, a bottom, a central feed discharge hole through said bottom, and at least one gravity flow feed opening through said bottom, said gravity flow feed opening being located between said central feed discharge hole and said sidewall; a deflector mounted in said hopper above said hopper bottom and vertically spaced from said hopper bottom, said deflector covering said central feed discharge hole to restrict gravity flow of feed from said hopper through said central feed discharge hole; a sweep member mounted for rotation about a vertical axis, said sweep member being located between said deflector and said hopper bottom for sweeping feed to said central feed discharge hole to discharge therethrough into said trough; and a closure system associated with said gravity flow feed opening, said closure system having a first condition in which said gravity flow feed opening is open to allow gravity feed flow through said opening into said trough, and a second condition in which said gravity flow feed opening is closed; wherein said at least one gravity flow feed opening comprises a plurality of openings in said hopper bottom that are spaced in a circular pattern surrounding an outer periphery of said deflector as viewed in plan view; wherein said closure system comprises a plurality of slide doors, each slide door having a first position in which a respective gravity flow feed opening is open and a second position in which the respective gravity flow feed opening is closed by the slide door; wherein said sweep member is operably coupled with a feed wheel disposed below said hopper in said trough so that animal-induced rotation of said feed wheel in said trough causes rotation of said sweep member in said hopper for sweeping feed to said central feed discharge hole for discharge into said trough; further comprising an activator mechanism associated with said feed wheel that is arranged to cause said slide doors to move from said first positions to said second positions upon rotation of said feed wheel; and wherein said activator mechanism comprises an activator pin attached to the feed wheel, said activator pin being arranged to contact said slide doors and force the slide doors radially outwardly from said first positions to said second positions upon rotation of said feed wheel.
3. The feeder according to claim 2, wherein said feed wheel comprises a hub mounted to an axle for rotation about said vertical axis, and a plurality of spokes extending radially outwardly from said hub, and said activator pin extends upwardly from one of said spokes.
4. A feeder for dispensing feed to livestock, comprising: a hopper having a sidewall, a bottom, a central feed discharge hole through said bottom, and a plurality of gravity flow feed openings through said bottom, said gravity flow feed openings being arranged around said central feed discharge hole; a deflector mounted in said hopper above and vertically spaced from said hopper bottom, said deflector covering said central feed discharge hole to restrict gravity flow of feed from said hopper through said central feed discharge hole; a sweep member mounted for rotation about a vertical axis, said sweep member being located between said deflector and said hopper bottom for sweeping feed to said central feed discharge hole to discharge therethrough; and a closure system associated with said gravity flow feed openings, said closure system having a first condition in which said gravity flow feed openings are open to allow gravity feed flow through said openings, and a second condition in which said gravity flow feed openings are closed; wherein said closure system comprises a flip door hinged to an underside of the hopper bottom.
5. A feeder for dispensing feed to livestock, comprising: a hopper having a sidewall, a bottom, a central feed discharge hole through said bottom, and a plurality of gravity flow feed openings through said bottom, said gravity flow feed openings being arranged around said central feed discharge hole; a deflector mounted in said hopper above and vertically spaced from said hopper bottom, said deflector covering said central feed discharge hole to restrict gravity flow of feed from said hopper through said central feed discharge hole; a sweep member mounted for rotation about a vertical axis, said sweep member being located between said deflector and said hopper bottom for sweeping feed to said central feed discharge hole to discharge therethrough; and a closure system associated with said gravity flow feed openings, said closure system having a first condition in which said gravity flow feed openings are open to allow gravity feed flow through said openings, and a second condition in which said gravity flow feed openings are closed; wherein said gravity flow feed openings are spaced in a circular pattern surrounding an outer periphery of said deflector as viewed in plan view; wherein said closure system comprises a plurality of slide doors, each slide door having a first position in which a respective gravity flow feed opening is open and a second position in which the respective gravity flow feed opening is closed by the slide door; wherein said sweep member is operably coupled with a feed wheel disposed below said hopper in said trough so that animal-induced rotation of said feed wheel in said trough causes rotation of said sweep member in said hopper for sweeping feed to said central feed discharge hole for discharge into said trough; further comprising an activator mechanism associated with said feed wheel that is arranged to cause said slide doors to move from said first positions to said second positions upon rotation of said feed wheel; and wherein said activator mechanism comprises an activator pin attached to the feed wheel, said activator pin being arranged to contact said slide doors and force the slide doors radially outwardly from said first positions to said second positions upon rotation of said feed wheel.
6. The feeder according to claim 5, wherein said feed wheel comprises a hub mounted to an axle for rotation about said vertical axis, and a plurality of spokes extending radially outwardly from said hub, and said activator pin extends upwardly from one of said spokes.
The present invention relates generally to livestock feeders. In particular, the present invention relates to a livestock feeder that can be used as a gravity flow feeder for small animals, and as a mechanical rotary feeder for larger animals.
The method of raising pigs has changed significantly over the past 40 years. Prior to the large pork production units of today, pigs were raised on the many small family farms that populated the United States of America. These small pig raising farms were diversified with many types of animals which allowed the farms to raise their own grain and grind some of that grain into feed for the farm animals. The animals included on most farms were chickens, cows, beef animals, and pigs. This diversification ensured that everything on the farm had a use and most waste materials were consumed by one type of animal on the farm. The farm animals typically lived in small outdoor sheds and occasionally in pens with other types of farm animals.
Over the years, these diversified farms began to change into specialized farms. Many began to cut down on the number of different animals raised in lieu of larger numbers of the same type of animals. Some farms selected cattle, some selected chickens, and still others chose swine. Most of the changes depended on the producer's interests, resources, and animal facilities. In the 1970's the trend in the pork industry was to increase the number of breeding female pigs on the farm and place the birthing pigs (farrowing) into buildings where the animal care could be more centrally provided. The baby pigs were then moved outside to grow until they were taken to market. More changes in the pork industry continued the following years. Eventually pigs were moved into buildings designed and ventilated for their specific age.
There are four types of buildings commonly used in the production of pork. The first type of building is the Breeding/Gestation building where the female pigs are bred and allowed to grow during the gestation period. The gestation period of a pig is typically three months, three weeks, and three days.
When the gestation cycle is completed, the female pigs are moved to the second building type. This building is used for birthing, or more commonly known as farrowing, of the females. This second building type is known as the Farrowing building. The female pigs (gilts/sows) are placed into a stall that prevents movements during farrowing and protects the baby pigs from being crushed to death as a result of the mother laying on them. The time between farrowing and weaning the baby pig is typically 21-28 days depending on the producer. The baby pigs will begin eating small amounts of dry solid feed during this lactation period. The feed is usually placed on a flat tray or a small self feeder.
The baby pigs are weaned from the mother at approximately 21-28 days of age. The mother (sow) is returned to the Breeding/Gestation building while the baby pigs are moved to the third type of building known as the Nursery. The nursery pig will typically be approximately 4.5-7.0 kg in weight at weaning and will be placed into larger pens with several other baby pigs from different mothers. These nursery pigs are fed solid feed through the use of small feeders that are filled with a specialized type of feed that matches their digestive development. There are usually three different formulations of feed provided to the nursery pigs as they grow to about 16-22 kg.
When the nursery pigs reach the desired weight, they are moved to the fourth type of building known as the Finishing building. The nursery pigs will remain in finishing pens from their entry weight of 16-22 kg to the market weight which is approximately 127 kg. The length of time for a nursery pig to reach market weight depends on many factors. Some of these factors include the quality of feed, the proper phase in which different feeds are introduced, building ventilation, water supply, disease, equipment, and animal handling techniques. Each of these factors has growth consequences when problems arise and the result is usually seen in the days it takes for a nursery pig to reach market weight.
Animal handling techniques and animal movements from one building to another create stress in nursery pigs that result in slower growth. The animal stress can also cause sickness, lack of appetite, and general disorientation which compounds the delay in animal growth and development. Special care must be taken when handling animals to prevent these effects from occurring.
Pork production in the 1990's saw further changes in the way swine were raised. Farms grew even larger and became known as farrow-to-finish farms. However, since the farms were becoming much larger with increasing animal population on each farm, major concerns about diseases arose. The concern was that since there was a large population of swine in a concentrated area, if a disease outbreak occurred, it could quickly doom the entire swine population. The solution to the disease concern was to begin separating the animal population and place them in different geographical locations that provided a single type of growth management. Therefore, the farms were separated into Breeding/Gestation/Farrowing farms (Sow Farms), Nursery farms, and Finishing farms all located at different geographical sites. This became known as three-site production.
The three-site production arrangement created a different problem. Baby pigs must be transported from the Sow Farm to a Nursery site and when the appropriate animal weight is reached the nursery pigs are moved to the Finishing site. Sometimes these sites are many kilometers apart and the transportation time and conditions (weather, trailer design, temperature, etc.) create much animal stress. The result of the animal stress is poor growth for a certain period of time until the pigs settle down and become acclimated to their new surroundings.
Three-site production continued to be used until the early 2000's when the Nursery and Finishing sites were combined to form what is known as Wean-to-Finish farms. The change to Wean-to-Finish farms reduced the number of production sites from three to two and reduces the animal stress as a result of the animal handling and movement. This Wean-to-Finish process allowed producers to place their Breeding/Gestation/Farrowing site, known as a Sow Farm, in mild climates while placing the Wean-to-Finish farms in geographically located sites that are close to the production of feed grains. These geographical areas in the United States are typically in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana where corn production is greatest. The reason for locating Wean-to-Finish farms in corn producing areas is to reduce the amount of transportation costs associated with moving feed.
Feed consumption of swine is very significant, especially as the pig approaches market weight. The feed costs are approximately 70% of the cost to produce pork. Any reduction in feed costs directly impacts the profitability of a pork producer. Likewise, the faster the weaned pigs grow to market weight, the better the growth efficiency is of the operation. Therefore, both feed costs and animal growth are the most important factors in a profitable pork operation.
The amount of feed that a growing pig requires is significantly increased as the animal approaches market weight. However, the feed efficiency of a pig decreases as it grows resulting in increased feed consumption with less animal weight gain. The larger the pig grows, the more it eats, but less of the feed consumed is turned into marketable meat weight.
Another aspect of a growing pig is that the pig becomes more and more interested in rooting, or playing, with anything that moves. This is a natural instinct for swine. They forage for food at ground level and will use their massive strength to move obstacles that are in the way. When eating, pigs usually sort the main feed component from the dirt and chaff by blowing and rooting. Therefore, if there is a large pile of feed available, a pig will scatter the feed and trample most of it in an effort to locate the best feed materials.
The design of feeders used in providing feed for growing pigs is very important when considering the factors presented earlier. The traditional pig feeder is designed where bulk feed is stored in a hopper above some outlet openings located in the feed trough. As the feed is removed from around the opening, additional feed flows from the hopper to fill the space where the feed has been removed. Gravity is the mechanism that causes this feed to flow from the hopper to the feed trough. This traditional pig feeder has become known as a gravity flow feeder. Therefore, the gravity flow design allows feed to always be present when the pig enters the feed trough area. The amount of feed flowing from the feed hopper to the feed trough is regulated by adjusting a slide gate that covers the opening in the feed trough. When the pigs are small, the opening will be large, allowing more feed to be presented to the pigs. As the pigs grow, the adjustment gate is closed to restrict the feed flow from becoming too great and allowing the pig to sort and waste the feed. Timing of this feed adjustment is crucial and often difficult to maintain.
FIGS. 8 to 10 show a typical gravity flow feeder 100. This type of feeder 100 has a feed hopper 101 that is connected directly to the feed trough 102 through an opening 103 at the base of the feed hopper 101. The feed flow through the gravity flow feeder 100 is shown in the cross section view of FIG. 10. The feed is stored in the feed hopper 101 and flows out of the bottom into the feed trough 102. The feed flows through feed adjustment doors 104 that restrict feed flow into the feed trough 102. The gravity flow system works very well when animals are small and do not consume much feed, but as the animals grow, the feed adjustment doors 104 must be closed to prevent excess feed from flowing from the feed hopper 101 into the feed trough 102. Any excess feed will be wasted by larger animals as a result of the animal's natural rooting and sorting behavior. Therefore, when the feed adjustment doors 104 are closed and restrict feed flow, the animal's become hungrier, more aggressive, and do not grow as intended. The typical gravity flow feeder works very well for small animals, but has serious performance deficiencies as the animals grow larger and stronger.
Osborne Industries, Inc. recognized the importance of hog feeder design and developed a mechanical rotary feeder known in the industry as the Big Wheel.RTM. Feeder (U.S. Pat. No. 6,199,511) to overcome the two primary factors outlined earlier. The Big Wheel.RTM. Feeder operated on a mechanical flow principal where the pig's natural rooting instinct is utilized to operate the feeder. Since the feeder is round in design and has a rotary feed wheel that transports the feed from the feed hopper to the feed trough, it constantly mixes all the feed in the trough, so that sorting and feed wasting is minimized. The Big Wheel.RTM. Feeder only requires a one-time adjustment to accommodate the type of feed quality and coarseness of feed grind, so that the feed flows properly through the feeder's mechanical delivery system.
Mechanical rotary feeders have been manufactured in several different sizes to fit the size of pig being raised. Nursery feeders and finishing feeders were designed to meet the needs of the respective pig size and weight. This rotary feed delivery became the feeder of choice for pork producers in the 1990's, owing to its substantial reduction of feed waste and improved feed efficiency. The use of gravity flow type feeders decreased as feed costs increased and producers strived to reduce the number of days it takes to raise a baby pig to a market sized pig.
The current swine production process (sow farms and wean-to-finish farms), which has been described earlier, has caused several problems for the design, operation, and upkeep of pig feeders. The three-site production process benefited greatly from the mechanical rotary feeder design invention. However, as the production process has been changed to Sow Farms and Wean-to-Finish farms, problems with pig feeders has been placed back into focus.
The primary problem is designing a pig feeder that is a one-size-fits-all solution. The pig feeder design must feed growing pigs from wean size (4.5-7.0 kg) to finish size (127-130 kg) while meeting durability, ease of use, reduction of feed waste, and optimal feed delivery requirements. The two types of pig feeders each have their strengths and weaknesses in meeting these requirements.
The gravity flow feeder design is optimal in the starting of weaned pigs because the feed is always present in the feed trough and there is no action or movement required by the baby pig. However, as the baby pig grows, the gravity flow feeder design is quickly overwhelmed with the behavior of a growing pig and adjusting the feed flow becomes a significant challenge. The feed flow adjustment is critical to provide enough feed to enhance growth, but not so much that waste occurs. There is a very fine line in making this adjustment and normally the adjustments are not appropriately made, resulting in either under-nourished pigs or excessive feed waste. The amount of feed wasted by growing animals is very costly and creates waste management challenges. Many Wean-to-Finish farms have hired personnel to travel from farm to farm to make these timely adjustments, however, disease concerns and lack of skilled personnel are preventing best practice procedures from being fully executed.
Mechanical rotary feeders are optimal on the larger growing side of the finishing pig owing to the pig's natural behavior, superior feed flow control (auto regulating), and consistent feed mixing to reduce sorting and fouling of feed.
The major disadvantage of the mechanical rotary feeder design is that the feeder design requires the pig to be of sufficient weight and size to move or operate the feed wheel which mechanically moves feed from the feed hopper to the feed trough. If the feed wheel is not moved, no feed will be delivered to the feed trough and the result will be under-nourished pigs. This is why the mechanical rotary feeder design was constructed to match the animal size and weight. It is possible to use a small mechanical Rotary feeder designed for baby pigs weighing approximately 7 kg and feed the larger growing pigs weighing 50-100 kg. However, the feed trough size will eventually be too small to accommodate the head size of the growing pig (100 kg and above), and the feed hopper capacity will be less than required to feed the number of pigs that may be eating.
If a mechanical rotary feeder designed for finishing pigs (minimum pig starting weight 20 kg) is used to start the weaned pig at a weight of 7.0 kg, the weaned pig will have insufficient strength to move the feed wheel and dispense feed into the feed trough. Since the smaller weaned pigs are unable to operate the larger mechanical rotary feeder, they will be under-nourished to the point of death, if no other attention is provided.
There is a need in the industry for an improved livestock feeder that can be used in a wean-to-finish swine operation.
The present invention corrects the above condition and allows the larger mechanical rotary feeder design to be modified into a gravity flow type feeder at the beginning of use and automatically adjusts to a mechanical rotary feeder to meet the needs of the larger finishing pig. The present invention provides direct openings at the bottom of the feed hopper which have slide gates to close off the opening. The closure of the slide gate is the result of the feed wheel movement which is required for the mechanical rotary feeder design to work properly.
The present invention is designed such that when weaned pigs, weighing approximately 7.0 kg, are placed into a pen with the larger mechanical rotary feeder, the openings will allow feed to gravity flow out of the feed hopper and directly into the feed trough. The openings will be sized so that enough feed is allowed to gravity flow into the feed trough to nourish the weaned pigs, but not enough to allow for wasting or fouling. As the weaned pigs grow, the supply of feed from the openings will be overcome and the pigs will begin rooting the feed wheel to gain access to the feed that is around the feed wheel. When the feed wheel moves, a pin located near the feed wheel center contacts the slide gates and causes them to close off the openings. The movement of the feed wheel will then cause feed to flow from the feed hopper to the feed trough resulting in a fully mechanical flow feeder.
When the pigs reach market size and are removed from the feed pen, the feed pens are cleaned, and the feeders are emptied and prepared for another pen of weaned pigs. The slide gates over the openings located at the bottom of the feeder hopper will be pushed back open by the cleaning personnel and the feeder is set for another round of growing pigs.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a feeder for dispensing feed to livestock is provided, comprising: a trough; a hopper mounted above the trough, the hopper including a sidewall, a bottom, a central feed discharge hole through the bottom, and at least one gravity flow feed opening through the bottom, the gravity flow feed opening being located between the central feed discharge hole and the sidewall; a deflector mounted in the hopper above the hopper bottom and vertically spaced from the hopper bottom, the deflector covering the central feed discharge hole to restrict gravity flow of feed from the hopper through the central feed discharge hole; a sweep member mounted for rotation about a vertical axis, the sweep member being located between the deflector and the hopper bottom for sweeping feed to the central feed discharge hole to discharge therethrough into the trough; and a closure system associated with the gravity flow feed opening, the closure system having a first condition in which the gravity flow feed opening is open to allow gravity feed flow through the opening into the trough, and a second condition in which the gravity flow feed opening is closed.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a feeder for dispensing feed to livestock is provided, comprising: a trough; a hopper mounted above the trough; a gravity flow feed system having at least one gravity flow feed opening for allowing feed to flow by gravity from the hopper into the trough; a mechanical rotary feed flow system having a feed discharge hole and an animal-activated sweep member for sweeping feed from the hopper into the feed discharge hole for discharge into the trough; and a closure system associated with the gravity flow feed system, the closure system having a first condition in which the gravity flow feed opening is open to allow gravity feed flow through the opening, and a second condition in which the gravity flow feed opening is closed, and an activator mechanism arranged to move with the sweep member to cause the closure system to change from its first condition into its second condition.
Numerous other objects of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in this art from the following description wherein there is shown and described an embodiment of the present invention, simply by way of illustration of one of the modes best suited to carry out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modification in various obvious aspects without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description should be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a rotary livestock feeder according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the rotary livestock feeder shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3a is a perspective bottom view of a feed hopper of the rotary livestock feeder.
FIG. 3b is a partially exploded perspective view of the rotary livestock feeder, showing the feed hopper separated from the trough cage.
FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the lower portion of the hopper, a closure system associated with the gravity flow feed openings, and the upper portion of the trough cage.
FIG. 5 is a cross section elevation view of the rotary livestock feeder showing the normal mechanical feed flow of the feeder.
FIG. 6 is a cross section elevation view of the rotary livestock feeder showing the gravity feed flow when the gravity flow feed openings are open.
FIG. 7 is another cross section elevation view of the rotary livestock feeder showing an alternate embodiment in which flip doors are used instead of sliding doors to close the gravity flow feed openings.
FIG. 8 illustrates a conventional gravity flow feeder.
FIG. 9 is an elevation view of the gravity flow feeder shown in FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a cross section view taken along line A-A in FIG. 9 to show the feed flow through the feeder.
A rotary livestock feeder 10 for dispensing feed to livestock according to the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7 of the drawings.
Conventional parts of the rotary livestock feeder 10 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The feeder 10 includes a trough 11, a hopper 12 mounted above the trough 11, a feed wheel 13 disposed below the hopper 12 in the trough 11, and a cage 14 connecting the hopper 12 to the trough 11. The feed wheel 13 has a plurality of spokes 15 extending radially outwardly from a hub 16, and the hub 16 rotates around a central vertical axis when animals push against the spokes 15. This type of rotary feeder (without the gravity flow feature of the present invention described below) was developed in the 1980s as means to control the feed flow from the feed hopper 12 into the trough 11. The rotary design with the feed wheel 13 in the trough 11 allowed the feeder 10 to use the natural rooting and sorting behavior of swine to operate and clean the feed trough 11.
FIG. 2 shows the components that are assembled together to comprise the rotary feeder 10 of the present invention. The hopper 12 includes a top portion 17 attached to a bottom portion 18. The top portion 17 of the hopper 12 has a generally cylindrical sidewall, and the bottom portion 18 of the hopper has a frustoconical sidewall that tapers downwardly and inwardly. The hopper 12 provides an area 19 where the feed is placed in storage prior to being dispensed by gravity flow or mechanical movement into the trough 11.
The bottom 20 of the hopper 12 has a central feed discharge hole 21 where the feed exits from the feed hopper 12 into the trough 11. Inside of the bottom portion 18 of the hopper 12 are a feed cone 22 and feed cone support 23 that is suspended above the central feed discharge hole 21 located in the hopper bottom 20. The feed cone support 23 is concentric with a central axle 24 to ensure central alignment above the central feed discharge hole 21. The feed cone 22 functions as a deflector vertically spaced above the bottom 20 of the hopper 12 that covers the central feed discharge hole 21 and restricts or prevents feed from flowing to the central feed discharge hole 21 due solely to gravity.
Beneath the feed cone 22 is a feed sweep member 25. The feed sweep member 25 is operably coupled with the center tube 26 of the feed wheel 13 for rotation together with the feed wheel 13. The feed wheel 13 is located concentric to the axle 24 and rests on the plate 27 connected to the axle. A feed wheel washer 28 is inserted between the feed wheel 13 and the axle plate 27. The feed wheel washer 28 provides the clearance necessary to prevent the feed wheel 13 from dragging on the trough 11. The axle 24 is attached to the center square location 29 of the trough 11. The feed hopper bottom 20 is connected to the trough 11 through the use of the trough cage 14. The trough cage 14 provides circumferentially arranged areas where the animals can access the feed in the trough 11.
The mechanical operation of the rotary feeder 10 is achieved by the animal's natural instinct of rooting and sorting of feed stuff. The animal enters the feeding area created by the trough cage 14 and eats the feed located in the trough 11. As the feed is consumed, the animal roots the feed wheel 13 one way or another causing rotation of the feed wheel 13. The animal-induced rotation of the feed wheel 13 in the trough 11 causes the feed sweep member 25 to rotate and sweep feed from inside of the bottom portion 18 of the hopper 12 to fall through the central feed discharge hole 21 located in the feed hopper bottom 20. The feed falls into the center of the trough 11 and is swept to the outer perimeter of the trough 11 by the feed wheel 13. Fresh feed is available for the process to begin over again.
The present invention differs from a conventional rotary feeder by having at least one gravity flow feed opening 30 through the bottom 20 of the hopper 12 in addition to the central feed discharge hole 21. The gravity flow feed openings 30 are used to allow feed to flow directly into the trough 11 by gravity. For example, as shown in FIG. 3a, a plurality of spaced-apart gravity flow feed openings 30 can be arranged in a circular pattern in the bottom 20 of the hopper 12 around the central feed discharge hole 21. The gravity flow feed openings 30 are arranged near the outer perimeter of the hopper bottom 20 between the central feed discharge hole 21 and the sidewall of the hopper 12. The gravity flow feed openings 30 are positioned so that the deflector cone 22 or other structures within the feed hopper 12 do not obstruct or restrict the gravity flow of feed through the openings 30. The feed stored inside of the feed hopper 12 flows freely into the trough 11 through the gravity flow feed openings 30.
A closure system 31 is associated with the gravity flow feed openings 30 to allow the openings 30 to be closed when gravity feed flow is not desired (e.g., when the animals become large enough to operate the feed wheel). As shown in FIG. 2, the closure system 31 includes a gravity flow modification plate 32 attached on the underneath side of the feed hopper bottom 18. Inside of the gravity flow modification plate 32 are a plurality of slide doors 33 that are movable along respective radial lines extending from the central vertical axis of the feeder 10. The slide doors 33 can be moved radially outwardly from a first position in which the gravity flow feed openings 30 are open, to a second position in which the gravity flow feed openings 30 are closed to block gravity flow of feed from the feed hopper 12 into the trough 11. FIG. 3b shows the gravity flow modification plate 32 and slide doors 33 assembled and concentrically located around the axle 24.
FIG. 4 shows the exploded view of the slide doors 33 and the gravity flow modification plate 32. The slide doors 33 are individual pieces that slide in the recessed areas 34 located on the gravity flow modification plate 32. The slide doors 33 are opened by pushing them from the outside of the gravity flow modification plate 32 inward towards the centerline 24 of the rotary feed mechanism. When the slide doors 33 are located in the inward most position, the gravity flow feed openings 30 are unobstructed allowing feed to flow from the feed hopper 12 into the trough. When the slide doors 33 are located in the outer most position, the slide doors 33 will obstruct feed flowing from the feed hopper bottom 20 into the trough 11.
FIG. 5 shows the normal mechanical feed flow of the rotary feeder 10. The feed is mechanically swept beneath the feed cone 22 by the sweep member 25 and falls through the central discharge hole 21 located on the feed hopper bottom 20. The feed is then swept to the outer perimeter of the trough 11 by the feed wheel 13. This process works very well for larger animals that are stronger and more capable of moving the feed wheel 13 causing the mechanical operation to occur. However, present conditions exist in the swine industry where much smaller animals are being placed on rotary feeders and are not yet big or strong enough to move the feed wheel 13.
The present invention solves this problem by creating a gravity flow feeder for the first several weeks of animal growth allowing the animals to gain enough size and strength to operate the rotary feeder properly. This is achieved by installing and attaching the gravity flow modification plate 32 and slide doors 33 under the feed hopper bottom 20 with the gravity flow feed openings 30 formed therein.
FIG. 6 shows the feed flow from the feed hopper bottom 20 into the trough 11 when the gravity flow feed openings 30 are unobstructed by the slide doors 33. The feed is able to flow freely from the feed hopper 12 into the trough 11 where the animals can consume the feed. The gravity flow feed openings 30 are sized such that a desired amount of feed exiting the openings occurs, but not so large to allow the animals to consume the feed flow directly from the openings 30. The feed flow from the gravity flow feed openings 30 is limited so that as the animals consume the feed, the feed is consumed faster than it is supplied. This limiting feed will cause the animal to naturally root and sort around the feed wheel 13. If the animals are big and strong enough to move the feed wheel 13 to access feed located around and beneath the feed wheel 13, then the rotary feed action is initiated.
The present invention also has an activator mechanism 35 associated with the feed wheel 13 that is arranged to cause the slide doors 33 to move from their open positions to their closed positions automatically upon rotation of the feed wheel 13. The activator mechanism 35 has an activator pin 36 attached to and extending upwardly from one of the spokes 15 of the feed wheel 13. The activator pin 36 has a path of movement when the feed wheel 13 rotates that causes the pin 36 to contact with the slide doors 33. As the feed wheel 13 is rotated, the activator pin 36 rotates and contacts the slide doors 33 forcing the doors 33 to be moved in the radially outward direction. Eventually and over time, the feed wheel 13 will make a complete revolution causing the activator pin 36 to contact all of the slide doors 33 one-by-one and forcing them to move to the maximum outward position. When the slide doors 33 are in the maximum outward position, the slide doors 33 obstruct feed flow from the gravity flow feed openings 30 in the hopper bottom 20, thereby automatically converting the gravity feeder into a mechanical rotary feeder.
FIG. 7 shows a similar construction where flip doors 40 are hinged to the underside of the feed hopper bottom 20 and activated by contact with the feed wheel 13 causing the flip doors 40 to close and obstruct feed flow through the gravity flow feed openings 30. There are a variety of other means of achieving obstruction of gravity feed flow in a rotary type feeder, such as a rotating plate, manually adjusted feed flow orifices, and interchangeable plates. In each of these alternative arrangements, a closure system can be provided with a first condition in which the gravity flow feed openings 30 are open to allow gravity feed flow through the openings 30 into the trough 11, and a second condition in which the gravity flow feed openings 30 are closed.
The present invention provides a rotary or mechanical flow feeder 10 that can be converted into a gravity type feeder for application where small animals need to be fed. The feeder 10 can then be converted from gravity flow back to mechanical flow by a closure system 31 that blocks the gravity flow openings 30. The closure system 31 allows the conversion to be automatic based on the natural feeding behavior of the animals. | 2019-04-25T01:55:24Z | http://patents.com/us-10182553.html |
Good. Evening ladies, and gentlemen, and welcome to. The. Inaugural. Class of. The. Ethics of technological. Disruption, I'm. Hilary Cohen a pre-doctoral, fellow here at Stanford's, Center, for the ethics in society, and and, on behalf of our full team we are thrilled to be welcoming you here tonight and to. Be kicking off what we expect. Will be a series of meaningful, and hopefully. Educational. Conversations. Our, topic. Tonight and over. The next several months will. Be the profound, ethical social. And political questions, that. Emerge as, a result of technological, change. Much. Of it funded, by firms just down the street on Sand Hill Road. Generated. By companies, here in the Bay Area and. Seated. By the research, and education, at this very University. We. Believe the stakes are high the. Premise of this course is that, there are a few things more. Important, to consider when it comes to the long-run, well-being, of humanity. The. Israeli, historian, you've all her re describes, it this way nobody. Would doubt that. The new technologies, will enhance the collective power of humankind, but. The question we should be asking ourselves, is, what's, happening at the individual, level we have, enough evidence from history, that you can have a very, big step forward in terms of collective, power coupled. With a step backwards, in terms of individual, happiness an, individual, suffering, so. We need to ask ourselves, about. The new technologies, emerging at present not only how, are they going to impact the collective, power of humankind, but, also how, are they going to impact the daily lives of individuals. In. Terms, of history he provocatively, writes the, events, in the Middle East of Isis. And all of that is just a speed bump on history's, highway it's. Not very important, Silicon. Valley is much, more important it's. The world of the 21st century, and to. Be sure the speed of technological advancement. And of disruption, can, be dizzying, so. Many of you in the audience may, have seen the latest internet meme circulating. On the over the last week or so the, 2009. Versus, 2019. Challenge, or the hashtag, ten-year challenge if you, haven't it's, fairly simple. People. Post on the one hand a. Picture. Of themselves from 10 years ago and then just next to that a more recent photo of themselves and. It's meant to show just. How much progress, or, change one, can experience in a decade of life, so. Here you have a couple of examples for those of you who haven't seen it. So. Now if we were to do a similar, exercise with. Some of the largest tech companies, or, events, related, to. To. Technology's, impact on society, it might, look something like this. In. 2009, you might see Mark, Zuckerberg proudly, proclaiming, the, mission of Facebook to give people sorry. I think we're on automatic. Proceeding. Give. People the automatic, power to, share and make the world more open and, connected a, statement, that would later change but. One that reflects the sincere, aspirations. Of idealistic.
Technologists. You. Might see the, beginnings, of some. Online organizing, that. Would usher in the Arab Spring the following year the. Democratic uprising, across the Middle East that demonstrated. The power of technology to foster, positive social, and political change. You. Might see President, Obama issuing. His first weekly address directly. To citizens across the country using YouTube in which. He described the opportunity, to restore science, to its rightful, place and wield, technology's, wonders, and. You might see that the most powerful, American companies, represented. A mix of different industries, from, Exxon to Citigroup, to Microsoft. So. Let's contrast, this with some, of the pictures you might see today a. Facebook. That has been roiled. By a set, of scandals, including, election. Interference, and privacy. Violations. And failures to moderate content, appropriately, around the world. You. Might see some of the, very same technologies, used, to give young advocate, of democracy, a voice are, now also being used by. Authoritarian. Governments. To wield more control, evidence. By China's, citizens, court you. Might see that the President of the United States is tweeting. About how tech companies are trying to silence or suppress the voices, of conservatives. Of half of our country, on their sites. And. You might see that America's. Five largest, and most powerful. Companies are exclusively. Technology. Companies Apple, and Amazon alphabet. Facebook. And Microsoft which. Are professional, homes for, many of you, now. Of course this. Isn't the. Full story of what's happened in technology. Over the last 10 years there. Have been extraordinary, developments. New products, services, and companies, that solve, real problems while. Fueling. The, economic, growth that we've seen around the world, but. It's impossible to, deny that. Over the last 12 to 18 months we've, also witnessed, growing, pushback, or skepticism about, the way the, technology driving, this progress has. Influenced, the lives of people and communities, there's. Been a shift in the general populations, attitude, and. The amount of political scrutiny aimed at the creators, of technology, and those who have reaped the benefits of, its creation a, transition. In, part, described by the, early hopes of liberation, technology, -, at times fears. Now of technological. Dystopia. So. Perhaps this, was inevitable, you. Know after all as, a society, were now forced, to come to terms with genuinely, new, concerns, questions. About data and privacy about the impact, that automation, will have on the future of work and on politics, about. The roles that both private, companies and governments, should, play in shaping. The lives of ordinary citizens and in either upholding, or possibly, diminishing, democratic, institutions. Don't. We'll touch on many of these our, task here is not to fall down simply on one, side of any single debate it's. Not to add to either the, roster, of booster, ish and mints of technologies benefits, or. The scathing. Critiques, of a specific, company or industry, our. Aim rather, is to moderate, a series, of conversations that, explore. The dilemmas, that emerge, when, technological. Aspirations. Bump, up against, the realities, of politics, and inequality. And a, plurality. Of visions, for, what a good society, looks like, it's. To begin to wrestle in earnest, with. The massive benefits, of technological. Progress right. Alongside the. Significant, costs, that sometimes, accompany, it and, we've. Assembled a group of experts from industry from, government and from civil society to represent. The full range of perspectives that, these topics deserve. So. In preparation, for this exploration, we asked you a couple of questions about the, roles that you play if, any in the tech sector about. The issues you're most interested in, there's. A set of questions about the state of affairs today, the. First how. Well-equipped, do you think US policymakers, are, to, govern a society, that will be transformed, by technology in, the years ahead on. A. Scale of one to ten the, average answer as you see here amongst. You was a three and not, a single person gave. Our, policymakers. Above a six, now. On the one hand this. Seems comical, right, it reflects what many, of us have seen as ill-informed, handling. Of tech issues by politicians, perhaps, most memorably, with, Senator hatch asking, Mark Zuckerberg how despite. Its free surfaces, Facebook, possibly, makes money. Now. On the, other hand if you're right this. Should actually alarm. Us that. The people charged, with governing. New technologies, have, such little understanding, of how, it actually works, in, the. Words of our colleague Shannon valor who is a philosopher, of Technology at Santa Clara University. Well. We shouldn't expect our elected, representatives to, all share a deep knowledge of, technical, or scientific matters.
They Do have a duty to be acquainted, with the basic operations. Of our most powerful. Horses and institutions, that are shaping our nation especially. When they are tasked with regulating, those forces, so. We also asked you about your faith in technology companies to confront new challenges, and possibly. Reflecting the bias. Of our audience or of our geography you. Had a slightly higher expectation. Averaging. At about a 5 out of 10 with, fairly, equal, measures. Of skepticism. And optimism, on either side. But. Most importantly, you, told us about the issues that drew your interest in this course about. Those that give you pause and, those, that give you hope. We. Intend to cover a large portion of these topics over, the next few months and I want to tell you a little bit about the team that we have on side to help us navigate them. So. In addition, to myself we'll. Be joined in every session by. Three. Sample faculty members first, is computer, scientist Mehran sahami who. Is partially, responsible for the enormous, growth and success of the computer science department here he, teaches the single largest class, at the university, intro, to computer, science, and. Spent a decade in industry, before, joining. The faculty then. We have political, philosopher, Rob rish who, has, proudly confessed. That he. Like any good philosopher, often. Delivers more questions, than answers. He's. The director of two centers here on campus, just. Leave the photo so you can see as all, the. Center for Ethics in society, and the Center for philanthropy in civil society and, finally. We have political scientist, Jeremy Weinstein, who, among, his other roles is the, director of the global studies division here and. Having. Served in both terms of the Obama administration. Brings, practical. Government, experience to the team in. Parallel. To this class the, four of us have been working for over a year to develop a related, undergraduate. Course which. We kicked off last week we, have roughly, 300. Stanford, students, future. Technologists. Inventors, policymakers. And activists, enrolled. Who. Over the next 10 weeks will, be diving, into, the code the, public policy and the ethical frameworks, that underpin, technological. Change and our. Course flow in here will mirror the four core units that we will be covering in that course so to remind you they'll be starting, next week, first algorithmic. Decision-making and accountability, then. Privacy, and data collection and civil liberties with an emphasis in here on facial recognition, then.
The Ethics of autonomous, systems with an emphasis on military, use, of AI and then. The power of private platforms. Some. Of the undergraduates are actually here with us tonight and with, their help we are thrilled. To be thinking differently about how you train, and equip the next generation, of technologists. And leaders to think about their roles and responsibilities. To society, so just. One note on format, before I introduce, the guests, who will be joining us ordinarily. We would love, and expects, to have microphones, on hand for you to ask questions after. All that's a central. Part of the sort of engagement, that a university intends. To foster, but, because. We are recording these sessions and, we need written consent forms. For audio, and video recording, will instead be collecting. Questions. From you digitally, in advance which many of you submitted, tonight and we'll let you know how you can do it for the sessions moving forward, but. Without further ado in order. To help, us understand the full landscape of, these, challenges, we're kicking off tonight with two distinguished, guests, reid. Hoffman co-founded. Linkedin and is currently a partner at Greylock partners he's. On the boards of many technology. Companies including. Microsoft and Airbnb, as well, as several nonprofit, organizations, he. Hosts a podcast called, masters of scale and recently, released a new book blitzscaling, based, on his Stanford course of the same name we're. Also joined by Nicole Wong who, previously served as deputy, chief technology officer, of the United States and the Obama administration. Focused, on Internet privacy and innovation, policy, and, prior, to her time in government Nicole, was Google's, vice president, and deputy general counsel and Twitter's, director, for legal eagle. Director for products please. Join me in welcoming everyone, to the stage. I'm. Gonna get us started with a general. Question about the. Framing in the moment we're in that nicole. Described. At start that used to nicole hillary described it to start. The. Issue is to take stock of the early. Optimism. That almost utopianism, that attended, the tech industry, and its founding, chiefly here in silicon valley and the moment we find ourselves and now in which there's great, fears of the, tech industry producing.
A Kind of dystopia. So. For. Our guests i just want to read representative. Examples, of some of the expressions, that had been offered so, the following was said by president, ronald reagan in nineteen eighty nine just a few months before the fall of the berlin wall, quoting from him as president the. Goliath, of totalitarianism. We brought down by the David of the microchip. I believe. He said that more than armies more, than diplomacy, and more than the best intentions, of democratic, nations the, communications. Revolution emanating. From Silicon, Valley will, be the greatest force for the advancement, of human freedom the world has ever seen a, few. Years later then President, George HW Bush, said that. He asked, the world to imagine, if the internet, took hold in China just. Imagine, how freedom. Would spread. Rupert. Murdoch said. Quote advances. In the technology of telecommunications. Have proved an unambiguous. Threat to Thoth alliant, totalitarian. Regimes everywhere. All. Right now fast-forward to 2018, I'm gonna read you the opening paragraph, of an article, that I just came across. Captures. The sour, mood of the day, quote. Mobile. Technologies. Distract, adults, and depressed, kids. Twitter. Is mostly, a bad platform. Full of Nazis, and assholes. Facebook. And YouTube blend, cheerful, up worthiness. Pathological. Self-revelation. And malignant. Deceit, delivered. To hyper personalized. Addictive, filter bubbles optimized. To capture, our attention, for sale the. Open web is a vast soul sapping, wasteland, of sexual depravity, and medical. Malpractice and. The, Internet, of Things is nothing less than an emerging, panopticon, and, behind. All of this good work lies the disruptive, innovation, of a small band of predatory. Plutocratic. Enriching, monopolies, inspired. By a toxic, mix of swashbuckling. Ambition, and moral. Preening. Oh. Man. Yeah, and end of quote, Nicola.
Read What happened in this thirty years between those two quotes. That's. A great set up we're. Gonna try and have you leave happy, tonight, your. Your sudden the challenge, really high. So. I actually, wasn't, sure what you're gonna be like I. Wrote. Down a quote that, you'll probably remember John, Perry Barlow. Declaration. Of Independence, of cyberspace right, I could have started there right well, so so here's the thing that I caught. On to you you do not know our culture or ethics. Or the unwritten codes that already provide our society, more order than, could be obtained by any of your meaning, governments in positions. Right. The, the optimism. Of the belief, that cyberspace. Was going to be this borderless. Place. Where. We would all rule ourselves, because we knew exactly how. This was gonna play out. You. Look at Bakugan Oh wouldn't. Have that have denied and. Even in the, in. The, laws that we eventually put in place that followed, so. For, example the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, or section. 230. Which is highly debated, now which. Regulates. The the, content, liability, for four platforms. In. The conversations. In Congress, around the development of those laws there. Was a a real sense of like we have to protect, the Internet it is. A place for growth it is a place for innovation it will be a place for for, individuals. To express, themselves, freely so, the. Laws were actually generated. With the notion like this is a fragile ecosystem, that, we should protect. And. We, have now come to this place where all. We want to do is shut, things down or. At least that seems to me to be the mimin in DC, right now it just apropos, that that point I was a part of a committee here at Stanford, maybe five or six years ago that was tasked every 25 30 years they put one together to, review the quality of the undergraduate, education, and when. This happened that five or six years ago one, thing that occurred to us is well how has technology changed, the, experience, of students at the University and we. Pulled the faculty, about what they would wish with respect to technology at, Stanford University, and the, main thing the faculty, expressed the desire for was, an internet kill switch in every single classroom I. Look. I think part of the, question. Is it's. Not I, describe. Myself as a technolon, a, techno utopian, yeah which means just because you can build the technology doesn't. Necessarily means it ends up in the in. The right place but. Actually in fact technology is more often the answer than the problem and the way that you look at it is say but there definitely we. Have a, bunch of different kind of birthing problems because exactly as Nicole said you. Know the initial kind of. Early. Days of the internet all, on John Perry Barlow Andy if everyone else say well, we used to have this kind of very centrally, kind of controlled by. Large, companies they're also you know media channel how do we give freedom to individual. Voices how do we allow people to express, themselves I mean like one of the things during that, I was really delighted about in the kind of the the.
Blogging. Arena. During. The Iraq war was was, being able to read blogs, from the Iraqi. Civilians. And so forth I'm the humanizing, and connecting, and figuring out what kind of what's the what's, the right way to do that and so there's a lot of, good. There. Now and in the past and then the question is say well, how do you reshape, it so, that you, have it and the reflex, to say you. Know Killswitch, is. A reflex, I don't think is right right I, think the question is is to. Say, okay and by the way we have this challenge of course which is well as, you making social policy, you have a lot of different conflicting interest groups that have this, interest or that you. Know one of the challenges, that that Facebook has right now is you have you. Know up, forces, generally speaking on the left saying how, do you allow all this fake news and filter bubbles and you force it on the right just like the tweet. From President Trump saying you're silencing, you know conservative. Voices and suddenly getting fire from both sides and resolving. That is is is. Challenging. And so I. Tend. To think that you. Know it's kind of. You. Know you always have to refactor, technologies. As you go and. I. Think some of the question of course what will be addressing some tonight, and ongoing is, you. Know well given. That hard problem, what are the right questions asked and what are puzzle. Pieces of, things. We might be considering, or, might consider, because, you know like again you go to your opening, thing and you say well, confidence. In government setting, the policy. Average. Score -. I. Was. Curious if you'd included, zero and your survey what would have happened and. Then, you know and confidence. In, in, company, five to six which, relatively. Because this all comes on relevant normally much higher but. Still has challenges and, problems I have a model in my head for why we, got here and I'm actually interested in whether you saw this in your businesses, as well which is if. You think back to sort of the the development. Of the Internet, in the early days of twenty years ago right it was largely, here, right, it was largely, us centric, the companies that were building the products were here it. Was largely being used, by US. Europe. Japan and. Australia and, Canada to, some extent but that was pretty much the set so that's a set of countries where. Our. Values. Are largely aligned, our. Judicial. Systems, are largely aligned, we, are mostly, in, the same place in terms of our treatment of freedom of expression, and privacy, and. Then, in my experience, at least around. 2005. 2006. 2007, when. Internet penetration in, some of the developing world Brazil. India. Russia, China, really. Started to take off you. End up having. This audience, and communities, coming, on to the platforms, that had previously, been dominated, by I'm, gonna call them Western democracies, as a shorthand that, have really, different values that, have really. Different systems, of adjudicating. Fairness. And. Individual. Liberty and I, think that that caused, a a, real, conflict, both at a policy, level but also at a technical. Level of like how do I deal with this because my, experience, with engineers, who are building for these platforms I'd ceiling so where are you gonna launch this product and they'd be like fig. CJK which, stood for in. French, Italian, German. Spanish, Chinese. Japanese Korean and I'm like those are languages, not. Countries. So, we, have to talk about the, countries. Not, just the distribution. But. If I can push on that a little bit Nicole as. A sort of frame for thinking about when the challenges, began, let's. Take the kind of you, know Western advanced, democracies, the United States European, countries, may, be the initial engines, beginning here and spreading into Europe there, are pretty damat, dramatically. Different perspectives. About, how to regulate. You. Know technology, companies, even, among that set of countries, that presumably as you described share, a set of common values I don't know if folks have been to, Europe recently but, since the adoption of the GDP are a key, legal framework, in Europe what, you'll find is that when you turn on your phone and you try to use Google Maps or you go to, some website you. Are giving all sorts, of permission, for every, single step you take and are being told all sorts of things about how your data is going to be used that, that, we are in the background of everything in the United States so even among these countries, with, shared values that, facilitated.
This Growth, they're just dramatically, different perspectives. About the ownership of data about. The, ways in which technology, companies. Should be governed, how do you think about the, origins, of those differences, like what drives those really different perspectives, and from, both of your sort, of different, roles both at companies, but also in government how do you think about what the implications are for the United States as we grapple with some, of these challenges from how Europe has begun to move. Is. Like. So. The. Difference is you're right which is the difference is even between the countries at the very early start word we're, different and I think to me the challenge the. Reason it was a little easier to deal with is like if you were gonna get a government. Demand in Europe it was probably gonna be a law. Enforcement official, who had. Credentials, who, was going to present you with legal process, there was a judicial court that was going to deal with that you. Go into India or Brazil that's, actually not how that's gonna go down that it's gonna be cops at the door in your office, waiting, for you to take the servers away right so so it's it was just a different moment, if you were at a company, trying to manage. The legal issues around that. But. The difference. Is in. Country. Law have always been there so the, the sort. Of, privacy. Dimension, in general. Yes Europe because of its history and its use of data. Against. Its citizens, particularly during World War two has, a lot of more sensibilities, around, how, data, gets collected and, used and governed, then, in, the United States where we have largely, thought. Of it as a consumer protection issue as opposed to a human rights issue which is how it's framed in Europe and we, have largely let, it be. Regulated. At, the Federal Trade Commission level which is a like. With a commercial idea or an economic and consumer, idea behind it again, as opposed to a human, rights level, as it would be in Europe, Europe. Also has things right that, we've always dealt with which is in, Germany, and France it's illegal to traffic, in Nazi, memorabilia in here, it's a First Amendment issue, and. And so you've. Had to deal with those, types of differences. I've. Found, the challenges, to be. Once. You you, can sort of do it at the margins, of like okay, like we're not gonna have hate speech on the platforms, or whatever but, once you start getting into countries where it's a radically, different sense, of is, permissible.
To Have, LGBTQ. Content. On your site it's. Clearly, illegal. These countries, what. Is the resolution going to be and when you build a platform that's global, you. Have to make choices either the, content comes down your IP blocking, it your your taking, some step in order to be able to be in market and, one of the challenges, when you look at. The. Differential, European, approach to. Saying ask for, permission more than ask for forgiveness is, it's. Among the reasons why because by the way there's a ton of talented. Technologists, great, technical, universities. You. Know a stack of things and yet very little of these. World-changing. Technologies. Are coming out of Europe for the global scale I think they have all the talents and everything else I mean you have Skype, and you've got you, know super cell and you've got dealing but it's a relatively short list you consider where browsers. Are built which. Ones you know current created the networks think about search engines, think about all these sorts of things and. And. Part of I think the relevant. Question. Is. What's. The way that we get to developing, them because if, you say well. We. We, we should shift more towards Europe that, may say that well we should be more like like. For example like, in the position arrow picture the rest of the world and so the rest the world will develop those technology, platforms, you know maybe Asia other kinds of places and so, you have to kind of balance that out now I actually, as part of saying technolon, eyes I actually think that these things are refactoring. So, I tend to be in the look you have to make sure that they're there they're, there are some critically bad things like medical, stuff and other kinds of things you go no no get it right first but. There's other things you see look at it say okay that was a problem now let's change it and so I tend to when. I go over to Europe and talk about this I tend, to advocate, for more, of a like. Like. Refactoring. Then, and ask for permission you, know a forgiveness, than a permission has, approached if I can ask where do you draw that line how. Do you think about what the harms, are. That you're willing to accept to. Have that flexibility. So, in. This, book that I published, last year and Fall, Quarter blitzscaling. I described, kind. Of three kinds of risks that. Blitzscaling. Company, should should, track and pay attention to and part, of this was one part of the book was you, know here's how technology, companies in the future are going to be shaped. By a set of techniques that we learn here in Silicon Valley also practice in China to, help other areas in the world but another one was how do I help evolve that practice, about how we're doing it one was you, have serious. Kind. Of like you know health, implications for, individuals, right, so an example of something I wrote a an essay, on as a as, a failure case was theros right, so you say okay you're making bad blood tests, or doesn't you shouldn't be blood scaling that you should be tracking, that another.
One Is if you have a kind, of a you. Know kind of a moderate. Impact across, a large number of people then, that's something you should you, should consider too or if you're going to break the system like break a like. A payment system or logistic, system and that's the thing but. Within that basis. You. Know generally speaking you want to kind of actually, try it and see it and we factor it so, for example if, you say well ok these scooters are cluttering up our streets we should have had them ask for permission first it's like well look. People have to be careful about like what does it mean for you know like possible. Accidents, and fatalities and, so forth but, a refactoring, of cluttering, on your streets, with scooter is actually something you can refactor so, that's that's the kind of the framework that I sketched in the book I, was, addressing, business people and the entrepreneurs, doing this but. It's also a framework, law which you can think about as a general society as well I want. To pick up if we can on one of the threads that and Nicole, introduced which is this idea, of. Complying. With various, government requests. When the, range of values or legitimacy, of that government might be different. In different contexts. So right now there's you know a lot of debate, on this sort, of topic you know you see Netflix, taking down this comedy special that had. To do with Saudi, Arabia, and and, Mohammed. Bin Salman and you. Know they chose to take it down you have people. Protesting. Or at least asking questions about whether or not Google can should re-enter. China given their. Record on the. Way they might use the technology, you know how much, room is, therefore an American, company to assert. Its, American, values, when, it, is trying to operate in a global, scale in global contexts, in. Areas that have these different values yeah. So um I think, it's part of it is like stop thinking of yourself as an American you're gonna build a global platform think of yourself as a global platform, and, and, adjust. Accordingly and I say that my, training is that as a First Amendment lawyer right, so like I yeah. I was like I want to be a lawyer so I can pound the table about the First Amendment and. And. Being, at Google I. Had. To readjust. Right, so when we acquired YouTube, what. Had largely been a, an. Internet, of, you. Could cab in a market because there was a language barrier right, but once you get into video and images, it's, it's visual. So it's global, automatically. So an audience, that was intended for Turkey, is now, being seen in Greece and elsewhere and and, the sensibilities, are really, different one. Of the issues, I had early, on with with YouTube was. We. Were global. Someone. Posted. A number of videos. About the king in Thailand, and they, were offensive, they were pictures. Of him with a foot, over his head which is extremely offensive with his face made into a monkey and. Things. That were clearly, intended. To defame the king and that, is illegal in Thailand they have what's called a lez majesty law it makes it illegal to criticize, the king, so. If you're an American, with a First Amendment background, you're like what. Are you talking about the whole purpose, of free expression is to be able to criticize your leader and so. The, question came because the, we were contacted by the Ministry, of Information in Thailand they said we're gonna block you take down these videos or we will block you and. I. Actually. Then traveled to Thailand to try and understand what was going on to meet with their government officials to meet with our own like US Embassy to get some background to, meet with people, on the ground in Thailand understand, this law. The. Most salient thing that I was told was actually by one of the, the diplomats from from the United States who, told me like this. Is a country which over the last 27. Years has had 21, coups. The. King who was in his approaching. His 80s at the time was. The only. Source. Of stability in, their country for a generation. So. It means a lot to. Have insulted, him and that, is felt not just at like the highest dester lines but like all the way through the country, and so, for me as a First Amendment lawyer I have to back away from my sense of like revolt.
Against Your government have the ability, to criticize and start, to think from their perspective what is, appropriate speech, that that, creates. Civil, discourse, right, what, what is what is the thing that is the is. Essential. To that culture and be respectful, of that because I am a global platform and. I think that that at. The time like 2007. That felt like a really big leap for me to make and now knowing, where we are in our current political atmosphere I'm like okay. So. It's, not just isolated to certain countries mr.. BAE's, for you that so. Agree, with everything the Cole said I think I would say one thing and it's not so much as a as as. Promoting, a specific set of American values but I do think that one of the things that. Companies. Should do is say look this is what we stand for this is who we are this is what we're fighting for and so. You. Know in the LinkedIn context. It, was we're, fighting, for kind. Of individuals, ability to maximize. Taking. Control of their own economic destiny, so. We we. Don't as much address freedom of speech issues because we said look that's not necessarily tied to it but, what is tied to it is, if. You can represent what your skills are what your ability to work is so. If you have a country that says oh these people aren't allowed to work or whatever we still put that we we would still put their profiles, up we'd still you, know kind of facilitate that so I think it's good to say these, are the things that we stand for and we're doing to be clear about them and then to navigate, that and as. Part of that for example, you. Know when we I think we kind of surprised, the. Russian, government. And you, know they were like okay well we want all this data because we want to be able to have control no, no we protect our members. So we're not going to do that and you can do what you need to do because we're not going to hand over, individual. Data in bulk without. You. Know without some sense of protection here we'd rather not operate, if you force us not to operate right but that I mean herein lies a fascinating. Point which is that it's not an example of asserting, American values it's about a company. Having its own values and actually when we think about the identities, of these companies you know whether it is you know maybe they happen to be hosted here but they have a self conception, that isn't tethered, to the, geography in which they happen to be rooted sometimes well, I think the push on that point a little bit I mean the notion of a company having its own identity is that you could think of the company having an identity but a company's also made up of a bunch of technologists. Who also have their view about the work they're doing that either they, can communicate to the management of that company or they can actually encode, a set of values, into, what they actually build in that company and so when you think about sort of the different leverage points that way what an individual, technologist, can do what the company, wants to do more broadly in terms of fighting for its values what, happens when journalists. Want to shine a light on a particular, issue, where. The leverage points how do you see you know running, a company or as a regulator, how you navigate, all these things to try to come to some sort of place. That you think is leading to a better outcome when there's all these competing leverage, points well. I know, that Reed has done this because he and I have worked together over the years and so right. Like one of the things as a company, and as the leadership of the company is is you find your North Star right, which is like what are the essential, parts of us. As a company of the things that really mean a lot, to us and that we would be prepared to defend and, and some, of the work I do now is talking to young companies, about like, forcing. Them into what are pretty hard conversations, like what, would you defend. If, it came to it right, is it open Internet is it the privacy of your users it's the, free expression of the ability, of people around the world whatever, that is but but knowing, that helps. You create. Your strategies, going forward and then from, that once you have the North Star. There's. Very tactical, operational, decisions about like which markets, do we enter.
With What products, do we enter them how do we build those products, and then, it's, it's really the tail end then right the things that I was talking to like taking down certain videos then you're really like at the very edge of it because you made the hard choices up here, and. Part. Of we're gonna do is you build the company culture around it so I think it's really, important to say here's. What we would rather fail here's where we would rather shut down here's what other in doing this this is who we are and, about if that's not what, you want, to do this is the wrong company for you to be working at you. Should go work at a different company. And so I think it's really good for these companies say this is what our mission is this is what we believe in I'm good let's take another test of that so one of the things that's been in the news about some of the companies that you either work at or on the board of now Google and your tube Nicole, or Microsoft, in your case Reid question. Arises, whether or not the, technological. Developments. Or products that these companies are advancing, should, be sold to were put to the use for military purposes, especially on behalf of the, US government these. Are after all US, companies and, you. Know I, think. Most people here in the room know about the project may have an issue here at Google so I take your your, statement, just now redoes well, you should know what you're getting into and maybe you shouldn't be working at the company so the employees, who rebelled against, project maven at Google your answer to them is quit, go find a different company work out well, I mean Google, has to say and this is not you, know my place to because I'm not oh yeah. But. Do I say this is who we are this who we're not right now, if, it were me in that position I'd say look I actually think that there's. There's various. Ways in which look we are an American company responsibilities. To. The American state and the citizenry, in society, and some, of that is making society, safer. So, we do actually have an obligation to interface, with the DoD. In some ways and there's things we can do that we're pareto the, world's better off and the US is better off and we're gonna go do that and if you're not comfortable with that maybe, you should work somewhere else that would be my well. How about Facebook or sorry not Facebook yeah Microsoft, and Microsoft has facial recognition technology, it, couldn't sell it to non, democratic governments. Should. It. Well. So this is a place where as a board member I should say well I should defer to the company. I'm. Not its, sake and everything else I think, the companies, do have a responsibility, to think about and Microsoft, does this our chair Brad Smith there very, high principle folks saying, look how, do we think this is going to be used do we think it's it's.
A Good use or not and if, no then you don't do it right so now for example if if if, a if just, like country, X said well, we want to develop the following, kind of bio weapon, and you happen to be in our country and we want you to do that the answer's no that's, a bad, thing it's it's. It's, like a disaster now they say well, we think actually a facial recognition thing, that will work in, airports. For terrorism, and will, be part of how we're operating we're, going to have it well organized legal and judicial system, we're, gonna organize through, that it will actually make society, more safe then, as long as you're you know I kind, of have a big, fan of well. Organized democracies. You, know we can have a discussion about whether what we're currently in one or not. But. But. You know then then that's a different question okay. Can, I follow up on one, of the things Nicole said which, is this notion of a North Star you're, talking to startups I think that, idea resonated. With both of you you should know what, lines you draw for, a lot of us who aren't in technology. Companies but we may be users. Of the products generated, by technology, company, companies, or citizens, affected. By the impact, of technology companies, is there, some obligation for companies, to, communicate what. That North Star is because. Part of the you know the example that Hillary gave with Facebook's. Initial, mission statement, and you can look at the evolution of Facebook's, mission statement, over time we. Could take uber, as another example. We. Are discovering. What the North Star is over. Time which, is quite at odds with what we had. Perhaps been communicated. About, what the North Star is so, how do we think about like, is that an internal, guidance for the company is it, something that you. Know for the purposes of investors, thinking, about investing. And buying shares that that's something that ought to be communicated. Much, more clearly and public. Of course part, of what's hard is that that's an evolving, thing as you think about entering, new companies, or confronting. New frontiers, but help me help me understand, it from that perspective yeah. I mean in, every country companies, is a little bit different right but I do think. The. Exercise, of your executives. And. Actually frankly to make sure that your executives, go here well is to, get them on the same page in terms of that North Star and, there's a really hard conversation in, my experience like to get everybody in, one place and. Then. It becomes usually, in my experience part. Of the, things you communicate, outwardly, you're either communicating. It by virtue of the way your products work or you're communicating because you have a mission statement or a filing with the SEC but. You have to do right so typically. That would that would be the case now you. Do have companies. That say one thing and do, a different thing which is a separate, problem I think then. Determining. What your North Star is going to be. And. So yeah look. I generally, think I don't think this is something, you can easily put in a policy or law but I think it's much better and. Much more principle for companies say this is who we are there's what we're doing this, is what we're shooting for. Sometimes. You of course have secret, plans you don't reveal to your competitors but, part of them like for example very, early days in LinkedIn the. Kind of cultural, ethos that we establish whole company is of what you were doing was printed on the front page of New York Times could, you go to your friends and say yeah it looks a reasonable, thing to be doing and that kind of thing is a way of doing it and building that culture. From. Very early and you. Know I'm a critic, of, like. I think it's okay to kind, of advocate, for different, regulation. By. Building a product into it where you say actually in fact I think that the way our societies you change that could take uber as I click should in fact no, we shouldn't be locked into taxi monopolies, we're better off with logistics, as a service it'll make society better that. I was I'm strongly supportive of the, we're, now going to hack the app so the government officials look differently to them as they're coming out to that that, they shouldn't do and that should they should be hit with a stick with right, so so, it's kind of some and some on these things in place to the point is like they say one thing do another bad.
But Also like. Like, you should, be advocating, for a different, regulatory stance, not trying. To fake it I'm. Gonna push one one time here too because you know as like. Jeremy I'm not an insider in a tech company and I can listen to and hear the wonderful statements, about organizational, culture and having a North Star and leading with your values, sounds. Great and then, the real if four years ago yeah but. Yeah four years ago ten years oh now what what, what occurs to me to think however we're sitting here in the Graduate, School of Business that the North Star of every, company is to make money it's a maximize, the profit they can make and, that's. What, the incentive, structure, is in addition to the value that's, put, forward so, maybe that you know the current example right now to put on the table about this is jewel this, you know vaping product created. In the design school here at Stanford, with what seemed like a great value proposition here. Was a way to get people off of the. Carcinogenic. Properties, of, tobacco while, keeping your nicotine addiction and. Then managing, it and instead, it turns out that over time they market it to a bunch of teenagers under pineapple, and candy cane flavors and now there's a ton of kids, you. Know with an epidemic, now of vaping so, that the way I explain, that is not that the company either never had a North Star or lost its North Star the way I explain it is they wanted to crush their competitors into the ground and make a lot of money and they found a way to do it so, I'm, by no means defending. That all corporations, are, Saints. With halos. And. I do think that one. Of the problems in every. Area of society is, you have the structural incentives, that lead to some kinds, of corruption and definitely, while. Overall. The. Kind of collection of business and profitability incentives, has led to a lot of productivity a lot of product services right jobs you. Know greater prosperity for medicine all the rest so so, generally speaking when people tend to say well I'm not against capitalism, I think well like sure kind of a fool right, now to manage capitalism. Yep right and like oh let's deal with child labor let's do the other things those are important and so. So. It isn't you know a panacea, to say, just. Have a mission statement and you, know there's. A lot of businesses. I don't. Invest, in even though when I look at and say okay that could be a good, profitable, business where you have an interesting equity, thing because I think it has the wrong, impact now I have a privileged. Place of I had a lot of other investments, to make a bunch of money so I can make that decision and it's harder and in other circumstances. But. The. You. Know so I do think, that one of the questions. Oh and then the other thing that's you, know this but but to say for the audience, there's. This kind of question there's a set of judgments about yes, you're maximizing profitability. But you're also building brand. Longevity. Long term so, there's a set of market incentives about, like maintaining trust and, and, doing things that by which, people say okay we. Think you're good custodians, we like you and so forth and and so, a lot of kind of corporate, social responsibility, programs and other kinds of things going on so I think it's when, people usually say hey just trying to get every last penny well there's some organizations, of doing that you, know they part. Of the function of media and other things is to call it out and make sure that markets. Respond, to that in the right way. But, the and you know sometimes government, and policies, as well and. But. But, on the other hand I actually think that there is also it, doesn't mean that when people say things. Like look. What I'm really trying to do is make the world more open and connected that is not they, are genuinely, trying to do that I think that's and it and things, are really hard right like I think we are not served, well by trying, to dumb down the ethical question sure right and so the the the North Star is a place for, a, point. Of reference as, a North Star was actually supposed to be right but but, it in the actual application of, it the, conversation is nuanced the factors, that you're trading off are difficult, the Google, maven question, there, were really, important. Con arguments. On both sides of that I think that's also the case with a decision, to go into China right like it it, is it is an ethical question because, it's hard and so, to, me the obligation, is to have, the conversation. Right, and and, maybe in some of these companies I think part of the the.
Employee. Revolts. In some cases is that, that conversation is not being had well internally, is not he had transparently. Is not being communicated well, and so you end up with with, with a reaction to it. There. Are some times where you know executives, have to keep things kind of under wraps for a certain period of time but you have to at some point be able to explain it so, I think it's that follow up on that because you make a really good point I've just threw out an idea to pause it to see what your reaction is that, you know we have, these slides that in ten years there has been these changes in technology, and there's a North Star of the companies having some positive the idea would posit that the. North Star of these companies did not change the public perception, of their North Star changed, and so, what point does a company actually, say what we believed we thought we were doing is not what we're, actually doing, and maybe, we need to change our North Star and communicate, that does, that happen. So. I think it almost certainly happens I mean one of the ways that I, look. At what was happening with a tech industry, is. You know you kind of start makin the input, scaling I kind of went it's a transition, from being a pirate to a navy right. And so it's can you kind of start with your squash buckling, there's. An element of disruption, and then you eventually get. In a more structured and regulated system and ultimately part. Of what's happening is these companies are moving, with stunning, pace towards, being, part of social infrastructure being, charted, in. This kind of infrastructure and then that, now. Adds, society. As a customer, - right as a stakeholder at the very least and so, look, the thing that I was, trying, to encourage with some of the stuff I put in the book and some of the blog the. Podcast. Matches, a scale and, they and the blog, posts was. To say as, you, get to a massive. Scale you start thinking about okay what is what is what, is my intentionality, around social responsibility. And and. You. Know for example take. Something less charged. Than, you. Know the questions of you. Know filter bubbles and so forth you, do have like this kind of issue around like okay so frequently. A lot of online spaces, are not really safe for women you, know okay what do you do about that that's not okay that has to be fixed right and once, your social infrastructure, and there's everybody's, there you've got the whole range right. So you need to figure out how to make it a better. Clean. And well lit space in and in, all the, spaces that are important to go as one, of the citizens and I think that's that now, beginning, to think of we have. Responsibility. Not just to our individual customers who are showing us by, their choices and behaviors, also but also to society. So. Reads book is called blitzscaling. And I want to put sort. Of Nicole on the spot a bit, you, know she drove down from Berkeley today. And. She. Has been sort, of recorded, in a podcast making. The case for, a slow food movement for. Technology, right, as an alternative, to, the blitzscaling approach, that is that artisanal, gardener from Berkeley right, and. I want you to talk about where. That argument, is coming from how. You think it's different than, the get, out there break, things and iterate, sort. Of mentality, that we have with technology disrupt. And then adapt. What. Does it mean to go slow and when should we go slow versus, go fast yeah thank, you for the question so. That the, conversation. That I was having around, shouldn't. We maybe have a slow food movement for, the internet. Was. Actually with with Kara Swisher and, and the context, of it was. Russian. Disinformation and and. Sort of the poisoning, of a lot of social platforms, with. Content. That's just coming at us too fast and so, let me back up a little bit and sort of regurgitate, that conversation. What. I was trying to talk about we're like what.
Are The values. That were embedding, in these. Social platforms that we build or. Or any platforms, that we build so I, start. With the model of when I was at Google I started at Google in 2004, the only thing we had was search just. Kind of an amazing, thing like remember, when Google was just like a box, on it with a blue page and and. And. The pillars, of search the, design, elements, of search were. Comprehensiveness. Relevance. And speed, so comprehensiveness, we went in all the content we could find on the internet so that we could fill the library, relevance. Meant we would, and the question you were asking, so that we could deliver the, relevant, result to you that would answer your question and speed. Because we knew that we, would keep you, going. To more, places getting you better, react. Responses. If we could just speed up the way we deliver the the results. Around. Two thousand, five six, seven. We. Had acquired YouTube, and the. Social, graph the social networks were sort of on the rise. Behavioral. Advertising the, targeting, of advertising, based on who. You are where, you look on the web what you what you seem to be interested in started, to be to grow and so, the pillars, of how, we build these platforms that the metrics, of our success. Changed. From. Comprehensiveness. Relevant, speed to, engagement. Can, I keep you here can. I make you stay and watch more, things, or click, through more pages. Personalization. Not. Deliver. You the relevant, thing but, deliver you more of the things you like. And. Speed, and we're still on speed and, to. Me that, the, those elements, of, engagement. And personalization, is, the, rocket, fuel of all of those outrageous tweets. And Facebook, posts and YouTube and videos, that, just. Tunnel. Through your day and like make, you lose time, as you're sitting on the internet and, in, some. Sociologists, are arguing radicalised, certain, people into certain poll more even more polarized, positions, so, when. I was talking about should, we slow this down right. What if we decide those are not the pillars I want to live with that. The type of platform, I want to sit on is one, that values content, which is authentic. Not. That I need to know exactly who the author is but like at least I knew it came out of 4chan, originally. Or or Breitbart. As opposed. To the. New York Times just what is its provenance. So, authenticity. Accuracy. By some metric and the, context. Of how. To stand a piece of content if I value that. How. Do we design for that right, can, I take the ads optimization. Team that is doing so much for Facebook. And Twitter and and and youtube and port. Them over to that particular. Task for a little while because, when what would we end up with then so. That was the concept, of like can. We, get. Away from the models that we're doing right now which, are so.
Viral. Built, a morality, and, and. Sort. Of this this high-speed motion, and and. Create. A place where you could have. My. Friend Jeff risen, at. The National Constitution Center a Madisonian, moment as a reason, to public discourse what's. Good but so you were there at that founding, moment right and I don't know if you would characterize. The. Shift from you. Know relevance and, comprehensiveness. And speed, to. You. No engagement. Personalization. And speed as a change, in the North Star of Google. And, evolution. In a slightly new direction, but if you're willing tell us a little bit about what. Kinds of debates went into, that. Direction was there any anticipation. Potentially. Of the consequences. Of moving. In this direction for. The quality, the authenticity the things that you're saying we. Ought to have approached, this more slowly and thought, about it were these things actually weighed in some. Serious, way and the, consequences, anticipated. And some judgment, made by somebody that, this was the right direction. To go and for what reasons. So my recollection. Of it and it's been a number of years at this point and is. That it was too early to tell right. Like we didn't know what. Personal, personalization. Felt like the right thing personalization, felt, like a companion. To relevance, in a bunch of ways right which is like hey, if I know that you typed in Vass. But. I also know that you really enjoy fishing and not guitar playing I'm gonna deliver you search results that, are more personalized. To you right. And therefore more relevant and, and I think engagement. Seemed to feel like hey if they're engaged if we're measuring how. Much time they're spending with, us that, feels like, they're. Giving us some love right that feels like we must be doing the right thing because they're still here and I think in the original conception of, shifting. Those design colors which are not North Stars I think but design pillars I think. That that it felt, like it was aligned, with the mission still, and it, was not until we got to scale, right. That the, detriment, of it arose. I also, think honestly, like, I. Still. Believe in a free and open Internet I'm an, optimist, as well and. I don't. What. I what I feel naive about is that, we were gonna get exploited, for believing. In a free and open Internet right. That that we would be weaponized, by. Allowing. Our platforms, to be broadly. Available and, and, and I and we did prepare for those defenses, at all because, look when you get to society, and infrastructure, same reason a little laws, we, have police, forces we, have a bunch of things and as you get the infrastructure, you have to realize it as a different. Game that you're playing and that's actually part of what I think everybody's. Been learning in the last you, know kind of five. Ish years, for. This and I think that's the like. There's, a subtle thing that's really important and kind of one of the reasons it's great you guys are teaching this class, part. Of the reason you know agreed, to be here is. That the that. The the subtlety, is a lot of this stuff actually happens, one as Nicole says you can't predict in advance that's part of the reason I tend to be a fan, for, experiment. Measure refactor, right, as opposed to try to plan it out all out in the beginning did you just don't know where it's going to go and, as you get to this infrastructure but the second thing is it's. The subtleties, around what happens when you're a product manager managing. To a dashboard. Into a number and, part. Of the thing that we need in kind, of, you. Know within the profession. Of product managers program managers, engineers as always say okay, look we are maximizing numbers, because you maximize engagement you maximize revenues so that's the natural function actually in fact I kind, of wish more government systems had dashboards, they heard running you, know efficiency, in target on, but. Also, to realize that those, those can mislead you in some bad ways so you say oh how do I get more clicks well, actually, went maybe what I'm trying to do is get you more outraged and actually, when you think of society. As a customer, we actually don't want more, and more people to be outraged and so we should figure out how to get more clicks without, using, that you, know and kind of tuning, which numbers you're actually looking for and and it isn't really necessarily, a plot. From, the company usually it's unintentional and the, user it's kind of unintentional through product me I'm just going oh my my job is to. Increase, you know monthly engagement, by five percent that's that that's what I've been tasked to do and, you go okay yes that's good to do but do, so with some thought to what the broader, context. Is as you move in infrastructure, in your part of society and that's.
Part, Of it too as you, get there let's, push on this one just a little bit because maybe you can give a concrete example I like the idea that as these companies have grown become, global. They constitute, social, infrastructure, yes and at that scale, then, society, becomes as it were a customer, to there's an obligation there. Alright so the, product, manager, the developer, working into the product manager as a dashboard, that's giving, all kinds of indicators, on you, know marginal. Improvement, on time on platform, or whatever turns out to be what's the dashboard, looked like at the product manager level for the social infrastructure, well. So I think part of the things that you look at is you say okay and by, the way part of what. These. Platforms, need is some more. Illegitimate seeing, guidance from society because remember when when. Some, engine facebook engineers ran some experiments, about we bet we think we could make you happy or depressed, outraged. About you're manipulating. Us right right but part of what you're saying is say well we'd like to have less hatred we'd, like to have less with eg, we'd, like you to go back to those experiments, you're doing and tune them in this way I need some some. Guidance. From the society say yeah, look we'd like you to take thing because you can use you, know modern AI techniques, to do sentiment, analysis and, of what you're doing is you know kind of versions. Of of, aggression. Speech and all kinds we'd like you to tune down how much we'd like you having on your dashboard what. The sharing, and the volume, the percentage, mommy's and we'd like you to tune that down we'd like you to make it a little less shared like maybe to, share that one requires a thousand, likes versus versus, 500 likes right ears and you kind of tune in that way while you're still trying to get engagement up you're now trying to make it may. Be slow or I'm not sure slow would be the word I'd use right. But. You're you're, trying to make it more civil yeah right and in terms of and but. They need the guidance for doing that because precisely. One of the reasons why they tend to retreat to saying, hey. Look we're just doing the simple algorithm is they, don't want to be accused of trying to manipulate right, right, and and so what we're, saying is what we need is a society, is we actually do. Want you to manipulate in certain. Ways that we think is better off for society, now that then returns us back to okay who, is well organized to say that who has the competencies, for doing that. Into. Your operational, question is like I'm understanding, your classes like two thirds CS and then the other third if I don't know who you are I am, an American Studies major an, English minor a poetry, fellow I have like every, liberal arts card stacked against me right now but, maybe, we need more of us at the table right like so when you design your business when you design your product you, need more. | 2019-04-23T23:12:28Z | http://newstechtrend.com/january_16_intro_opening_session_i1221 |
The original World Trade Center in March 2001. The tower on the left, with antenna spire, was 1 WTC. The tower on the right was 2 WTC. All seven buildings of the WTC complex are partially visible; refer to map below. The red granite-clad building left of the Twin Towers was the original 7 World Trade Center. In the background is the East River.
The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13, 1975, a bombing on February 26, 1993, and a robbery on January 14, 1998. In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a private company to manage, and awarded the lease to Silverstein Properties in July 2001.
On the morning of September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the complex, beginning with the North Tower at 8:46 a.m., then the South Tower at 9:03 a.m., in a coordinated act of terrorism. After burning for 56 minutes, the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. 29 minutes later, at 10:28 a.m. (102 minutes after being struck by the plane), the North Tower collapsed. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers, as well as all 157 on board the two aircraft. Falling debris from the towers, combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the other buildings in the complex and caused catastrophic damage to ten other large structures in the surrounding area, including the World Financial Center and Deutsche Bank Building; three buildings in the World Trade Center complex collapsed due to fire-induced structural failure, and when the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 WTC, damaging it and starting fires that eventually led to its collapse. The cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months.
Plans for the use of eminent domain to remove the shops in Radio Row bounded by Vesey, Church, Liberty, and West Streets began in 1961 when the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was deciding to build the world's first world trade center. They had two choices: the east side of Lower Manhattan, near the South Street Seaport; and the west side, near the H&M station, Hudson Terminal.(p56) Initial plans, made public in 1961, identified a site along the East River for the World Trade Center. As a bi-state agency, the Port Authority required approval for new projects from the governors of both New York and New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner objected to New York getting a $335 million project. Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Meyner reached a stalemate.
At the time, ridership on New Jersey's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) had declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958 after new automobile tunnels and bridges had opened across the Hudson River. In a December 1961 meeting between Port Authority director Austin J. Tobin and newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, the Port Authority offered to take over the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad to have it become the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH). The Port Authority also decided to move the World Trade Center project to the Hudson Terminal building site on the west side of Lower Manhattan, a more convenient location for New Jersey commuters arriving via PATH. With the new location and Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad, New Jersey agreed to support the World Trade Center project. In compensation for Radio Row business owners' displacement, the PANYNJ gave each business $3,000 each, without regard to how long the business had been there or how prosperous the business was.(p68) After the area had been purchased for the World Trade Center in March 1964, Radio Row was demolished starting in March 1965. It was completely demolished by 1966.
A typical floor layout and elevator arrangement of the WTC towers.
Yamasaki's design for the World Trade Center, unveiled to the public on January 18, 1964, called for a square plan approximately 208 feet (63 m) in dimension on each side. The buildings were designed with narrow office windows 18 inches (46 cm) wide, which reflected Yamasaki's fear of heights as well as his desire to make building occupants feel secure. Yamasaki's design included building facades sheathed in aluminum-alloy. The World Trade Center was one of the most-striking American implementations of the architectural ethic of Le Corbusier, and it was the seminal expression of Yamasaki's gothic modernist tendencies.
A major limiting factor in building height is the issue of elevators; the taller the building, the more elevators are needed to service the building, requiring more space-consuming elevator banks. Yamasaki and the engineers decided to use a new system with two "sky lobbies"—floors where people could switch from a large-capacity express elevator to a local elevator that goes to each floor in a section. This system, inspired by the local-express train operation that the New York City Subway system used, allowed the design to stack local elevators within the same elevator shaft. Located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower, the sky lobbies enabled the elevators to be used efficiently, increasing the amount of usable space on each floor from 62 to 75 percent by reducing the number of elevator shafts. Altogether, the World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators.
The structural engineering firm Worthington, Skilling, Helle & Jackson worked to implement Yamasaki's design, developing the tube-frame structural system used in the twin towers. The Port Authority's Engineering Department served as foundation engineers, Joseph R. Loring & Associates as electrical engineers, and Jaros, Baum & Bolles as mechanical engineers. Tishman Realty & Construction Company was the general contractor on the World Trade Center project. Guy F. Tozzoli, director of the World Trade Department at the Port Authority, and Rino M. Monti, the Port Authority's Chief Engineer, oversaw the project. As an interstate agency, the Port Authority was not subject to local laws and regulations of the City of New York, including building codes. Nonetheless, the structural engineers of the World Trade Center ended up following draft versions of the new 1968 building codes.
In January 1967, the Port Authority awarded $74 million in contracts to various steel suppliers, and Karl Koch was hired to erect the steel. Tishman Realty & Construction was hired in February 1967 to oversee construction of the project. Construction work began on the North Tower in August 1968; construction on the South Tower was underway by January 1969. The original Hudson Tubes, carrying PATH trains into Hudson Terminal, remained in service as elevated tunnels during the construction process until 1971 when a new PATH station opened.
The topping out ceremony of 1 WTC (North Tower) took place on December 23, 1970, while 2 WTC's ceremony (South Tower) occurred later on July 19, 1971. The first tenants moved into the North Tower on December 15, 1970; the South Tower accepted tenants in January 1972. When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed, the total costs to the Port Authority had reached $900 million. The ribbon cutting ceremony was on April 4, 1973.
Plans to build the World Trade Center were controversial. The site for the World Trade Center was the location of Radio Row, home to hundreds of commercial and industrial tenants, property owners, small businesses, and approximately 100 residents, many of whom fiercely resisted forced relocation. A group of small businesses affected filed an injunction challenging the Port Authority's power of eminent domain. The case made its way through the court system to the United States Supreme Court; the Court refused to accept the case.
Private real estate developers and members of the Real Estate Board of New York, led by Empire State Building owner Lawrence A. Wien, expressed concerns about this much "subsidized" office space going on the open market, competing with the private sector when there was already a glut of vacancies. The World Trade Center itself was not rented out completely until after 1979 and then only due to the fact that the complex's subsidy by the Port Authority made rents charged for its office space relatively cheaper than that of comparable office space in other buildings. Others questioned whether the Port Authority should have taken on a project described by some as a "mistaken social priority".
For many years, the immense Austin J. Tobin Plaza was often beset by brisk winds at ground level owing to the Venturi effect between the two towers. In fact, some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes. In 1999, the outdoor plaza reopened after undergoing $12 million renovations, which involved replacing marble pavers with gray and pink granite stones, adding new benches, planters, new restaurants, food kiosks and outdoor dining areas.
Lobby of Tower 1, looking south along the east side of the building, August 19, 2000.
When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after a 40-year reign. The North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall and featured a telecommunications antenna or mast that was added at the top of the roof in 1978 and stood 362 feet (110 m) tall. With the 362-foot (110 m)-tall antenna/mast, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m). Chicago's Sears Tower, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop. Throughout their existence, the WTC towers had more floors (at 110) than any other building. This number was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010.
Two World Trade Center's observation deck attracted enormous numbers of visitors. The Midtown Manhattan skyline can be seen in the distance.
Although most of the space in the World Trade Center complex was off-limits to the public, the South Tower featured an indoor and outdoor public observation area called Top of the World Trade Center Observatories on its 107th and 110th floors. Visitors would pass through security checks added after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, then were sent to the 107th floor indoor observatory at a height of 1,310 feet (400 m). The columns on each face of the building were narrowed on this level to allow 28 inches of glass between them. The Port Authority renovated the observatory in 1995, then leased it to Ogden Entertainment to operate. Attractions added to the observation deck included a simulated helicopter ride around the city. The 107th floor food court was designed with a subway car theme and featured Sbarro and Nathan's Famous Hot Dogs. Weather permitting, visitors could take two short escalator rides up from the 107th floor viewing area to an outdoor viewing platform on the 110th floor at a height of 1,377 ft (420 m). On a clear day, visitors could see up to 50 miles (80 km). An anti-suicide fence was placed on the roof itself, with the viewing platform set back and elevated above it, requiring only an ordinary railing and leaving the view unobstructed, unlike the observation deck of the Empire State Building.
The North Tower had a restaurant on its 106th and 107th floors called Windows on the World, which opened in April 1976. The restaurant was developed by Joe Baum at a cost of more than $17 million. Aside from the main restaurant, two offshoots were located at the top of the North Tower: "Hors d'Oeuvrerie" (offered a Danish smorgasbord during the day and sushi in the evening) and "Cellar in the Sky" (a small wine bar). Windows on the World also had a wine school program run by Kevin Zraly. Windows on the World was closed following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Upon reopening in 1996, Hors d'Oeuvrerie and Cellar in the Sky were replaced with the "Greatest Bar on Earth" and "Wild Blue". In 2000, its last full year of operation, Windows on the World reported revenues of $37 million, making it the highest-grossing restaurant in the United States. The Skydive Restaurant, opened in 1976 on the 44th floor of the North Tower, was also operated by Windows on the World restaurant, but served only lunch.
The World Trade Center from the then newly completed West Side Highway in July 2001.
Five smaller buildings stood around the 16 acres (65,000 m2) block. One was the 22-floor hotel, which opened in 1981 as the Vista Hotel, and in 1995 became the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC) at the southwest corner of the site. Three low-rise buildings (4 WTC, 5 WTC, and 6 WTC) in the same hollow tube design as the towers also stood around the plaza. 6 World Trade Center, at the northwest corner, housed the United States Customs Service and the U.S. Commodities Exchange. 5 World Trade Center was located at the northeast corner above the PATH station and 4 World Trade Center was at the southeast corner. In 1987, a 47-floor office building called 7 World Trade Center was built north of the block. Beneath the World Trade Center complex was an underground shopping mall, which in turn had connections to various mass transit facilities including the New York City Subway system and the Port Authority's own PATH trains connecting Manhattan to New Jersey.
Twin Towers at night seen from the Empire State Building in May 2001.
On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the 11th floor of the North Tower. Fire spread through the tower to the 9th and 14th floors by igniting the insulation of telephone cables in a utility shaft that ran vertically between floors. Areas at the furthest extent of the fire were extinguished almost immediately and the original fire was put out in a few hours. Most of the damage was concentrated on the 11th floor, fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Fireproofing protected the steel and there was no structural damage to the tower. In addition to damage caused by the fire on the 9th - 14th floors, water from the extinguishing of the fires damaged a few floors below. At that time, the World Trade Center had no fire sprinkler systems.
The first terrorist attack on the World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m. A Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, detonated in the underground garage of the North Tower. The blast opened a 100 foot (30 m) hole through five sublevels with the greatest damage occurring on levels B1 and B2 and significant structural damage on level B3. Six people were killed and 1,042 others were injured during escape attempts complicated by smoke infiltration from the base of the building up to the 93rd floor of both towers. Many people inside the North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that contained no emergency lighting, some taking two hours or more to reach safety.
In 1974, French high wire acrobatic performer Philippe Petit walked between the towers on a tightrope, as shown in the documentary film Man on Wire (2008), based on Petit's book To Reach the Clouds: My High Wire Walk Between the Twin Towers (2002) (released in paperback with the title Man on Wire (2008)) and depicted in the feature film The Walk (2015).:219 Petit walked between the towers eight times on a steel cable.
In 1977, Brooklyn toymaker George Willig scaled the exterior of the South Tower (2 WTC).
The scene just after United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower; a fireball rises high.
On September 11, 2001, Islamist terrorists hijacked American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed it into the northern façade of the North Tower at 8:46:40 a.m., the aircraft striking between the 93rd and 99th floors. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03:11 a.m., a second group crashed the similarly hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower, striking it between the 77th and 85th floors. The damage caused to the North Tower by Flight 11 destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone, trapping 1,344 people. Flight 175 had a much more off-centered impact compared to Flight 11, and a single stairwell was left intact; however, only a few people managed to pass through it successfully before the tower collapsed. Although the South Tower was struck lower than the North Tower, thus affecting more floors, a smaller number, fewer than 700, were killed instantly or trapped.
The 3 World Trade Center, a Marriott hotel, was destroyed during the collapse of the two towers. The three remaining buildings in the WTC plaza were extensively damaged by debris and later were demolished. The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned owing to the uninhabitable toxic conditions inside; it was deconstructed, with work completed in early 2011. The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was also condemned owing to extensive damage in the attacks and is slated for deconstruction.
The first new building at the site was 7 WTC, which opened in May 2006. The memorial section of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum opened on September 11, 2011 and the museum opened in May 2014. 1 WTC opened on November 3, 2014; 4 WTC opened on November 13, 2013; and 3 WTC is under construction and expected to open in 2017. As of November 2013, according to an agreement made with Silverstein Properties Inc., the new 2 WTC will not be built to its full height until sufficient leasing is established to make the building financially viable. In Summer 2015, Silverstein Properties revealed plans for a redesigned Tower 2 with News Corp as the core tenant; the Bjarke Ingels-designed structure was expected to be finished by 2020. 5 WTC will be developed by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, but, as of February 2014, a schedule was not confirmed.
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↑ "Skyscraper Defense". Retrieved July 4, 2011.
↑ "The 9/11 Commission Report" (PDF). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. July 27, 2004. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
↑ Dwyer, Jim; Lipton, Eric; et al. (May 26, 2002). "102 Minutes: Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
1 2 "FEMA 403 -World Trade Center Building Performance Study, Chapter. 5, section 5.5.4" (PDF). Retrieved January 30, 2011.
↑ "Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 – Draft for Public Comment" (PDF). NIST. August 2008. pp. xxxii.
↑ "World Trade Center Building Performance Study". FEMA. May 2002. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
↑ "World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Bankers Trust Building" (PDF). FEMA. May 2002. Retrieved July 12, 2007.
↑ "Fiterman Hall – Project Updates". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
↑ Averill, Jason D.; et al. (2005). "Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications". Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
↑ "Official 9/11 Death Toll Climbs By One". CBS News. Associated Press. July 10, 2008. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
↑ "Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses". BBC News. London. September 4, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
↑ Grady, Denise; Revkin, Andrew C. (September 10, 2002). "Lung Ailments May Force 500 Firefighters Off Job". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
↑ "Post-9/11 report recommends police, fire response changes". USA Today. Washington DC. Associated Press. August 19, 2002. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
↑ "Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare". CNN. July 21, 2002. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.
↑ Lemre, Jonathan (August 24, 2011). "Remains of WTC worker Ernest James, 40, ID'd ten years after 9/11". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
↑ Denerstein, Robert (August 4, 2006). "Terror in close-up". Rocky Mountain News. Denver, CO. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
↑ Pérez-Peña, Richard (November 3, 2001). "A NATION CHALLENGED: DOWNTOWN; State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.
↑ McGuigan, Cathleen (November 12, 2001). "Up From The Ashes". Newsweek.
↑ David W. Dunlap (June 12, 2012). "1 World Trade Center Is a Growing Presence, and a Changed One". New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
↑ NY1 News (September 12, 2011). "Public Gets First Glimpse Of 9/11 Memorial". Retrieved September 12, 2011.
↑ "Blocking 3 World Trade Center deal a bad idea". New York Post. March 17, 2014. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
↑ Porter, Dave (June 25, 2014). "Deal Reached to Finish 3 World Trade Center Tower". Associated Press. Retrieved August 2, 2014.
↑ David M. Levitt (November 12, 2013). "NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
↑ "2 World Trade Center Office Space -- World Trade Center".
↑ "5 World Trade Center". World Trade Center. Silverstein Properties, Inc. 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
Cudahy, Brian J. (2002). Rails Under the Mighty Hudson (2nd ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. ISBN 0-8232-2190-3. OCLC 48376141.
Glanz, James & Eric Lipton (2003). City in the Sky. Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7428-7. | 2019-04-24T20:02:22Z | https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001).html |
123934 1 2018 YLR 2059 Cr.Appeal 8/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana; attached cases: Cr. Reference No.D-02 of 2017 and Cr. Reference No.D-02 of 2017 2017 Riaz Jagirani (Appellant) VS he State (Respondent) D.B. 06-MAR-18 Yes Nil.
128619 2 Cr.Misc. 55/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Qadir Massan (Applicant) VS SHO PS Nasirabad & others (Respondent) S.B. 09-JUL-18 No Nil.
128832 3 Cr.Bail 97/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Khuda Bux Panhwar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 16-JUL-18 No Nil.
124004 4 Cr.Appeal 46/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Niaz Ali Jalbani and Others (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 21-FEB-18 No Nil.
135014 5 Cr.Acq.A. 72/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Mst. Abida Khatoon (Appellant) VS Khalid Hussain and an others (Respondent) S.B. 07-JAN-19 Yes Nil.
130740 6 Cr.Acq.A. 6/2013 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Agha Farhan Ali Pathan (Appellant) VS Abdul Rehman Pathan and others (Respondent) S.B. 05-SEP-18 No Nil.
134407 7 Cr.Appeal 51/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Madoo alias Madad Khokhar (Appellant) VS The state (Respondent) S.B. 17-DEC-18 No Nil.
131592 8 Cr.Misc. 48/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Amjad Ali Bhutto & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-SEP-18 Yes Nil.
131587 9 Cr.Acq.A. 20/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Mukhtiar Ali Landar (Appellant) VS Gullan Landar & Others (Respondent) S.B. 26-SEP-18 No Nil.
131632 10 Cr.Acq.A. 45/2010 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2010 Dost Muhammad Noonari (Appellant) VS Khalil Rehman & ors (Respondent) S.B. 28-SEP-18 No Nil.
133154 11 Cr.Bail 37/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Deedar Hussain Tunio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
134594 12 Const. P. 1006/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Asif Ali Mugheri (Petitioner) VS Muharram Ali Jagirani and Others (Respondent) S.B. 20-DEC-18 No Nil.
134595 13 Civil Revision 40/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Ahmed Ali Khoso (Applicant) VS Khan Mohammad and Others (Respondent) S.B. 20-DEC-18 No Nil.
132374 14 Cr.Bail 490/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Waqas Ali alias Wiki Magsi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 12-OCT-18 No Nil.
133772 15 Cr.Bail 408/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Hussain Ali Metlo (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 29-NOV-18 No Nil.
134672 16 Const. P. 727/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana; attached cases: Crl.Misc.Appln.No.S-289 of 2018 2018 Mir Jan Muhammad Birhamani Baloch & an Other (Petitioner) VS SHO P.S Warrah & Others (Respondent) D.B. 24-DEC-18 No Nil.
132772 17 Cr.Misc. 9/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Bandah Ali Chandio (Applicant) VS DHO Kamber Shahdadkot & ors (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
132069 18 Cr.Bail 270/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Wazeer Ali (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 06-AUG-18 Yes Nil.
132595 19 Cr.Rev 12/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Karim @ Baboo & others (Applicant) VS Hafeez-U-Rhman & others (Respondent) S.B. 19-OCT-18 No Nil.
132637 20 Cr.Acq.A. 38/2011 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2011 Ghulam Sarwar Soomro (Appellant) VS Abdul Hakeem Brohi & Ors (Respondent) D.B. 16-OCT-18 No Nil.
133043 21 Cr.Bail 122/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Bux Sabzoi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 08-NOV-18 No Nil.
133044 22 Cr.Bail 444/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Hakim Ali Chachar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 05-NOV-18 No Nil.
132638 23 Cr.Bail 488/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Imdad Mazari (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 22-OCT-18 No Nil.
131395 24 Cr.Bail 436/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Karimdad @ Abdul Karim @ Papoo Buririo (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 14-SEP-18 No Nil.
133412 25 Cr.Bail 350/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ghulam Mustafa @ Gogee (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133493 26 Cr.Acq.A. 11/2010 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2010 Haji Abdul Fatah Khoso (Appellant) VS Muhammad Hassan Soomro and others (Respondent) S.B. 22-NOV-18 No Nil.
133581 27 Cr.Appeal 25/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana; attached cases: Crl.Revision Appln.No.S-18 of 2018 2018 Altaf Hussain Bhayo & others (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
133773 28 Const. P. 138/2007 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2007 Sabz Ali Chandio (Petitioner) VS Additional District Judge & others (Respondent) S.B. 29-NOV-18 No Nil.
133875 29 Civil Revision 60/2011 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2011 Kazi Mohammad Akram and others (Applicant) VS Habibullah Shaikh and others (Respondent) S.B. 06-DEC-18 No Nil.
131109 30 Cr.Bail 259/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Allah Jurio Jagirani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-SEP-18 No Nil.
133518 31 Cr.Acq.A. 84/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Sheeraz Soomro (Appellant) VS Muhammad Hashim Soomro & Others (Respondent) S.B. 23-NOV-18 No Nil.
131593 32 Cr.Appeal 38/2016 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Roshan Ali Jhatial (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 17-SEP-18 No Nil.
130218 33 Cr.Bail 157/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Saddam Magsi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 27-AUG-18 No Nil.
131939 34 Cr.Acq.A. 27/2006 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2006 State through A.G Sindh (Appellant) VS Arbab Ali and another (Respondent) S.B. 04-OCT-18 No Nil.
134494 35 Cr.Appeal 65/2013 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Anwar Ali Khokhar (Appellant) VS The state (Respondent) D.B. 19-DEC-18 No Nil.
132114 36 Cr.Misc. 73/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ahmed Ali Buriro (Applicant) VS The State and Others (Respondent) S.B. 08-OCT-18 No Nil.
128452 37 Cr.Bail 233/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Zamir Hussain Chandio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 02-JUL-18 No Nil.
131591 38 Cr.Misc. 193/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Qasim Magsi (Applicant) VS SSP Dadu and others (Respondent) S.B. 24-SEP-18 No Nil.
133778 39 Cr.Rev 40/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Rasheed Junejo and Another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 29-NOV-18 No Nil.
129076 40 Cr.Bail 280/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Javed Iqbal Chandio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
132012 41 Cr.J.A 44/2014 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Bangul Kharos (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 04-OCT-18 Yes Nil.
123993 42 Const. P. 459/2016 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Najawat Bahalkani and others (Petitioner) VS PO Sindh and others (Respondent) D.B. 05-MAR-18 No Nil.
128455 43 Cr.Acq.A. 65/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Rahib Mazari (Appellant) VS Faqir Bux Mazari and Others (Respondent) S.B. 02-JUL-18 No Nil.
128835 44 Cr.Appeal 32/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sajjad Ali & others (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 16-JUL-18 Yes Nil.
Crl.P.953/2018 Ali Gul v. The State thr. P.G. Sindh & others Before Supreme Court of Pakistan Disposed Dismissed. Crl.M.A. 1558/2018 allowed.
128759 45 Const. P. 514/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mohammad Ali Hakro (Petitioner) VS Returing Officer and others (Respondent) D.B. 12-JUL-18 Yes Nil.
134272 46 Const. P. 413/2009 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2009 Sahib Ali Khan Khoso (Petitioner) VS Mst Maran & others (Applicant) S.B. 07-DEC-18 No Nil.
130750 47 E.P 510/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Shakoor (Petitioner) VS Election Commission of Pakistan and others (Respondent) D.B. 19-JUL-18 No Nil.
134593 48 Cr.Bail 258/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Syed Shakeel Shah & another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 20-DEC-18 No Nil.
133252 49 E.P 580/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Agha Taimoor Khan (Petitioner) VS Election Commission Of Pakistan & Others (Respondent) D.B. 06-NOV-18 No Nil.
131394 50 Cr.Bail 431/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Bhooro Derkhani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 17-SEP-18 No Nil.
133783 51 Cr.Misc. 256/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Lal Dino Labano (Applicant) VS S.P Shikarpur & others (Respondent) S.B. 30-NOV-18 No Nil.
134453 52 Cr.Misc. 18/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Mst. Zarbanu Brohi (Applicant) VS SHO PS Amrote Sharif and others (Respondent) D.B. 04-DEC-18 No Nil.
132452 53 Cr.Bail 474/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Dilawar Kosh & an other (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 18-OCT-18 No Nil.
132767 54 Civil Revision 53/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Rehman Magsi (Applicant) VS SDO Irrigation And Others (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
132317 55 Cr.Misc. 230/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Suhail Ahmed Khakhrani (Applicant) VS SHO, P.S Keti Mumtaz & others (Respondent) S.B. 11-OCT-18 No Nil.
132375 56 Cr.Rev 19/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Bagh Ali Balouch (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 12-OCT-18 No Nil.
132636 57 Cr.Rev 8/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Nooral Solang (Applicant) VS The State & another (Respondent) D.B. 16-OCT-18 No Nil.
132057 58 Cr.Bail 479/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Yaseen Bangwar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 05-OCT-18 No Nil.
132059 59 Cr.Acq.A. 15/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Muhammad Nawaz Soomro (Appellant) VS Muhammad Saleem Khoso & Another (Respondent) D.B. 24-SEP-18 No Nil.
133413 60 Cr.Bail 510/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Liaquat Ali (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133416 61 Civil Revision 74/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Daim and others (Applicant) VS Ishrat Pervaiz and others (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133574 62 Cr.Bail 497/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Shafique Ahmed Tunia & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
132058 63 Cr.Bail 491/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Zulfiqar Ali Sangi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 05-OCT-18 No Nil.
133492 64 Cr.Bail 452/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Inayatullah @ Ghaloo Buriro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 22-NOV-18 No Nil.
133494 65 Cr.Misc. 142/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Usman Shaikh (Applicant) VS The State & others (Respondent) S.B. 22-NOV-18 No Nil.
131112 66 Cr.Bail 417/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sardar Khan Jatoi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-SEP-18 No Nil.
132832 67 Cr.Bail 502/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Nawaz Sargani & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 31-OCT-18 No Nil.
130219 68 Cr.Bail 311/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Kamran Ali Lashari (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 27-AUG-18 No Nil.
131162 69 Cr.Appeal 76/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Farhan Ali Khuhawar & others (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 17-OCT-18 No Nil.
129075 70 Cr.Bail 273/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ganhwar Khan (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
132235 71 Cr.Acq.A. 5/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 The State Through P.G Sindh (Appellant) VS Muhammad Saleem Rind (Respondent) D.B. 15-MAR-18 No Nil.
133047 72 Cr.Acq.A. 10/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Muhammad Saifal Chachar (Appellant) VS Akbar Chachar & Others (Respondent) S.B. 05-NOV-18 No Nil.
132954 73 Cr.Bail 463/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Ibrahim Panhwar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 02-NOV-18 No Nil.
133249 74 Cr.Misc. 302/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst. Nirma Kalhoro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 13-NOV-18 No Nil.
133578 75 Cr.Rev 55/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Raheem Bux Brohi & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
124006 76 Cr.Appeal 65/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Mohsin Makol (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 14-FEB-18 No Nil.
131584 77 Cr.Bail 393/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Siraj Ghangro & another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-SEP-18 No Nil.
128534 78 Cr.Appeal 55/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Nooro @ Noor Hussain Bhatti (Appellant) VS The state (Respondent) S.B. 04-JUL-18 No Nil.
132594 79 Civil Revision 61/2011 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2011 Bachayo alias Allah Bachayo and others (Applicant) VS Abdullah Jakhro and others (Respondent) S.B. 19-OCT-18 No Nil.
129152 80 Cr.Appeal 39/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Qadir Bux alias Baboo Tunio (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 31-JUL-18 Yes Nil.
129072 81 Cr.Bail 235/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Imdad Ali Jafferi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
132399 82 Cr.Bail 484/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Hassan Shar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 15-OCT-18 No Nil.
131948 83 Cr.Misc. 227/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Meero Khan Abro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 04-OCT-18 No Nil.
132377 84 Cr.Rev 36/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Azhar Ali Chandio (Applicant) VS Shahan Chandio and Others (Respondent) S.B. 12-OCT-18 No Nil.
130244 85 Cr.Acq.A. 35/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Din Muhammad Sarki (Appellant) VS Khair Jan Khakhrani & Others (Respondent) S.B. 17-AUG-18 No Nil.
134292 86 Cr.Bail 260/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Zahoor Ahmed Soomro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-DEC-18 No Nil.
128617 87 Cr.Acq.A. 36/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Jan Muhammad Gopang (Appellant) VS Saadullah Gopang & others (Respondent) S.B. 09-JUL-18 No Nil.
128595 88 Cr.Bail 225/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muharam Ali Hulio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 06-JUL-18 No Nil.
128454 89 Cr.Acq.A. 28/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Bashir Ahmed Jhatial (Appellant) VS Nizamudding @ Nizo & others (Respondent) S.B. 02-JUL-18 No Nil.
134653 90 Const. P. 947/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst Saba Batool & another (Petitioner) VS SHO PS Taluka Larkana & others (Respondent) S.B. 24-DEC-18 No Nil.
136181 91 Cr.Rev 13/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Tariq Ali Jatoi & An other (Applicant) VS The State & An other (Respondent) D.B. 19-FEB-19 No Nil.
136180 92 Const. P. 1077/2015 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2015 Mst Tajul and another (Petitioner) VS SSP Kashmore and others (Respondent) D.B. 19-FEB-19 No Nil.
133780 93 Cr.Acq.A. 90/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Nadeem Ali Abbasi (Appellant) VS The State & others (Respondent) S.B. 30-NOV-18 No Nil.
135000 94 Cr.Misc. 297/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul karim Khoso (Applicant) VS SHO PS kanga & others (Respondent) S.B. 04-JAN-19 No Nil.
128613 95 Cr.Bail 227/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Tariq Hussain (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 09-JUL-18 No Nil.
133050 96 Cr.Rev 61/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ahmed Ali Shaikh & others (Applicant) VS The State & others (Respondent) S.B. 05-NOV-18 No Nil.
133577 97 Civil Revision 28/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Secretary Works & Services Deprtment Govt of Sindh (Applicant) VS Amanullah Buriro (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
131400 98 Cr.Acq.A. 56/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Abdul Hameed Sheeno (Appellant) VS Mohammad Ibrahim @ Baggan and Others (Respondent) S.B. 14-SEP-18 No Nil.
134596 99 Cr.Rev 39/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Saleem Ali Chandio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 20-DEC-18 No Nil.
132412 100 Cr.Bail 522/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Manzoor Ahmed Kosh (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 15-OCT-18 No Nil.
132654 101 Cr.Acq.A. 63/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Nasrullah Suhriyani (Appellant) VS Jalal @ Baloch Khan & Another (Respondent) S.B. 25-OCT-18 No Nil.
132762 102 Cr.Bail 515/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Hussain Ali Buriro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
134592 103 Civil Revision 41/2011 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2011 Noor Ahmed Umrani and others (Applicant) VS Muhammad Murad and others (Respondent) S.B. 21-DEC-18 No Nil.
130748 104 E.P 521/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Attaullah Bhutto (Petitioner) VS Election Commission Of Pakistan & Others (Respondent) D.B. 19-JUL-18 No Nil.
132596 105 Cr.Acq.A. 38/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Nizamuddin Dool (Appellant) VS Abdul Haq Dool & others (Respondent) S.B. 19-OCT-18 No Nil.
133250 106 Const. P. 179/2012 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2012 Muneer Ahmed Jatoi and ors (Petitioner) VS Director Anti-Corruption Karachi and others (Respondent) D.B. 14-NOV-18 No Nil.
132056 107 Cr.Bail 440/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Allah Dino Bangwar & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 05-OCT-18 No Nil.
129172 108 Cr.Acq.A. 12/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 The State through P.G Sindh (Appellant) VS Rashid Brohi & Another (Respondent) D.B. 01-AUG-18 No Nil.
133421 109 Cr.Appeal 26/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Khawand Bux Jakhrani (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
131764 110 Cr.J.A 9/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Ghulam Rabbani @ Washo (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 01-OCT-18 No Nil.
133876 111 Civil Revision 78/2011 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2011 Muhammad Mubarak (Applicant) VS Noor Hassan and others (Respondent) S.B. 06-DEC-18 No Nil.
133779 112 Cr.Rev 42/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Ali Muhammad Junejo and Another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 29-NOV-18 No Nil.
133782 113 Cr.Misc. 255/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst. Sumera Shaikh (Applicant) VS SHO, P.S Dari Larkana & others (Respondent) S.B. 30-NOV-18 No Nil.
131401 114 Cr.Misc. 193/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Haji Abdul Rauf (Applicant) VS S.H.O, P.S, Kashmore & Others (Respondent) S.B. 17-SEP-18 No Nil.
132759 115 Cr.Bail 197/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Wazir Narejo (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
132640 116 Cr.Tran 63/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Hassan Lolai (Appellant) VS Imran Ahmed Kalar & others (Respondent) S.B. 22-OCT-18 No Nil.
133519 117 Cr.Appeal 13/2013 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Nadir Ali Lashari and others (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-NOV-18 No Nil.
132953 118 Cr.Bail 400/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Gulsher jatoi & an other (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 02-NOV-18 No Nil.
132997 119 Cr.Misc. 31/2009 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2009 P.C Zulfiqar Ali Jakhrani (Applicant) VS Shah Muhammad and others (Respondent) S.B. 02-NOV-18 Yes Nil.
132120 120 Cr.Acq.A. 52/2013 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Khan Junejo (Appellant) VS Sadaruddin and others (Respondent) D.B. 17-SEP-18 No Nil.
132669 121 Civil Revision 58/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Attique Rehman Soomro (Applicant) VS Khadim Hussain Soomro & others (Respondent) S.B. 26-OCT-18 Yes Nil.
132712 122 Cr.Bail 466/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Arshad alias Lalan Shah (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-OCT-18 No Nil.
128532 123 Const. P. 630/2016 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Imtiaz Ali Kanrani (Petitioner) VS Nazar Muhammad Kanrani and others (Respondent) D.B. 05-JUL-18 No Nil.
133870 124 Cr.Rev 15/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst. Khurshed Begum (Applicant) VS SHO PS Radhan & others (Respondent) S.B. 03-DEC-18 No Nil.
128833 125 Cr.Bail 133/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Hyder Chabro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 16-JUL-18 No Nil.
129657 126 Cr.Bail 347/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Gulzar Mugheri (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-AUG-18 No Nil.
133867 127 Cr.Bail 404/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Majeed Mugheri (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 03-DEC-18 No Nil.
128713 128 E.P 482/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Aweez Khan Mugheri (Petitioner) VS Honourable Sessions Judge JCD & others (Respondent) D.B. 11-JUL-18 No Nil.
130220 129 Cr.Bail 360/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Manzoor Ahmed Bhatti (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 27-AUG-18 No Nil.
130444 130 Election Appeal 1/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Mohammad Waris Mastoi (Appellant) VS Mushtaque Ahmed alias Punhal Khan and Others (Respondent) S.B. 31-AUG-18 No Nil.
134304 131 Cr.Bail 577/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Asif Buriro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-DEC-18 No Nil.
134372 132 Cr.Bail 476/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ghulam Mustafa Kosh (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 13-DEC-18 No Nil.
128852 133 Cr.Appeal 35/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Nasrullah Rind (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 16-JUL-18 No Nil.
124001 134 Cr.Acq.A. 18/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Qamaruddin Kalhoro (Appellant) VS Noor Ahmed Kalhoro & Others (Respondent) S.B. 23-FEB-18 No Nil.
128592 135 Const. P. 496/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Nisar Ahmed Khuhro (Petitioner) VS Election Appellate Tribunal Sukkur and others (Respondent) D.B. 06-JUL-18 No Nil.
128912 136 E.P 494/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Qurban Ali (Petitioner) VS Election Commission Of Pakistan & ors (Respondent) D.B. 18-JUL-18 No Nil.
134640 137 Civil Revision 4/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Anwar Nabi and others (Appellant) VS P.O.Sindh, and others (Respondent) S.B. 24-DEC-18 No Nil.
129134 138 Cr.Bail 281/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Bashir Ahmed (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 30-JUL-18 No Nil.
133777 139 Cr.Acq.A. 59/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 ASI Ameer Ali Shah (Appellant) VS Mumtaz Ali Soomro & An other (Respondent) S.B. 29-NOV-18 No Nil.
134406 140 Cr.Misc. 305/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 ALI HYDER TANWERI (Applicant) VS SHO PS DAIM MALIK & OTHERS (Respondent) S.B. 17-DEC-18 No Nil.
131589 141 Cr.Misc. 137/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Saifal Mugheri (Applicant) VS Abdul Ghani and others (Respondent) S.B. 26-SEP-18 Yes Nil.
131633 142 Cr.Misc. 21/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sharafuddin Bughio (Applicant) VS The State & others (Respondent) S.B. 28-SEP-18 No Nil.
131815 143 Cr.Misc. 223/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Wali Muhammad Zardari (Applicant) VS Zahid Hussain Wadho & others (Respondent) S.B. 03-OCT-18 No Nil.
128954 144 E.P 496/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Nisar Ahmed Khuhro (Petitioner) VS Election Appellate Tribunal Sukkur and others (Respondent) D.B. 19-JUL-18 No Nil.
132834 145 Cr.Appeal 37/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Rajib Chandio (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 31-OCT-18 No Nil.
133155 146 Cr.Bail 184/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mansoor Ali Tunio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
132253 147 Cr.Bail 412/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Piyar Ali Machhi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-OCT-18 No Nil.
132641 148 Cr.Tran 66/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Hazoor Bux Jatoi (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 22-OCT-18 No Nil.
132768 149 Civil Revision 65/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Raza Hussain Kandhro (Applicant) VS Mushtaque Ali Kolachi and others (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
132652 150 Cr.Acq.A. 36/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Ghulam Hussain Soomro (Appellant) VS Anwar Ali Soomro & Another (Respondent) S.B. 25-OCT-18 No Nil.
132670 151 Cr.Acq.A. 50/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Tariq Ali Rind (Appellant) VS Ghulam Shabir Unnar and others (Respondent) S.B. 25-OCT-18 No Nil.
132956 152 Cr.Acq.A. 53/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Ghani khoso (Appellant) VS Murad @ M. Murad Khosa & others (Respondent) S.B. 02-NOV-18 No Nil.
130744 153 E.P 540/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abid Hussain Bhatti (Petitioner) VS Federation Of Pakistan & Others (Respondent) D.B. 18-JUL-18 No Nil.
133046 154 Cr.Bail 480/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Javed Ali Khor & an other (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 05-NOV-18 No Nil.
133575 155 Cr.Bail 503/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Siraj Ali Siyal & an other (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
133418 156 Cr.Acq.A. 7/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Ali Khan Noonari (Appellant) VS Ali Murad Noonari and others (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
131396 157 Civil Revision 66/2010 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2010 Sikandar Ali Bhangwar and another (Applicant) VS Badaruddin Awan and others (Respondent) S.B. 14-SEP-18 Yes Nil.
133420 158 Cr.Misc. 398/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Ghous Bux Chachar (Applicant) VS The Statae and Others (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133557 159 Cr.Bail 221/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Nazeer Shar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
132773 160 Cr.Misc. 368/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Mst. Farzana Solangi (Applicant) VS S.H.O, P.S Nasirabad and Others (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
134315 161 Cr.Misc. 87/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Faqeer Muhammad Korejo (Applicant) VS Deedar Ali Kalhoro & Others (Respondent) S.B. 10-DEC-18 No Nil.
130746 162 E.P 500/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Anwar Bhayo (Petitioner) VS Abid Hussain Jatoi and others (Respondent) D.B. 19-JUL-18 No Nil.
131161 163 Cr.Appeal 68/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Inam Ali Khoso (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 12-SEP-18 No Nil.
132401 164 Cr.Rev 30/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mohammad Saddar Khoso (Applicant) VS Photo and Others (Respondent) S.B. 15-OCT-18 No Nil.
133158 165 Const. P. 1126/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Abdullah Sarki (Petitioner) VS Mst; Mumtaz Begum and others (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
133165 166 Cr.Misc. 402/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Sada Bux Brohi (Applicant) VS The State and Others (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
133414 167 Cr.Bail 521/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sajjad Tunio & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133567 168 Cr.Bail 465/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Tayyab Kandhro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
133393 169 Cr.Rev 41/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Tarique Hussain Soomro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 16-NOV-18 No Nil.
133422 170 Cr.Misc. 117/2012 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2012 Muhammad Rafique Kandhro (Applicant) VS Muhammad Ayoub Chinjni (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133871 171 Cr.Rev 48/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Nasrullah Khoso (Applicant) VS Sessions Judge Kandhkot & others (Respondent) S.B. 03-DEC-18 No Nil.
132116 172 Const. P. 315/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mazno @ Gahi Khan Abro (Petitioner) VS Syed Nadir Ali Shah and others (Respondent) D.B. 09-OCT-18 No Nil.
128594 173 Cr.Bail 106/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Munir Jatoi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 06-JUL-18 No Nil.
133868 174 Civil Revision 42/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Nawabzada Muhammad Akbar (Applicant) VS Principal Shah Latif and others (Respondent) S.B. 03-DEC-18 No Nil.
129079 175 Cr.Misc. 138/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhib Ali Jessar (Applicant) VS I.G of Sindh Police and others (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
133781 176 Cr.Misc. 254/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst Basran Kharos (Applicant) VS SHO, P.S Ali Goharabad & others (Respondent) S.B. 30-NOV-18 No Nil.
130221 177 Cr.Bail 402/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Imamuddin Bugti (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 27-AUG-18 No Nil.
130443 178 Cr.Acq.A. 64/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Sobhraj Hindu (Appellant) VS Aabid Hussain and Another (Respondent) S.B. 31-AUG-18 No Nil.
134452 179 Cr.Acq.A. 7/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sahib Khan Babar (Appellant) VS Imtiaz Babar and Others (Respondent) D.B. 18-DEC-18 No Nil.
134999 180 Const. P. 966/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Amin Abbasi (Petitioner) VS SHO P.S Sachal, Lrk and others (Respondent) S.B. 04-JAN-19 No Nil.
134378 181 Cr.Tran 77/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Ashraf @ Wilayat Chandio & others (Appellant) VS Shahid Ali Thebo & others (Respondent) S.B. 13-DEC-18 No Nil.
128955 182 Cr.Acq.A. 37/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Naveed Ali Junejo (Appellant) VS Abdul Hameed and others (Respondent) S.B. 20-JUL-18 No Nil.
128456 183 Cr.Misc. 172/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst. Marvi Mangi (Applicant) VS SHO P.S Nasirabad & others (Respondent) S.B. 02-JUL-18 No Nil.
128712 184 Cr.Appeal 12/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Dur Muhammad Jatoi (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 11-JUL-18 No Nil.
131393 185 Cr.Bail 425/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Shahmir Jafri (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 14-SEP-18 No Nil.
131397 186 Cr.Acq.A. 5/2015 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2015 Waqar Ahmed Khoso (Appellant) VS Rabnawaz Sarki and another (Respondent) S.B. 17-SEP-18 No Nil.
132055 187 Cr.Bail 439/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Sher Golato (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 05-OCT-18 No Nil.
131586 188 Cr.Acq.A. 23/2013 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Khalil Ahmed Shaikh (Appellant) VS Ashfaque Ahmed Shaikh & another (Respondent) D.B. 03-SEP-18 No Nil.
131812 189 Cr.Bail 473/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Asghar Siyanch (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 03-OCT-18 No Nil.
132060 190 Cr.Misc. 153/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Ghulam Hassan @ Ghullam Hussain & Another (Applicant) VS Habibullah Pathan & Another (Respondent) S.B. 05-OCT-18 No Nil.
132068 191 Cr.Misc. 51/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mukhtiar Ali Kolachi (Applicant) VS The State & others (Respondent) S.B. 18-SEP-18 Yes Nil.
130751 192 E.P 551/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Shakoor Ogahi (Petitioner) VS Election Commission of Pakisan (Respondent) D.B. 19-JUL-18 No Nil.
132234 193 Cr.J.A 88/2013 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Allah Dino Soomro (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 09-OCT-18 No Nil.
131160 194 Cr.Bail 468/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Dr Safiullah Abbasi & Another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 12-SEP-18 No Nil.
132237 195 Cr.Acq.A. 1/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 The State through Prosecutor General (Appellant) VS Mumtaz Buriro (Respondent) D.B. 14-MAR-18 No Nil.
132653 196 Cr.Acq.A. 37/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Ghulam Hussain Soomro (Appellant) VS Ameer Bux @ Munwar Ali Soomro & Another (Respondent) S.B. 25-OCT-18 No Nil.
130747 197 E.P 520/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ghulam Asghar Khan Chachar & an Others (Petitioner) VS Returning Officer Jacobabad & Others (Respondent) D.B. 19-JUL-18 No Nil.
133879 198 Cr.Appeal 58/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sain Bux Jatoi & another (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 06-DEC-18 No Nil.
133392 199 Cr.Appeal 16/2013 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Niaz Ali Jamali (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 16-NOV-18 No Nil.
133579 200 Cr.Appeal 38/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Misri Khan Jatoi (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
131403 201 Cr.Rev 23/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Abdul Rehman Mazari (Applicant) VS Addl. Sessions Judge, Kashmore & Another (Respondent) S.B. 14-SEP-18 No Nil.
133517 202 Cr.Rev 58/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 SIP Fida Hussain Langah (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-NOV-18 No Nil.
133775 203 Cr.Misc. 231/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Inspector Miran Khan Durani & an others (Applicant) VS SHO, P.S Fatehpur & others (Respondent) S.B. 29-NOV-18 No Nil.
130739 204 Cr.Rev 12/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Noor-ul-Huda Chandio (Applicant) VS Abdul Rasool Chandio & Others (Respondent) S.B. 05-SEP-18 No Nil.
132400 205 Cr.Bail 523/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Manzoor Ahmed Kosh (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 15-OCT-18 No Nil.
132955 206 Cr.Acq.A. 17/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Rauf Soomro (Appellant) VS Ahmed Ali Mugheri & another (Respondent) S.B. 02-NOV-18 No Nil.
134374 207 Cr.Bail 464/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Liaquat Ali Buledi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 13-DEC-18 No Nil.
132232 208 Cr.Acq.A. 45/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Azam Ali Soomro (Appellant) VS Lal Bux Jamali & others (Respondent) S.B. 08-OCT-18 No Nil.
132592 209 Cr.Bail 243/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Rehmatullah Marfani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 19-OCT-18 No Nil.
123992 210 Const. P. 152/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Himat Ali Khoso (Petitioner) VS V/S P.O Sindh & others (Respondent) D.B. 26-FEB-18 No Nil.
132477 211 Cr.Appeal 47/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Shah Murad Jafferi (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 18-OCT-18 No Nil.
129135 212 Cr.J.A 112/2010 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2010 Hamzo Jafery (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 30-JUL-18 No Nil.
129655 213 Cr.Bail 374/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sajjan Sabzoi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 13-AUG-18 No Nil.
132735 214 Cr.Tran 35/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Inayat Chachar & others (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-OCT-18 No Nil.
133580 215 Cr.Bail 590/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Faheem Raza Bouk and others (Applicant) VS The state (Respondent) S.B. 21-DEC-18 No Nil.
134597 216 Cr.Rev 67/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Nawaz & Another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 20-DEC-18 No Nil.
129077 217 Cr.Bail 291/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Riaz Hussain Khoso (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
129080 218 Cr.Tran 31/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Qabil Malik (Appellant) VS Abdul Rasool Malik & another (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
130738 219 Const. P. 37/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 The Chairman NADRA and another (Petitioner) VS M/S Trading Corporation Pakistan and others (Respondent) S.B. 05-SEP-18 No Nil.
133784 220 Cr.Misc. 283/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Ghafar Mahar (Applicant) VS Abdul Malik Mahar & others (Respondent) S.B. 30-NOV-18 No Nil.
129033 221 Cr.Acq.A. 6/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Dili Jan Bugti (Appellant) VS The State and Others (Respondent) S.B. 20-JUL-18 No Nil.
134998 222 Cr.Bail 769/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ghulam Rasool Channa (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 04-JAN-19 No Nil.
128414 223 Const. P. 487/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Asghar Ali Shaikh (Petitioner) VS Chief Election Commissioner of Pakistan & others (Respondent) D.B. 05-JUL-18 No Nil.
131163 224 Cr.Appeal 78/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Khan Mirani (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 12-SEP-18 No Nil.
131402 225 Cr.Misc. 194/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst; Zareena Magsi (Applicant) VS Ali Khan & others (Respondent) S.B. 14-SEP-18 No Nil.
134408 226 Cr.Rev 53/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Barkat Ali Naich (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 17-DEC-18 No Nil.
131763 227 Cr.Tran 23/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Khan Chandio (Appellant) VS Abdul Jabbar Chandio & others (Respondent) S.B. 01-OCT-18 No Nil.
132054 228 Cr.Bail 253/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Rawat Ali Abro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 05-OCT-18 No Nil.
128614 229 Cr.Bail 310/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ouzal Khan Pathan (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 09-JUL-18 No Nil.
131398 230 Cr.Acq.A. 21/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Gohar Jalbani (Appellant) VS Shah Nawaz @ Bado & others (Respondent) S.B. 17-SEP-18 No Nil.
131582 231 Cr.Bail 388/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Daim Khan Totani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 25-SEP-18 No Nil.
131813 232 Cr.Acq.A. 74/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Abdul Malik Soondhro (Appellant) VS Abdul Sattar & another (Respondent) S.B. 03-OCT-18 No Nil.
132061 233 Cr.Misc. 242/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abid Ali Kalhoro (Applicant) VS SHO P.S Bakrani & others (Respondent) S.B. 05-OCT-18 No Nil.
132062 234 Cr.Tran 33/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Farooque (Appellant) VS SIP Abdul Salam and others (Respondent) S.B. 05-OCT-18 No Nil.
134598 235 Cr.Rev 70/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mohammad Saleem Janwri (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 20-DEC-18 No Nil.
130741 236 E.P 511/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Ramzan Soomro (Petitioner) VS Election Commision of Pakistan and others (Respondent) D.B. 18-JUL-18 No Nil.
131814 237 Cr.Misc. 129/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Chhato Khan and others (Applicant) VS The State and another (Respondent) S.B. 03-OCT-18 No Nil.
130742 238 E.P 522/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Ibrahim Chachar (Petitioner) VS Returning Officer Kashmore @ Kandhkot & Others (Respondent) D.B. 19-JUL-18 No Nil.
132770 239 Cr.Acq.A. 14/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst. Wazeeran (Appellant) VS Abu Bakar & Others (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
132252 240 Cr.Bail 267/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sajid Marfani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-OCT-18 No Nil.
132730 241 Cr.Misc. 367/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Shahzado Pahore (Applicant) VS Muhammad Soomar Pahore anf Another (Respondent) S.B. 26-OCT-18 No Nil.
132761 242 Cr.Bail 514/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Banhon Khan Bangulani (Applicant) VS The state (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
132835 243 Cr.Appeal 56/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Sattar Chandio (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 31-OCT-18 No Nil.
134493 244 Const. P. 757/2012 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2012 Sabir Hussain Harhoo (Petitioner) VS P.O Special Judge ATC Larkana and others (Respondent) D.B. 19-DEC-18 No Nil.
136183 245 Const. P. 374/2016 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Aijaz Ali Abro and others (Petitioner) VS PO Sindh and others (Respondent) D.B. 15-JAN-19 No Nil.
132952 246 Cr.Bail 288/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Rehmatullah Khoso (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 02-NOV-18 No Nil.
133275 247 Cr.Misc. 98/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst Sehat Khatoon Jatoi (Applicant) VS SHO PS Faizoo & others (Respondent) S.B. 15-NOV-18 No Nil.
133415 248 Cr.Bail 546/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Tofique Ahmed Tunio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133417 249 Cr.Acq.A. 5/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Mst Shabana Gul Malghani (Appellant) VS Nek Muhammad Malgani and others (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133869 250 Civil Revision 9/2009 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2009 Naveed Akhtar Bhatti (Applicant) VS Mst. Sameena Bhatti (Respondent) S.B. 03-DEC-18 No Nil.
129073 251 Cr.Bail 262/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Shafi Mohammad and another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
131938 252 Cr.Bail 512/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Irfan Ali Gopang (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 04-OCT-18 No Nil.
134376 253 Cr.Appeal 16/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Taj Muhammad Mugheri (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 13-DEC-18 No Nil.
134403 254 Cr.Acq.A. 3/2015 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2015 Muzafar Ali Bhutto (Appellant) VS Noor Muhammad Shah and others (Respondent) S.B. 17-DEC-18 No Nil.
134465 255 Civil Revision 34/2012 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2012 Hafizullah Chandio (Applicant) VS Faiz Mohammad Leghari and Others (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
132771 256 Cr.J.A 6/2013 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Ghulam Sarwar Jagirani (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 Yes Nil.
133048 257 Cr.Acq.A. 44/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Zulfiqar Ali Mangi (Appellant) VS Fida Hussain Magsi (Respondent) S.B. 05-NOV-18 No Nil.
132957 258 Cr.Misc. 186/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Rustam Khan Mugheri (Applicant) VS SHO P.S Kamber City & others (Respondent) S.B. 02-NOV-18 No Nil.
133159 259 Cr.Acq.A. 7/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mst. Shamshad Begum (Appellant) VS Mir Ahmed And Others (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
131111 260 Cr.Bail 364/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ghulam Rasool Depar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-SEP-18 No Nil.
131585 261 Cr.Appeal 71/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Usman Lakhair & others (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-SEP-18 No Nil.
130442 262 Cr.Acq.A. 13/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sobhraj Hindu (Appellant) VS Nazeer Ahmed Gopang and another (Respondent) S.B. 31-AUG-18 No Nil.
129114 263 2019 YLR 228 Cr.Misc. 131/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Aslam Pervaiz Abro and an others (Applicant) VS Tameer Ali Dinari and others (Respondent) S.B. 27-JUL-18 Yes Nil.
129652 264 Cr.Bail 140/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Manzoor Ali Kosh (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-AUG-18 No Nil.
129656 265 Cr.Bail 100/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Ishaque @ Meer Brohi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 13-AUG-18 No Nil.
131937 266 Cr.Bail 418/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Majeed Chandio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 04-OCT-18 No Nil.
133881 267 Cr.Misc. 118/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Saleemullah Abbasi (Applicant) VS SHO P.S Civil Line and others (Respondent) S.B. 06-DEC-18 No Nil.
129113 268 Cr.Bail 315/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Bakhshal Chandio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 27-JUL-18 No Nil.
133785 269 Cr.Misc. 286/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ghulam Ali Jatoi & others (Applicant) VS I.O P.S Akil Larkana & others (Respondent) S.B. 30-NOV-18 No Nil.
132713 270 Cr.Bail 508/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Rajib Ali Machhi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-OCT-18 No Nil.
132714 271 Cr.Acq.A. 78/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Mohammad Rafique Panhyar (Appellant) VS Ghulam Rasool & Another (Respondent) S.B. 26-OCT-18 No Nil.
133049 272 Cr.Appeal 9/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sada Bux Kharos (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 05-NOV-18 No Nil.
129078 273 Cr.Bail 309/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Parwaiz Ahmed Pathan (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
128616 274 Cr.Bail 318/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sikander Ali Brohi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 09-JUL-18 No Nil.
130743 275 E.P 539/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abid Hussain Bhatti (Petitioner) VS Federtion Of Pakistan & Others (Respondent) D.B. 18-JUL-18 No Nil.
131635 276 Cr.Appeal 57/2012 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2012 Ghulam Ali Arbani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 28-SEP-18 No Nil.
124005 277 Cr.J.A 1/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Jawad Khan Pathan (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 28-FEB-18 No Nil.
128618 278 Cr.Misc. 49/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Abdul Rehman Brohi (Applicant) VS SHO PS Hydri & others (Respondent) S.B. 09-JUL-18 No Nil.
128834 279 Cr.Bail 263/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Zeeshan Mirani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 16-JUL-18 No Nil.
123933 280 Cr.Acq.A. 37/2009 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2009 Sultan Ahmed Soomro (Applicant) VS Ali Mohammad & others (Respondent) S.B. 19-FEB-18 Yes Nil.
130445 281 Election Appeal 2/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Zulfiqar Ali Mastoi (Appellant) VS The Presiding Officer Shahdadkot and Others (Respondent) S.B. 31-AUG-18 No Nil.
131108 282 Cr.Bail 180/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Nabi Bux Lashari (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-SEP-18 No Nil.
131588 283 Cr.Acq.A. 22/2007 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2007 Haji Bashir Ahmed (Appellant) VS Bashir Ahmed Suhag & ors: (Respondent) S.B. 24-SEP-18 No Nil.
131944 284 Cr.Acq.A. 62/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Nadir Ali Jiskani (Appellant) VS Javed Ali Lashari and Others (Respondent) S.B. 04-OCT-18 No Nil.
133776 285 Cr.Acq.A. 10/2012 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2012 Arshad Ameen Amrohi (Appellant) VS Kamaluddin Siddique and others (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
132318 286 Cr.Tran 34/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sabir Hussain Magsi (Appellant) VS Qurban Ali Khoso and others (Respondent) S.B. 11-OCT-18 No Nil.
133171 287 Cr.Misc. 238/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Shabir Ahmed (Applicant) VS S.H.O, P.S, Jamal Distt. Kashmore & Others (Respondent) S.B. 12-NOV-18 No Nil.
132026 288 Cr.J.A 13/2014 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Shahzad Mughal (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 08-MAR-18 Yes Nil.
133251 289 Const. P. 1025/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Islam-ud-Din Solangi (Petitioner) VS Zarai Tarqiati Bank Limited and others (Respondent) D.B. 01-NOV-18 No Nil.
133684 290 Const. P. 2117/2011 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2011 Abdul Sattar Kehar (Petitioner) VS PO Sindh and others (Respondent) D.B. 14-NOV-18 No Nil.
131816 291 Cr.Tran 43/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ayaz Ali Mugeri (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 03-OCT-18 No Nil.
131761 292 Const. P. 239/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Akbar Shah & others (Petitioner) VS P.O Sindh & others (Respondent) S.B. 01-OCT-18 Yes Nil.
132233 293 Cr.Misc. 250/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 ABDUL AHAD & OTHERS (Applicant) VS MST SOOMRE & OTHERS (Respondent) S.B. 08-OCT-18 No Nil.
134377 294 Cr.Rev 22/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Shoukat Ali Kalhoro (Applicant) VS Ashique Ali Kalhoro and others (Respondent) S.B. 13-DEC-18 No Nil.
134375 295 Cr.Acq.A. 3/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Maqbool Ahmed Khuhawar (Appellant) VS Ghulam Mohammad and others (Respondent) S.B. 13-DEC-18 No Nil.
133156 296 Cr.Bail 247/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Sajid Hussain @ Baboo Tunio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
135016 297 Cr.Rev 29/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mohammad Ayoob Pathan (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 07-JAN-19 No Nil.
131399 298 Cr.Acq.A. 24/2015 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2015 Asif Pervaiz Mahar (Appellant) VS The state and others (Respondent) S.B. 14-SEP-18 No Nil.
133495 299 Cr.J.A 42/2013 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Dodo @ Muhammad Yakoob Junejo (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 22-NOV-18 No Nil.
133576 300 Cr.Bail 603/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Irfan Ahmed Jagirani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
134307 301 Cr.Bail 581/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Shadi Khan Kherra & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-DEC-18 No Nil.
134313 302 Cr.Appeal 46/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Bashir Ahmed & Others (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-DEC-18 No Nil.
133419 303 Cr.Appeal 90/2009 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2009 Buxial @ Suhno Lakhair & another (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 19-NOV-18 No Nil.
133774 304 Cr.Misc. 66/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Inspector Zulfiqar Ali & others (Applicant) VS SHO PS Rehmatpur Larkana & others (Respondent) S.B. 29-NOV-18 No Nil.
130745 305 E.P 533/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Imtiaz Ali Jaffri Baloch (Petitioner) VS Federation Of Pakistan & Others (Respondent) D.B. 18-JUL-18 No Nil.
133163 306 Cr.Acq.A. 41/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Rustam Ali Khokhar (Appellant) VS Ghulam Muzamil Soomro and others (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
132593 307 Cr.Bail 355/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ghulam Nabi @ Ghulam Hussain (Applicant) VS The state (Respondent) S.B. 19-OCT-18 No Nil.
132875 308 Civil Revision 61/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Raheela Ashfaq and Another (Applicant) VS Mir Muhabat Ali Khuhro and others (Respondent) S.B. 01-NOV-18 No Nil.
132236 309 Cr.Acq.A. 6/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Riaz Ahmed Khokhar (Appellant) VS Haji Manzoor Ahmed Qureshi (Respondent) D.B. 26-FEB-18 No Nil.
133092 310 Civil Revision 57/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Akhtiar Ali Lahori (Applicant) VS Federation of Pakistan & others (Respondent) S.B. 08-NOV-18 No Nil.
129136 311 Cr.Appeal 24/2016 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Jacom Malik (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 17-JUL-18 No Nil.
133573 312 Cr.Bail 494/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Irshad Ali Siyal & Another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-NOV-18 No Nil.
130441 313 Cr.Bail 176/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ameen Khakhrani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 31-AUG-18 No Nil.
131116 314 Cr.Rev 46/2016 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Barkat Ali (Applicant) VS Bashir Ahmed Chanido and others (Respondent) S.B. 11-SEP-18 No Nil.
132392 315 Cr.Bail 308/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mumtaz Ali alias Tharoo (Applicant) VS The state (Respondent) S.B. 15-OCT-18 No Nil.
133160 316 Cr.Acq.A. 24/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Sajjan Chandio (Appellant) VS Maroof Chandio and others (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
128593 317 Cr.Bail 324/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Irshad Ali Hulio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 06-JUL-18 No Nil.
132734 318 Cr.Misc. 43/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Waseem Hassan Bugti (Applicant) VS Khalid Hussain & others (Respondent) S.B. 26-OCT-18 No Nil.
131636 319 Cr.Rev 17/2015 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2015 Muhammad Rahim Brohi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 26-SEP-18 Yes Nil.
129133 320 Cr.Bail 132/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Asadullah Kolachi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 30-JUL-18 No Nil.
129112 321 Cr.Bail 304/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Faisal Jalbani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 27-JUL-18 No Nil.
132255 322 Cr.Misc. 135/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Niaz Hussain Leghari (Applicant) VS The State and Others (Respondent) S.B. 10-OCT-18 No Nil.
130223 323 Cr.J.A 17/2013 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Farooque Mahar (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 27-AUG-18 Yes Nil.
131159 324 Cr.Bail 422/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Akbar Khokhar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 12-SEP-18 No Nil.
129658 325 Cr.Acq.A. 24/2013 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Dr Dayali Gul (Appellant) VS Rasool Bux Abbasi and others (Respondent) S.B. 10-AUG-18 No Nil.
129659 326 Cr.Acq.A. 57/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Syed Anwar Ali Shah (Appellant) VS Ghulam Hussain and Others (Respondent) S.B. 13-AUG-18 No Nil.
130737 327 Const. P. 2300/2011 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2011 Barkat Ali Solangi (Petitioner) VS PO Sindh and others (Respondent) S.B. 05-SEP-18 No Nil.
128596 328 Cr.Acq.A. 31/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mehboob Ali Manghanhar (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 06-JUL-18 No Nil.
128654 329 Const. P. 534/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mahjabeen Mughal (Petitioner) VS Election Appellate Tribunal Sukkur & Others (Respondent) D.B. 10-JUL-18 No Nil.
123916 330 Cr.Acq.A. 37/2009 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2009 Sultan Ahmed Soomro (Applicant) VS Ali Mohammad & others (Respondent) D.B. 19-FEB-18 Yes Nil.
134654 331 Cr.Appeal 18/2017 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana; attached cases: Criminal Reference No.D-04 of 2017,Criminal Jail Appeal No.D-19 of 2017,Criminal Appeal No.S-36 & 38 of 2017 2017 Mohammad Ramzan Chandio (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 24-DEC-18 No Nil.
136178 332 Const. P. 798/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ms Leela Kalpana Devi and others (Petitioner) VS PO Sindh and others (Respondent) D.B. 19-FEB-19 No Nil.
123994 333 Const. P. 678/2013 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 aseen Mustafa Chandio (Petitioner) VS Ex. Engineer SEPCO Larkana and others (Respondent) D.B. 22-FEB-18 Yes Nil.
135012 334 Cr.Bail 603/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Javed Khakhrani and Another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 07-JAN-19 No Nil.
135013 335 Cr.Bail 680/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Amir Hamzo & Another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 07-JAN-19 No Nil.
135015 336 Const. P. 343/2014 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Naheed Soomro and others (Petitioner) VS DEO Kashmore and others (Respondent) D.B. 07-JAN-19 No Nil.
133173 337 Civil Tran 12/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Rajab Ali Golo (Applicant) VS Muhammad Sallah And Others (Respondent) S.B. 12-NOV-18 No Nil.
134405 338 Cr.Misc. 251/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 SIP Anwar Ali Brohi & others (Applicant) VS Khadim Hussain Golo & Anothers (Respondent) S.B. 17-DEC-18 No Nil.
131634 339 Cr.Misc. 241/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mujahid Ali Jakhrani (Applicant) VS The State & others (Respondent) S.B. 28-SEP-18 No Nil.
129660 340 Cr.Rev 9/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Muhammad Ameen Chandio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 13-AUG-18 No Nil.
129653 341 Cr.Bail 294/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mujahid Kalhoro (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-AUG-18 No Nil.
131762 342 Cr.Rev 16/2015 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2015 Muhammad Rahim Brohi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 01-OCT-18 No Nil.
132769 344 Civil Revision 67/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Ehsanullah Kandhro (Applicant) VS Mashooque Ali and others (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
132833 345 Cr.Acq.A. 10/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 The State through P.G Sindh (Appellant) VS Ahmedan Sabzoi & an other (Respondent) D.B. 23-OCT-18 No Nil.
129654 346 Cr.Bail 321/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mehmood Malgani & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-AUG-18 No Nil.
132639 347 Cr.J.A 100/2012 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2012 Ghulam Abbas Mabar (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 22-OCT-18 No Nil.
130224 348 Cr.Appeal 57/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Saindad @ Saeedo Jatoi (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 27-AUG-18 No Nil.
132872 349 Civil Revision 11/2015 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2015 Ghulam Sarwar Siyal & others (Applicant) VS Nafees Ahmed Leghari & others (Respondent) S.B. 01-NOV-18 No Nil.
132254 350 Cr.Acq.A. 42/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Meharullah Bugti (Appellant) VS Babar Khan Bugti & others (Respondent) S.B. 10-OCT-18 No Nil.
133175 351 Cr.Misc. 407/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Hussain Bux (Applicant) VS The State & others (Respondent) S.B. 12-NOV-18 No Nil.
135001 352 Cr.Rev 37/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Mohammad Sharif Khoso (Applicant) VS The State and Others (Respondent) S.B. 04-JAN-19 No Nil.
135017 353 Cr.Misc. 334/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mohammad Khan Suho & others (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 07-JAN-19 No Nil.
133872 354 Cr.J.A 60/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Saddar Kharal & another (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 03-DEC-18 No Nil.
130749 355 E.P 506/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Lutufullah Dal (Petitioner) VS R.O P.S-9 Shikarpur-3 and others (Respondent) D.B. 19-JUL-18 No Nil.
131110 356 Cr.Bail 333/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Altaf Ali Panhwar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-SEP-18 No Nil.
132760 357 Cr.Bail 492/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Nawab Shar (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 29-OCT-18 No Nil.
134692 358 Cr.Acctt.A 46/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Azam Ali Soomro (Applicant) VS Fayyaz Hussain Khoso & an other (Respondent) S.B. 24-DEC-18 No Nil.
129074 359 Cr.Bail 269/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Gul Hassan @ Guloo Lashari & another (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 23-JUL-18 No Nil.
131590 360 Cr.Misc. 157/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ghulam Fareed and Others (Applicant) VS Inspector Sanaullah Awan and Others (Respondent) S.B. 26-SEP-18 No Nil.
131947 361 Cr.Acq.A. 78/2017 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2017 Malik Dino Buriro (Appellant) VS Zulfiqar Ali & another (Respondent) S.B. 04-OCT-18 No Nil.
131583 362 Cr.Bail 390/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Muhammad Iqbal Qureshi (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 25-SEP-18 No Nil.
134300 363 Cr.Bail 569/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Munwar Ali Junejo (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-DEC-18 No Nil.
134311 364 Cr.Bail 597/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Mansoor Ali Tunio (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-DEC-18 No Nil.
134312 365 Cr.Appeal 15/2012 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2012 Muhammad Ramzan Soomro (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 10-DEC-18 No Nil.
128453 366 Cr.Acq.A. 26/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Syed Mehboob Shah (Appellant) VS Haji Illahi Bux and others (Respondent) S.B. 02-JUL-18 No Nil.
128655 367 Cr.Appeal 14/2018 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Dur Muhammad Jatoi (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 10-JUL-18 No Nil.
133884 368 Cr.J.A 142/2011 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2011 Adho Janwri (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 06-DEC-18 No Nil.
129081 369 Criminal Appeal 24/2016 (D.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2016 Jacom Malik (Appellant) VS The State (Respondent) D.B. 17-JUL-18 No Nil.
134932 370 Cr.J.A 19/2013 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2013 Abdul Kamber Lashari (Appellant) VS The state (Respondent) S.B. 04-JAN-19 No Nil.
130222 371 Cr.Acq.A. 32/2014 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2014 Allahyar Ghanghro (Appellant) VS Asadullah and others (Respondent) S.B. 27-AUG-18 No Nil.
132316 372 Cr.Bail 334/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ali Hyder Bhutto (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 11-OCT-18 No Nil.
133157 373 Cr.Bail 493/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Ahmed Ali Khakhrani (Applicant) VS The State (Respondent) S.B. 09-NOV-18 No Nil.
134373 374 Cr.Bail 579/2018 (S.B.) Sindh High Court, Circuit at Larkana 2018 Saeed Ahmed Lolai & An other (Applicant) VS Saeed Ahmed Lolai & An other (Respondent) S.B. 13-DEC-18 No Nil. | 2019-04-25T01:12:46Z | http://202.61.43.40:8056/caselaw/public/total-judgement/1161/4 |
By accepting this Agreement (including the Policies) you agree to be bound by it.
We may amend the terms and conditions of this Agreement from time to time. Amended terms will be posted on our Site. Except as stated in this Agreement, in a Policy, or as otherwise notified to you, all amended terms will automatically be effective 30 days after they are initially posted on our Site. If you do not agree with such changes to this Agreement (or any of our Policies), you must terminate your membership of Machinesales.com. If, after any such changes to this Agreement or any of our Policies you continue to be a member of our Site, you will be considered by us to have accepted the varied terms as part of the Agreement.
Except as specifically described in or authorized by this Agreement, the terms of this Agreement and any of our Policies cannot be amended except in writing signed by you and Machinesales.com. In this Agreement where the context permits a reference to "you" includes anyone acting on your behalf or with your express or implied authority. A reference to this Agreement includes the Policies, unless stated otherwise.
1.1 Membership Eligibility. Machinesales.com offers its services to its members. Membership is a privilege, not an entitlement and Machinesales.com may change its services and suspend, terminate or restrict your membership at any time if it believes that this is reasonably justified within the terms of this Agreement or any of its Policies. In the event that Machinesales.com changes its services, suspends, terminates or restricts your membership in the circumstances outlined above or in this Agreement, you may not be able to access our services temporarily or permanently and you are prohibited from applying for a new account.
Our services are only available to, and may only be used by, individuals (that is, natural persons and not corporate entities) who can form legally binding contracts under applicable law. Without limiting the foregoing, our services are not available to persons under 16 years of age. If you do not qualify, you must not use our services. Although an account may be styled in a corporate, company or business name, it at all times is taken to be the personal account of the member who is registered on the account.
Your membership is not transferable. Your Machinesales.com account may not be dealt with in any way. In particular, you must not allow others to use them and must not transfer or sell them to another party. While you are a member you must maintain control of your account. You are responsible for what occurs on that account and must report any unauthorized use of your account or User ID to us.
Joining (creating an Machinesales.com account) and bidding on our Site is free. Listing and selling items on our Site incurs fees which are set out at https://www.machinesales.com/sell/. When you list an item you have an opportunity to review and accept the fees that you will be charged for the use of our services.
Like all Policies, we may change our fees from time to time. Changes to fees are effective fourteen (14) days after we ‘post’ notice of the change to the Site. Unless otherwise stated, all fees are quoted in US Dollars. You are responsible for paying all fees associated with using our services and our Site and all applicable taxes (including any goods and services or value added taxes, which will be added to amounts billed to you, if applicable). You must not charge a buyer any Machinesales.com fees as an additional charge on top of the final price of an item. For this reason, you may wish to consider Machinesales.com fees when determining the minimum or fixed price at which you list an item.
4. Machinesales.com is not an Auctioneer.
4.1 Online Auctions. Although we may be referred to as an online auction web site, it is important to realize that we are not a traditional "auctioneer". Instead, our Site merely acts as an online venue to allow members to communicate and offer, sell, and buy just about anything, at anytime, from anywhere, in a variety of formats, including a fixed price format and an auction-style format commonly referred to as an "online auction". YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT MACHINESALES.COM IS NOT INVOLVED IN THE ACTUAL TRANSACTION BETWEEN BUYERS AND SELLERS. AS A RESULT, MACHINESALES.COM HAS NO CONTROL OVER THE QUALITY, SAFETY OR LEGALITY OF ITEMS OR CONTENT POSTED BY MEMBERS ON OUR SITE, THE TRUTH OR ACCURACY OF LISTINGS, THE ABILITY OF SELLERS TO SELL ITEMS OR THE ABILITY OF BUYERS TO BUY ITEMS. WE CANNOT ENSURE AND DO NOT GUARANTEE THAT A MEMBER OR BROWSER OF OUR SITE WILL ACTUALLY COMPLETE A TRANSACTION OR ACT LAWFULLY IN USING OUR SITE.
When you enter into a transaction you create a legally binding contract with another member, unless the transaction is prohibited by law or by this Agreement or our Policies. You are responsible for ensuring that you comply with your obligations to that other member. If you do not, you may become liable to him or her. You must ensure that you are aware of any laws relevant to you as a buyer or seller, or in any other uses you make of our Site. If another member breaches any obligation to you, you - not Machinesales.com - are responsible for enforcing any rights that you may have.
Except as specifically advised otherwise on our Site, Machinesales.com does not offer any form of insurance or other buyer or seller protection which will assist you, because our Site merely provides the online venue for members to offer, sell, and buy and we are not otherwise involved in the transactions and interactions between buyers and sellers. However, some forms of payment permitted on the Site, such as PayPal or credit card, may offer limited buyer or seller protection or chargeback services and you should familiarize yourself with these before proceeding with a transaction of any kind through the Site.
4.2 Safe Trading. Because user identification on the Internet is difficult, Machinesales.com cannot and does not confirm each member's purported identity. We encourage users to report any unethical behavior from other users to machinesales.com via our contact page at www.machinesales.com/contact. We also encourage you to communicate directly with potential trading partners through the tools available on our Site.
4.3 Release. Machinesales.com is not involved in the actual transaction between buyers and sellers and to the extent permitted by law Machinesales.com specifically disclaims all liability for any loss or damage, (actual, special, direct, indirect and consequential) of every kind and nature, known and unknown, suspected and unsuspected, disclosed and undisclosed, arising out of or in any way connected with your transaction.
Machinesales.com is not involved with or a party to any transactions that take place between members. Machinesales.com does not accept any liability in respect of your involvement in any mediation, arbitration, tribunal hearing, court proceeding or other proceedings (of whatever nature) with a buyer or a seller (as the case may be) in any way arising out of or in any way connected with your transaction. Machinesales.com may plead this Agreement in bar to any claim, action, proceeding or suit brought by you, against Machinesales.com for any matter arising out of any Machinesales.com transaction or otherwise in respect of this Agreement.
This clause does not affect any rights you may lawfully have against Machinesales.com itself for its own acts or omissions.
4.4 Information Control. We may send you communications and notices regarding your transactions and your account on our Site. They do not represent any endorsement or guarantee of your transactions. You are responsible for completing all transactions you participate in (including monitoring their status and complying with all relevant legal obligations). Other members sometimes provide us with information about a transaction. We do not control, endorse or approve this information by making it available to you. You may find information posted by other members to be offensive, harmful, inaccurate, or deceptive. Please use caution and common sense, and practice safe trading when using our Site. Please note that there are risks in using our Site, including dealing with under age persons or people acting under false pretense, or international trading, and it is your responsibility to manage those risks. Machinesales.com will in no way be responsible for managing any of those risks on your behalf.
By bidding on an item you agree with the seller to be bound by the conditions of sale included in the item's description, subject to any exceptions set out here, such as where the conditions of sale are in breach of this Agreement or unlawful. If you purchase an item through one of our fixed price formats or are the highest bidder on an item listed in auction format, you are obliged to complete the transaction with the seller, unless the item or transaction is prohibited by law, by this Agreement or by our Policies. You cannot retract a bid. Machinesales.com may temporarily suspend, indefinitely suspend or terminate your membership within the terms of this Agreement or any of its Policies if you do not complete a transaction without lawful excuse, and you may be in breach of your obligations to both Machinesales.com and the seller and you may be liable to each. If you choose to bid on items, you are warranting that you have the legal right to purchase such items.
6.1 Listing Description. You must be legally able to sell any item you list for sale on our Site. You must describe your item fully and accurately and include all terms of sale on the listing page of our Site. Your listings may only include text descriptions, graphics, pictures and other content relevant to the sale of that item, including any information that you are required to provide by any applicable law. The listing and the content of the listing must be your own work or work that you are legally entitled to use.
6.2.2 you cannot authenticate the buyer's identity.
6.3 Fraud. Without limiting any other remedies available to Machinesales.com at law, in equity or under this Agreement, Machinesales.com may, in its sole discretion, suspend or terminate your membership if we reasonably suspect or believe, or are informed by a government authority, that you have engaged or may engage in fraudulent activity using, or otherwise in connection with your use of our Site, and you will have no claim whatsoever against Machinesales.com in respect of any such suspension or termination of your membership.
6.4 Infringement of Rights. You must not, by any means, infringe the rights (including intellectual property rights) of others.
6.5 Manipulation. Neither you, nor any other bidders or sellers, may manipulate the price of any item by, for example, conducting, encouraging or permitting certain activities. You also must not, in any way, interfere with the listings of other members.
7.1 Definition. "Your Information" means any item you list as well as any information you give to us or other members in the registration, bidding or listing process, in any public message area (including the discussion boards and in feedback) or through any email feature. Your Information also includes the descriptions of items you list for sale or display on our Site, as well as any content you post on other web pages within our Site (including photographs or other images).
7.2 Restrictions. You are solely responsible for Your Information. We act as a passive conduit for your online distribution and publication of Your Information.
7.2.10.3 you do not have a right to link to or include.
Furthermore, you may not list any item on our Site (or complete any transaction that was initiated using our service), if the payment to us of the listing fee or the final value fee, would be likely to cause us to violate any applicable law, statute, ordinance or regulation.
You agree that you will not use any robot, spider, other automatic device, or manual process to monitor or copy our web pages or the content contained herein without our prior written permission. You agree that you will not use any device, software or routine to bypass our robot exclusion headers, or to interfere or attempt to interfere with the proper working of our Site or any transaction being conducted through our Site. You agree that you will not take any action that imposes an unreasonable or disproportionately large load on our infrastructure. Much of the information on our Site is updated on a real time basis and is proprietary or is licensed to Machinesales.com by our members or third parties. You agree that you will not copy, reproduce, alter, modify, create derivative works, or publicly display any content (except for Your Information) from our Site without the prior written permission of Machinesales.com or of the party authorized to grant such permission.
Feedback belongs to Machinesales.com although we permit you to use it on our Site while you remain a member. You may not use it or deal with it in any way inconsistent with our Policies, without our prior written permission.
You may not do (or omit to do) anything that may undermine the integrity of the feedback system. We are entitled to suspend or terminate your membership at any time if we, in our sole and absolute discretion, are concerned by any feedback about you, or your feedback rating is considered to be problematic to Machinesales.com.
(4) if we reasonably believe that any of Your Information (which includes an item listed on the Site) is inappropriate or of an offensive nature.
In addition, Machinesales.com reserves the right to terminate your membership for any reason whatsoever, without prior notice to your, in Machinesales.com’s sole discretion.
12.1 WE PROVIDE OUR SITE AND SERVICES ON AN "AS IS" BASIS, AND WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OR CONDITION, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, WE AND OUR SUPPLIERS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT UNLESS WE ARE REQUIRED TO PROVIDE SUCH WARRANTIES UNDER APPLICABLE LAW. We do not guarantee continuous, uninterrupted or secure access to our services, and operation of our Site may be interfered with by numerous factors outside our control. To the extent that such factors are outside of our control, Machinesales.com shall not be liable.
12.2.6 the payment of the cost of having the services supplied again.
However, this clause may not apply to you.
13.1 TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW IN NO EVENT SHALL WE, OUR AFFILIATES AND RELATED ENTITIES OR OUR SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR LOST PROFITS OR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH OUR SITE, OUR SERVICES OR THIS AGREEMENT (HOWEVER ARISING, INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE). YOU AGREE TO ACCEPT SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE LEGALITY OF YOUR ACTIONS UNDER THE LAWS WHICH APPLY TO YOU. YOU AGREE THAT MACHINESALES.COM AND ALL AFFILIATES AND RELATED ENTITIES OF MACHINESALES.COM HAVE NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE LEGALITY OF OUR MEMBERS' ACTIONS.
13.2 Notwithstanding the above provisions, nothing in this Agreement is intended to limit or exclude any liability on the part of Machinesales.com and its affiliates and related entities where and to the extent that applicable law prohibits such exclusion or limitation. For example, if Machinesales.com is found (by judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction) to have breached a warranty or condition implied by law, and you are considered a consumer for the purpose of that law, then the limitation of liability in this clause may not apply to you.
You agree to indemnify and hold us and (as applicable) our related entities, affiliates, and our and their respective officers, directors, agents, and employees, harmless from and against any and all claims, demands, proceedings, losses and damages (actual, special and consequential) of every kind and nature, known and unknown, including legal fees, made by any third party due to or arising out of your breach of this Agreement or your violation of any law or the rights of a third party.
In addition to this Agreement, you must familiarize yourself with, and comply with the Policies, domestic laws (including common law) international laws, statutes, ordinances and regulations regarding your use of our services including bidding on, listing, purchase, solicitation of offers to purchase, and sale of items. In particular, you must ensure that your activities, items you list (which is part of Your Information), and the balance of Your Information do not violate any legislation or regulations.
Notwithstanding successful conclusion of a transaction you must ensure strict compliance with any particular formalities which, if not complied with, will either render a transaction void or unlawful.
YOU ALONE, AND NOT MACHINESALES.COM, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ENSURING THAT YOUR LISTING, BIDDING AND SELLING AND ANY OTHER ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED ON OUR SITE ARE LAWFUL. YOU MUST ENSURE THAT YOU COMPLY WITH ALL APPLICABLE LAWS IN AUSTRALIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES. YOU MUST ALSO ENSURE THAT YOU STRICTLY COMPLY WITH THIS AGREEMENT AND THE POLICIES WHICH FORM PART OF THE AGREEMENT.
No agency, partnership, joint venture, employee-employer, franchisor-franchisee or other similar relationship is intended to be or is created by this Agreement. In particular you have no authority to bind Machinesales.com, its related entities or affiliates in any way whatsoever.
Except as stated otherwise, any notices must be given by registered ordinary post (or if posted internationally , by registered airmail) or by facsimile transmission to +13476947471. Any notice shall be deemed given (a) if sent by email, 24 hours after email is sent, unless the sending party is notified that the email address is invalid, (b) if sent by pre-paid post, three Business Days after the date of posting, and on the seventh Business Day if sent to or posted from outside Australia, and (c) if sent by facsimile transmission, on the Business Day the transmission is sent (as long as the sender has a confirmation report specifying the facsimile number listed above, the number of pages sent and the date of the transmission). For the purposes of this section, "Business Day" means a day on which banks are open for general business in Melbourne, Victoria, other than a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday.
(G) Mediation and Dispute Resolution.
We encourage you to try and resolve disputes with other members directly with them, to use a certified mediation (such as online dispute resolution processes) or an arbitration entity or to report disputes to your local police or law enforcement agency as appropriate.
This Agreement will be governed in all respects by the laws of the State of New York, USA. All disputes arising out of or relating to this Agreement between yourself and Machinesales.com will be settled first by informal, confidential negotiation between the parties, within 7 days of the dispute first being notified between the parties. Where the parties cannot resolve the dispute within this time frame, either party may submit the dispute for binding arbitration, which will be held within 30 days of the dispute first being notified between the parties, to be carried out in New York, New York. Any final arbitration decision will become binding on both parties and will be enforceable in any court of law. If, within 15 days of initiation of the arbitration procedure, the parties have not agreed upon an arbitrator, either party may petition the Courts of the State of California for the appointment of a neutral arbitrator. A written decision of the arbitrator will be final, legally binding, and enforceable by a court with proper jurisdiction and be rendered within thirty (30) days after the conclusion of the arbitration hearings and will set forth in detail the reasons for such decision, which will be based on applicable law. The exclusive language of the arbitration will be English.
All Policies (as may be amended from time-to-time) are incorporated into this Agreement by reference. You must read and agree to these documents prior to becoming, and as a condition of remaining, a member of Machinesales.com, and you agree to be bound by them.
We may change the Terms and Conditions from time to time. We may notify you of any changes in the Terms and Conditions, but are not obliged to do so. All amendments to the Terms and Conditions will be posted on this webpage, and it is your responsibility to regularly review this. | 2019-04-24T14:38:34Z | https://www.machinesales.com/termsconditions |
If you are close to London, Knoxville or Los Angeles and still have some time beside all your preparations for Christmas you may have an interest to attend one or the other of the events we are highlighting in this NewsLetter. Also our next two case studies on Olympic sports might catch your attention. In addition you will find links to the Classical Spectaculars at the Royal Albert Hall, the RHCP world tour or the Los Angeles Music Awards.
Skycam is the trademarked brandname of a patented, computer-controlled, stabilized, cable-suspended camera system. The system, similar to Steadicam, but maneuvered through three dimensions in the open space over a playing area of a stadium or arena by computer-controlled cable-drive system, is responsible for bringing video game-like camera angles to television sports coverage. The camera package weighs less than 14 kg and can travel at 13 m/s. NBC debuted the first wire-flown remote-controlled camera used in sports coverage in February 2001 for the XFL. ESPN first used Skycam in 2001 for an NFL pre-season telecast and then consistently in 2002 for Sunday Night Football broadcasts. Since then, ESPN and sister-network ABC have made widespread use of Skycam for NCAA football, Monday Night Football and Super Bowl XXXVII respectively.
S-TV will become a subsidiary (100%) of Euro Media France and will bring with it new skills in the guise of mastery of production in the realms of Satellite broadcasting (with Globecast as a partner) with multi-camera SD/HD. These SNG resources (Satellite News Gathering) will strengthen Euro Media France’s existing fleet of mobile units, made up of 12 OB trucks (7 of which are HD), 5 HF trucks (HD), 6 editing/graphics/Slow-motion trucks (HD) and 1 Fly control room (HD). On a larger scale it will also compliment the established range of services provided by Euro Media Group on an international level. Furthermore, the company S-TV also offers other types of service such as the production of institutional films, documentaries and reporting. Lastly, it has post-production facilities at its disposal (graphics, titling and credits, creation of DVD/CD-ROM).
Broadcast Rental, a full-service rental house, has recently invested in five new 8-channel XT3 production servers from EVS. “The new generation of EVS servers will broaden our customers’ recording and live production capabilities with 3Gbps in/out channels and an increased internal bandwidth of up to 550 Mb/s per video channel” explained GP Slee, Managing Director and founder of Broadcast Rental. The XT3 servers, which have been delivered with the new Multicam11 software, can be used to ingest multiple feeds from various sources including cameras, satellite, craft editors and video tape recorders. They can be configured to support up to eight HD channels or six 3D/1080p channels in multiple IN/OUT modes and are controlled with EVS’ MulticamLSM remote controls, which allow operators to create clips, produce live action replays (including Super and Ultra Slow Motion) and highlight packages.
Mediatec is one of Europe’s largest corporations working with technical solutions for event and television productions. There core philosophy is to supply the right technology and to seamlessly provide robust working systems. Their field of expertise provides technical solutions for the media, event and sports industries and to meet the different needs of their clients they work in four interrelated areas; Broadcast, Display, Events and Installations. Mediatec are operational with the installation of the miniHUB optical fiber distribution system. The Oslo broadcast center is a busy portal for international sports with repurposing facilities, as well as handling local and international feeds for Rikstoto horse racing operations. HD-SDI signal transport over this distance was only possible by installing an Optical fiber system between Bjerkebanen Race course and the Oslo broadcast center in Økern Torgvei (OTV). This coupled with the miniHUB system by Norwia was an ideal partnership to provide a cost effective and quality system.
The brand new partnership with the US-based special camera supplier SKYCAM and the relationship to the US sports broadcaster ESPN provided the opportunity to introduce the Antelope MkIIs on the US market with a rolling thunder - in the true sense of the word. ESPN chose the NHRA Arizona National Dragster Race for the USA debut of LMC´s UltraMotion System. The event was taking place between October 14th and 16th at the Firebird National Raceway in Chandler, Arizona close to the city of Phoenix. The Antelope was used on 2 camera positions - first to show the extreme power of the race cars at the start line and on the second position to provide stunning replays of the high speed passing directly next to the fastest part of the racetrack.
Since 1992, badminton has been an Olympic sport with five events: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles, in which each pair consists of a man and a woman. At high levels of play, especially in singles, the sport demands excellent fitness: players require aerobic stamina, agility, explosive strength, speed and precision. It is also a technical sport, requiring good motor coordination and the development of sophisticated racquet movements. At London 2012, there will be five medal events: men’s and women’s Singles, men’s and women’s Doubles, and Mixed Doubles. All events will begin with a preliminary stage: the competitors will be divided into groups, and each player and doubles pair will play everyone else in their group. The best players and doubles pairs from this stage (16 in each Singles event, eight pairs in each Doubles event) will qualify for the knockout stage of the competition, which will eventually decide the winners of the medals.
At the London 2012 Olympic Games, one of the world’s most popular and fastest-growing team sports will be showcased at the Basketball Arena and the North Greenwich Arena. The 2012 basketball tournament will follow the established format of 12 teams, divided into two pools of six. Those teams, apart from the holders and hosts, traditionally qualify on a continental basis. The rules are simple enough: you have a hoop 10 feet above the ground, you get two points for throwing the ball through it, three points if you are outside the three-point line, and one-point for a free-throw, which is awarded for a transgression. In Olympic basketball, games consist of four quarters of 10 minutes (as opposed to the NBA, which has 12-minute quarters). The clock is stopped when there is a delay, stoppage, substitution or time-out, so although there is 40 minutes of actual playing time, games usually last a lot longer. There are no draws in basketball. If the scores are level after the fourth quarter, a five-minute overtime period is played, followed by further five-minute periods as necessary.
The Loudness Summit is a gathering of technology experts, legislators, operators, and industry professionals involved in delivering high-quality broadcast sound. The event is expected to draw more than 200 leaders from major firms in the professional audio and broadcast sound industry. "Thanks to loudness, audio for broadcast is finally getting the attention it deserves," said Carroll. "Now is the time to address real issues such as meeting viewer expectations with quality sound in any circumstance, and I look forward to the discussion." The Loudness Summit takes place on Friday, Dec. 16, 2011 at the Royal Institute of British Architects in London. The event opens at 8:00 a.m.
RED OPEN HOUSE is a rare and not to be missed event hosted by RED Digital Cinema at RED Studios Hollywood .The night will be filled with opportunities for attendees to view new RED centric products, learn RED best practices, hear latest buzz in filmmaking and hang out with other industry professionals. Special presentations to the community will be made by insiders at RED, as well as a screening of footage in 4K and 3D. RED OPEN HOUSE is hosted the last night of the popular 3 day REDucation course taught by Ted Schilowitz. REDucation continues on Thursday and Friday, December 8th-9th with 2 day advanced classes - Shooting 3D with RED taught by Mark Pederson and RED Advanced Post Production taught by Michael Cioni.
Planned for December 9, January 26 and March 15, 2012, the courses are conducted by independent ex-BBC sound engineer Micky Curling in Studer’s purpose-built studios providing the perfect opportunity for freelance and in-house engineers to get hands-on experience with Studer consoles. All attendees will be offered lunch, as well as morning and afternoon refreshments, and will also be given a tour of the impressive Soundcraft and Studer manufacturing facility. In the adjoining museum attendees are able to view consoles and tape machines from both Studer and Soundcraft’s past, dating back to the 1950’s. For those interested in detailed training and factory certification, Studer also offers full-day courses on the Vista series: “Vista Foundation” includes product overview, Vistonics™ U/I and general operation, connection with third-party networks including Optocore and Aviom, and integration with Riedel’s RockNet and MediaNet. “Vista Intermediate” includes more advanced topics such as detailed presentation of the DSP, I/O formats, Virtual Vista remote control and system redundancy.
Premier Global Production, which serviced the band for their last world tour, has returned as the lighting vendor for the new tour working with lighting designer Scott Holthaus to fill his equipment needs. Holthaus uses four grandMA full-size, one running video from Catalyst and D3 servers and the other running lighting, two grandMA full-size are back-up. “They are wonderful, powerful machines – I used the grandMA on every tour and they always work great, never a problem,” he says. “Of the 275 shows I did on the last tour, I only went to our spare desk once.” He praises the grandMA’s “sound operating system” and likes its ability to handle some of the server work. “The effects engine is really good. In the hands of a capable programmer, grandMA can do anything a designer can dream up.” Holthaus’s “right- and left-hand man” for lighting and video on the tour is Leif Dixon; the lighting programmer is Zach Peletz.
Mongolian band AnDa Union are using DPA microphones on their current world tour to provide a powerful live sound for a large and wonderful variety of acoustic instruments. The band, who hail from Hohhot in China, formed in a mission to discover and perpetuate their Mongolian musical heritage, and have been performing worldwide for the past eight years. The mics were supplied by DPA’s UK distributor, Sound Network. AnDa Union is currently in the middle of a two-month US tour performing mostly at major universities. The tour will continue through China, Australia, New Zealand and Europe in 2012.
Sound rental company, RG Jones has been producing sound reinforcement infrastructure for the challenging Raymond Gubbay Classical Spectaculars at the Royal Albert Hall since 1993. With production harnessing cannons, pyro and lasers in a festival type ‘Proms’ atmosphere, it has taken all of FOH engineer Simon Honywill’s expertise to keep the show’s audio fidelity evolving with each generation of new technology. Honywill is no stranger to Martin Audio proprietary line array platforms, introducing W8L Longbow systems to the Glastonbury Pyramid stage, and taking the new award-winning MLA (Multi-Cellular Loudspeaker Array) on tour with Jeff Wayne’s War Of The Worlds. Rigging the MLA at the Royal Albert Hall for the first time ever this month, he knew the Classical show would experience the same dynamic range and sudden transients as War of the Worlds — and in a venue notoriously difficult to control, he also knew it would clean up the room’s inherent reflections. But the performance, he said, was breathtaking — and even beyond his expectations.
Held in the iconic Avalon in Hollywood, AKG supplied an arsenal of equipment to support the night filled with emotionally exciting performances and award presentations. AKG’s WMS 4500 wireless system and D7 capsules were used for all vocal performances, while wired D7’s completed the stage vocal tasks. The DMS 700 handheld units were utilized for the podium and presenters. From the Studio to the Stage, the C214’s mic’d the guitar cabs and a C4500B was used for bass. The Perception Groove Pack clipped to the main drum set was combined with C414 XLII’s for overheads. Two D112’s, D40’s and C415B’s were clipped on the Chopper drum set, which resembles a chopper-style motorcycle. World-renowned pianist David Osborne, more commonly known as the “Pianist to the Presidents,” placed a studio pair of AKG C414 XLS’s on the grand piano during his recital at the ceremony. Osborne has played in the White House for numerous presidents, from Jimmy Carter through President Obama.
The Production Control Application is a complete, semi-automated solution that works with existing control room equipment to simplify production control, expand production capabilities, enhance production look and branding, and minimize production errors. Broadcasters can control up to 24 channels of VTRs, DDRs, video servers, and graphic devices for on-air and on-set playout from highly reliable, easy-to-use, tactile control panels and their production switcher. Because the Production Control Application can automatically control multiple machines synchronously with the touch of a button, the technical director is free to concentrate on the production rather than the technology. Additionally, the Production Control Application streamlines pre-production setup and last-minute on-air changes for late-breaking and unscripted events.
Within three months of launch on August 24th 2011, the first independent news channel in the state of Tamil Nadu has been rated as number one in the market, according to figures released by AC Nielson. The channel is based in the capital of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, home to 74 million people, where Tamil is their first language. The state is India's seventh most populous but with its highly urbanised population is the fourth largest contributor to India's GDP. The station motto is ‘unmai udanuk udan’, or 'truth as it happens’. News Director, Mr S Srinivasan had no hesitation in attributing the runaway success to an honest news service, stripped of any political bias or opinion.
As a reaction to the demands of growing East-European markets in Russia, Ukraine or Belarus, Riedel Communications opens a new branch office in Moscow Office. The office in Moscow is the tenth Riedel branch office besides offices in the US, Asia, UK, Europe or Australia. “Now that we’re starting our own office in the Moscow, we have the opportunity to establish a more direct contact with our existing customers here”, says Yevgen Khovanskyi. "This way Riedel can provide a more direct service for existing and new customers within this area", Khovanskyi continues. Recent projects in this region include the studio installation at the Kiev based broadcast network STB, the Moscow business broadcast network RBK or ANO Sports Broadcasting.
Egyptian TV's new reference studios feature a variety of intercom systems from RTS/TELEX. The heart of the command centre is formed by two modular Cronus matrices – each with 32 channels. Although connected with one another, and therefore forming a logical matrix, the two devices are nonetheless autonomous and capable of being operated independently. Among the other components installed are 15 KP-32-16 and three KP-32 keypanels, a full-duplex BTR-800 wireless station, and a large number of TELEX TR-800-C6 beltpacks and TELEX PH-44R headsets. A TIF-2000 digital hybrid telephone line interface from RTS, which is compatible with Cronus, ADAM, and Zeus matrices, rounds off the installation. "We have been working with RTS/TELEX systems for years and have had nothing but positive experiences with them," explains Ahmed Gamal Saleh, Managing Director of System Design.
Malaysian broadcasting service provider MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems Sdn Bhd (Astro) has selected STAGETEC ON AIR 24 mixing desks to equip its Press Suite studios at its Bukit Jalil facility and Cyberjaya facilites. The contract included four ON AIR 24 each of which features eight faders and pre-configuration for the specific task. Since two mixing desks had to fit into one single studio, they do not feature monitor sections. Instead, monitoring is achieved via the compact 1 HU STAGETEC AUDIO MONITOR (SAM) monitor control unit introduced earlier this year. It provides direct source selection via 16 keys and – made possible by the use of four layers – selection of up to 64 sources in total. The NEXUS comprises a local Base Device for each desk which provides all local I/Os such as commentary booth and instance replay machine. Further Base Devices are located in the central machine room as backup for the local devices and for SDI de-embedding and embedding.
The sinaCAM HDC1-D is a ultra compact remote head camera. It features a 2004×1144 2⁄3″ CCD-Sensor capable of up to 60 FPS progressive scan and features a true global shutter. It has a high Sensitivity of 10 Lux/F2.2 The camera head connects to the recorder via single 75Ω BNC cable at distances up to 200m. It features a C-Mount as well as an optional B4-Mount Adapter. It delivers identical 3D image properties thanks to a single processing unit for the two cameras.
Cutting edge 3D company Zero Creative BV (The Netherlands) and Nirmitha Technology Solutions India, proudly announce their new Joint Venture: Zero Creative 3D Solutions Pvt Ltd. The new office in Chennai is located at Taylors Road, Kilpauk, Chennai. Both Directors, Sankar Venkatraman, Managing Director Nirmitha Group and Jean-Pierre van Maasakker, CEO Zero Creative Netherlands, are confident about the future of 3D services for the ever expanding Indian market. "The official launch event took place Friday the 25th of November at Hotel Green Park in Chennai. We invited everyone interested in innovative 3D solutions to all spheres of business to come over and celebrate with us", said Sankar Venkatraman. "During the opening we demonstrated exciting glasses-free 3D marketing solutions and even touch-less interaction. Besides we organized a networking diner", said Jean-Pierre van Maasakker. | 2019-04-20T07:20:15Z | https://www.live-production.tv/newsletter/three-events-christmas-you-shoudnt-miss.html |
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Abstract: A container and contents monitoring system includes a device, a reader, a server, a software backbone and a receptacle for housing a plurality of sensors. The device communicates with the plurality of sensors and the reader in order to determine the condition of the container and its contents. The reader transmits the information from the device to the server. The device determines if a container condition has occurred based on at least one sensor located on or in the container.
1. A device for securing a shipping container, the device comprising: a data unit having a housing; a support arm connected to and extending from the data unit, wherein thesupport arm is configured to be secured to a vertical beam of the shipping container between the vertical beam and a hinge portion of a door of the shipping container; and an antenna arm connected to and angularly extending from the support arm, whereinthe antenna arm is configured to be located on an exterior of the shipping container, the support arm is configured to be adjacent to the portion of a door of the shipping container, and the data unit is configured to be located in an interior of theshipping container when the door is closed.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the support arm has a support surface that includes an aperture configured to receive a magnet.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein the magnet is located within the aperture.
4. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a processor located within the housing of the data unit.
5. of the device of claim 4, further comprising: a pressure sensor located on the support surface of the support arm and coupled with the processor.
6. The device of claim 4, further comprising: an antenna located on the antenna arm and coupled with the processor.
7. The device of claim 4, further comprising: an interface in the housing of the data unit and coupled with the processor, wherein the interface is configured to be coupled with an external sensor unit that is configured to capture informationrelative to the internal conditions of the shipping container.
8. the device of claim 7, wherein the external sensor unit is a least one of a light sensor, a motion sensor, a radiation sensor, a temperature sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, an ammonia sensor, a shock sensor, a vibrationsensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, a smoke sensor, a noise sensor, a humidity sensor, an image sensor, and a combustible gas sensor.
9. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a molding material that encapsulates the device.
10. The device of claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to transmit data related to a status of the door via the antenna to a remote server.
11. A device for securing a shipping container, the device comprising: a data unit having a housing; a support arm connected to and extending from the data unit, wherein the support arm is configured to be secured to a vertical beam of theshipping container between the vertical beam and a hinge portion of a door of the shipping container; a magnet coupled with the support arm; a processor located within the housing of the data unit; a pressure sensor coupled with a support surface ofthe support arm and coupled with the processor; an antenna arm connected to and angularly extending from the support arm; and an antenna located on the antenna arm and coupled with the processor.
12. The device of claim 10, wherein the support surface of the support arm includes an aperture configured to receive the magnet.
13. The device of claim 12, further comprising: a molding material that encapsulates the device.
14. The device of claim 10, further comprising: an interface in the housing of the data unit and coupled with the processor, wherein the interface is configured to be coupled with an external sensor unit that is configured to captureinformation relative to internal conditions of the shipping container.
15. The device of claim 14, wherein the external sensor unit is a least one of a light sensor, a motion sensor, a radiation sensor, a temperature sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, an ammonia sensor, a shock sensor, a vibrationsensor, a carbon dioxide sensor, a smoke sensor, a noise sensor, a humidity sensor, an image sensor, and a combustible gas sensor.
16. The device of claim 10, wherein the antenna arm is configured to be located on an exterior of the shipping container, the support arm is configured to be adjacent to the portion of the door, and the data unit is configured to be located inan interior of the shipping container when the door is closed.
The present invention relates to a method of and system for monitoring the conditions of the internal environment of a container utilizing multiple sensors and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a method of and system forutilizing multiple sensors for monitoring the conditions of the internal environment of intermodal freight containers throughout a supply chain.
The vast majority of goods shipped throughout the world are shipped via what are referred to as intermodal freight containers. As used herein, the term "containers" includes any container (whether with wheels attached or not) that is nottransparent to radio frequency signals, including, but not limited to, intermodal freight containers. The most common intermodal freight containers are known as International Standards Organization (ISO) dry intermodal containers, meaning they meetcertain specific dimensional, mechanical and other standards issued by the ISO to facilitate global trade by encouraging development and use of compatible standardized containers, handling equipment, ocean-going vessels, railroad equipment andover-the-road equipment throughout the world for all modes of surface transportation of goods. There are currently more than 12 million such containers in active circulation around the world as well as many more specialized containers such asrefrigerated containers that carry perishable commodities. The United States alone receives approximately six million loaded containers per year, or approximately 17,000 per day, representing nearly half of the total value of all goods received eachyear.
Since approximately 90% of all goods shipped internationally are moved in containers, container transport has become the backbone of the world economy.
The sheer volume of containers transported worldwide renders individual physical inspection impracticable, and only approximately 2% to 3% of containers entering the United States are actually physically inspected. Risk of introduction of aterrorist biological, radiological or explosive device via a freight container is high, and the consequences to the international economy of such an event could be catastrophic, given the importance of containers in world commerce.
Even if sufficient resources were devoted in an effort to conduct physical inspections of all containers, such an undertaking would result in serious economic consequences. The time delay alone could, for example, cause the shut down offactories and undesirable and expensive delays in shipments of goods to customers.
Current container designs fail to provide adequate mechanisms for establishing and monitoring the security of the containers or their contents. A typical container includes one or more door hasp mechanisms that allow for the insertion of aplastic or metal indicative "seal" or bolt barrier conventional "seal" to secure the doors of the container.
The door hasp mechanisms that are conventionally used are very easy to defeat, for example, by drilling an attachment bolt of the hasp out of a door to which the hasp is attached. The conventional seals themselves currently in use are also quitesimple to defeat by use of a common cutting tool and replacement with a rather easily duplicated seal.
A more advanced solution proposed in recent time is an electronic seal ("e-seal"). These e-seals are equivalent to traditional door seals and are applied to the containers via the same, albeit weak, door hasp mechanism as an accessory to thecontainer, but include an electronic device such as a radio or radio reflective device that can transmit the e-seal's serial number and a signal if the e-seal is cut or broken after it is installed. However, the e-seal is not able to communicate withthe interior or contents of the container and does not transmit information related to the interior or contents of the container to another device.
The e-seals typically employ either low power radio transceivers or use radio frequency backscatter techniques to convey information from an e-seal tag to a reader installed at, for example, a terminal gate. Radio frequency backscatter involvesuse of a relatively expensive, narrow band high-power radio technology based on combined radar and radio-broadcast technology. Radio backscatter technologies require that a reader send a radio signal with relatively high transmitter power (i.e., 0.5-3W) that is reflected or scattered back to the reader with modulated or encoded data from the e-seal.
In addition, e-seal applications currently use completely open, unencrypted and insecure air interfaces and protocols allowing for relatively easy hacking and counterfeiting of e-seals. Current e-seals also operate only on locally authorizedfrequency bands below 1 GHz, rendering them impractical to implement in global commerce involving intermodal containers since national radio regulations around the world currently do not allow their use in many countries.
Furthermore, the e-seals are not effective at monitoring security of the containers from the standpoint of alternative forms of intrusion or concern about the contents of a container, since a container may be breached or pose a hazard in avariety of ways since the only conventional means of accessing the inside of the container is through the doors of the container. For example, a biological agent could be implanted in the container through the container's standard air vents, or the sidewalls of the container could be cut through to provide access. Although conventional seals and the e-seals afford one form of security monitoring the door of the container, both are susceptible to damage. The conventional seal and e-seals typicallymerely hang on the door hasp of the container, where they are exposed to physical damage during container handling such as ship loading and unloading. Moreover, conventional seals and e-seals cannot monitor the contents of the container.
The utilization of multiple sensors for monitoring the interior of a container could be necessary to cover the myriad of possible problems and/or threatening conditions. For example, the container could be used to ship dangerous, radio-activematerials, such as a bomb. In that scenario, a radiation sensor would be needed in order to detect the presence of such a serious threat. Unfortunately, terrorist menaces are not limited to a single category of threat. Both chemical and biologicalwarfare have been used and pose serious threats to the public at large. For this reason, both types of detectors could be necessary, and in certain situations, radiation, gas and biological sensors could be deemed appropriate. One problem with theutilization of such sensors is, however, the transmission of such sensed data to the outside world when the sensors are placed in the interior of the container. Since standard intermodal containers are manufactured from steel that is opaque to radiosignals, it is virtually impossible to have a reliable system for transmitting data from sensors placed entirely within such a container unless the data transmission is addressed. If data can be effectively transmitted from sensors disposed entirelywithin an intermodal container, conditions such as temperature, light, combustible gas, proteins (biometric sensors) motion, radio activity, biological and other conditions and/or safety parameters can be monitored. Moreover, the integrity of themounting of such sensors are critical and require a more sophisticated monitoring system than the aforementioned door hasp mechanisms that allow for the insertion of a plastic or metal indicative "seal" or bolt barrier conventional "seal" to secure thedoors of the container.
In addition to the above, the monitoring of the integrity of containers via door movement can be relatively complex. Although the containers are constructed to be structurally sound and carry heavy loads, both within the individual containers aswell as by virtue of containers stacked upon one another, each container is also designed to accommodate transverse loading to accommodate dynamic stresses and movement inherent in (especially) ocean transportation and which are typically encounteredduring shipment of the container. Current ISO standards for a typical container may allow movement on a vertical axis due to transversal loads by as much as 40 millimeters relative to one another. Therefore, security approaches based upon maintaining atight interrelationship between the physical interface between two container doors are generally not practicable.
It would therefore be advantageous to provide a method of and system for both monitoring the movement of the doors of a container relative to the container structure in a cost effective, always available, yet reliable fashion as well as providingfor a data path or gateway for multiple sensors placed in a container to detect alternative means of intrusion or presence of dangerous or illicit contents to receivers in the outside world.
These and other drawbacks are overcome by embodiments of the present invention, which provides a method of and system for utilizing multiple sensors for efficiently and reliably monitoring a container and its contents. More particularly, oneaspect of the invention includes a device for housing and communicating with multiple sensors for monitoring the internal conditions of a container. The device includes a receptacle for housing multiple sensors adapted for sensing at least one conditionof the container and means for transmitting information relative to the sensors to a location outside the container. The communication from the sensors may include data related to a sensed motion, sensed radiation, sensed chemical, sensed biologicalagent, sensed heat, sensed gas, etc. or an alert that a predetermined threshold of one or more os such conditions has been met or exceeded.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a device for monitoring the condition of a container with a plurality of sensors, the container being of the type having at least one door pivotally mounted thereto. The device includes meansfor sensing movement of the container door, means for transmitting information relative to the sensed container door movement, a receptacle for housing multiple uses of the sensors, and means for maintaining the receptacle inside the container, adjacentto door in communication with the means for sensing movement. The means for transmitting is disposed relative to the container for transmission of the sensed door movement to a location outside the container.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of detecting a condition of a container and its contents with a plurality of sensors. The method includes the steps of providing a receptacle for mounting within the container, thereceptacle being adapted for receipt and securement of the sensors, placing the plurality of sensors within the receptacle, interfacing the sensors, monitoring the sensors via a data unit located within the container, determining by the data unit whethera change in condition has occurred based on sensed changes in value sensed by the sensor, communicating by the data unit, of a result of the determining step to an antenna interoperably connected to the data unit and located relative to the container ina position for transmitting data to a location outside the container, and transmitting by the antenna of information relative to the communication step.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a sensor receptacle for receiving at least one sensor unit. The sensor receptacle includes at least one protrusion extending from the sensor receptacle for abutment to a vertical beam of acontainer, a conduit for receiving the at least one sensor unit, and at least one connector for interfacing with the at least one sensor unit. The at least one protrusion secures the sensor receptacle via at least one securement means and via pressuregenerated when a door of the container is closed against the vertical beam.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a system for monitoring a plurality of conditions of a container. The system includes at least one sensor for monitoring a condition of the container, a Radio Frequency ID reader for sensinginformation from tags associated with a particular piece of cargo, and a sensor receptacle for housing the at least one sensor.
FIG. 13 is a flow diagram illustrating a sensor check process according to an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
It has been found that a container security device of the type set forth, shown, and described below, may be positioned in and secured to a container for effective monitoring of the integrity and condition thereof and its contents. As will bedefined in more detail below, a device in accordance with principles of the present invention is constructed for positioning within a pre-defined structural portion of the container which generally manifests minimal structural movement due to routineloading and handling and extending through a conventional interface between the container frame and door region therealong. An elastomeric gasket is conventionally placed around the door and extends through the interface region to ensure the containeris watertight and the goods thus protected from weather. The device is adapted for: (a) easy tool-free installation; (b) self powered intermittent signal transmission; and (c) sensing of the pressure of the elastomeric door seal relative thereto fortransmitting deviations thereof indicative of door movements of the container, including an intrusion therein.
FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating communication among components of a system in accordance with principles of the present invention. The system includes a device 12, at least one variety of reader 16, a server 15, and a software backbone 17. The device 12 ensures that the container has not been breached after the container 10 has been secured. The container 10 is secured and tracked by a reader 16. Each reader 16 may include hardware or software for communicating with the server 15 such asa modem for transmitting data over GSM, CDMA, etc. or a cable for downloading data to a PC that transmits the data over the Internet to the server 15. Various conventional means for transmitting the data from the reader 16 to the server 15 may beimplemented within the reader 16 or as a separate device. The reader 16 may be configured as a handheld reader 16(A), a mobile reader 16(B), or a fixed reader 16(C). The handheld reader 16(A) may be, for example, operated in conjunction with, forexample, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant, or a laptop computer. The mobile reader 16(B) is basically a fixed reader with a GPS interface, typically utilized in mobile installations (e.g., on trucks, trains, or ships using existing GPS, AISor similar positioning systems) to secure, track, and determine the integrity of the container in a manner similar to that of the handheld reader 16(A). In fixed installations, such as, for example, those of a port or shipping yard, the fixed reader16(C) is typically installed on a crane or gate. The reader 16 serves primarily as a relay station between the device 12 and the server 15.
The server 15 stores a record of security transaction details such as, for example, door events (e.g., security breaches, container security checks, securing the container, and disarming the container), location, as well as any additional desiredperipheral sensor information (e.g., temperature, motion, radioactivity). The server 15, in conjunction with the software backbone 17, may be accessible to authorized parties in order to determine a last known location of the container 10, makeintegrity inquiries for any number of containers, or perform other administrative activities.
The device 12 communicates with the readers 16 via a short-range radio interface such as, for example, a radio interface utilizing direct-sequence spread-spectrum principles. The radio interface may use, for example, BLUETOOTH or any othershort-range, low-power radio system that operates in the license-free Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, which operates around e.g. 2.4 GHz. Depending on the needs of a specific solution, related radio ranges are provided, such as, forexample, a radio range of up to 100 m.
The readers 16 may communicate via a network 13, e.g. using TCP/IP, with the server 15 via any suitable technology such as, for example, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), CodeDivision Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Pacific Digital Cellular System(PDC), Wideband Local Area Network (WLAN), Local Area Network (LAN), Satellite Communications systems, Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), orMobitex. The server 15 may communicate with the software backbone 17 via any suitable wired or wireless technology. The software backbone 17 is adapted to support real-time surveillance services such as, for example, tracking and securing of thecontainer 10 via the server 15, the readers 16, and the device 12. The server 15 and/or the software backbone 17 are adapted to store information such as, for example, identification information, tracking information, door events, and other datatransmitted by the device 12 and by any additional peripheral sensors interoperably connected to the device 12. The software backbone 17 also allows access for authorized parties to the stored information via a user interface that may be accessed via,for example, the Internet.
Referring now to FIG. 1B, there is shown a diagram illustrating a flow 2 of an exemplary supply chain from points (A) to (I). Referring first to point (A), a container 10 is filled with cargo by a shipper or the like. At point (B), the loadedcontainer is shipped to a port of embarkation via highway or rail transportation. At point (C), the container is gated in at the port of loading such as a marine shipping yard.
At point (D), the container is loaded on a ship operated by a carrier. At point (E), the container is shipped by the carrier to a port of discharge. At point (F), the container is discharged from the ship. Following discharge at point (F), thecontainer is loaded onto a truck and gated out of the port of discharge at point (G). At point (H), the container is shipped via land to a desired location in a similar fashion to point (B). At point (I), upon arrival at the desired location, thecontainer is unloaded by a consignee.
As will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art, there are many times within the points of the flow 2 at which security of the container could be compromised without visual or other conventional detection. In addition, thecondition of the contents of the container could be completely unknown to any of the parties involved in the flow 2 until point (H) when the contents of the container are unloaded.
FIG. 2A is a block diagram of the device 12. The device 12 includes an antenna 20, an RF/baseband unit 21, a microprocessor (MCU) 22, a memory 24, and a door sensor 29. The device 12 may also include an interface 28 for attachment of additionalsensors to monitor various internal conditions of the container such as, for example, temperature, vibration, radioactivity, gas detection, and motion. The device 12 may also include an optional power source 26 (e.g., battery); however, other powerarrangements that are detachable or remotely located may also be utilized by the device 12. When the power source 26 includes a battery (as shown herein), inclusion of the power source 26 in the device 12 may help to prolong battery life by subjectingthe power source 26 to smaller temperature fluctuations by virtue of the power source 26 being inside the container 10. The presence of the power source 26 within the container 10 is advantageous in that the ability to tamper with or damage the powersource 26 is decreased. The device 12 may also optionally include a connector for interfacing directly with the reader 16. For example, a connector may be located on an outer wall of the container 10 for access by the reader 16. The reader 16 may thenconnect via a cable or other direct interface to download information from the device 12.
The microprocessor 22 (equipped with an internal memory) discerns door events from the door sensor 29, including, for example, container-security requests, container-disarming requests, and container-security checks. The discerned door eventsalso include security breaches that may compromise the contents of the container 10, such as opening of a door after the container 10 has been secured. The door events may be time-stamped and stored in the memory 24 for transmission to the reader 16. The door events may be transmitted immediately, periodically, or in response to an interrogation from the reader 16. The door sensor 29 shown herein is of the pressure sensitive variety, although it may be, for example, an alternative contact sensor, aproximity sensor, or any other suitable type of sensor detecting relative movement between two surfaces. The term pressure sensor as used herein thus includes, but is not limited to, these other sensor varieties.
The antenna 20 is provided for data exchange with the reader 16. In particular, various information, such as, for example, status and control data, may be exchanged. The microprocessor 22 may be programmed with a code that uniquely identifiesthe container 10. The code may be, for example, an International Standards Organization (ISO) container identification code. The microprocessor 22 may also store other logistic data, such as Bill-of-Lading (B/L), a mechanical seal number, a readeridentification with a time-stamp, etc. A special log file may be generated, so that tracking history together with door events may be recovered. The code may also be transmitted from the device 12 to the reader 16 for identification purposes. TheRF/baseband unit 21 upconverts microprocessor signals from baseband to RF for transmission to the reader 16.
The device 12 may, via the antenna 20, receive an integrity inquiry from the reader 16. In response to the integrity query, the microprocessor 22 may then access the memory to extract, for example, door events, temperature readings, securitybreaches, sensor alarms, or other stored information in order to forward the extracted information to the reader 16. The reader 16 may also send a security or disarming request to the device 12. When the container 10 is secured by the reader 16, theMCU 22 of the device 12 may be programmed to emit an audible or visual alarm when the door sensor 29 detects a material change in pressure after the container is secured. The device 12 may also log the breach of security in the memory 24 fortransmission to the reader 16. If the reader 16 sends a disarming request to the device 12, the microprocessor 22 may be programmed to disengage from logging door events or receiving signals from the door sensor 29 or other sensors interoperablyconnected to the device 12.
The microprocessor 22 may also be programmed to implement power-management techniques for the power source 26 to avoid any unnecessary power consumption. In particular, one option is that one or more time window(s) are specified via the antenna20 for activation of the components in the device 12 to exchange data. Outside the specified time windows, the device 12 may be set into a sleep mode to avoid unnecessary power losses. Such a sleep mode may account for a significant part of the deviceoperation time, the device 12 may as a result be operated over several years without a need for battery replacement.
In particular, according to the present invention, the device 12 utilizes a "sleep" mode to achieve economic usage of the power source 26. In the sleep mode, a portion of the circuitry of the device 12 is switched off. For example, allcircuitry may be switched off except for the door sensor 29 and a time measurement unit (e.g., a counter in the microprocessor 22) that measures a sleep time period t.sub.sleep. In a typical embodiment, when the sleep time period has expired or when thedoor sensor 29 senses a door event, the remaining circuitry of the device 12 is powered up.
When the device 12 receives a signal from the reader 16, the device 12 remains active to communicate with the reader 16 as long as required. If the device 12 does not receive a signal from the reader 16, the device 12 will only stay active aslong as necessary to ensure that no signal is present during a time period referred to as a radio-signal time period or sniff "period" ("t.sub.sniff").
Upon t.sub.sniff being reached, the device 12 is powered down again, except for the time measurement unit and the door sensor 29, which operate to wake the device 12 up again after either a door event has occurred or another sleep time period hasexpired.
In a typical embodiment, the reader-signal time period is much shorter (e.g., by several orders of magnitude less) than the sleep time period so that the lifetime of the device is prolonged accordingly (e.g., by several orders of magnitude)relative to an "always on" scenario.
However, a passing time ("t.sub.pass") is usually dictated by the particular situation. The passing time may be very long in certain situations (e.g., many hours when the device 12 on a freight container is communicating with the reader 16 on atruck head or chassis carrying the container 10) or very short in other situations (e.g., fractions of a second when the device 12 on the container 10 is passing by the fixed reader 16(C) at high speed). It is typical for all the applications that eachof the devices 12 will, during its lifetime, sometimes be in situations with a greater passing time and sometimes be in situations with a lesser passing time.
The sleep time period is therefore usually selected such that the sleep time period is compatible with a shortest conceivable passing time, ("t.sub.pass,min.") In other words, the relation-- t.sub.sleep.ltoreq.t.sub.pass,min-t.sub.sniff should befulfilled according to each operative condition of the device. Sleep time periods are assigned to the device in a dynamic matter depending on the particular situation of the device (e.g., within its life cycle).
Whenever the reader 16 communicates with the device 12, the reader 16 reprograms the sleep time period of the device 12 considering the location and function of the reader 16, data read from the device 12, or other information that is availablein the reader 16.
For example, if the container 10 equipped with device 12 is located on a truck by a toplifter, straddle carrier, or other suitable vehicle, the suitable vehicle is equipped with the reader 16, whereas the truck and trailer are not equipped withany readers 16. It is expected that the truck will drive at a relatively-high speed past the fixed reader 16(C) at an exit of a port or a container depot. Therefore, the reader 16(C) on the vehicle needs to program the device 12 with a short sleep timeperiod (e.g., .about.0.5 seconds).
Further ramifications of the ideas outlined above could be that, depending on the situation, the reader 16 may program sequences of sleep periods into the device 12. For example, when the container 10 is loaded onboard a ship, it may besufficient for the device 12 to wake up only once an hour while the ship is on sea. However, once the ship is expected to approach a destination port, a shorter sleep period might be required to ensure that the reader 16 on a crane unloading thecontainer 10 will be able to establish contact with the device 12. The reader 16 on the crane loading the container 10 onboard the ship could program the device 12 as follows: first, wake up once an hour for three days, then wake up every ten seconds.
In another scenario, the reader 16 is moving together with the device 12 and could modify the sleep time period in dependence on the geographical location. For example, it may be assumed that the device 12 on the container 10 and the reader 16of a truck towing the container 10 may constantly communicate with each other while the container 10 is being towed. As long as the container 10 is far enough away from its destination, the reader 16 could program the device 12 to be asleep for extendedintervals (e.g., one hour.) When the reader 16 is equipped with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or other positioning equipment, the reader may determine when the container 10 is approaching its destination. Once the container approaches thedestination, the reader 16 could program the device 12 to wake up more frequently (e.g., every second).
While the above-described power-management method has been explained with respect to the device 12 in the context of trucking of freight containers or other cargo in transportation by sea, road, rail or air, it should be understood for thoseskilled in the art that the above-described power-management method may as well be applied to, for example, trucking of animals, identification of vehicles for road toll collection, and theft protection, as well as stock management and supply chainmanagement.
Referring now to FIG. 2B, there is shown a first perspective view of the device 12. The device 12 includes a housing 25 containing the data unit 100 (not shown), a support arm 102 extending therefrom, and an antenna arm 104 extending outwardlythereof in an angular relationship therewith. As will be described below, the size of the housing 25, the length of the support arm 102, and the configuration of the antenna arm 104 are carefully selected for compatibility with conventional containers. The housing 25, the support arm 102, and the antenna arm 104 are typically molded within a polyurethane material 23 or the like in order to provide protection from the environment.
Still referring to FIG. 2B, a portion of material 23 of the support arm 102 is cut away to illustrate placement of at least one magnet 27 therein and at least one door sensor 29 thereon. The magnet 27 permits an enhanced securement of the device12 within the container as described below, while the door sensor 29 detects variations in pressure along a sealing gasket (not shown) of the container discussed below.
A second perspective view of the device 12 as illustrated in FIG. 2C, further illustrates the placement of the magnet 27 in the support arm 102. The magnet 27 is positioned within corresponding apertures 27A formed in the support arm 102 and arebonded thereto in a manner facilitating the installation of the device 12.
Now referring to FIG. 2D, a top view of the device 12 is illustrated before any of the molding material 23 has been applied. In this way, the position of the power source 26, the data unit 100, and the antenna 20 are shown more clearly. Thedevice 12 includes the data unit 100 and power source 26, the microprocessor 22 (not shown), the memory 24 (not shown), and the optional interface 28 (not shown). The support arm 102 extends from the data unit 100 and includes the apertures 27A to housethe at least one magnet 27 as well as a support surface to which the door sensor 29 is attached. Extending from the support arm 102 is the antenna arm 104 for supporting the antenna 20.
Now referring to FIG. 2E, a side view of the device 12 before any of the molding material 23 has been applied is illustrated. As shown, the support arm 102 extends upwardly and outwardly from the data unit 100. The support arm 102 is relativelythin and substantially horizontal, although other configurations are available. As more clearly indicated in FIG. 2E, the antenna arm 104 extends angularly from the support arm 102.
Referring now to FIG. 2F, there is shown a front view of the device 12 after the molding material 23 has been applied. The device 12 is illustrated with the molded material 23 that forms the housing 25 encapsulating the device 12. The moldingmaterial 23 extends from the antenna arm 104 across the support arm 102 and around the data unit 100. The particular shape and configuration shown herein is but one embodiment of the device 12 and no limitation as to the precise shape of the device 12is suggested herein.
Referring now to FIG. 2G, there shown a back view of the device 12 according to FIG. 1A. The angular configuration of the antenna arm 104 is likewise seen in a more simplified format for purposes of illustration in FIGS. 2H and 2I, whichrepresent bottom and top views of the device 12.
FIG. 2J illustrates a front view of the device 12 as installed on the container 10. The container 10 is shown with a door 202 of the container 10 in an open position to show the orientation of the device 12 in greater detail. The device 12 ismounted to an area adjacent to the door 202 of the container 10. The device 12 may be mounted via a magnetic connection (as previously illustrated), an adhesive connection, or any other suitable connection, on a vertical beam 204 of the container 10. As can be seen in FIG. 2J, the device 12 is mounted so that, when the door 202 is closed, the antenna arm 104 is located on the exterior of the container 10, the door sensor 29, located within the support arm 102, is directly adjacent to a portion of thedoor 202, and the data unit 100 is located on the interior of the container 10. The device 12 may detect, via the door sensor 29, deviations of pressure to determine whether a door event (e.g., relative and/or absolute pressure change) has occurred. The device 12 may transmit data relative to the status of the door 202 via the antenna 20 to the server 15 as previously described. In addition, the interface 28 may be connected to any number of the external sensor units 208 in order to captureinformation relative to internal conditions of the container 10 and the information obtained via the sensor units 208 transmitted to the server 15.
Remaining with FIG. 2J, the device 12 is oriented within the container 10 so that the data unit 100 is disposed within a generally C-shaped recess or channel 206. The support arm 102, including the door sensor 29, extends across the verticalbeam 204 between it and a portion of the door 202. When the door 202 is closed, pressure is maintained at the door sensor 29. When the door 202 is opened, the pressure is relieved, thereby alerting the microprocessor 22 that a door event has occurred. An electronic security key stored in the memory 24 will be erased or changed to indicate a "broken" seal or tampering event. For example, when the door sensor 29, or any other internal or external sensor connected to the container security device 12senses a value that is outside a predetermined threshold, then the electronic security key may be erased and the key is not able to be re-created. In this case, when a reader sends a request to the container security device 12, the container securitydevice 12 will be unable to respond with the correct electronic security key, thereby informing the reader and the appropriate authorities that the container is in an alarm or warning condition.
FIGS. 2K-2M illustrate various views of a sensor receptacle 220 for receiving the external sensor units 208. The sensor receptacle 220 includes at least one, and in this embodiment two, protrusions 222a, 222b for securement to the vertical beam(not shown) of the container. The protrusions 222a, 222b may be secured in a manner similar to the container security device 12 as noted above, such as via magnets or fasteners. The protrusions 222a, 222b may also provide additional securement viapressure applied by the door pressing against the protrusions 222a, 222b which in turn press against the vertical beam of the container when the door is in the closed position. The sensor receptacle 220 includes a conduit 224 for receiving the sensorunits 208. The conduit 224 is oriented such that the conduit 224 resides within the C-channel (not shown) of the container. The sensor units 208 snap in place without further securement means, however, the sensor units 208 may be secured withadditional securement means in alternate embodiments of the invention. The length of the sensor receptacle 220 may also be varied in order to house various numbers and types of sensor units 208. For example, the length of some sensor receptacles 220may allow for placement of two sensor units 208 and other lengths of sensor receptacles 220 may allow for placement of, for example, five or more sensor units 208. Although the preferred embodiment illustrates a specific length, various sizes may beimplemented without departing from embodiments of the present invention as noted above.
The sensor receptacle 220 also includes a plurality of connectors 230 along a rear channel 226 of the conduit 224 and an interface 228 for connecting to and interfacing with interface 28 of the container security device 12. The connectors 230connect the sensor units 208 to a serial bus (not shown), such as a bus based on I.sup.2C and/or the RS485 standard. The connectors 230, serial bus, and the interfaces 28, 228 allow for exchange of information and/or battery power between any additionalsensor units 208 and the container security device 12. For example, an additional sensor unit 208, such as a radioactivity sensor unit, may sense a radioactivity level that is transferred to the container security device 12 via the connector 230 andinterfaces 28, 228. The container security device 12 transmits the radioactivity level or data associated therewith to a reader. Alternatively, or in addition, the radioactivity level may be received by the container security device 12 and the device12 then determines if the radioactivity level is outside of a predetermined safe range. If so, then the container security device 12 may transmit an alarm in addition to, or in place of, the radioactivity level data. In alternate embodiments, a sensorunit 208 may be a wireless device (e.g., utilizing RFID/Bluetooth/Zigbee/Ultra-Wide Band) enabling an internal wireless sensor network using the container security device 12 as an access gateway.
In alternate embodiments of the present invention, the sensor receptacle 220 may include at least one additional port extending outside of the container for personnel to access the sensors, download data, check for warnings, reset thresholds,etc. The additional port may be utilized in addition to, or in place or, the interface 228 that connects to the container security device 12.
FIGS. 2N-2Q illustrate various views of additional sensor units 208 for placement in the sensor receptacle 220. In the illustrated embodiment, each sensor unit 208 is substantially rectangular with a notch 252 located at an upper end of thesensor 208. The notch 252 allows for easy removal and placement of the sensor unit 208 in the sensor receptacle 220. Although the sensor unit 208 is shown having a generally rectangular shape, other shapes of sensors are equally applicable to thepresent invention. For example, some sensor units 208 may be square in shape and may or may not have the notch 252 at the upper end. In addition, the sensor units 208 may be hour-glass shaped to allow for placement and removal of the sensor units 208and, in this case, the notch 252 would be unnecessary.
The sensor units 208 also include a recess 254 along their back side 256. The recess 254 may be offset from center in order to prevent sensor units 208 from being installed incorrectly. In this recess 254 is an interface 258, such as a D-subconnector. The interface 258 couples to the connector 230 of the sensor receptacle 220. The recess also guides the sensor units 208 in place and helps to align the interface 258 with the connector 230 of the sensor receptacle.
Referring now to FIG. 2R, a block diagram of an exemplary sensor unit 208 is illustrated. Each sensor unit 208 includes a sensor 270, a microprocessor 272, a memory 274, a communications protocol unit 276, an interface 258, and an optional powersource 278. As set forth above, the sensor 270 may sense any number of characteristics, such as radioactivity, humidity, shock, vibration, temperature, light, ammonia, combustible gas, etc. The microprocessor 272 and the memory 274 work in conjunctionwith each other to determine acceptable thresholds and determine when the sensor 270 senses a characteristic that is outside of the acceptable threshold. The memory may also store various readings from the sensor 270 or other information. Thecommunications protocol unit 276 allows the sensor unit 208 to communicate on the serial bus of the sensor receptacle 220 via the interface 258.
The sensor units 208 may provide a variety of data related to the contents or the conditions of the containers as noted above. Each type of sensor may be identified by color, international symbology, and/or other identification means for ease ofinstallation for any type of personnel in a variety of environments. In addition, one of the sensor units 208 may be formed as an additional battery pack for providing battery power to one or more of the additional sensor units 208 and/or the containersecurity device 12. Alternatively, each sensor unit 208 may have an internal battery supply as noted by optional power source 278. One of the sensor units 208 may also be a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader or an RFID reader gateway. TheRFID reader may sense RFID tags on cargo that is loaded or unloaded from each container independent of whether the container is sealed or unsealed. RFID tags may be placed on individual items, pallets, etc. In this way, cargo shipments can be monitoredto determine what cargo has been placed in or removed from a container. Furthermore, one or more of the sensor units 208 may be equipped for wireless communication inside the container via Bluetooth, infrared, or other wireless communicationtechnologies. In this way, a sensor unit 208 may be mounted on a wall or ceiling inside a container remote from the container security device 12 and the sensor receptacle 220. The remote sensor unit 208 may then transmit data to a sensor unit 208within the sensor receptacle 220. The information, such as any resulting alarms and/or the sensed data itself, may then be forwarded to the container security device 12 and/or a reader. For example, a sensor unit 208 may detect a characteristic (e.g.,light, gas, radioactivity, etc.) outside of a predetermined threshold. The sensor unit 208 may then send a warning or alarm that is transmitted outside the container by the container security device 12. The container may then be flagged for inspectionor quarantine. Similarly to the container security device 12, in some embodiments, the sensor units 208 may also use a unique secure key that is erased, from the memory 24 of the container security device 12, when the sensed characteristic is outside ofa predetermined threshold (described in further detail with reference to FIG. 10B using a different sensor as input in steps 1054, 1070, and 1084).
FIG. 2S illustrates a plurality of diagrams for installing the sensor receptacle 220 and additional sensor units 208 in the C-channel 206 of the container. The door 202 of the container is open to illustrate the vertical beam 204 and theC-channel 206 located in the interior of the container. The container security device 12 may be positioned, as noted above, with a portion of the container security device 12 in the C-channel 206 and another portion across the vertical beam 204. Thesensor receptacle 220 is also placed with the conduit 224 within the C-channel 206 and the protrusions 222a, 222b across the vertical beam 204. The sensor units 208 may be placed in the conduit 224 and connected to the interface 228 for transmittinginformation to the container security device 12. The container security device 12 may receive the information from the sensor units 208 and transmit the information to a reader.
FIG. 2T is a perspective view of the device 12 of FIG. 2D as installed on the container 10. The device 12 is shown attached to the vertical beam 204 so that the door sensor 29 (not shown) within the support arm 102 is adjacent to the verticalbeam 204, the antenna arm 104 is positioned in an area of the hinge channel of the container 10, and the data unit 100 is positioned inside the C-channel 206 of the container 10. As more clearly shown herein, the antenna arm 104 protrudes from thesupport arm 102 to an area substantially near the hinge portion of the container 10 in order to remain on the exterior of the container 10 when the door 202 is closed.
By placing the data unit 100 on the interior of the container 10, opportunities for tampering and/or damage to the device 12 are reduced. Because the data unit 100 is disposed in the C-channel 206, even though the contents of the container 10may shift during transport, the contents are not likely to strike or damage the device 12.
Although the above embodiment is shown as a single unit including at least one sensor and an antenna 20 for communicating with the reader 16, the present invention may be implemented as several units. For example, a light, temperature,radioactivity, etc. sensor may be positioned anywhere inside the container 10. The sensor takes readings and transmits the readings via BLUETOOTH, or any short range communication system, to an antenna unit that relays the readings or other informationto the reader 16. The sensors may be remote and separate from the antenna unit. In addition, the above embodiment illustrates a device 12 that includes a door sensor 29 for determining whether a security breach has occurred. However, an unlimitedvariety of sensors may be employed to determine a security condition in place of, or in addition to, the door sensor 29. For example, a light sensor may sense fluctuations in light inside the container 10. If the light exceeds or falls below apredetermined threshold, then it is determined a security breach has occurred. A temperature sensor, radioactivity sensor, combustible gas sensor, etc. may be utilized in a similar fashion.
The device 12 may also trigger the physical locking of the container 10. For instance, when a reader 16 secures, via a security request, the contents of the container 10 for shipment, the microprocessor 22 may initiate locking of the container10 by energizing elecromagnetic door locks or other such physical locking mechanism. Once the container is secured via the security request, the container 10 is physically locked to deter theft or tampering.
As shown in FIG. 3A, the reader 16 includes a short range antenna 30, a microprocessor 36, a memory 38, and a power supply 40. The short range antenna 30 achieves the wireless short-range, low-power communication link to the device 12 asdescribed above with reference to FIG. 2A. The reader 16 may include or separately attach to a device that achieves a link to a remote container-surveillance system (e.g., according to GSM, CDMA, PDC, or DAMPS wireless communication standard or using awired LAN or a wireless local area network WLAN, Mobitex, GPRS, UMTS). Those skilled in the art will understand that any such standard is non-binding for the present invention and that additional available wireless communications standards may as wellbe applied to the long range wireless communications of the reader 16. Examples include satellite data communication standards like Inmarsat, Iridium, Project 21, Odyssey, Globalstar, ECCO, Ellipso, Tritium, Teledesic, Spaceway, Orbcom, Obsidian, ACeS,Thuraya, or Aries in cases where terrestrial mobile communication systems are not available.
The reader 16 may include or attach to a satellite positioning unit 34 is for positioning of a vehicle on which the container 10 is loaded. For example, the reader 16 may be the mobile reader 16(B) attached to a truck, ship, or railway car. Theprovision of the positioning unit 34 is optional and may be omitted in case tracking and positioning of the container 10 is not necessary. For instance, the location of the fixed reader 16(C) may be known; therefore, the satellite positioninginformation would not be needed. One approach to positioning could be the use of satellite positioning systems (e.g., GPS, GNSS, or GLONASS). Another approach could be the positioning of the reader 16 utilizing a mobile communication network. Here,some of the positioning techniques are purely mobile communication network based (e.g., EOTD) and others rely on a combination of satellite and mobile communication network based positioning techniques (e.g., Assisted GPS).
The microprocessor 36 and the memory 38 in the reader 16 allow for control of data exchanges between the reader 16 and the device 12 as well as a remote surveillance system as explained above and also for a storage of such exchanged data. Necessary power for the operation of the components of the reader 16 is provided through a power supply 40.
FIG. 3B is a diagram of a handheld reader 16(A) in accordance with the principles of the present invention. The handheld reader 16(A) is shown detached from a mobile phone 16(A1). The handheld reader 16(A) communicates (as previously mentioned)with the device 12 via, for example, a short-range direct sequence spread spectrum radio interface. Once the handheld reader 16(A) and the device 12 are within close range of one another (e.g., <100 m), the device 12 and the handheld reader 16(A) maycommunicate with one another. The handheld reader 16(A) may be used to electronically secure or disarm the container via communication with the device 12. The handheld reader 16(A) may also be used to obtain additional information from the device 12such as, for example, information from additional sensors inside the container 10 or readings from the door sensor 29.
The handheld reader 16(A) shown in FIG. 3B is adapted to be interfaced with a mobile phone shown as 16(A1) or PDA. However, as will be appreciated by those having skill in the art, the handheld reader 16(A) may be a standalone unit or may alsobe adapted to be interfaced with, for example, a personal digital assistant or a handheld or laptop computer. The reader 16 draws power from the mobile phone and utilizes Bluetooth, or any similar interface, to communicate with the mobile phone.
Additional application scenarios for the application of the device 12 and reader 16 will now be described with respect to FIGS. 4-8. Insofar as the attachment and detachment of the reader 16(B) to different transporting or transported units isreferred to, any resolvable attachment is well covered by the present invention (e.g., magnetic fixing, mechanic fixing by screws, rails, hooks, balls, snap-on mountings, further any kind of electrically achievable attachment, e.g., electro magnets, orfurther reversible chemical fixtures such as adhesive tape, scotch tape, glue, pasted tape).
FIG. 4 shows a first application scenario of the device 12 and the reader 16. As shown in FIG. 4 one option related to road transportation is to fix the reader 16 to the gate or a shipping warehouse or anywhere along the supply chain. In such acase, the reader 16 may easily communicate with the device 12 of the container 10 when being towed by the truck when exiting the shipping area. Another option is to provide the reader 16 as a handheld reader 16(A) as described above and then either scanthe device 12 as the truck leaves the area or carry the hand-held reader 16(A) within the cabin of the truck during surveillance of the container 10.
FIG. 5 shows a second application scenario for the device 12 and the reader 16 as related to rail transportation. In particular, FIG. 5 shows a first example where the reader 16 is attachably fixed along the rail line for short-range wirelesscommunication to those containers located in the reach of the reader 16. The reader 16 may then achieve a short range communication with any or all of the devices 12 of the containers 10 that are transported on the rail line.
The same principles apply to a third application scenario for the container surveillance components, as shown in FIG. 6. Here, for each container to be identified, tracked, or monitored during sea transport, there must be provided a reader 16 inreach of the device 12 attached to the container 10. A first option would be to modify the loading scheme according to the attachment schemes for the wireless communication units. Alternatively, the distribution of the readers 16 over the containership could be determined in accordance with a loading scheme being determined according to other constraints and parameters. Again, the flexible attachment/detachment of readers 16 for the surveillance of containers allows to avoid any fixed assets thatwould not generate revenues for the operator. In other words, once no more surveillance of containers is necessary, the reader 16 may easily be detached from the container ship and either be used on a different container ship or any other transportingdevice. The reader 16 may also be connected to the AIS, based on VHF communication, or Inmarsat satellites, both often used by shipping vessels.
While above the application of the inventive surveillance components has been described with respect to long range global, regional or local transportation, in the following the application within a restricted area will be explained with respectto FIG. 7.
In particular, the splitting of the short range and long range wireless communication within a restricted area is applied to all vehicles and devices 12 handling the container 10 within the restricted area such as a container terminal, acontainer port, or a manufacturing site in any way. The restricted area includes in-gates and out-gates of such terminals and any kind of handling vehicles such as top-loaders, side-loaders, reach stackers, transtainers, hustlers, cranes, straddlecarriers, etc.
A specific container is not typically searched for using only a single reader 16; rather, a plurality of readers 16 spread over the terminal and receive status and control information each time a container 10 is handled by, for example, a craneor a stacker. In other words, when a container passes a reader 16, the event is used to update related status and control information.
FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram of a securing process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. First, at step 800, identification is requested from the device 12 by the reader 16. At step 802, the device 12 transmits theidentification to the reader 16 and, at step 804, the reader 16 selects a container 10 to secure. A request is sent from the reader 16 to the server 15 at step 806. At step 808, the server 15 generates a security key and encrypts the security key withan encryption code. At step 810, the encrypted security key is transmitted to the device 12 via the reader 16 in order to secure the container 10. At step 812, the security key is decrypted and stored in the device 12. A similar procedure may beinitiated to disarm the container 10. The container 10 may be secured automatically when passing in range of a reader 16, or a user may secure or disarm specific chosen containers 10 at a time.
FIG. 9 illustrates a security-check process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. At step 900, the reader 16 transmits a challenge to the container 10 in question. At step 902, the device 12 of the container 10 generates aresponse using a security key and an encryption code. At step 904, the response is sent from the device 12 to the reader 16. At step 906, the reader 16 also sends a challenge to the server 15. The challenges to the server 15 and the device 12 may betransmitted substantially simultaneously or at alternate points in time. The server 15 generates and sends a response utilizing the security key and an encryption code to the reader 16 at steps 908 and 910 respectively. At step 912, the reader 16determines if the responses are equal. If the responses are equal, then the container 10 remains safely secured. Alternatively, if the responses are not equal, then a security breach (i.e., door event) of the container 10 has occurred. Similarly tothe securing and disarming processes, a security-check may be performed automatically as the container 10 passes in range of a reader 16 or a user may initiate a security-check at any time during transport.
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram 1000 of a calibration and filter process for the door sensor 29 is illustrated. At step 1002, the door sensor 29 is activated to sense a current pressure value every 0.5 seconds, although other time increments may beimplemented. The current pressure value is read from the door sensor 29 at step 1004. At step 1006, a number of readings (X), with a time distance of 30 microseconds between each, are accumulated in order to calculate a mean pressure value at step1008. At step 1010, it is determined whether the door is open. The door is considered open if the mean value is above an open threshold calculated in previous iterations at step 1022 and 1024 below. If the door is open, then the flow proceeds to step1012, at which step the mean pressure value is added to a slow low pass filter to get the value for the sensor without any pressure attached (upper limit reference). If it is determined that the door is closed at step 1010, then the flow proceeds tostep 1014, at which it is determined whether the device 12 is currently in an armed state (i.e., whether the container 10 has been secured). If the device 12 is not armed, then the door status is updated at step 1016. If the device 12 is armed, then itis determined at step 1018 whether the device 12 was previously armed. If the device 12 was not previously armed, then at step 1020, an armed limit reference is set to the current mean pressure value from step 1008. At step 1022, open, close, andtamper thresholds are calculated using the upper limit reference from step 1012 and the armed limit reference from step 1020. The open, close, and tamper thresholds are used to determine if the door is opened or closed at step 1010 and 1026. At step1026, it is determined whether the current pressure value exceeds the open or tamper limits. In some embodiments, the tamper evaluation may involve determining if the mean value from step 1008 exceeds the open or tamper limits. If the mean value doesexceed the open or tamper limits, then the tamper alarm may set to alert the system and/or user that a security breach has occurred. If the mean value does not exceed the open or tamper limits, then no alarm may be generated.
FIG. 10B is a flow diagram illustrating a tamper evaluation subroutine 1050 that may be utilized as the tamper evaluation of step 1026 of FIG. 10A. In the subroutine 1050, three pairs of level and time limits are used, however, any otherappropriate number of pairs of level and time limits may be utilized. The tamper evaluation subroutine is initiated at step 1052. At step 1054, a determination is made whether the door sw value, or any other sensor value, is greater than a first value. If, at step 1054, it is determined that the door sw value is not greater than the first value, then execution proceeds to step 1056. At step 1056, a counter 1, a counter 2, and a counter 3 are all cleared. At step 1058, a new door sw value is added tothe filter for the armed limit reference value. At step 1060, execution ends.
If, at step 1054, it is determined that the door sw value is greater than a first value, execution proceeds to step 1062. At step 1062, the counter 1 is incremented. At step 1064, a determination is made whether the counter 1 is greater thantime 1. If it is so determined at step 1064, execution proceeds to step 1066. At step 1066, it is determined that the event is a tampering event. At step 1068, execution ends.
If, at step 1064, it is not determined that the counter 1 is greater than the time 1, execution proceeds to step 1070. At step 1070, a determination is made as to whether the door sw value is greater than a second value. If it is so determinedat step 1070, then execution proceeds to step 1072. At step 1072, the counter 2 is incremented. At step 1074, a determination is made as to whether the counter 2 is greater than time 2. If it is so determined, then execution proceeds to step 1076, atwhich step it is determined that the event is a tampering event. At step 1078, execution ends.
If, at step 1070, the door sw value is not found to be greater than a second value, the execution proceeds to step 1080. At step 1080, the counter 2 and the counter 3 are each cleared. At step 1082, execution ends.
If, at step 1074, it is not determined that the counter 2 is greater than time 2, execution proceeds to step 1084. At step 1084, a determination is made as to whether the door sw value is greater than a third value, If it is so determined, thenexecution proceeds to step 1086. At step 1086, the counter 3 is incremented. At step 1088, a determination is made as to whether the counter 3 is greater than time 3. If it is so determined, then execution proceeds to step 1090, at which it isdetermined that the event is a tampering event. At step 1092, execution ends. If, at step 1088, it is determined that the counter 3 is not greater than time 3, then the execution ends at step 1094.
If, at step 1084, it is determined that the door sw value is not greater than the third value, then counter 3 is cleared at step 1096. At step 1098, execution ends.
FIG. 11 illustrates a flow diagram for requesting data from a sensor unit 208. At step 1100, the procedure is started at, for example, a reader. At step 1102, a "get data from sensor" command is sent to the container security device 12 whichforwards the command to the sensor 270. At step 1104, the container security device 12 waits for a "get data from sensor" response. The response may include raw data from the sensor 270 or other pertinent information such as time stamps, thresholdvalues, etc. At step 1106, it is determined whether a stop flag has been received. If a stop flag has not been received then the procedure begins again at step 1102. If a stop flag has been received, then the procedure is ended at step 1108.
FIG. 12 illustrates a flow diagram for sending data to a sensor unit 208. For example, data may be sent to the senor unit 208 in order to configure the sensor unit 208 or make commands to the sensor unit 208. The sensor unit 208 may beconfigured, for example, to have specific allowable thresholds for acceptable sensed data. At step 1200, the procedure is started in a manner similar to that of FIG. 11. At step 1202, a "send data to sensor" command is sent to the container securitydevice 12. At step 1204, the container security device 12 waits for a "send data to sensor" response. The response may be an acknowledgment that the thresholds are set correctly or another type of response may be generated based on the type of datasent to the sensor unit 208. At step 1206 it is determined whether a stop flag has been sent. If the stop flag has not been sent, then the procedure begins again at step 1202. If the stop flag has been received, then the procedure is ended at step1208.
FIG. 13 illustrates a flow diagram for executing a wake up procedure for a sensor 270. At step 1300, the procedure is started at, for example, a reader or user application. At step 1302, a "sensor wake up command" is sent to the sensor 270. Atstep 1304, the "get data from sensor" command is sent to the sensor to receive data from the sensor 270 in a manner similar to that of FIGS. 11 and 12. At step 1306, it is determined wither a response has been received from the sensor 270. If theresponse has not been received, the procedure begins again at step 1302. If a response has been received then, at step 1308, the data is sent from the sensor 270 to the container security device 12. At step 1310, the procedure is ended.
Although embodiment(s) of the present invention have been illustrated in the accompanying Drawings and described in the foregoing Detailed Description, it will be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiment(s)disclosed, but is capable of numerous rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions without departing from the invention defined by the following claims. | 2019-04-25T12:11:23Z | http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/7479877.html |
I may have yet to travel much outside of France, but within France? I'm making my mark.
This past Saturday we had a group excursion to the nearby town of Amboise, a little over thirty minutes away. Although we had a prep session the day before, we all know how skilled I am at tuning out anything history-related so I really didn't know what to expect besides that we were going to see yet another chateau as well as the house of Leonardo Da Vinci. Needless to say I rolled out of bed rather reluctantly Saturday morning and made my way to the bus at 9:45.
After a short drive we arrived at a beautiful town right on the Loire River with a fortress/chateau high above it. We got a quick glimpse of the quaint village and were informed of an amazing chocolate shop (priorities, priorities) as we trekked our way up the hill to the chateau. Luckily, at least in my opinion, only 20 percent of the chateau remains today because the other 80 percent was taken down and repurposed (I think?? Again, not good with history). As a result, there wasn't a whole lot to see so the tour was rather quick tgod, tgod. And, we got a private tour which was also a saving grace because - surprise surprise! - we saw our Viking River Cruise friends who were so hard of hearing they walked around with headphones in that were connected to their tour guide's microphone... serious #oldpeopleproblems. But, the chateau did have some killer views of the city and the river and the grounds were beautifully manicured. Plus, we saw a small chapel where Da Vinci is buried. But, that's not scientifically proven so I guess everyone's just going with it because it sounds cool and impressive. I'm not going to question it.
Afterwards, we had some free time to explore and eat so, in another shocking turn of events, after we finished eating our lunches we went straight to the chocolate store. Good? Yes. Beyond expensive? Yes. I got a giant bear-shaped chocolate covered marshmallow that was definitely worth the multiple euros. Next stop was some beyond-necessary coffee and then we wandered around the village. Most of the stores were closed for some reason so that was kind of annoying but we enjoyed window shopping.
After meeting up again, we began our walk to Clos Lucé, the house that some king had built for Da Vinci so he would come live in France. All that effort for Da Vinci to only live there two years and then pass away... whoops. The house was nice and small aka a mansion by today's standards but a cute little country cottage by a king's standards. We walked around, saw a bunch of small-scale versions of his inventions in the basement, didn't even pretend to understand them, and then explored the immense grounds. They also had life-sized replicas of his inventions on the grounds which were fun to play with even if we were too heavy for the tank to move and made all of the little kids annoyed.
Sunday morning, I was up at 6:30 to head down to Bordeaux. My friend Katie and I took a 7:30 train from Tours and arrived in Bordeaux at 10:30. We knew we wanted to do some kind of wine tour because it'd be criminal not to, but that was pretty much all we had planned. So, we got off the train, figured out the tram system and headed to the tourist office for some help. We basically got laughed at for saying we wanted to do a wine tour the day of, so we settled for trying to do a wine tasting in the city. The brochure said you didn't need a reservation but the place closed at 1:30 on Sundays, so we attempted to take the tram back across the city to the wine tasting. Being our tourist selves, we couldn't figure out which tram to take and crossed from one side of the tracks to the other at least three times before some woman took pity on us and helped us out.
We finally got to the wine tasting only for it to be closed with a sign on the door saying to go to another location. We found that place, went inside and literally thought we were in someone's apartment. We asked the guy if we could do a wine tasting and he told us they were doing a brunch at the moment and to come back at 2:00. I looked at him beyond confused and showed him his own brochure that said they closed at 1:30. Casually, he responded that they had changed their hours and just didn't think to change the brochure. Typical Europeans.
We made a reservation for 2:00, and went off to grab a very expensive but nice lunch outside in a large square. We then headed back to the apartment? wine place? don't know what to call it. Turns out, we got a private tasting of 4 wines in wine glasses approximately the size of our heads. We learned a lot, drank a lot, and enjoyed ourselves a lot. But, we didn't pay a lot. All of that for only 12,90 Euro. So, if you're ever in Bordeaux, do a wine tasting at Be The Wine! Your head might regret it, but your wallet won't.
We then booked it to the port where we had a 3:30 boat tour of Bordeaux and its many bridges. Again, we were definitely the youngest people on the boat by 40 years. And the tour guide said everything in French then repeated it in English so it was twice as fun. An hour and a half of this was a little much and I'd be lying if I said I didn't have a nice nap on the boat, but it was cool to see Bordeaux from another perspective when I wasn't too busy seeing the back of my eyelids.
We finished the tour at 5:00, and headed back to the tourist office for our bus tour of Bordeaux. While waiting for the bus tour we got lured in by a 40(?) year old guy selling candy (I wish I was joking) on the street. He was so excited to talk to Americans and we proceeded to have an entire conversation about how American girls are "bitchy" and "want to call the police" every time a guy tries to flirt with them. This conversation lasted at least 15 minutes because I felt like if I tried to end the conversation I'd look like the "bitchy American girl" on her way to "call the police". I mean, that's exactly who I wanted to be, but my pride kept me standing there, hiding my RBF as best I could. In the end we got a few free roasted peanuts and didn't get kidnapped so it was a win in my book.
But, our good luck ended there. The bus was supposed to be come at 5:45 but, in typical French fashion, they didn't come out and tell us that it had broken down until 6:00. We were exhausted anyways so we got reimbursed and then headed to dinner. We found another adorable square with some guy singing opera and plenty of restaurants with outdoor seating and treated ourselves to a three course meal and some amazing local wine, all for under 20 Euro per person.
Then, it was off to the train station for our 8:30 train home. I got home around 11:45 and don't think I'd ever been so happy to see my bed. But, the exhaustion was totally worth the spontaneous Bordeaux trip and I can definitely see why it was voted the best destination in Europe. Every building looked like it belonged at Versailles and it was definitely one of the cleanest cities I've ever been in. Plus, the wine. That's all that really matters.
DAY ONE: Thursday morning our group set off for Arles, France (in the Provence region) at the lovely hour of 6am. After three trains and one bus ride, we arrived to our hotel around 1pm and ready for some R&R. But, in a pattern that would continue throughout the weekend, there was no rest for us young and not-so-lively students. We began our trip with a two hour walking tour throughout the city (in English thank god) where we learned that the city is more Roman than French, with an ancient Roman theater (where we saw some moms filming a music video? I don't really know, but we did see Christina tap dance on stage for us) and an enormous Roman-style colosseum that is still used today for bull fighting and other events. The tour was interesting, albeit a little long, but considering we only had a day there, it was definitely the most effective way to learn about the city.
The tour finished in a garden that was frequented by Van Gogh, which was pretty cool. Afterwards, we walked around a bit more, Caro and I split a meringue approximately the size of our faces, then we headed back to the hotel to prepare for the dinner our professors were kind enough to have planned for us at a local tapas restaurant. It was basically the least French food in the entire city, but I wasn't complaining considering they bought us unlimited sangria and enough food to feed a small village. I couldn't tell you what I ate but it was pretty good, so that's all that matters. Afterwards, we headed back, changed and prepared for a *wild* night in Arles. However, the fact that the only people we had seen all day had been over the age of 65 should have been an indication of how our night would go. We found an Irish pub online and figured the Irish are always down for a good time so we set off for Paddy's. However, when we got there we found a heavy metal band playing some lovely music and a lot of older men. Needless to say we weren't there long, and we left for an Australian bar across the street playing American music...definitely more our scene, but still nothing too exciting and we were in bed before midnight.
DAY TWO: Friday morning we hopped on the bus and were off to our first stop before 10am. We went to a medieval city, Les Baux-de-Provence, that was incredibly well preserved. We roamed around, didn't listen to our audio guides, almost killed ourselves on multiple steps of stairs, took too many pictures and way too many panoramas, ate lunch, walked through the village, and got back on the bus for our next stop of the day.
The second stop of the day was the psychiatric hospital where Van Gogh was a patient, so super uplifting. I was kind of dragging at this point and just wanted to take a nap in Van Gogh's bed but figured that wasn't socially acceptable so I held myself together. We explored the gardens, sat outside for a while, saw more of our AARP-aged, slow-walking, loud-talking, visor-wearing Viking River Cruise friends, and got back on the bus. Then, we set off for something a little more up our alley: a tour of an olive oil factory. Our tour guide told us a little bit about the process and showed us through the small factory before letting us loose on the tasting table. We got some much needed sugar in the forms of olive oil, jams, tapenades, etc. and then proceeded to buy out the entire store. Finally, we headed back to our new hotel in Avignon, rested for an hour, and then all went out to dinner together at an adorably tiny restaurant (we took up the entire dining area) and had quite the gourmet meal. Afterwards, some people went out in search of a more active scene than we found in Arles, but I stayed in to save money, calories, sleep, and perhaps my dignity.
DAY THREE: Saturday morning we were up and at 'em once again before 10am. Again, we were onto the bus and off to...a paper mill. That was about as exciting as it sounds so I'll spare you most of the details. All you need to know is that our Viking River Cruise friends were the only other people there and even they didn't stay as long as us. That, and they had those cards that tell you about the year you were born...only up until 1975. So, moving on. We then walked up along the river to its source/giant cave which was quite slippery, quite impressive, and quite dry. After the walk back we were back on the bus and off to the ancient village of Gordes. Built into a hillside, it was so beautiful and we enjoyed meandering around, finding lunch and, of course, ice cream. This was a relatively quick stop and soon enough we were back on the bus.
Thinking we had an hour long ride to relax before our next stop, we all settled in for some much needed naps. But, no. We were woken up less than 15 minutes later to learn we would be going on a walk. Why? Where to? How long? No one told us anything except that it would be 30 minutes tops. Turns out it was a 20 minute hike along a road that the bus could've 100 percent driven on to a weird little abandoned/reconstructed medieval village where everything was built with stones. Again, was about as exciting as it sounds. We were there for maybe 10 minutes before turning around and beginning our 20 minute trek back. I don't know if we were being punished for something, or if they think we're eating too much gelato and need exercise but that was just not necessary. Finally, we returned to the bus much later than promised, sweaty and even more ready for our naps. Luckily we had a half hour ride to our next stop, Sénanque Abbey. But, since our walk took longer than promised, we missed our tour so we had to wait another 40 minutes for the next one. This basically involved me sitting on a bench the entire time debating if I could nap in public. Eventually, it came time for our tour and we went to check-in where I was one of two people in our group given not one, but two cloths with which to cover myself because the monks don't appreciate my sense of fashion. I proceeded to play fashion designer with my cloths and make myself a cute outfit out of them because if I'm going to be forced into wearing something I may as well look as good as possible doing it. (Also because I can't stand still and got kind of bored during the tour...) The tour was in English, though, so that was cool, and I learned some new things about monks, so I'd say it was productive, but I also couldn't wait to get back to my bed.
That night we had a dinner libre (free dinner) so we did what any students in France would do and got more tapas and sangria... and ice cream. Still exhausted from that walk we were forced to go on, we all went straight to bed afterwards.
DAY FOUR: We were hangin' on, barely breathing, but we got up, we got at 'em, and we headed over to the Papal Palace right down the road. Why there is a huge Roman palace in the middle of a French town is kind of beyond me but we had our trusty audio guides and we were on our way through only 25 rooms (...) of the mansion. This alone took over an hour, but it was definitely cool to see something so impressive that was built so long ago. Afterwards, we grabbed some food, grabbed some taxis, and were off to the train station for our long ride home.
Nope, didn’t go to a Frankie Ballard concert this weekend, but I did go to Ireland with Caroline and experienced a plenitude of both of these things, as well as many things that usually go down at country concerts. How I spent 48 hours in Ireland without experiencing a drop of rain is a mystery; Caroline’s long lost Irish ancestors must have been looking over us or something because we felt #blessed and I began to question my lack of Irish heritage as I was feeling particularly lucky. In addition to luck, if I had to sum up the weekend in a few words I would probably say: potatoes, photo shoots, and pints (of water, obv). More on that later….
We had a 4:45 flight from Tours to Dublin on Friday, and being warned that traffic would be a mess and we would barely make our flight, we sprinted from our 3:00 BEF meeting to our taxi and off we went, praying we’d make the flight. I honestly couldn’t tell you why everyone was so worried considering from the moment we got in the taxi to the moment we passed through security and sat at our gate a total of 20 minutes had gone by, 15 of them spent driving to the airport. So, lesson learned on that one. We then had an hour and 25 minutes to chill at the gate where we listened to the Irish people on our flight speak in English, a very welcome sound. The flight was fast, only an hour and a half to Dublin, thank god because Ryan Air’s seats are about as comfortable as sitting on concrete. But, we made it to Dublin ahead of schedule, landing at 5:00 their time, and then wandered aimlessly around the airport wondering how to get to the city center. Eventually, we asked some nice ladies who directed us to a bus, which was literally right outside the door, but whatever.
We checked into our hostel, and made our way to our room, to find it the size of a glorified closet with three sets of bunk beds and two guys, one from western Canada, and one from Australia, with two more Australian guys and two Irish girls to join us throughout the rest of the weekend. We never let our bags out of our sight, went back and forth to the lobby probably five times because we couldn’t figure out how to set our combination lock (embarrassing, we know), and finally were on our way to dinner at Ireland’s oldest pub. The food was everything I wanted and more: chicken and potatoes and vegetables with a side of cider, pure carb-induced happiness if you ask me.
Afterwards, we went to the Temple Bar area and went to Fitzsimon’s (thank you Brielle for the rec!) where I (but not Caroline) was ID’d at the entrance even though I told the bouncer I was 19 and the drinking age is 18. So, yes, I would be ID’d in Euope where I’m convinced children start drinking from as soon as they can see over the bar #notbitter. How he knew what my CT license was supposed to look like is also a mystery so it’s all just dumb but, whatever, we made it inside where we found a huge bar with 5 euro cocktails and an amazing live band who covered bands like the Black Keys, Mumford, and Arctic Monkeys, needless to say I knew from then I was going to like Ireland. We also met ten 30(?) 28(?) 33(?) year old guys from the Netherlands who were there on a bachelor party and made Caro and I feel like infants, but they were entertaining and not too creepy, which is basically all we could ask for. They also gave us travel tips and told us Amsterdam is over rated, which we smiled politely to, but we also all know we’re still gonna go like the poor tourists we are.
The next morning we were up at 6:50 for our bus trip to the Cliffs of Moher. Our driver, JJ was definitely one of the weirdest/nicest/loudest people I’ve ever met but he was very informative and even sang us Irish songs for way longer than necessary, so you could say it was a long 12-hour day, 8 hours of which were spent on that 17-person bus (not) listening to JJ. Caroline and I also got called out for talking, which was super awkward but we all know I don’t do well with listening to historical information so, really, not surprising when you think about it.
We stopped at Bunratty Castle, Cliffs of Moher, Doolin, The Burren, Galway Bay, Corcomroe Abbey, and Kinvara so basically half of Ireland (or so I’m convinced). Everywhere we stopped was so incredibly beautiful and so green. But, it also felt familiar, like I could’ve been driving through the countryside on the way to my lake house in Middle of Nowhere, NY. Something about being around the nicest people I’ve ever met and the familiar landscape made me feel at home (that or the fact that everyone spoke English…probably that one). Once we got to the Cliffs, though, I knew I was no longer in NY. They were so huge, so beautiful, and so terrifying. The fact that there were no fences and that you could literally walk right to the edge also reminded me that we were no longer in America as that would not fly at home, but it also made for some great ~artsy~ photo shoots. We had no shame as we spent our time taking way too many pictures, but you’re only in Ireland once, right? No regrets. We definitely could’ve spent all day there just soaking in the landscape, but eventually we were back on the bus and on our way to the rest of our stops. Finally, at just past 8:00, we were back in Dublin, hangry, exhausted, and claustrophobic.
We wandered around O’Connell Street looking for dinner, failing multiple times, and finally finding a place just as I thought I was going to faint (again not surprising). But, that was cured with water, and more chicken, potatoes, and vegetables. Then, it was back to the hostel to changerally and head out. We stopped at the bar in our hostel for some drinks where I was again asked for my age even though you have to be 18 to even stay at the hostel, so that was cool.
But, no fear, when we went out to the first bar of the night I was ID’d yet again so #stillbitter because do I really look 17??? Don’t answer that. Anyways, the first place was relaxed, then started to liven up, but again we were surrounded by 30 year olds and listening to music from before we were born, plus the DJ wouldn’t play Justin Bieber for us so we left in search of the ~young and trendy~ places with plenty of Belibers. Hearing Nicki Minaj or something like that at another bar, we knew we found our home for the night. This bar/club was packed and, being our annoying American selves, we decided to be as obnoxious as possible (with jackets tied around our necks) and make complete fools out of ourselves in terms of our dancing because we didn’t know anyone. Not thinking this through, we attracted way more attention than we should’ve but we laughed it off and somehow (we have no idea how) kept our shenanigans up until 3am. Then it was home and off to bed for a grand total of four hours.
Up and at ‘em at 8am, we attempted breakfast where Caroline stood up and couldn’t decide if she was woozy because of a “hangover, malnutrition, not getting enough sleep, dehydration, or a combination of them all” followed by, “The fact that my eyes are even open is a miracle.” Needless to say we were looking good and feeling even better.
The Jameson Whiskey tour was probably one of our worst decisions ever, and why we thought doing it at 10am on Sunday was a good idea, I will never know, but we persevered, tried not to intake the smell of whiskey, and made it through two sips of the tasting before quitting for our sake and the sake of others around us. We also were entitled to a free drink at the end of the tour, which I couldn’t muster, but Caro, determined not to waste a free drink, made it through a few sips of hers before I made her sprint-walk to the bus stop to catch our flight home.
Again, we made it through security with an hour to spare before our flight, made it to Paris with another hour to spare before our train, then caught the train, barely caught our second train, and were finally home around 8:30pm Sunday night. Having slept maybe 10 hours the entire weekend and never being able to sleep on planes, trains, or other forms of public transportation, I was literally a walking zombie and felt like death, but sleep when you’re dead, right? Def don’t regret not sleeping seeing as we had such little time to enjoy an entire country. And, after sleeping 10 hours Sunday night, I’ve recovered from the weekend and am ready for our group trip to Provence this Thursday!
Sorry for the incredibly long post and bless you if you’ve made it this far. But, yes, Ireland was everything we hoped for and more, Caro got some new FB friends out of it, we survived living in a hostel (shocking for me, I know) and we didn’t even spend thaaat much money, but we did forget toothpaste and one of us (@ Caro) forgot pajamas, so lessons learned. It was a little ratchet and a lot exhausting but, Ireland, thanks for the memories. I’ll be back. | 2019-04-25T02:38:48Z | http://www.blondebowhemian.com/2015/09/ |
Modern banking system plays a vital role for a nation’s economic development. Over the last few years the banking world has been undergoing a lot of changes due to deregulation, technological innovations, globalization etc. These changes also made revolutionary changes of a country’s economy. Present world is changing rapidly to face the challenge of competitive free market economy. It is well recognized that there is an urgent need for better-qualified management and better-trained staff in the dynamic global financial market. Bangladesh is no exceptions of this trend. Banking Sector in Bangladesh is facing challenges from different angles though its prospect is bright now and in the future.
To meet up the growing needs of skilled and eligible managerial and executive manpower of in the country, University Of Uttara, has initiated the BBA (Bachelor Business Administrator) Program which follows the international education quality standards. The objective of the BBA Program is to prepare individuals to develop the specific skills and judgment required for effective business operation. The BBA Program is designed to integrate the whole business knowledge and ideas to with gather practical knowledge about actual business environment and activities. For this purpose, our course supervisor has assigned me to prepare a report on the topic “Strategies for adopting CSR in the business: Sonali Bank Limited”.
The primary objective of the study is to meet the partial requirements for the fulfillment of the BBA Program.
To gain practical exposures in CSR activities conducted by banks.
To observe and analyze the performance of CSR activities of the bank.
To find out the effect of CSR activities in the country both for the stakeholders and the organization.
To have some practical exposures that will be helpful for my future; student as well as a professional in rest of my life.
Annual Report of SONALI BANK LIMITED.
Internet was used as a theoretical source of information.
Some article has been used as a source of critics and their analysis.
Daily newspaper and the bank’s website is used for sourcing related information about the bank.
Analyzing the critical financial business activities of a Bank is not that easy. Moreover due to obvious reasons of lack of my expertise we might not make the report as like as it should be. But we have tried our best to make is as much better as possible to us.
We do not have that much practical knowledge to make the report that much meaningful.
The availability of information was limited. We could not collect all the necessary information we needed.
Making the report on the whole banking industry was hardly possible for us. That is why, with the permission of our instructor, we put a limit on our report and conduct the report on only SBL.
And of course as students of BBA Program, we might not be able to capture the whole situation in our report for our lacking of experience in this regard.
Corporate social responsibility is necessarily an evolving term that does not have a standard definition or a fully recognized set of specific criteria. With the understanding that businesses play a key role on job and wealth creation in society, CSR is generally understood to be the way a company achieves a balance or integration of economic, environmental, and social imperatives while at the same time addressing shareholder and stakeholder expectations. CSR is generally accepted as applying to firms wherever they operate in the domestic and global economy. The way businesses engage/involve the shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, governments, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and other stakeholders is usually a key feature of the concept. While business compliance with laws and regulations on social, environmental and economic objectives set the official level of CSR performance, CSR is often understood as involving the private sector commitments and activities that extend beyond this foundation of compliance with laws.
From a progressive business perspective, CSR usually involves focusing on new opportunities as a way to respond to interrelated economic, societal and environmental demands in the marketplace. Many firms believe that this focus provides a clear competitive advantage and stimulates corporate innovation.
CSR is generally seen as the business contribution to sustainable development which has been defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”, and is generally understood as focusing on how to achieve the integration of economic, environmental, and social imperatives. CSR also overlaps and often is synonymous with many features of other related concepts such as corporate sustainability, corporate accountability, corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, corporate stewardship, etc..
CSR commitments and activities typically address aspects of a firm’s behavior (including its policies and practices) with respect to such key elements as; health and safety, environmental protection, human rights, human resource management practices, corporate governance, community development, and consumer protection, labor protection, supplier relations, business ethics, and stakeholder rights.
The societal marketing concept is an enlightened marketing that holds that a company should make good marketing decisions by considering consumers’ wants, the company’s requirements, and society’s long-term interests. It is closely linked with the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility and of Sustainable Development.
The concept has an emphasis on social responsibility and suggests that for a company to only focus on exchange relationship with customers might not be in order to sustain long term success. Rather, marketing strategy should deliver value to customers in a way that maintains or improves both the consumer’s and the society’s well-being.
Most companies recognize that socially responsible activities improve their image among customers, stockholders, the financial community, and other relevant publics. Ethical and socially responsible practices are simply good business, resulting not only in favorable image, but ultimately in increased sales.
Societal marketing should not be confused with social marketing. The societal marketing concept was a forerunner of sustainable marketing in integrating issues of social responsibility into commercial marketing strategies. In contrast to that, social marketing uses commercial marketing theories, tools and techniques to social issues. Social marketing applies a “customer orientated” approach and uses the concepts and tools used by commercial marketers in pursuit of social goals like Anti-Smoking-Campaigns or fund raising for NGOs.
Business ethics is a form of the art of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment. In the increasingly conscience-focused marketplaces of the 21st century, the demand for more ethical business processes and actions (known as ethicism) is increasing. Simultaneously, pressure is applied on industry to improve business ethics through new public initiatives and laws.
Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. In academia, descriptive approaches are also taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, today most major corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes, social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have redefined their core values in the light of business ethical considerations (e.g. BP’s “beyond petroleum” environmental tilt).
The term CSR itself came in to common use in the early 1970s although it was seldom abbreviated. The term stakeholder, meaning those impacted by an organization’s activities, was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders from around 1989.
Companies interested in advancing corporate social responsibility and in improving their social and environmental performance as part of their business have a wide range of tools available for application. Tools can vary widely in terms of objectives, scope, costs, level of formality, partnerships, extent of stakeholder involvement, and many other characteristics. Tools can be applied to one or more of the planning, implementation, checking, and improvement facets of corporate operations.
Businesses have options in how they can use the tools. For example, companies can use the tools that have been developed by others or they can develop their own tools – either independently or in partnership with other stakeholders. SBL develop their own CSR tools and other can follow them at the beginning stage. On the other hand SBL can follow the best practice around the world.
Some commentators have identified a difference between the Continental European and the Anglo-Saxon approaches to CSR. And even within Asia the discussion about CSR is very heterogeneous.
An approach for CSR that is becoming more widely accepted is community-based development projects. An often alternative approach to this is the establishment of education facilities for children’s, as well as HIV/AIDS education program for adults. The majority of these CSR projects are established in Africa. A more common approach of CSR is through the giving of aid to local organizations and impoverished communities in developing countries. Some organizations do not like this approach as it does not help build on the skills of the local people, whereas community-based development generally leads to more sustainable development.
The United Nations Global Compact promotes companies reporting in the format of a Communication on Progress (COP). A COP report describes the company’s implementation of the Compact’s ten universal principles.
technical guidance on eco-efficiency indicators, corporate responsibility reporting and corporate governance disclosure.
Some nations require CSR reporting, though agreement on meaningful measurements of social and environmental performance is difficult. Many companies now produce externally audited annual reports that cover Sustainable Development and CSR issues (“Triple Bottom Line Reports”), but the reports vary widely in format, style, and evaluation methodology (even within the same industry). Critics dismiss these reports as lip service, citing examples such as Enron’s yearly “Corporate Responsibility Annual Report” and tobacco corporations’ social reports.
Name of the Manager: Kazi Nazrul Islam.
Soon after independence of the country Sonali Bank emerged as the largest and leading Nationalized Commercial Bank by proclamation of the Banks’ Nationalization Order 1972 (Presidential Order-26) liquidating the then National Bank of Pakistan, Premier Bank and Bank of Bhwalpur. As a fully state owned institution, the bank had been discharging its nation-building responsibilities by undertaking government entrusted different socio-economic schemes as well as money market activities of its own volition, covering all spheres of the economy.
The bank has been converted to a Public Limited Company with 100% ownership of the government and started functioning as Sonali Bank Limited from November 15 2007 taking over all assets, liabilities and business of Sonali Bank. After corporatization, the management of the bank has been given required autonomy to make the bank competitive & to run its business effectively.
Sonali Bank Limited is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of 11(Eleven) members. The Bank is headed by the Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director, who is a well-known Banker and a reputed professional. The corporate head quarter of the bank is located at Motijheel, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and the main commercial center of the capital.
Socially committed leading banking institution with global presence.
Your trusted partner in innovating banking.
SBL is one of the largest public banks in Bangladesh. Recently it is going to introduce shares. It operates through One Head Office, 30 Main Divisional Offices, 6 General Manager’s Office, 42 Principal Offices, 19 Regional Offices and 198 fully computerized branches, ensuring best possible and fastest services to its valud clients and efficient management.
Sonali Bank Limited is the largest commercial bank of Bangladesh. It has 1187 branches throughout the country. It has also overseas branches. The Head Office of the bank is located at the Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka. The Divisions are headed by the DGMs and the departments are by AGMs. There are also many sections under every department in the Head Office. A DGM is the chief of the Principal Office and an AGM usually runs a regional office. Principal Offices are the local points of the bank’s administrative zone in the districts. The regional offices are under control and supervision of principal offices. The offices are situated at Thana level within the districts. The corporate are nearly equivalent to the GM office and usually headed by the DGMS. They provide all the banking services such as general banking, loans & advances etc.
Micro Credit has now been accepted and recognized as an effective tool for poverty alleviation, self employment and rural socio-economic development. In commitment to reduce poverty in urban and semi-urban and rural areas, Sonali Bank Limited has started micro credit function through a fully fledged Micro credit division in its Head Office from 2003. As such the Bank has been striving its best to provide speedy and active support to this sector.
Presently, 32 Micro Credit projects/programmes are being run by the Bank. Amongst the programmes, Bank-NGO Linkage wholesale credit programme, Goat rearing, Fruit, Herbal, Medicinal and Nursery development credit scheme, Loan programme for Disabled persons, Swanirvor, different types of Credit through BRDB-UCCA ( Corp, Irrigation & Poverty Alleviation), ADB financed Rural Livelihood project (RLP) in 152 Upazilla, Daridro Bimochone Shahayta Rin Karmachuchi, Rural small business & Small Farming loan scheme , BARD Comilla – SB & RDA Bogra – SB Functional Research project etc. deserve special mention in channelizing the financial resources for poverty alleviation and rural socio economic development of the country. Credit for Urban Women Micro Enterprise Development (CUMED) project without collateral up to Tk. 5.00 lacs operating in 9 selected branches in Dhaka city, now CUMED has been extended in Dhaka city more 17 branches in addition to existing 9 branches, Chittagong two branches, Moulavi Bazar 3 branches and in total 92 branches including all District branches of all over the country. Micro Entrepreneur development credit programme -`Unmesh’ operating in Moulvibazar district, now this credit programme has been extended all over the country. Daridro Bimochone Shahayta Rin Karmachuchi now has been extended all over the country in the year 2010. In the year 2007 a special credit programme named ` SIDR ‘ has been introduced for SIDR affected areas in which there are a provision of collateral free loan up to Tk. 20,000.00.
More over to make the self dependency especially for the women Micro credit Division has been introduced a now Loan programme in the year 2010 named ~ Jago Naree Grameen Rin” through 250 Rural branches all over the country with a provision of collateral free up to Tk. 25,000.00.
Up to December, 2010 a total amount of Tk.422426 Lacs has been disbursed under various projects/programmes monitored by this Micro Credit Division, whereas it was Tk. 386529 Lacs Up to Dec. 2009. On the other hand total recovery position stands at Tk. 482839 Lacs as on December 2010, whereas it was Tk. 463854 Lacs up to Dec. 2009. The present outstanding position of Micro Credit is Tk. 98263 Lacs.
Sonali Bank Limited offers multiple special services with its network of branches throughout the country in addition to its normal banking operations.
Passport fees, visa fees and Travel tax.
Pension of employees of Government and other Corporate Bodies.
Govt. & Non-Govt. Teachers’ salary.
Widows, divorcees and destitute women allowances.
Rehabilitation allowances for acid survival women.
Maternal allowances for poor women.
US Dollar Premium & Investment Bond.
Public Service Commission’s application form.
Judicial Service Commission’s application form.
Exchange of soiled / torn notes.
Bank a/c information of tax payer client according to demand of NBR.
Enlist of Non Government Insurance Company.
Sonali Bank staff college, Dhaka along with four Training Institutes / Centers at Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna and Bogra have been conducting training program covering total Banking activities in order to impart training to all categories of officers and staff of Sonali Bank.
In the year 2003 as many as 8430 officers and staff received training in 383 batches of different courses, workshops and seminars conducted by the aforesaid training institution & Staff College.
With the objectives of enriching knowledge and working efficiency of the officers and members of the staff of Sonali Bank, the Bank has a central library. Library is situated on the 7th floor of its Head Office Building. It has now been turned into a modern library by extending its facilities. It has been enlarged with the latest books on Banking, Foreign Exchange, Computer, Management, Accounting, Agriculture, Industrial Finance, Economics, Economics, Religion, and Literature and on many other disciplines. Moreover, different international journals covering world economy, political and other aspects are also being available here to attract and inspire the readers.
The ethos of SBL for pursuing its activities in social arena has got further momentum with your enthusiasm and support. Sonali Bank Foundation (SBL) is consistently pursuing its objective of being active in those social areas where it is needed most. The Foundation carries out diverse social and philanthropic activities in the field of education, health, conservation of nature, creation of social awareness, rehabilitation of distressed people and such other programs to redress human sufferings. It also promotes different socio-cultural and sports activities. Your Board of Directors in order to discharge its corporate social responsibilities in a greater perspective continued its contribution amounting to 5.00% of Bank’s profit after charging loan loss provision to Sonali Bank Foundation (SBL).
It is important that citizens of a society enjoy the full benefits that society offers. A society, in turn, flourishes when its citizen can contribute their fullest potential. The well-being of individuals is jeopardizing when normal developmental processes are interrupted by personal crisis, poverty, unemployment, poor health and inadequate education. SONALI BANK LIMITED (SBL) is the first Bangladeshi bank in Bangladesh addresses social concerns that threaten the structure of society and redress social conditions that adversely affect the well-being of people and society. SBL practice thus encompass the professional activities of helping individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities to enhance or restore their capacity for optimal social functioning and of .creating societal conditions favorable to this goal. Sonali Bank Limited Foundation (SBLF) was established on 3rd June, 2001 to perform humanitarian works like rehabilitation of the destitute and neglected portion of the society especially grassroots level poor in right track. Aim and objectives of SBLF are as bellow.
To grant, pay or give, award scholarship, stipends, prizes, rewards, allowance and other financial assistance or help in cash or kind to students with a view to help them in prosecuting their study in universities, schools, colleges, educational institutions, technical institutions, art schools, institutions of teaching commercial and training, research or educational works in Bangladesh or abroad subject to such terms and conditions as shall from time to time be prescribed by the Board of Trustees for advancement and promotion of education.
To foster and encourage education and training in the field of banking among the persons employed in banking sector or who wishes to partake training with a view to be engaged in banking service and to establish and found institutions imparting such education and to establish, maintain, support or .help by monetary gifts or otherwise, centers and institutions for such education and training.
To meet traveling, boarding and lodging expenses for students going abroad for higher commercial and technical education, especially in banking subject(s).
To open, found, establish, promote, set-up, run, maintain, assist, finance, support and I aid or help in setting up and / or maintaining and / or running hospitals, clinics, maternity and child care centre, boarding houses, libraries, reading-rooms, gymnasium and other training and vocational institutes.
To publish and or publishing books, pamphlets, periodicals, and newspapers in Bangladesh or outside for the spread and advancement of education and culture.
institutions, orphanages, widow homes, lunatic, asylums, old homes, poor houses or other establishments for relief and / or help to the poor, old and infirm people and / or destitute or to give, provide and / or render help and assistance in cash or kind to poor and or destitute, widows, etc; or to give, provide and I or render help and assistance to and / or implement any scheme for providing livelihood and enlistment of the poor.
To give, provide and I or render food, medicine and other help find assistance in any shape or form to the poor deserving and needy persons.
To give, provide and I or render monetary and / or other help and assistance for the relief of persons and animals affected by natural and other calamities such as flood, fire, famine, cyclone, earth-quake, storm, accident, pestilence, drought, epidemic, etc.
To open, found, establish, promote, set-up, run, maintain, assist, finance, support and / or aid or help in the setting up and / or maintaining and / or running institutions, centre, auditoriums and the like for the running of welfare and other services to the public and to provide meeting-room for socially useful activities and functions.
To promote, organize, administer, establish, support, maintain, and / or grant to any person, institution or society or organization whatsoever having for its objects or charitable purposes and or incur expenditure in connection therewith.
To promote sports and culture through establishment of Clubs for sports, recreational and cultural activates and introduce awards, shields, medals etc. and also organize debates essay and sports competitions to achieve this object.
To organize meetings, seminars, symposia etc. to create awareness among the people aimed at spreading and upholding the ideals, values and spirit of the Banking and related products and services.
To work in collaboration with other Trusts, Foundations, Associations and bodies having activities, programs, and projects aimed at establishing, spreading and upholding the ideals of Sonali Bank Limited Foundation.
As a part of Corporate Social Responsibility, SONALI BANK LIMITED have been extending medical facilities and other support to 50 HIV positive patients since 2004. In continuation of this program, SBL organized a “Treatment Card” distribution program among the HIV positive patients on June11, 2007 in Hotel Purbani International, Dilkusha, Dhaka. Major General (Rtd.) Dr. ASM Matiur Rahman, Honorable Advisor, Ministry of Health & Social Welfare, Water Resources and Religious Affairs, Govt. of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh was present as the chief guest and distributed the Treatment Cards to 50 HIV/AIDS positive patients while Mr. Md. Yeasin Ali, Managing Director of the bank presided over the function. Professor Nazrul Islam, Head of Virology Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Dr. Md. Shahzahan Biswas, Director General (Health Services), Health Directorate were present as special guests. Among others, Mr. K. S. Tabrez, Deputy Managing Director (Administration), Mr. Ghulam Kabir, Deputy Managing Director (Operation) and Senior Executives of the bank were also present at the function.
Target group: HIV/AIDS affected women and children.
Description of the program: HIV/AIDS is setting its firm foothold in Asian countries, Bangladesh is one of them. In Bangladesh HIV/AIDS related activities are limited to build up awareness but there is a little work for affected person. SBLF has taken a program of supporting HIV/AIDS positive women and children by providing medicines, clinical support, food supplement and other essentials. Under this program treatment cards were already distributed to 23 HIV/AIDS positive patients among them 03 are children. Tk.17,25,000.00 (Taka seventeen lac twenty five thousand) only has already sanctioned for implementation of the program to support 23 HIV positive patients (HIV/AIDS affected women and children).
Plan for next five years: If this program becomes success then after evaluation it will be extended for future.
Target group: Boys and girls suffering from cleft-lip and palate whose parents are incapable to bear the operation cost of cleft lip.
with cleft-lip through plastic surgery since 2003. More than 800 numbers of poor cleft-lipped boys & girls have so far been successfully operated across the country. Through arrangement of special camps of under this ‘smile brighter’ program in Dhaka, Chittagonj, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Khulna, Barisal, Bogra, Comilla, Rangpur, Dinajpur etc. As a continuous process, the cleft-lipped boys & girls are being operated across the country for restoration of hope and dignity in their lives.
This is an ongoing program. Around 1500 cleft-lip and/or palate boys and girls will come under this program in the next 05 years and the expenditure in this regard will be Tk.l,27,50,000.00 (one crore twenty seven lac fifty thousand) only.
Description of the program: To create social awareness, SBLF is supporting the acid and dowry victim women of different parts of Bangladesh by one time donation for their rehabilitation and to maintain small scale business like poultry rearing, goat farming, fish farming etc. Under this program 400 (four hundred) helpless dowry victims and 100 (one hundred) acid victims has already received one time donation of Tk.10,000/- per person in this year (2005) which cost totaling Tk.50,00,000.00 (taka fifty lac) only. If the victims can utilize the money properly then SBL will provide them loan in a reduce interest rate (5%) for their betterment and proper rehabilitation. Another advertisement also has published in different newspaper on 3rd and 4th of June, 2005 inviting application from the victims where another 500 victims will get Tk. 10,000.00 (ten thousand) each and this will cost totaling Tk. 50,00,000.00 (taka fifty lac) only.
Plan for continuing the program: SBLF has planed to extend the program depending on the situation, analysis and evaluation report of the first phase.
SONALI BANK LIMITED (SBL) undertakes a project with BASIS (Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services) to award the best IT uses by Bangladeshi companies.
SBL and BASIS organized IT award-giving ceremony in this regard. The award Ceremony was held on 30th November 2005, which was the day before last day of BASIS SOFfEXP02005 (November 27-December 01, 2005). This was a gala evening (with dinner and cultural program) attended by around 700 dignitaries including government high officials & policy makers, corporate heads, representatives from development agencies, IT policy makers, academicians and the IT industry members.
Mr. Md. Yeasin Ali, Managing Director of the Bank handed over a Payment Order of Tk. 25.00 lac (Taka Twenty Five Lac) to the Honorable Adviser Major General (Rtd.) M. A. Matin at Chittagong Circuit House on June 13, 2007 for victims due to a devastating landslides following torrential rains lashed down in Chittagong city and its adjacent areas.
SONALI BANK LIMITED (SBL) donated 130 bundles of GCI sheets worth Tk. 5.60 lac for rehabilitating the homeless people affected by river-erosion of Ramgoti Upazila under Noakhali District on August 14, 2005.
SONALI BANK LIMITED donated 700 bundles of high grade GCI sheets worth of Tk. 29.00 lac for rehabilitating the standard people of the four Upazilas of Gaibandha and Rangpur districts. Dr. Mozammel Hossain Khan, Co-ordination, SBL is seen handing over GCI sheets to Mr. Tapan Chandra Mazumdar, Deputy Commissioner of Gaibandha district.
Mr. Md. Yeasin Ali, Managing Director, SONALI BANK LIMITED is seen distributing blankets among the cold-affected people of Angarpota and Dohogram – the enclaves of Bangladesh. Notably, 4,000 blankets were distributed to cover each of the 4,000 families of the villages waiting for blankets.
The scale and nature of the benefits of CSR for an organization can vary depending on the nature of the enterprise, and are difficult to quantify. SBL is an organization having a huge number of customers in the local market and very successfully satisfies its stakeholders. However, businesses may not be looking at short-run financial returns when developing their CSR strategy and what exactly SBL follows. SBL has already proved that in Bangladesh. Not only as a local bank, SBL is the number one bank in Bangladesh with respect to CSR activities and has achieved ample growth and success in recent years.
Branding Bank and its services.
Businesses can use CSR and corporate sustainability to produce direct benefits for the bottom line. Operational efficiencies can be achieved in other facets of CSR such as streamlining the way that information is provided to the investment community as well as to other stakeholders that demand increased transparency. Managing potential risks and liabilities more effectively through CSR tools and perspectives can also reduce costs. Using corporate responsibility and sustainability approaches within business decision-making can result not only in reduced costs but can also lead to recognizing new market opportunities such as when new branches are opened that can be expanded to other areas, regions or markets.
The investment community has been exploring the links between corporate social responsibility and financial performance of businesses. There is growing evidence that companies that embrace the essential qualities of CSR generally outperform their counterparts that do not use features of CSR. This information is being translated into action within the investment community. An increasing number of mutual funds are now integrating CSR criteria into their selection processes to screen in sounder companies and/or screen out businesses that do not meet certain environmental or social standards. Thus, a CSR approach by a financial company can improve the stature of the company in the perspective of the investment community, a company’s stock market valuation, and its capacity to access capital from local market.
A key potential benefit from CSR initiatives involves establishing the conditions that can contribute to increasing the commitment and motivation of employees to become more innovative and productive. Companies that employ CSR related perspectives and tools tend to be businesses that provide the pre-conditions for increased loyalty and commitment from employees. These conditions can serve to help to recruit employees, retain employees, motivate employees to develop skills, and encourage employees to pursue learning to find innovative ways to not only reduce costs but to also spot and take advantage of new opportunities for maximizing benefits, reduce absenteeism, and may also translate into marginally less demands for higher wages.
A potential benefit of CSR is that it can improve a company’s reputation and branding and this in turn improves the prospects for the company to be more effective in the way that it manages communications and marketing in efforts to attract new customers and increase market share. CSR as a concept with various tools can help a company to position itself in the marketplace as a company that is more responsible and more sustainable than its competitors.
CSR can be viewed by businesses as a form of investment that helps to differentiate a bank and its products and services.
There are many different areas where a bank can invest to develop CSR attributes (e.g. human resource management, environmental protection, health and safety, community involvement, etc.). Investment decisions on CSR need to take account of various factors and parameters as well as the anticipated cost and benefit stream to be produced by the investment.
We are directing, managing, dealing and enhancing memories.
SBL is in the business of managing memories of customer through adopting extra-ordinary innovative CSR activities. For example SBL donated 9.73 core for establishing a research center in DU campus by the name of “Sonali Bank Social Science research center.” With the activities the 50,000 students of DU will remember it which will create a positive attitude in the minds of them. The students and researcher of DU and the country will see it as social contribution of SBL and they will create a buzz marketing and try to campaign SBL’s reputation on effective CSR activities. Buzz marketing later pull customer to SBL and they will fill good image of CSR activities of SBL which will create later a strong brand equity. Now a days brand equity is a unique asset for a business. Brand equity is an unique asset for a business which will be clarified by an example.
” I had been married four times.
So for a brand equity a customer can sacrifice everything even four times higher price than other brands even a hard long journey to find the brand.
So creating a strong brand by adopting effective CSR activities is indispensable.
We know A brand is a promise, a reassurance of consistent quality. Consumers face so many decisions each day in the market place that brands are an essential convenience to navigating the complexity of life. And in a recession, brands are even more important because we tend to rely even more on trusted, known quantities rather than experiment with new ideas and new products.
So with the above seen we see that SBL does so by adopting CSR activities which are fully accorded with their mission and vision. They are doing business in Bangladesh according to there promise which are stated in their mission and vision statement.
CSR is entwined in the strategic planning process of many of our local and multinational banks. The reasons or drive behind social responsibility towards human and environmental responsibility whether driven by ulterior motives, enlightened self-interest, or interests beyond the enterprise, is subject to much debate and criticism.
Some critics argue that corporations are fundamentally entities responsible for generating a product and/or service to gain profits to satisfy shareholders. Milton Friedman and others argue that there is no place for social responsibility as a business function.These critics point to the rule of corporate law that prohibits a corporation’s directors from any activity that would reduce profits.
Other critics argue that the practice cherry-picks the good activities a company is involved with and ignores the others, thus ‘greenwashing’ their image as a socially or environmentally responsible company. Still other critics argue that it inhibits free markets or seeks to pre-empt the role of governments in controlling the socially or environmentally damaging effects of corporations’ pursuit of self-interest.
Some critics believe that CSR programs are often undertaken in an effort to distract the public from the ethical questions posed by their core operations. Examples of companies that have been accused of this motivation include Standard Chartered Bank (SCB), which produces major CSR reports, and the petroleum giant BP, which is well-known for its high-profile advertising campaigns on environmental aspects of its operations. The global players do much more CSR activities in the developed world, but comparably do less in developing countries like Bangladesh.
Some CSR critics argue that the only reason corporations put in place social projects is for the commercial benefit they see in raising their reputation with the public or with government. They suggest a number of reasons why self-interested corporations, solely seeking to maximize profits, are unable to advance the interests of society as a whole. They point to examples where companies have spent a lot of time promoting CSR policies and commitment to Sustainable Development on the one hand, whilst damaging revelations about business practices emerge on the other.
These critics generally suggest that stronger government and international regulation, rather than voluntary measures, are necessary to ensure that companies behave in a socially responsible manner.
Corporations really care little for the welfare of workers or the environment, and given the opportunity will move production to sweatshops in less well-regulated countries.
Companies do not pay the full costs of their impact. For example, the costs of cleaning pollution often fall on society in general. As a result profits of corporations are enhanced at the expense of social or ecological welfare.
These critics are generally supporters of Milton Friedman, who argued that a corporation’s principal purpose is to maximize returns to its shareholders, while obeying the laws of the countries within which it works. Friedman argued that only people can have responsibilities.Because of this, moderate critics suggest that CSR activity is most effective in achieving social or environmental outcomes when there is a direct link to profit. This approach to CSR requires that the resources applied to CSR activities must have at least as good a return as these resources could generate if applied anywhere else. This analysis drastically narrows the possible scope of CSR activities.
Critics who believe that CSR runs against capitalism would go further and say that improvements in health, longevity or infant mortality have been created by economic growth attributed to free enterprise. Investment in less developed countries contributes to the welfare of those societies, notwithstanding that these countries have fewer protections in place for workers. Failure to invest in these countries decreases the opportunity to increase social welfare.
Despite having debate on CSR as a voluntary social welfare or as a marketing tool, CSR brings a lot of benefits for a corporation and SBL is a bright example for the local banks. Banking is a very much related with relationship management practice with its clients. So when a bank can touch the inner spirit of the people and can provide standard service, it will more likely to be successful. SBL is no doubt emotionally attached with its stakeholders and that is a key success factor for it. However every player in the industry should adopt and follow or go beyond the current CSR activities. | 2019-04-23T13:52:36Z | http://www.assignmentpoint.com/business/economics/assignment-on-sonali-bank-limited.html |
What is important when using vitamin K antagonists?
What are precautions while using vitamin K antagonists ?
Treatment of atrial fibrillation may consist of drugs for the arrhythmia itself (anti-arrhythmic drugs), interventional therapy or drugs for treating risks associated with atrial fibrillation (e.g stroke with blood-thinning medication, ‘oral anti-coagulants’).
There are different types of blood thinning drugs. The anticoagulants prescribed in patients with atrial fibrillation are: vitamin K antagonists and the novel oral anticoagulants or NOACs. These latter are also called “direct oral anticoagulants: (DOAC’s) or non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs).
If you need surgery, including dental, let the surgeon know that you are using blood-thinning drugs.
Using a blood-thinning medicine it is important to you check with a doctor or pharmacist every time you are prescribed a new medication, or when you buy medicines to make sure that they are all compatible. Especially with other blood-thinning drugs, like aspirin.
The final decision what type of anticoagulation a patient should get, will be taken by the doctor. Some patients might not be good candidates for a NOAC while in other patients one of the NOAC might even provide a greater reduction in stroke risk with comparable or even less risk of intracranial bleeding (bleeding in the brain).
Vitamin K antagonists are the oldest and worldwide most used anticoagulants. They reduce the ability of the blood to form clots. These blood clots are formed by blood cells and other material to form a solid mass inside the blood vessel. Blood clotting factors are needed for this process. Vitamin K antagonists prevent some of these clotting factors from working, making it more difficult to make clots. This is also called: “making the blood thinner”. Because of this effect of vitamin K antagonists on the clotting factors, they are very effective in reducing the risk of stroke.
Regular blood tests are required to assess the blood-thinning effect. This is measured by the so called “INR” or international normalized ratio. Depending on this measurement the dosage of the drugs will be adapted on an individual basis. It is of utmost importance to perform this blood test regularly to make sure that the dosage you are using is correct and you are not at risk. The dosage used can differ from person to person and from period to period within one person.
What is the INR and how is it measured?
Normally in persons not taking anticoagulants, blood clots with an INR of around 1.
To reduce the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation the INR should be between 2 and 3.
You should not stop taking vitamin K antagonist without consulting your doctor.
Foods that contain high amounts of vitamin K can make the blood-thinning less effective. If your diet is high in vitamin K you will probably need to take more of the blood-thinning drug. The attached table details foods which are low and high in vitamin K (see Table 1 below). Particular care is needed with herbal medications. Always consult your doctor or pharmacist before starting any herbal medicines.
In patients, treated with a NOAC, the kidney function has to be monitored by the doctor. If the kidney function decreases too much the doctor may need to lower the dosage or even stop the blood-thinning medicine.NOACs have been introduced in 2008-2009 and since then successfully used and tested in many thousands of patients with atrial fibrillation to prevent strokes. The drugs directly counteract one of the clotting substances with similar and maybe even better stroke prevention compared to a vitamin K antagonist. They can be used without controlling the INR and are not influenced by food, other drugs and alcohol. Dabigatran and apixaban are taken twice a day and rivaroxaban and edoxaban can be taken once daily. It is extremely important that a NOAC is taken every day as prescribed by your physician.
The most common side effect that occurs with all blood thinning medications is bleeding. In most cases, bleeding is not serious. Minor bleeding, such as bruising or a minor nosebleed can occur. About 1-2% of people on blood thinners will develop more serious bleeding which may require a blood transfusion and interruption of the blood thinning treatment. The most serious bleeding side effect from blood thinning medication is a bleed into the brain, known as an "intracranial haemorrhage".
If you are concerned about the risk of bleeding associated with your blood-thinning medication, please discuss this with your doctor. Your doctor will assess your individual risk of stroke and weigh up your risk of bleeding with a blood-thinning medicine.
Your doctor can calculate your risk of bleeding before you are offered one of the blood-thinning medicines using a risk score. One example of a commonly used bleeding risk score is the HAS-BLED score.
When serious bleeding occurs in patients treated with oral anticoagulants an antidote might be warranted.
The antidote for a vitamin K antagonist is vitamin K itself. The effect of the vitamin K has to be checked several hours later by controlling the INR. If this is still too high another dose of vitamin K has to be given. Additional treatment can include blood clotting products if warranted.
For one of the NOACs: dabigatran (pradaxa) an antidote is also available. It is called idarucizumab (praxbind) and has become clinically available in 2015. One dosage of this antidote is sufficient to completely counteract the effect of dabigatran and normal blood clotting is restored. For the other NOACs there are no clinically available antidote, but will most probably become available in the near future. As with the vitamin K antagonists, blood product may be given to counteract the blood thinning effects of these agents if required.
atrial fibrillation results in ineffective atrial contraction, poor atrial blood flow and stasis. This stagnation of blood is thought to favour the development of clots, typically within a finger like pouch of the left atrium, called the left atrial appendage. These clots can result in blockages of critical arteries, e.g. causing strokes. Because most clots form within the left atrial appendage, excising or obliterating the appendage has been performed, principally to reduce the risk of embolic strokes.
For patients who cannot take oral anticoagulants because of bleeding risks, the physician can occlude or obliterate the left atrial appendage through a puncture of the femoral vein in the groin. A plug like device is delivered in collapsed form into the appendage and expanded so as to completely occlude and even obliterate the cavity of the left atrial appendage. The procedure is performed under sedation or general anesthesia. Combination medicines for preventing clotting are necessary for the first few weeks to 3 months; afterwards they can be reduced to a single medicine. Recent studies have found that this procedure provides protection from stroke similar to that with classical oral anticoagulation (with vitamin K antagonists), although there may be immediate complications from the implant procedure.
Rhythm control implies that you and your doctor has decided to obtain and maintain normal sinus rhythm. When this strategy fails or is impossible the presence of atrial fibrillation is accepted or inevitable, it might be important to lower the heart rate. This is called rate control.
Anti-arrhythmic drugs modify the electrical activity of heart cells. The generation and transmission of electric signals coordinates the pumping activity of the heart muscle. Taking anti-arrhythmic drugs may help to reduce your chances of relapsing back into atrial fibrillation, but these drugs do not guarantee that you will not experience episodes of atrial fibrillation. Sometimes you may have to try several anti-arrhythmics before you find the one that suits you best and some of the anti-arrhythmic drugs are not suitable for all patients. Your doctor will decide on the most appropriate anti-arrhythmic drug for you depending on the other medical conditions you have, for example, if you have ischemic heart disease (narrowing of the arteries in the heart) or heart failure (poor pumping of the heart). Some anti-arrhythmic drugs such as amiodarone can have serious side effects, so your doctor will monitor you regularly to ensure that it is safe for you to continue taking this medication. For safety reasons, it may be necessary to take a small blood sample to monitor the drug. Your doctor will help to choose the best anti-arrhythmic drug for you and discuss the benefits and possible side effects in more detail with you.
There are several drugs, taken as tablets, that can help to slow the heart rate down in people with atrial fibrillation and your doctor will choose a drug that fits best.
For many patients with atrial fibrillation one tablet is enough to slow the heart rate down sufficiently but some patients may need to take two or more types of tablets in order to control their heart rate.
Digitalis medicines, such as digoxin have been used for over a hundred years and can slow down even a very fast heart rate. These medicines are very effective especially if you are not very physically active. However they may be less effective during physical activity. This is one of the reasons why another class of drugs, called beta-blockers (e.g bisoprolol or metoprolol) is often used in younger and/or more active patients. Beta-blockers are not suitable for everyone, particularly if you have asthma, and in such cases calcium channel blockers, such as diltiazem or verapamil may be the best option. Your doctor will take into account all of your individual circumstances when deciding on the best option(s) for medicines to help control your heart rate for you.
If you have an episode of symptomatic atrial fibrillation, which does not respond to anti-arrhythmic drugs, your doctor may suggest that you have a procedure called an electrical cardioversion. This procedure aims to restore your heart rhythm back to a normal rhythm (sinus rhythm). This procedure is usually planned in advance and involves delivering a controlled electric shock to your chest targeting the heart. The electrical impulse is strong enough to briefly stop any electric signals generated by the heart and to let the hearts natural pacemaker: “the sinus node”, regain control over the rate of your heart.
Electrical cardioversion is done in the hospital using a machine called a defibrillator, which is essentially a powerful computerized battery. The electric shock is delivered through two large stickers or paddles (electrodes) attached to the chest. The stickers are usually placed at the front and back of the chest or on the right and left sides of the chest.
Before the cardioversion you will be given an injection (anesthetic) to help make you feel drowsy as this procedure is uncomfortable. This way you will not feel anything during the cardioversion itself. If the first electric shock fails to bring your heart back into a normal rhythm (sinus rhythm) then another electric shock will be attempted using a slightly stronger electrical impulse. You should not feel any pain during the cardioversion but often the areas under the electrodes can be a bit sore for a day or two after the procedure.
You should be aware that even after a successful cardioversion (your heart rhythm has returned to normal sinus rhythm); it is possible that atrial fibrillation returns. This happens in about half of the patients during the first year after the cardioversion. The chance of atrial fibrillation returning depends on many factors but this is more likely if you have other heart problems (including high blood pressure) and if you have had atrial fibrillation for more than 1 year.
It is also possible to acheive a cardioversion using certain medications, which are used to control the rhythm. This is called pharmacological cardioversion as medication is used instead of the electric shock to try to restore your heart rhythm to normal. This procedure is also done in hospital. You will be given this medication through a drip in your arm and your heart rate will be monitored continuously during the procedure.
Before you have a cardioversion, whether this is an electrical cardioversion or a pharmacological cardioversion, you will need to take an anticoagulant, for at least 3 weeks before the procedure. Otherwise, a transesophageal echocardiographic examination has to rule out any blood clots within the heart before the cardioversion. You will also need to continue your blood thinning medicine for at least 4 weeks after the cardioversion procedure to reduce your risk of stroke. Depending on your overall risk of stroke your doctor may ask you to continue taking a blood-thinning medicine for the rest of your life.
The pulmonary veins are vessels connecting the lungs to the left atrium that allow oxygen-enriched blood to return to the heart. Tongues of atrial muscle extend for a short distance (up to about 5 cm) from the body of the left atrium into the pulmonary veins. In people with atrial fibrillation, these muscle extensions have been found to exhibit electrical activity that is rapid and not controlled by the normal activity of the heart. These abnormal electrical discharges, as a result of complex interactions, produce rapid (400-650 per minute) and irregular electrical activity and correspondingly feeble mechanical contractions in the atria.
The spread of abnormal electrical activity originating from the pulmonary veins can be stopped by irreversibly inactivating/killing the cells at the junction of the PVs with the left atrium so that they cannot conduct electrical signals. Inactivation of the cells at the junction of the PVs can be achieved by either heating the cells (to more than 55 degrees but below 80 - 90 degrees centigrade) or cooling the cells (to below -50 degrees centigrade) or by cardiac surgery.
Through small punctures at the groin, the physician introduces multiple catheters into the femoral vein, and advances them under X-ray visualisation to the right atrium. To reach the left atrium, the physician uses a long needle to puncture the wall separating the right and left atria, and then introduces the catheter(s) into the left atrium.
The commonest technique uses a high frequency alternating current (about 550 KHz) delivered by a flexible catheter with a metal electrode at the tip. Current passage heats a small tissue volume to more than 55 degrees centigrade depending upon current intensity and tissue contact. Each small volume of inactivated (coagulated) tissue is a ‘lesion’. A series of contiguous, full thickness lesions in a circular design at the junctions of the right and left sided pulmonary veins results in an electrical barricade insulating the pulmonary veins from the left atrium without damaging the physical integrity of tissue. This is pulmonary vein isolation by radio-frequency catheter ablation (RFCA).
During this procedure, the physician introduces two catheters into the left atrium, one only for recording signals from the target pulmonary veins and the other for delivering RF current at a desired location as well as recording from it. The procedure is guided by a reconstruction of the anatomy and shape of the pulmonary veins and left atrium.
The resulting electrical isolation is verified by the stable disappearance of electrical signals in the pulmonary veins and the catheters are then removed.
For cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation , a special deflated balloon (cryoballoon) is introduced into the left atrium then inflated and placed snugly at the mouth of the pulmonary veins. A pressurised refrigerant is injected into the balloon allowing it to expand, and in so doing, it absorbs heat, producing very low temperatures, adhering to and freezing the tissue in circumferential contact with the balloon perimeter. After sufficient freezing, the balloon is warmed, deflated and moved to another pulmonary vein and the ablation repeated. When the balloon is placed in contact with the junction of the pulmonary veins with the left atrium, the resulting circular cryolesion produces pulmonary vein isolation.
Irrespective of the technique used, pulmonary vein isolation is performed with the patient either completely anesthetised and artificially ventilated or powerfully sedated but breathing spontaneously. After the procedure, a compression bandage is applied to the groin and followed typically by a discharge home the following day. After discharge, you can rapidly resume a normal life after the first few days. You will typically need to continue anticoagulation drugs (to prevent clots) for at least 8 weeks after the procedure. Often, some additional medicines are prescribed to control the heart rhythm and rate.
The commonest complication is bleeding from the puncture site in the groin, with a resulting collection of partially coagulated blood under the skin or deeper in the tissue producing a lump, nodule or bruise and frequently tender or painful. Manual compression and bed rest normally can stop the bleeding and the collection progressively disappears over the next few weeks. If at the puncture site, a lump appears suddenly or enlarges or becomes painful, the patient should consult his/her physician.
A clot can be dislodged from within the left atrium and migrate to any of the systemic arterial blood vessels e.g. to the brain, the eye, the limbs, the kidneys etc. thereby blocking the delivery of oxygen, and producing tissue death. This can result in a stroke or damage to the eye, limbs or kidneys. Typically, correct anticoagulation drug use for 3-4 weeks leading up to the procedure, as well as throughout and after the procedure have greatly reduced its incidence to less than 1%. Most physicians also perform special ultrasound imaging of the left atrium from within the esophagus (trans-esophageal echocardiography) to be sure there is no clot before the procedure. A clot can be dissolved in certain instances by a clot dissolving medicine or the blocked artery can be reopened by passing a balloon through the clot, thus restoring blood supply.
Internal bleeding can occur, typically in the sac around the heart, resulting from damage to the wall of the heart – in about 1-2%. This can result in a state of shock with the heart unable to deliver sufficient blood to the body. In most cases, a needle puncture from just under the breast bone can be used to introduce a tube-catheter into the sac around the heart and drain the blood. This is usually enough to restore normal circulation otherwise surgery may be required.
Damage to surrounding tissue outside the heart can occur including to nerves and the oesophagus. The nerve to the diaphragm (an important muscle for breathing) can be damaged, typically more frequently by cryoballoon ablation, resulting in shortness of breath but usually recovers spontaneously within weeks to months. Nerves to the stomach can also be damaged, typically resulting in bloating and abdominal fullness but again this often recovers within weeks.
The oesophagus which is located just behind the back wall of the left atrium can be damaged by heat or cold injury from within the heart. Although rare (about 1 in 4,000) a hole with a communication between the heart and the esophagus can result, with possibly severe infection, strokes and even death as sequelae. Reducing the thermal insult delivered close to the esophagus is the most important method of avoiding this complication.
Excessive scarring at the mouth of the pulmonary vein(s) can result in narrowing sufficient to obstruct blood flow. Typically, this produces cough, shortness of breath and sometimes blood in the sputum weeks after the procedure. This narrowing can be treated by balloons or stents and can be avoided by delivering isolation lesions away from the mouth of the pulmonary veins and towards the left atrium.
Within a few days after discharge from the hospital, a basic evaluation by a general physician checking vital signs (e.g.pulse and blood pressure) and the groin puncture sites is useful and recommended. In the absence of complaints, progressive resumption of day to day activities is encouraged, while strenuous efforts and long trips are to be avoided for a few weeks. Subsequently, an electrophysiologist or cardiologist typically will perform a cardiac evaluation including an assessment of residual arrhythmias (fibrillation/flutter), cardiac status and medicinal/prescription review, at 4 and 12 weeks followed by 3- 6 monthly check ups.
In the event of recurrent palpitations and documentation by ECG of atrial fibrillation or flutter, you may be prescribed additional or previously effective anti-arrhythmic drugs and eventually recommended a repeat ablation procedure, typically not before 12 weeks have elapsed (in order to allow time for the effects of the ablation procedure to stabilize). Typically in those with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation successful outcomes are observed in about 60- 70% after the initial procedure, and about 20-30% may require an additional procedure to suppress their arrhythmias in more than 85% . Single procedure success rates are lower in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation.
Instead of trying to restore a normal regular heart rhythm by suppressing atrial fibrillation, the physician can regularise and slow down the pulse rate by blocking the transmission of rapid electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. Of course, in order to avoid a too slow pulse rate, a pacemaker is implanted a few days earlier. Thereafter, using a radiofrequency catheter, the electrical bundle connecting the atria to the ventricles is 'cauterised' and destroyed thereby preventing the rapid fibrillation from affecting the pulse rate. The pulse is artificially regularised by the pacemaker despite ongoing atrial fibrillation. However, the pulse is regular, palpitations are suppressed and quality of life is improved. The heart function can also improve.
The procedure is however irreversible and the pacemaker cannot be removed or dispensed with. Unlike PVI, the procedure is simple, rapid and does not require complex equipment. | 2019-04-21T06:07:37Z | https://www.afibmatters.org/en_GB/Treatments/Treatments |
This is a HUGE giveaway…Last year in this giveaway I gave away 8 of my favorite things here at Joyful Jane to one happy winner, but this year I am giving away even MORE-13 new items in total! My friends at the THM Blogger Test Kitchen group on Facebook (in which I am a Blogger) are each also giving away their favorite things (see the goodies they are giving away below), so be sure to ENTER and visit the sites and you could come away with some seriously awesome prizes!
Here is a list of the items in my Favorite Things Giveaway and below you will find detailed pictures and descriptions about each one!
Here are the 8 bloggers that are blogging buddies of mine from the THM Blogger Test Kitchen Facebook Group and we are each having our own great giveaways in this Blog Hop, so I hope you will check out and go enter each fun giveaway (see all the great goodies from each giveaway in the pictures below and read more details about each blogger and their blog)! More giveaways means more chances to WIN!
This pillow cover is a favorite of mine because of the message that is on it. I have a shirt that matches it that I wear all the time to remind me to keep my mind focused on the one who created JOY–the Lord. I made this scripture print when I began this blog and you can download a FREE copy of it HERE! So much heartache can be lessened if we will choose JOY!
2. Personalized Christmas Blessings Plate with YOUR last name of choice written by hand in my calligraphy by yours truly!
This is my very favorite company to order my sprouted flour from because it is a superior product in my opinion! My bread and rolls rise higher and have a lovely fluffy texture when I use this White Whole Wheat flour! I like to make my Easy Sprouted Whole Grain and Honey Bread, my Fluffy Sprouted Rosemary Rolls with Garlic Butter, my Easy Soft Sprouted Wheat Rolls and one of my FAVORITES is my Scrumptiously Soft and Fluffy Sprouted Cinnamon Rolls that would be perfect to make for Christmas festivities! Try it out for yourself this month as the To Your Health Company is offering $1 shipping for the month of December! Pictured below are my Easy Sprouted Whole Grain and Honey Bread, my Fluffy Sprouted Rosemary Rolls with Garlic Butter, my Easy Soft Sprouted Wheat Rolls and my Scrumptiously Soft and Fluffy Sprouted Cinnamon Rolls that would be perfect to make for the holidays!
4. Sprouted Purple Corn Flour from the To Your Health Sprouted Flour Co.
I’m a huge fan of cornbread and purple corn flour is supposed to be really gentle on blood sugar, so it would be a great one to use if you want to try out a healthy cornbread recipe! I plan to have some cornbread recipes to share in the future, so check back on Joyful Jane for those!
5. Sprouted Yellow Corn Flour from the To Your Health Sprouted Flour Co.
This is a similar product, but made with yellow corn instead of purple.
This would be great to have for baking if you need to avoide grains or if you just want to make something with oat flour such as the THM Pancakes or the THM Banana Cake!
7. Monogrammed Gold, White and Turquoise Bag with YOUR monogram on it when you win!
This is such a fun bag! It has shimmery gold stripes and fun details on the side of the bag. The winner will get to have their monogram embroidered on it!
8. Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas Set of two Tea Towels.
This is a darling set of tea towels that is sure to make any kitchen a bit more merry!
9. Hand Made Blue and White Checked Wooden Earrings by Katrina Westphal.
If you know me well then you know how much I love blue and white! These blue and white earrings are just adorable! They are wooden and very lightweight and they are made by my sister in law. I have very talented sisters in law! Last year I featured earrings made by my sister-in-law LaDonna Gatlin and this year I am featuring earrings made by my sister-in-law Katrina Westphal.
Katrina loves minimal wooden jewelry…and bursts of color. Unable to find simple, yet beautiful designs that combined the two, she began PrairieKin with the mission to make the very earrings for which she had been searching.
Named after the rolling prairie of her childhood farm, PrairieKin crafts beautiful earrings out of natural, eco-friendly materials. Lovingly created by hand, these lightweight earrings will make a lovely addition to any outfit!
This cheerful yellow mug is certain to brighten your day as you sip your coffee or tea!
We could all use some encouragement and these little cards could bless your day!
This cute water bottle should be a great reminder not only to drink more water, but to encourage that through Christ you can do all things!
Here are the goodies that the 8 blogging buddies are giving away!
Nana’s Little Kitchen is serving up solid THM Friendly Southern dishes to help you on your Trim Healthy Mama journey. Teresia is sharing classic recipes that are satisfying, delicious, and nutritious to help you weave this fantastic diet plan into the fabric of a healthy life. Click here to enter Teresia’s giveaway and a chance to win a $75 Amazon gift card!
Enter Joyful Jane’s giveaway in the box below!
Sprouted Flour, I’m excited to try baking with it.
I would love to have the Joy pillow, it’s beautiful and a great reminder!
So much kindness, Joyful Jane! Yes, I also am excited about the flours, since I’m trying to get the hang of replicating old recipes in a THM-friendly way.
Love your Joy theme and would love to win your prizes!!
This is a very wonderful giveaway, I would be honored to win any of your products. I love reading your blog posts.
I’m a sucker for bags so that’s my favorite item I’m excited to win.
I would love to win this giveaway. I need to jump back on the bandwagon and lose this weight.
I’m excited to try the sprouted wheat flour, and I love the monogrammed bag!
I love the tote bag! It all looks neat!
I like all your items, but I love the tea towel. Would look great in my kitchen.
I love the bag, and just everything about this giveaway!
I would love to try the flour! Baking some new items would be wonderful!
I would love the Joy pillow cover. It would be a wonderful reminder every time I look at it. Thank you.
I love it all! I like your style. I’m glad I’m signed up to your email list. I’ll be visiting here more often!
Found your blog through Briana’s link. Looking forward to discovering more on your website and blog. Merry Christmas!
The sprouted flours look amazing. I would love to try some yummy recipes with them. Merry Christmas!
I am excited to try the Sprouted flours!
Sprouted flour, trying for the first time.
The Choose Joy pillow pillow is my favorite because it is so cheerful.
The personalized Christmas plate looks beautiful! This giveaway is just gorgeous. Thank you for offering it!
I would love to give all of those flours a whirl!
I would be so grateful to receive any of the gifts. The striped bag caught my eye!
I’ve never tried sprouted flour before, but I would love to learn to use it!
Everything is so gorgeous that I can’t even decide. I really love the pillow cover and the print!
The you got this water bottle is the item I’m most excited about winning because 2018 is going to be about my health.
Hard to pick only one item to be a favorite choice! Great give a way! I would love to try the sprouted flour, though.
I love the monogrammed bag!
I am excited for the baking items and the inspirational cards. Such a great giveaway of items!
Love the bag! And all the rest of the items! Appreciate all you trim healthy mamas.
I’m so excited to win the mug – I love bright and cheery things and don’t have a lot of colorful mugs as I don’t drink coffee or tea but love some delicious hot chocolate! I’d keep this at my desk at work.
Al of the gifts looks great! I would love to try the sprouted flour.
The coffee mug! I love coffee!
I love yellow and have the same joy cup as you do! A match would be wonderful, but truly what a blessing to someone this whole package will be!
I would love to try the sprouted flours.
JOY!!! Love the theme! Joy is my word of the year…again!!!
What a lovely collection! i want everything!
I really love the cheerful yellow Joy mug for my morning cup of tea!
I have made you bread recipe quite a few times. I would love to win the Sprouted Flour for this recipe!
The tote bag looks beautiful and I would love to put it to use.
Seriously, everything looks awesome! But the flours would be amazing to get.
All of the prizes are great! I would love the sprouted corn flour so I could make cornbread.
I am excited to try the sprouted flours. I don’t experiment with much with various flours so this would give me a real good reason to!
I think all the gifts are amazing! I love sprouted flours and I am in need of a new water bottle.
I have a hard time finding sprouted bread in the store ~ it’s gone a lot of the time! 🙁 I would love to try the sprouted flour!
Would love to try the sprouted flour!
I loved so many and would be thrilled to win anything. I am just starting my thm journey.
I’d like to try the flours.
I would be so excited about the monogrammed bag as I have never had anything like that monogrammed. All of your gifts are wonderful!
What a great giveaway! Thank you for the opportunity to win this! Merry Christmas!!
I want to try your recommended sprouted flour!
The sprouted flours make me the most excited about this giveaway!
How do you choose just one thing?! I love the Monogrammed bag! So excited for all these wonderful giveaways, thank you to all you wonderful bloggers!
The joy mug for my coffee in the mornings!
i like the JOY Mug because i drink coffee every day and love its positivity.
The earrings are beautiful. But then again so is the plate, mug, and bag.
I love your whole theme of joy!
It’s so hard to choose! I’d have to choose the mug, I collect coffee mugs and it would be a beautiful addition!
Seriously it all looks like things I would love. But if I have to choose I guess the bag!
Thank you so much for the giveaway. I love the Joy theme & the tote is great — really cheerful!
My favorite is the monogram bag! Would love to have that to carry extra stuff! Merry Christmas!!!
I love them all! The beautiful mug was what I first noticed. It would be perfect for my morning cup of coffee with heavy cream and collagen. Love your blog! Merry Christmas!
I’m excited about it all but especially the sprouted wheat flour!
Oh my goodness I would love to try baking with the sprouted flours!
I’m excited about the Joy mug. Such a great reminder of how to start your day.
I am just in awe of your giveaway! I have not tried the sprouted items!
The purse, cause I just adore purses!!!!!
I’ve been wanting to try the sprouted flour. Thank you for the great giveaway!
I love the joy mug!
I love the water bottle! Thanks for the amazing giveaway!
The joy mug, I’m a sucker for cute coffee cups!
All the prizes look great! The mug is a favorite – it would be great to drink my morning coffee in.
The Lily’s chocolate! I haven’t tried it yet because it isn’t in our budget and I’m a chocoholic!
So much to like in this giveaway – tote, mug, plate, flours – everything, but I think my favorite is are the tea towels!
I like the blue and white wooden earrings, I’m a sucker for earrings.
sprouted white wheat flour! I love baking bread and haven’t found this locally.
I want to try the Lily’s chocolate. Thanks to the giveaway.
Wow, ALL of the items are just amazing and so beautiful! But, I think the thing that caught my eye the most about your giveaway is the “Joy” mug. I think it would remind me often that regardless how things get, I must choose joy and keep my eyes on Jesus. Thank you for the amazing giveaway…this is my first time “meeting” you. I am visiting from Briana’s blog post about the giveaways. God bless you and your family this Christmas season!
All of your prizes are so nice, but I’m interested in the sprouted flours. My family is all boys and they love their homemade bread!!
I’m excited to try the sprouted flours. I’ve tried to make it myself already and wasn’t very successful.
Those earrings are super cute, but I’m such a practical person–I’d have to say the sprouted flour!
I’m excited about the sprouted flours!
I like all of it! I do t think I can pick just one of them! The flours, the mug, the bag I like it all!
The item that stands out to me is Sprouted Purple and Yellow Corn Flour. I like trying new to me baking items, even if they don’t work out, at least I can say I’ve tried it.
I’d love to win the sprouted flours and begin to learn to use them!
Love the Water bottle mine broke a while back so i really need a new one! but also would love the sprouted flour!!
I would love to win some cuffin mix! I’ve not had the funds to try them yet, but I’ve heard great things!
What a great giveaway! I’d love to try out the sprouted flours!
My favorite item in the giveaway is the tote bag. It’d be perfect to carry my knit/crochet projects in.
I would love the monogrammed plate! How cute is that!?
I love it all but really love the personalized Christmas plate. We had one years ago for Santa cookies but lost it in a move.
I love pillows, so I’d have to say the Choose Joy Pillow is my favorite giveaway item!
I love the cheeriness of the mug but would also love to try the sprouted flours!!!
I love and make your bread machine sprouted bread recipe, can’t wait to try the new brand of flour!
the bag since I can’t have too many.
Excited to try the sprouted flour!
What a great giveaway! I never win but I am going to try anyway!. Looking forward to trying your bread recipe in the new year! Merry Christmas!!
Sprouted flour, because i love bake.
But this is such a hard choice!
i love the joy theme.
All the items are great, but I’m a really sucker for a really cool bag!
I would be so excited to try the sprouted white flour! I make bread with the sprouted wheat bread but haven’t tried white!
I love all of the “Joy” items! The tote bag looks amazing!
I’d love the plate because I love personalized items and the mug is adorable.
Thanks for the opportunity to win the give away.
I would love the choose Joy pillowcase!! Very good reminder!
I’m most excited about the Personalized Christmas Plate! I’ve always wanted one of these!
It all looks fabulous but I’d really love the blessings encouragement cards!
Definitely the sprouted corn flours!!!
Sprouted flour and the Christmas plate! I’ve been wanting to use srouted flour for a long time!
It is all so cute and fun!!! I want to make the cinnamon rolls!!
I love the pillow! Really, all of the prizes are amazing! Thank you for the giveaway! Merry Christmas!!
choose joy pillow, i could see it every morning when i make our bed and be reminded!
Love to try the sprouted flour but I also love the JOY them!
Great blog. Appreciate the meal plans!
the bag would be awesome!
Gee, how’s a girl to choose just one thing?! The personalized plate is lovely.
I would like to try sprouted flour for the first time. Also, the Joy mug looks like a sunshine way to start any day.
Love the joy theme. I have been learning about joy and how it often comes in surprising way for a few years not, so I can truly appreciate this.
So many wonderful things.I think the choose joy pillow. It is just a good reminder that joy is achoice.
Love the “Choose Joy!” pillow reminder!!
I love To Your Health Sprouted flour. Great giveaway!
What a fantastic Giveaway!! I would be super excited to win any of it. All the item are amazing. However, I’ve never tried the flours so that would be a new fun thing to try. Thank YOU and Happy Holidays!
I discovered your website a few weeks ago but haven’t had time to try any of your recipes. I look forward to doing so after Christmas! And I love the theme of “joy” on your blog and in your giveaway. That’s an important word at our house, too. In fact, it’s my and my youngest daughter’s middle name, as well as our dog’s name!
Everything looks amazing but I am most excited about the sprouted flour!
Any and all items would be appreciated!!! 😍 I’d love to win!!! Thanks!
I love the inspirational water bottle. I struggle to drink enough water throughout the day.
My favorite color is yellow, so the coffee cup is my favorite!
I’d like to try the Lily’s chocolate products. A sweet tooth is especially active this time of year! Merry Christmas.
Thanks for the opportunity to win these amazing pieces.
I just love it all…hard to pick one thing! Really love the mug and the bag though!
The Sprouted Wheat because baking and breads are my weakness and I am learning to change all my recipes over to the healthier sprouted option!
The Sprouted Wheat flour is what I’d use first to make my first ever sprouted rolls.
I would like the joy mug!
I love the pillow. I need that reminder daily! And I’ve never used sprouted corn flour!
Can I lump all the joy items into one! They are lovely and encouraging!
Personalized Christmas Blessings Plate with YOUR last name of choice written by hand in my calligraphy by yours truly… I have always wanted a family item to pass down with our name this is very special I would treasure this and pass it down.
It’s all beautiful! I’m most excited to try the sprouted flours!
I do t know how to choose my favorite!! I love all the sprouted flours. Yet your inspirational cards and gift items are gorgeous! I can think of so many people I love to give them to. They will lift their spirits. Ty!!
I would love to win. I have never used sprouted flour, but I would love to try some home made bread.
So many beautiful things! Especially loving that bag!
All of the gifts are lovely, but I really want to try the flour!
I would love to try the blue corn flower. I enjoy trying new and different things! Thanks for this giveaway!
The lovely print at the end is my favorite. And i am intrigued by the flours you listed.
I love the choose joy pillow. It is so simple yet meaningful.
The entire give away is just beautiful. I would love to try the sprouted flours in some of the recipes you shared.
I am very interested in trying the blue corn flour. I MISS cornbread. Wonder if this will satisfy that one?
Love it all but the tote bag is especially cute!
The calligraphy plate, it is beautiful. But everything looks amazing.
I love bags so that is probably my favorite but everything is amazing! Thanks!
I love it all, but would be most excited about the sprouted flours!
All of the products look amazing! I’d really like to try the sprouted white whole wheat flour!
While all the items are beautiful, the cards really jumped out. I think that giving a card is such a personal and thoughtful thing. Blessing others with encouraging words.
I really love both the pillow and the mug the best.
It’s really hard to choose, but probably the sprouted flour. I love homemade bread. Thanks!
I would adore those blue and white earings!!
Every. Single. Item. is special…Such a great giveaway! Thank you for offering it!
The print, mug, bag, and all the new recipes I could try with the flours.
I would love to make my own sprouted wheat bread..would love the flour!
It’s all WONDERFUL, but I really love the “Choose Joy” pillow cover!
Love, love, love the bag and mug!!!!
I love all your gifts – very tasteful. I’d like the water bottle as a gift for my daughter – she says that a lot.
It all looks great! But I would say the sprouted flours or the blessings cards.
The sprouted flour!!! I’ve tried making my own but the baked items don’t turn out light at all!!
I’m excited about the sprouted flour so I can bake stuff for my husband and son.
I’m having a hard time choosing just one thing in the giveaway that is my favorite. I think it’s a toss up between the monogrammed bag and the tea towels. The bag is really cute, and I love anything Christmasy.
I really love the tea towels!
Everything looks AMAZING but I have always wanted to try sprouted flour!
I’d love the flour, but the earrings and bag are calling to me too!
Love all of it! You have a knack for simple elegance….
I love the JOY mug! Thanks for a great giveaway!
I would choose the sprouted corn flour. My husband misses cornbread. I could make him some and he would be happy.
I really like the joy mug!
Sprouted flour! All of it!
Love tote bags and water bottles but all the items are wonderful! Would love to try the sprouted flours.
Love everything in the giveaway but especially love the blue corn flour. Would make some fun pancakes!
Definitely the THM chocolate chips and the Joy mug, it’s gorgeous!
All of it? 🙂 No seriously, all of it!!! <3 But if I HAVE to choose one thing, the mug. 🙂 What a beautiful reminder to choose Joy!
I love it all!!! Especially loving the joy mug!!!
I love home-made sprouted grain bread, so my favorite part of the giveaway is the sprouted flour. And it would be fun to try out the sprouted corn flours too; I’ve never used those!
I am so excited to have found your blog! I LOVE LOVE all of your favorite things!
Most excited for the personalized Christmas Blessings plate.
The personalized monogram bag and the water bottle.
Sprouted flour, i’m excited to bake with it.
Most excited about the sprouted flour.
I LOVE the Choose Joy pillow. It has been a rough season and we need the reminders!
So hard to choose, but I’d like to try the flour. Thanks!
Everything is lovely, but I realllllly want the sprouted corn flours. I’ve been eying them for a while!
The water bottle. I LOVE water bottles…my husband says I have an addiction to them. 😉 But…I find I stay hydrated more easily when I have a cute/fun bottle from which to drink my water!
I would be excited to have the plate. What a wonderful personalized item. I know I won’t win (I never do) but it is fun to enter.
The ‘Choose Joy’ pillow!! When life gets tough, I love to remember that I dont need to give into frustration and become weary, but instead, in all circumstances, I can choose the joy of the Lord!
Love the purse and mug! Thanks for doing this giveaway.
I love the Choose Joy Pillow!
All the things! Haha! But I would love to try the sprouted flours.
101 blessings – would be great to have something quick each day!
My favorite items here are the sprouted flours! Since or family does a lot of travel, sprouting or own is virtually impossible.
Uggg, phone autocorrected ‘our’ to ‘or’!
Love the choose joy pillow!!!so darling! N generous..all of it!!
My favorite item is the purse. Mostly because I have a large hole in my favorite one. Lol.
There are so many nice things in this giveaway! How can I choose just one? 🙂I really like the water bottle, and the “Choose Joy” pillow case! A good reminder as we go to bed each night, and wake up to a new day!
Wow, it’s tough to choose a favorite. I’ve always thought that we could choose joy, because happiness is only a feeling. So all your wonderful joy items are such a great reminder of that to me. I think if I had to choose, though, I’d choose the mug, since I’m always cold. It’s always so nice to fill it with something warm!
I’m excited about the mug, tote, and different flours. I’ve only experimented with coconut and almond flours, so I’d be very interest in trying to trying these! Thanks for the opportunity!
Wow! What an amazing giveaway! Thank you for the chance to win! My favorite item is probably the scripture print. It is beautiful, and an important reminder to always be grateful for God’s love.
The sprouted corn looks interesting. I’ve never tried it before.
Excited to win the sprouted floor!!!
Love the sprouted wheat flour love to bake. All of the items are fantastic.
It’s hard to choose, but I think my favorite item in the giveaway is the sprouted flour!
I would love the choose joy pillow cover. It’s a great daily reminder.
I’m excited to try the sprouted flour… but the bag and coffee cup is pretty nice.
I love cinnamon rolls and sprouted flour let’s me enjoy them !
The pillow and sprouted flour!
What a wonderful give away – I’m loving your ‘Joyful’ theme!
I’ve never heard of some of these products but I love them all by the looks of them!
I like the tote bag and sprouted flour.
Anything to do with Joy because I need daily reminders of joy in my life!
Thank you for the very nice giveaway. So many great things. I like the glass bottle.
I think I would be most excited about the pretty print and the mug. Everything is great so it is hard to pick.
I would love to try that sprouted flour!
What a beautiful, joy-filled giveaway! All your hand-made gifts are stunning!
I’d love to try the sprouted flours!! I’ve toyed with the idea of making my own because it’s so expensive to buy. Oh, how fun it would be to win 😀!
I don’t really know how to decide which item is my favorite! I would be most excited to try the sprouted flours, but I love that pillow!!! And all the personalized items!!!
There is so much in this giveaway, it’s hard to choose a favorite. I especially love the tote bag and the JOY mug.
If I could say everything I would! However, if I had had to choose one thing it would most likely be the beautiful calligraphy plate or the blessing cards.
It’s so hard to choose- there are so many cute and wonderful things. I really love the mug because I love yellow. And I had no idea that there was sprouted flour available- those cinnamon rolls look delicious!
Love your blog! I need to try that white wheat sprouted flour.
The sprouted flour would help my baking so much! But I also Looooovve that tote and the choose joy pillow cover! Thanks for a great giveaway!
My name is Joy and I love the Joy pillow cover. Joy is a choice!
what a terrific assortment of goodies- i don’t think i could choose just one favorite! they all look good….
Would love to try the sprouted flours!
The sprouted flours, excited about them because I miss good bread.
Love your website! Gorgeous giveaway items!!
It’s all so beautiful. I’ve never tried sprouted corn flour before!
i am most excited about the sprouted flours!
Choose Joy pillow! A favorite reminder!!
It is really hard to choose, but probably the sprouted flours!
I’ve been wanted to try sprouted flour. Your recipes using it look so good.
I like them all but I guess any of the sprouted flours!
The Joy Mug. It would bring me joy all day long as I drink my coffee and tea!
Your calligraphy is beautiful! Anything with that on it would be great!
Its hard to choose only one thing from your giveaway but if I had to choose it would be the monogramed tote bag because I have alot of totes to use for my crochet projects and this one looks like a nice size for me to use for that purpose thanks for the chance to win this.
I’d love the sprouted flours! And the mug!
Sprouted flour. I’ve never used it before!
Awesome giveaway! I would love to try any of the sprouted flours!!
Oh what a generous giveaway! I’d love to win your Scripture print and Briana’s Cookbook!
Everything looks great! But, the purse and earrings are especially calling my name! You do such great giveaways!
Love the pillow! I too have the choose joy shirt. I often need to be reminded to choose joy!
I really like the tea towels. They are lovely.
I excited to try the sprouted flours. So many possibilities.
Thank you so much! This is a neat giveaway.
Love the joy reminder items and spirited flours.
I’d love any of them!! They are all great!
I have to try sprouted corn flour!
I’m excited to try the sprouted flours. Didn’t know there were so many kinds.
Wow, this is an wonderful giveaway, thank you! I would love the earrings they are my style, I love the joy mug and the inspirational cards. I have choose Joy all over my house.
I love water bottles! I would also love to try the sprouted flours. Thank you for being part of this giveaway!
All your items look wonderful, thank you for doing the giveaway. Any of the sprouted flours would be helpful for sure as I’m just starting this journey.
I’d be excited to try the sprouted corn flours! It all looks so beautiful!
I’m very excited for the Sprouted flours.
I could really use a new bag, so the monogrammed tote is my favorite!
I would like the pillow or mug.
The monogrammed bag is my favorite thing; I love the gold and turquoise!!
I would love to win the scripture print, most beautiful to display! Thanks for the opportunity to win!
I’d love to try the sprouted flours.
I’m excited about the personalized bag. It looks great.
Love the Joy theme. Last year was a difficult one for Us. My home was flooded with 6 feet of water my Mom away 5 days before Christmas . Things have improved this Christmas! Ready to start baking again would love to try sprouted flours!!
It would be a huge blessing to receive this!
It’s a hard choice because everything is awesome, but I’m very excited about the sprouted flour. I love to bake and I’ve not tried any of the sprouted flour since following the THM lifestyle. This could be life changing.
I’m a sucker for a good water bottle!
What a fun and wonderful prize! I would be so excited to use all of these goodies especially the baking goods! Thanks! Merry Christmas!
The sprouted flours sound great! I love to bake my own bread.
What a great assortment of goodies! I’d like to bake with sprouted flour.
I really like the tote bag because I am always trying to juggle too much of mine and my children’s things and I need a great tote bag.
I’m looking forward if I win,to the sprouted corn flours and the scripture print!
Where I live I haven’t been able to find the sprouted flours and I have been wanting them and I just think that the scripture print would be so neat to have and display in the home!
I have been living THM for two years and have never used the sprouted flours. It just might open a whole new world for us 🙂 Plus the bag is just way to pretty, amongst all the other cute items!
I really want to try making sprouted breads!
So much to love here. Love that you are homeschooling 8 children. Love your hand made gifts. And I am so excited to think there is sprouted corn flour….who knew? Thanks.
I like the tote – but I would also like to try to make anything sprouted!
Everything is so beautiful! I would love the true sprouted corn flours, it would be a game changer in our family who loves making homemade tortillas and tamales.
This is an amazing giveaway! And you can never have too many reminders that JOY is a choice 🙂 Thanks SO much!
I love the Choose Joy pillow cover, and the sprouted flours would be fun to try!
All those look so great to share and keep! Thanks so much!
I’d really like to try the sprouted flours. But then I never splurge on cute decorative items so the pillow and plate and towels would be fun.
All the items are great! I really love the Monogrammed Gold, White and Turquoise Bag! Thanks for the giveaway!
Your giveaway looks awesome! It’s hard to pick just one, they are all great!
Torn between the bag, pillow, and tea towels. The pillow cover and towels for our new home and the bag v/c I’m a bag junkie. Lol!
I would love any of it but I’ve never had the Lily’s chocolate and I’ve not tried sprouted flour so those are 2 big ones.
Love it all! Would love to try the sprouted flour! Merry Christmas!
I love the yellow Joy mug! It’s cheery and serves as a good reminder as you start your morning.
I am most excited about the sprouted flour! I would love to use it for baking!
Your sprouted bread recipe is my fav!!! Sadly, I’m having a lot of trouble finding sprouted flour that isn’t crazy expensive. It would be such a blessing to win this bundle!
Along with all the others, I too am excited about the sprouted flour. They tend to be dear and I hesitate to buy them without knowing whether or not I will enjoy the product. <3 Thank you for offering them up on your giveaway!
I would love to win the sprouted flour as we have a hard time finding it locally where I live.
I love everything but I would have to say my favorite is the bag. Super cute!
Cool giveaway! I love your theme!
Would love to try the sprouted grains to make bread!
I would be happy to receive any of the giveaway items, but I’ve always wanted to try out that brand of sprouted flour!
I love the sprouted flours!
I am excited about the flours!
We all need more JOY in our lives.
So many wonderful things, but I’m really excited to try sprouted flour. I haven’t used it yet, and have wanted to.
I love the tote and would love to carry it, and everything else you are giving away! Merry Christmas!!
I have been wanting to make my Mother-in-law’s Christmas bread with sprouted flour!
Choose Joy has been my motto since last year when my dad died. So everything about this giveaway is right up my alley. Thank you for hosting it!
I would love to win the sprouted flour to make your bread recipes.
The joy mug. Joy is my word this year and I use mugs a lot.
The Sprouted Whole Wheat flour since I haven’t tried that yet.
The sprouted flours would be great to try!
I love ALL the things that say JOY! That’s my middle name… and my daughter’s… and my granddaughter’s!!! We’re spreading the JOY all around!
So many great products! I’d love to eat some sprouted treats while drinking coffee from that mug!
Everything looks great, especially the inspiration cards!!
What a beautiful give-away you’ve created. Thanks!
Would love to win gluten free sprouted flours. I’ve never seen these before and would love to try them.
This would be a lovely package to win! The choose joy pillow would be very fitting for the journey i am.
All of the sprouted flours seem like they’d be wonderful to bake with! | 2019-04-21T20:25:29Z | https://www.joyful-jane.com/favorite-things-huge-christmas-giveaway-blogger-test-kitchen-blog-hop-giveaway-2017/ |
“‘HIBOR’ means, for a relevant interest period, that rate of interest for interbank deposits denominated in Hong Kong Dollars displayed at Page HKABHIBOR or 9898 of the Reuters Monitor Money Rates Services at 11 a.m. Hong Kong time on the second Business Day before the first day of such interest period; provided that if no such screen rate is available, “HIBOR” shall be the rate determined by the Administrative Agent to be the interest rate at which prime banks in the Hong Kong interbank market at or about 11:00 a.m. (Hong Kong time) on the second Business Day before the first day of such interest period offer for deposits denominated in Hong Kong Dollars.
(c) Sections 2.1, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7.1, 2.9, and 2.12(a) are hereby deleted in their entirety and replaced as follows (intervening sections not referenced herein shall remain in effect in accordance with their terms). A new section 2.7.3A is further added, as denoted below, following Section 2.7.3.
2.1 Commitments; Credit Facilities. Subject to the limitations set forth in the next sentence, from and including the date of this Agreement and prior to the Facility Termination Date, each Lender severally agrees, on the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, to make Advances, to the extent of such Lender’s Commitment, to the applicable Borrowers. Each Lender agrees, on the terms and conditions set forth herein to make Advances to any Borrower in the applicable Agreed Currency from time to time in amounts not to exceed in the aggregate at any one time outstanding its Commitment, provided that (i) the Aggregate Total Outstandings under the Euro Subfacility shall at no time exceed the Euro Subfacility Limit, (ii) the Aggregate Total Outstandings under the Singapore Subfacility shall at no time exceed the Singapore Subfacility Limit, (iii) the Aggregate Total Outstandings under the Hong Kong Subfacility shall at no time exceed the Hong Kong Subfacility Limit and (iv) the Aggregate Total Outstandings shall at no time exceed the lesser of (x) the Borrowing Base and (y) the Aggregate Commitment. Subject to the terms of this Agreement, any Borrower may borrow, repay and reborrow at any time prior to the Facility Termination Date. The Commitments to lend hereunder shall expire on the Facility Termination Date.
2.2.1 Mandatory Prepayment. (a) If at any time the Aggregate Total Outstandings (calculated as of the most recent Computation Date) exceeds either the Aggregate Commitment or the Borrowing Base, then (A) the US-Borrower shall be obligated to immediately repay Advances under the US Subfacility, and (B) each Non-US Borrower shall be jointly and severally obligated to immediately repay Advances under all Subfacilities, in each case in a principal amount that is, together with any other Borrower’s repayment pursuant to this sentence, sufficient to eliminate any such excess; provided that no Non-US Borrower shall be required to repay any amount to the extent prohibited by applicable law. If at any time (in each case measured as of the most recent Computation Date) (i) the Aggregate Total Outstandings in respect of the Euro Subfacility exceed the Euro Subfacility Limit, (iii) the Aggregate Total Outstandings in respect of the Singapore Subfacility exceed the Singapore Subfacility Limit, (iv) the Aggregate Total Outstandings in respect of the Hong Kong Subfacility exceed the Hong Kong Subfacility Limit, each Borrower that is a party to such affected Subfacility shall be jointly and severally obligated to repay Advances under the affected Subfacility in an amount or amounts sufficient to eliminate any such excess. Until such time as an excess in an affected Subfacility is so eliminated, the Aggregate Commitment shall be reduced by an amount equal to the Dollar Amount of the excess of such affected Subfacility.
2.2.2 Voluntary Prepayment. The applicable Borrower may from time to time pay, subject to the payment of any funding indemnification amounts required by Section 3.4 but without penalty or premium, all outstanding Advances under its respective Facility, or, in the minimum amount of EUR 1,000,000 or any integral multiples of EUR 100,000 in excess thereof in the case of the Euro Subfacility, the minimum of S$ 1,000,000 or any integral multiples of S$ 100,000 in excess thereof in the case of the Singapore Subfacility, the minimum of H$ 1,000,000 or any integral multiples of H$ 100,000 in excess thereof in the case of the Hong Kong Subfacility, and the minimum of $1,000,000 or any integral multiples of $100,000 in excess thereof in the case of the US Facility (except that prepayments may be made in the minimum amount of $100,000 or any integral multiples of $100,000 in excess thereof in the case of a Floating Rate Advance), any portion of the outstanding Advances upon three Business Days’ prior notice to the Administrative Agent by 10:00 a.m. (local time).
2.5 Minimum Amount of Each Advance. Each Advance shall be in a minimum amount of (i) EUR 1,000,000 and in multiples of EUR 100,000 if in excess thereof in the case of the Euro Subfacility, (ii) S$ 1,000,000 and in multiples of S$ 100,000 if in excess thereof in the case of the Singapore Subfacility, (iii) $1,000,000 and in multiple of $100,000 if in excess thereof in the case of Eurocurrency Advances under the US Facility (iv) H$ 5,000,000 and in multiples of H$ 1,000,000 if in excess thereof in the case of the Hong Kong Subfacility, and (v) $300,000 and in multiples of $100,000 if in excess thereof in the case of Floating Advances under the US Facility.
(iv) the Interest Period and Agreed Currency applicable thereto.
2.7 Continuation; Rollover and Conversion of Outstanding Advanceds.
2.7.1 Continuation of Eurocurrency Advances. The provisions of this Section 2.7.1 shall apply to each Subfacility. Each Eurocurrency Advance shall continue as an Advance until the end of the then applicable Interest Period therefor, at which time each such Advance shall automatically continue as an Advance in the same Agreed Currency with an Interest Period of one month unless (x) such Advance is or was repaid in accordance with Section 2.2 or (y) the applicable Borrower shall have given the Administrative Agent a Continuation Notice (as defined below) requesting that, at the end of such Interest Period, such Advance continue as an Advance for the same or another Interest Period.
Notice”) either of (i) the next HIBOR Interest Period which such Hong Kong-Borrower has selected as applicable to the HIBOR Advance, which new HIBOR Interest Period shall commence on and include the last day of the prior HIBOR Interest Period, or (ii) the intention of such Hong Kong-Borrower to repay such HIBOR Advance at the end of the relevant HIBOR Interest Period. If such Hong Kong-Borrower fails to select and to notify the Administrative Agent of the HIBOR Interest Period applicable to the SIBOR Advance, or of its intention to repay such SIBOR Advance, the Hong Kong-Borrower shall be deemed to have selected a new Interest Period of one month for such Advance.
2.9 Changes in Interest Rate, etc. Each Eurocurrency Advance, SIBOR Advance and HIBOR Advance shall bear interest at the Eurocurrency Rate, the SIBOR Rate or the HIBOR Rate, as applicable, on the outstanding principal amount thereof from and including the first day of the Interest Period applicable thereto to (but not including) the last day of such Interest Period at the interest rate determined by the Administrative Agent as applicable to such Advance based upon each Borrower’s selections under Sections 2.6 and 2.7 and otherwise in accordance with the terms hereof. No Interest Period may end after the Facility Termination Date. Each Floating Rate Advance shall bear interest on the outstanding principal amount thereof, for each day from and including the date such Floating Rate Advance is made or is converted from a Eurocurrency Advance into a Floating Rate Advance pursuant to Section 2.7.2 to but excluding the date it becomes due or is converted into a Eurocurrency Advance pursuant to Section 2.7.2 at a rate per annum equal to the Floating Rate for such day. Changes in the rate of interest on that portion of any Advances maintained as a Floating Rate Advance will take effect simultaneously with each change in such applicable rate. Each Eurocurrency Advance, SIBOR Advance and HIBOR Advance shall bear interest on the outstanding principal amount thereof from and including the first day of the Eurocurrency Interest Period, SIBOR Interest Period and HIBOR Interest Period applicable thereto to (but not including) the last day of such Eurocurrency Interest Period, SIBOR Interest Period or HIBOR Interest Period at the Eurocurrency Rate, SIBOR Rate, or HIBOR Rate as applicable determined as applicable to such Eurocurrency Advance, SIBOR Advance or HIBOR Advance.
(a) The US-Borrower may, by written notice to the Administrative Agent from time to time, request Incremental Commitments from one or more Incremental Lenders (which may include any existing Lender), in an amount such that all such Incremental Commitments combined do not exceed the Dollar Amount of $15,000,000; provided that after giving effect to such increase the Aggregate Commitment shall not exceed the Dollar Amount of $40,000,000 and provided further that each Incremental Commitment and each Incremental Lender shall be subject to the approval of the Administrative Agent. Such notice shall set forth (i) the amount of the Incremental Commitments being requested (which shall be in an amount of at least the Dollar Amount of $1,000,000), and (ii) the date on which such Incremental Commitments are requested to become effective (which shall not be less than ten (10) Business Days after the date of such notice). For the avoidance of doubt, only the approval of the Administrative Agent with regard to, and no approval from the Lenders shall be required with regard to, and no Lender shall have the right to object to, any request by the US-Borrower to the Administrative Agent to arrange for the making of any Incremental Commitment.
(d) The Hong Kong Borrower is hereby added as a Borrower under the Agreement and hereby agrees to be bound by all of the terms and conditions contained therein. The Hong Kong Borrower’s contact information is set forth beneath its signature page below.
(e) Annex A to the Agreement is hereby deleted in its entirety and replaced with Annex A attached hereto and made a part hereof.
(f) A new Exhibit G-1, “Hong Kong Borrower Notice” is hereby added to the Agreement in the form attached hereto.
(g) Each Guarantor hereby agrees that the definition of “Obligations” in each Guaranty shall be modified and expanded to include, without limitation, the Funds Transfer Obligations and shall include the unconditional obligation to pay and perform the Funds Transfer Obligations in accordance with the terms of each Guaranty.
(h) Richardson Electronics, Ltd. hereby agrees that the definition of “Obligations” in each of the Security Agreement and the Stock Pledge Agreement, each dated July 27, 2007 and each entered into in favor of the Administrative Agent shall be modified and expanded to include, without limitation, the Funds Transfer Obligations and shall secure the Funds Transfer Obligations in accordance with the terms of each such instrument.
(i) Richardson International, Inc. hereby agrees that the definition of “Obligations” in the Stock Pledge Agreement dated July 27, 2007 and entered into in favor of the Administrative Agent shall be modified and expanded to include, without limitation, the Funds Transfer Obligations and shall secure the Funds Transfer Obligations in accordance with the terms of such instrument.
2.4 Such other documents, instruments or approvals (and, if requested by the Administrative Agent, certified duplicates of executed copies thereof) as the Administrative Agent may reasonably request.
2.5 After giving effect to this Amendment and the transactions contemplated hereby, no Default or Event of Default has occurred or exists under the Agreement as of the Effective Date hereof.
ARTICLE 4Acknowledgement and Reaffirmation; No Waiver. Each Borrower hereby ratifies and affirms all of the obligations and undertakings contained in the Agreement and the Agreement remains in full force and effect in accordance with its terms. Each Borrower and each Guarantor hereby acknowledges, agrees and affirms that each document and instrument securing or supporting the obligations and indebtedness owing to the Lenders and Administrative Agent prior to the date of this Amendment remains in full force and effect in accordance with its terms, and that such security and support remains in full force effect as to all obligations under the Agreement.
ARTICLE 5Expenses. The Borrowers jointly and severally agree to pay and save the Lenders and Administrative Agent harmless from liability for the payment of all costs and expenses arising in connection with this Amendment, including the reasonable fees and expenses of Baker & McKenzie LLP, counsel to the Administrative Agent and certain of the Lenders, in connection with the preparation and review of this Amendment and any related documents.
ARTICLE 6Governing Law. This Amendment shall be governed by, and shall be construed and enforced in accordance with, the laws of the State of Illinois.
ARTICLE 7Counterparts; Facsimile. This Amendment may be executed in one or more counterparts, each of which together shall constitute the same agreement. One or more counterparts of this Amendment may be delivered by facsimile, with the intention that such delivery shall have the same effect as delivery of an original counterpart thereof.
to any date of determination. Any adjustment shall be effective commencing five (5) Business Days after the delivery to the Lenders of such Financials. In the event that the US-Borrower shall at any time fail to furnish to the Lenders such Financials (together with a Compliance Certificate) within the time limitations specified by this Agreement, then the maximum Applicable Margin shall apply from the date of such failure until the fifth (5th) Business Day after such Financials (and accompanying Compliance Certificate) are so delivered.
This Certificate is delivered to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent by Richardson Electronics, Ltd., pursuant to that certain Revolving Credit Agreement, dated as of July 27, 2007 among the Borrowers named therein, the Lenders set forth on the signature pages thereto and the Administrative Agent identified therein (as amended or modified from time to time, the “Credit Agreement”). All capitalized terms used herein but not defined shall have the respective meanings ascribed thereto in the Credit Agreement. The undersigned, the duly appointed Chief Financial Officer of Richardson Electronics, Ltd., hereby certifies to the Administrative Agent and the Lenders that on the date hereof (i) no Default or Unmatured Default has occurred and is continuing, (ii) that all the representations and warranties contained in Article V of the Credit Agreement are true and correct on and as of the date hereof, and (iii) the Goodwill Impairment Charge shall be recognized as a non-cash charge in accordance with Agreement Accounting Principles and other than charges already reported, shall be recognized solely in respect of the US-Borrower’s fiscal periods ended on or about February 28, 2009 and May 30, 2009.
This Certificate is delivered as of July 20, 2009.
The undersigned, Richardson Electronics Hong Kong Limited (the “Borrower”), refers to Section 2.7.3A of the Revolving Credit Agreement dated as of July 27, 2007 (as it may be amended, supplemented, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Credit Agreement”), by and among the Borrower, together with the other parties designated as the “Borrowers” therein, the lenders from time to time parties hereto (each, a “Lender” and collectively, the “Lenders”) and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A, as Administrative Agent. Unless otherwise defined herein, capitalized terms used herein have the meanings given to them in the Credit Agreement.
We hereby confirm our request that the present outstanding Advances by way of HIBOR Advance be rolled over at maturity, effective the last day of the applicable Interest Period in accordance with Section 2.7.3A in the form of a new HIBOR Advance the amount of H$ [ ] maturing [ ] for a new Interest Period terminating on [ ]. | 2019-04-25T10:33:50Z | https://www.lawinsider.com/contracts/bFfUgc9rvqLEvac8CmCu3/richardson-electronics-ltd-de/amendment-to-revolving-credit-agreement/2009-07-23 |
This Handbook contains everything you need to know about this Secret Compass classic expedition to Greenland.
Arrive: by 1200 on 5 August 2019 into Kulusuk, Greenland.
Depart: leave any time on 17 August 2019 onwards.
Balance due: 90 days before departure on 5 May 2019.
Explore Greenland’s wild and dramatic, glaciated terrain as part of this self-supported, pioneering summer expedition.
After developing and refreshing basic mountaineering and glacier travel skills on the uninhabited Apusiaajik Island, the team will attempt to forge a new traverse through the Schweizerland Alps. Journeying across spectacular glaciers and mountainscapes, they will put their newfound skills into action. At the mercy of melting ice and the weather, the team will embark on a highly exploratory route, adapting route plans and expedition goals to map a new traverse that will seldom be repeated.
Geographical region: check the geographical region you are going to and transiting through is insured.
Foreign Ministry advice: check your insurance is not sensitive to any travel warnings issued by your respective foreign ministry. In the UK, many insurers will not insure you when the Foreign Office warns against travel to this area. Foreign Office advice will not necessarily mean we cancel an expedition or do not travel to a particular area. Please check @FCOtravel and Travel Aware.
Dates: make sure the period of cover begins at the departure and ends at the return to your home country, many flights take a day or two and time zones vary. Insurance companies may prejudice your claims due to this.
Prior to travel Secret Compass will require the name of your insurance policy provider, their 24-hour emergency contact number and your policy number. For full information on travel insurance and links to suggested companies, please visit our Expedition Travel Insurance page for recommended suppliers.
You need to be at Kulusuk Airport by 1200 on 5 August 2019 and the expedition officially ends after breakfast on 17 August 2019. Most flights stopover in Iceland so please consider your travel itinerary and timings.
Visas are your responsibility, please check the specific requirements for your nationality. At the time of writing, British nationals do not require a tourist visa for Greenland.
You should have a passport valid for the duration of the expedition and your travel dates. Greenland does not require any validity beyond this but Secret Compass recommend a minimum of six months before expiry. Please send a clear, colour copy of your passport to Secret Compass ahead of the expedition and carry photocopies with you on the expedition in a safe place.
Arrive at Kulusuk airport, transfer to guesthouse for expedition briefing and kit check.
Travel by boat to Apusiaajik Island, just off the coast of Kulusuk. Trek into the interior of the island and establish an expedition basecamp. These three days will be used as a time to check and prepare equipment and systems, to teach and refresh skills for glacier travel, and to gain much needed acclimatisation ahead of the main expedition.
After packing up basecamp, you’ll take a boat north up the coast to one of the major calving faces in the region, where the glacier spills into the sea. There are several major glaciers which drain the Schweizerland Alps; prevailing conditions will dictate which one you use as your access point and the start of your journey.
Trekking through the Schweizerland Alps, you’ll be entirely self-supported for the next six days. You will begin with an ascent onto a huge glacier in view of kilometres of calving ice face. Although it’s possible the team will initially use a known route to access the mountains, once there you’ll forge your own, new route through this wild region of alpine meadows, meltwater lakes and huge glaciers. Navigating your way back to the coast for your return boat pick-up. This is a highly exploratory route with acclimatisation options built into the itinerary and team members should be prepared and should be flexible.
Returning to the coast today, you’ll be collected by boat and will then make your way to the guesthouse in Kulusuk for hot showers, fresh food and an evening of celebration.
The expedition officially ends after breakfast today with all teammates free to depart or to extend their stay in Greenland.
All our expeditions are achievable by people with an active and healthy lifestyle. However, this is an arduous expedition that will test you and at times you may be sore, tired, hungry and possibly wet! You must be prepared physically and mentally for the expedition and for living in basic conditions for the duration.
This expedition is self-supported once the team are dropped off at by boat so you will be carrying all your food and supplies for the duration of the trip, please factor this into your training and mentality and ensure that you train for the expedition and arrive fit and ready to go.
You will be required to be fit enough for the following.
Grade: this is a 360° degree expedition.
Daily activity: varies but up to approx. eight hours per day.
Walk: up to 20km a day.
Terrain: rough, glaciated terrain at up to 3000m.
Climate: exposed conditions with temps ranging from +15°C to 0°C. Greenland is famous for its strong winds.
Team members should have previous experience of hill-walking and camping and would benefit from multi-day trekking experience carrying all of their equipment and camping out. Experience of this in winter conditions is an additional bonus. Crampons and ropes will be used on the glacier, however training will be provided so previous experience is desirable but not necessary.
The currency in Greenland is the Danish Krone. Take cash with you as there are few ATMs and these are often locked in the evening. This expedition is all-inclusive so you won’t need much money, just for a beer in Kulusuk (the accommodation has an honesty bar) and some souvenirs.
The following is Secret Compass’s recommended kit list for the 2019 expedition to Greenland. You will be required to carry all of your own kit for this expedition along with a share of a technical mountain tent, group food and cooking equipment and the medical and communications pack. Secret Compass will supply tents, stoves, technical equipment (except crampons and helmets) and polar bear deterrents. The food and equipment provided by Secret Compass will weigh approximately 12kg so please factor this into your training and packing.
Greenland can test equipment very thoroughly, so it’s important that your equipment is in good condition when you arrive. If you’re purchasing new equipment, weight should be one of the key factors in your decision-making process as we’ll be carrying all of our equipment for the duration of the expedition.
Secret Compass has arranged team members discounts with Cotswold Outdoor, Nordic Life, Outdoor Hire and Expedition Kit Hire, details of these will be sent through on booking.
RUCKSACK: 80ltr, all your personal gear needs to fit easily into this pack and have enough room for a tent, food and share of group equipment provided by us.
DRYBAGS: it’s vital that all of your clothing and soft goods can be kept dry. Roll top bags are ideal, made by a number of manufacturers in a range of sizes.
SLEEPING BAG: rated to at least comfort 0C. Down is lighter and more compact than synthetic options but also invest in a waterproof stuff sack. If you know you sleep cold, consider a liner or plan to sleep in your down jacket as well.
FULL LENGTH SLEEPING MAT: inflatable roll mat required as pitching tents on snow. Bring a repair kit.
SLEEPING BAG LINER: for use in the ‘european mountain hut’ style guesthouse in Kulusuk.
BASE LAYER: 2x top and bottom long thermals, merino wool is recommended.
LONG TROUSERS: 1x quick drying trekking trousers.
MID LAYER: 1x fleece or equivalent eg. eg. a thicker merino or powerstretch layer.
LIGHTWEIGHT SOFTSHELL LAYER: (optional but highly recommended). A thin windproof layer for wind protection over base layers.
LIGHTWEIGHT INSULATED JACKET: 1 x to put on over other layers at breaks.
DOWN JACKET: 1x down jacket for evenings in camp and on cold days. This should be an expedition jacket (hood and slightly longer at the back). Avoid superlight ‘around town’ down jackets. Protect it with a dry sack.
WATERPROOF JACKET AND TROUSERS: 1x full set of waterproofs. Gore-tex or equivalent. Must have a hood.
GAITERS: optional but highly recommended to help keep feet dry.
MOUNTAINEERING BOOTS: capable of taking crampons, a flexible B1 rating is suggested. Well-fitting, waterproof and worn in ahead of the expedition. The lines between “B” ratings blur, but something like the La Sportiva Trango S Evo would be ideal.
HIKING SOCKS: 3x hiking socks. Make sure they work with your boots.
WETSUIT BOOTS/WATERPROOF SOCKS AND SANDALS : for river crossings. Look for something with a robust sole to protect feet. Rivers in Greenland are extremely cold so sandals alone will not suffice. Not flip flops.
HUT SLIPPERS: Or indoor shoes to use in the Kulusuk accommodation. These will not be carried on the expedition.
WIDE BRIMMED SUN HAT/CAP: (optional).
WARM HAT: for evenings and summit day.
WARM GLOVES: 3x gloves suggested – 1x windproof/softshell, 1x leather mountaineering glove (look for good quality gardening or work gloves) and 1x insulated glove.
ROBUST WATER BOTTLE OR BLADDER: you need to be able to carry at least two litres of water.
SPOON: a long-handled one is suggested for ration packs.
WASHBAG: compact bag with toothbrush, toothpaste, biodegradeable soap.
ANTIBACTERIAL HANDGEL: enough for the entire trip.
MOSQUITO HEADNET: usually mosquitos aren’t common in August but if it has been wet there may be a re-hatch and you’ll be thankful for a headnet in the valleys.
SUNCREAM AND LIPSALVE: Factor 30+.
VASELINE: Keep this handy to help prevent chafing and blisters.
A team medical kit with a comprehensive primary care provision will be carried (by the leader and shared between teammates). You should also carry your own small first aid kit but consult your expedition leader before using your personal medical supplies.
COMPEED BLISTER PADS: please note that Compeed produce several similar looking blister packs for corns, etc. Please ensure you purchase the standard/original item.
ANY MEDICATION YOU NORMALLY USE: find out the generic/chemical name for your medication in case you need to source more in-country. Please also check that your medication is legal in your destination. You MUST make Secret Compass aware of any medical conditions before you travel.
TREKKING POLES: essential for navigating rough terrain and river crossings with heavy packs.
HEAD TORCH AND SPARE BATTERIES: Petzl Tikka heard torch or equivalent.
PENKNIFE: don’t pack in your hand luggage.
GAFFA TAPE: for emergency repairs to your kit, you can take some off the roll and wrap it around something else in your kit.
LIGHTERS: 2x good quality lighters for starting stoves and burning toilet roll.
EMERGENCY SURVIVAL BAG: a small, lightweight emergency bag.
CRAMPONS: compatible with your boots. Must have anti-balling plates.
It is your responsibility to understand the risks associated with adventure travel in remote areas. You also must understand that medical evacuation will take an extended period of time (potentially up to two days) and will require wilderness extraction techniques and long carries by stretcher. In-country search and rescue and emergency services are very basic or non-existent and the expedition will rely on internal resources for medical evacuation. By joining this expedition, you accept the risks associated with the venture. If you require any more information on specific risk management for this expedition, or would like to speak to us about our medical planning prior to the trip, please get in touch.
Greenland is officially part of Denmark although Greenlandic language and culture remains strong. The east coast of Greenland, the location of the expedition, remains a pristine wilderness and we expect team members to respect the environment and operate a ‘leave no trace’ mentality. Everything except human waste will be carried out and toilet sites will be carefully chosen – toilet roll itself will be burned.
This expedition will cover a variety of terrain from boulder-strewn beaches and hillsides, rolling meadows and alpine ridges to glaciated valleys and high peaks. You should be prepared for river crossings and camping above the snow line. Previous team mates found one of the hardest aspects of the trip to be carrying packs over the rough terrain.
Eastern Greenland’s summer is characterised by long periods of stable weather, brought about by large high-pressure systems that establish themselves over the ice cap. During the day temperatures can become very warm, and may reach up to 15°C. On a clear night temperatures fall rapidly and a ground frost may form. Average temperatures for July and August are about 5-6°C. Periodically, a low pressure system travelling up from the North Atlantic passes through the area, bringing low cloud and rain which usually lasts for around four days.
The expedition starts in Kulusuk where you will be met by your expedition leader and local hosts. From Kulusuk, motor boats will be used to access Apusiaajik Island and the expedition. The rest of the expedition will be on foot carrying all supplies needed for the expedition.
In Kulusuk, you’ll stay in guesthouse lodges – these are modelled on the alpine mountain huts you may find in Europe. Rooms are on a twin or bunk basis with shared bathrooms. Please bring a pair of ‘hut slippers’ or indoor shoes for the lodges. Throughout the expedition, you’ll camp in technical mountain tents shared between two. These are provided by Secret Compass. Due to the weight of equipment carried on the expedition, solo tents are not available in this instance.
In towns, the team will eat well in local restaurants whilst dehydrated expedition rations will be used on the mountain – these are high-calorie and very tasty. Dietary requirements can usually be catered for but should be discussed with Secret Compass in advance. It is recommended that you bring a favourite snack or cereal bar for each expedition day as a morale boost.
Cell Phone. Your mobile roaming will work in Kulusuk although you are unlikely to get signal whilst on the expedition.
I’ve never used crampons before. Can I come?
Yes, as long as you fulfil the fitness requirements, have an adventurous spirit and are willing to work as a team. Training will be given in glacier movement using crampons and ropes but previous experience is always useful. You’ll need to bring crampons and compatible boots with you, see the kit list for more details.
Although sightings are rare, there are polar bears in Greenland and the team should be vigilant. The team will be carrying trip wires and flares as polar bear deterrents and depending on team numbers may set up overnight bear watches. Your experienced Secret Compass leader will provide advice and training during the expedition briefing.
As the plan outlines, there is a chain of transport to get teammates to Apusiaajik Island where the acclimatisation will commence, so start and end dates are not flexible.
There will only be telephone signal in Kulusuk – please check your roaming charges as calls from this region of the world can be very expensive.
Once the expedition phase begins, there will be no access to mains power. Please ensure that you are self-sufficient in terms of charging your appliances by bringing things like spare batteries, lightweight solar panels or power packs to avoid frustration. When packing, please consider the weight of electronic devices (and all your other kit) and whether it is all essential for this expedition.
Can I leave a bag anywhere?
You will be able to leave a small bag in Kulusuk with items you won’t need for the trek. Space is very limited in the guesthouses so please be considerate, and be aware that items are left at your own risk and will not be stored in a dedicated locked left luggage like you might expect at a hotel. In addition, many flights to Greenland have very restrictive luggage allowances and there have been occasions where even if excess baggage is paid for, the airline can refuse to carry it due to loading limits.
How to I transfer to/from/between airports in Reykjavik?
Most international flights arrive into Keflavik International Airport (50 km from Reykjavik), whereas your flight to Greenland will leave from Reykjavik Domestic Airport (on the edge of the city). Reykjavik Excursions and Grayline bus companies both offer bus transfers from and to Keflavik Airport to bus terminals in Reykjavik city centre. From there you can transfer on by bus or taxi to your hotel if staying overnight, or if your international flight times allow, to Reykjavik Domestic Airport. For an extra cost both companies will include the onward transfer from their terminal to your hotel or to the domestic airport by shuttle bus. | 2019-04-25T20:15:51Z | https://www.secretcompass.com/mysc/0035-greenland-trekking-expedition/ |
Writing Completed: c. 56 C.E.
7 to all those who are in Rome as beloved ones of God, called to be holy ones: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
8 First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ concerning all of you, because your faith is being proclaimed in the whole world. 9 For God, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, is my witness, how unceasingly I make mention of you, 10 always in my prayers making request, if somehow now at last by the will of God I may succeed in coming to you. 11 For I am longing to see you, that I may impart some spiritual gift to you for you to be strengthened; 12 that is, that I may be encouraged together with you while among you, each of us by one another’s faith, both yours and mine. 13 But I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you (but I have been prevented until now) in order that I might acquire some fruitage also among you just as among the rest of the Gentiles. 14 I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish. 15 So, on my part, I am eager to preach the gospel to you also who are in Rome.
18 For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, 19 because that which is known about God is evident among them; for God made it evident to them. 20 For his invisible attributes are clearly seen from the creation of the world, being perceived through what has been made, even his eternal power and divine nature, so that they are without excuse. 21 For although they knew God, they did not honor him as God or give thanks, but they became futile in their reasoning, and their foolish hearts were darkened. 22 Claiming to be wise, they became fools, 23 and exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for an image in the form of corruptible man and of birds and four-footed animals and creeping things.
24 Therefore God gave them over in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, so that their bodies would be dishonored among them. 25 For they exchanged the truth of God for the lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.
26 For this reason God gave them over to degrading passions; for their women exchanged natural relations for those that are contrary to nature, 27 and the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were violently inflamed in their lust toward one another, males with males committing the shameless deed, and receiving in themselves the due penalty for their error.
28 And just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God any longer, God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do those things which are not proper, 29 being filled with all unrighteousness, wickedness, greed, evil; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malice; they are gossips, 30 slanderers, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, inventors of evil, disobedient to parents, 31 without understanding, untrustworthy, unloving, unmerciful; 32 and although they know the ordinance of God, that those who practice such things are worthy of death, they not only do the same, but also give wholehearted approval to those who practice them.
2 Therefore you have no excuse, O man, every one of you who judges. For in passing judgment on another you condemn yourself, for you who judge practice the same things. 2 And we know that the judgment of God is according to truth against those who practice such things. 3 But do you suppose this, O man, who passes judgment on those who practice such things and do the same yourself, that you will escape the judgment of God? 4 Or do you despise the riches of his kindness and forbearance and patience, not knowing that the kindness of God leads you to repentance? 5 But because of your stubbornness and unrepentant heart, you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath and of the revelation of the righteous judgment of God, 6 who will render to each one according to his works: 7 to those who, by perseverance in good work, seek glory and honor and immortality, eternal life; 8 but to those who act from selfishly ambitious and who disobey the truth, but who obey unrighteousness, wrath and anger. 9 There will be tribulation and distress upon every soul of man who does evil, of the Jew first and also of the Greek, 10 but glory and honor and peace to everyone who does good, to the Jew first and also to the Greek. 11 For there is no partiality with God.
12 For all who have sinned without the law will also perish without the law, and all who have sinned under the law will be judged by the law; 13 for it is not the hearers of the law who are righteous before God, but the doers of the law who will be justified. 14 For when Gentiles who do not have the law by nature the things of the law, these, not having the law, are a law to themselves, 15 in that they show the work of the law written in their hearts, their conscience bearing witness and between their own thoughts they are being accused or even excused, 16 on the day when, according to my gospel, God will judge the secrets of men through Christ Jesus.
17 But if you call yourself a Jew and rely on the law and boast in God, 18 and know his will and approve the things that are superior, because you are instructed by the law, 19 and are confident that you yourself are a guide to the blind, a light to those who are in darkness, 20 an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of the immature, having the embodiment of knowledge and of the truth in the law, 21 you, therefore, who teach another, do you not teach yourself? You who preach that one shall not steal, do you steal? 22 You who say that one should not commit adultery, do you commit adultery? You who abhor idols, do you rob temples? 23 You who boast in the Law, through your breaking the Law, do you dishonor God? 24 For “the name of God is blasphemed among the Gentiles because of you,” just as it is written.
25 For circumcision is of value if you do the law, but if you should be a transgressor of the law, your circumcision has become uncircumcision. 26 So if the uncircumcised man keeps the requirements of the law, will not his uncircumcision be regarded as circumcision? 27 And he who is physically uncircumcised, if he keeps the law, will he not judge you who though having the letter of the Law and circumcision are a transgressor of the law? 28 For he is not a Jew who is one outwardly, nor is circumcision that which is outward in the flesh. 29 But he is a Jew who is one inwardly; and circumcision is that which is of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the letter; and his praise is not from men, but from God.
5 But if our unrighteousness demonstrates the righteousness of God, what shall we say? God, who inflicts wrath, is not unjust, is he? (I am speaking in human terms.) 6 May it never be! For otherwise, how will God judge the world? 7 But if through my lie the truth of God abounded to his glory, why am I also still being judged as a sinner? 8 And why not say, just as we are slandered, and as some affirm that we say, “Let us do evil things that good things may come”? Their condemnation is just.
19 Now we know that whatever the Law says, it speaks to those who are under the Law, so that every mouth may be closed and all the world may become accountable to God; 20 because by the works of law no flesh will be justified in his sight; for by law comes the accurate knowledge of sin.
21 But now apart from law the righteousness of God has been manifested, being witnessed by law and the Prophets, 22 even the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ for all those who believe; for there is no distinction; 23 for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, 24 being justified as a gift by his grace through the redemption which is in Christ Jesus; 25 whom God displayed publicly as a propitiation in his blood through faith. This was to demonstrate his righteousness, because in the forbearance of God he passed over the sins previously committed; 26 it was to show his righteousness at the present time, so that he might be just and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus.
27 Therefore, where is boasting? It has been excluded. By what kind of law? Of works? No, but by a law of faith. 28 For we consider a person to be justified by faith apart from the works of the law. 29 Or is God the God of Jews only? Is he not the God of Gentiles also? Yes, of Gentiles also, 30 since God is one, who will justify those who are circumcised by faith and those who are uncircumcised through faith.
31 Therefore, do we nullify the law through faith? May it never be! But we uphold the law.
9 Is this blessing then on the circumcised, or on the uncircumcised also? For we say, “Faith was credited to Abraham as righteousness.” 10 How then was it credited? While he was circumcised, or uncircumcised? Not while circumcised, but while uncircumcised; 11 and he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith which he had while uncircumcised, so that he might be the father of all who believe without being circumcised, that righteousness might be credited to them, 12 and the father of circumcision to those who not only are of the circumcision, but who also follow in the steps of the faith of our father Abraham which he had while uncircumcised.
13 For the promise to Abraham and his offspring that he would be heir of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. 14 For if those who are of the Law are heirs, faith is made void and the promise is nullified; 15 for the law produces wrath, but where there is no law, neither is there transgression.
16 That is why it is through faith, in order that it may be in accordance with grace, so that the promise will be guaranteed to all the descendants, not only to those who are of the law, but also to those who are of the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all, 17 (as it is written, “A father of many nations have I made you”) in the presence of Him whom he believed, even God, who gives life to the dead and who calls the things that are not as though they are, 18 In hope he believed against hope, that he should become the father of many nations, as he had been told, “So shall your offspring be.” 19 He did not weaken in faith when he considered his own body, which was as good as dead (since he was about a hundred years old), and the deadness of Sarah’s womb; 20 yet, with respect to the promise of God, he did not waver in unbelief but grew strong in faith, giving glory to God, 21 and being fully assured that what God had promised, he was able also to perform. 22 Therefore it was also credited to him as righteousness. 23 However, the words “it was credited to him” were not written for his sake alone, 24 but for our sake also, to whom it will be credited, as those who believe in Him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead, 25 who was delivered over because of our trespasses, and was raised because of our justification.
5 Therefore, having been justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, 2 through whom also we have obtained access by faith into this grace in which we stand, and we boast in the hope of the glory of God. 3 And not only that, but let us exult while in tribulations, since we know that tribulation produces endurance; 4 and endurance produces proven character, and proven character produces hope; 5 and hope does not disappoint, because the love of God has been poured out within our hearts through the Holy Spirit who was given to us.
6 For while we were still helpless, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly. 7 For one will scarcely die for a righteous man; though perhaps for a good man one would dare even to die. 8 But God shows his love for us in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us. 9 Much more then, having now been justified by his blood, we shall be saved from the wrath of God through him. 10 For if while we were enemies we were reconciled to God through the death of his Son, much more, having been reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. 11 Not only that, but we are also exulting in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have now received the reconciliation.
12 Therefore, just as through one man sin entered into the world, and death through sin, and so death spread to all men, because all sinned, 13 or until the law sin was in the world, but sin is not imputed when there is no law. 14 Nevertheless death reigned from Adam until Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the likeness of Adam's transgression, who is a type of the one who is to come.
15 But the free gift is not like the trespass. For if by the trespass of the one the many died, much more did the grace of God and the gift by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, abound to the many. 16 And it is not the same with the free gift as with the way things worked through the one man who sinned. For the judgment after one trespass was condemnation, but the gift after many trespasses was justification. 17 For if by the trespass of the one, death reigned through the one, much more those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness will reign in life through the one, Jesus Christ.
18 So, then, as through one trespass there was condemnation to all men, so too through one act of righteousness there was justification of life to all men. 19 For as through the one man’s disobedience the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one the many will be made righteous. 20 The Law came in so that the transgression would increase; but where sin increased, grace abounded all the more, 21 so that, as sin reigned in death, even so grace would reign through righteousness to eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.
6 What shall we say then? Are we to continue in sin that grace may abound? 2 May it never be! How can we who died to sin still live in it? 3 Or do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? 4 Therefore we have been buried with him through baptism into death, so that as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, so we too might walk in newness of life. 5 For if we have been united with him in the likeness of his death, we will certainly also be[a] in the likeness of his resurrection, 6 knowing this, that our old man was crucified together with him, in order that the body of sin might be done away with, so that we would no longer be slaves to sin; 7 for he who has died is freed from sin.
8 Now if we have died with Christ, we believe that we will also live with him,9 knowing that Christ, having been raised from the dead, dies no more, death is master over him no more. 10 For the death he died he died to sin, once for all, but the life he lives he lives to God. 11 Even so consider yourselves to be dead to sin, but alive to God in Christ Jesus.
12 Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body so that you obey its lusts, 13 and do not go on presenting the members of your body to sin as instruments of unrighteousness; but present yourselves to God as those alive from the dead, and your members as instruments of righteousness to God. 14 For sin will have no dominion over you, since you are not under law but under grace.
15 What then? Shall we sin because we are not under law but under grace? May it never be! 16 Do you not know that when you present yourselves to someone as slaves for obedience, you are slaves of the one whom you obey, either of sin resulting in death, or of obedience resulting in righteousness? 17 But thanks be to God that you were slaves of sin, but you became obedient from the heart to that form of teaching to which you were committed, 18 and having been freed from sin, you became slaves of righteousness. 19 I am speaking in human terms, because of your natural limitations. For just as you once presented your members as slaves to impurity and to lawlessness leading to more lawlessness, so now present your members as slaves to righteousness leading to sanctification.
20 For when you were slaves of sin, you were free in regard to righteousness. 21 Therefore what fruit were you producing at that time from the things of which you are now ashamed? For the end of those things is death. 22 But now having been set free from sin and having become slaves to God, you are producing your fruit in the way of sanctification, and the end is eternal life. 23 For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.
7 Or do you not know, brothers, (for I am speaking to those who know law) that the law is master over a man as long as he lives? 2 For a married woman is bound by law to her husband while he lives, but if her husband dies she is released from the law concerning the husband. 3 So then, if while her husband is living she is joined to another man, she shall be called an adulteress; but if her husband dies, she is free from the law, so that she is not an adulteress though she is joined to another man.
4 Therefore, my brothers, you also have died to the law through the body of Christ, so that you may belong to another, to him who has been raised from the dead, in order that we may bear fruit for God. 5 For while we were living in the flesh, our sinful passions, aroused by the law, were at work in our members to bear fruit for death. 6 But now we have been released from the Law, having died to that by which we were bound, so that we serve in newness of the Spirit and not in oldness of the letter.
7 What shall we say then? Is the Law sin? May it never be! On the contrary, I would not have come to know sin except through the Law; for I would not have known about coveting if the Law had not said, “You shall not covet.” 8 But sin, taking opportunity through the commandment, produced in me coveting of every kind; for apart from the Law sin is dead. 9 I was once alive apart from the law, but when the commandment came, sin came alive and I died; 10 and the commandment that was to lead to life, this I found led to death; 11 for sin, seizing an opportunity through the commandment, deceived me and through it killed me. 12 So then, the Law is holy, and the commandment is holy and righteous and good.
13 Therefore did that which is good become a cause of death for me? May it never be! Rather it was sin, in order that it might be shown to be sin by effecting my death through that which is good, so that through the commandment sin might become exceedingly sinful.
14 For we know that the law is spiritual, but I am of the flesh, sold under sin. 15 For what I am doing, I do not understand; for I am not practicing what I would like to do, but I am doing the very thing I hate. 16 But if what I am not willing to do, this I am doing, I agree that the law is good. 17 So now I am no longer the one doing it, but sin that dwells in me. 18 For I know that nothing good dwells in me, that is, in my flesh; for the desire is present in me, but the doing of the good is not. 19 For the good that I want, I do not do, but I practice the very evil that I do not want. 20 But if what I do not want to do, this I am doing, I am no longer the one doing it, but sin which dwells in me.
21 I find then the law in me that when I want to do right, that evil is present in me. 22 For I delight in the law of God according to the inner man, 23 but I see a different law in my members, warring against the law of my mind and taking me captive in the law of sin which is in my members. 24 Wretched man that I am! Who will deliver me from this body of death? 25 Thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord! So then, I myself serve the law of God with my mind, but with my flesh, I serve the law of sin.
8 There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. 2 For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and death. 3 For what was impossible for the law, in that it was weak through the flesh, God did, sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and concerning sin, he condemned sin in the flesh, 4 in order that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. 5 For those who are according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who are according to the Spirit, the things of the Spirit. 6 For setting the mind on the flesh is death, but setting the mind on the spirit is life and peace 7 because setting the mind on the flesh means enmity toward God, for it is not subjected to the law of God, for it is not even able to do so, 8 and those who are in the flesh cannot please God.
9 However, you are not in the flesh but in the Spirit, if indeed the Spirit of God dwells in you. But if anyone does not have the Spirit of Christ, he does not belong to him. 10 If Christ is in you, though the body is dead because of sin, but the spirit is life because of righteousness. 11 If the Spirit of him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, he who raised Christ Jesus from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through his Spirit who dwells in you.
12 So then, brothers, we are debtors, not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh, 13 for if you are living according to the flesh, you must die; but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live. 14 For all who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God. 15 For you have not received a spirit of slavery leading to fear again, but you have received a spirit of adoption as sons, by which we cry out, “Abba! Father!” 16 The Spirit itself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God, 17 and if children, we are also heir, heirs indeed of God, but joint heirs with Christ, if indeed we suffer together so that we may also be glorified together.
18 For I consider that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory that is to be revealed to us. 19 For the creation is waiting with eager expectation for the revealing of the sons of God. 20 For the creation was subjected to futility, not willingly, but because of him who subjected it, in hope 21 that the creation itself also will be set free from its slavery to corruption into the freedom of the glory of the children of God. 22 For we know that the whole creation has been groaning together in the pains of childbirth until now. 23 And not only this, but also we ourselves, having the first fruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting eagerly for our adoption as sons, the redemption of our body. 24 For in hope we were saved, but hope that is seen is not hope, for who hopes for what he sees? 25 But if we hope for what we do not see, we eagerly wait for it with patience.
26 In the same way the Spirit also helps our weakness; for we do not know how to pray as we should, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words; 27 and he who searches hearts knows what is the mind of the Spirit, because the Spirit intercedes for the holy ones according to the will of God.
28 And we know that all things work together for good for those who love God, for those who are called according to his purpose. 29 For those whom he foreknew he also decided beforehand to be conformed to the image of his Son, in order that he might be the firstborn among many brothers; 30 and those whom he decided beforehand he also called, and those whom he called he also justified, and those whom he justified he also glorified.
37 But in all these things we are more than conquerors through the one having loved us. 38 For I am convinced that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor rulers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor powers, 39 nor height, nor depth, nor any other created thing, will be able to separate us from the love of God that is in Christ Jesus our Lord.
9 I am telling the truth in Christ, I am not lying, my conscience bears witness to me in the Holy Spirit, 2 that I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart. 3 For I could pray that I myself were accursed and cut off from Christ for the sake of my brothers, my kinsmen according to the flesh. 4 who are Israelites, to whom belongs the adoption as sons, and the glory and the covenants and the giving of the Law and the temple service and the promises, 5 to whom belong the patriarchs, and from whom is the Christ according to the flesh. God who is over all be praised forever. Amen.
14 What shall we say then? There is no injustice with God, is there? May it never be! 15 For he says to Moses, “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.” 16 So then it does not depend on the man who wills or the man who runs, but on God who has mercy. 17 For the Scripture says to Pharaoh, “For this very purpose I have raised you up, that I might show my power in you, and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.” 18 So then he has mercy on whom he wants, and he hardens whom he wants.
10 Brothers, my heart's desire and my prayer to God for them is for their salvation. 2 For I bear them witness that they have a zeal for God, but not according to accurate knowledge. 3 For ignoring the righteousness of God, and seeking to establish their own, they did not subject themselves to the righteousness of God. 4 For Christ is the end of the law for righteousness to everyone who believes.
16 But they have not all obeyed the gospel. For Isaiah says, “Lord, who has believed what he has heard from us?” 17 So faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ.
11 I say then, God has not rejected his people, has he? May it never be! For I also am an Israelite, from the descendants of Abraham, of the tribe of Benjamin. 2 God has not rejected his people whom he foreknew. Do you not know what the Scripture says of Elijah, how he appeals to God against Israel? 3 “Lord, they have killed your prophets, they have torn down your altars, and I alone am left, and they are seeking my soul.” 4 But what does the divine response say to him? “I have kept for myself seven thousand men who have not bowed the knee to Baal.” 5 So in the same way, at the present time also, there is a remnant according to a choosing through grace. 6 But if it is by grace, it is no longer on the basis of works; otherwise grace would no longer be grace.
11 I say then, they did not stumble so that they fell, did they? May it never be! But by their trespass, salvation has come to the Gentiles, to make them jealous. 12 Now if their trespass means riches for the world, and if their failure means riches for the Gentiles, how much more will their fullness mean! 13 Now I am speaking to you Gentiles. Inasmuch then as I am an apostle to the Gentiles, I magnify my ministry, 14 if I might somehow make my fellow Jews jealous, and thus save some of them. 15 For if their rejection means the reconciliation of the world, what will their acceptance mean but life from the dead? 16 If the firstfruits is holy, the batch is also; and if the root is holy, the branches are also.
17 But if some of the branches were broken off, and you, although being a wild olive, were grafted in among them and became a sharer of the richness of the olive’s root, 18 do not be arrogant toward the branches; but if you are arrogant, remember that it is not you who supports the root, but the root supports you. 19 You will say then, “Branches were broken off so that I might be grafted in.” 20 That is true. They were broken off because of their unbelief, but you stand fast through faith. So do not become haughty, but fear; 21 for if God did not spare the natural branches, He will not spare you, either. 22 Behold then the kindness and severity of God; to those who fell, severity, but to you, God’s kindness, if you continue in His kindness; otherwise you also will be cut off. 23 And they also, if they do not continue in their unbelief, will be grafted in, for God is able to graft them in again. 24 For if you were cut from what is by nature a wild olive tree, and grafted, contrary to nature, into a cultivated olive tree, how much more will these, the natural branches, be grafted back into their own olive tree.
28 As regards the gospel, they are enemies for your sake. But as regards God’s choosing, they are beloved for the sake of their forefathers; 29 for the gifts and the calling of God are irrevocable. 30 For just as you were at one time disobedient to God but now have received mercy because of their disobedience, 31 so these also now have been disobedient, that because of the mercy shown to you they also may now be shown mercy. 32 For God has shut up all in disobedience so that he may have mercy on all.
33 Oh, the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgments and how untraceable his ways!
12 Therefore I urge you, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies a living and holy sacrifice, acceptable to God, which is your reasonable service. 2 And do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind, so that you may prove what the will of God is, that which is good and acceptable and perfect.
3 For through the grace given to me I say to everyone among you not to think more highly of himself than he ought to think; but to think so as to have a sound mind, each one as God has apportioned to him a measure of faith. 4 For just as we have many members in one body and all the members do not have the same function, 5 so we, though many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another. 6 Since, then, we have gifts that differ according to the grace given to us, if it is of prophecy, let us prophesy in proportion to our faith; 7 if service, in our serving; the one who teaches, in his teaching; 8 or he who exhorts, in his exhortation; he who gives, let him do it liberally; he who leads, let him do it diligently; he who shows mercy, let him do it cheerfully.
9 Let love be without hypocrisy. Abhor what is evil; cling to what is good. 10 In brotherly love have tender affection for one another; in showing honor to one another, take the lead; 11 Do not be slothful in zeal, be fervent in spirit, serving the Lord; 12 rejoicing in hope, enduring under tribulation, persevering in prayer, 13 contributing to the needs of the holy ones, pursuing hospitality.
14 Bless those who persecute you; bless and do not curse. 15 Rejoice with those who rejoice, and weep with those who weep. 16 Be of the same mind toward one another; do not be haughty in mind, but associate with the lowly. Do not be wise in your own eyes. 17 Return evil for evil to no one. Take thought to do what is honorable in the sight of all men. 18 If possible, so far as it depends on you, be at peace with all men. 19 Do not avenge yourselves, beloved, but yield place to the wrath; for it is written: “‘Vengeance is mine; I will repay,’ says the Lord. 20 But “if your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him something to drink; for by doing this you will heap burning coals on his head.” 21 Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.
13 Let every soul be in subjection to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except by God, and those that exist have been placed by God. 2 Therefore the one setting himself against authority has taken a stand against the ordinance of God; and those who have taken a stand against it will receive judgment against themselves. 3 For rulers are not a cause of fear, not to the good deed, but to the bad. Do you want to be free of fear of the authority? Keep doing good, and you will have praise from it; 4 for it is a minister of God to you for good. But if you do what is evil, be afraid; for it does not bear the sword for nothing; for it is a minister of God, an avenger who brings wrath on the one who practices bad. 5 Therefore it is necessary to be in subjection, not only because of wrath, but also for conscience’ sake. 6 For because of this you also pay taxes, for the authorities are ministers of God, attending to this very thing. 7 Render to all what is due them: tax to whom tax is due; custom to whom custom; fear to whom fear; honor to whom honor.
8 Owe nothing to anyone, except to love one another, for the one who loves someone else has fulfilled the law. 9 For the commandments, “You shall not commit adultery, you shall not commit murder, you shall not steal, you shall not covet,” and if there is any other commandment, are summed up in this statement: “You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” 10 Love does not work evil to a neighbor; therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.
11 Do this, knowing the season, that it is already the hour for you to awaken from sleep; for now salvation is nearer to us than when we believed. 12 The night is well along; the day has drawn near. Let us therefore throw off the works belonging to darkness and let us put on the weapons of the light. 13 Let us behave properly as in the day, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual promiscuity and sensuality, not in strife and jealousy. 14 But put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh, in regard to desires.
14 As for the one who is weak in faith, welcome him, but not to quarrel over opinions. 2 One person has faith that he may eat all things, but he who is weak eats only vegetables. 3 Let not the one who eats despise the one who does not eat, and the one who does not eat must not judge the one who eats, because God has accepted him. 4 Who are you to pass judgment on the servant of another? It is before his own master that he stands or falls. And he will be upheld, for the Lord is able to make him stand.
5 One person esteems one day above another, while another esteems all days alike. Each one should be fully convinced in his own mind. 6 The one who observes the day, observes it in honor of the Lord. The one who eats, eats in honor of the Lord, since he gives thanks to God, while the one who abstains, abstains in honor of the Lord and gives thanks to God. 7 For not one of us lives for himself, and not one dies for himself; 8 for if we live, we live for the Lord, or if we die, we die for the Lord; therefore whether we live or die, we are the Lord’s. 9 For to this end Christ died and lived again, that he might be Lord both of the dead and of the living.
12 So, then, each of us will render an account for himself to God.
13 Therefore, let us no longer pass judgment on one another, but rather decide this: not to place a cause for stumbling or a temptation before a brother. 14 I know and am persuaded in the Lord Jesus that nothing is unclean in itself, but to him who thinks anything to be unclean, to him it is unclean. 15 For if because of food your brother is hurt, you are no longer walking according to love. Do not destroy with your food him for whom Christ died. 16 Therefore, do not let the good you do be spoken of as bad; 17 for the kingdom of God is not eating and drinking, but righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit. 18 For the one who serves Christ in this way is well-pleasing to God and approved by men.
19 So then we pursue the things which make for peace and the building up of one another. 20 Do not, for the sake of food, destroy the work of God. All things indeed are clean, but it is harmful for the man to eat and cause stumbling. 21 It is good not to eat meat or drink wine or do anything over which your brother stumbles. 22 The faith that you have, keep it to yourself before God. Blessed is the man who does not judge himself by what he approves. 23 But the one who doubts is condemned if he eats, because he does not do so from faith; and whatever is not from faith is sin.
15 Now we who are strong ought to bear the weaknesses of those without strength and not please ourselves. 2 Let each of us please his neighbor for his good, to build him up. 3 For even the Christ did not please himself, but just as it is written: “The reproaches of those reproaching you have fallen upon me.” 4 For whatever was written in former days was written for our instruction, that through endurance and through the encouragement of the Scriptures we might have hope. 5 Now may the God who gives endurance and comfort grant you to be of the same mind with one another according to Christ Jesus, 6 so that with one mind you may glorify with one mouth the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.
22 For this reason also I was many times hindered from coming to you.; 23 but now I no longer have a place in these regions, and for many years I have longed to come to you, 24 whenever I journey to Spain, I hope that I will see you in passing and to be helped on my way there by you after I have first enjoyed your company for a time. 25 But now I am about to travel to Jerusalem to minister to the holy ones. 26 For Macedonia and Achaia have been pleased to make some contribution for the poor among the holy ones at Jerusalem. 27 Yes, they were pleased to do so, and they are indebted to them. For if the Gentiles have shared in their spiritual things, they are indebted to minister to them also in material things. 28 Therefore, when I have finished this, and have sealed to them this fruit, I will go on by way of you to Spain. 29 I know that when I come to you, I will come in the fullness of the blessing of Christ.
30 Now I urge you, brothers, through our Lord Jesus Christ and through the love of the Spirit, that you exert yourselves with me in prayers to God for me, 31 that I may be delivered from the unbelievers in Judea, and that my service for Jerusalem may be acceptable to the holy ones; 32 so that I may come to you in joy by the will of God and find refreshing rest in your company. 33 Now the God of peace be with you all. Amen.
16 I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a minister of the congregation at Cenchreae, 2 in order that you may welcome her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the holy ones, and help her in whatever task she may have need from you, for she herself also has been a helper of many, even me myself.
3 Greet Prisca and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus, 4 who for my life risked their own necks, to whom not only do I give thanks, but also all the congregations of the Gentiles; 5 also greet the church that is in their house. Greet Epaenetus, my beloved, who is the first convert to Christ from Asia. 6 Greet Mary, who has worked hard for you. 7 Greet Andronicus and Junias, my kinsmen and my fellow prisoners, who are well known among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me. 8 Greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord. 9 Greet Urbanus, our fellow worker in Christ, and Stachys my beloved. 10 Greet Apelles, the approved in Christ. Greet those who are of the household of Aristobulus. 11 Greet Herodion, my kinsman. Greet those of the household of Narcissus, who are in the Lord. 12 Greet Tryphaena and Tryphosa, women who are working hard in the Lord. Greet Persis, our beloved one, for she has worked hard in the Lord. 13 Greet Rufus, a choice man in the Lord, also his mother and mine. 14 Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas and the brother with them. 15 Greet Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas, and all the holy ones who are with them. 16 Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the congregations of Christ greet you.
17 Now I urge you, brothers, to keep your eye on those who cause divisions and occasions of stumbling contrary to the teaching that you have learned, and turn away from them. 18 For such men are slaves, not of our Lord Christ but of their own appetites; and by their smooth and flattering speech they deceive the hearts of the unsuspecting. 19 For the report of your obedience has reached to all; therefore I am rejoicing over you, but I want you to be wise in what is good and innocent in what is evil. 20 The God of peace will soon crush Satan under your feet. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you.
25 Now to him who is able to strengthen you according to my gospel and the proclaiming of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery that was kept secret for long ages, 26 but has now been disclosed and through the prophetic writings has been made known to all nations, according to the command of the eternal God, to bring about the obedience of faith; 27 to the only wise God, through Jesus Christ, be the glory forever. Amen.
Brothers: (Gr. adelphoi) This refers to male siblings. (Matt 4:18) It also refers to a group of persons, that is, fellow believers (male and female at times, Rom. 18:29), regardless of the masculine form. It can also refer to a fellow Jew (Ac 22:1); to fellow countryman (Ac 2:29), as well as one’s neighbor (Matt. 5:22)–Acts 1:15-16; 9:30; 11:1; Romans 1:13; 1 Corinthians 1:1, 10.
Barbarian: (Gr. barbaros) The repetition of the “bar bar” in the Greek originally convey the idea of a stammering, stuttering, babble, or any form of unintelligible sounds. Thus, the term “barbarian” was a term used by the Greeks, which referred to any foreigner, especially one who did not speak Greek, only later being viewed as uncivilized foreigners. Initially, there was no sense of hostility or contempt, and these non-Greeks were not offended by the term. It is similar to Gentile being used to refer to non-Jews. Eventually, a barbarian, any non-Greek, came to suggest one who was uncivilized.–Ac 28:2, 4; Rom. 1:14; 1 Cor. 14:11; Col. 3:11.
Transgression: (Heb. ’avar; Gr. parabasis) Sin can take the form of a “transgression.” This is an overstepping, namely, to exceed a moral limit or boundary. Biblically speaking, this would be crossing the line and saying, feeling, thinking or doing something that is contrary to God’s personality, standards, ways, will and purposes, as set out in the Scriptures. It is breaking God’s moral law.–Num. 14:41; Deut. 17:2, 3; Josh. 7:11, 15; 1 Sam 15:24; Isa 24:5; Jer. 34:18; Rom. 2:23; 4:15; 5:14; Gal. 3:19; 1 Tim. 2:14; Heb. 2:2; 9:15.
Believe, faith, Trust in: (Gr. pisteuo) If pisteuo is followed by the Greek preposition eis, (“into, in, among,” accusative case), it is generally rendered “trusting in” or “trust in.” (John 3:16, 36; 12:36; 14:1) The grammatical construction of the Greek verb pisteuo “believe” followed by the Greek preposition eis “into” in the accusative gives us the sense of having faith into Jesus, putting faith in, trusting in Jesus.–Matt. 21:25, 32; 27:42; John 1:7, 12; 2:23–24; 3:15-16, 36; 6:47; 11:25; 12:36; 14:1; 20:31; Acts 16:31; Rom. 4:3.
Trespass: (Gr. paraptōma) This is a sin that can come in the way of some desire (lusting), some thinking (entertaining a wrongdoing) or some action (carrying out one’s desires or thoughts that he or she has been entertaining) that is beyond or overstepping God’s righteous standards, as set out in the Scriptures. It is falling or making a false step as opposed to standing or walking upright in harmony with the righteous requirements of God.–Matt. 6:14; Mark 11:25; Rom. 4:25; 5:15-20; 11:11; 2 Cor. 5:19; Gal. 6:1; Eph. 1:7; 2:1, 5; Col 2:13.
Body: (Gr. sōma) The complete material structure or physical form of a organism, human being, or animal. (Mark 14:22; Lu 17:37; Rom. 8:23; 1 Cor. 12:12; 15:37; Phil. 3:21) There are also spiritual bodies, which are invisible to human eyes and completely beyond human senses. (1 Cor. 15:40, 44) The term “body” is also used in symbolically.–Rom 6:3-6; 1 Cor. 12:13; Gal. 3:28; Eph. 1:22-23; 2:16; 4:4; Col. 1:18.
Adoption: (Gr. huiothesia) The Greek noun is a legal term that literally means “adoption as son,” which means to take or accept a son or daughter who is not naturally such by relationship, including complete inheritance rights. The apostle Paul mentions adoption several times in reference to those with a new status as called and chosen by God. These ones were born as offspring of the imperfect Adam, were formerly in slavery to sin. Through purchase by means of Jesus’ life as a ransom, many have received the adoption as sons and daughters becoming heirs with the only-begotten Son of God, Jesus Christ.–Rom. 8:15, 23; 9:4; Gal. 4:5; Eph. 1:5.
Accurate Knowledge: (Gr. Epignosis) A strengthened or intensified form of gnosis (epi, meaning “additional”), meaning, “true,” “real,” “full,” “complete” or “accurate,” depending upon the context. Paul and Peter alone use epignosis.–Rom. 1:28; Eph. 1:17; Php 1:9; Col. 1:9-10; 1 Tim 2:4.
Abyss: (Gr. abussos) It is a very deep place, which is rendered “the bottomless pit” in some versions (KJV). This is found the NT and refers to a place or condition, where Satan and his demons will be confined for a thousand years. (Rev. 20:1-3) Abaddon rules over the abyss (Rev. 9:11) The beast is of Satan’s design and will rise from the abyss in the last days. (Rev. 11:7) The beast will go off into destruction. (Rev 17:8) It is used at times to refer to the grave as well. – Lu 8:31; Rom. 10:7; Rev. 20:3.
Quotation from Joel 2:32, which reads, “everyone who calls on the name of Jehovah shall be saved.” In other words, Paul was referring to the Father not the Son.
I let myself be found by those who did not seek me.
I said, ‘Here I am; here I am!’ to a nation that was not calling on my name.
Baal: (Heb. bǎʿǎl; Gr. Βάαλ) The Hebrew means “Owner; Master; Husband.” An ancient Canaanite god: a fertility or nature god, seen as the owner of the sky and giver of rains, worshiped by the Canaanites and the Phoenicians.– 1 Ki 18:21; Rom. 11:4.
Stumble, fall away, to be offended: (Gr. skandalizomai) In Greek, “stumbling block” (skandalon) was originally a device or trap, which contained bait, to ensnare or catch something alive. (1 John 2:10) It is used in the Scriptures as a trap, obstacle, or snare that stumbles one into sinning. (Rom. 11:9; Matt. 13:41) It can also be used as an obstacle that causes offense, resulting in opposition. (1 Cor. 1:23; Gal. 5:11) The Greek, (skandalizomai) refers to one who ceases to believe because of tribulation. (Matt. 13:21) It can also refer to one who is spiritually weak, immature in the faith, resulting in their falling into sin. (2 Cor. 11:29) In addition, it can refer to one who takes offense to some action. (Matt. 15:12) It can refer to one who causes another no longer to believe (John 6:61) It can also refer to something or someone that causes another to sin because they are spiritually weak or immature in the faith. (Matt. 5:29; Rom. 14:21) It can refer to another who is angered or shocked by something or someone, which could result in their sinning.–Matt. 17:27; John 6:61.
Junias received a special greeting from Paul at the end of his letter to the Romans. (16:7) Andronicus and Junias were his “kinsmen.” While the Greek word used here (συγγενής) can mean “a man from one's own country,” "fellow countryman," the primary meaning is blood relative, including the extended family," of the same generation. The two were Paul’s “fellow prisoners,” meaning that they had been in prison with him somewhere. Paul calls them both “well known among the apostles,” perhaps remembering their fine reputation with the apostles. Note that it does not call Andronicus and Junias apostles but only says that they were well known among the apostles. The Greek term (episēmos) rendered well know is a plural masculine adjective. Therefore, it could rightly be rendered, "men who are well known among the apostles."
P46 P61 א A B C 1739 Itb cop omit; DItVgc, [The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.], which is the same as the end of vs 20. The earliest MSS support the omission of this verse. All modern translation does not include this verse because of superior testimony. | 2019-04-23T08:35:25Z | https://www.uasvbible.org/46-epistle-to-romans |
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The artistic process is often winding, taking turns in ways even the artist could never imagine. Many a time an artist’s finished product looks nothing like his or her original vision. Ashbury’s “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror” explores the way in which distortion, a key element to the convex image the painting presents, relates to the human identity. Just as artists explore the nuances of an idea throughout the creation process, so humans delve in and out of various understandings of life throughout their existences. The convexity of the mirror distorts the artist’s view of himself, and this distortion is further enhanced when the artist attempts to copy the image that he sees in the mirror. The poem takes the reader on a journey of exploratory reflection over the self-portrait in the convex mirror, ultimately presenting the possibility that reliance on mechanisms such as mirrors to grasp one’s identity, as evidenced by the portrait artist’s attempt to capture himself from his image in a mirror, is a futile practice; humans lack the ability to completely asses their identities based upon subjective, distorted qualities such as those presented in a mirror.
David Foster Wallace introduces his short story “Little Expressionless Animals” with the explanation, “Part of ‘Little Expressionless Animals’ makes use of the third stanza of John Ashbury’s ‘Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror’,” (Wallace 5). In attributing “Little Expressionless Animals” to Ashbury’s “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror”, Wallace draws a direct link between the distortion created by the convex mirror in the painter’s self portrait and the distortion created by a misguided reliance on television and the media that permeates Wallace’s story. Wallace’s criticism of television’s impact on today’s American society stems from the sentiments he later expresses in his essay “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction”. In his essay Wallace attempts to provide the “comprehensive diagnosis” that television “fosters relationships with illusions or simulations of real people” (“An Interview with David Foster Wallace). Throughout “Little Expressionless Animals”, various characters wrestle to find peace with their identities. Many of these characters seek the comfort of television and mirrors, but their searches are in vain. Just as the self-portrait painter futilely struggles to accurately depict himself and his surroundings with the assistance of a convex mirror, so Wallace’s characters futilely struggle to achieve peace with the assistance of television and mirrors. The parallel between Ashbury’s “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror” and Wallace’s “Little Expressionless Animals” allows Wallace to cite Ashbury’s poem as inspiration for his own story.
The very nature of the television screen replicates the distortion that the convex mirror connotes. A screen in its original state is designed to conceal, protect, or shelter something from something else. In this manner, television screens conceal, protect, and shelter television viewers from reality. Television screens create a barrier that projects illusions realistic enough to prevent people from feeling entirely isolated, but the comfort television viewers receive stops short of guiding them to an enlightened, peace-laden sense of self. The shortcoming of television screens replicates the shortcoming of mirrors that is explained by the narrator in “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror”: “The surface / Of the mirror being convex, the distance increases / Significantly; that is, enough to make the point / That the soul is a captive, treated humanely, kept / In suspension, unable to advance much farther / Than your look as it intercepts the picture” (Ashbury). In these lines Ashbury’s narrator explains that though the convex mirror treats the soul “humanely”, it does not assist the soul in further advancing its vision of self. Thus, convex mirrors, like television, screen the viewer and prevent him or her from reaching complete understanding of self.
The reader is first confronted with television screens in “Little Expressionless Animals” when Wallace describes the eerie way that Julie’s mother attempts to find comfort at a movie theater, only to be struck with fear. The scene describes how the woman and her child sit watching the cartoon, and how the “child’s eyes enter the cartoon” (“Little Expressionless Animals” 7). While the child, Julie Smith, is blinded by the illusions created by cartoon television, a man sitting in the darkness behind them violates her mother by running his fingers through her hair. Wallace describes, “The cartoon’s reflected light makes faces in the audience flicker: the woman’s eyes are bright with fear,” (“Little Expressionless Animals” 7). The television screen of the cinema thus acts as a screen separating Julie from her mother; because Julie is caught up in the distortion that is contemporary cartoons, she is unable to see the wrongs being committed right beside her. Her vision and perception is distorted by television. Television distracts Julie enough to completely miss the fact that her mother is in a state of intense fear. Conversely, Julie’s mother enters the movie theater in an attempt to forget her tumultuous life and throw her mind into the illusions of the cartoon word. However, the cartoon world is not powerful enough to assist Julie’s mother is forgetting her unfortunate realities. No cartoon can mask the fact that a man is physically running his fingers through one’s hair. In the initial television screen descriptions of his story, Wallace conveys to the reader that television lacks the ability to bring true inner peace to its viewers; Julie’s perception of her mother’s existence is distorted by the images on the screen, while Julie’s mother’s attempts to find peace are thwarted by her futile reliance on television for salvation.
Wallace presents television as a false companion, too often mistakenly relied upon by those seeking to forget their problems, in his portrayal not just of Julie’s mother, but also in his portrayal of Faye’s mother, Dee Goddard. Dee is a woman heartbroken over her divorce and her ex-husband’s subsequent remarriage to a mutual coworker of theirs. Essentially, Dee is a lonely, depressed woman overcome by her misfortunes. Wallace’s portrayal of television during the passages of his story in which he describes Dee demonstrates how many people falsely view television as a friend upon which to lean: “’Let’s all be there’, says the television. ‘Where else would I be?’ asks Dee Goddard… ‘We bring good things to life,’ says the television. ‘So did I,’ says Dee. ‘I did that. Just once’,” (“Little Expressionless Animals” 11). The dialogue between Dee and the television personifies the television as a being capable of human interaction. The fact the Dee responds to that which the television says indicates that Dee has categorized the television as something to which she can relate. Thus, Dee feels that the television is a viable companion and legitimate replacement for her ex-husband. Dee’s relationship with her television exemplifies Wallace’s idea presented in his essay “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction” that he happens “to know lonely people who regard television as a veritable deux ex machine for voyeurs,” (152). The fact that lonely Dee regards television as a replacement for her ex-husband is problematic because it does not truly solve the problem of her loneliness and soul searching. Dee drinks heavily, and her daughter Faye remarks that this drinking is “for the pain”. Dee’s feelings of pain indicate that though television can distort Dee’s thinking enough to allow her to superficially believe herself to be mentally sound, television cannot solve the deep-seated psychological issues that Dee faces due to her divorce. Thus, television, like the convex mirror, distorts human perception and prevents humans from achieving a true understanding of personal identity.
Scholar Aytemis Depici writes that Wallace’s work serves to present the criticism that “television serves to distract individuals from the real world and create blankness in their inner world which conveys a loss of self” (327). The “blankness” that Depici describes relates to Julie’s personality and inner turmoil. In “Little Expressionless Animals”, Wallace describes the transformation that Julie undergoes when the cameras are pointed towards her: “Faye and Dee watch Julie as the red lights and Trebek’s face falls into the worn creases of a professional smile. Something happens to Julie Smith when the red lights light. Just a something. The girl who gets a three-score and who stares with no expression is gone. Every concavity in that person now looks to have come convex,” (20). The lack of expression in Julie’s off-camera stare parallels the “blankness” that Depici describes in his analysis. Furthermore, Wallace’s focus on the convex versus concave nature of Julie’s face again relates his story to Ashbury’s “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror”. The concavity of Julie’s off-camera person visually signifies her mental “blankness”. Conversely, the convexity of Julie’s on-camera person is a distortion created by the television screen. The television, like a convex mirror with the self-portrait artist, artificially fills out Julie’s concavities.
Wallace’s portrayal of the characters Julie’s mother, Dee Goddard, and Julie Smith herself reflect his view that television prevents people from achieving an enlightened sense of peace and true sense of identity. Julie hides herself in television’s distortion, allowing television to mask her tragically concave identity with its concavity. Dee Goddard attempts to find comfort in television, but her relationship with television does not remove her pain. Instead, television merely distorts Dee’s pain and masks it from both she and others. Because television cannot solve Dee’s psychological problems, Dee abuses alcohol in order to dull her pain. Julie’s mother also seeks to use television to forget her problems, and television’s inability to solve these problems is even more apparent that Dee’s situation: Julie’s mother never gains even temporary solace. Rather, Julie’s mother is perpetually afraid, fleeing from her problems with men. The distortion that television first creates and then encourages in “Little Expressionless Animals” parallels the distortion of the convex mirror in “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror” in that both the television and the mirror prevent the viewer both from ascertaining his or her true identity and from achieving a peaceful sense of self. Wallace’s choice to draw inspiration from John Ashbury’s poem is successful in its ultimate portrayal that humans lack the ability to completely asses and come to terms with their identities due to their reliance upon subjective, distortion-creating, man-made mechanisms such as convex mirrors and television.
Ashbury, John, ed. Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror. N.p.: n.p., 1975. Poem Hunter. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/self-portrait-in-a-convex-mirror/>.
Depici, Aytemis. “Self Reflection in Convex Lens in ‘Little Expressionless Animals’ by David Foster Wallace.” Journal of History School. Journal of History School, Dec. 2013. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.johschool.com/Makaleler/555485327_11.%20aytemisdepci339.pdf>.
Finocchiaro, Peter. “What David Foster Wallace got wrong about irony: Our culture doesn’t have nearly enough of it.” Salon 27 Apr. 2014: n. pag. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://www.salon.com/2014/04/27/what_david_foster_wallace_got_wrong_about_irony_our_culture_doesnt_have_nearly_enough_of_it/>.
Giles, Paul. The Global Remapping of American Literature. Princeton: Princeton U, 2010. Print.
– – -. Sentimental Posthumanism: David Foster Wallace. N.p.: Hofstra U, 2007. Print.
Wallace, David Foster. “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction.” ProQuest Information and Learning Company. Center for Book Culture, n.d. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://jsomers.net/DFW_TV.pdf>.
– – -. Girl with Curious Hair. N.p.: Norton Paperback Fiction, 1989. Intexblogger.com. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://m.friendfeed-media.com/d8aef6c3b9514e089600afcf794360f62fb1be05>.
– – -. “An Interview with David Foster Wallace.” Interview by Larry McCaffery. Center for Book Culture. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 May 2014. <http://samizdat.cc/shelf/documents/2005/03.07-dfwinterview/dfwinterview.pdf>.
What it advertises” (Ashbery 524).
In the deformation I simply substituted “right” to “left.” For it is not Parmigianino’s right hand in the forefront of the painting, but his left. By claiming the hand to be the right hand, Ashbery employs several layers of perception and a metaphysical mode is implied. First, Parmigianino observes himself in the mirror. With his left arm against the glass, and reflected directly in front of itself, the Painter begins his work. The painting locks Parmigianino’s image in a way that is perverse. Looking at oneself in a mirror is an experience of the individual. By painting this image, a second observer is struck, much like how Vasari observed, “Pope Clement and his court were “stupefied”” (524). Without knowledge of the painting being a mirror-study, the painting should appear as an ordinary portrait with the painted right hand opposite of the observer’s left, and left from the right. But this is not actually the case.
Ashbery observes Parmaginino as appearing “glazed, embalmed,” historically immortal within the painting. But that’s just it, he is inside the painting, trapped as an image in that convex mirror. That convex mirror that is perpetually ballooning outwards with Parmaginino’s true self. “That the soul is a captive, treated humanely, kept In suspension, unable to advance much farther Than your look as it intercepts the picture” (524).
As the second observer, Ashbery cannot see Parmigianino as Parmigianino saw himself. “Words are only speculation,” the footnotes cite speculation as originating from the latin for mirror, it is important to also recognize speculation as a theory formed without true knowledge (525). Ashbery makes aware the fact that his experience with the painting is relative, and thus limited. This Kantian notion is dually enforced by the following imagery of the hand, “One would like to stick one’s hand Out of the globe, but its dimension, What carries it, will not allow it. No doubt it is this, not the reflex To hide something, which makes the hand loom large As it retreats slightly” (525 ). Illustrated here is the effort and failure of Parmigianino to transcend. Painting himself in a mirror study was an attempt to observe on different levels.
By asserting that the hand in the foreground of the painting was the right arm, Ashbury prompts us to recognize these layers of observation. By reading his poem, we are the third observer. No one observer knows the truth of the other, it is all speculation.
As something completely different ends up.
The first five verses in the original quote of John Ashbery’s long poem Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror refer to “this thing,” which seems to point to the repeating image of time throughout the story. The time is “mute” because at present, it can no longer speak of the past. The present is “undivided” because every moment in time was at once the present; the past was present to those in the generation before us. The time, or the present moment, “has the justification of logic,” because time is measured in math, in number of hours and minutes past midnight or noon, designated by the position of the sun and the moon in the sky. However, the author conveys the message that the “telling” of time at any present in this logical manner actually twists proportions in trying to define them. Time can be conceived as an indefinite continued progress of existence or the events in the past, present, and future regarded as a whole. In this way, the present time is not something that can ever be told because it is never solidified. Time is a never-ending cycle of presents. In my “deformation” of Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror, I have attempted to reverse every verse in its phrasing by switching what comes before the caesura (the comma or logical breaking point) with what comes after. The first five verses of the deformation mirror the message of the first five verses of the original quote despite the switch in phrasing. The message is almost more clear in the deformation than in the original: “At least as philosophers have often pointed out this undivided present, the mute thing, which has the justification of logic…”.
The last five verses of the original quote state that in trying to define present time on a line, it becomes “a caricature of itself,” or a picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect. Then the author alludes to the game telephone in the last two verses, where someone starts with a word or a phrase and whispers it into the ear of another while that person then whispers it into the ear of another upon deciphering it. At the end of the game, normally played in a circle, the last person says what he has heard, and if all goes well (or terribly wrong), the word or phrase is not at all what it was at the beginning. The game is comical because everyone who plays laughs at what the word or phrase has become, as it is often very strange. Thus present time, happening too in a circle, becomes something that it once was not and the word “caricature” represents the comedy of this affair and others like it.
John Ashbery’s poem is an ode to the painting by the Italian Mannerist artist Parmigianino. Mannerism is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its exaggerated and artificial qualities. In Parmigianino’s painting, the hand of the man in the convex mirror appears much larger than the head. To Ashbery, this signifies that the artist of work does not intend his result; rather he is surprised by it because its present state doesn’t mirror what he had planned in the time of which he began. Hence, as Ashbery showed the caricature of the idea of present time, Parmiganio’s painting became a literal caricature instead of a self-portrait. The last five verses of my deformation shown in bold become completely illogical, for example, “As in the game where happens passed around the room a whispered phrase as something completely different ends up.” While it could be said that the deformation of these last five verses is not at all what the author intended in his original quote, the discombobulated art of them (“the end result”) actually conveys Ashbery’s overall message: the work becomes “a caricature of itself,” in trying to repeat itself. His message thus translates from the idea of present time to the intentions of an artist (Parmigianino) to the intentions of an author (Ashbery and myself) and the result is a kind of beauty.
The artistic process is often winding, taking turns in ways even the artist could never imagine. Many a time an artist’s finished product looks nothing like his or her original vision. Ashbury’s “Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror” explores the ways in which distortion, an element he sees in the painting, relates to the human identity. Just as artists explore the nuances of an idea throughout the creation process, so humans delve in and out of various understandings of life throughout their existences. The poem takes the reader on a journey of exploratory reflection over the self-portrait in the convex mirror, ultimately presenting the possibility that distortion is a subjective quality that human’s have no way of verifying due to their own constant, though often unintentional, use of distortion.
The deformation I chose to create focused on an early section of the poem. Early on, Ashbury attempts to describe the painting he is viewing. The reader sees Ashbury’s ideas develop throughout the poem. I chose to deconstruct two places where Ashbury’s language choices evolve. The first occurrence is when Ashbury is attempting to describe the nonexistent “words”. Beginning with “speculation”, Ashbury’s train of thought moves to the Latin word “speculum”, and, from there, “mirror”. Thus Ashbury’s original thought, “words”, changes to “mirror”. By exhibiting his process, Ashbury is demonstrating the art of distortion. Just as the convex mirror distorts the image of the Parmigianino, so Ashbury’s words distort his poetry’s meaning. The second place in which Ashbury’s words evolve is when he describes the weather. While initially describing the mirror as a gauge of weather, he quickly digresses to the French “le temps”. “Le temps” then changes to “time”. In this way, Ashbury transitions the mirror from a gauge of weather to a gauge of time, imitating his transition previous from “words” to “mirror”.
Ashbury’s own transitions exhibit how distortion progresses. Distortion by definition perverts something, but Ashbury asserts that distortion comes about when humans attempt to retell something, as when Parmigianino draws his self-portrait and Ashbury reflects on that self-portrait. Ashbury writes, “Or would it be, if the way of telling/Didn’t somehow intrude, twisting the end result/Into a caricature of itself” (533). Ashbury asserts that man’s way of “telling” distorts that which he is attempting to tell. Given this assertion, man’s idea of distortion as an action must itself be distorted. By Ashbury’s complex reasoning, humans have no way of determining the distorted from the undistorted because humans distort everything. Through complex comparisons and long, winding descriptions, Ashbury demonstrates how distortion evolves, while simultaneously questioning humans’ ability to subjectively judge due to humans’ own consistent, though often inadvertent, use of distortion.
John Ashbery is widely regarded as one of the most innovative and influential poets of the 20th century. His unique means of defying literary norms, exhibited through his poems’ bold structuring and experimental bent, challenge readers to reflect upon the act of writing itself.
Ashbery was born in Rochester, New York on July 28, 1927. According to an article in Slate, Ashbery wrote his first poem at age eight: “The tall haystacks are great sugar mounds / These are the fairies’ camping grounds” – a testament to the standardization he would later eschew. As an adolescent, he aspired to be a painter, taking classes for four years at age eleven (Wikipedia). He attended the all-boys Deerfield Academy and graduated from Harvard University in the class of 1949. His education was continued as he earned his Master of Arts from Columbia in 1951, then moving on to study in France under a Fulbright scholarship (520).
Ashbery’s work draws parallel with his passion for art. Ashbery contributed to numerous art journals throughout his career through coverage of exhibitions and composing pieces of criticism. He worked as the art critic for the New York Herald Tribune’s European Edition and covered shows for Arts International and Art News. By 1965, Ashbery had become the executive editor of Art News, a position he retained until 1972 (520). He has been associated with the “New York school” of poets, a collective of creative writers that included Frank O’Hara, James Schuyler, and Kenneth Koch (520). The informal school of the 1950s and 1960s consisted of a grouping of artists in the city practicing composition in different forms, including painting, dancing, and music (Wikipedia). The poets were largely inspired by movements such as Surrealism and certain modern art movements, such as the abstract expressionist movement of the 1940s and 1950s. They worked to adapt styles of works such as the action paintings of Jackson Pollock to inspire their freeform literary tactics, writing in “an immediate and spontaneous manner” (520, Wikipedia). However, in an interview published in the Winter 1983 issue of The Paris Review, Ashbery distanced himself from the group by stating that “‘This label was foisted upon us by a man named John Bernard Meyers, who ran the Tibor de Nagy Gallery and published some pamphlets of our poems’”; he also points out that he was living in France at the time of the School. He strikes a casual connection amongst the members, stating, “We were a bunch of poets who happened to know each other; we would get together and read our poems to each other and sometimes we would write collaborations”.
Ashbery’s style is controversial yet fresh, but he has had many imitators over the years. His influences include the American Romantic tradition (Walt Whitman, Wallace Stevens), the aforementioned New York School, and various French surrealist writers, for whom Ashbery served as “critic and translator” (Poetry Foundation). His first book was Some Trees, published in 1956. It achieved notoriety by the award of the Yale Younger Poets Prize. According to the Poetry Foundation website, W.H. Auden (a poet whom Ashbery greatly lauded and admired) served as judge to the competition; but Auden “famously confessed later that he hadn’t understood a word of the winning manuscript”. His most famous works include the radically experimental The Tennis Court Oath (from the Paris years in 1962), Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror (1975), “Houseboat Days” (1977), and the book-length Flow Chart (1991) (520). Later works have reflected upon themes of mortality, as demonstrated by collections such as Girls on the Run (1999), Where Shall I Wander? (2005), and A Worldly Country (2007) (Poetry Foundation).
An incredible number of awards have been bestowed upon Ashbery for his pioneering work. He has received multiple particularly prestigious American prizes, including for his poetry collection Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror, the namesake poem of which we are examining. The book garnered the celebrated Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, National Book Critics Circle Award, and the National Book Award (Poets.org). He has further been acknowledged through the Brusselian Grand Prix de Biennales Internationales de Poésie (for which he was the first English-language poet to win), as well a grant from the Guggenheim Foundation and a MacArthur “Genius” Grant (Poets.org).
… I only had a chance to read a section of it, but this is a 1983 interview with Ashbery published in The Paris Review that seems really neat. | 2019-04-23T06:32:38Z | http://www.ericrettberg.com/modernamericanauthors/?tag=john-ashbery |
Red Roofs is a spacious and rambling family home in a beautiful and peaceful location with superb views across Hickling Broad. Full of a comfy mix of old and new furnishings, the rooms are all spacious, light and airy and can very easily accommodate 8 guests and their dogs. The house is detached with a HUGE, enclosed back garden, all grass! Access to the house is along a private, single track, just across from beautiful Hickling Broad and the thatched boat houses. Both village pubs are dog friendly and within easy walking distance – The Pleasure Boat and The Greyhound.
Guests are welcome to bring their own boats by arrangement for sailing on the Broad and the house has its own dinghy available in the Spring (after Easter) and Summer months, moored up opposite the house.
Older people and dogs will find it easy to holiday at Red Roofs, the majority of rooms are on the ground floor and it isn’t far to potter out into the garden or down to the water’s edge from the front garden. The back garden is fully enclosed and gated to help prevent any unscheduled pottering down to the water’s edge!
When you get here: Red Roofs is the fifth house along the unmade private road that is Hill Common, directly opposite the thatched boat houses. Park on either drive down the sides of the large grass front garden and access is through the front porch into the….
Dining Room: Large room with big bay window looking onto front garden, mahogany table with additional table to provide more seating. Side boards and well filled book case in this room plus high chairs if needed. Out into the hallway and into the …..
Bathroom: Bath and separate walk in shower, toilet. Modern fittings, bright and roomy. At the end of the hall there is the ….
Sitting Room: Large well lit and comfy space with French doors opening out onto the front garden, squidgy sofas and solid oak furniture. TV, DVD and video. Open fireplace with a plentiful supply of free coal and logs.
Beyond this are two bedrooms….
Twin bedroom: Twin bedded room with storage space and view across the front garden.
Twin/kingsize bedroom: Twin beds with the option of turning into a king size double. Patio doors leading out to the front garden.
On the second floor there is the…..
Master bedroom: Very large room with superking size bed which can be made into two full size singles. Plenty of cupboard space, chair, built in dressing table. Fabulous views over Hickling Broad and the thatched boat houses.
Second floor bathroom: Bathroom with large, deep bath, overbath shower with curved screen. Toilet and sink.
Outside: To the back of the house there is large grass garden, fully fenced and hedged. Garden furniture and barbecue. A range of sheds run along the back of the house containing coal and wood for fire.
Tesco, Sainsbury, Asda and Waitrose all deliver to Red Roofs, so if you want to arrange for a delivery on the day of your arrival, just let us know and we will put it all away for you.
Should you wish to bring your own boat please contact us before booking. There is no mooring available directly opposite the house for guest boats.Please note Guests are requested not to smoke in Red Roofs please.
“A warm and welcoming house. Very home from home. Has everything you need and more. Loved it, thanks.
Or – from the A149 at Stalham, take the turning signposted to Sutton and Hickling and named Old Yarmouth Road. Follow the bend to the left and take the first right hand turn signposted Hickling and named Hickling Road. Turn right at the T junction (the road remains called Hickling Road). Follow the sharp left hand bend and through open countryside for approx 2 miles until you come to the staggered cross roads in the village. Turn left and immediately right into Staithe Road. Follow this road for about half a mile going past Pleasureboat Inn which will be on your right, then past Whispering Reed boatyard. Continue about another quarter mile and turn right into Hill Common. Red Roofs is 5th property along.
Some of the lovely comments from our guestbook. This house has been pleasing guests and their dogs for many years so here is just a selection!
Year 7, visit no 12. What more to say!
Second stay here and booked for next year before we've even left!! The house, garden and location are gorgeous. A true home from home. Everything needed for a relaxing, beach, walking holiday and it couldn't have been better. Thank you so much, see you next year!!
We had a lovely, relaxing and comfortable stay - we're not ready to go back home. Beds are great, view amazing, garden fantastic. There's so much more to do and see and we've hardly scratched the surface. I think we will be back!
Another lovely stay, our fifth I think, and we will be back if you will have us (we will!). Warm and comfortable, well equipped cottage, thank you. Happy to see the boat was in the water and used that too.
4 adults, 5 kids and 2 dogs - great location for our needs. Very warm and comfortable cottage which has been an ideal base for us to walk, cycle and have fun. Boat available was a highlight. Fantastic garden which the children have enjoyed very much.
Sarah and Ian and 8 dogs!
We have had the best weekend, relaxed, warm and home from home. Just the break we all needed!! The dogs were happy and secure and the children loved it! We don't want to go home!! Thank you so much.
Catered for all our needs and we especially enjoyed the log fire and large garden for the dogs to play in. We enjoyed beach walks here and will definitely recommend to all of our friends and family, thank you!
Thank Jane and your team! As usual we’ve had a wonderful week at Red Roofs – its home from home for us. Every type of sailing dinghy at Whispering Reeds has been used as well as everything else, including the rowing boat! A superb holiday, thanks again.
We had a lovely week. We were grateful to find somewhere prepared to take the 5 doggies that we own between the three families - and one that was safe for them, had a lovely big fenced garden for them to run round in, and accommodation that made it easy to keep them caged or under control & clean! The property is extremely comfortable and suited the needs of three couples and their animals very well. It is also well-equipped (actual sharp knife in drawer, dishwasher etc etc) and charmingly furnished, with nice modern bathrooms. There was plenty of storage space & it was good to have an open fire (though the house was very warm anyway). The Christmas decorations were a nice touch - and thank you for the cake! We didn’t have long enough to go on all the suggested walks or to explore the area thoroughly (lots of information and maps provided - thank you), though we all enjoyed Cromer - the pier, talking to fishermen, the wet fish shop in Garden Street...and easy car parking along the front. The beaches at Cromer, Winterton-on-Sea, Horsey and Happisburgh were lovely for walks, the churches are beautiful - especially at Ranworth. The Greyhound was ultra friendly and served pub food of enormous proportions. We liked especially The Nelson’s Head (near Horsey) and the Hill House at Happisburgh - where everyone was so friendly and chatty and dog-friendly.
We will recommend it to our friends and hope to visit again.It was good value and a charming home from home.
Back again and loved the place as much as we did the first time. Red Roofs is a wonderful home from home for all of us.
Fab stay with our besties Ken, Vin and Roo, thank you.
Lovely relaxing time, very comfortable house and fabulous location. Thanks for the wonderful welcome pack.
How lovely to arrive to find out shopping unpacked, tea and cake to refresh us and beds made up. Thank you. Red Roofs is roomy and comfortable and practical, The power shower in the bathroom was wonderful. The garden is wonderful for the dogs to run around in unsupervised. The children made good use of the rowing boat despite the weather. Great walking on the beaches but do check the tides. We ate very well at the Swan Inn at Ingham.
Once again we have had a lovely week at Red Roofs. Thank you for the lovely welcome pack. The cake was delicious and the dogs loved the biscuits. We bought more to take home. We hired a boat and went up the River Ant, very pretty, I'm sure we will return soon.
Visit number 8 - for its location, aspect and comfortable 'home from home' atmosphere! Red Roofs always draws us back!
Had a fantastic holiday in Red Roofs. Weather was perfect. Thank you for our lovely welcome pack, the cake was delicious and the dogs loved the biscuits and the dogs loved the garden too. We hired a boat and took the dogs on the Broads, they loved it on there. I'm sure we will be back again.
Red Roofs is a haven of tranquility in beautiful surroundings. Thank you - we had a brilliant time. Horsey beach has an amazing seal colony. Very much worth a visit, its awesome. (No charge except for parking).
Dog walks along the local coastline. Recommended: Lord Nelson, Horsey: White Horse, Neatishead (own brewery). Loved being here and fire at night. Brilliant, Thank you for the wonderful welcome pack. Much appreciated. Lovely flowers and delicious cake.
Such a warm and cosy house, relaxing and comfortable. Loved the lounge and fire. Didn't do much - just chilled, read books and drank wine. PERFECT. Thank you. Loved the cake!
Lots of dogs, 2 humans and parents joined us for 2 nights. Fantastic house and location. All had a great time. Really hope to come again, thank you.
Lovely location and well stocked kitchen. Lovely and warm and plentiful wood for the fire. Nice walk to both nearby pubs for food, Had a great time.
4 dogs, 4 humans - Awesome break with awesome friends. Thank you for such a beautiful house. Excellent New Year Holiday. Fab for all the dogs and 8 people - loved it. Thank you.
Beautiful house, great location. Saw seals - wonderful. Lovely relaxing holiday. Loads of room for all dogs - they loved it too and loved chasing rabbits. Will be back.
A lovely area and lovely relaxed house, where Bailey, who is muzzled at all times outside, could be chilled in the garden. Walks were good and we all enjoyed a really chilled holiday. With a very difficult dog to manage, it gave my aunt and uncle a real rest as Bailey was so relaxed lying in the garden.
Fabulous holiday and really enjoyed our stay here. Lovely break from reality, we loved the homey nature of the house and were able to be relaxed with the dogs. Wonderful to find a holiday where having dogs doesnt make you feel anti-social. Enjoyed curling up in front of the fire with jigsaw and books.
This house is good for the soul - Thank you for the welcome pack. We hunted down the lady for more beetroot chutney so we could take some home. Such a restful, peaceful and beautiful home, albeit for a week. I was worried about our dog who is very reactive - scared of dogs, humans, carrier bags - you name it! We went some walks with her and it was lovely to see her as relaxed as we were. We will be back. Great neighbour too who Bella loved to try to tell off - sorry! PS Slept like a log - feel ready to take on the world again.
We all had a great holiday, loved the house. Very dog friendly. They loved playing in the garden – lots of lovely walks on the beach – Sea Palling and Horsey Gap are good. Food and beer at the Nelsons Head - we had lovely weather – all warm bright sunshine and no rain!!
We had a great time returning to Red Roofs after 7 years. Dogs thoroughly enjoyed their stay and the row boat was well used. We had some lovely strolls down the lane. All topped off by a blissful boat trip. Very nice!!
Wonderful weather, sailing, punting, exploring in the John Dee. Lots of dog walking and eating outside. Barbeque was used a lot! A great family get together. Thanks Jane.
Thank you for the welcome pack. We had a lovely holiday, despite the rain! Hired 'Bittern' from Whispering Reeds Boatyard for the day which was great. The kids loved it. Sea Palling beach good for the children and dogs plus the Sunday carvery there was very good value. Nice comfortable stay. Thank you.
Lovely holiday. Grounds were fantastic, dogs and children loved it. Weather was hit and miss at beginning but turned very warm middle of the week. We would love to come back next year. The dogs enjoyed the garden and the beds were very comfy. Lovely holiday had by all.
What a beautiful stay. Garden was amazing and well enjoyed by both 2 legged and 4 legged. Will be back!
A fantastic time had by all. Weather great, wonderful walks. House and grounds couldn't have been better – will definitely be back.
Our second very enjoyable visit. Good weather and lots of enjoyable places to go to with the dogs – especially the beaches at Sea Palling and Winterton.
A lovely week. House and grounds super. Would love to come back. Both dogs loved the garden.
Our first visit and hopefully not our last. Lovely accommodation – so good to relax in 'proper' dog friendly premises. Loved the area – the views are stunning – the proximity to some lovely walks and to some good towns, pubs and restaurants. A very relaxing week – 'just what the doctor ordered'. We will be back!
Our second visit and sure it wont be the last. As super as the last time, great walks, relaxing and home from home. Enjoyed the boating and eating at The Greyhound. Fish and chips still good at the Pleasureboat. Cromer crab rocks!!
Paula, Jean, Di, Chloe, Ken and James.
Visit #6. Lucky with the weather! Great sailing from Whispering Reeds, fab walks on Winterton Beach, dog friendly electric cruiser from Phoenix at Potter Heigham. House still very comfortable (and quiet) and cosy. Roll on September!
Location, location etc.. Warm comfy house with all we needed. Welcome pack enjoyed by all. Bracing walks at Winterton and Waxham followed by cosy fires when we got back suited all! Thanks for the flowers.
What a great place, Just amazing! The best place to eat is the Swan, Ingham (10 minutes away). Had the best time here, walks are great and our 7 dogs loved it. So did we! We are coming back!
Lovely house, beautiful view of the water and boathouse. Welcome goodies very acceptable also the flowers. The Star at Lessingham served really good food. Waterside café/restaurant at Rollesby is worth a visit.
A warm and welcoming house. Very home from home. Has everything you need and more. Loved it, thanks.
Great weather, dogs loved the gardens. Very relaxing time. Hope to come back some day soon. Nice butchers in Causeway.
Can't just keep writing how wonderful everything was, this is visit No.5 and it's getting repetitive! See April.
What a great holiday with the dogs. Back garden brilliant. Try Sea palling as well.
Absolute bliss! Thank you so much.
Lovely comfy, homely house - immediately felt very at home. Have enjoyed BBQ and games in garden and using rowing boat. Visited both local pubs - Greyhound better on balance - pretty garden and better food. Lovely day on the beach at Horsey - swimming with seals, Happisburgh lighthouse worth a visit - open on selected days. Sorry to be leaving!
We had a lovely, relaxing time which was helped by coming during the summer heatwave. Beautiful house; time on the Broads and at the quaint and not too crowded Sea Palling. Shops galore in Stalham (15 mins away) including Tesco and Mace (at garage) providing all we might need. Highly recommended!
We loved it - hot weather, brilliant house and location. Definately be back!
Wonderful cottage in fabulous surroundings. Pity we didn't have terrific weather though (not your fault). Walked the dogs from Horsey to Sea Paling along the beach. Also went to Bacton Woods - safe off lead walking and also wheelchair friendly.
Our first time here but hopefully not our last. Loved the cottage, the area, the beaches and the little boat. A great time was had by all!!!
Our 6th time here, yet another lovely week. Has always been a nice cottage, but recent improvements have made it even better! Perfect for lots of lively dogs.
Our first stay at Red Roofs and we will definately be returning. Beautiful house and location. Garden is perfect and the 10 dogs, house is well equipped and the welcome pack is a great gesture. We will be back next year ..... just hope you aren't fully booked!
2 sightings of Swallowtails in garden. Thank you for the welcome pack, dogs loved the biscuits so much we bought some to take home! Relaxed, happy but sad to be leaving, I am sure we will return soon.
Red Roofs is still "home from home" - in fact more so since the recent facelift. The new bathroom is fab, especially the electric shower. The beds continue to be so comfortable (don't know how I get out of it in the morning!) Loved the gardens, nicely maintained but with a natural feel. Roll on visit #5.
Wonderfull, clean, comfortable home. Very well equipped. Lovely friendy neighbours. We've had a fantastic holiday and will definately be coming back. Rosie (our dog) loved the garden and her biscuits, thank you.
I really enjoyed feding the ducks every day. Bob, Mildred, Bill, Gill and Ben the ducks. I like the area.
I like the house very much. It was fun looking at the really old house what has been made of straw and wood.
What a wonderful week. Thank you so much. The goodies were greatly received and Archie sends a big kiss, he enjoyed his bics sooo much, so we popped down the road to get some more. We have been on the beach by 8am every morning. Great watching the seals. Lovely location here. Lots of wildlife, just great. Thank you Sue, the cleaner and the owner for making our holiday very special. Lovely to find such a dog friendly house. Truly Local in Stalham good for local food. Food market in Methodist here 1st Thursday of the month, well worth a visit.
We had the most perfect week here! The best equipped holiday home we've stayed in. Peaceful, comfy and great welcome pack. Fabulous nearby walks. Just what we needed. We will be back.
Lovely home from home, fantastic holiday, great house, terrific friends, we all had a super time.
Great wildlife, walks and doggie biscuits. Our owners ready for a rest, hope to come back soon.
We all had a lovely relaxing break, the house and setting is wonderful, a home away from home. We visited all the beaches and loved seeing the seals, we are now checking our diary for a return visit early next year. Thank you for a wonderful break.
A house filled with love and happy memories and a lovely place to spend your birthday. Sea Palling and Winterton on Sea fab beaches. Thursford Christmas Show wonderful (but not dog friendly). Great holiday - thank you for letting us share your wonderful house.
I do not know enough superlatives to describe our week here. Just so relaxed and comfy and wonderful. The bed was so comfy and the views fab. Sea Palling beach amazing and Winterton on Sea in the sun and wind awe inspiring. A truly fabulous week. Bayley our dog loved it and the biscuits, thank you.
The bed in the upstairs room is so comfy and the fire is so warm. Came here to escape the mayhem that is Leicester during Diwali/Bonfire week as a couple of our dogs get extremely stressed. One of my better ideas, loved everything, the peace and quiet, the house, although I kept getting lost in it, so spacious and homely. The huge garden was brilliant for the dogs who did mad zooms round and round. Beccles fab, Winterton on Sea our favourite, saw loads of seals on a beautiful sunny day. Sea Palling a close second. Blicking Hall park well worth a visit, a walk round the lake then coffee and cake. It has it's own pub. The welcome pack was lovely. Don't want to go home, loved it, thank you.
Home from home, very comfy. Looking forward to year 6.
Lovely relaxing week, dogs loved huge garden. Welcome pack was much appreciated, thanks. To end the week nicely, on Saturday morning a Muntjac deer was in front garden munching away oblivious to many pairs of eyes watching him.
Very comfortable and spacious. Dogs loved the garden and walking along the lane. Waxham beach is a favourite with the dogs and humans.
Another great holiday at Red Roofs. Weather great. Recommend going to Horsey to see the seals. Also for takeaway delivery the Cinnamon very good.
Great time had by all, kids, dogs et al. The garden's brilliant, the place is lovely, had a great time on the broad, some fantastic beaches close by, would like to come again, first time in Norfolk, hope it's not the last.
Comfortable, homely and lovely atmosphere in which to relax. A fantastic location, the children loved going on the boat and fishing. The dogs had a holiday too! Please don't get the internet!!! (see below) Thank you for a super time! Wish it was 2 weeks.
Our dogs had an immense time, they ran around the garden at all hours.
Loved having games of cricket in the garden. Lovely weather, lovely house.
Great day crabbing on Cromer Pier, use a net, bag for great results.
Yet another enjoyable holiday together. Lovely weather.
Another wonderful holiday at Red Roofs. The beds are so comfy, the setting is perfect and the dogs adored the very spacious garden.
Oh how time flies when you are having fun. A full week, been here, there and everywhere. Doggies loving every minute and exhausted. Lovely holiday and blessed with good weather. 3rd visit. Thank you for your kindness and thoughtful welcome pack.
First time on the Broads and loved it.
Another lovely "East Ruston Cottages" holiday. Beautifully kept garden and house and dogs loved the long runs in the garden.
Karla, Mark, Zara, Tony, Chrissy and hounds Vinnie, Dylan, Dexter, Shylo and Reggie - May 2013.
Still quirky, still comfy (especially the beds!). Thank goodness for open fire because it's still winter! This is visit No 2.
Sea Palling great beach to walk dog. Lovely house and views are great. Thank you for Welcome Pack. Our 4 dogs really enjoyed such a lovely garden. House is very well equipped and house is beautiful. Hope to be back soon.
Brilliant holiday. The holy grail of comfy beds and big enclosed garden. Thank you for the welcome pack, everyone has been so friendly, weather brilliant.
Lovely week - great weather! We enjoyed the house and so did our three dogs. Great beach at Sea Palling for dogs, tea and doughnuts. Lovely walks and cafe at Winterton, also enjoyed Bacton Woods. Great fish and chips at Stalham. Welcome pack greatly appreciated and flowers, thank you.
Had a great time, well situated for amenities, everything available for a homely stay. Would love to come back next year.
Had a lovely week. Red Roofs very cosy and well equipped. Ideal for a quiet break with dog. Garden well used, think Penita thought she was back on the race track, did regular laps of garden. Even got chance for BBQ, would be good if people were considerate enough to clean it after use???
We have had a very nice time, very relaxing. Central for everywhere, would love to come back, thank you.
Oh my goodness, we all loved it and we had a fabulous time, thank you so much for all you did for us. Despite the weather we were lovely and toasty and warm and simply enjoyed the surroundings. The recommendations for the Thai restaurant were also amazing - thank you!! We certainly hope to be back (received by e-mail).
Had a lovely break yet again at Red Roofs. The beds are to die for, so warm and cosy. The roaring fire such bliss! Doggies loved garden and spent as much time out there as weather allowed. June here we come (again).
Not even the cold icy winds could detract from the lovely holiday in a house that catered for our every need, especially the dogs. Looking forward to another wonderful and warmer spell in June, the Welcome Pack did exactly what it was meant to do - thank you.
Wonderful house. Had a fab weekend!
Back again and much sooner than expected. A peaceful place for 5 to recuperate and for us all to welcome in the new year. Spent days at Waxham beach and evenings by the fire; our favourite place to stay. Thank you so much, see you in November.
Lovely home, very well equipped. Had a great Christmas.
What an idyllic location, can't wait until we come here next summer. A short stay but a full one, dogs loved Bacton Woods, Winterton-on-Sea beach (we saw two seals playing in the sea), Wells-Next-the-Sea is well worth the 1 hour drive. The garden was loved by all. We had a roaring fire every night enjoyed by two very worn out dogs and their owners. Lovely quiet location, house very welcoming. Thank you.
Perfect house for the 5 of us. We thought the dog biscuits and endless wood and coal were such a treat and appreciated the welcome pack. Garden adored by Molly as were the (lead) walks along the lane. Have booked for next year as the ground floor rooms and walk in shower are ideal for my grandma. Thank you for a truly warm and doggy friendly place. Recommend Truly Local for great beer, good policy and more dog biscuits!
Wonderful 2 days (wish it were more) Delightfully warm and comfortable.
We've had a great time despite mist, rain etc. Dogs had a wonderful time in your garden and Horsey beach. Looking forward to another relaxing visit. Thank you for the delicious welcome pack and flowers.
We enjoyed a most relaxing holiday at Red Roofs. The house is very comfortable with everything you would need and the garden is magnificent with every square inch explored by our Giant Schnauzer. I would particularly recommend the beach at Sea Palling which is perfect for dog walking. The café also has the best doughnuts we have ever tasted. Thank you once again for a magnificent holiday.
Christine and Philip, October 2012.
Have stayed in many Norfolk cottages but this one by far the best equipped. The house is very spacious and homely. Humans and dogs have had a fantastic time. Thank you so much. Very good value for money, will recommend it to all.
Perfect location to explore area from. So many places to visit, all so dog friendly. Both local pubs are great – very dog friendly also and with good beers and food. Can recommend Bacton Woods, Felbrigg Park, Sheringham Park, Sea Palling beach.
Our second visit, had another great week. Garden great for the dogs, no worries about them escaping. Sea Palling beach fantastic and great weather made it even better. Love the area, love the house. We’ll definitely be back.
Sheila and Tony with Lola and Ellie, September 2012.
Fantastic week, only got wet once! Great dog walks to Horsey Gap to see the seals and the beach at Wells needs exploring. The Greyhound and Pleasure Boat pubs were both very dog friendly with good food. Will definitely return.
Joyce and family, September 2012.
Our fifth year running and the loveliest yet. We had wonderful weather and made the most of it. Hickling Nature Reserve was a huge hit with the kids. Trying to count the lizards basking in the sun on the broad wall was impossible. Such a lot of fun. The perfect holiday house.
Excellent location, very peaceful. House well equipped and suited our family's requirements well. Dennis loved the huge garden. The rowing boat was enjoyed. Liked - Sea Palling beach, Bacton Woods, Felbrigg Hall, Blickling Estate. Enjoyed the welcome pack provided. Thank you.
Location of cottage is great, garden too and have had a comfortable stay. Recommend: Waxham beach and the Swan Pub at Ingham - the food is delicious and the service is friendly.
House. Comfortable, homely, well equipped, peaceful. Garden at the back of house very secure, even for small dogs.
Very enjoyable. Swan Inn, Ingham. If you want a really special meal this is excellent! Best fillet of beef I have ever had!! Just superb. Good service, pleasant surroundings. Need to book a table, especially at weekends.
Enjoyed. Horsey windpump. Interesting, worth a visit.
Felbrigg Hall NT Lovely walled garden and house.
Waxham Beach. Watching seals early morning.
Sheringham Park woods. Nice walking environment for dogs and people.
Great location, good for dogs, the enclosed garden a bonus. The little boat is a great added extra. Our 9 year old had a great time.
Sea Palling beach great for kids and dogs. We also tried Happisburgh which is quieter. We found the Pleasure Boat best for food and welcome. The Truly Local shop in Stalham is well worth a visit too. We had a great time in the little row boat and overall had a really enjoyable break.
Beautiful house and gardens, we all loved it. Very dog friendly, weather great all week. Lovely views and very relaxing week had by all of us. Many thanks to Jane and Sue.
Wonderful location with superb view of the Broads. The garden is a real bonus - which the dogs thoroughly enjoyed. Definitely escape-proof as our TT can find a way out of almost anywhere.
Beautiful house; cosy and comfortable. Dog proof garden a god-send. Wonderful views, beautiful weather was icing on cake.
Lovely, comfortable house with everything you need. Great location. Horsey Beach fab!! Welcome pack enjoyed by ALL. Jay, Barn owl spotted, cuckoo heard but not seen. A quiet, peaceful location with lots to see and do. Lily liked the swings.
Lovely time, warm (loved the fire!) Humphrey (dog) loved the garden. Thank you for a lovely holiday.
Cottage is very warm and comfortable. Kids enjoyed the garden and the pond dipping at Norfolk Woodland Trust. We visited Sea Palling, Winterton, Bacton Woods and Holkham Beach. Very friendly at Pleasure Boat Inn, lovely food (50p for a game of pool too!) Plenty of space for kids and dogs to run around. Will be staying again, thank you.
We've had a lovely relaxing week in this fantastic house. Waxham Beach was great for the dog. Hope to be back next year.
Had a lovely time apart from the weather. Thank you for the brownies and welcome pack. Great pubs and area is fab. The Westies love the garden.
Second visit in 5 weeks. We love it here - the boys love Sea Palling beach. Very lucky with the weather. Enjoyed the welcome pack. See you again.
Very relaxing and homely. The brownies were gorgeous and the property was clean and tidy. We loved our holiday - what a lovely location.
Very homely and restful weekend.
Great week, weather fantastic, boys loved the garden.
We have had a wonderful holiday, wonderful holiday and the dogs loved the freedom of the garden with the new fencing. The large double bed is very comfortable and the house very warm and cosy with the big fire. Hope to see you next year. This is our third time with you.
Absolutely wonderful time spent here. Wouldn't hesitate to book again!
We had a wonderful stay in your beautiful cottage and certainly will be returning soon!
An enjoyable week. Home from home watching the wildlife in the garden. Our dogs are trained to leave the wildlife alone. The Greyhound Inn was great.
We have had a great week. Recommend Bewilderwood, Wroxham Barns, The Waterside, Bacton Woods and Waxham Beach. House was warm, lots of hot water and well equipped.
Had a wonderful time! Beautiful cottage and garden, the dogs loved it. Visited Bacton Woods, Cromer and Great Yarmouth. Greyhound pub was lovely, very dog friendly - Andy ate the 24oz burger! Broads lovely on the boat. Thank you so much. Can't wait to come back again!
We have had a lovely time here, great house and location. Kara particularly liked the Pleasure Boat pub (free chews) and it was also within walking distance for Norman (87!) He also recommends the fish and chips from Stalham. | 2019-04-18T10:28:24Z | https://www.eastrustoncottages.co.uk/accommodation/red-roofs-hickling/ |
Our society is in the business of replacement. You get a new iPhone and a newer more advanced one is in the works of being released. Your boyfriend makes you mad there is a better guy just around the corner. Your friend is not quite the perfect fit with you, well that girl over there looks like she might be more fun and obviously has it all together. You make a mistake at work and next thing you know you are carrying a box of your personal items down the hallway as someone new is settling in decorating your office.
Fear raged in my bones. Perfection became the goal because I did not want to miss one moment with God and I did not want to fail Him. I longed to be a player in the game and to never sit on the bench because of a mistake or a choice that was not of Him.
Have you ever felt that way? Benched? Failure? Mediocre?
Have you ever felt like maybe God benched you because you simply did not measure up or you were just not strong enough? You had to settle for the consulation prize?
Have you ever felt like no matter what you did you simply could not compete on the field God was playing on? You simply fell into the mediocre category?
Jonah was a man who knew God. He had a relationship with Him and he blatantly chose to run the opposite direction from the place God commanded him to go, the city of Nineveh. God could have simply called up another prophet. Let’s be honest, it may have been easier on God to do this but God is not in the business of easy, He is in the business of holy and He did not simply call up the next guy in line to do the job of prophesying to Nineveh; instead, He provided a great big fish to swallow Jonah up and get him back on the right track. Jonah spent 3 days in the belly of that fish and then finds himself thrown up on the shore. Jonah then walks in obedience to God by going to Nineveh and doing exactly what God asked.
You see, when we are in God’s family, when you belong to Him, He is in the business of holiness and not exchanging us out for another willing individual because that might be easier. He doesn’t want to leave us mediocre or on the bench.
I always wanted to be a tour manager. You know traveling down the road late into the night, hanging out on the bus, eating horrible fast food, setting up the stage, staying in hotels watching the TV late into the night, being the encouraging motivating voice before the show, and then hanging out backstage with my heart pounding with pride as the band killed it on stage!
January 2018 as we barreled down the road headed to a soccer tournament in Paris, Texas God revealed to me the gift He had placed on my life. I had put Him in a box and He showed me that desire in the true form it was always meant to be. I am a tour manager, I get to step out of a bus after a long drive and walk onto a stage that is a green turf field. I get the honor of pouring into a group of girls and coach a game that is deep in my . I get to ride a bus late into the night with two dozen tired rock stars and learn the game of coaching from the best of the best. I get to encourage from the side of the stage as the concert rages, all 80 minutes of it. You see God doesn’t “replace” you! He promotes you and encourages you into His calling of making disciples and loving others. I was never meant to manage a singer or a band on a bus touring the country. No, I was meant to learn, mentor, encourage, co-manage and assist in coaching a team of girls on the stage of a turf field while God allows me to plant seed after seed into their vulnerable young hearts!
You aren’t replaceable…Let me say that again, “YOU ARE NOT REPLACEABLE!” God has a plan and a purpose for you and sometimes it takes a big fish and three nights in his belly to get back on track but God won’t give up on you, you are HIS and He is in the business of holiness!
We had a new normal as life fell apart and my husband and I learned to be just two again. Everywhere I looked I saw new, a new friendship, a new calling, a new chapter, a new hope for the future. I have always assumed new was positive, this year taught me different, new can be amazing as you walk into new friendships or new callings, but sometimes new can be hard and it can hurt. New involves a beginning and growth usually takes place in the middle. Growth involves stretching and pain, often challenging us to fall face first into His deep embrace.
I sat on the turf that day in December, an ache radiating through my veins as I tried desperately to find a way to make it through the next couple of hours. Alone, very alone, and to be honest I wanted to feel that coldness for a moment. I wanted to know the deep ache and hurt that alone can bring, it almost felt as though I had a friend in those moments of alone-ness, a place to hide before I faced the reality of what this new might bring.
Hours later in the safety of calm, I wept as I came face to face with the feelings the loneliness had masked. I wept as I tried to make sense of moments and words my heart was having a hard time translating. I wept as my words tried to explain this new pain it did not understand to ears that would listen. I felt the loss of control as my tears fell desperate for some hope. Chaos strangled my heart as she tried to help me fall fast into a relief that only hope spoken could provide.
The room was cold, the assistant sat in the chair that found sanctuary behind a desk that barricaded her from us. We waited, an uncertainty filled the room, a confusion that seemed to desperately try to convey hope.
That word has a lot of enemies and it was about to provoke an anger and hatred deep in my core. “….Cancer….” came from the doctor’s mouth. I had already read her as she had walked into the room knowing full well what she would say but now the air held the heaviness of the uninvited guest that just bombarded my family.
New, another new journey, a new enemy, a new emotion evoked deep in my soul.
God is so funny though I could feel the tender pull of the Holy Spirit. I felt as though the season with the word new was ending. This ending was different, I could feel that something new was coming that was deeper than new, the nudge was so tender and sweet but I couldn’t see past this step, I just felt the tender tug. I felt left in the dark as the Holy Spirit seemed to take my heart and gently prepare it for something new, something big, something I didn’t expect.
Mom started chemo on a Monday.
She sat down in a chair that first night after hours of newness, I could see the weight of the day sitting deep in her eyes as she sat strong and firm trying not to permit the tired ache to overtake. I felt the burden, I felt the anger well up. I would do anything to beat this uninvited guest! The tender peace my heart fought that night throbbed in my veins burying the anger. The flesh wanted to be angry, but the heart juxtaposed that anger and was full of God’s grace and faith that He already had this.
The whisper becoming stronger… new is just the beginning of something deeper.
January brought with it a new high school soccer season and a stronger tug.
We sat in a cold locker room. The floor was unsympathetic and the air seemed heavy and crowded with doubt. We began speaking to them on trusting their teammates and being positive on the field. We talked about what trusting our teammates looked like and asked some hard questions about if they truly trusted each other or not. We saw the spark that game, the heart began to play to the game. The weekend was marked with moments of pure tenacity and grit clouded by moments of chaos that seemed to be fueled by an insecurity and loss of confidence. The tender tug was growing.
We talked about trust, trust and more trust for our girls, our team. Moments seemed to come that pierced my own awareness that I only had head knowledge of the word and not true heart knowledge. God gently tugged and asked me to trust Him and the incredible individuals He hand chose to impact my life. Trust Him that He holds my mom. Trust Him that the cancer will be eradicated from her body. Trust Him that He is the one in control and that He will be my strength all ways, He has the victory. Trust the people He has carefully chosen to place in my life with a new level of vulnerability and love. Trust the day to day that His hand is in even the very small things we might overlook as insignificant.
Trust, what a simple word, such a hard concept, such an important action. To trust someone is to place a deep faith and hope in them. It means that you allow them a place, a profound vulnerability, to know you in a new way. Trust is giving up control and resting in a peace you may have never known before. To trust someone is learning to be courageous and find a new strength as we wait expectantly for that relationship to grow and stay strong, providing an unconditional love this world rarely holds.
Monday morning a chair waits for her and medicine that will attack the enemy we so desperately long to defeat. Another round, another moment, where my flesh throbs to protect her and longs to fix this for her. His hand is wrapped tightly in hers and He will whisper softly to her as the medicine courses through her veins. I watch her trust Him through the hard; His eyes hold a gentleness as He sits beside her through every second of chemo. Her faith is Daniel sized and her trusts rests solely in Him.
Trust, I thought I understood that word intensely in my chest, I’m learning I have a lot to learn as I allow Him the control, the grip on the moment to moment of everyday life, the hold on my heart as it fights insecurity and loss of control.
As I sat in the chair across from her, the room began to fill with more precious fighters. The chairs held hearts and dreams hooked to IV drips. The room held emotions so thick your heart had no choice but to absorb the pain, the hardship, the hurt; but it also held a hope, an overwhelming saturating hope. The enemy, cancer, doesn’t have a chance as it sits trying to overtake these strong warriors. I have never been surrounded by such incredible strength as I sat overwhelmed at the fight taking place before my eyes. As we left the room to fight the fight at home, my heart was bombarded with an incredible trust. She has a long path ahead of her full of pain, sickness, and change but the hope that radiates off of her weak frail body is entrancing and calls for a trust so pure and so determined my heart can’t help but fall deeper into an unfailing faith.
If we place our trust firmly in Him we will find a peace that passes all understanding. We will discover a hope we have never introduced our hearts to. We find a security that only He can provide even in the midst of life’s most difficult and uncertain storms. To allow Him full control sounds like we are giving up our freedom but that is just a lie the enemy hopes we buy into so we fight Him for control. Placing our trust deep into Jesus is the most freeing act we can do. We will find that every moment can be faced head on bravely as we trust the one who knows all things!
I challenge you to look to Him and allow Him to grow your faith deeper in trusting Him with even the smallest moment, the smallest hurdle. He will place individuals in your world as amazing examples of what true trust can be. He will scoop you up close and show you a world of hope you may have never even imagined existed.
Sometimes I feel broken, you know that feeling where because your life doesn’t quite look like the picturesque dream the world says it should be so therefore you must not be enough feeling; yeah, that feeling. That picture is not my life and I feel like my brokenness makes me less than whole. I worry that we failed and we are too broken to even be acknowledged, to even be taken seriously, to truly make a difference. The struggle with imperfection and failing is a constant battle.
But then sometimes God whispers a sweet nudge reminding me that just because my reality is not what the world says is enough, that reality is not His reality and it does not make me less than. Sometimes God’s plans look very different from we want or expect. His plans may not be what the world says is enough, but they are so very good and when we step into His plans we see how He sees us and the wholeness He provides!
I woke up to the sound of the text dinging my phone, “Who in the world could be texting me as the sun comes up?” I thought to myself. I ignored the ding for a time, but ultimately my curiosity got the best of me and I rolled over. It was someone who holds my heart in a special way that I can’t find the right words to describe how amazing she is; she had been talking with God and in the middle of her quiet time He placed me on her heart. The simple fact that on this particular day God tugged at her to reach out showed me how deeply He cares for the small things, how deeply he cares for each of us.
See, I was incredibly nervous, the kind of nervous where your heart seems to jump out of your chest while your lungs hold a breath in the deepest part and your body seems to bounce around uncontrollably while your brain scrambles in hopes of not blowing the entire thing! Yeah, that is exactly where I was, crawling out of my skin scared. Fear had taken over and I desperately pleaded that I would not disappoint or fail my friend that entrusted October 6th in my hands. In the grand scheme of things this day was small but I felt the weight of coaching well heavy on my shoulders. For weeks I had been bending God’s ear about doing this day well; I did not want to fail. This day felt as though I would find my coaching voice or I was never going to amount to anything as a coach. It felt as though there was no in between.
Her text demanded a trust that I tell her what was going on and I couldn’t help but oblige. She knows me well and her heart for God only draws me into a deep trust where I can’t tell her no. I told her how I was fearful of disappointing my friend along with the failure that could occur on the field. She gently poured words of wisdom and advice into me all while pointing me back to Jesus.
The funniest thing happened as we talked, I began to visualize Jesus standing with me on the sidelines that my feet would soon fill. He had on our team shirt along with His face painted to support me. His face held a pure smile that His eyes could barely contain and He had a bright yellow foam finger with my name printed in black written LARGE across it all while His fist pumped through the air, yelling every exciting encouraging word His mouth could contain as He watched me coach from the sidelines. A crazy picture, I know, but for the first time I saw Jesus as my cheerleader! A huge fan that when His eyes looked at me He saw someone who He absolutely adores. This idea, where the most important man who has EVER walked on this earth, looks at me and all He sees is, someone He truly loves and adores overwhelmed my heart in such a way that I could not hold it in, my eyes filled with blue waves that overflowed running quickly down my cheeks. Her text, a moment my heart truly needed, opened a door in my heart where for a moment I could see myself through Jesus’ eyes.
It’s hard for me to think I deserve that type of adoration, that type of unconditional insane crazy love. I typically only see my failings, my flaws, my shortcomings, but for a moment that morning I saw something a little bit different. I saw a moment where Jesus sees me for who I am in Him and ultimately for who He is making me to be. I was filled with a deep confidence that no matter if I failed or found my wings I had the best fan and cheerleader standing beside me longing to simply cheer me on and for me to keep my eyes focused on Him! He was the one I was coaching for and His approval was the only one I wanted or needed.
He stands with each of us, t-shirt on along with a bright foam finger with our name on it, cheering for us! He is your ABSOLUTE BIGGEST cheerleader and fan! When He looks at you all He sees is this beautiful soul that is made in His image and He LOVES you! His eyes soften at the simple mention of your name and His heart jumps for joy as He thinks about your sweet face. He can’t help but smile when you focus on Him. It’s hard to think that someone could love you with a grace that is so deep and true, but He does and He is always in your corner.
I pray you see yourself through His eyes, through His love for you, through the adoration His heart holds for you. The view is absolutely incredible and if we find ourselves on that mountain top and trust Him for our true identity we might just find Him in a new profound way that will ultimately lead us deeper in relationship with Him!!!!
Imagine seeing yourself through His eyes and how that will change everything you do and say. Imagine how you will approach things with a new-found unbridled confidence that will give you the courage to dream His dreams and chase His heart! Imagine only living for Him! I pray you see Him with His fist pumping through the air cheering you on today!
I had only flown at night once and it had been my very first flight. The memory of that flight is tainted with emotions of fear and uncertainty wrapped tightly in anxiety, so this flight, the one I was fixing to board that would land in the dark, made me a little nervous.
The plane backs out getting ready for take-off and we taxi to the runway. My thoughts brought to Joshua 1:9 as the plane jumps bounding towards the sky; my heart skips a beat, or maybe two.
He always reminds me that He has got this. Whatever “this” is He already has it and no matter what, it is taken care of because He is there with me protecting me, pushing me, loving me, and growing me. As we climbed higher and higher I got a glimpse of a sunset painting the tops of the clouds. I watched in awe as the colors blended flawlessly, one into the other, highlighting the sky with pinks and oranges against the blues and purples. I guarded those precious moments, the few minutes where I saw the Master Creator paint the horizon line with such perfection and splendid beauty. It was breathtaking and my ribs could not keep my heart’s excitement encased. It was a sight I will not soon forget but then God did one better. The sun went down and darkness flooded the night sky, a deep blue velvet cascaded over the earth far below me threatening to overtake but lights began to appear; tiny bright white lights, red tail lights, still silvery street lights, and big gold building lights all lit up the ground far beneath the plane. Two songs playing in my ears as I begged God to make me different, changed, to grow my faith and help me stand up and move out on the water to chase Him. The verses rang deep in my ears striking my heart stirring a gratefulness and enthusiasm my flesh could barely contain.
High above the city immersed in the BIGGNESS of Him, I saw how incredibly small I am, how incredibly small we are. That moment, overwhelming my soul and begging to escape through a wave from my blue eyes, was more than I could truly handle. A God this big, this immense, this colossal LOVES me. He loves a tiny individual, an imperfect individual that walks on a planet full of other tiny individuals and he loves each of us with an unconditional undying love that none of us truly can wrap our minds around. He adores and cherishes each and every one of us! I watched the hundreds of thousands of lights high above the darkness in awe that each one of us has our very own story, has our very own wiring, has our very own unique personality and He did that! He put it all in place with so much planning and affection! Not a single one of us is an accident! He is so BIG, so very very very BIG!
We are never alone, He is right by our side and He is BIG enough to be everything we could possibly want and absolutely everything we need.
That plane ride, the one I was so nervous about, was incredible as I sat high above the ground, deep in the clouds talking to God. Honestly I was sad when the wheels touched down and I was back on this earth, a deep longing ached in my chest begging God for just five more minutes where I could get a glimpse of His bigness.
He has plans for each of us that truly cannot be conceived and He longs to meet you right where you are at and show you just how much He truly loves you! He longs to take you on a ride too amazing for written words; jump on and hang on tight, you might just find that you see God from a new perspective high up in the clouds that brings you to your knees thanking Him for how BIG He is.
Because of me, He died on the cross.
Easter is near and we love to celebrate by dressing up and going to church. We color eggs and hide them for children to find. We give them chocolate and tell them that we are celebrating the resurrection of Christ who died on the cross for our sins. We have read all the bible stories, saw films but we have never really experienced it ourselves. Ever wonder what you would do if you were there.
Proceed to the past:……………..I am walking among a crowd of people, my feet hurt from the sand burning through my sandals. Sweat is running down my body from the heat of the sun that is bearing down on my heavy clothing. “Where are we going, I ask.” To listen to Him, the teacher,” someone replied. I had never met Him, the one they call the teacher. I had heard tell of some of the stories that were going around. Some say that He can perform miracles, making the blind see and the lame walk again. And the one I like best, is the one about casting out demons and sending them into pigs that run off of a cliff. So, me being curious, I walk with the crowd. We arrived near a lake and all the thousands of us; men, women and children sat down to listen. “What’s his name,” I ask. “Jesus,” someone replied. “Where does he come from?” “He comes from Galilee.” I watch and listen to this Man from Galilee. It is getting late and I’m getting hungry. I didn’t know that I would be gone this long or I would have grabbed something to take with me. Jesus had performed a few of the miracles that people have been talking about and he talked about a better life if we would follow him. I don’t know where he’s going, but if it is a long way, I think I’ll stay home. I’m not sure that those miracles weren’t staged. About that time, he tells his disciples (that’s what they are calling those twelve men that hang out with him all the time), to see what food they can find in the crowd. They come up with some fish and some bread in a few baskets. The next thing I see, is Jesus breaking the fish and bread and putting them back into the baskets. Then he instructs his disciples to feed the crowd. “No way,” I think to myself. Before I knew it, my stomach was full. I look around and I can see that all the thousands that are here, have eaten and the baskets are still full.
Needless to say, I’m now a believer. So I follow Jesus from then on. I see him betrayed and turned over to the government. The chief priests and elders accuse him of saying He is the King of Jews. They have nothing else to go on but that. Pilate thought that was unreasonable and gave the crowd a chance to free him or the murderer, Barabbas and they chose Barabbas. “Crucify Him,” they yelled.
I watched as they whipped Him, tearing gashes into His skin, blood running down. My voice cried out but there was no sound. Then they took branches like those of the mesquite tree and made a crown of thorns and placed it on His head. They pressed it down so hard, that I could see the blood running from the holes that the thorns made. He was weak from pain but they did not let Him rest. I followed as He dragged his cross down the pathway until He could go no further without help. My eyes teared up as I saw those that laughed and ridiculed Him. My heart ached with those that loved Him. I watched as they laid Him on the cross and drove the nails (more like railroad nails), one in each hand and one through both feet; a total of three. We that loved Him stayed until He spent his last breath.
I followed as they placed Him in the tomb and placed a boulder in the opening so nothing could get in. Sadness surrounded us, leaving a hole in our hearts for the loss of this man named Jesus.
I wasn’t there but others were and they told us about it. The large boulder was removed and Jesus wasn’t there. Then they told us how Jesus met with his disciples, He had risen from the dead.
Him, whom I never met, but left me His words to live by, is forever in my heart. | 2019-04-25T16:23:51Z | https://wethreelibrary.com/blog/ |
I’m home again, officially sans gall bladder. It’s a bit galling (sorry) that I’ve spent $750 (after all rebates) to pay for an operation when I didn’t feel I had a problem, and when I feel no different afterwards. It would have been nice to feel some improvement.
I get a few jabs of pain in my gut from the five incisions, but it’s not enough to make me take pain relief. I might take some paracetemol tonight before bed.
I have to go to a school reunion (it’s our 70th birthday year) tomorrow, involving a long 1-hour drive each way. I’d better be careful, and I might have to leave the function early.
I was fed with a pain killer called tepantadol in the hospital. It seems to be a new one. I was having weird visual hallucinatory effects. Patterns on the curtains were constantly moving downwards. A pair of slippers on the floor were moving toward the wheel of the bed, even though it was impossible. The pattern in the floor was moving away from me. The hinges between the door and its frame were slowly moving downwards. Crazy. I wasn’t bothered, but … At one stage I was sitting in a chair and falling asleep and dreaming, and speaking to a person next to me, then suddenly waking up, aware of what had happened.
Women complain of sexist language used by males. In the hospital, I was repeatedly called “darling” and “love” and “luvvie” by the nurses. One very bossy nurse even ordered me around, calling me “buddy”, “mate” and “matey”.
For 30 years or more, my mother used to invariably call me “sweetie” and “snooks”. I hated it. I’m always being called these types of names in shops. I don’t mind it. What’s the problem? But if I called women “cutie” or “darls” or “babe”, I’d be condemned. I don’t say these things, and I don’t appreciate being criticised for sexist talk. Fair’s fair – it happens both ways! Women don’t realise they’re doing it and neither do most men.
Sorry, I’m a bit quiet because there’s not much happening at the moment. But next week will be busier – I go into hospital for the “gall-bladder-ectomy” on Tuesday, staying for two nights. Out on Thursday and I’m staying with my good friends in Scarborough for one night just to be sure, to be sure.
Then, next Saturday it’s our Northam Senior High School Reunion, number six (I think) for our 70th Birthday Year. We should have about 35 visitors, we hope. It’s just at a Fremantle hotel, on the terrace, just drinks, nothing formal, so let’s hope we have nice weather.
I’ve just been organising some pictures of my sister’s kids from many years ago, the 1970s mainly. I have many, many historic photos. I have around 10,000 of my own shots over 50 years, and around another 30,000 on the drive of various images that i keep for interest.
I’m doing my best to get these images of mine into books and backed up for use after I’ve gone. Many of my shots of Perth are already historic and will be even more so in 50 years time. I don’t know who’s going to take them.
Another thing is video – I’m shooting quite a lot, but is any of it going to be used? We have to get used to editing it down. Easier said than done. I’ve got more skills than most but I have a lot of trouble doing it. Sigh.
I bought two more vouchers for 11″ x 14″ Photobooks, 40 pages in layflat binding for $33 each last week. I’ve just made a start on my 14th book, a second attempt at Japan, I think, but maybe something closer to home?
I’m always in the habit of ordering two copies at a time so that I can lend one and not die of fright if it doesn’t come back. But maybe this time it might be two separate books.
My sister has had cataract surgery and is ecstatic at the result. She’s been able to dispense with her contact lenses. Wow.
I, too, have cataracts and hope to have mine done at the end of May. I’m hoping for improvement because I’m starting to notice things: I have trouble finding the keys on this keyboard, I have trouble with bright daylight and glare, and dark shade, and I have the feeling there’s an eyelash always at the left edge of my vision. Here’s hoping.
The roadworks have made a mess of the formerly beautiful “Line of Pines” (as I called it) in Marmion Avenue near here. As well, the incessant beeping of the reversing warnings on the machinery drives me nuts. Add in the endless barking from the dog next door, and the incredible number of sirens day and night around here – what’s going on?? I feel like closing all the doors and windows.
This WordPress software has bugs and they are never fixed! I always have the feeling that we’re being penalised by WordPress for using the free version. You don’t pay, we don’t fix the bugs.
At the moment, if I type such that the text goes to the next line below the edge of the screen, it doesn’t automatically scroll up so that you can’t see your typing. This seems like a new bug in the past week or two.
Anyway, too greedy Drop Box, so I’m dropping you. I’ve deleted or moved virtually all my storage. They even had the nerve to send me an email, “We’ve noticed you’ve deleted a large number of files recently. Is there a reason? Would you like to upgrade?” etc etc. No, go away. Greedy.
Oh, this is insane. Coincidences! A few days ago I remarked on the coincidence of the town of Moama in NSW cropping up in two unrelated connections in one week. It was followed soon after by a reference elsewhere to a video game character called Joseph Momoa.
The NBN fiasco continues. A brief recap: ten years ago the Rudd Labor government in Canberra announced a nation-building program to lay fibre-optic cable to almost every house and building in Australia, to provide internet speeds of up to 100Mbits/sec. The only exceptions were for remote areas and places where it’s impossible.
Malcolm Turnbull, then in opposition as communications spokesman, immediately started rubbishing it, simply to provide a point of opposition. In the next year or two, he said it was all too expensive and slow to implement, and said he had a plan to lay fibre only as far as cabinets in the street, and to use the existing copper phone lines from there to your house or building. This was supposed to save $10bn of the initial $40bn estimated cost and save years in construction time.
The Libs got into power (mostly due to Rudd’s stupidity and bitterness, but that’s another story) and Turnbull got his hands on the levers.
Guess what? The costs blew out to as much as the original pure fibre plan cost, the delays started, the NBN Co had to buy Telstra’s copper cable network (what a massive bonus for Telstra!!) and it was discovered that the copper cables are in poor condition. Instead of a uniform 100Mb/s, with the prospect of technology allowing 1Gb/s not far off, the best that was promised was 25Mb/s. (Because copper wires are being used, there’s absolutely no chance of speeds above 100Mb/s). That’s all you need, says Turnbull. That ranks alongside IBM’s CEO Mr Watson saying in the 1960s that the world will only need 5 or 10 computers.
Here we are 10 years later, installation is still years away for many if not most households, speeds are intermittently slow, complaints are rising, and the cost has blown out so much that NBN Co has had to borrow another $20bn! Turnbull’s weak-minded plan is going to cost just as much and take just as long. Pathetic.
For more than twenty years Internet Australia, the NFP peak body representing Internet users has worked to ensure everyone receives fast, affordable broadband. More recently, complaints about the slow speeds being delivered to NBN customers and the extremely dysfunctional sign-up process that seems to be plagued with delays, missed appointments and general confusion has seen us take a more aggressive stance.
We have always maintained a policy of providing well-founded technical advice and encouragement for the Government to change its strategy, rather than attacking the people who work at NBN. However, when I recently became Internet Australia’s executive chair I was subjected to an unprovoked Twitter assault by one of NBN Co’s corporate affairs executives. This was followed by a bizarre attack by NBN Co boss, Bill Morrow, who made false and defamatory comments about me and others at Internet Australia under Parliamentary Privilege.
Like so many, I’ve watched the second iteration of our broadband policy based on fibre to the node (FTTN) and reliant on old copper wires with increasing dismay. Highly regarded technical experts are speaking out and saying that this major infrastructure project is fundamentally flawed — for many reasons, but mainly because of the Government’s dogged commitment to persisting with already-obsolete copper-based technology.
Consumers are being lumbered with a network delivering internet speeds that doom them to lag behind the rest of the world and are subjected to installation procedures that seemingly have little or no ‘customer service’ component in them. Both of these issues have the NBN at the top of the Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman’s complaints table.
Two key external indicators confirm that Australia is not advancing up the global rankings scales as we need to. A recent OECD report has Australia fourth last on the table of 32 nations for broadband speed and penetration. The OECD observed that our future innovation and productivity gains are stifled by an “ineffective broadband policy based on high prices for mediocre speeds”.
The industry-standard Akamai State of the Internet quarterly report on average Internet connection speeds has Australia falling in its global rankings from 50 to 51, at a time when we need to be heading up the chart. Interestingly, the report noted that for broadband adoption, quarterly changes were positive in the Asia Pacific region “except for Australia, which posted a 1.9 per cent decline in adoption”.
Malcolm Turnbull should go down in history, among his many other flaws, as the Man Who Crippled Australia’s Fibre-Optic Network, single-handedly. He’s done this purely to give himself a point of difference from the ALP opposition and to cement himself in position as PM. Shocking! He puts his own position as PM ahead of doing the right thing, the technologically correct thing. Amazing.
Solar power has been on my mind recently and I read an article about it today, showing how to do the calculations about payback period. It inspired me to find my invoices and work out my costs.
My electricity is costing me very close to $1100 per year (varying from $133 to $347 each two months, highest last winter when I was using reverse cycle heating so much). I haven’t done the full calculation yet, but I don’t think it would pay me to spend around $4,000 on a set of panels yet, let alone the big extra cost of battery storage. I think I’ll be better to wait a few years yet. Prices are falling all the time and technology is rapidly improving. I’ll wait.
For interest, my gas is costing me $23 per month or $375 per year, almost constant. Water costs me $82-$98 per two months or $529 per year.
If I ever do look at battery storage, I’ll definitely be looking at Redflow, the Queensland company http://redflow.com/ and their product for home battery storage Z-Cell https://www.zcell.com/ They’ve developed a zinc-bromine battery that’s completely recyclable, uses a liquid electrolyte and can be drained and refilled. And it’s made in Australia. Tell Tesla, no thanks, we can do it here.
Aaaah, what a good morning. Not just a Labor win in the state election last night, but a crushing, record breaking win for Progressive politics in the state again.
The names of the main political parties in Australia are very misleading. The Liberal Party name is the opposite of their politics. They are not liberal, they are conservatives. Conservative politics sells itself as sticking to the tried and true path, and looking after business. What it actually means is the antithesis of liberal politics. They should be honest enough to rename themselves the Conservative Party.
Conversely, the Labor Party name implies a close connection to the working class, the labour force. That’s far from true. It is true that most people working in “trades” feel a kinship to Labor, but so do academics and intellectuals. People who work with their minds are much more likely to be left wing (another misnomer), that is “liberal”, than conservative. Most of the great thinkers and “brains” in Australia are Labor voters than vote conservative: think Gough Whitlam, Barry Jones, Gareth Evans, Bob Hawke, H. V. Evatt and so on. You’re hard pressed to name many great thinkers on the conservative (Liberal Party) side.
So now that we’ve got a progressive party back in power in WA, we can look forward to some change and progress. Unfortunately, eight years of financial wreckage left behind by the supposed financial experts has left the state saddled with $41bn of debt, requiring borrowings of $1.2bn every year just to pay the interest on that massive debt. Labor will get the budget back into balance, but reducing that debt burden will take a decade at least!
Never forget, the outgoing WA Labor government left with a budget in surplus and a debt balance of around $1bn. These financial wreckers ran up $40bn of debt. They wrecked the state’s finances! And as the last Labor Treasurer, Eric Ripper said recently, doing anything now will be extremely difficult because the money’s gone! We’re broke, busted.
Selling Western Power? OK, it might have brought in some money but nowhere near enough, and new private owners would not have hesitated to increase power charges. But more to the point, when you start selling the family silver, pretty soon the cupboard is bare. Where does it end? Sooner or later, there will be nothing of value left to sell.
The idea of increasing the royalties the mining companies pay on minerals exports is basically a good idea. The rate of 25c per tonne was set back in the 1960s when the stupid Liberal Party government in Canberra thought we only had limited supplies.
But to try to make the jump from $0.25 to $5.00 per tonne in one jump was too sharp and produced the predictable massive campaign to stop it. But why not increase it slowly? Why not (a) increase it to $0.50c per tonne for a year and (b) call it a new name such that it wouldn’t be subject to a grab from Canberra and would remain in WA? Then ease it up year by year. But what do I know?
Aaaah, rain. Strange summer. Not complaining, not at all.
We had a committee meeting for our 70th Birthday Year Northam Senior High School Reunion yesterday, at the new hotel which has been built on the site of the old Ascot Inn where we used to go until 2007. It’s a big, glossy, swish hotel now, very obviously built with Chinese money and influence from somewhere.
Interesting that we were seated at table number 70. Then later, I got a till receipt for the amount of $19.64. That’s the year we finished school.
I’m reading a book called Sky Faring at the moment, written by a Boeing 747 airline pilot. It’s all about his love of flying and how he got into it, what he does, very good so far, although I hope he gets more technical soon.
He talks a lot about the beauty of the Earth from above and actually invites us to send in any pictures we’ve taken from the air. Say no more, squire.
North West WA – don’t know where. Salt ponds in the distance?
I have about 30 pictures to send him. I don’t think you could ever become bored by aerial photography.
I’ve decided to tackle my insomnia by giving the sedatives a complete miss. They make me too tired the next day, the hangover effect. I’m just going to bed with the attitude that I’m going to sleep, and if I don’t, I’ll lie there until I do. The last three nights have worked so far, very broken sleep, many awakenings, but not too bad. It’s cooling down at night now, so I’ll be able to dispense with the fan soon. The cold showers will stop soon too.
Just now I came across Pandora, the searchable index of the National Library of Australia. In it I found this, a copy of the obituary from the Sydney Morning Herald of Thursday February 20th, 1862 of our great, great, great grandfather Jonathan Croft, the first Croft to emigrate to the new Sydney colony in the early 1840s.
THE LATE DOCTOR : JONATHAN CROFT.
his fondest hopes in this respect having been fully realised.
in harmony with the career of tho late DOCTOR CROFT.
One of his grandsons was Ernest Carrington Croft, my father’s father, who was for many years the sheriff of the courts of New South Wales.
There’s more Croft stuff there. I’m looking. Standby.
I’m a bit quiet these days, I agree. Insomnia is a big problem. It’s reached the stage of sometimes not sleeping at all at night, making me feel awful by mid morning. Then I might sleep a couple of hours and feel better, but that’s not good enough. Yesterday was like that, and I resisted sleeping during the day, but by 7:00pm I was swaying, hardly able to stand. I watched TV until 9.30pm, not wanting to break routine, then took a sedative and crashed.
The sedatives work, but there’s a marked hangover the next morning, such as now. At 12:40pm I’m bleary eyed,struggling to type this and considering going back for more sleep, even though I supposedly slept right through last night. I was woken at 8.30am by a phone call from a friend wanting a phone number, and I could hardly read the computer screen.
Coincidences again. You’ve probably heard the news in the past few days with the tragic case of the woman in the NSW town of Moama who drowned her son. Then yesterday, Moama cropped up again, this time as the home town of our Eurovision entrant.
You’ve probably noticed the news reports showing that the wages of ordinary workers are barely rising over a long period, and are mostly decreasing by being below the rate of inflation, small though it is.
Yet the salaries of managers are doing the opposite, increasing by leaps and bounds, far higher than inflation. How is this so? Because they set their own salaries, adding very large bonuses, simply for doing their jobs.
Ordinary workers have no such control. Their wages have long been set by an independent tribunal, with the cases being argued by the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). As well, trade unions covering categories of workers bargain collectively for their members with individual companies.
But trade union memberships have been falling for decades, such that only about 20% of employees are prepared to support unions.
See any connection here? When union membership was strong, in the 1970s and ’80s, wages were good and rises were frequent. But when union membership fell out of favour, such as now, wage growth slowed and has gone backwards.
There’s an odd form of double-think in political and business circles when it comes to productivity. Each and every year, our corporate leaders explain the wonderful benefits of the bonus system. If they perform well, they often earn several times their salaries via the magic of incentive schemes.
Higher pay equals better performance in the executive suite.
But the opposite apparently applies at the other end of the scale. Our business leaders often argue, mistakenly, that lower pay will result in better labour productivity.
But if you cut someone’s wages, you can guarantee with absolute certainly that you won’t get a lift in productivity. In fact, there’s a good chance you’ll achieve the exact opposite.
Productivity, and the forces that drive it, are complex and not well understood. Partly, improvements are driven by better work structures or organisation. Mostly though, it is better technology.
I have experience of this. First, as union delegate at my workplace, I only had about 40% of my work colleagues as members. The rest weren’t prepared to join, the usual reason being they just didn’t want to pay the fees, which were about $120 a year I think (long time ago).
I couldn’t convince them that just one pay rise achieved by the union would repay their membership tenfold or more!
The other reasons were pure selfishness, seeing they got the pay increase whether they were a member or not; and some vague ideology, that they didn’t like unions. Yet they’d pay to belong to a health fund or the RAC.
It was also notable that around 2000 and 2001, when the Sydney management became aggressive about making people redundant (after I’d taken mine voluntarily, glad to get out), being a union member suddenly looked like being a form of protection. Most of the union members were left untouched – only non-members got forced out.
Boring, boring – my message is, why won’t people join the union when the union works for YOU?
I had my appointment with Gastro-boy last week, and the result is that I’m set to have my gall bladder removed on Tuesday 28 March. Scans have shown “large stones” and although I’ve said I’m not having any problems, the message is I’ve been lucky, and leaving them in place is not a good idea. If a stone moves and blocks the bile duct you can be in emergency trouble, the pain is like stabbing knives and you wouldn’t want it to happen in Bali. So be it.
I was able to mention that I’ve noticed a good thing recently. I used to get a moderate pain, enough to have me squirming, in my lower left abdomen, just below my rib cage after eating. But since having my gastric band removed, I haven’t noticed it recently. As we agreed, it’s harder to notice an absence of pain than its presence. Good doogs.
I made the trip into the city by train and bus as usual, and on the way back I thought to wonder how much credit I have left on my Smart Rider card. I remember putting $20 in a few years ago – how much is left? So I asked.
Sorry about the horizontal format, but turn your head and you’ll see the balance left is $27.46. As you can see, each trip costs me $zero. That’s because I travel after 10am and before 3pm.
But just as noticeable is that TransPerth has a complete record of all my recent trips, with destinations, dates and times. Big brother knows!
Not expensive, about A$87. But when it arrived it was very noticeable that the analogue and digital sections didn’t agree. The analogue hands were about 30mins out in three hours. They don’t have to be the same, of course, but they have to run at the same rate.
So I posted it back yesterday, at a cost to me of $15.85 in postage. Having used PayPal, I should be able to reclaim that. I’ve done it once before and it was OK.
My phone call this morning was from a friend in the USA (Denver, Colorado), a former Northam High School and Hut Lad, still in touch after 55 years! He’s retired, of course, and he said the temp at 5.40pm his end was 52degF but clear, with a cold wind bringing it down to 19 degF wind chill factor. Ugh! He’s off on a cruise from Dubai, through the Med to Italy this month, to beat the cold. As well, he’s thinking of moving back to Australia to beat The Trump. He loathes the guy, just as we do.
My friend’s 27yo son works for Amazon in a suburb of Seattle. He works a 12 hour shift each day, 6am to 6pm, four days a week, and as he’s filling boxes, walks tens of miles each day. That’s a 48 hour week as routine! There are no penalty rates, it’s a flat hourly rate, and if things get busy such as Xmas, he can be required to work five days. No unions are allowed.
But he’s making around $100,000 a year for those 48 hr weeks, with three day weekends, and being allocated Amazon shares (“stock”), currently worth around $90 each. He’s a lower level manager, and has the prospect of rising to a $200,000 salary. Hmmm.
Phew, my mind is fuzzy. I think it’s the sleep. I’ll go back now for an hour and hope it helps. | 2019-04-23T09:59:37Z | https://bullsroar.me/2017/03/ |
Network structures and characteristics of association have become increasingly common in the study of the way business organizations search and take advantage of technological and market opportunities. Some research claims that a huge number of these relationships with a low level of relational embeddedness enhance the possibilities of the organization to collect new knowledge and earn good social capital to increase the productivity of the business organization. Other studies show that a high level of embeddedness between the business organization and its partners is imperative to get hold of the new knowledge and generally boost the social capital. The similar bi-polarity can be realized when the structures of the network are taken into account. Some studies advocate for open network structures, whereas others stand in support of closed network structures. The bottom line of each business organization has its own restrictions based on resources and raises the question into the manner in which network configurations and associations impacts the possibilities of the organization to realize and exploit opportunities. In this paper, different theory strands have been utilized concerning network structure and relationship characteristics to establish an understanding about the way they must be configured,in order to enhance the search of the organization for opportunities and social capital.
The business network that surrounds the organization has a significant impact on the way the organization exploits and finds opportunities. The network characteristics have been researched increasingly in the recent past (Kenney and Goe 2004, pp. 691-707). In parallel, a large and strong convention of research has come up on this opportunity, particularly among researchers of entrepreneurship. In the social sciences, scholars seem to agree on the importance of network structure, but disagree on the relative benefits of opposite types of structures. Some regard closed network structures (cohesion) as the source of social capital; others have argued in favor of the benefits of open network structures brokerage. The main objective of this paper is to present a critical assessment to compare and contrast the network mechanisms underpinning these (apparently) opposing views of social capital with the aid of examples. The aim is to put these two network mechanisms together and employ a procedural assessment of the difference between them and various types of networks and relationships. The behavior of entrepreneurs and social networks has in the past been studied. Such studies have highlighted a relationship between getting an opportunity and the characteristics of a given social network. However, there lacks some empirical study into the relationships character and network configurations and the way it impacts the organization’s way of getting and exploiting opportunities (Burt 2000, pp. 1-24). This paper will seek to fill up such a void by determining the real source of social capital and the way it can be developed effectively.
Social capital is a concept of sociology and social science, making reference to the value social relations have and the role of confidence and cooperation in getting collective and economic results. Social capital is thus the bottom line of social relationships and comprises of the expectative gains derived from the preferential cooperation and treatment between groups and individuals. Network structures have contributed a lot in the sourcing of social capital to firms and business organizations. Social capital regards network structures as a number of associations between individuals and groups comprising of social networks and related norms that have an impact on the productivity and welfare of business organizations (Burt 2000, pp. 1-24).
Social networks occur at both horizontal and vertical aspects. Social capital accounts for both negative and positive aspects through the inclusion of vertical and horizontal associations between groups and organizations. It takes into account behaviors inside and amongst organizations like firms. This perception recognizes that the horizontal associations are required to offer communities a sense of common purpose and identity (Burt 2000, pp. 1-24). All the same, it insists that without covering up the bonds that surpasses different social divides in matters of ethnicity, religion and socio-economic factors. Horizontal links can end up being a basis for the pursuit of slender interest and can actively prevent access to material resources and information that would be of great help to the concerned group or organization (Ardichvili et al. 2003, pp. 105-123).
Social capital has been evaluated in different innovative approaches even though a number of reasons gaining one exact measure may be not possible. For one, the most inclusive definitions given to social capital have many dimensions taking into account various levels and analysis units. Additionally, any effort of measuring the properties of intrinsically ambiguous concepts like network, organization and community is likewise problematic. Thirdly, few lasting surveys in the past were meant to evaluate ‘social capital’, leaving modern researchers to assemble indexes from the scope of approximate items like trust measures in government, trends of voting, civic organizations membership and time spent in volunteering. Emerging surveys currently in the testing process will expectantly yield accurate and direct indicators (Ellis 2000, pp.443-469). The measurement of social capital could be hard, although it does not mean that it is impossible. A number of studies have pointed out various proxies for social capital applying various combinations and types of comparative, quantitative and qualitative study methods.
Social network structures can promote productivity through the reduction of costs incurred in doing business. The social capital gain, thus, enhances cooperation and coordination. Social capital is derived from social network structures. However, social scientists say that different network types yield different levels of social capital and productivity (Kenney and Goe 2004, pp. 691-707). This paper will thus take into account these differences in network structures and predominantly the open network structures and the closed network structures. It will highlight how social capital has been sourced in promoting the productivity and welfare of the business organizations.
A common approach of describing network structures is regarding them as either open or closed systems (See figure 1 and 2 respectively). The open network structure is the result of the competitive effort between the parties that are motivated through self-interest. The main construct in such a network is the exclusive, non-redundant relationship (Figure 1). A relationship is said to be non-redundant if it happens to be the only path between two given actors. Therefore, a completely open network comprises of merely non-redundant relations where there is only one link between the organizations in the network (see Figure 1). This indicates that an open network enhances the flow of new knowledge due to the fact that it is less likely that an organization will get the same kind of knowledge from the other counterparts. Moreover, actors that have different non-redundant relationships to the other actors who are not linked to each other have a robust brokerage position referred to as “structural holes” (Burt 1992a, pp. 113-78). Firms and organizations, positioned in structural holes, tend to have a more powerful position compared to those without because they have a control of the knowledge flowing between various networks (Burt 1992a, pp. 113-78). According to Kogut (2000, pp.405-425), networks of this nature usually have a ‘hierarchical’ structure even though there are different hierarchies, and the organization bridging the structural holes gets the credit.
The closed network structure builds on the idea that organizations in the network bring their actions and efforts together (Figure 2). The coordination is enhanced through the incessant knowledge flows amongst the actors in the network. The closed network structure does not give firms and business organizations a lot of knowledge, since it is ever likely that knowledge gained from one counterpart will in the end be got from another counterpart altogether. The redundant connections between the partners in a given network end up in a resolution to collective action issues (Kogut 200, pp. 405-425). However, it also allows the organization to check the quality of available knowledge while comparing and assessing the received knowledge.
The focus of a network structure is the position occupied by the firm in the network and more so beyond the relationships that are deemed to be immediate. In such positional perspectives, the reference frame moves from the triad or dyad to the system. Various positions in the network tend to have a number of advantages. For instance, an organization that is positioned in between two others that are not connected which characterizes the open network, can have control of the knowledge flow and termed as a good source of the social capital in this sense (Ardichvili et al. 2003, pp. 105-123). Consequently, an absolutely open network offers each organization in the structure a chance to control what and how knowledge tends to flow through the entire network which when putting together with the comparatively large portion of the new knowledge, makes it possible to keep important knowledge (confidential knowledge) in the boundaries of the organization. This is the same case for all organizations in the entire network.
On a different note, the closed network structure is believed to cause technological opportunities, which are founded on coordination and cooperation. However at the same time, organizations will get to know few opportunities in the market, since there is a limited flow of any new knowledge in the network structure that is closed. Therefore, it is less likely that any opportunity arising will be characterized by novelty when compared to the open network. Thus in the open network, there is no joint search and learning. From a different perception however, the open network makes the possibility for an organization to earn income founded on the position it has in the network. Take a situation as portrayed in Figure 3 below. The business organization A has gotten new and for some good reason very important knowledge of the counterparts in the network; may be B and C. The business organization A can choose to charge the other counterparts D and E arbitrage for the reason that, it has supplied this knowledge as they are not linked with each other or linked to anyone else that can offer the knowledge except it be gotten from organization A. This shows that it is very easy to maintain the benefits in open networks within the organization’s boundaries. In the open networks, there are expectations to see that organizations, which get opportunities, endeavor to limit knowledge concerning them in order to completely exploit such opportunities without the loss of sharing the benefits to other actors in the network where they operate.
In comparison to a broker gaining credits in the open network structure, the closed network gains wholly. The gains of the closed network structure are not a result of efficient flow of emerging knowledge. It is due to the fact that, a big quantity of redundant links enhances cooperative coordination and behavior. Therefore, the new knowledge share in connection to the absolute amount of knowledge is by far small compared to the case in an open network (Burt 1992a, pp. 113-78). Even though a more open network usually offers a better structure for new knowledge flow in and out of the network, it does also offer some actors a level of control over the knowledge that circulates in the network. The open network structure, thus, appears to limit the reasons to coordinate and co-operate the activities of the actors (Eckhardt and Shane 2003, pp. 333-349). Seemingly, both the open and closed network structures have their advantages and disadvantages when analyzed in these absolute terms.
If this were to be analyzed differently, one should take an instance where an organization has a certain fixed volume of resources. If an organization has a connection to counterpart A which again has a link to B, it is better to give up the relationship to B and rather make use of the limited resources to take part in a new relationship with another counterpart C (see Figure 4). This is due to the fact that, the knowledge gotten from A already has the knowledge from B as they are linked together in the network (Burt 1992a, pp. 113-78).
There is an inherent risk of becoming locked-up in the closed network structure. This takes place when the organizations are very much involved in very many relationships, which are linked with each other. In such a network, there tends to be few or even no relationships with organizations externally that can potentially put in new knowledge to the network (Burt 1992a, pp. 113-78). A network, where the situation is very much closed, reduces any flow of new knowledge into the structure of the network since it is certainly that a similar knowledge revolves in the network that knowledge flowing is of a similar character as that already utilized in the relationship. The expansive novelty is normally hard to change into incremental changes. Therefore, a conclusion can be made that the open network structure repeats the hierarchical structure in a number of different ways, and the benefits accumulate to the bridging organization (Burt 1992a, pp. 113-78; Kogut 2000, pp. 405-425). On a different note, the closed network structure enhances the positive development of the entire network through coordination and cooperation amongst the organizations where the benefits are part of the entire network structure.
While looking at the open and closed network structures, there can be at least four theoretical situations. The situations are by no means instances mainly found in reality but instead archetypes assisting to clarify the successive discussion (See Figure 5). Figure 5 below shows four scenarios comprising of both the open and closed network structures with different levels of relational embeddedness.
Considering the important issue concerning knowledge as an opportunity source, the possibilities for an organization to gain new knowledge appears to increase if the business organization has relationships to many other counterparts that could offer such knowledge (Ardichvili et al. 2003, pp. 105-123). From the structural view point, this is the situation when the relationships between organizations are not linked to each other (see section ‘A’ in figure 5). The chance of each counterpart in the open structure to contribute unique knowledge is enhanced as the organizations are not linked to each other. Additionally, when the open network has relations of low level relational embeddedness (see figure 6 below), it appears certainly to expect the organization to be in a very good position to get opportunities if they are founded on the knowledge that has been codified (Burt 1992a, pp. 113-78). Therefore, this scenario implies that the opportunities present will be founded on a large portion of new knowledge that is codified. Such a scenario, in addition, tends to be a very good foundation for finding opportunities in the market, whilst exploiting opportunities technology-wise is less certain. The main reason for this is that, the incorporation of opportunities founded on non-codified knowledge is very hard, therefore, the more such knowledge is of a nature that is non-codified, the more hard it is to take the opportunities on board.
In such a scenario, the cooperation and coordination required for the integration of more multifaceted knowledge is hard to attain, as the relationships are not intertwined and thus lack a common base of knowledge. Another characteristic of this scenario is that, the organizations, in focus, can comparatively easy gain income to the disadvantage of other organizations (Kogut 2000, pp. 405-425). This is because it can maintain important knowledge within the organization and not let other organizations in the network know about the exploitation of such an opportunity. Such an inference has a great similarity with the actions and operations of a stockbroker. By linking buyers to sellers of different stocks, being in a position like this one, is the case for the organization in Figure 6 to be very helpful. For any broker in the stock market, the only important knowledge required is the person who wants to sell out a certain stock and the person who wants to buy that given stock.
Business organizations operating in the open network structure with a low level of relational embeddedness are certainly going to acquire opportunities in the market founded on new and codified knowledge.
Business organizations getting opportunities in the market in the open network structure with a low level of relational embeddedness are certainly going to earn pay by taking advantage of these opportunities.
Business organizations are certainly going to get opportunities in the market founded on existing and codified knowledge.
Business organizations getting opportunities in the market are certainly going to share the proceeds from exploitation of the available opportunities with other organizations in the entire network.
Apparently, this scenario presents an ideal situation in a real life situation especially for the longer time periods. To some level, this scenario can be evident in the clothing arena and industry, where a given designer working from a country of origin may send various patterns to tailors, in such countries where the tasks requiring a lot of labor are very cheap to come by. All together, the designer makes orders for certain fabric from organizations from different countries. The fabric is shipped directly to the tailors who, for example, produce a specific kind of garment. Again, the advertising outlets in the end markets make preparations for the advert campaigns. When the garment is done, it is directly shipped through a transportation firm to the nations where sales are made to stores. The tailors then get a particular amount of garments to be made depending on the spare capacity at the specific time and it is also very easy to envisage that the tailors back up each other and alter the original order from the main designer. Given that the end garment is similar to what the designer has, maybe, no opinion concerning who has indeed produced the garment. Additionally, it is very easy to envision the way different outlets or stores in the same area or country carry out their operations to get shipment which is cheaper by having the same distributor. Given this situation, opportunities emerge when quantities or prices are altered for one reason or another and are culminated through the flexibility and speed of processing information concerning all the organizations that take part in the process (Choi and Shephard 2004, pp.377-395).
This is a multifaceted scenario since the open network structure and a high level of relational embeddedness are two conflicting forces. The latter enhances the acquisition of multifaceted knowledge and common problem solving, whereas the former provides the chance of controlling knowledge flows and to gain codified knowledge (Simsek et al. 2003, pp. 427-442). Much of what exemplifies the opportunities, in this scenario, is founded on the way the organization cooperates with the network counterparts, which particularly is about the exploitation of such opportunities because the issue of relational embeddedness implies good situations to take on board non-codified and complex knowledge. The fact that the organization has a single path in the network accessing all other organizations in the network implies that much of the knowledge traveling through the network is ever new (Choi and Shephard 2004, pp.377-395). This appears to enhance the opportunity of technology. The exploitation of such opportunities, in this scenario, normally occurs within the boundaries of the organization and is mostly about the integration of resources and activities of the organization. This is, for example, the case in the running of operations in the car production industry, where there are deep and strong relationships between various actors, but where the structure to a large level comprises of a number of different relationships and in the instance where the development of technical matters, there is a continuous activity.
Business organizations are most likely going to get technological opportunities founded on new and non-codified knowledge.
Business organizations will be forced to choose carefully amongst the counterparts when it is time to deepen the coordination and cooperation.
All the same, the perception (i) and (ii) above of the network could be very simple because, ideally, the role of the organization is not merely to absorb emerging knowledge. The role of the organization is also to take part in the process of development, which incorporates several other actors. Thus, the (iii) proposition is a crucial consequence to be addressed through the management in order to see that the business organization does not slip from the advantage from the opportunities that are created by the way of receiving non-codified and new knowledge.
In this scenario, the organization seems to have tight and strong relationships with the business partners. Since the relational embeddedness is high, coordination and cooperation of activities are very deep meaning that there are a lot of good technology opportunities. However, there could be a risk of receiving mainly existing knowledge through the various relationships (Dyer and Chu 2000, pp. 259-285). This is the instance where the actor is linked to the other actors, which in return are linked with each other; the actor is locked up and gets existing knowledge. However, this scenario offers the organization a very good position to evaluate the existing knowledge with a little new knowledge which largely pours out into the network. Through reflection and repetition, organizations can check the quality and content of the new knowledge and together with other organizations solve such matters jointly. In such a process, the issue is not about getting the one missing thing in the puzzle.
The most important thing is to understand and learn the way an organization’s puzzle can be modified to fit in the puzzles of other business partners. In such a scenario where the learning of multifaceted knowledge is required, the high level of relational embeddedness and networks with robust connectivity are vividly superior (Kogut 2000, pp. 405-425). This implies that most opportunities emerge from a cooperate learning in the network, which consequently affects the way the gains of the opportunity found are consequently exploited. The finding of such an opportunity is a cooperated effort and therefore, it is hard for a single organization in the network not to share out the benefits accrued with other partners. The scenario D tends to share out the benefits proportionally over the entire network than in the rest of the scenarios in A, B and C. Since there is an inbreeding risk in this scenario, organizations will have to search out for ties that could give new inputs and other opportunities. This kind of network is limited in time in a number of ways. It shows an organization that it is very much embedded.
Business organizations are certainly going to find opportunities of technology founded on new and non-codified knowledge.
Business organizations seeking technological opportunities are certainly going to share out the gains from taking advantage of the opportunities with other organizations in the network.
The challenge remains on time-constraints.
The ability of an organization to search out and exploit opportunities depends on the network structure to which it is attached. This is basically on matters of closure, relationship characteristics and based on depth. Being attached in a number of social relationships and technological structures offers not only resources, knowledge, advice and support, although can also assist the organization to find opportunities (Jack and Anderson 2002, pp. 467-487). There are two contradicting forces that influence the position of an organization to find opportunities and arrangement of the network and what entails the relationships. For one, there is the issue of having sources, which offer new knowledge, which can be translated into opportunities. This appears to require that an organization has relationships with a low level of embeddedness and that part of its network is at least open.
Another inference is the ability of the organization to absorb knowledge and take advantage of such opportunities that are realized. It is reliant on having such relationships with a high level of embeddedness and being at a point which promotes coordination and co-operation with other actors, that is becoming part of the closed network. This is for the reason that, the more new knowledge of a non-codified nature the chance contains the greater the requirement to establishment strong relationships for the organization to have good possibilities to take the knowledge on board.
The advantages and disadvantages of the closed and open network structures and the low or high levels of relational and structural embeddedness rely on the specific scenario. The more the network of an organization contains deep and intense relationships measured by a high level of relational embeddedness, the wider the degree that its opportunities are based on multifaceted knowledge. If the configuration of the network is again of a closed nature, it is expected that taking advantage of such opportunities will be enhanced through the coordinative and cooperative character available in such networks. On a different note, new knowledge is more easily reached in the network with a lot of unconnected partners having relationships with a low level of embeddedness to one another. In the network of this nature, the organization detecting an opportunity also stands a better chance of maintaining knowledge within the organization and can gain profit in the exploitation stage.
It would be very hard to imagine any organization being located in any of the theoretical scenarios; in essence, an organization has associations that are characterized through both low and high degrees of embeddedness. In the same manner, no network system is absolutely open or even closed totally, even if the system parts could reflect such a homogenous existence. One significant conclusion from this reasoning should be that an ideal network must contain relationships that vary in the levels of embeddedness and are of a semi-closed/open structure to guarantee survival of the organization in the long term. The extension of boundaries of the researched network will show various and even conflicting results, henceforth. It is very imperative to remember that the content analyzed about the theoretical situations is for ideal scenarios and that they seldom appear in a real life situation.
The optimal realizations of social capital and taking advantage of opportunities is recognized to have various prerequisites. These are evident through the network, therefore, showing the various roles that the network has from a given market together with the technological aspect. Since the network concept is getting a lot of attention in business research, it is imperative to deduce that a network is not the same thing always. It varies in closure and in intensity and depth of relationships as well (Simsek et al. 2003, pp. 427-442). If a network as a concept is applied in business research, it must be defined thoroughly based on the characteristics as defined in this paper. It is evident from this analysis and comparisons that the network characteristics based on closure and relational embeddedness have very varying meanings for the way organizations search and take advantage of opportunities.
The impact of relational embeddedness on the possibilities of the organization in finding and taking advantage of opportunities is evidently dependent on whether the network is open or closed. Moreover, the impact that the structure of the network has on the possibilities of the organization in finding and taking advantage of the opportunities relies on the level of relational embeddedness it has with its partners in the network. When putting into consideration, this implies that there is more study needed to completely expose the way network structures and association characteristics impact on opportunities and social capital altogether. | 2019-04-21T20:26:32Z | http://essaysprofessors.com/samples/sociology/network-closure-as-social-capital.html |
Let’s examine a poem by Joshua Mehigan, one published in Accepting the Disaster, his most recent collection.
waiting for us to cry out.
My first question about this poem: is it a sonnet? Let’s remodel the house a bit, shall we?
waiting for us to cry out. And we will.
Mehigan has taken a perfectly straightforward Shakespearean sonnet, separated it into individual lines, broken each line in half to form a couplet, and presented the poem to us as something other than it is. I suppose the question becomes this: is it something other than it is? Is the poem a sonnet because it sounds and scans like a sonnet, is it a poem in short-lined free-verse couplets because it looks like one, or is it something else altogether?
listening at the deep air, walls, and dust.
sure the deepest mysteries must always deepen.
Water squeezed and squeezed with a changeless motion.
Water wasn’t easy to finish drinking.
delicate fern some six miles beneath the surface.
struck her ready eye with a tragic strangeness.
It was hard absorbing herself in dying.
This poem’s stanzaic divisions—two quatrains followed by two tercets—suggest a sonnet, but there is no rhyme scheme, and when you scan a few lines, a different sort of poem emerges.
These sonnets are different, however, from “Fire Safety” in an important respect. Both poems are visually and audibly distinct from a traditional sonnet: the echoic effects of “Fanatics” are unmistakable to the ear, and by the end of “The Suicide,” a reader should be majorly suspicious of a sonnet-looking thing that sounds, and especially ends, so much like a sapphic. They are not presented, however, in a way that obscures their musical properties. These are poems that at a more integral level splice or recombine. “Fire Safety” is a poem that hides.
Other writers have done these sorts of things, and I want to look at them in a moment, but first I think it wise to identify what I don’t mean by disguised form. I am interested in when a poet obscures the nature of the poem, not when the poem contains buried formal principles or when the poem’s formal nature is so rare as to be hard to identify.
What I mean by “buried formal principles” is best embodied by rhyme. Sometimes rhymes can be difficult to detect because the rhyme has been put in an odd place in the line, because the variety of rhyme is uncommon or unclear, or because the rhyme is distant from its mate, but in such cases writers have simply worked in unusual traditions; they haven’t worked in a very common tradition and presented it in an uncommon way.
effect when you need none.
The tiny world of lovers’ arms.
And stirs their secret to a smile.
Our life-day long shall part no more.
Oh, Wystan. I haven’t even tried to take stock of patterns of assonance or alliteration, nor patterns that might be working across stanzas; it was exhausting enough to try to keep track of all these intrastanzaic rhymes. I would only note that the bracketed pairings are instances of consonance, not rhyme, but the final pair—borne and burns—makes clear, I think, that we are to see the other pairs (miles/fills, wood/shade) as exhibiting systematic musical intention.
….. pure being, perfect in music and movement?
Than vision asleep in the eye’s tight translucence.
You’d be right, in a sense, to argue that t doesn’t equal d, nor p equal b, nor k equal g, yet there is more to the story. T and d, p and b, and k and g are all consonantal pairs in their unvoiced and voiced forms: that is to say, t and d are much the same except that when saying d, one must vibrate the vocal chords. If we consider voiced and unvoiced consonants as equivalents and disregard the vowels altogether, these rhymes work perfectly well; they just derive from a system no one else in the language is using. I have wondered if Muldoon’s ideas about rhyme in part derive from Hebrew, in which only consonants are written (with diacritical signs used to indicate vowels, although not always), but that is only a suspicion, and it certainly doesn’t account for his decision to treat voiced and unvoiced consonant pairs as equivalents. Still, these rhymes aren’t disguised, per se; it’s merely that their principles are unique and must be inferred from what they have in common with each other and with other rhymes in Muldoon’s oeuvre.
because Muldoon’s unique variation, like fuzzy logic, spurns all-or-nothing dichotomies in favor of greater and lesser probabilities or, as I have been saying, greater and lesser security. The term “fuzzy” also appropriately combines suggestions of granularity and blur…. Fuzzy rhyme asks us to hear (and/or see the graphic signifiers of) a series of not necessarily contiguous units of sound—sequenced consonantal phonemes—instead of the rounded or canted but at any rate uninterrupted sound of full and half rhyme. This sequencing of anchored units is its granular aspect. But each of those units of sound has a range of tolerance within which some shifting—or, as I often say, phonetic proximation—changes nothing. That is fuzzy rhyme’s blurry aspect.
enables the keys to “make” music. Praise is their major labor.
praise, of a kind, he’s building unit by unit up there.
His hair smells like the derrick by now, his spit does.
then going to rest. Now he rivets. He watches the ocean roil.
ecstatic that the ice cream maker churns.
Again, this isn’t a question of disguise: the poem is presented as clearly as possible, given the nature of mirror rhymes alternating with rhyme pairs within each quatrain, and given the length of the poem. It merely requires attentive reading to notice this formal feature. In even more elaborate examples of distant rhyme, Paul Muldoon has poems that rhyme not across stanzas but across whole poems: William Logan writes, “One critic noticed that several of his long poems use the same ninety rhyme sounds, in the same order—then sometimes repeated in reverse order,” and I’m going to take their word for it. I suppose at some point a critic will realize that Muldoon has used the same rhyme sounds in the same order as those of another poet’s poem, and we will have not an oeuvre-spanning rhyme scheme but a poet-spanning rhyme scheme. One wonders if some things are not so much poems as invitations to Adderall-fueled criticism.
A week-end of personal life.
I was reading a book on Chinese poetry, in which I discovered that though Chinese is mostly monosyllabic, it is not entirely so, and Chinese poetry is organized not by syllable but by word count. Since the theme [of “For Friends Only”] seemed rather “Confucian,” I thought it might be fun to write in English on the same principle. As you will see, the counting is in 7s and 5s (standard Chinese practice).
Not until I read the subsequent conversation did I realize the formality of Woodward’s poems: he identifies the formal constraints as “five words per line, five lines per stanza, three stanzas, and done,” and indeed, all three excerpts play by these rules. Only my inattention, and the relative prosodic rarity, prevented me from identifying the counted verse in both the Woodward and the Auden poems.
I hope it will not seem to the reader that I am making an arbitrary distinction by claiming some formal elements, like the many varieties of rhyme, can be buried while others can simply be rare or obscure, yet neither of these is disguised. What I mean is that head rhyme and internal rhyme by definition belong in the places they occur; the many varieties of rhyme have no way of announcing themselves other than to be placed at line ends where structurally they can call attention to themselves; and alternative prosodic systems, such as classical prosodic adaptations or counted verse, cannot be presented any more clearly than they are in the examples given. It is up to the reader to notice that there are apocopated rhymes, five words per line, or funky rhythms such as the choliambic’s With disguised form, there is a clearer method of presentation of the form in question; there are line breaks that would better point up the organizing principles of the lines. “Fire Safety” could have been printed as I have above, as four quatrains with a couplet, or even as one fourteen-line stanza, and it would have made clear that it was a sonnet. That just isn’t what Joshua Mehigan did.
and light and love—it clung. It didn’t care.
The future looked like death to it, from there.
Williamson’s essay first attuned me to the possibilities of the eye and ear being at odds, and not too long ago I wrote briefly about the way Kay Ryan disguises relatively formal poems as radically enjambed short-lined free verse. Rather than spend much time on those particular examples, which have been discussed already, I would prefer to zero in on another practitioner that might shed light on Mehigan’s modus operandi: John Burnside.
The poem proves to be a sonnet despite being broken up into couplets and despite the rhymes that shade into consonance: disappears/yours/hours/stars. (We also should not let the acephalic first line throw us.) I offer this specimen to make a specific point: Burnside can write straightforward iambic pentameter when he wants.
Again, one might defend another scansion, but it would be of the few lines in the passage that don’t recombine into solid iambic pentameter.
These last examples, from Black Cat Bone, invite some criticism of my analysis. First, my scansion, and consequently my argument, relies to a great extent on promotional stress, as in the “and” of the first example just quoted; to this, I can only respond, so does meter. Second, a critic might point out that you can scan passages from almost anything and find buried pentameters—indeed, “scan passages from almost anything” is iambic pentameter—so that Burnside’s method isn’t really a method but merely the byproduct of an analytic language that favors the iamb. To this, I would respond that the practice is too consistent to be accidental. Burnside doesn’t always do this, nor do the lines always resolve neatly into a series of pentameters as they do in the third section of “Alcools,” but the fact that Burnside presents those lines as a series of couplets, most of which can easily be scanned as pentameters, suggests that at least in certain contexts, the technique is quite purposeful. Furthermore, he does it often: read through Selected Poems, Black Cat Bone, and All One Breath and tell me how often you encounter iambic pentameter, either in its fully realized or broken-backed form. I find that most commonly it is a mixture of the two: the broken-backed pentameter provides variety in generally pentametric contexts. In any case, when something happens that often, we have every reason to suspect the poet is doing it on purpose.
This invites the more interesting question: what is the purpose? A Scottish Poetry Library website page identifies this technique as “flexible pentameters” and suggests it as a means of keeping technique an undercurrent, saying it might also be a means of “creating a looser visual effect, which can have the effect of speeding up one’s reading.” Maybe. It might be a way of experimenting with enjambment or heightening the importance of pentameter’s phrasal caesurae. It might be both a continuation and a critique of Pound’s “first heave,” which was to “break the pentameter.” It might be an attempt to play the visual against the aural. It might have a heuristic function: it is simply what Burnside needs to do to get the poem written. It might also be a disguise.
There are a few additional things to say here. First, Mehigan’s practice in “Fire Safety” is certainly analogous to Burnside’s general practice, but it could be that these are independently developed techniques rather than an indication of Burnside’s direct influence on Mehigan. Second, there is a precursor that might be relevant here, and it is once again Auden. The critic R. Victoria Arana points out in W.H. Auden’s Poetry: Mythos, Theory, and Practice that Auden organized later poems not around line-based syllable counts but around stanza-based syllable counts. Burnside and Mehigan are perhaps loosely adapting as an alternate unit of measurement the sum of several lines rather than individual lines themselves.
Finally, I want to say a brief word before returning to Mehigan. If I’ve leaned heavily on a few writers in considering hidden formal elements—particularly on Auden—it is perhaps an indication of my limited reading, but I suspect the more likely reason for this is that so few writers have the technical interest, or achieve the technical mastery, required for such feats. (This would put writers such as Burnside and Mehigan in very select company.) It may simply be a testament to how diverse and technically proficient his body of work is that at times it seems all roads lead back to Auden.
1. It was pure whim.
2. It was an attempt at publication in a venue antagonistic to form.
3. It was an attempt to provoke this very conversation about the eye versus the ear and the free versus the formal.
4. It secures local effects.
5. It is semantic: it presents a variety of formal mimesis or thematic embellishment.
6. It was an attempt to expand the formal possibilities of English-language poetry.
7. It is a contract with the specific reader(s) whom Mehigan has in mind.
I believe we can dispense with the first two possibilities at the outset. Whim is less an explanation than a critical shrug, a way of saying that a poet’s decision has no meaning apart from the meta-meaning that whims are important, too, in which case we need not spend any more time on the decision. My tendency is to see even whimsical choices as purposeful ones. As for the venue, this poem was first published in POETRY, a journal that published a number of poems from Accepting the Disaster, including “Citation,” which consists of three abab iambic pentameter quatrains; “Cold Turkey” and “The Crossroads,” which are both triolets; and “Here” and “The Professor,” both more traditional sonnets. (This hardly exhausts the list.) Clearly POETRY has no problem publishing formal poems, so Mehigan needn’t have disguised it to get it published there.
Mehigan might have chosen to break each line into couplets to secure local effects, and there are a few ones worth noticing. Generally, the line breaks emphasize natural phrasal caesurae, ones not marked by punctuation, in each of the original pentameter lines. There are more specific discernible effects, as well. In the fifth couplet, for example, the line break emphasizes a musical property: dividing “waiting for gas or smoke / or hands or heat” emphasizes the alliteration of “hands” with “heat” by isolating them on a line in which they are the only nouns (or indeed the only words that aren’t “or”). Moreover, there is the subtle possibility for a productive misunderstanding: by pairing “hands” and “heat” in a counterpoint to the “gas or smoke” of the preceding line, the division reminds us that while gas and smoke are “unnatural” environmental warning signals of danger, hands are normal, as is heat by extension—after all, the human body generates it—until we remember that the hands in this line are pulling fire alarms and the heat of the line isn’t normal, safe body heat but the heat generated by a blaze. We have the potential to be taken aback by our realization that the heat that at first felt as nonthreatening as our own is in fact life-threatening—a realization that perhaps registers as startlingly as the realization that a room has suddenly grown too warm. Other line breaks play with visual spatial effects: the couplet “positioned like beige land mines / overhead” revels via line break in the unexpected revelation that the land mine in question, a smoke detector, is not underfoot but overhead, and “sprinkler heads, / blooming from the public ceiling” plays a similar game by turning sprinkler heads (which we associate with looking up) into flowers (which we associate with looking down) by way of the participle “blooming.” In each case, the separation between the overhead and underfoot elements by way of line break draws attention to the wit by pitting the elements against each other visually and spatially (one line above the other) in addition to conceptually and imagistically. Finally, the line break of the last couplet draws particular attention to the syntax and again allows for a suspenseful delay of meaning: “waiting for us to cry out. / And we will.” I have gone so far as to wonder if this final couplet, in which the syntax of the original pentameter line is emphasized as in no other couplet in the poem, might have been the inspiration for the procedure as a whole.
Now, when it comes to the sixth reason listed above, expanding formal possibilities, I speak not as a reader but as a practitioner. There are times one consciously pursues the undone thing so that it may be done, times one attempts to expand on the work of a predecessor in order to increase the formal possibilities for oneself and for future writers, and it may be that Joshua Mehigan (and, for that matter, John Burnside) has written in broken-backed pentameters for this very reason. It gives writers in English another option for composing poems, an option that hovers between free verse (visually) and metrical verse (aurally) much as the poems of Kay Ryan or Heather McHugh do. Partly this is out of poetic hubris—one wishes to stake out territory as Muldoon does with his idiosyncratic rhyme—but partly it is out of the recognition that all poets are part of a grand project, poetry itself, and that we all contribute to its increase in range and possible reward through formal innovation as through rhetorical, musical, thematic, imagistic, syntactic, or lexical innovation. By such innovation, poetry itself grows a little bigger.
….. or a prettier shell than before.
Not that I’m like Isaac—more like Wayne Newton, say.
Perhaps one writes to the standard one does and the way one does simply as a manner of being true to oneself and to the intelligence, human or divine, that will notice what work went into the poem and how much in excess of the necessary that work is. In a ruminative mood on a rainy afternoon, I wonder if that very combination of integrity and excellence is something that can keep us human beings, for at least a little while longer, safe.
Stephen Kampa has three books of poems: Cracks in the Invisible (Ohio University Press, 2011), Bachelor Pad (Waywiser Press, 2014), and Articulate as Rain (Waywiser Press, 2018). He teaches at Flagler College in St. Augustine, FL and works as a musician.
Berlin Notebook: Where Are the Refugees? | 2019-04-22T18:17:15Z | http://www.literarymatters.org/1-3-another-way-of-breaking-the-pentameter/ |
Every year, thousands of student athletes and parents market themselves to college coaches. Some are able to do this very successfully while others struggle. The key to managing a complex process is to create a road map and secure the necessary resources in advance. This will give you the best possible advantage as you begin this journey. Regardless of the sport you wish to participate in, the process is the same - you have to get noticed to get recruited!
The key to success is to know that this process is not a sprint that will happen in any one year of your high school career. It’s a multi-year marathon and the journey starts with a basic plan and honest assessment. As a parent/student team, spending a little time each month on this process can open doors you never thought were possible and lead you to a collegiate student-athlete experience of a lifetime. Use the resources below or download the Guide for the Aspiring College-Bound Athlete to help guide you in the process and reach out to Dewayne Robinson with any questions.
Keep records of your athletic achievements, extracurricular activities, etc.
Review the NCAA guide to the college bound student athlete again to familiarize yourself with the rules and regulations governing recruiting, eligibility and financial aid.
Continue to attend sports camps.
Students and parents must take the initiative and work on their own behalf. Please do not sit back and wait for someone to do it for you. Staying on top of all the information throughout the high school years makes it easier when the actual time comes to applying for college.
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) governs three divisions of college athletics and requires that students interested in playing on either Division I or Division II teams file forms for certification of athletic eligibility. The form, in addition to the NCAA Guide for the College Bound Student‐Athlete referenced throughout this document, can be found at www.ncaa.org. Students who want to participate in Division I or Division II sports should start the certification process no later than September of their senior year.
also gives the NCAA Clearinghouse permission to release all academic and testing information to the colleges that request it. The preferred method of registering is online.
IT'S THE STUDENT’S RESPONSIBILITY TO COMPLETE THIS FORM. YOU CANNOT MAKE OFFICIAL VISITS (financed by the college) TO A COLLEGE CAMPUS OR TRY OUT/PRACTICE WITH A COLLEGE TEAM UNTIL THIS PAPERWORK IS FILED WITH THE NCAA OFFICE.
What positions will I play on your team? It is not always obvious. Most coaches want to be flexible, so you may not receive a definite answer.
when you can expect to be a starter.
Will I be redshirted my first year? The school’s policy on redshirting may impact you both athletically and academically.
What expectations do you have for training and conditioning? This will reveal the institution’s commitment to training and conditioning program.
How would you best describe your coaching style? Every coach has a particular style that involves different motivational techniques and discipline. You need to know if a coach’s teaching style matches your learning style and is something you would be comfortable with.
When does the head coach’s contract end? How long does the coach intend to stay? The answer could be helpful. Do not make any assumptions about how long a coach will be at a school. If the coach leaves, does this change your mind about the school/program?
What are preferred, invited and uninvited walk‐on situations? How many do you expect to compete? How many earn a scholarship? Situations vary from school to school.
Are you recruiting anyone else for my position? Coaches may consider other student‐athletes for every position.
Is medical insurance required for my participation? Is it provided by the college? You may be required to provide proof of insurance.
If I am seriously injured while competing, who is responsible for my medical expenses? Different colleges have different policies.
What happens if I want to transfer to another school? You may not transfer without the permission of your current school’s athletic administration. Ask how often coaches grant this privilege and ask for an example of a situation in which permission was not granted.
with both the educational and athletics opportunities you want.
What does an off season and in season day for athletes on your team look like? The answer will give you a good idea of how much time is spent in class, practice, study and travel. It also will give you a good indication of what coaches expect.
What are the majority of your players majoring in? If there are players on your team that are majoring in the same field, you will have people every day that can assist you in areas of need or with questions you may have about the program.
How good is the department in my major? How many students are in the department? What credentials do faculty members hold? What are graduates of the program doing after school?
What percentage of incoming students eventually graduate?
What is the current team’s grade point average?
What academic support programs are available to student athletes? Look for a college that will help you become a better student for the future.
If I have a diagnosed and documented disability, what kind of academic services are available? Special academic services may help you achieve your academic goals.
season? It is important to determine how many credit hours are required for your degree and what pace you will follow to obtain that degree.
Are there restrictions in scheduling classes around practice? NCAA rules prevent you from missing class for practice.
Is summer school available? If I need to take summer school, will it be paid for by the college? You may need to take summer school to meet academic and/or graduation requirements.
What are the residence halls like? The response should give you a hint of how comfortable you would be in your room, in study areas, in community bathrooms and at the laundry facilities. Also ask about the number of students in a room, co‐ed dorms and the rules governing life in the residence halls.
What is the city outside of the college campus like? If you are looking for alternate things to do on weekends or prefer a quiet and small town, it is good to know these things.
20,000 average of all football games in the last four years, or be in a member conference in which at least six conference members sponsor football or more than half of football schools meet attendance criteria.
DI-AA teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. DI schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletic program, and there are maximum financial aid awards for each sport a school cannot exceed.
There are 966 high schools in Virginia.
Division II (DII) institutions have to sponsor at least four sports for men and four for women, with two team sports for each gender, and playing season represented by each gender. There are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria – football and men’s and women’s basketball teams must play at least 50 percent of their games against DII, DI-A, or DI-AA opponents. For sports other than football or basketball there are no scheduling requirements. There are no attendance requirements for football, or arena game requirements for basketball. There are maximum financial aid awards for each sport that a DII school cannot exceed. DII teams usually feature a number of local or in-state student athletes. Many DII student-athletes pay for school through a combination of scholarship money, grants, student loans and employment earnings. Most DII athletic programs are financed in the institution’s budget like other academic departments on campus. Traditional rivalries with regional institutions dominate schedules of many DII athletic programs.
Division III (DIII) institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, with two team sports for each gender. There are few contest and participant minimums for each sport. DIII athletics features student-athletes who receive no financial aid related to their athletic ability and athletic departments are staffed and funded like any other department in the university. DIII athletic departments place special importance on the impact of athletics on the participants rather than on the spectators. The student-athlete’s experience is of paramount concern. DIII athletics encourages participation by maximizing the number and variety of athletic opportunities available to students, placing primary emphasis on regional in-season and conference competition.
Can I compete at the college level?
What do college coaches expect?
What can you expect from your current coach?
The reality is that collegiate athletic scholarships aren't available to everyone. You should be aware that most student athletes will not be able to play Division I sports. It simply isn’t feasible given the number of colleges compared to the number of student athletes. It is important for families to know that while Division I programs are often highlighted, there are a vast number of colleges or universities outside of Division I that have very competitive sports programs.
up with other high school star athletes around the country. You’ll need to identify your academic and athletic abilities to better determine what division is best for you. This will ensure you target the right schools where you have the best chance of competing for a spot on the roster and potentially receiving a scholarship. You should meet with your coaches to get an honest assessment of your talents and abilities, in addition to a recommendation of what level would work best for you.
A coach will typically provide an assessment based on his or her views of your practice/playing habits and your growth as an athlete. There are times when students are surprised by the assessment, or disagree with the views of their coaching staff. Families should understand that there is no negative intent behind these assessments, and we certainly aren’t aiming to sell any of our student athletes short. However, our coaches understand that this is a critical part of the process, and they don’t want you to waste your time and energy focusing on colleges that don’t suit your academic or athletic abilities. To compete at the college level, coaches are looking for a student athlete who possesses the applicable sport specific tools such as strength, speed, hitting, hitting for power, fielding etc. In addition to that, they consider intangibles such as character and mental toughness that make up the will-to-win, attitude following failure, performance under pressure, and respect for family and teammates. One of the reasons our athletic program focuses on creating an athletic experience that is valuable and enriching is to ensure growth in these areas in order to make our athletes highly attractive to college coaches.
A very small percentage of high school student athletes receive college opportunities or scholarships because the coach “happened to find him or her.” Only the top elite athletes (usually the top 100 nationally) receive enough media coverage and recognition that they are automatically recruited without having to make an effort. The other 99 percent have to take the initiative to research potential colleges and contact the coaches at schools that they are interested in. Most schools don’t have a large recruiting budget, so they rely on you to put yourself on their radar.
Phone calls, emails, cover letters, profile resumes, stats, video, and outside references become key tools for the coach in the recruiting and evaluation process. You might think that self-promoting by making the initial contact with a coach in an attempt to “market” yourself, but you should understand that this is the norm. If you don’t, other student athletes will likely get the opportunity to get noticed and recruited because they and their parents made the effort to reach out. It’s become common practice and expected by coaches as the college level. Outside of the high caliber prospects, they want people who want to be there.
Additionally, coaches want students who have taken the steps to prepare themselves academically. The success of collegiate coaches outside of the top 30 or 40 major sport programs in the country, usually depends on the academic success and graduation rates of their programs. Therefore, they place a primary importance on finding students that are well prepare to well in the classroom in addition to their rosters. Failure to meet academic requirements usually leads to failure to be successful in a collegiate athletic program.
Regardless of you athletic talent, your grades and test scores will make the biggest difference in admissions and financial aid outcomes. Many colleges have academic scholarships or grant money that is awarded to students and student athletes who demonstrate academic achievement. High academic achievement means you will be accepted into more colleges, thus expanding your options and allowing you to be more critical in the decision process. Tuition costs will be much less each year, and you give yourself reason to stand out from the pack.
Be an effective communicator – Student athletes (not parents) should write or email the coach when appropriate. He or she should always reply whenever the coach reaches out.
Little things count – Be sure to review your letters and/or e-mail messages for errors, and ensure you spell their and the school names correctly.
Be honest – If you are interested in their program, tell them. If not, politely say that. Don’t string coaches along and waste both theirs and your time.
Provide your contact information – Make sure to note how to reach you and when you are available, providing multiple ways for them to contact you, if applicable.
Complete applications – Follow up and send grades/faculty recommendations to the schools you are interested in. Get the paperwork done as early as possible in the process.
Prepare a list of criteria that is important to you as you go through this process – Develop questions that will help you accurately evaluate the colleges in these areas. This shows that you are truly interested in finding the best situation for you.
Do your homework on the school and the athletic program – Know the division they are in, the conference, and program history.
Keep us inform – Let your current coach and college counselor informed about your recruitment and communication at the college level.
Be persistent at this stage as college coaches receive a great amount of interest and have little time to pursue everyone. Effort in addition to proper materials and high academic success helps you stand out from other applicants. Explain how you can enhance their program and show your character as a student and athlete.
St. Anne’s-Belfield School coaches want their athletes to choose a college that is the right for them as an individual and help them accomplish their goals, both inside and outside of the classroom. Because our coaches are engulfed in other areas of the school, they can provide good insight into what to look for, in addition to serving as a great resource for college coaches. Our coaching community is a valuable and powerful resource that college coaches will want to thoroughly assess your ability, potential, and eligibility. Families should work hard with the coach to keep communication flowing and to ensure the relationship is a positive one. Our coaches want to see every student athlete accomplish his or her goals, and will help him or her in this journey to find the best academic and athletic fit.
School alumni have gone to play on the field, court, track, and in the pool at colleges and universities across the country. Below is a collection of just some of the college and professional athletes from St. Anne's-Belfield. | 2019-04-18T13:29:54Z | https://www.stab.org/athletics/aspiring-collegiate-athletes |
d: 29 Dec 1897 in Farm on Corn Hill Rd, 4m E of Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
Burial: 02 Jan 1898 in Grandview Cem, sec B, lot 223, burial #724, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
Note 4: Third of 13ch.
Note 5: Bef. 1854 Farmed with father.
Note 6: Abt. 1854 Became foreman for a landlord.
Note 7: Bet. 1856 - 1866 England to Winnebago.Co.IL, rented farm.
Note 8: Bet. 1866 - 1874 IL to Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA, rented part of farm he would later purchase.
Note 16: 1870 Census; farming, $700, SE corner of Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
Note 17: 1874 Purchsed 350a, $7500, in SE area, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
Note 18: 1874 Borroed $600 down payment for farm.
Note 19: 1878 Hist; farming 305a, sec 35, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
Note 21: 1889 Census; farming, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
Note 22: 1890 Very successful with 465a farms SE & NW of Fayette.
Note 24: 1895 Census; widowed, Alfred & Amy with, farming, SE of Fayette, IA.
Note 28: Cause of death; pneumonia, out in cold from house fire week before.
Note 29: 07 Dec 1899 "Big Auction" by adm. of Isaac Homewood estate, at home farm SE of Fayette.
Son Ira Dean Homewood would take over the farm until his death in 1927.
Landscape near the Homewood farm.
Isaac Homewood's son Ira Dean Homewood took over the home farm after his father died in late 1897, until Ira died in 1927.
Homewood Alfred Dean Homewood Homewood son of Ira Dean Apr 8, 1895 1953 Grandview Fayette Sec C. Son of Ira Dean Homewood 1868-1927,Wesfield.Twp & Harriett M. Follettt 1873/Westfield.Twp-1949/Oelwein. Ch; Isabella Pearl, Harold D.
Homewood Alfred John Homewood Langerman Katie 1876-1951, Fay.Co.IA 18 Feb 1876 17 Jan 1951 Grandview Fayette Sec D. Son of Isaac Homewood 1829/Eng-1897/Fayette & Sarah Ann Dean 1836/Eng-1990/Fayette.
Homewood Amy M Homewood Homewood dau of Henry Hilleyard Feb 23, 1891 Oct 16, 1980 Grandview Fayette Sec C. Lot 202. Dau of Henry Hilleyard Homewood 1864/IL-1916/StrawberryPt & Minnie Orpha Earle 1866/Albany-1930/StarwberryPt.
Homewood Charles Earl Homewood Whitcher Velma 1899/IL-? Aug 5, 1899 Jun 18, 1941 Grandview Fayette Sec E. Son of Iran Dean Homewood 1868/Westfield.Twp-1927/Westfield.Twp & Harriett M. Follett 1873/Westfield.village-1949/Oelwein. Ch; Aleo May, Charles Lavern, Earl David, plus two.
Homewood Claire M Homewood Homewood dau of Henry Hilleyard Apr 1897 1898 Grandview Fayette Sec C. Lot 202. Dau of Henry Hilleyard Homewood 1864/IL-1916/StrawberryPt & Minnie Orpha Earle 1866/Albany-1930/StarwberryPt.
Homewood Claud or Claude Homewood Homewood son of David Isaac Dec 14, 1890 25 Jul 1891 Grandview Fayette Sec D, lot 201, burial #593. Age 7m11d. Son of David Isaac Homewood 1863/IL-1943/CO & Ida Lillian Spear 1866/PA.
Homewood Dorothy Eliz Homewood Homewood dau of Ira Dean Apr 19, 1913 Aug 1931 Grandview Fayette Sec C. Dau of Ira Dean Homewood 1869/Westfield.Twp-1927/Westfield.Twp & Harriett M. Follett 1873/Westfield.village-1949/Oelwein.
Homewood Harriet Mae Follette Homewood Ira Dean 1868/Westfield.Twp-1927/Fayette. Oct 27, 1873 Jul 22, 1849 Grandview Fayette Sec C, Lot 202, burial #2205. Dau of Charles Ephraim Follett 1840/Maine-1920/Westfield.Twp & Eliz Jane Hughes 1855/IN-1914/Fayette. Ch; Rufus E, Alfred Dean, Edith Mae, Charles Earl, Leslie Euguen, Myrthle Blanche, Ira Lyle, Harvey R, Dorothy E.
Homewood Henry Hilleyard Homewood Earle Minnie Orpha 1866/Albany-1930/StrawberryPt Oct 29, 1864 Sep 16, 1916 Grandview Fayette Sec D, Lot 202. Son of Isaac Homewood 1829/Eng-1897/Fayette & Sarah Ann Dean 1836/Eng-1990/Fayette. Ch; Amy, Richard Edwin, Kathrine J, Clare, Henrietta L.
Homewood Ida Jane Homewood Homewood dau of Isaac 4 Mar 1866 24 Feb 1888 Grandview Fayette Sec B, Lot 223. Dau of Isaac Homewood 1829/Eng-1897/Fayette & Sarah Ann Dean 1836/Eng-1990/Fayette.
Homewood Ida Lillian Spear Homewood David Isaac 1863/IL-1943/CO, buried CO. Oct 17, 1866 Jan 19, 1914 Grandview Fayette Sec D, lot 201, burial #1113, 8' from N end. Ch; Grace, Isaac Robert, Ella Bell, Claude.
Homewood Ira Dean Homewood Follette Harriett M 1873/Westfield.Twp-1949/Oelwein Jan 1, 1868 Apr 28, 1927 Grandview Fayette Sec C, Lot 202, burial #1488. Son of Isaac Homewood 1829/Eng-1897/Fayette & Sarah Ann Dean 1836/Eng-1990/Fayette. Ch; Rufus E, Alfred Dean, Edith Mae, Charles Earl, Leslie Euguen, Myrthle Blanche, Ira Lyle, Harvey R, Dorothy E.
Homewood Isaac Homewood Dean Sarah Ann 1836/England-1890/Fayette 5 Dec 1829 29 Dec 1897 Grandview Fayette Sec B, Lot 223. Son of Thomas Homewood 1801/Eng-1891/Eng & Munn ?/Eng-?Eng. Ch; Geo Thomas, Annie S, Thomas Geo, Isaac Dean, Silas Hilliy, Leella Mary, David Isaac, Henry Hilleyard, Ida Jane, Ira Dean, Eliza Ann, Ada May, Amy Jane, Alfred John, Sarah Ann.
Homewood Katie Langerman Homewood Alfred John 1876/Westfield.Twp-1951/IA? 1876 1951 Grandview Fayette Sec D. RNA. Ch; Isabella Pearl, Harold D.
Homewood Minnie O Earl Homewood Henry Hilleyard 1864/IL-1916/Strawberry.PT Jun 16, 1866 Sep 18, 1930 Grandview Fayette Sec C, Lot 202. Dau of Richare Earle (of Albany Mill) 1815/Eng-1879/Fayette & Catherine Ann Brown 1818/OH-1891/Fayette. Ch; Amy, Richard Edwin, Kathrine J, Clare, Henrietta L.
Homewood Sarah Ann Dean Homewood Isaac 1829/Eng-1887/Faeytte 6 May 1836 27 Jan 1890 Grandview Fayette Sec B, Lot 223. Dau of Thomas & Eliz Dean of England. Ch; Geo Thomas, Annie S, Thomas Geo, Isaac Dean, Silas Hilliy, Leella Mary, David Isaac, Henry Hilleyard, Ida Jane, Ira Dean, Eliza Ann, Ada May, Amy Jane, Alfred John, Sarah Ann.
Homewood Kathy Lu Ann Homewood Homewood dau of Charles Ervin 12 Jun 1954 15 May 1957 Hawkeye Hawkeye Lot 551. Dau of Charles Ervin Homewood 1928/Bethel.Twp-2004/Windsor.Twp & Unknown Ungerer.
Homewood Kevin Charles Homewood Conrad Nanyc 1957 Jan 14, 1992 Hawkeye Hawkeye Son of Charles Ervin Homewood 1928/Bethel.Twp-2004/Hawkeye.IA & Doris Ungerer. Ch; Kevin Jr, Darren.
Homewood Laura Anna Appelman Homewood Clifford James 1919/Fay.Co-1993/WestUnion 24 Jul 1923 17 Oct 1983 Hawkeye Hawkeye Lot 623. Ch: Cheryl, Larry, Dennis, Diane, Barbara.
Homewood Clifford James Homewood Appleman Anna Luara 1923/Fay.Co-1983/Fay.Co May 16, 1919 Feb 14, 1993 Hawkeye Hawkeye Lot 623. Son of James Thomas Homewood 1890/Windsor.Twp-1960/Windsor.Twp & Elva Bell Wicham 1891/Bethel.Twp-1985/WestUnion. Ch: Cheryl, Larry, Dennis, Diane, Barbara.
Homewood Bessie Bell Homewood Homewood dau of James Thomas Feb 16, 1917 Dec 31, 1918 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Dau of James Thomas Homewood 1890/Windsor.Twp-1960/Windsor.Twp & Elva Bell Wicham 1891/Bethel.Twp-1985/WestUnion.
Homewood Doris Dean Mayo Homewood Wm Fred 1895/Windsor.Twp-1967/Windsor.Twp, 2nd wife. 1 Aug 1905 8 Apr 1986 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Ch; Betty Lou, Jerry Gene, Judith Ann.
Homewood Elva Bell Wickham Homewood James Thomas 1890/Windsor.Twp-1960/Windsor.Twp 22 Dec 1891 11 Apr 1985 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Dau of Wm Wickham 1873/IA & Annetta Miller ?/IA. Ch; Amy Mae, Howard, Bessie Bell, Clifford James, Eobert Eugene, Raymond Donald, Charles Ervin, Unknown.
Homewood Eva May Steuer Homewood Wm Fred 1895/Windsor.Twp-1967/Windsor.Twp, 1st wife. Mar 10, 1896 Jun 10, 1928 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Dau of Wm Steuer 1869/IA-1937/Bethel.Twp 8 Nina Orris 1879/IA. Ch; Arlo Lavern (Tom), LeRoy Wm, Doris Elaine, Eva May.
Homewood Howard Homewood Homewood son of Thomas Geo Oct 7, 1915 Jan 2, 1919 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Son of James Thomas Homewood 1890/Windsor.Twp-1960/Windsor.Twp & Elva Bell Wickham 1891/Bethel.Twp-1985/WestUnion.
Homewood James Thomas Homewood Wickham Elva Bell 1891/Bethel.Twp-1985/WestUnion Aug 27, 1890 May 7, 1960 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Son of Thomas Geo Homewood 1857/IL-1931/Windsor.Twp & Lucy May Whitely 1868/Westfield.Twp-1923/Windsor.Twp. Ch; Amy Mae, Howard, Bessie Bell, Clifford James, Eobert Eugene, Raymond Donald, Charles Ervin, Unknown.
Homewood John Henry Homewood Schott Eliz Ann 1900/Windsor.Twp-1934/IaCity, 1st; 2nd Marth Helen Pierce 1902/Fay.Co-1988/WestUnion May 19, 1903 Mar 7, 1970 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Son of Thomas Geo Homewooe 1857/IL-1931/Winsdor.Twp & Lucy May Whitely 1868/Westfield.Twp/1923/Windsor.Twp. Ch with Eliz; Harold Geo, Phyliss Jane.
Homewood Eliz Lizzie Ann Schott Homewood John Henry 1903/Winsdor.Twp-1970/WestUnion Mar 15, 1900 Dec 3, 1934 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Dau of Lawrence Schott ?/Ger & Marie Popenhagen 1879/IL. Ch; Harold Geo, Phyllis Jane.
Homewood Lucy M Whitley Homewood Thomas George 1857/IL-1931/Hawkeye Jul 6, 1868 Aug 23, 1923 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Lot 11. Dau of Frederick M. Whitely 1835/IN-1910/Westfield.Twp & Matilda J. Earle 1841/IL-1913/Fayette. Sadie Adele, James Thomas, Katie Ann, Wm Fred, John Henry.
Homewood Martha Helen Pierce Wickhan Unknown 1st; 2nd, Homewood John Henry 1903/Winsdor.Twp-1970/WestUnion, 2nd wife. 28 Mar 1902 24 Nov 1988 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Wickham ch; Leon Robert, Beverly, Betty, Delores, Joyce. Homewood ch; none.
Homewood Robert Eugene Homewood Woodwon Phyllis 1944?/2000/WestUnion 25 Feb 1921 30 May 1986 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Son of James Thomas Homewood 1890/Windsor.Twp-1960/Windsor.Twp & Elva Bell Wickham 1891/Bethel.Twp-1985/WestUnion.
Homewood Thomas George Homewood Whitely Lucy May 1868/Albany.area-1923/Hawkeye Oct 1, 1857 Aug 25, 1931 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Lot 11. Son of Isaac Homewood 1829/Englang-1897/Fayette & Sarah Ann Dean 1836/England-1890/Fayette. Sadie Adele, James Thomas, Katie Ann, Wm Fred, John Henry.
Homewood William Fred Homewood Steuer Eva Mae 1896/Bethel.Twp-1928/Windsor.Twp, 1st; 2nd Doris Dean Mayo 1905/Fay.Co-1896/Windsor.Twp. Aug 5, 1895 Mar 28, 1967 Oak Lawn Cem Eden Twp Son of Thomas Geo Homewood 1857/IL-1931/Windsor.Twp & Lucy May Whitely 1868/Westfield.Twp-1923/Windsor.Twp. Ch with Eva; Arlo Lavern, Leroy Wm, Doris Elaine, Eva Mae. Ch with Doris; Betty Lou, Jerry Gene, Judity Ann, plus five.
Homewood Harold George Homewood Langerman Phyllis Mary Holtzman 1910/Westfield.Twp-1993/Fayette, 2nd husb. 31 Dec 1923 11 Dec 1969 St Francis Cath Westfield Twp PFC US Army WWII. Ch; David Henry.
Homewood Irene Thamert Mcfadden Fred d.1845/Randalis, 1st; 2nd Harold Dean Homewood 1905/Smithfield.Twp-1987/Fayette. Jul 30, 1905 Dec 21, 1993 St Francis Cath Westfield Twp Dau of Andrew Thamert & Anna Runk. McFadden ch; John, Vernon, Kathleen, Patricia.
Homewood Phyllis Langerman Hollzman Orman Clifford 1908/Westfield.Twp-1937/Fay.Co.IA, 1st; 2nd Harold Geo Homewood 1823/Westfield.Twp-1969/Fayette Jul 24, 1910 Oct 5, 1993 St Francis Cath Westfield Twp Buried under Holtzman name. Holtzman ch; Carolyn Mary, Unknown. Homewood ch; David Henry.
Homewood Arlo Lavern Homewood Appleman Fern Irene 1918/Auburn.Twp-1983/WestUnion, 1st; 2nd; Mabel nee Banks Smid 1921/Fay.Co-1997/WestUnion. Mar 23, 1915 May 26, 1992 West Union West Union Son of Wm Fred Homewood 1895/Windsor.Twp-1967/Windsor.Twp & Eva Mae Steuer 1896/Bethel.Twp-1928/Windsor.Twp. Ch with Fern, Ardith Rae, Carolle Lois, Gayle, Irene.
Basic descendent tree of the major line in Fayette Co, Iowa.
I have to re-create trees from online, census, burial info so there will be speculations/best guesses.
The tree can be added too or corrected should anyone want to email the info to me.
... 5 HOMEWOOD, Thomas b: 1801 in Kent, England d: 23 Mar 1891 in Washenden, Biddenden, Kent.Co, England Note 8: Bet. 1856 - 1861 Came to America with sons; returned to England. Note 11: Occupation, farmer. Note 13: Ch; 6 sons, 7dau's.
......... +MUNN, Mary b: 1805 in Sutton, Kent, England d: 03 Jun 1882 in Biddenden, Kent.Co, England m: 02 Jun 1826 in London, England Note 8: Ch; 6 sons, 7dau's. Note 11: Age at death, 77y.
.... 6 HOMEWOOD, Isaac b: 05 Dec 1829 in Headcorn, Kent.Co.England d: 29 Dec 1897 in Farm on Corn Hill Rd, 4m E of Fayette, Fay.Co.IA; on a Wed. Burial: 02 Jan 1898 Grandview Cem, sec B, lot 223, burial 724, on a Sunday, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 4: Third of 13ch. Note 5: Bef. 1854 Farmed with father. Note 6: Abt. 1854 Became foreman for a landlord. Note 7: Bet. 1856 - 1866 England to Winnebago.Co.IL, rented farm. Note 8: Bet. 1867 - 1875 IL to Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA, rented part of farm he would later purchase. Note 16: 1870 Census; farming, $700, SE corner of Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 17: 1874 Purchsed 350a, $7500, in SE area, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 18: 1874 Borroed $600 down payment for farm. Note 19: 1878 Hist; farming 305a, sec 35, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 21: 1889 Census; farming, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 22: 1890 Very successful with 465a farms SE & NW of Fayette. Note 24: 1895 Census; widowed, Alfred & Amy with, farming, SE of Fayette, IA. Note 28: Cause of death; pneumonia, out in cold from house fire week before. Note 29: 07 Dec 1899 "Big Auction" by adm. of Isaac Homewood estate, at home farm SE of Fayette.
.......... +DEAN, Sarah Ann b: 06 May 1836 in Biddington, Kent.Co.England d: 27 Jan 1890 in Fayette, Fayette Co, IA Burial: 28 Jan Grandview Cem, sec B, lot 223, burial #556, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. m: 26 Dec 1853 in Biddenden, Kent, England Father: Thomas DEAN Mother: Elizabeth UNKNOWN Note 3: 04 Jun 1856 Eng to NY to Cherry Valley, Winnegabo Co, IL Note 5: 1866 ILL to Fayette Co, IA.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, James Thomas b: 27 Aug 1890 in Fayette area, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 07 May 1960 in Hawkeye area, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Oak Lawn Cem, Eden.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Note 11: 1925 Census; farming, Eden.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
.............. +BRUENINIG, Edward m: 10 Nov 1932 Note 11: Ch; 6 with Amy.
........ 9 HOMEWOOD, Howard b: 07 Oct 1915 in Auburn.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 02 Jan 1919 in Auburn.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Oak Lawn Cem, Eden.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
........ 9 HOMEWOOD, Bessie Bell b: 16 Feb 1917 in Auburn.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 31 Dec 1918 in Auburn.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Oak Lawn Cem, Eden.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
........ 9 HOMEWOOD, Robert Eugene b: 25 Feb 1921 in Fay.Co.IA d: 30 May 1986 in West Union, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Oak Lawn Cem, Eden.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
......... 10 HOMEWOOD, Kathy LuAnn b: 12 Jun 1954 in Hawkeye, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 15 May 1957 in Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Hawkeye Cem, lot 551, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Note 11: Drowed in farm creek.
......... 10 HOMEWOOD, Kevin Charles b: 1957 in Hawkeye, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 14 Jan 1992 in Auto accident, Limerick, Maine Burial: Hawkeye Cem, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 9: 1978 In the Army at time of marriage. Note 11: 1991 Foreman for Maine Rubber Co, Westbrook Maine.
............... +CONRAD, Nancy m: 06 Jan 1978 in Luth. Ch, Hawkeye, Fay.Co.IA.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, William Fred b: 05 Aug 1895 in Fayette area, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 28 Mar 1967 in Hawkeye area, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Note 11: 1925 Census; farming, Hawkeye area, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 15: Ch; 4 with Eva, 7 with Doris.
............. +STEUER, Eva Mae b: 10 Mar 1896 in Bethel.Twp, Fay.Co.Ia d: 10 Jun 1928 in Hawkeye area, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA m: 14 Aug 1914 Father: William STEUER Mother: Nina ORRIS Note 11: Died during childbirth.
........ 9 HOMEWOOD, Eva Mae b: 10 Jun 1928 in Fay.Co.IA d: 10 Jun 1928 in Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Oak Lawn Cem, Eden.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, John Henry b: 19 May 1903 in Fayette area, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 07 Mar 1970 in West Unon, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Oak Lawn Cem, Eden.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 6: Jan 1909 Hand badly crushed in corn shredder, age 5+. Note 8: 1925 Census; farming N of Hawkeye in Auburn.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 11: Ch; 3 with Eliz. Note 15: Bef. 1965 Farmed N of Hawkeye in Fay.Co.IA. Note 18: 21 Sep 1965 Retired to home on Wells.St in West Union, IA.
........ 9 HOMEWOOD, Harold George b: 31 Dec 1923 in Hawkeye area, Windsor.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 11 Dec 1969 in Fayette, Fay.Co.IA Burial: St Francis Cath Cem, Fayette, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 11: Army, WWII.
........ 9 HOMEWOOD, Phyllis Jane b: 11 Jun 1925 in Auburn.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 29 Jul 1989 in Raymond, Bk.Hawk.Co.IA Note 11: 1970 Living in Waterloo, IA.
........ 9 HOMEWOOD, Joyce Note 11: 1970 Living in Waterloo, IA.
............. +PIERCE, Martha Helen b: 28 Mar 1902 in Fay.Co.IA d: 24 Nov 1988 in West Unon, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Oak Lawn Cem, Eden.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. m: 24 Dec 1937 in Fay.Co.IA Father: Walter PIERCE Mother: Incie ENTWISIE Note 9: Attended country schools, then Alpha H.S.
..... 7 HOMEWOOD, Lelia Leella Luella Ella Mary May b: 24 Sep 1861 in Cherry Valley, Winnebago Co, IL d: 15 Jan 1920 in Hosp, Rochester, MN Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, IA. Note 11: Living on same for 36yrs, at time of death. Note 21: Age at death; 58y3m21d.
........... +POTTER, Perry b: 18 Jan 1856 in Manchester, Delaware Co, IA d: 28 Jun 1941 in Fayette, Fayette Co, IA Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, IA. m: 05 Dec 1883 in Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Father: Daniel POTTER Mother: Jane E. PHILLIPS Note 11: 1890 Farming in Smithfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
....... 8 POTTER, Ida May b: 23 Dec 1884 in Fayette area, Fay.Co.IA d: 17 Dec 1961 Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
........ 9 BURNS, Howard b: 23 Dec 1910 in Fayette area, Fay.Co.IA d: 01 May 1981 in Fayette, Fayette Co, IA Note 3: Worked at the Fayette rock quarry.
........ 9 BURNS, Elvin Dale b: 13 Aug 1913 in Fayette area, Fay.Co.IA d: 08 Jan 1949 in Fayette, Fayette Co, IA Note 3: Died in accident at Fayette, IA, rock quarry.
....... 8 POTTER, Daniel Isaac b: 14 Jan 1886 in Fayette area, Fay.Co.IA d: 19 Sep 1972 in Fayette Co, IA Note 3: Farmer and blacksmith.
....... 8 POTTER, Charles Henry b: 03 Jul 1887 in Fayette area, Fay.Co.IA d: 21 Nov 1960 Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, IA. Note 3: Farmed iin Smithfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA.
....... 8 POTTER, Roy George Jack b: 17 Mar 1892 in Fayette area, Fay.Co.IA d: 20 Feb 1979 Note 1: Called Jack.
..... 7 HOMEWOOD, David Isaac b: 01 May 1863 in Cherry Valley, Winnebago Co, IL d: 30 Mar 1943 in Olathe, CO Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, IA. Note 8: 1895 Census; farming, Homewood area, SE of Fayette, IA. Note 9: Sep 1896 Living in east part of Fayette village, Fay.Co.IA. Note 11: 1910 Census; farming, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 14: 1920 Living at Olathe, CA Note 17: 1927 Living at Olathe, CO.
........... +SPEAR, Ida Lillian Speer b: 17 Oct 1866 in Penn d: 19 Jan 1914 in Olathe, CO Burial: 24 Jan 1914 Grandview Cem, sec D, lot 201, burial #1113, 8' from N end, Fayette, IA. m: 13 Mar 1890 in Fayette, Fayette Co, IA Note 11: Cause of death; liver cancer.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Claude b: 14 Dec 1890 in Fayette, Fay.Co.IA d: 25 Jul 1891 in Fayette, Fay.Co.IA Burial: 26 Jul 1891 Grandview Cem, sec D, lot 201, burial #593, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
..... 7 HOMEWOOD, Henry Hilleyard b: 29 Oct 1864 in Cherry Valley, Winnebago Co, ILL d: 16 Sep 1916 in Strawberry Point area, Cass Twp, Clayton Co, Iowa Burial: Grandview Cem, sec C, lot 202, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 3: Called Harry. Note 9: 1895 Census; farming, SE of Fayette, IA. Note 11: 1900 Census; farming, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 14: 1910 Census; farming, Smithfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 19: 1927 Living at Strawberry Pt, Clayton.Co.IA.
........... +EARLE, Minnie Orpha b: 16 Jun 1866 in Albany, Fayette Co, Iowa d: 18 Sep 1930 in Strawberry Point, Clayton Co, Iowa Burial: Grandview Cem, sec C, lot 202, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. m: 04 Dec 1889 in Albany, Westfield TwpFayette Co, Iowa Father: Richard EARLE Mother: Catherine Ann BROWN Note 11: Lived in Strawberry Point, Clayton Co, Iowa.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Kathrine Jane b: May 1894 in Wesfield Twp, Fayette Co, Iowa d: 29 May 1936 in Hospital, Oelwein, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Strawberry Pt, Clatyon Co, IA Note 11: Living at Strawberry.Pt, Clayton.Co.IA at time of death.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Claire M. b: 21 Apr 1897 in Wesfield Twp, Fayette Co, Iowa d: 17 Dec 1898 in Wesfield Twp, Fayette Co, Iowa Burial: Grandview Cem, sec C, lot 202, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
..... 7 HOMEWOOD, Ida Jane b: 04 Mar 1866 in Cherry Valley, Winnebago Co, IL d: 24 Feb 1888 in Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, sec B, lot 223, burial #505, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 11: Cause of death; measles.
..... 7 HOMEWOOD, Ira Dean b: 01 Jan 1868 in Wesfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA d: 28 Apr 1927 in Fayette area, Fayette Co, IA Burial: Grandview Cem, burial 1488, sec C, lot 202, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 7: 1895 Census; farming, homewood area, SE of Fayette, IA. Note 10: Bet. 1897 - 1927 Took over home farm after death of father. Note 11: 1900 Census; farming, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 16: 1925 Census; farming, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 18: 1927 Farming home farm (of Issac), SE of Fayette, IA. Note 21: Cause of death; diabetes.
........... +FOLLETT, Harriett Mae b: 27 Oct 1873 in Westfield village, Fay.Co.IA d: 22 Jul 1949 in Oelwein, Fayette Co, IA Burial: Grandview Cem, burial 2205, sec C, lot 202, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. m: 26 Apr 1893 in West Union, Fayette Co, IA Father: Charles Ephraim FOLLETT Mother: Elizabeth Jane HUGHES Note 3: Called Hattie. Note 8: Cause of death; corornary thrombosis.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Alfred Dean b: 08 Apr 1895 in Fayette area, Fayette Co, IA d: 20 Aug 1953 in Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, sec C, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Edith Mae b: 05 Sep 1897 in Fayette area, Fayette Co, IA d: 10 Dec 1951 in Dubuque, IA Note 9: Ch; 4 with Lloyd, 2 with Wm.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Charles Earl b: 05 Aug 1899 in Fayette area, Fayette Co, IA d: 18 Jun 1941 in Iowa City, IA Burial: Grandview Cem, sec E, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 8: 1925 Census; farming, Union.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Note 11: Ch; 5 with Velna.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Dorothy Elizabeth b: 19 Apr 1913 in Fayette area, Fayette Co, IA d: Aug 1931 in Fayette area, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
............. +RESSLER, Kenneth Calvin Waite b: 24 Dec 1894 in Shell Rock or Fayette, IA d: 27 Oct 1970 in St. Paul, Ramsey.Co.MN Father: Franklin Jay RESSLER Mother: Flora Lucinda WAITE Note 5: 1920 Census; farming, on "Hunt' farm, near Fred Hoyt, Lima Rd, Fayette.IA.
........ 9 RESSLER, Don E. b: 1921 in Fayette, Fay.Co.IA d: 19 Sep 1921 in Fayette, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, Sec A, lot 14, Fayette, IA.
........ 9 WOOD, Archie b: 09 Nov 1925 in Fayette, Fayette Co, IA d: 29 Dec 1998 in Cedar Rapids, Linn Co, IA Note 3: Truck driver.
........ 9 CHITTENDEN, Dorcas Ada b: 21 May 1925 in Smithfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA d: 02 May 2006 in Health care, Independence, Buchanan Co, IA Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, IA. Note 4: 1943 Graduated, Fayette High School.
......... 10 SMOCK, Jeff Note 3: 2006 Living Manchester, IA.
......... 10 SMOCK, Judy Note 3: 2006 Living, Evansdale, IA.
......... 10 SMOCK, Karen Note 3: 2006 Living, Walcott, IA.
......... 10 SMOCK, Janice Note 3: 2006 Living, Washingon, IA.
......... 10 SMOCK, Sandy Note 3: Living, Meriden, IA.
......... 10 SMOCK, Lori Note 3: 2006 Living, Davenport, IA.
........ 9 CHITTENDEN, Shirley Ann b: 10 Aug 1928 in Smithfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA d: 09 Feb 1933 in Smithfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA Burial: Grandview Cem, sec E, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
........ 9 CHITTENDEN, Lois Esto b: 07 Mar 1930 in Smithfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA d: 27 Jun 1989 in Waterloo hosptial, Bk.Hawk.Co.IA Burial: Grandvew Cem, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
......... 10 HALL, Gaylin Note 9: Lving in Story City, IA.
......... 10 HALL, Neil Note 8: Living in Bedford, IA.
..... 7 HOMEWOOD, Amy Jane b: 24 Dec 1872 in Westfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA d: 01 Mar 1932 in Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA.
..... 7 HOMEWOOD, Alfred John b: 18 Feb 1876 in Westfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA d: 17 Jan 1951 in Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, sec D, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 9: 1900 Census; living with bro Thomas, farming, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.Ia. Note 11: 1910 Census; farming, Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA. Note 16: 1927 Living in Fayette village, Fay.Co.IA.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Harold Dean b: 20 May 1905 in Smithfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 21 Feb 1987 in Fayette, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, sec D, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 11: Bef. 1975 Lived in Cedar Rapids, IA. Note 12: 1975 Retired back to Fayette, IA.
....... 8 HOMEWOOD, Isabella Pearl b: 10 Sep 1907 in Smithfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA d: 11 Oct 1912 in Westfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, sec D, lot 101, burial #1080, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 11: Cause of death; appendicitus. Note 12: Age at death; 5y1m1d.
..... 7 HOMEWOOD, Sarah Sadie Ann b: 02 Dec 1878 in Westfield Twp, Fayette Co, IA d: 30 Mar 1955 in Fay.Co.IA Burial: Grandview Cem, Fayette, Fay.Co.IA. Note 11: 1900 Census; div?, sis/law with Stranahan's, in Smithfield.Twp, Fay.Co.IA.
.... 6 HOMEWOOD, David b: 29 Jan 1835 in Biddenden, Kent.Co, England d: 07 Dec 1901 in Lousivlle, Pottawtomie.Co.KS Note 8: 1856 England to Winnebago.Co.IL Note 11: 1895 Living in Wamego, KS. | 2019-04-21T00:42:35Z | http://www.iowaz.info/surname/homewood.htm |
We’re assuming you have a copy of Larry Schneiderman’s blockbuster, “Call of the Couch”, conveniently close at hand for ready reference, or at least it’s at the top of your priority list of future purchases!
The title suggests numerous provocative avenues of thought if you let your mind wander a bit. But the author, President of Schneiderman’s Furniture, defines his intent in the sub-head, “A Family’s Love Affair with Its Business”.
This is no ordinary handbook or manual to success. Its 211 pages read like an engaging novel with heady, totally unexpected, overtones of murder and mayhem, and a constant flow of genial humour interspersed, sadly, with moments of human tragedy. But its essence is an appreciation of the essential characters at the heart of the founding and evolution of this remarkable, almost seven decades long, retail adventure.
“Couch” is well organized for an uninterrupted read and hits a high point when you reach the chapter where Larry earmarks “What I’ve Learned”. Have a pad and pencil ready to take copious notes. You are guaranteed to find concepts and philosophies and clear, definitive suggestions that will stimulate both thought and action. And, too, you’ll discover an engaging personal empathy as you absorb Larry’s experiences and touchstone conclusions.
If you are shopping for a good read now that the cooler months are upon us, something absorbing, informative and downright exciting, don’t go to that latest Grisham or Atwood potboiler, look instead to “Call of the Couch”. Its knock-your-socks-off drama kick-starts a warm family tale and then evolves into one of the most insightful “how-to” handbooks of the home furnishings industry.
Don’t buy just one copy for your own library. You will need several for friends and colleagues.
Schneiderman’s Furniture, was founded in 1948. Today there are six large stores in the Minnesota cities of Duluth, Lakeville, Roseville, Woodbury, Plymouth and Rochester, with 200 staff.
Strictly speaking, the Schneiderman’s U.S. saga came to life when Larry’s grandfather, Russian-born Elias, first stepped on North American shores. At a family gathering in the ‘80s that included Uncle Harry, Elias’s older brother, Harry remarked, “You know your name isn’t really Schneiderman, it’s Mintczer.” That statement understandably engaged everyone’s attention! Then Harry went on to say, “Elias arrived in 1905, and he couldn’t speak English very well. He thought when the Immigration Officer asked his name that he’d said ‘What do you do for a living?’ So, Elias replied,’Schneiderman.’ Translated, Schneiderman means ’tailor man’. So he became Eli Schneiderman, but his real name was Elias Mintczer!” Uncle Harry was like that.
Larry’s volatile, larger-than-life father, Max, was born in New York City in 1910, but Elias soon moved his growing family west to Duluth, Minnesota, probably, the family surmises, because he couldn’t find work in New York. Energetic Max’s adolescence was difficult, but he found himself a job at the steel plant and became an active member of the Naval Reserve, service that continued for five years during World War II.
One very lucky day, on a blind date, he met Edna Kretzschmar, a nurse in training, daughter of a Lutheran pastor. Another exceedingly important moment in Schneiderman history! Edna was an “amazing woman” who owed some of her chutzpah to Josephine, her mother, who had raised Edna and her five siblings. Josephine saw to it, through hard work and persistence, that her children were “educated, solid” citizens who went on to live successful, productive lives.
Vital to Larry’s “Call of the Couch” was Edna’s well-written and insightful journal. It’s a treat that lies in wait for the reader since Larry quotes her frequently, linking family happenings with Max’s strong desire to build his own business. Max had the opportunity to stay in the Navy as a career but family necessity governed his return to the steel industry. Then came that fateful classified newspaper ad and a car trip to Elmer, Minnesota, to view a problematic grocery/general store and post office. They bought it when the fabled Josephine loaned them $5000 for the down payment. And, again dear reader, you won’t believe what happens next!
Recapturing the history of this vibrant family led naturally to the knotty but fascinating question of succession. And the on-going mentoring that aids and abets effective succession. Larry offers his reflections.
“It seemed ridiculous to me at the time, but now I can see how this could happen. As time goes by, we begin to remember what we’ve done to keep the business viable, we remember the sacrifices we’ve made; we may even have the self-awareness to know we may have left too much of ourselves in that business. I admit I’m proud of what we’ve accomplished and it seems unappealing and even scary to think about separating my identity from the business.
“But my Dad wasn’t cool like I am! Jason (Larry’s son, now in the business) should hang on every word. Right...!
“In the case of Schneiderman’s, my long-time partner, my brother Russ, passed away three years after he retired. It wasn’t easy for us to pay those life insurance premiums all those years, but we had a buy-sell agreement funded with life insurance.
“Back in 1968 when I was 19, Dad had incorporated the store. He got 25 per cent, Edna 25 percent and each of five of the children, 10 per cent.
“I think I would have liked my two daughters to be involved in the business, but neither one wanted that. Fortunately, my son has the same fire for the business as I do. I have known for a long time I am fortunate indeed this is the case. I also know it’s difficult for me to simply let go. For this reason, when it came time for us to structure an agreement, I did NOT want to retain control. He deserves my trust and knowing he really does have the final say gives him confidence.
He explained, “It was a year-long course and involved several types of leaders from the business world to school superintendents to health care. Most of these people were employed by large companies. As the title implies, we undertook a journey to find out what our true core beliefs are and how we use or don’t use these beliefs in our leadership styles. We explored many aspects of leadership. For instance, we spent several hours with an expert on personality types. In one case, we spent a lot of time learning how to identify ‘Adaptors’, those people who view change as incremental but are often the people who get things done. In contrast, we looked at ‘Innovators’, those folks who like to throw out ideas but have little interest in the nitty-gritty of implementation. Finally, we looked at the people in the middle, the ‘Bridgers’, people who can talk and think with Adaptors and Innovators. Most of us, but not all, fit the ‘Bridger’ category.
“In discussing our own experiences it became plain to me our company was mainly made up of Adaptors or Bridgers leaning that way. For example, let’s say a team is having a meeting trying to solve a problem. After an hour, the group decides on a path. Now, an Innovator is very likely to say, ‘I don’t really think we’ve identified the problem’. This is a real classic line, Innovators don’t stop thinking just because a consensus had been reached. It made me smile at the time because my brother, Phil, would do exactly that. We would have a drawn out meeting and then he would question the question. My brother, Russ, was an extreme Adaptor, which made him an effective Implementer. When Phil would make his comment and Russ was glad the meeting was done, it didn’t make for harmony. And consider this, Russ had to be thinking the whole time, ‘I’m the one who is going to do all the work here’.
“In the end, the conclusion brought forward was that change is a lot like a white-water rafter tackling a tough and demanding course. At the end, it is a great feeling of satisfaction to have navigated a difficult and dangerous path. It is in that stillness of satisfaction, where you look back and feel good about what you’ve accomplished. The period of actual change is hardly enjoyable for most people. It’s getting through it and celebrating success. Keeping this in mind while implementing change can be the difference between succeeding and failing.
“We may have only had five customers in a day, but our goal was always to sell all of them. When I walk through our stores today, I love it when we have, for instance, five customers and all five are engaged with a sales consultant. I complement the manager when I see that, and will remind her/him this is better than eight customers and four engaged. What I’ve learned is while overall numbers for traffic, close ratio and average sale are very important, think micro. Think of where those numbers come from . . . people!
“We have at one of our stores one manager in particular who combines an ability to think micro along with her good business sense. So, a month before Thanksgiving, she asked each sales associate to furnish their open business report to her and to note which customers expected delivery prior to the holidays. She also requested notations as to what dates each sales consultant talked with each customer and their updates. One salesperson, not known for acceptable follow-up, handed in her report as complete. The manager decided to check a couple and, guess what, no, the customers hadn’t been called. So, the two of them met to discuss the matter. The sales consultant began, ‘Let me tell you first, you have a serious ‘micro-management’ issue . . .
“My ‘What I’ve Learned’ rules, if you will, should be common sense. However, just because something is simple doesn’t mean it will be easy to execute. I know I have 10 pounds to lose and I know how to do it. Yet, I haven’t lost the weight. I eat out a lot, I love food, I enjoy a cocktail. Similarly, overcoming bad habits in the showroom can’t be overcome by erratic application.
“My brother, Phil, often commented, ‘Everybody wants to go to heaven, but nobody wants to die’.
“We can’t monitor peoples’ behavior to any significant extent and so we depend upon our associates’ good business sense, the instruction we give them, and modeling the behavior we believe is best for all concerned.
Larry told us that his sales associates often ask a potential customer, “Tell me about your room”, certainly a bridge to the individual’s dream. Given a response, the associate does a rough sketch on a piece of paper. “Not a scale drawing, just a rough sketch. This helps with the placement of furniture and identifies a focal point. By doing this, the consultant immediately separates herself from the people out there who don’t service the customer or who will just sell anybody. It’s been proven time and again, a sales consultant can close many more customers this way. What’s frustrating is we have to push people to do it, even incentive beyond their commission. I’m not really sure why people on commission don’t do this, but bad habits are tough to change. Sketching is not new. I learned from my mother a long time ago how helpful this is. When I did it, I also noticed customers asked me to come to their homes more as their confidence in my decorating abilities went from neutral to positive.
Sometimes after repeated negative experiences, whatever the cause, a sales consultant might feel rebuffed or depressed. Said Larry, “If we consider our store with the most sales consultants (23) it would be possible to rate them by attitude and number from # 1 to #23. By definition, somebody is always on the bottom. In the theoretical world, it may be advantageous to a company to do as General Electric did under the leadership of Jack Welch. Every department head was required to determine who the lowest 10 per cent performers were and to let them go. It’s not as inhumane as it sounds.
“However, being pragmatic, we are having a very challenging time finding sales consultants to hire. For the most part, people bring their attitudes and personalities with them. We do test for this and we do require two interviews and so we don’t hire anybody for sales unless they appear to have the right kind of attitude and have the right kind of skills or the potential to learn them. I have seen sales consultants develop negative attitudes and I have seen people develop good ones. The store managers have a lot to do with the store attitude. While maintaining the standards of the store, do they show our associates that they are appreciated? Do they thank and praise them where warranted? Are they direct and timely when issues need to be sorted out? Are they understanding when understanding is called for, but also are they assertive and clear when those traits are called for?
“We are a family business. We are not the U.S. Army. If somebody has a question or an issue, we would like them first to work with their manager, but associates are welcome to approach our general manager or Jason and I. Some do. I would rather have somebody come to me with their complaints or suggestions than be upset about it, even for a day .
“It’s extremely unlikely a sales consultant will treat our customers right if our associates don’t think we treat them right. I think one of the common mistakes managers make in this regard is by thinking an e-mail will suffice instead of a brief face-to-face meeting.
Larry writes the lead column of “Store to Store”, a monthly company newsletter provided to all Schneiderman staff. In Volume 25, Issues seven and eight, Larry talks of “learning from one another”, he highlights timely key goals and he recognizes staff achievements, makes several points about the value of networking sharing a warm personal experience, a Kretzschman family reunion. And he uses the opportunity as a reminder of the power of “word-of-mouth, far more effective than any commercial ad”. Shades of Max!
“Store to Store” also carries a regular column, Display & Merchandising. Well-written by staffers Natalie Stob and Susan Strong, it’s defined as “A monthly article on happenings in display, merchandising and trends from our Schneiderman’s Merchandising Team perspective”. The heading goes on to ask readers to “Let us know what you would like to read about in this article and we will be happy to share our thoughts and perceptions.” Topics range from in-depth descriptions of new product lines and effective display, to “Made in the USA” wall art.
A “Comments” section offers uplifting praise from happy customers naming sales associates, delivery staff and others who’ve contributed to outstanding Schneiderman experiences.
Each newsletter features “New Employees”, short, welcoming vignettes of people, their positions, locations and hobbies. And the section solicits rewarded input in the referral of qualified “new hires”.
A constant, selective reader, Larry particularly recommends (once you’ve absorbed “Couch’s messages!) “First, Break All the Rules”, subtitled “What the World’s Greatest Managers Do Differently”, by business authors Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman, who offer solutions to better employee satisfaction. (Both Larry and daughter, Jodi, endorse this book.) And, “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People”, written by Stephen R. Covey, principles of a character ethic presented as universal and timeless, also well worth perusing.
Back in 1990, the Schneiderman entrepreneurs surprisingly ventured into manufacturing, “high quality casual dining furniture. My reason for starting American Furniture Craftsmen was I was active in community development at the time and knew this could help. At our peak we had 38 full-time workers. I could write a book on this experience alone. As I look back, it’s amazing I thought I could get into manufacturing furniture when I had no background in it whatsoever. And, even more amazing, we became profitable in 1993.
“At the time, our main competition in the category was two major manufacturers based in California. We essentially modeled our styles (ok, we copied!) after less expensive styles, and then made them better. Everything we made used solid Red Oak.
“Our upholstering quality likely was too good, meaning too expensive to do. We sold thousands of chairs and never sustained a single complaint on tailoring.
“Looking back, I had the good fortune to become friends with Bob Anderson, a real craftsman, but also a tireless worker and committed to seeing the company grow.
“We developed a sales manager-customer service manager, Sean Bakken, who started as a sander and proved to be the perfect match with Bob.
“Our upholstery manager, Kathy Olson, saw to it every chair was done like it was for her own home.
“My brother, Phil, did have manufacturing experience and he worked with Bob and Sean. Phil and I got hold of a book named ‘The Goal’ which is a classic in the manufacturing field. It’s written in a novel form, but the bottom line is just-in-time manufacturing. We had our own little book club as we set up an additional break where people took turns reading the book. We operated our little factory with just-in-time principles.
“At the time, Cochrane Furniture was a thriving company in South Carolina and Schneiderman’s bought lots of it. The two owners, Red and Jerry Cochrane, as a favor came and visited our plant. I was looking for suggestions. They told me they were amazed at what we were doing and asked if they could copy our swivel tilt chairs. We had no problem with that and they did.
“One of my very best days at work was the day I called on Gary Steinhafel in Milwaukee. I presented the line to Gary and he gave Joanne Warner the go-ahead to put in a program. Steinhafel’s did well with our line as did Nebraska Furniture Mart, Homemakers, Goods, Kaceys and many others including Schneiderman’s, of course.
Schneiderman’s continuous search for industry knowledge persuaded Larry to join the national buying group, Furniture First, a purchasing cooperative with over 200 stockholder-members, representing more than 430 furniture stores in 47 states. Larry served on the Board and connected with “many good furniture people. Most important, for sure, is getting to know and sharing information with a great group of retailers. The staff is excellent and continues to help us with various issues and questions which arise. The Furniture First team can be an important resource.
“I spoke at one symposium and afterwards enjoyed a discussion with a group of single-store owners. A hot topic was their difficulties in competing with multi-store competitors, like Schneiderman’s. My opinion is that a well-run single location should win every time. Just as often the best restaurants are family restaurants with a working owner on site, independent furniture stores have a similar opportunity. There are land mines to negotiate. Just as employees often say they like to be part of a family business, if the business is not run as a professional business needs to be, or if employees are treated poorly, the advantage becomes a disadvantage. A single store should also have flexibility to move quickly on new ideas. It’s far tougher when six locations need change.
“A month ago, I was asked to address a marketing class at a local college. The instructor asked me to share how our company has remained ‘relevant’ for over 60 years. This proved to be an interesting topic for me to think about. I believe this is the challenge to every business. If we went out of business tomorrow, would we be missed by our customers and our employees? Or, would we be easily replaced?
“We stay relevant by filling the needs of our customers better than others and by never being satisfied with the status quo. We benchmark, borrowing from others who do some things better, knowing others will do the same with us. We learn from others and share when we can.
“Just surviving is not a long term option. We have to attract good people and we are in a tough period for recruiting right now. Just surviving will not enable us to attract and keep the people we need to be successful. Just surviving will not generate excitement. Just surviving is not a description of a good place to be.
“The lack of women in leadership positions in our industry has been a well-known fact for as long as I can remember. Personally, I think this is a symptom of a larger problem and that is lack of fresh leadership overall. It’s an industry joke about people in top management being recycled through different companies. I was only mildly surprised a few years ago when a general manager was fired from a manufacturer who was a key vendor of ours. I’ll be blunt. The guy is arrogant, doesn’t listen to people, bulldozes over his own team and doesn’t communicate. Finally, somebody fired him and we were glad to see him gone. Market came around a couple of months later and he now had an even bigger position for a larger company. As the expression goes, ‘He landed on his feet’. So, when he came over to let me know he was now VP of Sales for this firm, he actually asked me, ‘Are you surprised?’ I admitted I was. He grinned and responded, ‘Well, you know there are only 100 executives in the furniture world of North Carolina and we just keep getting re-cycled.’ Here was an unusual moment for me. I had nothing to say.
And reaching out to the consumer? When Schneiderman’s first expanded to Duluth, Max, of course, rebelled when his family made its ground-breaking decision to advertise, a legacy move! That first ad is an all-time classic, the lead, “3 out of 4 of us Schneidermans think a clearance sale is a good idea” and the visual is priceless. Consumer response was phenomenal. In actuality, it was an early step in the “moving on” process.
Each element of exposure has its own weight in the total mix. Take the revamped Schneiderman logo. “We knew the time had come to create a new logo, so Jason and I got together with Linnihan-Foy, an agency in Minneapolis. At the time,( I’m not sure if they use it today), Rotman’s Furniture used the word ‘fantastic’ in their ads. We thought it was memorable and we began discussing what word we could use as a type of tag line to go with our long name.
“We do a great deal of special ordering and so we started from there with the word, ‘EXACTLY’. We also use it to describe how our customers can get ‘exactly’ what they’re looking for. Larry gives credit to Art Director, Brian Fils, for the choice of fonts and design. Fils struck a corporate nerve by describing the “rich dark brown font” as “comfortable, like a couch”, that it “balances the more corporate but clean Schneiderman’s Furniture”.” That must have struck a bell.
Why “Call Of The Couch”?: Which brings us to a question you might have asked yourself, why the title “Call of the Couch”? Back in the ‘40s when the business was new and things financial were more than tight, the family badly needed a couch for their home over the store. So, always resilient and practical, Max took a part-time job with Marshall-Wells. It was really the beginning. “Dad put a few pieces of furniture in the store and had people ordering from catalogues. It saved customers money because there was no high overhead. And, yes, the title does tie into the story of the family’s need for a couch. However, while I don’t want to sound too heavy about it, I do think of my work as a ‘calling’. I kept this in mind as I wrote the book. Everybody has a path. This has been mine, and I’m thankful”.
The 21st century Internet opportunity occasioned more research. “We knew it was necessary to use the Internet and to master a good, interactive website. We found out that over 85 per cent of women shop our website before coming to the store, and Schneiderman’s rates well with women 35 to 62, our most important demographic. Jason oversees our website and we have one in-store employee dedicated to it full-time.
Community Outreach: In 1988, Schneiderman’s celebrated their 40th anniversary by donating 40 rooms of furniture to Habitat for Humanity, “a meaningful way to reciprocate the loyalty that many Minnesotans have shown us. We committed to supplying a living room, dining room, or bedroom set to the next 40 homes built. It was a great success and the first major donation of furniture they ever received.
“We also work with an outstanding organization called Bridging. When a customer buys a piece of furniture from us, we offer to pick up their used piece if it’s in good condition. We then have that item delivered to Bridging, an amazing operation that cleans everything and then provides a shopping experience for families in transition at their locations in Bloomington and Roseville. We’ve recycled over 12,000 pieces of furniture through this program.
“We’ve been involved with our communities through various charities, but our efforts with the Ronald McDonald House have been the most important. As of 2013, we’ve contributed over $450,000 to the Ronald McDonald House largely through our annual golf tournament and auction.
2012, a banner year, also marked and celebrated the 100th birthday of Edna Schneiderman, the honoured matriarch and scribe of the family.
Although Larry was recently diagnosed with Parkinson’s Disease, he is as always planning ahead both for the business and his personal objectives. “My kids call me the ‘Over-Planner’. I have reservations for a 12 day trip in late May, 2015, following the Apostle Paul’s route through Greece and Turkey. Sheila can’t handle a trip like this due to her health, but all three of the kids as well as my daughter-in law will be going with me. It will be fantastic. Exactly!
“It’s time for the second generation of Schneiderman’s operating the family business to pass on the torch. I know I still have many good years ahead of me. But for Schneiderman’s to continue to be successful, it needs strong leadership. I am fortunate to have a son with the passion and drive to continue the business.
Will there be a sequel of “Call of the Couch”? I think we could safely bet on it! | 2019-04-20T06:29:03Z | https://furninfo.com/furniture-world-articles/3524 |
1 Alif, Lam, Meem, Sad.
2 [This is] a Book revealed to you, [O Muhammad] - so let there not be in your breast distress therefrom - that you may warn thereby and as a reminder to the believers.
3 Follow, [O mankind], what has been revealed to you from your Lord and do not follow other than Him any allies. Little do you remember.
4 And how many cities have We destroyed, and Our punishment came to them at night or while they were sleeping at noon.
5 And their declaration when Our punishment came to them was only that they said, "Indeed, we were wrongdoers!"
6 Then We will surely question those to whom [a message] was sent, and We will surely question the messengers.
7 Then We will surely relate [their deeds] to them with knowledge, and We were not [at all] absent.
8 And the weighing [of deeds] that Day will be the truth. So those whose scales are heavy - it is they who will be the successful.
9 And those whose scales are light - they are the ones who will lose themselves for what injustice they were doing toward Our verses.
10 And We have certainly established you upon the earth and made for you therein ways of livelihood. Little are you grateful.
12 [ Allah ] said, "What prevented you from prostrating when I commanded you?" [Satan] said, "I am better than him. You created me from fire and created him from clay."
13 [ Allah ] said, "Descend from Paradise, for it is not for you to be arrogant therein. So get out; indeed, you are of the debased.
14 [Satan] said, "Reprieve me until the Day they are resurrected."
15 [ Allah ] said, "Indeed, you are of those reprieved."
16 [Satan] said, "Because You have put me in error, I will surely sit in wait for them on Your straight path.
17 Then I will come to them from before them and from behind them and on their right and on their left, and You will not find most of them grateful [to You]."
18 [ Allah ] said, "Get out of Paradise, reproached and expelled. Whoever follows you among them - I will surely fill Hell with you, all together."
19 And "O Adam, dwell, you and your wife, in Paradise and eat from wherever you will but do not approach this tree, lest you be among the wrongdoers."
20 But Satan whispered to them to make apparent to them that which was concealed from them of their private parts. He said, "Your Lord did not forbid you this tree except that you become angels or become of the immortal."
21 And he swore [by Allah ] to them, "Indeed, I am to you from among the sincere advisors."
22 So he made them fall, through deception. And when they tasted of the tree, their private parts became apparent to them, and they began to fasten together over themselves from the leaves of Paradise. And their Lord called to them, "Did I not forbid you from that tree and tell you that Satan is to you a clear enemy?"
23 They said, "Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves, and if You do not forgive us and have mercy upon us, we will surely be among the losers."
24 [ Allah ] said, "Descend, being to one another enemies. And for you on the earth is a place of settlement and enjoyment for a time."
25 He said, "Therein you will live, and therein you will die, and from it you will be brought forth."
26 O children of Adam, We have bestowed upon you clothing to conceal your private parts and as adornment. But the clothing of righteousness - that is best. That is from the signs of Allah that perhaps they will remember.
27 O children of Adam, let not Satan tempt you as he removed your parents from Paradise, stripping them of their clothing to show them their private parts. Indeed, he sees you, he and his tribe, from where you do not see them. Indeed, We have made the devils allies to those who do not believe.
28 And when they commit an immorality, they say, "We found our fathers doing it, and Allah has ordered us to do it." Say, "Indeed, Allah does not order immorality. Do you say about Allah that which you do not know?"
30 A group [of you] He guided, and a group deserved [to be in] error. Indeed, they had taken the devils as allies instead of Allah while they thought that they were guided.
31 O children of Adam, take your adornment at every masjid, and eat and drink, but be not excessive. Indeed, He likes not those who commit excess.
33 Say, "My Lord has only forbidden immoralities - what is apparent of them and what is concealed - and sin, and oppression without right, and that you associate with Allah that for which He has not sent down authority, and that you say about Allah that which you do not know."
34 And for every nation is a [specified] term. So when their time has come, they will not remain behind an hour, nor will they precede [it].
35 O children of Adam, if there come to you messengers from among you relating to you My verses, then whoever fears Allah and reforms - there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve.
36 But the ones who deny Our verses and are arrogant toward them - those are the companions of the Fire; they will abide therein eternally.
37 And who is more unjust than one who invents about Allah a lie or denies His verses? Those will attain their portion of the decree until when Our messengers come to them to take them in death, they will say, "Where are those you used to invoke besides Allah ?" They will say, "They have departed from us," and will bear witness against themselves that they were disbelievers.
38 [ Allah ] will say, "Enter among nations which had passed on before you of jinn and mankind into the Fire." Every time a nation enters, it will curse its sister until, when they have all overtaken one another therein, the last of them will say about the first of them "Our Lord, these had misled us, so give them a double punishment of the Fire. He will say, "For each is double, but you do not know."
39 And the first of them will say to the last of them, "Then you had not any favor over us, so taste the punishment for what you used to earn."
40 Indeed, those who deny Our verses and are arrogant toward them - the gates of Heaven will not be opened for them, nor will they enter Paradise until a camel enters into the eye of a needle. And thus do We recompense the criminals.
41 They will have from Hell a bed and over them coverings [of fire]. And thus do We recompense the wrongdoers.
42 But those who believed and did righteous deeds - We charge no soul except [within] its capacity. Those are the companions of Paradise; they will abide therein eternally.
43 And We will have removed whatever is within their breasts of resentment, [while] flowing beneath them are rivers. And they will say, "Praise to Allah , who has guided us to this; and we would never have been guided if Allah had not guided us. Certainly the messengers of our Lord had come with the truth." And they will be called, "This is Paradise, which you have been made to inherit for what you used to do."
44 And the companions of Paradise will call out to the companions of the Fire, "We have already found what our Lord promised us to be true. Have you found what your Lord promised to be true?" They will say, "Yes." Then an announcer will announce among them, "The curse of Allah shall be upon the wrongdoers."
45 Who averted [people] from the way of Allah and sought to make it [seem] deviant while they were, concerning the Hereafter, disbelievers.
46 And between them will be a partition, and on [its] elevations are men who recognize all by their mark. And they call out to the companions of Paradise, "Peace be upon you." They have not [yet] entered it, but they long intensely.
47 And when their eyes are turned toward the companions of the Fire, they say, "Our Lord, do not place us with the wrongdoing people."
48 And the companions of the Elevations will call to men [within Hell] whom they recognize by their mark, saying, "Of no avail to you was your gathering and [the fact] that you were arrogant."
49 [ Allah will say], "Are these the ones whom you [inhabitants of Hell] swore that Allah would never offer them mercy? Enter Paradise, [O People of the Elevations]. No fear will there be concerning you, nor will you grieve."
50 And the companions of the Fire will call to the companions of Paradise, "Pour upon us some water or from whatever Allah has provided you." They will say, "Indeed, Allah has forbidden them both to the disbelievers."
52 And We had certainly brought them a Book which We detailed by knowledge - as guidance and mercy to a people who believe.
53 Do they await except its result? The Day its result comes those who had ignored it before will say, "The messengers of our Lord had come with the truth, so are there [now] any intercessors to intercede for us or could we be sent back to do other than we used to do?" They will have lost themselves, and lost from them is what they used to invent.
54 Indeed, your Lord is Allah , who created the heavens and earth in six days and then established Himself above the Throne. He covers the night with the day, [another night] chasing it rapidly; and [He created] the sun, the moon, and the stars, subjected by His command. Unquestionably, His is the creation and the command; blessed is Allah , Lord of the worlds.
55 Call upon your Lord in humility and privately; indeed, He does not like transgressors.
56 And cause not corruption upon the earth after its reformation. And invoke Him in fear and aspiration. Indeed, the mercy of Allah is near to the doers of good.
58 And the good land - its vegetation emerges by permission of its Lord; but that which is bad - nothing emerges except sparsely, with difficulty. Thus do We diversify the signs for a people who are grateful.
59 We had certainly sent Noah to his people, and he said, "O my people, worship Allah ; you have no deity other than Him. Indeed, I fear for you the punishment of a tremendous Day.
60 Said the eminent among his people, "Indeed, we see you in clear error."
61 [Noah] said, "O my people, there is not error in me, but I am a messenger from the Lord of the worlds."
62 I convey to you the messages of my Lord and advise you; and I know from Allah what you do not know.
63 Then do you wonder that there has come to you a reminder from your Lord through a man from among you, that he may warn you and that you may fear Allah so you might receive mercy."
64 But they denied him, so We saved him and those who were with him in the ship. And We drowned those who denied Our signs. Indeed, they were a blind people.
65 And to the 'Aad [We sent] their brother Hud. He said, "O my people, worship Allah ; you have no deity other than Him. Then will you not fear Him?"
66 Said the eminent ones who disbelieved among his people, "Indeed, we see you in foolishness, and indeed, we think you are of the liars."
67 [Hud] said, "O my people, there is not foolishness in me, but I am a messenger from the Lord of the worlds."
68 I convey to you the messages of my Lord, and I am to you a trustworthy adviser.
69 Then do you wonder that there has come to you a reminder from your Lord through a man from among you, that he may warn you? And remember when He made you successors after the people of Noah and increased you in stature extensively. So remember the favors of Allah that you might succeed.
70 They said, "Have you come to us that we should worship Allah alone and leave what our fathers have worshipped? Then bring us what you promise us, if you should be of the truthful."
71 [Hud] said, "Already have defilement and anger fallen upon you from your Lord. Do you dispute with me concerning [mere] names you have named them, you and your fathers, for which Allah has not sent down any authority? Then wait; indeed, I am with you among those who wait."
72 So We saved him and those with him by mercy from Us. And We eliminated those who denied Our signs, and they were not [at all] believers.
73 And to the Thamud [We sent] their brother Salih. He said, "O my people, worship Allah ; you have no deity other than Him. There has come to you clear evidence from your Lord. This is the she-camel of Allah [sent] to you as a sign. So leave her to eat within Allah 's land and do not touch her with harm, lest there seize you a painful punishment.
74 And remember when He made you successors after the 'Aad and settled you in the land, [and] you take for yourselves palaces from its plains and carve from the mountains, homes. Then remember the favors of Allah and do not commit abuse on the earth, spreading corruption."
75 Said the eminent ones who were arrogant among his people to those who were oppressed - to those who believed among them, "Do you [actually] know that Salih is sent from his Lord?" They said, "Indeed we, in that with which he was sent, are believers."
76 Said those who were arrogant, "Indeed we, in that which you have believed, are disbelievers."
77 So they hamstrung the she-camel and were insolent toward the command of their Lord and said, "O Salih, bring us what you promise us, if you should be of the messengers."
78 So the earthquake seized them, and they became within their home [corpses] fallen prone.
79 And he turned away from them and said, "O my people, I had certainly conveyed to you the message of my Lord and advised you, but you do not like advisors."
80 And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, "Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds?
81 Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people."
82 But the answer of his people was only that they said, "Evict them from your city! Indeed, they are men who keep themselves pure."
83 So We saved him and his family, except for his wife; she was of those who remained [with the evildoers].
84 And We rained upon them a rain [of stones]. Then see how was the end of the criminals.
85 And to [the people of] Madyan [We sent] their brother Shu'ayb. He said, "O my people, worship Allah ; you have no deity other than Him. There has come to you clear evidence from your Lord. So fulfill the measure and weight and do not deprive people of their due and cause not corruption upon the earth after its reformation. That is better for you, if you should be believers.
86 And do not sit on every path, threatening and averting from the way of Allah those who believe in Him, seeking to make it [seem] deviant. And remember when you were few and He increased you. And see how was the end of the corrupters.
87 And if there should be a group among you who has believed in that with which I have been sent and a group that has not believed, then be patient until Allah judges between us. And He is the best of judges."
88 Said the eminent ones who were arrogant among his people, "We will surely evict you, O Shu'ayb, and those who have believed with you from our city, or you must return to our religion." He said, "Even if we were unwilling?"
89 We would have invented against Allah a lie if we returned to your religion after Allah had saved us from it. And it is not for us to return to it except that Allah , our Lord, should will. Our Lord has encompassed all things in knowledge. Upon Allah we have relied. Our Lord, decide between us and our people in truth, and You are the best of those who give decision."
90 Said the eminent ones who disbelieved among his people, "If you should follow Shu'ayb, indeed, you would then be losers."
91 So the earthquake seized them, and they became within their home [corpses] fallen prone.
92 Those who denied Shu'ayb - it was as though they had never resided there. Those who denied Shu'ayb - it was they who were the losers.
93 And he turned away from them and said, "O my people, I had certainly conveyed to you the messages of my Lord and advised you, so how could I grieve for a disbelieving people?"
94 And We sent to no city a prophet [who was denied] except that We seized its people with poverty and hardship that they might humble themselves [to Allah ].
95 Then We exchanged in place of the bad [condition], good, until they increased [and prospered] and said, "Our fathers [also] were touched with hardship and ease." So We seized them suddenly while they did not perceive.
96 And if only the people of the cities had believed and feared Allah , We would have opened upon them blessings from the heaven and the earth; but they denied [the messengers], so We seized them for what they were earning."
97 Then, did the people of the cities feel secure from Our punishment coming to them at night while they were asleep?
98 Or did the people of the cities feel secure from Our punishment coming to them in the morning while they were at play?
99 Then did they feel secure from the plan of Allah ? But no one feels secure from the plan of Allah except the losing people.
100 Has it not become clear to those who inherited the earth after its [previous] people that if We willed, We could afflict them for their sins? But We seal over their hearts so they do not hear.
101 Those cities - We relate to you, [O Muhammad], some of their news. And certainly did their messengers come to them with clear proofs, but they were not to believe in that which they had denied before. Thus does Allah seal over the hearts of the disbelievers.
102 And We did not find for most of them any covenant; but indeed, We found most of them defiantly disobedient.
103 Then We sent after them Moses with Our signs to Pharaoh and his establishment, but they were unjust toward them. So see how was the end of the corrupters.
105 [Who is] obligated not to say about Allah except the truth. I have come to you with clear evidence from your Lord, so send with me the Children of Israel."
106 [Pharaoh] said, "If you have come with a sign, then bring it forth, if you should be of the truthful."
107 So Moses threw his staff, and suddenly it was a serpent, manifest.
108 And he drew out his hand; thereupon it was white [with radiance] for the observers.
110 Who wants to expel you from your land [through magic], so what do you instruct?"
112 Who will bring you every learned magician."
113 And the magicians came to Pharaoh. They said, "Indeed for us is a reward if we are the predominant."
114 He said, "Yes, and, [moreover], you will be among those made near [to me]."
115 They said, "O Moses, either you throw [your staff], or we will be the ones to throw [first]."
116 He said, "Throw," and when they threw, they bewitched the eyes of the people and struck terror into them, and they presented a great [feat of] magic.
117 And We inspired to Moses, "Throw your staff," and at once it devoured what they were falsifying.
118 So the truth was established, and abolished was what they were doing.
119 And Pharaoh and his people were overcome right there and became debased.
120 And the magicians fell down in prostration [to Allah ].
122 The Lord of Moses and Aaron."
123 Said Pharaoh, "You believed in him before I gave you permission. Indeed, this is a conspiracy which you conspired in the city to expel therefrom its people. But you are going to know.
124 I will surely cut off your hands and your feet on opposite sides; then I will surely crucify you all."
125 They said, "Indeed, to our Lord we will return.
126 And you do not resent us except because we believed in the signs of our Lord when they came to us. Our Lord, pour upon us patience and let us die as Muslims [in submission to You]."
127 And the eminent among the people of Pharaoh said," Will you leave Moses and his people to cause corruption in the land and abandon you and your gods?" [Pharaoh] said, "We will kill their sons and keep their women alive; and indeed, we are subjugators over them."
128 Said Moses to his people, "Seek help through Allah and be patient. Indeed, the earth belongs to Allah . He causes to inherit it whom He wills of His servants. And the [best] outcome is for the righteous."
129 They said, "We have been harmed before you came to us and after you have come to us." He said, "Perhaps your Lord will destroy your enemy and grant you succession in the land and see how you will do."
130 And We certainly seized the people of Pharaoh with years of famine and a deficiency in fruits that perhaps they would be reminded.
131 And But when good came to them, they said, "This is ours [by right]." And if a bad [condition] struck them, they saw an evil omen in Moses and those with him. Unquestionably, their fortune is with Allah , but most of them do not know.
132 And And they said, "No matter what sign you bring us with which to bewitch us, we will not be believers in you."
133 And So We sent upon them the flood and locusts and lice and frogs and blood as distinct signs, but they were arrogant and were a criminal people.
134 And And when the punishment descended upon them, they said, "O Moses, invoke for us your Lord by what He has promised you. If you [can] remove the punishment from us, we will surely believe you, and we will send with you the Children of Israel."
135 And But when We removed the punishment from them until a term which they were to reach, then at once they broke their word.
136 And So We took retribution from them, and We drowned them in the sea because they denied Our signs and were heedless of them.
137 And And We caused the people who had been oppressed to inherit the eastern regions of the land and the western ones, which We had blessed. And the good word of your Lord was fulfilled for the Children of Israel because of what they had patiently endured. And We destroyed [all] that Pharaoh and his people were producing and what they had been building.
138 And And We took the Children of Israel across the sea; then they came upon a people intent in devotion to [some] idols of theirs. They said, "O Moses, make for us a god just as they have gods." He said, "Indeed, you are a people behaving ignorantly.
139 And Indeed, those [worshippers] - destroyed is that in which they are [engaged], and worthless is whatever they were doing."
140 And He said, "Is it other than Allah I should desire for you as a god while He has preferred you over the worlds?"
141 And [recall, O Children of Israel], when We saved you from the people of Pharaoh, [who were] afflicting you with the worst torment - killing your sons and keeping your women alive. And in that was a great trial from your Lord.
142 And We made an appointment with Moses for thirty nights and perfected them by [the addition of] ten; so the term of his Lord was completed as forty nights. And Moses said to his brother Aaron, "Take my place among my people, do right [by them], and do not follow the way of the corrupters."
143 And when Moses arrived at Our appointed time and his Lord spoke to him, he said, "My Lord, show me [Yourself] that I may look at You." [ Allah ] said, "You will not see Me, but look at the mountain; if it should remain in place, then you will see Me." But when his Lord appeared to the mountain, He rendered it level, and Moses fell unconscious. And when he awoke, he said, "Exalted are You! I have repented to You, and I am the first of the believers."
144 [ Allah ] said, "O Moses, I have chosen you over the people with My messages and My words [to you]. So take what I have given you and be among the grateful."
145 And We wrote for him on the tablets [something] of all things - instruction and explanation for all things, [saying], "Take them with determination and order your people to take the best of it. I will show you the home of the defiantly disobedient."
146 I will turn away from My signs those who are arrogant upon the earth without right; and if they should see every sign, they will not believe in it. And if they see the way of consciousness, they will not adopt it as a way; but if they see the way of error, they will adopt it as a way. That is because they have denied Our signs and they were heedless of them.
147 Those who denied Our signs and the meeting of the Hereafter - their deeds have become worthless. Are they recompensed except for what they used to do?
148 And the people of Moses made, after [his departure], from their ornaments a calf - an image having a lowing sound. Did they not see that it could neither speak to them nor guide them to a way? They took it [for worship], and they were wrongdoers.
149 And when regret overcame them and they saw that they had gone astray, they said, "If our Lord does not have mercy upon us and forgive us, we will surely be among the losers."
150 And when Moses returned to his people, angry and grieved, he said, "How wretched is that by which you have replaced me after [my departure]. Were you impatient over the matter of your Lord?" And he threw down the tablets and seized his brother by [the hair of] his head, pulling him toward him. [Aaron] said, "O son of my mother, indeed the people oppressed me and were about to kill me, so let not the enemies rejoice over me and do not place me among the wrongdoing people."
151 [Moses] said, "My Lord, forgive me and my brother and admit us into Your mercy, for You are the most merciful of the merciful."
152 Indeed, those who took the calf [for worship] will obtain anger from their Lord and humiliation in the life of this world, and thus do We recompense the inventors [of falsehood].
153 But those who committed misdeeds and then repented after them and believed - indeed your Lord, thereafter, is Forgiving and Merciful.
154 And when the anger subsided in Moses, he took up the tablets; and in their inscription was guidance and mercy for those who are fearful of their Lord.
155 And Moses chose from his people seventy men for Our appointment. And when the earthquake seized them, he said, "My Lord, if You had willed, You could have destroyed them before and me [as well]. Would You destroy us for what the foolish among us have done? This is not but Your trial by which You send astray whom You will and guide whom You will. You are our Protector, so forgive us and have mercy upon us; and You are the best of forgivers.
157 Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered prophet, whom they find written in what they have of the Torah and the Gospel, who enjoins upon them what is right and forbids them what is wrong and makes lawful for them the good things and prohibits for them the evil and relieves them of their burden and the shackles which were upon them. So they who have believed in him, honored him, supported him and followed the light which was sent down with him - it is those who will be the successful.
158 Say, [O Muhammad], "O mankind, indeed I am the Messenger of Allah to you all, [from Him] to whom belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth. There is no deity except Him; He gives life and causes death." So believe in Allah and His Messenger, the unlettered prophet, who believes in Allah and His words, and follow him that you may be guided.
159 And among the people of Moses is a community which guides by truth and by it establishes justice.
160 And We divided them into twelve descendant tribes [as distinct] nations. And We inspired to Moses when his people implored him for water, "Strike with your staff the stone," and there gushed forth from it twelve springs. Every people knew its watering place. And We shaded them with clouds and sent down upon them manna and quails, [saying], "Eat from the good things with which We have provided you." And they wronged Us not, but they were [only] wronging themselves.
161 And [mention, O Muhammad], when it was said to them, "Dwell in this city and eat from it wherever you will and say, 'Relieve us of our burdens,' and enter the gate bowing humbly; We will [then] forgive you your sins. We will increase the doers of good [in goodness and reward]."
162 But those who wronged among them changed [the words] to a statement other than that which had been said to them. So We sent upon them a punishment from the sky for the wrong that they were doing.
163 And ask them about the town that was by the sea - when they transgressed in [the matter of] the sabbath - when their fish came to them openly on their sabbath day, and the day they had no sabbath they did not come to them. Thus did We give them trial because they were defiantly disobedient.
164 And when a community among them said, "Why do you advise [or warn] a people whom Allah is [about] to destroy or to punish with a severe punishment?" they [the advisors] said, "To be absolved before your Lord and perhaps they may fear Him."
165 And when they forgot that by which they had been reminded, We saved those who had forbidden evil and seized those who wronged, with a wretched punishment, because they were defiantly disobeying.
166 So when they were insolent about that which they had been forbidden, We said to them, "Be apes, despised."
167 And [mention] when your Lord declared that He would surely [continue to] send upon them until the Day of Resurrection those who would afflict them with the worst torment. Indeed, your Lord is swift in penalty; but indeed, He is Forgiving and Merciful.
168 And We divided them throughout the earth into nations. Of them some were righteous, and of them some were otherwise. And We tested them with good [times] and bad that perhaps they would return [to obedience].
169 And there followed them successors who inherited the Scripture [while] taking the commodities of this lower life and saying, "It will be forgiven for us." And if an offer like it comes to them, they will [again] take it. Was not the covenant of the Scripture taken from them that they would not say about Allah except the truth, and they studied what was in it? And the home of the Hereafter is better for those who fear Allah , so will you not use reason?
170 But those who hold fast to the Book and establish prayer - indeed, We will not allow to be lost the reward of the reformers.
171 And [mention] when We raised the mountain above them as if it was a dark cloud and they were certain that it would fall upon them, [and Allah said], "Take what We have given you with determination and remember what is in it that you might fear Allah ."
172 And [mention] when your Lord took from the children of Adam - from their loins - their descendants and made them testify of themselves, [saying to them], "Am I not your Lord?" They said, "Yes, we have testified." [This] - lest you should say on the day of Resurrection, "Indeed, we were of this unaware."
173 Or [lest] you say, "It was only that our fathers associated [others in worship] with Allah before, and we were but descendants after them. Then would You destroy us for what the falsifiers have done?"
174 And thus do We [explain in] detail the verses, and perhaps they will return.
175 And recite to them, [O Muhammad], the news of him to whom we gave [knowledge of] Our signs, but he detached himself from them; so Satan pursued him, and he became of the deviators.
176 And if We had willed, we could have elevated him thereby, but he adhered [instead] to the earth and followed his own desire. So his example is like that of the dog: if you chase him, he pants, or if you leave him, he [still] pants. That is the example of the people who denied Our signs. So relate the stories that perhaps they will give thought.
177 How evil an example [is that of] the people who denied Our signs and used to wrong themselves.
178 Whoever Allah guides - he is the [rightly] guided; and whoever He sends astray - it is those who are the losers.
179 And We have certainly created for Hell many of the jinn and mankind. They have hearts with which they do not understand, they have eyes with which they do not see, and they have ears with which they do not hear. Those are like livestock; rather, they are more astray. It is they who are the heedless.
180 And to Allah belong the best names, so invoke Him by them. And leave [the company of] those who practice deviation concerning His names. They will be recompensed for what they have been doing.
181 And among those We created is a community which guides by truth and thereby establishes justice.
182 But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.
183 And I will give them time. Indeed, my plan is firm.
184 Then do they not give thought? There is in their companion [Muhammad] no madness. He is not but a clear warner.
185 Do they not look into the realm of the heavens and the earth and everything that Allah has created and [think] that perhaps their appointed time has come near? So in what statement hereafter will they believe?
186 Whoever Allah sends astray - there is no guide for him. And He leaves them in their transgression, wandering blindly.
187 They ask you, [O Muhammad], about the Hour: when is its arrival? Say, "Its knowledge is only with my Lord. None will reveal its time except Him. It lays heavily upon the heavens and the earth. It will not come upon you except unexpectedly." They ask you as if you are familiar with it. Say, "Its knowledge is only with Allah , but most of the people do not know."
188 Say, "I hold not for myself [the power of] benefit or harm, except what Allah has willed. And if I knew the unseen, I could have acquired much wealth, and no harm would have touched me. I am not except a warner and a bringer of good tidings to a people who believe."
189 It is He who created you from one soul and created from it its mate that he might dwell in security with her. And when he covers her, she carries a light burden and continues therein. And when it becomes heavy, they both invoke Allah , their Lord, "If You should give us a good [child], we will surely be among the grateful."
190 But when He gives them a good [child], they ascribe partners to Him concerning that which He has given them. Exalted is Allah above what they associate with Him.
191 Do they associate with Him those who create nothing and they are [themselves] created?
192 And the false deities are unable to [give] them help, nor can they help themselves.
193 And if you [believers] invite them to guidance, they will not follow you. It is all the same for you whether you invite them or you are silent.
194 Indeed, those you [polytheists] call upon besides Allah are servants like you. So call upon them and let them respond to you, if you should be truthful.
195 Do they have feet by which they walk? Or do they have hands by which they strike? Or do they have eyes by which they see? Or do they have ears by which they hear? Say, [O Muhammad], "Call your 'partners' and then conspire against me and give me no respite.
196 Indeed, my protector is Allah , who has sent down the Book; and He is an ally to the righteous.
197 And those you call upon besides Him are unable to help you, nor can they help themselves."
198 And if you invite them to guidance, they do not hear; and you see them looking at you while they do not see.
199 Take what is given freely, enjoin what is good, and turn away from the ignorant.
200 And if an evil suggestion comes to you from Satan, then seek refuge in Allah . Indeed, He is Hearing and Knowing.
201 Indeed, those who fear Allah - when an impulse touches them from Satan, they remember [Him] and at once they have insight.
202 But their brothers - the devils increase them in error; then they do not stop short.
203 And when you, [O Muhammad], do not bring them a sign, they say, "Why have you not contrived it?" Say, "I only follow what is revealed to me from my Lord. This [Qur'an] is enlightenment from your Lord and guidance and mercy for a people who believe."
204 So when the Qur'an is recited, then listen to it and pay attention that you may receive mercy.
205 And remember your Lord within yourself in humility and in fear without being apparent in speech - in the mornings and the evenings. And do not be among the heedless.
206 Indeed, those who are near your Lord are not prevented by arrogance from His worship, and they exalt Him, and to Him they prostrate. | 2019-04-25T00:23:55Z | http://www.versesofquran.com/E7.html |
2017 was a bad year for the working-class. Really, it was just the latest in a very long series of bad years. The combination of the political shock therapy in the rise of Trump along with a stable of viciously reactionary politicians and a sharp escalation in the multi-generational attacks on workers’ living and working conditions all contributed to making 2017 an extremely disorienting year for the working-class in the US.
“In 2017, there were 7 major work stoppages involving 1,000 or more workers and lasting at least one shift, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Since the series began in 1947 this is the second lowest number of major work stoppages recorded in a year, the lowest annual total was 5 in 2009.
It’s no exaggeration to say that the disorientation and dislocation of the 2016 election and all that came with it– from the threat of large scale-generalized international war to an overnight resurgence of fascist violence and attempts to take over the streets — was as disorienting and dislocating for the working-class as the acute economic crisis of 2007-08.
Workers were slow to react to the crisis of 2007-08. The reaction to 2016 has been infinitely faster, more concentrated and explicitly on the terrain of class struggle. As of March 2018, the statewide strikes at West Virginia public schools and Frontier Communications (the latter still ongoing) have “idled” between 30,000-35,000 workers: more than the entire total for 2017.
As of this writing, approximately 4,000 workers at Jersey City, New Jersey schools are now on strike.
Public employees in Oklahoma are committed to strike in the next 2 weeks, giving the state government a deadline of April 1 to meet their demands. There are more than 250,000 public employees in OK, of whom 40,000 are union members (with an additional 14,000 non-members working under a collective bargaining agreement). It is hard to estimate how many will take strike action.
Kentucky public employees are mobilized to defeat a pension-stripping bill, creating the potential to join a nascent strike wave.
Arizona teachers are beginning to mobilize in response to the strike in West Virginia, with a significant likelihood of striking. West Virginia, Oklahoma, Kentucky and Arizona form the bottom of rankings by state of teacher and public employee compensation.
Non-tenured faculty in Maryland have issued a strike notice for April 4th if their demands are not met.
From Washington to Indiana to Pennsylvania, teachers and other public employees have been quietly pressing and winning their demands through the changing balance of forces sparked by the West Virginia public school strike. Not just strike deadlines or threats to strike, but basic mobilization and organizing has been enough in many cases to compel the employers to give in– because it is no idle threat. Any mobilization and any form of organizing has the potential to become a strike in the present moment.
1,800 electrical workers, members of International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 3, remain on strike against Charter Communications/Spectrum.
Another protracted strike remains ongoing in Idaho, where 250 members of United Steelworkers Local 5114 are still walking the picket lines at Hecla Mining Company a year after walking-out.
The strike at Frontier Communications, encompassing all of West Virginia and one city in Virginia, is becoming especially bitter. Scabs are being paid between $90 and $125 an hour by a company that says it can’t afford to pay living wages locally, and now Frontier has requested (and been granted) an injunction . Frontier claimed the strikers have made, “threats of violence against Frontier’s employees and contractors and actual violence against Frontier’s employees and contractors,” while the only violence during the strike occurred when a scab pulled a gun on the strikers!
On the front of lock-outs, West Virginia is again at the center, with 71 members of the Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics and Allied Workers (USW-GMP Local 152M) locked-out by Tecnocap as of March 5th. The plant is located outside Wheeling in Glen Dale, WV.
There is a real chance for an organic and conscious growing-over of these struggles in this specific window of time. Even in 2017, a year of dislocation and disorientation for the working-class on par only with the extreme dislocation and disorientation of the working-class in 2009, there were the signs of this potential for growing-over.
February 2017 saw the Day Without Immigrants strike, boycott and demonstrations, in which working-class immigrants identified the source of their oppression (and the source of their power) as flowing directly, immediately, from their labor. It formed one front in the general resistance to the Trump administration and all that it entailed (and still entails).
The protracted organizing campaign by retail store custodians in the Twin Cities resulted in a massive victory, totaling over $4.5 million in material gains for a fraction of the most degraded and oppressed workers in America. This victory was made possible through the solidarity forged between citizen and immigrant workers in the class struggle.
On February 17, 2016, Service Employees International Union Local 26’s 4,000 members in Minneapolis struck all city employers to facilitate their demands for wage parity between full and part time workers, raises for everyone and stronger work rules. The next day on February 18, 2016, the immigrant workers organizing through Centro de Trabajadores en Lucha / Center of Workers United in Struggle (CTUL) launched their 7th one-day strike in Minneapolis and St Paul, Minnesota in as many years. The results of this citizen/non-citizen alliance among building service workers in the Twin Cities resulted in victory, finally, in 2017.
On August 23, 2017, members of International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) Local 10 in San Francisco voted to stop work and march to confront a fascist gathering planned for August 26.
When workers in the San Francisco building trades learned that a member of International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) Local 6 was a fascist who had participated in the Charlottesville, VA demonstration that ended in the murder of Heather Heyer and dozens more wounded, he was chased off the job by union tradesmen and IBEW Local 6 members pressured the local union to expel him and revoke his right to the hiring hall.
Over the summer of 2017, at the same time that the workers of Missouri were collecting enough signatures to put the recently passed “right-to-work” law up for a statewide referendum, the NAACP issued a travel advisory to all black people to avoid the state, or at least exercise extreme caution when traveling to, through or within the state, due to the extreme racial disparity in police action and recent chiseling of the state’s legal protections from discrimination.
At the same time that the black community and allied individuals, organizations and communities were organizing against the liquidation of discrimination protections and ferocious police violence, the labor movement was fighting against a law that was originally designed to facilitate Jim Crow and further degrade black labor. For what might be the first time, the AFL-CIO in 2017 explicitly connected “right-to-work” laws to their original purpose.
Thousands of workers were mobilized in Missouri, for the same purpose, even if the participants didn’t know it. Working-class unity necessarily confronts the degradation of black labor and the oppression of black people; the fight against “right-to-work” is essentially a fight for working-class unity and a fight against a law that was designed and implemented to degrade black labor and deepen the oppression of black people.
The potential for growing-over of struggles into other struggles, and/or their transformation into something beyond where they started or their stated purpose, was displayed throughout 2017 even though the general response of the class to the events of 2016 at the point of production was muted.
Whenever working-class unity becomes a central element of a given episode in the class struggle; whenever workers begin their fight on a given terrain (economic, political, social, production, reproduction) and it develops onto other terrains; whenever a given episode of the class struggle provides an inspiration and a model that is acted upon by other workers; whenever two or more struggles take place at the same time or in the same region — there is the potential for growing-over.
The revolutionary movement for the abolition of wage labor, oppression and exploitation and for a classless, stateless human community built upon equality and dignity requires that the working-class actively breaks down the barriers constructed by capitalist society that separate us into a plethora of subdivisions. These subdivisions can be broad (citizen, race, age, gender) or extremely narrow (trade, locality, shift, regular/temporary, full-time/part-time, etc.). It also requires the working-class to actively break down the barrier between production and reproduction.
These barriers must be broken down on the basis of reciprocal solidarity: the recognition of the particular interests of segments of the class and the process of locating potential links within the class struggle. The synthesis of these particular interests into actions which reflect the interest of the whole class is fundamental to success in both local struggles and on the international terrain.
In 2017, the potentials for this growing-over were evident. In 2018, the potentials for growing-over are becoming urgent to the immediate needs of existing struggles. The public school strike in West Virginia is an example of this potential and this urgency.
Prior to launching the statewide public school strike in February 2018, education workers brainstormed, organized and implemented their own program to collect and distribute food to their students. West Virginia ranks among the poorest states in the country while being a top recipient of social service and welfare programs. As such, the workers recognized the need to feed students during the strike, since so many children are dependent on the free or subsidized breakfasts and lunches they receive at school for their daily needs.
Here was an explicit broadening of the terms of the struggle. It was not about just the workers and their particular demands. They took over one of the social functions of their workplaces as a facet of their struggle. Efforts to collect and distribute food across the state was more or less decentralized and lasted for the duration of the strike.
From its first day, the statewide strike was not just a teachers’ strike. School service personnel, including bus drivers, food service workers, custodians and paraprofessionals were an integral part of the work stoppage. This solidarity was made possible because of the broad offensive launched against workers in the US generally and in West Virginia in particular. The needs and interests of the school service workers were the same as those of the teachers; and the needs of the workers in public education were the very same issues affecting all West Virginia pubic employees. This is an issue of primary importance in the ongoing Jersey City, New Jersey teachers’ strike right now. Substitute teachers are being used as scabs while it appears that school service workers continue to work.
While it is doubtful that West Virginia could have continued operations at its public schools even if school service workers (and school bus drivers in particular) did not strike, the possibility that at least some schools in some school districts could have remained open would have dramatically altered the course of events and the dynamics of the strike.
Even though no other public workers outside of the K-12 public schools went on strike, the fact remains that the demands of the public school workers were the exact same demands found throughout the West Virginia public sector, regardless of region and trade. It was an example of combined self-interest, in which the teachers and school service workers, in pursuing their own wage and health care demands, were acting in the interests of all West Virginia public workers. This was especially evident in the rejection of the first strike settlement deal which would have given teachers and school service workers a 5% wage increase and 3% for all other state employees. The public school workers demanded that all public workers receive the same raise– and this was won in the final settlement, in which all public workers received the same 5% wage increase.
The public school workers of West Virginia received an overwhelming outpouring of solidarity from across the country and the world, particularly from other teachers and education sector workers. This took the form of donations, support on the picket line by out-of-state workers and above all in the actions taken in other states that were informed by and inherently supportive of the West Virginia strike. But they won the battle for the working-class within the state. The parents of West Virginia public school students were solidly behind them.
From its earliest incarnation in the one-day walkouts in certain counties prior to the statewide strike, the public school workers were not confined to one particular terrain. Their struggle was economic because it centered around wages–both money wages and deferred compensation (health care)– but became a political struggle because public employee wages, hours, working conditions and deferred compensation are determined by the state legislature. It was carried on within and through the trade unions, but involved a tremendous level of initiative and organization independent of the trade union structures because West Virginia public employees have very few trade union rights and no mechanism for traditional collective bargaining. It was a strike at the point of production, at the workplace, but moved beyond production and onto the terrain of social reproduction when the need to feed students who lost their access to school cafeterias for the duration of the strike presented itself. In a less direct way, social reproduction was also raised through the demands related to the Public Employees Insurance Agency (PEIA): that is, the need for quality health care. In addition, the question of how to fund the wage increases and PEIA fix was also a central feature of the strike. The workers demanded that the severance tax on natural gas be raised, thus re-appropriating the profits of the energy industry to the material well-being of the working-class.
Even though the strike is over, the struggle that it embodied is not. Reactionaries in the state legislature are trying to fund the 5% raise by making funding cuts to social services such as Medicaid and the free community college program. The so-called PEIA “task force” formed by the Governor is designed to absorb the boiling anger of public workers in the state by giving labor several seats on the “task force” while structurally stacking the deck against them so that these labor representatives have no chance of affecting the direction of PEIA.
The widely-circulated images of public school workers wearing their picket signs while they distribute food to children in the ad hoc collection and distribution points they organized is what the working-class movement for socialism looks like. Speaking and acting in the interests of all workers, becoming the vehicle for meeting peoples’ material needs and struggling against the forces of capital, capitalist society and capitalism is the real movement of the working-class toward socialism.
The tasks connected with transforming these potentials for growing-over in labor’s class struggles into something qualitatively greater is the role of the socialist movement.
These tasks may be extremely modest, such as preparing leaflets to distribute at picket lines and workplaces which make those connections, or publicizing these struggles and their relationship to each other, or actively and enthusiastically participating in those actions which develop organically from the struggle while trying to popularize and expand them (such as the food collection and distribution operation of the WV strike).
These tasks may require significant organization, such as the logistics needed to have comrades attend PEIA public meetings across West Virginia and intervene to keep the demand of the workers to fund PEIA through a severance tax on natural gas alive and reverberating across the state.
These tasks may require national and international organization, to transmit the experience of the struggle across the country and the world, to be capable of analyzing events and changing tactical efforts in real time to escalate the class struggle– to be able to raise enough financial support to sustain workers like those on strike at Frontier or locked-out at Tecnocap so they may last one day longer than the company, to have the networks and resources to be the mediation between the inspiration created by the West Virginia public school strike and the extension of this strike and its lessons to other parts of the country and in other sectors so that the Jersey City teachers and Frontier Communications workers are not condemned to strike alone.
These tasks require us to be and act where all potentials for growing-over exist, wherever and whenever they occur!
Note 1: From the original time of writing, New Jersey teachers accepted a settlement and have returned to work.
Note 2: Frontier strikers are now deploying mobile pickets (“Scab Patrols”) across West Virginia.
Note 3: A tentative agreement has been reached between CWA and Frontier to end the strike in WV and VA. Workers are scheduled to return to work Wednesday, March 28, 2018, and after that formally vote on the new collective bargaining agreement. | 2019-04-20T19:22:03Z | https://anticapital0.wordpress.com/makings-of-a-strike-wave/ |
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After leaving the White House last year to return to his job as Breitbart News chief, Steve Bannon announced that he was launching a new kind of campaign.
Hoping to channel the right-wing, anti-establishment fervor that had propelled Donald Trump to the presidency, the former White House chief strategist would now travel the country recruiting insurgent GOP candidates to challenge incumbent Republican senators running for reelection in 2018 — almost all of them.
He promised to overturn the “globalist clique on Capitol Hill” with its “total contempt for the forgotten man and the base.” Bannon’s acolytes would be chosen for their loyalty to the “basic agenda that Trump ran on and won,” and their promise to vote against Mitch McConnell, the personification of the GOP establishment, for another term as Senate Majority Leader.
Within a few months he had given his blessing to at least seven candidates in mostly Western and Southern states.
But then came December’s special election in Alabama, in which Bannon went all in for accused child molester Roy Moore, who became the first Alabama Republican to lose a statewide race to a Democrat since 1992. That humiliation was followed last week by the publication of Michael Wolff’s Fire and Fury, in which Bannon was quoted disparaging Trump and his family at length.
Within hours, Bannon’s billionaire patrons Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah said they were withdrawing their support and word began to spread that even Bannon’s job at Breitbart was in doubt. Reports soon surfaced that Bannon’s fledgling political group, Citizens of the American Republic, had so far failed to build any infrastructure or secure any real funding, suggesting that Bannon was less influential than he liked to pretend.
Meanwhile, on Sunday, Trump insisted that he was done stumping for GOP outsiders like Moore.
“I don’t see that happening,” the president said, adding that he did plan to campaign for incumbents.
By Tuesday, Bannon had parted ways with Breitbart News, further diminishing the volume of his political megaphone and stripping away what influence he wielded for the candidates he had handpicked.
But the truth may be a little more complicated — and interesting. All of the declared candidates that Bannon considered part of his “coalition” were already running before he endorsed them — and all of them will continue campaigning without him.
So while Bannon may be an outcast, his candidates could continue to shape the 2018 Republican season in strange and surprising ways.
No candidate welcomed Bannon’s endorsement as enthusiastically as Arizona Republican Kelli Ward, a 48-year-old osteopath and former state senator from Lake Havasu City.
But since Bannon’s break with Trump, Ward’s team has been distancing her from the embattled Breitbart chief.
“Steve Bannon is only one of many high-profile endorsements Dr. Ward has received,” campaign spokesman Zachery Henry said last week.
Ward’s campaign strategy is simple: Do as Donald Trump would do. Since launching her bid in late 2016, Ward has unapologetically championed all of Trump’s most controversial proposals, from the Muslim ban to the border wall; when the president visited Phoenix in August, Ward’s team walked the streets in bright yellow T-shirts that read TRUMP 2016 WARD 2018 on the front and #MAKEARIZONAGREATAGAIN on the back.
Embracing the president’s top campaign strategist was perfectly in keeping with Ward’s all-Trump-all-the-time approach.
But now look for Ward to pretend Bannon never existed — and to hug Trump even tighter.
The question that could define her campaign — and determine her fate — is whether Trump hugs her back.
The president has been sympathetic before. When Ward entered the race, she was mounting a primary challenge against Flake, Arizona’s junior senator and one of the GOP’s most vocal Trump critics. At the time, Trump tweeted that it was “great to see” Ward “running against Flake Jeff Flake.” Mercer sent $300,000 to Ward’s super-PAC, and two former pro-Trump super-PAC leaders signed on to run her campaign.
Meanwhile, the GOP establishment — which views Ward as a loose cannon who could cost the party a precious Senate seat in November — began to fight back. In August, the McConnell-aligned Senate Leadership Fund super-PAC released an ad on the web that painted Ward — and, by implication, the entire Trump movement — as out of touch with reality.
The party’s worries about Ward are numerous: she plagiarized a Mitt Romney ad; she mocked John McCain as old and weak, and after he was diagnosed with brain cancer, called on him to retire so she could take over his seat; in 2015, she earned the nickname “Chemtrail Kelli” after hosting a town hall meeting to discuss a conspiracy theory — a theory she says she doesn’t believe — that the trails of white condensation emanating from airplane engines are actually dangerous chemicals being dispersed by the government. She also ran against McCain in 2016 and wound up losing the GOP primary by more than 11 percentage points.
Yet the more Flake antagonized Trump, the more Republican support he lost back home; by the end of the summer, his approval rating had plummeted to 18 percent, and early polls showed Ward with a double-digit primary lead. In October, Flake announced that he would be retiring from the Senate at the end of his term.
As a result, a race that seemed fairly black and white — anti-Trump incumbent vs. pro-Trump insurgent — suddenly became a lot less clear cut. Washington insiders, including some Trump officials, stepped up their search for an alternative to Ward. Rep. Matt Salmon passed up the race; Arizona Treasurer Jeff DeWit accepted a NASA post instead. Now the party seems to have settled on Rep. Martha McSally — a Harvard-educated former fighter pilot from Tucson — as its likeliest standard-bearer. McSally is more popular than Flake and friendlier to Trump — she has voted with the president nearly 97 percent of the time, which exceeds even the figure of 90.7 percent for Flake — and Arizona politicos say she would stand a much better chance of defeating Rep. Krysten Sinema, the near-certain Democratic nominee.
Which is where Trump comes in. If the president refuses to weigh in on Ward’s behalf — or sides with McConnell and endorses her more electable rival — it will undermine Ward’s whole raison d’être.
Further complicating matters is the fact that former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio announced Tuesday that he will also be running in the primary. Arpaio’s harsh anti-immigrant policies have made him a hero to the far right, and as the recipient of Trump’s first presidential pardon, he will be competing for the same America First, pro-Trump voters that Ward hoped to have all to herself.
Ward is still popular with Arizona’s GOP base — she helped drive the hated Flake from office, after all — and she could still cause serious problems for McSally and McConnell in the primary.
Will Trump himself come to the same conclusion?
In September, Bannon huddled at Breitbart’s Capitol Hill headquarters with Danny Tarkanian, the son of legendary University of Nevada, Las Vegas basketball coach Jerry Tarkanian and a perennial right-wing Nevada candidate. A month earlier, Tarkanian had announced that he would be challenging incumbent Republican Sen. Dean Heller, who denounced Trump during the 2016 campaign and torpedoed an early version of the GOP’s Obamacare repeal legislation.
With Arizona’s Jeff Flake declining to run for reelection and Nevada trending blue — Hillary Clinton defeated Donald Trump there in 2016 — Heller is by far the most vulnerable Republican senator in the country. So far, he also is the only GOP incumbent fending off credible challengers from both the right and the left — which means the stakes of Bannon’s anti-establishment antics may be higher in Nevada than anywhere else.
And those stakes are likely to remain just as high regardless of whether Bannon himself is a player in the race.
Tarkanian’s strategy is to assault Heller for being insufficiently pro-Trump — and insufficiently principled, especially when it comes to Obamacare.
Tarkanian’s pitch could resonate in the primary because has a point: Heller has been all-over-the-place on repeal, and his standing in Nevada has suffered as a result. Tarkanian is also correct when he notes that Heller has waffled on Trump, declaring in 2016 that “I vehemently oppose our nominee” but sounding (conveniently) friendlier since the pro-Trump Tarkanian entered the race.
He has a “much closer relationship” now with the president, Heller told the Las Vegas Review Journal last week.
The problem, from McConnell’s perspective, is that however accurate Tarkanian’s attacks may be, his presence in the primary will probably only make it harder for the GOP to retain Heller’s seat. The latest independent polls give Tarkanian the lead; to win, Heller will have to veer further to the right by touting his new chumminess with Trump and his rediscovered distaste for Obamacare. But those are the very things that would weaken Heller against Democratic Rep. Jacky Rosen, a strong campaigner who has been out-fundraising Heller since announcing her bid in July.
If, on the other hand, Tarkanian prevails, he will face a rematch with Rosen — to whom he has already lost once before, in the 2016 battle for Nevada’s Third Congressional District.
And that isn’t the only election Tarkanian has lost. In fact, he has run for office five times — and he has lost all five races. In 2004, Tarkanian ran for state senate. In 2006, he tried for secretary of state. In 2010, he sought the nomination to run against Democratic Sen. Harry Reid, but lost in a primary to Sharron Angle. In 2012, he ran in Nevada’s Fourth Congressional District, ultimately losing to Democratic Rep. Steven Horsford, who lost the seat himself two years later. And then in 2016 he lost to Rosen.
As for Bannon, Tarkanian hasn’t bailed on him yet.
“If Mr. Bannon chooses to support me in our effort to repeal and replace Dean Heller with someone who will truly have the president’s back, I welcome his support,” Tarkanian said last week in a statement.
Team Heller and the McConnell-aligned, Heller-supporting Senate Leadership Fund have pounced on the association. After Tarkanian challenged Heller to sign a “McConnell Replacement Pledge” in October, the Senate Leadership Fund quickly tweeted out a pledge of its own that featured a Daily News headline about Steve Bannon’s allegedly anti-Semitic past above a blank “I agree” line awaiting Tarkanian’s signature.
“Our concern is that Steve Bannon has a long paper trail of controversial statements and associations that do not play well with general-election audiences, and viable candidates who are perceived as too close to him will have to drag around his baggage next fall,” Senate Leadership Fund President and CEO Steven Law told USA Today.
Even so, it’s unlikely that Tarkanian’s bond with Bannon will matter much in the primary. Heller is damaged goods among the Nevada GOP base — and Tarkanian will keep hammering him from the right.
Matt Rosendale, the Montana state auditor who is seeking the nomination to take on Democratic Sen. Jon Tester, is a somewhat unlikely candidate for Bannon’s blessing, because he has publicly aligned himself with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell for months.
Nonetheless, Bannon’s circle made him a top priority — especially after Moore’s loss in Alabama, when a weakened Bannon seemed less inclined to pursue his war against McConnell.
Rosendale did pose for a picture with Bannon in October, at the height of Bannon’s popularity. Moore had just defeated the establishment candidate, Luther Strange, who also had Trump’s support, and Bannon was cultivating an image as a kingmaker. And Rosendale has an issue profile and a personal style that appeals to the same populist base as Bannon and his allies. He’s taken hard-right positions on health care, gay marriage, and land use, a big issue in the West. He can match his 1950s-era buzz cut against Tester’s.
Rosendale has the backing of the establishment-oriented National Republican Senatorial Committee, mainly because the national party’s top two choices didn’t run. Former Congressman Ryan Zinke took a job as Trump’s secretary of the Interior, and state Attorney General Tim Fox turned down a run.
Rosendale, 57, is not a native Montanan, having moved from Maryland to the state a little more than a decade ago. But his background in land use as a real estate developer,and his personal presentation as a dressed down, gun-toting hunter are in line with conservative sensibilities in a state like Montana.
“I’ll stand with President Trump and we’ll beat the Washington elites,” Patrick Morrisey promised in his first campaign ad for the U.S. Senate seat in West Virginia now held by conservative Democrat Joe Manchin.
But Morrisey, the state attorney general, is himself a product of elite institutions in and around Washington. He has deep roots on Capitol Hill, having been a high-ranking congressional staffer from 1999 to 2004, and he helped shepherd the law establishing the prescription drug benefit program.
Morrisey, 50, has also spent years at topflight Washington law firms as an expert on Medicare, Medicaid and FDA regulatory issues. And he lived most of his life in New Jersey, where he ran for Congress in 2000.
Morrisey didn’t move to West Virginia until 2006, and he lives in Harper’s Ferry, right on the border with Maryland. His wife, Denise Henry Morrisey, is a founding partner of one of the top lobbying firms in Washington, and has a residence in northern Virginia.
Even more so than Rosendale, Morrisey is not a typical Bannon candidate. But he and Rosendale are two of the most competitive candidates seeking to flip a Democratic seat this year. And Bannon, who thought Moore was a slam-dunk to win in Alabama — a seemingly safe bet before he was accused of pursuing teenage girls while in his 30s – has always had a pragmatic streak that leads him to side with likely winners.
That doesn’t mean Morrisey lacks conservative credentials. He built a robust track record of fighting against federal regulation as West Virginia’s attorney general over the past five years.
Morrisey sued the Obama administration over the Affordable Care Act, and was part of 13 different lawsuits against the Obama administration’s Environmental Protection Agency, many of them having to do with regulations affecting the coal industry, which employs about 12,000 people in the state.
Morrissey also joined a group of state attorneys general last July in calling on Trump to rescind the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) policy, which the president did revoke in September.
Morrisey’s chief competitor in the Republican primary is Rep. Evan Jenkins, 57, who spent 20 years as a state legislator in West Virginia — as a Democrat — before getting elected to Congress in 2014 as a Republican.
Jenkins called on Morrisey to “disavow” Bannon after Trump broke with him over the Wolff book.
Unlike Rosendale and Morrissey, Kevin Nicholson, a candidate for the Wisconsin Senate seat now held by Democrat Tammy Baldwin, has no experience in government. His candidacy is based on his biography, with a focus on his decorated service in the U.S. Marine Corps.
Nicholson, 39, is so new to politics and public life that there is no entry for him on Wikipedia. But the photogenic and well-spoken Nicholson has received significant financial support from conservative megadonor Richard Uihlein.
Uihlein, who lives in Illinois, has given $3.5 million to a super-PAC formed to back Nicholson’s candidacy directly, Solutions for Wisconsin. And Uihlein has given more than $16 million over the past three years to eight other political groups that have all endorsed Nicholson as well, according to information compiled by the Wisconsin Democratic Party.
Nicholson’s relative obscurity might work to his advantage, because his biography is not as straightforward as it sounds. Before his emergence as a Republican candidate, he was a national leader of college Democrats from 1999 to 2000. He appeared on television during that time touting Democratic talking points, and gave a speech at the 2000 Democratic convention, where he endorsed the pro-choice position on abortion.
Nicholson has explained that becoming a father of three children and seeing innocent lives cut short during his two tours in Iraq and Afghanistan — for which he received a Bronze Star — changed his mind about abortion. And his shift from Democrat to Republican is part of his stump speech.
Yet in a primary, his opponents can be counted on to run ads featuring Nicholson’s past positions and speeches.
He’s facing a formidable primary opponent in Leah Vukmir, a state senator from Wisconsin who has been an ally of Gov. Scott Walker through several years of political battles. Vukmir commands respect in the state Republican Party, and has her own public service background, having been a nurse for over two decades.
Nicholson represented an interesting prospect for the anti-establishment groups, and for Bannon and the Breitbart crew in particular, since he could be a vehicle to subtly undermine House Speaker Paul Ryan in his own state. Nicholson has already criticized Ryan in a private conversation that went public.
Chris McDaniel spoke as if he were an acolyte of Bannon’s in the past. “I consider Steve to be a friend of mine, and I do follow his advice,” he said in September.
The 45-year-old Mississippi state senator and lawyer came within a few thousand votes of knocking out incumbent Sen. Thad Cochran in 2014, and is still bitter about the way Cochran allies turned out Democrats in a primary runoff to deny him the nomination.
McDaniel appeared poised to challenge Mississippi’s other incumbent, Sen. Roger Wicker, this year. But Bannon’s demise has greatly complicated those plans, leaving McDaniel in a state of limbo.
McDaniel has carried an anti-establishment message for years, and so he was a perfect fit for Bannon and the Breitbart crowd. But when Bannon lost the backing of the Mercers at some point this fall, more mainstream candidates like Morrisey and Rosendale became something of a life raft for Bannon. In private conversations with reporters, Bannon began edging away from candidates like McDaniel, who has a history of troubling comments on race and gender.
The Mercers have given McDaniel $500,000 already. With Bannon marginalized, it’s unclear whether they’ll continue to give to McDaniel. Even if they do, Wicker is a far stronger candidate than the now-80-year-old Cochran was in 2014.
Wicker, 66, spent much of 2017 raising money and building a political organization to run for reelection, and also made sure there was little daylight between himself and Trump, who remains popular in the South. The primary vote for his seat is in June.
However, Cochran is expected to retire soon, amid reports of visible “physical and mental decline.” If he had done so before the end of 2017, that would have triggered a special election within 100 days. That would have been a perfect opportunity for McDaniel, who has a small but enthusiastic base he could mobilize in an off-cycle race.
But now that any Cochran retirement will come in 2018, the special election to fill his seat through 2018 would take place on Nov. 6, the same day as the general election. With both Senate seats up at the same time, McDaniel would lose the advantage he would have in a low-turnout special election. He is talking about possibly running for lieutenant governor instead. But then McDaniel’s challenge would be to raise money from inside Mississippi, where he is largely scorned.
In October, the New York Times reported that Erik Prince, the 48-year-old founder of controversial security contractor Blackwater, was “seriously considering” a challenge to Wyoming Sen. John Barrasso, a senior member of the Republican leadership.
In the wake of Bannon’s banishment, it’s unclear whether he still is.
Prince even has strong Trump ties: He served as an informal adviser during the transition, and he is the brother of Education Secretary Betsy DeVos.
But now that Bannon is at odds with Trump — and his Mercer money has dried up — an insurgent Prince run seems improbable.
Also complicating matters: Prince, a recruit with thin ties to Wyoming and plenty of baggage already, was most recently in the news for proposing a private spy network to the administration and secretly meeting in the Seychelles with a Kremlin-linked banker as part of an apparent attempt to set up backchannel communications between then President-elect Trump and Moscow.
Many of Bannon’s candidates were already running before he entered the fray — and all of them will continue running and (in some cases) continue causing problems for McConnell and the GOP establishment now that Bannon is kaput.
But Prince may wind up being emblematic of a different kind of Bannon candidate: the kind whose run was dependent on Bannon’s backing, and who now won’t run without him. | 2019-04-19T15:18:26Z | https://www.yahoo.com/news/bannon-exiled-trump-happens-candidates-backed-100018350.html |
Microbial carbohydrates by Yuriy A. Knirel (727-728).
Common themes in glycoconjugate assembly using the biogenesis of O-antigen lipopolysaccharide as a model system by M. A. Valvano (729-735).
The biosynthesis of glycoconjugates is remarkably conserved in all types of cells since the biochemical reactions involved exhibit similar characteristics, which can be summarized as follows: (a) the saccharide moiety is formed as a lipidlinked, membrane-associated glycan; (b) the lipid component in most cases is a polyisoprenoid phosphate; (c) the assembly of the lipid-linked saccharide intermediate depends on reactions taking place at both sides of the cell membrane, which requires the obligatory transmembrane movement of amphipathic molecules across the lipid bilayer. These general characteristics are present in the biosynthesis of the O-antigen component of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide, which serves as a model system to investigate the molecular and mechanistic basis of glycoconjugate synthesis, as summarized in this minireview.
Teichuronic and teichulosonic acids of actinomycetes by E. M. Tul’skaya; A. S. Shashkov; G. M. Streshinskaya; S. N. Senchenkova; N. V. Potekhina; Yu. I. Kozlova; L. I. Evtushenko (736-744).
The subject of the present review is the structural diversity and abundance of cell wall teichuronic and teichulosonic acids of representatives of the order Actinomycetales. Recently found teichulosonic acids are a new class of natural glycopolymers with ald-2-ulosonic acid residues: Kdn (3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid) or di-N-acyl derivatives of Pse (5,7-diamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L-glycero-L-manno-non-2-ulosonic or pseudaminic acid) as the obligatory component. The structures of teichuronic and teichulosonic acids are presented. Data are summarized on the occurrence of the glycopolymers of different nature in the cell wall of the studied actinomycetes. The biological role of the glycopolymers and their possible taxonomic implication are discussed. The comprehensive tables given in the Supplement show 13C NMR spectroscopic data of teichuronic and teichulosonic acids obtained by the authors.
Phosphate-containing cell wall polymers of bacilli by N. V. Potekhina; G. M. Streshinskaya; E. M. Tul’skaya; Yu. I. Kozlova; S. N. Senchenkova; A. S. Shashkov (745-754).
Structural diversity of the core oligosaccharide domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide by D. Kocincova; J. S. Lam (755-760).
Synthetic neoglycoconjugates of cell-surface phosphoglycans of Leishmania as potential anti-parasite carbohydrate vaccines by A. V. Nikolaev; O. V. Sizova (761-773).
Leishmania are a genus of sandfly-transmitted protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of debilitating and often fatal diseases in humans throughout the tropics and subtropics. During the parasite life cycle, Leishmania survive and proliferate in highly hostile environments. Their survival strategies involve the formation of an elaborate and dense cell-surface glycocalyx composed of diverse stage-specific glycoconjugates that form a protective barrier. Phosphoglycans constitute the variable structural and functional domain of major cell-surface lipophosphoglycan and secreted proteophosphoglycans. In this paper, we discuss structural aspects of various phosphoglycans from Leishmania with the major emphasis on the chemical preparation of neoglycoconjugates (neoglycoproteins and neoglycolipids) based on Leishmania lipophosphoglycan structures as well as the immunological evaluation for some of them as potential anti-leishmaniasis vaccines.
Structure elucidation of the O-antigen of Salmonella enterica O51 and its structural and genetic relation to the O-antigen of Escherichia coli O23 by A. V. Perepelov; Bin Liu; Dan Guo; S. N. Senchenkova; A. S. Shahskov; Lu Feng; Lei Wang; Y. A. Knirel (774-779).
The O-polysaccharide (O-antigen) of Salmonella enterica O51 was isolated by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide and its structure was established using sugar analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The O-antigen of Escherichia coli O23, whose structure was elucidated earlier, possesses a similar structure and differs only in the presence of an additional lateral α-D-Glcp residue at position 6 of the GlcNAc residue in the main chain. Sequencing of the O-antigen gene clusters of S. enterica O51 and E. coli O23 revealed the same genes with a high-level similarity. By comparison with opened gene databases, all genes expected for the synthesis of the common structure of the two O-antigens were assigned functions. It is suggested that the gene clusters of both bacteria originated from a common ancestor, whereas the O-antigen modification in E. coli O23, which, most probably, is induced by prophage genes outside the gene cluster, could be introduced after the species divergence.
Heterogeneous structure of O-antigenic part of lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella telaviv (Serogroup O:28) containing 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucopyranose by J. Kumirska; H. Dziadziuszko; M. Czerwicka; E. A. Lubecka; D. Kunikowska; E. M. Siedlecka; P. Stepnowski (780-790).
The O-polysaccharide of Salmonella Telaviv was obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide and studied by chemical methods (sugar and methylation analyses, Smith degradation, de-O-acetylation) and NMR spectroscopy. The structure of the O-polysaccharide was established. The repeating units that are proximal to the lipopolysaccharide core region mostly have a digalactose side chain and lack glucose, whereas those at the other end of the chain mostly do bear glucose but are devoid of the disaccharide side chain. This is the first structure established for the O-polysaccharide of a Salmonella serogroup O:28 (formerly M) strain characterized by subfactors O281 and O282. Knowledge of this structure and the structure of the O-polysaccharide of Salmonella Dakar (O281, O283) established earlier is crucial for determination of the exact structures associated with subfactors O281, O282, and O283 and elucidation of the genetic basis of the close relationship between Escherichia coli O71 and S. enterica O:28 O-antigens.
Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide from Shewanella japonica KMM 3601 containing 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-talo-non-2-ulosonic acid by E. L. Nazarenko; A. V. Perepelov; L. S. Shevchenko; E. D. Daeva; E. P. Ivanova; A. S. Shashkov; G. Widmalm (791-796).
Structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Shewanella japonica KMM 3601 was elucidated. The initial and O-deacylated LPS as well as a trisaccharide representing the O-deacetylated repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide were studied by sugar analysis along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide was found to contain a rare higher sugar, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero-d-talo-non-2-ulosonic acid (a derivative of 4-epilegionaminic acid, 4eLeg). The following structure of the trisaccharide repeating unit was established: →4)-α-4eLegp5Ac7Ac-(2→4)-β-d-GlcpA3Ac-(1→3)-β-d-GalpNAc-(1→.
Structural peculiarities of the O-specific polysaccharides of Azospirillum bacteria of serogroup III by Yu. P. Fedonenko; A. S. Boiko; E. L. Zdorovenko; S. A. Konnova; A. S. Shashkov; V. V. Ignatov; Yu. A. Knirel (797-802).
Lipopolysaccharides and O-specific polysaccharides were isolated from the outer membrane of bacterial cells of three strains belonging to two Azospirillum species, and their structures were established by monosaccharide analysis including determination of the absolute configurations, methylation analysis, and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that while having the identical composition, the O-polysaccharides have different branched tetrasaccharide repeating units. Two neutral polysaccharides were found in the lipopolysaccharide of A. brasilense 54, and the structure for the predominant O-polysaccharide was determined. The structural data, together with results of serological studies, enabled assignment of strains examined to a novel serogroup, III. The chemical basis for the serological relatedness among the azospirilla of this serogroup is presumably the presence of a common →3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→3)-α-L-Rhap-(1→oligosaccharide motif in their O-polysaccharides.
Structure of the core part of the lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis genomic strain HI4320 by E. Vinogradov (803-807).
The structure of the core part of the lipopolysaccharide from Proteus mirabilis genomic strain HI4320 was studied. Core oligosaccharide was isolated by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide and analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as well as chemical methods. The structure of the oligosaccharide was established.
Functional characterization and biological significance of Yersinia pestis lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis genes by S. V. Dentovskaya; A. P. Anisimov; A. N. Kondakova; B. Lindner; O. V. Bystrova; T. E. Svetoch; R. Z. Shaikhutdinova; S. A. Ivanov; I. V. Bakhteeva; G. M. Titareva; Yu. A. Knirel (808-822).
In silico analysis of available bacterial genomes revealed the phylogenetic proximity levels of enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, to homologous proteins of closely related Yersinia spp. and some other bacteria (Serratia proteamaculans, Erwinia carotovora, Burkholderia dolosa, Photorhabdus luminescens and others). Isogenic Y. pestis mutants with single or double mutations in 14 genes of LPS biosynthetic pathways were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis on the base of the virulent strain 231 and its attenuated derivative. Using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, the full LPS structures were elucidated in each mutant, and the sequence of monosaccharide transfers in the assembly of the LPS core was inferred. Truncation of the core decreased significantly the resistance of bacteria to normal human serum and polymyxin B, the latter probably as a result of a less efficient incorporation of 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinose into lipid A. Impairing of LPS biosynthesis resulted also in reduction of LPS-dependent enzymatic activities of plasminogen activator and elevation of LD50 and average survival time in mice and guinea pigs infected with experimental plague. Unraveling correlations between biological properties of bacteria and particular LPS structures may help a better understanding of pathogenesis of plague and implication of appropriate genes as potential molecular targets for treatment of plague.
Identification of distinct lipopolysaccharide patterns among Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria by M. Skurnik; S. Toivonen (823-831).
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of strains representing various serotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria was studied by deoxycholate-PAGE and silver staining analysis. Four main types of LPS were detected based on the O-polysaccharide (O-PS): (i) LPS with homopolymeric O-PS, (ii) LPS with ladder-forming heteropolymeric O-PS, (iii) LPS with single-length O-PS, and (iv) semi-rough LPS without O-PS. Within the first three types, several subvariants were detected. Selected serotypes representing all above LPS types are sensitive to bacteriophage ϕR1-37 indicating that they share the phage receptor, a hexasaccharide called outer core in Y. enterocolitica O:3. Whereas phage ϕR1-37-resistant mutants of homopolymeric O-PS have lost only the outer core, those of ladder-forming or single-length O-PS have lost also the O-PS suggesting that in the latter ones the outer core is bridging between O-PS and lipid A-core. This work forms a basis of further structural, biochemical and genetic studies of these LPSs.
Characterization of anti-ECA antibodies in rabbit antiserum against rough Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 by K. Rabsztyn; K. Kasperkiewicz; K. A. Duda; C. -M. Li; M. Łukasik; J. Radziejewska-Lebrecht; M. Skurnik (832-839).
Enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) is a characteristic surface component in bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is generally integrated in the outer membrane via a linkage to phosphatidylglycerol (ECAPG) and at the same time in some special cases via a linkage to lipopolysaccharide (ECALPS); the latter form is immunogenic. Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 expresses both ECAPG and ECALPS. To study whether ECA-immunogenicity of Y. enterocolitica O:3 is temperature-regulated, rabbits were immunized with ECA-expressing Y. enterocolitica O:3 bacteria grown at 22 and 37°C. To induce minimal amount of anti-LPS antibodies, immunization was performed with YeO3-c-trs8-R, an LPS mutant missing both O-polysaccharide and the outer core hexasaccharide. However, abundant antibodies specific for LPS core were still present in the obtained antisera such that the reactivity of ECA-specific antibodies could not be detected. To obtain “monovalent” anti-ECA antisera, the sera were absorbed with ECA-negative bacteria. Absorption with live bacteria removed efficiently the anti-LPS antibodies, whereas this was not the case with boiled bacteria. Western blotting revealed that the specificity of the monovalent anti-ECA antiserum was different from that of a monoclonal anti-ECA antibody (mAb 898) as it did not react with ECAPG, and this suggested that in Y. enterocolitica O:3 ECALPS only one or two ECA repeat unit(s) is/are linked to LPS. Both ECAPG and ECALPS expression were found to be regulated by temperature and repressed at 37°C.
Biological activity of (Lipo)polysaccharides of the exopolysaccharide-deficient mutant Rt120 derived from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii strain TA1 by J. Kutkowska; A. Turska-Szewczuk; M. Janczarek; R. Paduch; T. Kaminska; T. Urbanik-Sypniewska (840-850).
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA1 (RtTA1) and its mutant Rt120 in the pssB-pssA intergenic region as well as degraded polysaccharides (DPS) derived from the LPS were elucidated in terms of their chemical composition and biological activities. The polysaccharide portions were examined by methylation analysis, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. A high molecular mass carbohydrate fraction obtained from Rt120 DPS by Sephadex G-50 gel chromatography was composed mainly of L-rhamnose, 6-deoxy-L-talose, D-galactose, and D-galacturonic acid, whereas that from RtTA1 DPS contained L-fucose, 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose, D-galacturonic acid, 3-deoxy-3-methylaminofucose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid, and heptose. Relative intensities of the major 1H NMR signals for O-acetyl and N-acetyl groups were 1: 0.8 and 1: 1.24 in DPS of Rt120 and RtTA1, respectively. The intact mutant LPS exhibited a twice higher lethal toxicity than the wild type LPS. A higher in vivo production of TNFα and IL-6 after induction of mice with Rt120 LPS correlated with the toxicity, although the mutant LPS induced the secretion of IL-1β and IFNγ more weakly than RtTA1 LPS. A polysaccharide obtained by gel chromatography on Bio-Gel P-4 of the high molecular mass material from Rt120 had a toxic effect on tumor HeLa cells but was inactive against the normal human skin fibroblast cell line. The polysaccharide from RtTA1 was inactive against either cell line. The potent inhibitory effect of the mutant DPS on tumor HeLa cells seems to be related with the differences in sugar composition.
Serotyping of Proteus mirabilis clinical strains based on lipopolysaccharide O-polysaccharide and core oligosaccharide structures by W. Kaca; J. Glenska; L. Lechowicz; S. Grabowski; A. Brauner; M. Kwinkowski (851-861).
The aim of this work was to serotype Proteus mirabilis urinary tract infection (UTI) strains based on chemically defined O-antigens with the use of two clinical collections from Sweden and Poland consisting of 99 and 24 UTI strains, respectively. A simple two-step serotyping scheme was proposed using enzyme immunoassay with heat-stable surface antigens of Proteus cells and immunoblotting with isolated lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). Using polyclonal anti-P. mirabilis rabbit antisera, 50 Swedish and 8 Polish strains were classified into serogroups O10, O38, O36, O30, O17, O23, O9, O40, O49, O27, O5, O13, O24, O14, and O33. From the Swedish strains, 10 belonged to serogroup O10 and five to each of serogroups O38, O36, and O9. Therefore, none of the O-serogroups was predominant. The majority of the serotyped clinical strains possess acidic O-antigens containing uronic acids and various acidic non-carbohydrate substituents. In immunoblotting, antisera cross-reacted with both O-antigen and core of LPSs. The core region of 19 LPSs bound a single serum, and that of 12 LPSs bound more than two sera. Following bioinformatic analysis of the available sequences, a molecular approach to the prediction of Proteus core oligosaccharide structures was proposed. The identification of the core type of P. mirabilis R110, derived from a serogroup O3 wild strain, using restriction fragments length polymorphism analysis of galacturonic acid transferase is shown as an example. In summary, the most frequent O-serogroups among P. mirabilis UTI stains were identified. The diversity of serological reactions of LPSs is useful for serotyping of P. mirabilis clinical isolates. A possible role of the acidic components of O-antigens in UTI is discussed.
Changes in the repertoire of natural antibodies caused by immunization with bacterial antigens by N. V. Shilova; M. J. Navakouski; M. Huflejt; A. Kuehn; R. Grunow; O. Blixt; N. V. Bovin (862-866).
The repertoire of natural anti-glycan antibodies in naive chickens and in chickens immunized with bacteria Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Francisella tularensis as well as with peptides from an outer membrane protein of B. pseudomallei was studied. A relatively restricted pattern of natural antibodies (first of all IgY against bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan fragments, L-Rha, and core N-acetyllactosamine) shrank and, moreover, the level of detectable antibodies decreased as a result of immunization. | 2019-04-22T02:45:42Z | https://chemweb.com/articles/SV10541/0007600007 |
After participating in a scheme that involved “retirement investment seminars,” Oliver pled guilty to wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. 1343, for defrauding investors. Because Oliver used their money for personal expenses or invested it in high-risk schemes, investors lost a total of $983,654. The district court sentenced Oliver to 51 months in prison followed by three years of supervised release. The Seventh Circuit affirmed the sentence, rejecting arguments that the district court erred by failing to consider unwarranted sentencing disparities, relying on inaccurate information, not calculating the Guidelines range for supervision, and imposing a two‐level leadership enhancement. The sentence fell within the recommended Guidelines range and Oliver failed to object at the time of sentencing.
In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16 3611 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff Appellee, v. TRAVIS OLIVER, Defendant Appellant. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Western Division. No. 3:14 cr 50009 1 — Philip G. Reinhard, Judge. ____________________ ARGUED SEPTEMBER 27, 2017 — DECIDED OCTOBER 17, 2017 ____________________ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and FLAUM and KANNE, Circuit Judges. FLAUM, Circuit Judge. Travis Oliver pled guilty to wire fraud for defrauding investors. The district court sentenced Oliver to fifty one months in prison followed by three years of supervised release. Oliver challenges that sentence on ap peal. He argues that the district court erred by failing to con sider unwarranted sentencing disparities, relying on inaccu 2 No. 16 3611 rate information, not calculating the Guidelines range for su pervision, and imposing a two level leadership enhancement. For the reasons stated below, we affirm. I. Background Between 2009 and 2012, Travis Oliver and his co defend ant Todd Smith1 defrauded investors in Electus Asset Hold ings, LLC (“Electus”). Oliver, the sole managing member of Electus, recruited Smith to help solicit investors in the Rock ford, Illinois area. At Oliver’s direction, Smith mailed flyers to potential investors inviting them to attend retirement plan ning seminars. At these seminars, Smith told investors that their funds would be invested in Electus, that they could withdraw their funds at any time, that their initial invest ments would be returned within a year, and that their invest ments would yield a guaranteed monthly return. In reality, the investors’ money was not invested in Elec tus. Instead, Oliver used the money to pay personal expenses, including commissions for himself and Smith, and to make interest and principal payments to other Electus investors. He placed the remaining funds in risky, non guaranteed invest ments, including Cash Flow Financial (“CFF”), a large Ponzi scheme operated by Alan Watson. To conceal the fraud, Oliver mailed monthly statements and Internal Revenue Service 1099 INT forms to Electus in vestors, which falsely claimed that the investments had earned interest. When investors asked to have their invest ments returned, Oliver and Smith told them that their checks 1 The federal indictment against Smith, who was charged with murder by state authorities, is still pending. No. 16 3611 3 would be issued soon, that their checks had been lost in the mail, or that their money had been invested in a company whose assets were frozen pursuant to an investigation by the Federal Trade Commission. As a result of this scheme, Elec tus’s investors lost a total of $983,654. On February 11, 2014, a grand jury indicted Oliver on fif teen counts of wire fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343 and eight counts of mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341. On May 31, 2016, Oliver pled guilty to one count of wire fraud. The judge accepted the guilty plea and ordered the probation office to prepare a presentence investigation report (“PSR”). In the PSR, the probation office determined that Oliver’s total offense level was twenty four. Starting with a base of fense level of seven, U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1, the probation office im posed the following enhancements: a fourteen level enhance ment because the total loss was greater than $550,000, id. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(H); a two level enhancement because the offense involved ten or more victims, id. § 2B1.1(b)(2)(A)(i); a two level enhancement because Oliver abused his position of trust as Electus’s sole managing member to commit the offense, id. § 3B1.3; and a two level enhancement because Oliver acted in a leadership capacity in carrying out the fraudulent scheme, id. § 3B1.1(c). The probation office also gave Oliver a three level reduction for his timely acceptance of responsibility. Id. § 3E1.1(a)–(b). With a total offense level of twenty four and a criminal history category of I, the Sentencing Guidelines sug gested a prison term of fifty one to sixty three months and a 4 No. 16 3611 supervised release term of one to three years. In his sentenc ing memorandum, Oliver stated that he did not object to the factual determinations or Guidelines calculations in the PSR.2 On September 19, 2016, the district court held a sentencing hearing. At the beginning of the hearing, Oliver reiterated to the court that he did not object to the PSR’s factual findings or Guidelines calculations. Accordingly, the court adopted the PSR in those respects. The district court proceeded to hear from several of Oli ver’s victims. Two victims testified that Oliver caused them severe financial and personal hardship. In addition, the PSR included a statement from a third victim who stated that she had “problems with [her] nerves” and “cried for days.” She added: “My husband had heart trouble and this didn’t help. He has passed since then.” Next, the court asked the government whether other crim inal prosecutions arose from the related Ponzi schemes into which Oliver had invested money. The government informed the court that Watson had been convicted of wire fraud in the Eastern District of Virginia, sentenced to twelve years in prison, and ordered to pay $37 million in restitution. After hearing from both parties, the district judge told Ol iver: I just want you to know at the outset that the only redemption—and you’re never going to pay these people back, whether you’re working 2 Oliver did, however, object to certain conditions of supervised re lease. Those conditions are not at issue in this appeal. No. 16 3611 5 or whether I sentence you to the Bureau of Pris ons and you come out. These persons, many of them are going to be dead, and you’ve taken some years off their lives just by what your con duct has done and the tragedy and emotional effect it’s had on these victims. The court then considered Oliver’s mitigation arguments and addressed each of the statutory sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). The district court ultimately imposed a prison term of fifty one months followed by three years of su pervised release, both of which fell within the recommended Guidelines range. With respect to supervised release, the dis trict judge noted that he was “impos[ing] the maximum of three years because of all the reasons [he] just stated” and to “try to get restitution over that period of time.” The court or dered Oliver to pay $983,654 in restitution to his victims and declined to order restitution jointly and severally “because there’s been no other person found to be responsible.” After announcing Oliver’s sentence and the conditions of supervised release, the district judge asked defense counsel whether there was “any argument of yours as to the sentence that I haven’t addressed.” Defense counsel responded, “Not at this time, Judge. The special conditions I think the court has covered, and in terms of covering the terms of the court’s sen tence, I think the court has covered that appropriately.” The district court issued its written judgment on Septem ber 20, 2016. This appeal followed. II. Discussion On appeal, Oliver argues that the district court procedur ally erred by failing to address an unwarranted sentencing 6 No. 16 3611 disparity, making unsupported factual determinations, and failing to calculate the Guidelines range for his term of super vised release. He also contends that the district court plainly erred by imposing a two level leadership enhancement. A. Standard of Review Generally, we review the district court’s sentencing proce dures de novo and its factual findings for clear error. See United States v. Pulley, 601 F.3d 660, 664 (7th Cir. 2010). How ever, “[m]ore deference is due … where an appellant failed to properly raise a claim below either by waiver or forfeiture.” United States v. Seals, 813 F.3d 1038, 1044 (7th Cir. 2016). If a defendant “intentionally relinquishes or abandons a known right,” the issue is waived and cannot be reviewed on appeal. Id. at 1044–45 (quoting United States v. Walton, 255 F.3d 437, 441 (7th Cir. 2001)). In contrast, if a defendant merely “fails to raise an argument due to accident or neglect,” the argument is forfeited and is reviewed for plain error. Seals, 813 F.3d at 1045. “Under plain error review, the defendant must show that (1) there was error, (2) it was plain rather than subject to reasonable dispute, (3) it affected his substantial rights, and (4) the court should exercise its discretion to correct the error because it seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Id. B. Procedural Errors As a threshold matter, the government argues that Oliver waived or, alternatively, forfeited his right to challenge any procedural errors at his sentencing hearing. To support its waiver argument, the government points to the exchange that occurred between the district court and Ol iver’s defense counsel at the end of the sentencing hearing. No. 16 3611 7 Specifically, after imposing sentence, the district court asked Oliver’s defense counsel if there was “any argument of yours as to the sentence that I haven’t addressed.” Oliver’s defense counsel responded that there was not. This argument is not persuasive. “Waiver principles must be construed liberally in favor of the defendant.” United States v. Anderson, 604 F.3d 997, 1002 (7th Cir. 2010). And “[w]here the government cannot proffer any strategic justification for a decision, we can assume forfeiture.” Id. at 1001–02. Here, the government has not offered any strategic justification as to why Oliver would intentionally abandon his right to chal lenge procedural errors at his sentencing. Nor can this Court “conceive of any strategic reason” for this decision. United States v. Jaimes Jaimes, 406 F.3d 845, 847–49 (7th Cir. 2005); see also United States v. Jenkins, 772 F.3d 1092, 1096 (7th Cir. 2014) (holding that waiver did not occur because we could “con ceive of no reason why [the defendant] would have intention ally relinquished an objection certain to result in a lower crim inal history score and sentencing range, nor ha[d] the govern ment offered one”). Moreover, Oliver “never actively dis claimed the positions he now raises.” Seals, 813 F.3d at 1045. Therefore, Oliver did not waive his right to challenge proce dural errors in his sentencing proceeding. However, Oliver did forfeit these arguments by failing to object at the time of sentencing. As a result, the Court reviews for plain error. See United States v. Chatman, 805 F.3d 840, 843 (7th Cir. 2015). We now turn to the merits of Oliver’s three claims of procedural error. 8 No. 16 3611 1. Unwarranted Sentencing Disparities Oliver first argues that the district court procedurally erred by not considering the disparity between his sentence and the sentence of Alan Watson, who operated the CFF Ponzi scheme into which Oliver contributed some of the Elec tus investors’ funds. At Oliver’s sentencing hearing, the gov ernment informed the district court that Watson was similarly convicted of wire fraud for making false promises to investors and sentenced to twelve years in prison. Oliver points out that while Watson caused approximately thirty seven times more in dollar losses to investors, Oliver’s sentence is just three times shorter. He argues that the district judge erred by failing to consider this purportedly unwarranted sentencing dispar ity.3 When imposing a sentence, district judges must consider “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). However, “the Sen tencing Guidelines are themselves an anti disparity formula” because the Sentencing Commission considers the need to avoid unwarranted disparities when setting the Guidelines ranges. United States v. Blagojevich, 854 F.3d 918, 921 (7th Cir. 2017). Therefore, if “the District Judge correctly calculated and carefully reviewed the Guidelines range, he necessarily 3 The government responds that the district court judge did, in fact, consider Watson’s sentence by specifically asking the government for in formation regarding any criminal prosecutions in the related Ponzi schemes and noting that “the court always likes to know what happened in related matters.” The Court need not address this argument because Oliver’s within Guidelines sentence necessarily accounted for unwar ranted sentencing disparities, as explained infra. No. 16 3611 9 gave significant weight and consideration to the need to avoid unwarranted disparities.” Id. (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 54 (2007)). In other words, “[a] sentence within a Guideline range ‘necessarily’ complies with § 3553(a)(6).” United States v. Bartlett, 567 F.3d 901, 908 (7th Cir. 2009). That is precisely what occurred here. The district court correctly calculated and sentenced Oliver within the Guide lines range.4 Indeed, the district court’s fifty one month sen tence was at the very bottom of Oliver’s Guidelines calcula tion. “Thus, the district court judge did not need to say a word about § 3553(a)(6)’s application … to satisfy the procedural re quirement that he give that factor ‘meaningful considera tion.’” United States v. Reyes Medina, 683 F.3d 837, 841 (7th Cir. 2012). Oliver’s argument accordingly fails. 2. Factual Determinations Next, Oliver argues that the district court procedurally erred by selecting a sentence that was based on clearly erro neous facts. “[C]onvicted defendants have a due process right to be sentenced on the basis of accurate and reliable information.” United States v. Corona Gonzalez, 628 F.3d 336, 343 (7th Cir. 2010) (quoting United States v. Kovic, 830 F.2d 680, 684 (7th Cir. 1987)). Thus, a sentencing court commits “a significant proce dural error” if it “‘select[s] a sentence based on clearly erro neous facts.’” Corona Gonzalez, 628 F.3d at 340 (alteration in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51). To 4 Oliver argues that the district court should not have applied a two level leadership enhancement, but that argument fails for the reasons out lined infra in Part II.C. 10 No. 16 3611 successfully challenge a sentence on this ground, the defend ant “must show both that information before the sentencing court was inaccurate and that the sentencing court relied on the inaccurate information in the sentencing.” Lechner v. Frank, 341 F.3d 635, 639 (7th Cir. 2003). If the defendant makes such a showing, the defendant has the right to a new sentenc ing hearing. See United States v. Jones, 454 F.3d 642, 652 (7th Cir. 2006). Oliver argues that his sentence was based on two pieces of inaccurate information. First, Oliver challenges the judge’s statement that Oliver’s crimes had “taken some years off [peo ple’s] lives.” Oliver contends that this statement was false be cause “no one ever presented evidence showing Mr. Oliver’s actions shortened anyone’s life.” Even if the judge’s statement was not literally true, Oliver has not shown that the district court relied on it when fash ioning its sentence. There is no reason to think that the com ment was intended as a literal statement of fact to support the sentence imposed. Rather, the phrase was nothing more than a figure of speech to underscore the emotional impact of Oli ver’s conduct on his victims. Immediately before making the challenged statement, the district judge expressed concern that Oliver would not find “redemption” because he was “never going to pay these people back, whether you’re work ing or I sentence you to the Bureau of Prisons and you come out.” This suggests that the judge was simply trying to convey that no prison sentence could undo the harm that Oliver caused. Thus, Oliver has not shown that the district court re lied on the notion that Oliver actually reduced the lifespan of his victims to determine his sentence. No. 16 3611 11 Second, Oliver argues that the district judge determined that Oliver was solely responsible for the $983,654 in restitu tion based on his erroneous belief that “there’s been no other person found to be responsible.” Oliver claims that this belief was inaccurate because Watson shared responsibility for los ing the portion of the $983,654 that was invested in CFF. Oli ver further argues that there is a risk of double recovery for victims because at least some of the $983,654 loss is part of the $37 million in restitution that Watson was ordered to pay. This argument goes too far. The government notes, and Oliver does not dispute, that the restitution order in Watson’s case did not list Oliver, Electus, or any of Oliver’s victims. The parties acknowledge, however, that the restitution order in Watson’s case included $466,050.60 to be paid to “Bruce H,” and that Oliver’s investments in Watson’s Ponzi scheme were made through Bruce Hongsermeier. Thus, there may be some risk that part of Oliver’s $983,654 loss overlaps with the $37 million that Watson was ordered to pay.5 But that risk is easily addressed. The government suggests, with Oliver’s acquies cence, that we modify the restitution order to limit any vic tim’s recovery to the amount of her loss. We agree that this is the appropriate step. See United States v. Trigg, 119 F.3d 493, 501 (7th Cir. 1997) (noting that “victims may not recover [through restitution] an amount in excess of their loss”). In sum, Oliver was sentenced based on accurate infor mation, so the district court did not procedurally err in this respect. 5 The district court could not have held Oliver’s co defendant, Smith, jointly and severally liable for the restitution because Smith had not yet been convicted. 12 No. 16 3611 3. Supervised Release Guidelines Calculation Next, Oliver argues that the district court procedurally erred by imposing a three year term of supervised release without first calculating the Guidelines range for supervision and considering whether a three year term was appropriate based on the statutory sentencing factors. As a preliminary matter, the government argues that Oli ver waived his right to challenge the issue because he did not object to the Guidelines calculations in the PSR. This argu ment misses the point. Oliver is not challenging the Guide lines calculation for his supervised release term on substan tive grounds; rather, he is arguing that the district court failed to follow proper procedure by not repeating that calculation on the record. A defendant does not waive the procedural re quirements of a sentencing hearing simply by failing to object to a PSR. Indeed, when Oliver stated that he had no objections to the PSR at the beginning of the sentencing hearing, he could not have known whether the district court would comply with procedural requirements during the rest of the proceed ing. Therefore, Oliver did not waive this claim, and we review for plain error. Turning to the merits, Oliver relies on this Court’s decision in United States v. Downs, 784 F.3d 1180 (7th Cir. 2015). In Downs, the district court sentenced the defendant to ten years of supervised release even though the Guidelines recom mended a supervised release term of only three years. Id. at 1181. We held that the district court judge “was required, be fore deciding on the length of the defendant’s term of super vised release, to calculate the guidelines range and assess its appropriateness as a guide to sentencing the defendant, in No. 16 3611 13 light of the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).” Id. Be cause there was no indication that the district court even con sidered the Guidelines range, we reversed and remanded for resentencing. Id. at 1181–82. Downs is distinguishable from this case. Unlike the district court in Downs, the district court here expressly referenced the PSR, adopted the PSR’s Guideline calculations, imposed a term of supervised release that was within the Guidelines range, and explained its rationale for doing so in light of the § 3553(a) factors. Immediately after going through each of the § 3553(a) factors to reach Oliver’s prison sentence, the district judge explained that he was imposing a three year supervised release term “because of all the reasons [he] just stated” and to ensure that restitution could be recovered during that time. Oliver seems to argue that, even if a district court ex pressly adopts the Guideline calculations in the PSR, the fail ure to separately calculate the Guidelines range for super vised release constitutes reversible error. Neither Downs nor other precedent from this Court supports such a rule. Alt hough prison and supervised release are two different forms of punishment, they are both part of a single sentence. See id. at 1182; United States v. Kappes, 782 F.3d 828, 837 (7th Cir. 2015) (“Any term of supervised release is considered part of the overall sentence.”). Accordingly, we have held that “an ex plicit announcement of the guidelines recommendation” for supervised release, although helpful for purposes of appellate review, is not required. Anderson, 604 F.3d at 1003–04 (holding that the district court did not procedurally err even though the judge “never recited [the] guideline range for supervised release during the [sentencing] hearing”). Rather, the critical 14 No. 16 3611 inquiry is whether the district court was aware of and under stood the Guidelines recommendation for supervised release. See id. Where, as here, the district court “impose[s] a within guidelines term of supervised release” and “express[ly] men tions … the PSR in the earlier part of the hearing,” this Court can rest assured that the district court was aware of the Guide lines range. Id. at 1004. For the same reasons, the district court was not required to engage in “a separate comprehensive analysis” of the § 3553(a) factors as they applied to Oliver’s term of supervised release after extensively discussing those same factors with respect to Oliver’s prison sentence. See id. at 1003 (“We have never required such repetition from the district court.”); see also United States v. Bloch, 825 F.3d 862, 869 (7th Cir. 2016), reh’g denied (July 13, 2016) (“[T]he district court was not required to provide two separate explanations, one for the term of impris onment and one for the term of supervised release.”). Instead, “a district court need only provide one overarching explana tion and justification—tethered, of course, to the § 3553(a) fac tors—for why it thinks a criminal sentence comprised of both terms of imprisonment and supervised release is appropri ate.” Bloch, 825 F.3d at 870. The district court did that here. Therefore, the district court did not err in imposing a three year term of supervised release. C. Leadership Enhancement Finally, Oliver argues that the district court plainly erred by imposing a two level enhancement based on Oliver’s lead ership role in the criminal activity. No. 16 3611 15 The government responds that Oliver waived his right to appeal the application of the two level leadership enhance ment because he stated, both in his sentencing memorandum and at the sentencing hearing, that he had no objections to the PSR Guidelines calculations. Under our precedent, “this case is a close one.” See Ander son, 604 F.3d at 1002. This Court has previously held that a defendant waived his right to challenge a Guidelines calcula tion where defense counsel “had access to the PSR, knew of his right to object, considered objecting to portions of the PSR other than the one he now challenges, and stated on the rec ord that he did not have further objections when asked by the district court.” United States v. Garcia, 580 F.3d 528, 542 (7th Cir. 2009); see also, e.g., United States v. Ranjel, No. 15 3778, 2017 WL 4324980, at *4–*5 (7th Cir. Sept. 29, 2017) (holding that the defendant waived his right to appeal the term of supervised release because he failed to object to the PSR despite “multiple opportunities” to do so). However, under the same circumstances we have deter mined that a defendant did not waive, but rather merely for feited his challenge. See, e.g., Jaimes Jaimes, 406 F.3d at 847–49 (holding that the defendant did not waive his right to appeal an eight level enhancement even though defense counsel failed to object to the Guidelines calculation in the PSR); Jen kins, 772 F.3d at 1096 (holding that the defendant did not waive his right to appeal the inclusion of a conviction in his criminal history calculation even though he failed to object to that portion of the PSR). Ultimately, we need not answer this question to resolve this case. Even if we assume that Oliver only forfeited (rather 16 No. 16 3611 than waived) his challenge to the leadership enhancement, the district court did not commit plain error by applying it. Under § 3B1.1(c) of the Sentencing Guidelines, the defend ant’s offense level must be increased by two “[i]f the defend ant was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in any criminal activity.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c). “The Guidelines do not define ‘organizer,’ ‘leader,’ ‘manager,’ or ‘supervisor,’” but they do list factors a district court should consider. See United States v. Weaver, 716 F.3d 439, 442 (7th Cir. 2013). Those factors are: “the exercise of decision making authority, the nature of participation in the commission of the offense, the recruit ment of accomplices, the claimed right to a larger share of the fruits of the crime, the degree of participation in planning or organizing the offense, the nature and scope of the illegal ac tivity, and the degree of control and authority exercised over others.” U.S.S.G. 3B1.1, cmt. n.4. In the past, this Court has consulted those factors to determine whether the leadership enhancement applies in a given case. See, e.g., Weaver, 716 F.3d at 442–43; United States v. Vaughn, 722 F.3d 918, 935 (7th Cir. 2013). And we have broadly defined a supervisor or manager as someone who “tells people what to do and determines whether they’ve done it.” United States v. Figueroa, 682 F.3d 694, 697 (7th Cir. 2012). Here, the district court did not plainly err in determining that the leadership enhancement applied. First, Oliver created the fraudulent investment scheme. It is undisputed that Oli ver was the sole managing member of Electus. Moreover, as explained in the PSR, all funds were channeled through Oli ver, who decided how they would be “invested.” Second, the PSR concluded that “Oliver recruited Smith” to join the operation and solicit investors. See United States v. No. 16 3611 17 Henry, 813 F.3d 681, 683 (7th Cir. 2016) (“Recruitment [is] a factor supporting an inference of management.”). Oliver ar gues that he did not recruit Smith because Smith learned about Electus from another individual, Bruce Hongsermeier. However, learning about an organization and being asked to join in the operation of an organization are distinct. It makes sense that Smith learned about Electus through a third party, but was later recruited to join the operation by Oliver. Finally, Oliver exercised control over Smith by directing him to make false representations to investors. See Figueroa, 682 F.3d at 697 (defining a “supervisor” or “manager” as someone who “tells people what to do”). Oliver contends that Smith solicited investors on his own. However, both the PSR and plea agreement state that Oliver “directed” Smith to do so. Additionally, Smith sent investors’ payment checks— made out to Electus—to Oliver. And when an investor mis takenly made out a check to Smith, he wired the funds to Ol iver. This suggests that Smith fell below Oliver in the fraud’s hierarchical scheme. See Weaver, 716 F.3d at 444 (“[S]ome hier archy among those involved in the criminal activity must ex ist to qualify a defendant for an enhancement under § 3B1.1.”). Moreover, Oliver and Smith spoke weekly, which in dicates “ongoing supervision.” Id. Lastly, Oliver’s control is demonstrated by the fact that Smith received a referral fee.6 6 Oliver argues that Smith did not receive a commission. The PSR is somewhat inconsistent on this point. According to the PSR, during his in itial meeting with investigators, Smith said that he never received a com mission. However, Smith had a second meeting with the investigators just two days later at which he said that he had received a referral fee. Moreo ver, the plea agreement states that some of the investors’ funds were used to pay “undisclosed commissions to … Smith.” 18 No. 16 3611 See id. (“Th[e] exercise of control and authority will usually allow the defendant to impose some … reward … for the un derling’s execution of the directed task.”). Therefore, the district court did not plainly err in deter mining that the leadership enhancement applied. III. Conclusion The district court’s restitution order shall be modified to clearly forbid any recovery in excess of a victim’s loss. In all other respects, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
Seventh Circuit upholds 51-month sentence for a defendant who defrauded investors out of $983,654. | 2019-04-25T02:58:44Z | https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca7/16-3611/16-3611-2017-10-17.html |
Call it old school or whatever you like, but I was raised to believe that when someone invites you over to their house for a gathering, it’s just good manners to bring something to eat to share. At the very least, you need to OFFER to bring something. And to be honest, even if they say you don’t have to, you should still bring a bottle of something something to drink with the meal–alcoholic or non-alcoholic, it doesn’t matter.
What you don’t do is show up to someone’s house to eat empty handed.
Being an introvert I don’t get out very much, but if I am going to go over to someone else’s house for a gathering then I’ll offer to bake something to bring. Just about everyone has a sweet tooth and just about everyone loves pound cake and butter cookies. (My deepest sympathies with those who don’t. I hope you get the help you need.) Often it’s either pound cake or butter cookies that I’ll bring, as those are both delicious desserts that don’t take a huge amount of effort and I usually always have the ingredients on hand in my house already.
Sometimes though, I’ll switch things up.
I went to a gathering for my niece’s preschool recently and since I was going to someone else’s house, I knew I’d have to bake something to bring along to eat. I knew I could’ve just made pound cake or butter cookies–but I made a last minute decision to take a different route and bake bread instead. I really liked where we ended up. I made two different kinds, the first of which I’m sharing with y’all in today’s recipe.
Don’t get intimidated by the step of layering the dough in the pan. It’s not complicated. You’re going to roll out the dough into one large rectangle, then spread the top with softened butter, chocolate and cinnamon. After that, you divide it into 16 squares. Make four towers from the sixteen squares. Layer those four towers into the pan–don’t worry about making them perfect, because they’re honestly not supposed to be. The more ‘imperfect’ they are, the more ‘perfect’ they’ll be for tearing off and sharing into thick slices. I will say that this loaf proofs HUGE and it will keep growing while it bakes, so it may not need the full second hour to double in size.
It took me a while before I learned to appreciate the flavor combination of chocolate and cinnamon, but once I learned my lesson, I never had to learn it twice. It works. I find that the cinnamon works to counter the slight bitterness of the chocolate and the flavor kinda reminds me of something I’d buy in a coffee shop. I sprinkled the top of the loaf with cinnamon sugar to give it a crunchy contrast of texture with the pillowy inside of the bread, which in true Challah fashion, doesn’t disappoint. This stuff went over like gangbusters and I think it’s a treat kids in particular would love, for obvious reasons. Though I can also see more sophisticated re-purposing uses for it like, say…French toast or bread pudding? Yum.
Sharing at this week’s Fiesta Friday #223, co-hosted this week by the fantastic Mollie @ The Frugal Hausfrau.
In a large bowl of a standing mixer, sprinkle yeast over warm water. Sprinkle white sugar on top of that. Allow to sit for 10 minutes until proofed and frothy.
Sprinkle a work surface with flour. Turn the dough out onto it and use your hands to knead until smooth and elastic and no longer sticky, adding flour as needed. Grease the standing mixer bowl, place dough back inside and cover with plastic wrap and a damp clean cloth. Let rise for 1 1/2 hours or until dough has doubled in bulk.
Meanwhile, grease two 9 x 5 loaf pans and preheat the oven to 350 degrees F. Combine the chocolate with the white sugar and cinnamon in a small bowl. Combine the softened butter with the vanilla and salt in another small bowl until it form a thick paste.
When the dough has finished rising, turn out onto your floured work surface and punch down the risen dough. Divide in half and keep one half covered in the bowl while you work with the other.
Roll the half out into a 12 inch square. Use a spatula to spread HALF of the butter mixture over the dough. Sprinkle HALF the cinnamon chocolate mixture on top of that, using your fingers to press the chocolate down into the dough. Use a pizza wheel, bench scraper or sharp knife to cut the square into 16 small squares. Make 4 stacks of 4 squares each. Place each stack on its side into one of the greased loaf pans. Gently separate the dough layers so the dough fills the pan (it doesn’t have to be neat).
Repeat this step with the other half of dough and the other half of the butter mixture and cinnamon chocolate mixture.
Cover both loaves with plastic wrap and damp kitchen towels and allow to rise in warm places until dough rises by half its size, about 1 hour. Just before baking, sprinkle with the cinnamon sugar. Bake until loaves are browned & cooked through (195-200 degrees F inner temp), tenting with foil if browning too quickly. Allow to cool in pans for about 15 minutes, then loosen with a knife around the sides. Turn out onto a wire rack and allow to cool for about 30 more minutes before serving.
Okay, so look. I know what you’re thinking. What is the point in taking the time and effort to make your own sandwich cookies when there is a big name brand company that pretty much has the monopoly on sandwich cookies, and have gone out of their way to mass produce just about every possible flavor known to man and tried to jam it into a sandwich cookie you can run to the store and just buy?
First, when it comes to store-bought sandwich cookies, I feel like it’s a real hit or miss situation–there isn’t much space for ambiguity. They’re either really really good, or really bad. Both the cookie and the filling has to be right and that’s a harder thing to accomplish than you might think. That huge company has put out a LOT of different flavors of sandwich cookies, but in my opinion there are only a select few that have achieved that perfect sweet spot of delicious cookie and filling. The filling is where many mass produced sandwich cookies go terribly wrong–it either tastes too sweet, too artificial, or both.
I think that making your own sandwich cookies gives you the chance to correct the mistake of overly sweet and artificial filling, while also giving you the opportunity to get creative with your own taste buds and create something that you may not be able to find in stores. I’d be willing to bet that you’ll be able to pronounce every ingredient that’s in them.
And if none of the above are good enough reasons, then there’s always bragging rights–which, is more than enough for me.
I decided to make my own sandwich cookies, two ways. I knew going into it that I first wanted to make a perfect vanilla sandwich cookie. Most of the ones that are on the market now just don’t do it for me. (Yes, including the one from the huge name brand.) The cookie itself is usually okay, but that filling just kills it for me every time. I knew that what I was looking for was a cookie that was delicious enough all on its own, and a filling with a robust vanilla flavor and a smooth, non-pasty consistency.
The base is a butter cookie that I’ve made many times in the past. It’s quite simple, but you’d be surprised how the simply made baked goods will knock the fancy ones down from the pedestal. It has a buttery rich flavor and a tender crumb that melts in your mouth. For the filling I used a mixture of powdered sugar, butter, milk and vanilla. And listen guys. I want you to use REAL vanilla bean paste. I’m not above using extract but I insist that this time you go with the good stuff. You really can taste the difference and your taste buds will thank you for it.
The second flavor is where the coffee addict in me finessed its way into these cookie. I kept the same butter cookie for the base, but the filling gets a few teaspoons of instant espresso powder and liquid coffee in place of the vanilla and milk. Then, because coffee and chocolate flavors enhance one another, I decided to drizzle the top of the cookies with melted chocolate. What do you get when you combine coffee & chocolate? Mocha, that’s what. And there you have it.
I knew that these would be pretty good when I made them, but listen. They are REALLY good. They surpassed my expectations. They’re better than anything I’ve had from the store and I’m not trying to brag by saying that; I’m just being honest. I made these a while ago and I’m still giving myself a pat on the back for how they turned out, so if you’d like those kinds of bragging rights I’d suggest you give these a try yourself. Sharing at the Fiesta Friday #215, co-hosted by Laurena @ Life Diet Health and Alex @ Turks Who Eat.
In a medium bowl combine the flour and salt together in a bowl and set aside. In the bowl of a standing mixer or using a handheld one, cream together the butter and sugar until light and fluffy.
Add the egg yolks one at a time, using a spatula to scrape down the sides of the bowl. Add the vanilla.
Preheat oven to 325°F. Line two baking sheets with parchment paper. Divide the dough into quarters, keeping the other 3 in the fridge while you work. Dust a clean surface (like wax paper or a pastry mat) with flour. Roll out the dough to about 1/4 inch thick. Using a 2- to 2 ½-inch round cookie cutter, cut the dough into rounds and place on parchment-lined baking sheets, spacing them 1 inch apart. Using a ¾- to 1-inch round cookie cutter, cut out the centers from half of the cookies. Reroll and cut the scraps as necessary. Note: Make sure you’re cutting a ‘top’ cookie and a ‘bottom’ cookie each time you stamp, just to make sure you have an even number of cookie sandwiches. Also, don’t throw away the centers: they make wonderful mini cookies.
Place the sheet pans in the freezer for around 10 minutes. Sprinkle the tops with white sugar. Bake in the oven on the middle rack for 14-16 minutes, until cookies are golden brown. Allow to cool on sheet pans for 60 seconds, then remove to wire racks to cool completely.
For Fillings: In two separate bowls stir together the sugar, butter, and/or vanilla and/or espresso powder. Drizzle in the milk in the vanilla bowl 1 tablespoon at a time and the coffee in the other 1 tablespoon at a time until the filling reaches a smooth and desired consistency.
Divide the cookies in half (half for vanilla, half for coffee) Spread about a heaping 1/2 tablespoon of filling onto each bottom cookie (make sure the bottoms face up), then place on the tops (bottoms facing down). Gently press to make sandwiches. You may drizzle the coffee flavored sandwiches with melted chocolate if desired, then allow them to set for about 15 minutes until chocolate has hardened.
Coffee and I have a long, complicated history with each other. I’ll swear it off for a while, feel like I’ve finally kicked the habit once and for all…then have just the right kind of bad day to where I’ll say “Screw it” and just throw myself back into the java river with no regrets. Until the time comes when I’m ready to swear it off again.
Wash. Rinse. Repeat. It’s a cycle that never ends. I should just stop trying to pretend like it will. Coffee and me may have a turbulent history, but we’ll always end up going back to each other. We break up to make up. And boy, do we know how to make up.
I’ve now reached the point in my fixation with coffee where I look for ways to use it for more than just a beverage. Because as it turns out, coffee is a great ingredient for use in both savory cooking and sweet baking.
Did y’all know that? No? Well, you do now. Even if you don’t like it all on its own, I think you’d still be hard pressed not to like the way it’s used in today’s recipe. It’s a real keeper.
When a special occasion comes around, I like to commemorate it by making a cake. My 28th birthday was the last week in September AND, this week will mark the fourth anniversary of Cooking is My Sport. I’d say those were kind of special occasions. Special enough to celebrate with a great cake, anyway.
I don’t feel twenty eight (two years from thirty, yikes) and it certainly doesn’t feel like I’ve been blogging for four years. I’m grateful that I’m one year older, and (hopefully) one year wiser. It’s been a HUGE year of change–the good kind. I’ve been able to continue cooking, baking and blogging through that change in location and routine, which has been a relief and an outlet for me. Y’all have been great. Thank you to everyone who follows, likes and comments on CIMS. It’s very, VERY much appreciated. I mean that.
Pound cake is the best cake there is. This isn’t just because it’s got a lot of butter and sugar in it (though that’s certainly a good enough reason). It’s also because pound cake is a blank cake canvas on which you have the option of either eating plain, or testing out MANY different flavor profiles most of which will turn out great. You can make a cake that’s already delicious on its own taste even better by adding your flavor of choice. A moist vanilla pound cake is unquestionably perfect, but in my own experimenting, I’ve found that almond, lemon, orange or marble flavored ones are equally scrumptious.
As you can see, this cake is big. VERY big. Any cake with seven eggs is going to rise high and I’m glad I followed my instincts and went ahead with my 16 cup tube pan rather than the 10 cup bundt pan. I’d have been left with a huge mess in my oven otherwise. If you don’t have a pan that big, I recommend you splitting the batter up between two loaf pans or two 8 or 9 inch round pans.
So far as the star ingredient here goes, I’ll say the same thing I do when using booze as an ingredient: don’t use something you wouldn’t be okay with drinking all on its own. If you buy and use a generic coffee with a flavor that you’re not fond of, chances are you’re going to end up with a cake flavor you’re not fond of either. Don’t use dark roast if you don’t like dark roast coffee. Don’t you light roast if light isn’t your fave. I do also recommend you use a coffee with its own unique taste; I used one that was a medium roast Creme Brulee flavor that I LOVE to drink.
I used a mixture of brown and white sugar in the batter to give it a richer sweetness. The cinnamon works well with the bitterness of the coffee; you’re going to taste it but you likely won’t be able to place just what ‘it’ is. You’ll just know that you like it.
The cake bakes up so moist and rich. You could eat it totally plain and be satisfied, but I decided to go a step further and add a drizzle of icing flavored with some of the leftover coffee, and then a layer of melted semi-sweet chocolate drizzle. This bumped up both the look and taste. This really is one of the best cakes I’ve had in a good long while. I hope some of you fellow coffee lovers choose to give it a try.
Sharing at this week’s Fiesta Friday #193 co-hosted by Suzanne @ apuginthekitchen and Ginger @ Ginger and Bread.
Preheat oven to 350 °, Grease and flour a 16 cup tube pan or 2 loaf pans.
In a medium size bowl combine the flour, baking powder, salt and cinnamon together with a fork and set aside.
Using the paddle attachment of a standing mixer or a handheld mixer, cream together the butter and sugar until light & creamy. Beat in the eggs, one at a time. Alternate between adding the flour mixture and 1 cup of the coffee to the batter, beginning and ending with the flour.
Allow to cool in pan for about 25 minutes, then turn out onto a wire rack to cool completely.
In a small bowl mix the powdered sugar with about 1 tablespoon of coffee at a time, mixing thoroughly until it forms a smooth but thick icing. (You probably won’t need to use all the coffee, it all depends on how thick or thin you like your icing to be.) Use a fork to drizzle the coffee icing over the cake and alternate between drizzling with the melted chocolate. Allow to harden/set for about one hour before serving.
I’d be lying to you guys if I said I wasn’t kinda ready for the summer to end. In the first place, I don’t much care for extreme heat and as I’ve said in a couple of recent posts, the heat here has been unnecessarily extreme to the point where I’ve retreated to whole different cities for the day because this desert valley we’re in feels too much like a…desert valley. In the second place, the sooner the summer ends, the sooner we can get to the autumn which is my favorite season. The sooner autumn comes around, the sooner we can get to December and my favorite holiday of Christmas.
Because yes, my thoughts are definitely already drifting towards Christmas.
To be honest, I usually start getting the ‘itch’ for Christmas in July. It’s like a Christmas in July effect takes over and suddenly I’m listening to my holiday playlist again and planning what new stuff I’m gonna try to cook and bake for my family and the blog. As some of my followers know, I do a yearly Christmas series of recipes and although it’s a heavy undertaking, it is one that I still look forward to doing. I’ve already got a few pegged in my mind for the series, but one of them in particular was one that I thought would be a good idea to practice with first, as it is one I’ve never done before and would require a little bit more effort.
When I was little, I loved checkerboard cookies. I thought they just had to be some kind of food wizardry that could only be done in a huge Keebler-Elf style factory with a fancy machine.How else could they arrange those two different colors/flavors in such perfect patterns? I also may as well as admit that until only recently I had no idea how it was done or that it COULD be done by a home cook/baker in their own kitchen.
I knew going into it that it wouldn’t be necessarily easy and I will keep it one hundred with you guys: I wouldn’t recommend trying this recipe if you don’t genuinely like to bake, have some experience with working with cookie dough and are willing to be patient with yourself and the process. I’m a decent baker with quite a bit of experience working with cookie dough, I love doing it and (as you can see) my first try at checkerboard cookies still wasn’t exactly perfect. Nevertheless, I’m still pleased with how these turned out and that I decided to do a test run before trying to make a ‘Christmas-themed’ version for the 12 Days of Christmas series.
I tried to make the directions for these as clear and detailed as possible. So, should you want to make these for yourself (and I do think you should), a few pointers: a ruler is a must here. You’re making two different cookies doughs and when you cut them, you want the portions to be as straight as possible so that when you arrange the strips, they actually look like squares. It doesn’t have to be fancy invested in a regular old blue plastic ruler that measures inches/centimeters that I bought from Target and use strictly for baking; it does the job just fine. Also, when you’re putting the doughs together to create the pattern, don’t beat yourself up if your squares don’t line up perfectly in a row. Mine don’t and I still think the integrity of the ‘checkerboard’ is preserved in the overall aesthetic of the cookie. I plan to get better the more I practice this and I’m sure you will too.
You don’t have to make the two outer ‘wrappings’ for the cookies. I just thought it looked prettier so I decided to go ahead and make some. All you’ll need to do after making the cookie recipe is halve the base recipe and use the two different doughs from the halved recipe to wrap the cookies. It sounds complicated, but it’s not. Just read the recipe closely ahead of time and you’ll do fine.
Finally, don’t you dare throw out those scraps after you trim your dough logs! Cut them into mini pieces like I did and bake them off so that you get ‘bite sized checkerboards’ like the ones you see in the picture above. Aren’t they just as cute?
The labor alone involved in making these cookies make the finished product worth it–but I gotta say, the taste wasn’t a letdown either. Checkerboards have a close texture that’s slightly crisp on the outside, then buttery melt-in-the-mouth tender on the inside. The real dilemma here is going to be deciding which flavor you like better: the one where the vanilla dough is dominant or the one where the chocolate one is. I think I’m partial to vanilla, but that could very well change by Christmas time. We’ll have to see.
Linking this post up to Fiesta Friday #186, co-hosted this week by Colleen @ Faith, Hope, Love & Luck and Alex @ Turks Who Eat.
Scrape out half of the dough, form into a flat disk and wrap in plastic wrap. Add the cocoa powder to the remaining dough in the bowl and mix until combined. Form the dough into another flat disk and wrap in plastic wrap. Place both in the refrigerator for at least one hour.
Remove dough from the fridge. Unwrap one of the discs, then place in between two sheets of wax paper or plastic wrap. Use a rolling pin to roll out into a rectangle, about 8 x 5 inches long. Repeat with the second dough. In a small bowl, beat together the egg yolk and milk. Using a pastry brush, brush the egg wash over the bottom rectangle of dough. Place one rectangle on top of the other. Press to adhere them to each other. Trim the edges with a sharp knife and save the striped strips in the fridge. Divide the rectangle lengthwise in half. Refrigerate the halves for about 15-30 minutes to allow to get firm.
Divide each of the halves into fourths, lengthwise. (A ruler or bench scraper works GREAT for ensuring straight lines) Use the four layers to make TWO checkerboard logs: Brush the tops of two of the layers with the egg wash, then place the other two on top of them. Make sure that you flip the top layers upside down before adhering so as to create the checkerboard pattern. Use your fingers or a spatula to press the logs together and smooth out the edges/corners, try to make them as square as possible. Wrap the logs in plastic wrap and refrigerate for at least one hour.
Use a sharp knife or bench scraper to cut the log cross-wise into slices. Place sliced cookies on prepared baking sheets lined with parchment paper or aluminum foil. Bake in the preheated oven on the middle rack for 12-15 minutes, until just light golden brown. Allow to sit on baking sheet for about 60 seconds removing to wire racks to cool completely. Cut the reserved trimmings into bite sized nuggets and bake for about 13 minutes. Remove to a wire rack to cool completely.
It’s summer time and in the summer time we eat s’mores. This is non-negotiable.
IF by some odd chance you think you don’t like s’mores, you’re dead wrong. More than dead wrong. You’re lost. You’re confused. You don’t actually believe that you deserve nice things.
Let me enlighten you. Let me bring you back into the light. Trust, I’m only here to help. You do deserve nice things in life and one of the greatest is a s’more, or (come to think of it), anything that is s’mores flavored.
If you’ve been following along with the blog for a bit then you know by now that I’m…fond of s’mores flavored desserts. So far I’ve hit you guys with popcorn, sandwich cookies and brownies–ALL of which, you should try because they’re friggin delicious.
Today I’m back with a new addition to the collection that I’m pretty proud of: a s’mores flavored layer cake.
The first thing that I want to point out about this recipe is rather obvious: this isn’t a conventional round layer cake. Most layer cake recipes call for you to have at least 2, and at times up to 4 or 6 different pans to bake the batter in, and even though I bake often I have 3 cake pans and never really feel like using them much. You have to measure out and weigh the batter in each pan to make sure there’s an even amount in each and sometimes I just can’t be be bothered. All of this cake’s batter bakes in one single loaf pan–the kind that MOST people already have in their cabinets. Rather than divvy up the batter between multiple pans, it’s baked into one cake that’s then split into three rectangular layers later on.
I’ve seen recipes for other s’mores cakes before and interestingly enough, the cake is often chocolate flavored. I…don’t understand this. The base of the s’more are graham crackers that house the marshmallow and chocolate inside. You’ve just got to have that graham cracker flavor to balance the other two. In this recipe, the cake batter is given a warm, nutty, caramel-y flavor with brown sugar and the essential graham base flavor by the addition of finely crushed graham cracker crumbs.
If that doesn’t sound yummy enough all on it’s own, after you split the layers of the cake and start to assemble it is where things get REALLY tasty. We’re not just putting melted marshmallows into the buttercream; to give it that special ‘campfire’ flavor, the marshmallows are first toasted underneath the broiler until they are JUST the right color and brownish hue (much like you’d get holding them over a flame on a stick), then mixed into a smooth buttercream. This buttercream gets spread in between and on top of all the cake layers along with…what else? Smooth, rich semi sweet chocolate. Once you’ve assembled the cake, it get completely covered with the toasted marshmallow buttercream then broken graham cracker shards and mini marshmallows are pressed into the gooey deliciousness and the whole thing gets drizzled with even more melted chocolate.
Guys, I am so proud of this thing. You don’t even know. It is soooo good. There’s not one single thing I would change and I’m excited to share what is trully a perfect summer dessert. Please try it. I’m sharing this cake at Fiesta Friday #182, co-hosted this week by Liz @ spades, spatulas & spoons and Jenny @ Jenny Is Baking.
Preheat oven to 325°F. Spray an 8 x 4 inch loaf pan with cooking spray and set aside.
In a medium bowl combine the cake flour, graham cracker crumbs, baking powder and salt. Set aside.
In the bowl of a standing mixer or using a hand held one, cream the butter and sugars together until light and fluffy.
In a small bowl combine the milk, heavy cream, whole milk, eggs and vanilla extract with a fork, whisking until egg yolks are broken and thoroughly combined.
Alternatively add the dry ingredients and egg mixture to the creamed butter mixture, starting and ending with the flour. Make sure you use a spatula to scrape down the sides of the bowl as you add the ingredients to ensure even mixing.
Pour the cake batter into the prepared loaf pan. Bake for about 50-55 minutes in the oven, until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean. (Pound cakes are done at about an internal temp of 195-200 degrees Fahrenheit if you have an instant thermometer.) Allow to cool for about 15 minutes in the pan, then turn out and cool completely on a wire rack. Place the cake in the fridge for about one hour, or the freezer for 20 minutes to let it firm up.
For Marshmallow Buttercream: Preheat the broiler. In the bowl of a standing mixer cream the butter together with the powdered sugar until light and fluffy. Line a sheet pan with parchment paper and spray it lightly with cooking spray. Spread the marshmallows out in a single layer, keeping them close together. Place underneath the broiler and let them get lightly browned; DON’T WALK AWAY. This takes no more than 30-40 seconds. Using a rubber spatula you spray with cooking spray immediately scrape the toasted marshmallow into the creamed butter/sugar mixture. Mix on low speed until combined. If it seems too stiff, you may add the heavy cream to your desired consistency.
Gently heat the heavy cream in a microwave safe bowl (about 45 seconds should do it). Pour it directly over the chocolate in another bowl and gently stir until it completely melts. If it’s too stiff you can add more warm heavy cream.
Take the cake out of the fridge/freezer. Cut it into three layers (it’s okay if they’re not perfectly even. Mine weren’t either.) Level the tops of each cake. Line the edges of a cake platter with strips of parchment paper to keep the platter clean while you assemble the cake. Smear a little of the chocolate or buttercream in the center to keep the cake from moving around. Place one cake layer on the platter. Spread or pipe a border of the marshmallow buttercream around the edges, bringing them up almost like a fence. Fill in the center with more buttercream, then dollop the chocolate ganache on top, trying to keep it inside the buttercream ‘fence’. Add the second layer and repeat then place the third cake layer on top. Spread the top of the cake with the remaining buttercream. Using a spatula to smooth out the sides of the cake, dipping it in some warm water intermittently.
Press the broken graham crackers and crumbs onto the sides of the cake (They don’t have to cover it completely). Sprinkle more of the crumbs on the top, then use a fork to drizzle the rest of the chocolate ganache on the top.) Place the cake in the fridge to let the buttercream and chocolate to firm up a bit, 15-20 minutes before serving.
There is a tangible difference in food that’s been made with care and love versus food that’s been made without them and don’t you let anyone tell you there isn’t. Anyone who says there isn’t has never had food made for them with love, and that’s truly unfortunate. When I was younger, I thought it just boiled down to some people were good cooks and some people weren’t–now that I’m older and that I’ve learned how to cook and bake rather well myself I understand that it’s a bit more complicated than that.
I’ve eaten in swank restaurants where the food was both expensive and undoubtedly delicious, but given the choice I still would’ve rather been in my grandma’s house eating a dish of her smothered steak and gravy. I would take her Lemon Pound Cake over the most pricey, fancy souffle from the best pastry chef in the world ANY DAY.
Know why? Because regardless of whether or not the fancy food tastes delicious, I know for a fact that there is more love for ME personally in her dishes than anything a chef that doesn’t know me from Eve can put into his food, no matter how technically flawless it is. It may sound corny, but for me, food made with love tastes like home; the taste that gives you the ‘itis’ where you’re full, satisfied, and want to take a nap afterwards, then wake up and have a little bit more.
The only thing more gratifying for me than eating food made with love is being the one to make it for my loved ones, especially when it’s a special request/favorite of theirs. Because I know them, I know exactly what they want and how they’re going to want the food to taste and that knowledge makes me all the more determined to put as much care and consideration into what I’m doing to make sure the food meets their anticipation for it. My fellow food bloggers/cooks out there will know the immense feeling of satisfaction that comes with watching someone you love eat and rave over their favorite food and know that YOU were the one to make it for them. It’s a wonderful thing.
My twin sister came out to visit us a few months ago. There’s little to nothing that I don’t know about her, including the fact that she loves practically ANYTHING cookies and cream flavored. The Cookies and Cream flavor is best described as that of the Oreo sandwich cookie: a sweet vanilla base mixed with chocolate. She mostly eats ice cream, and we very well could’ve just got a pint of it to keep in the freezer but when she booked her flight to come out here I decided to make something that was bit more special than ice cream to surprise her with.
This may be the easiest layer cake I’ve ever made. Unlike most others that have lengthy ingredients and complex instructions this cake is so simple it doesn’t even require a standing or hand held mixer. If you’ve got a large bowl, a whisk (or even a fork), you can make this cake and have it baking in the oven in less than ten minutes, no joke. The recipe that I included does give instructions for making whipped cream from scratch. However. In the case that you don’t have a standing or handheld mixer….lean in closer. A little bit closer. Little bit closer.
*whisper* You can buy pre-made cool whip that you thaw and it will still work out fine.
The finished product is what is probably the most “Cookies and Cream”-y thing I’ve ever seen or tasted. Normally I’m not even a huge fan of chocolate cake, but the combination of the cake with the cookies and cream whipped cream filling just really works. The cake texture itself is very moist, the chocolate flavor isn’t overwhelming and there’s a fluffiness in the whipped cream that adds lightness to the cake that cuts some of its richness. Then again, I DID make it with lots of love. That was bound to have an effect on the tastebuds.
Sharing this cake at this week’s Fiesta Friday #180 co-hosted this week by Tracey @ My Baja Kitchen and Jhuls @ The Not So Creative Cook.
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Spray two 9 inch cake pans with cooking spray, then line with wax or parchment paper; spray the paper and set aside.
In a small bowl, combine the flour, cocoa powder, baking soda and salt with a fork or wire whisk and set aside.
In a large mixing bowl combine the sugar, vegetable oil, eggs and vanilla and beat with a fork or a whisk. Fold the dry ingredients into the wet ones and mix thoroughly.
Divide the batter evenly between the two pans and place the pans on a large sheet pan. Bake in the oven until cake separates from the sides of the pans and a toothpick or knife inserted in the center comes out clean, about 20-25 minutes.
Allow cakes to cool in pans for about ten minutes, then turn out and allow to cool completely on wire racks.
Take a knife and cut 10 of the Oreos in half and set aside. Put the rest of the cookies in a Ziploc plastic bag and use a rolling pin or the bottom of a glass to crush into crumbs.
In a mixing bowl beat the heavy cream in 2 batches, 2 cups at a time until the cream has stiff peaks. Beat the vanilla and powdered sugar in with the second batch, then combine them together. Reserve about 3/4 cup of whipped cream in a small bowl in the fridge. Gently fold in all but about 1 cup of the crushed Oreo cookie crumbs with a spatula.
Level both cakes so that they are flat on the tops. Line the edges of a cake platter with strips of parchment paper to keep the platter clean while you assemble the cake. Place one cake layer on the platter. Spread about half of the Oreo whipped cream onto the cake, then place the second cake layer on top. Use a spatula to cover the tops and sides of the cakes with a thin layer of the cream, then refrigerate for about 1 hour until the layer is firm, to allow a crumb coat to form.
Place the rest of the cookie cream on top and on the sides of the cake. Take the reserved cookie crumbs and press evenly onto the sides of the cake with your fingers. (This may get a little messy so you can place a layer of foil or wax paper underneath the cake to pick up any of the spare crumbs.) Take the Oreos you’ve sliced in half and press onto the top of the cake. Remove the bottom strips of parchment paper. Take the reserved whipped cream and pipe small rosettes in between the sliced Oreos and along the bottom of the cake to form a border. You can also place one whole Oreo in the center of the cake and pipe rosettes around that, if you like.
Refrigerate for about 1 hour to allow whipped cream to set before slicing and serving. Keep cake refrigerated when not eating. | 2019-04-21T16:30:16Z | https://cookingismysport.com/tag/chocolate/ |
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There are some good pictures of this afternoon's demonstration in Brixton on the urban75 blog (http://www.urban75.org/blog/lambeth-save-our-services-march-demo-and-rally/).
As well as a couple of fine shots of the Lambeth UNISON Banner, there are good pictures of Ellen, who addressed the rally on behalf of the Lambeth Pensioners Action Group and of the UNITE speaker who spoke about the attacks on the NHS.
Today's demonstration was a positive step forward and one which poses all the more clearly the importance of building united action against cuts in the borough.
Lambeth Save Our Services, which meets on the first and third Thursday of each month at 7pm at the Vida Walsh Centre was initiated by the local authority trade union branches in response to the Council announcing hundreds of job losses in May (http://lambethunison.blogspot.com/2010/06/opposition-to-public-service-cuts-in.html). It immediately attracted support from the UCU Branch at Lambeth College and the Lambeth Pensioners Action Group and now has the backing of the Tenants Council.
Lambeth SOS has two important strengths. It is a campaign against all cuts, whoever makes them, and it has a bias towards organising action. The campaign needs to continue to grow - it has the potential now to do so. Of course it goes without saying that these are early days and the campaign has a long way to go and much to do.
Other initiatives have also emerged.
Local supporters of the Right to Work Campaign (which appears to have no local organisational existence independently of the Socialist Workers Party) organised a well attended meeting (at which I spoke alongside Kate Hoey) in early September under the name of "Lambeth United Against Cuts" (http://www.lambethunited.org/about-us.html). This was an excellent meeting.
Following the September meeting the organisers had denied any intention to establish an organisation separate from Lambeth Save Our Services (SOS). They now aspire to "bring us closer to a broad delegate based anti-cuts campaign run by no single group or union, which allows participates to continue their own campaigning work." (A project requiring its own website).
This is a worthy aspiration and almost certainly most likely to be achieved if their authors turn up at the twice monthly SOS meetings which have been arranged, will take place and will organise resistance to cuts in Lambeth (at which their welcome contribution will be most helpful).
Meanwhile the officers of Lambeth Trades Council (which has not itself met as a full Trades Council since June) have kept their distance from the SOS campaign created by their most active affiliates. The Trades Council officers organised an "open" meeting which was markedly less well-attended than the "Lambeth United Against the Cuts" meeting and have initiated discussions with Streatham MP Chukka Umanna to develop a "broad based" campaign. These are positive initiatives in and of themselves.
The Trades Council could and should be central to opposition to the ConDem cuts in Lambeth just as Trades Councils in (for example) Barnet and Camden are. Almost certainly the crucial next step is for the Trades Council to meet so that delegates elected to represent Lambeth workers can discuss and agree how we move forward.
Separately the leadership of the Labour Group (http://www.lambethlabour.com/) put proposals to the Council trade unions for a "Lambeth Campaign for Fair Services" which are unlikely to make much headway since it's tough to campaign against cuts whilst making them.
However, it is important that Labour Party members and Councillors remain welcome in anti-cuts campaigning activity - whilst those of us who work for them may have disagreements with the Council as our employer we need unity against the ConDem Coalition who are, without doubt, our real enemy.
The discussion about how Labour Councillors - and Labour Councils - should respond to these cuts is only beginning and an active engagement by Labour Party members in anti-cuts campaigns will be as important as the openness of anti-cuts campaigners to such engagement if we are usefully to have this important discussion.
The people of Lambeth should no doubt be grateful that so many different approaches to how to respond to the ConDems are on offer in the borough!
As the cuts bite deeper we'll find that it is those prepared to act, to campaign and to fight who will be to the fore as working class people resist the attempt to put the clock back two generations and to eliminate our welfare state.
In Lambeth, those are the people who marched through Brixton this afternoon.
Over 200 people marched through Brixton this afternoon behind the banner of Lambeth UNISON, organised by Lambeth Save Our Services, the joint union-community anti-cuts coalition which last week won the support of Lambeth's influential Tenants' Council.
Before the march speakers from UNISON, UNITE and the Lambeth Pensioners Action Group were joined by the Right to Work Campaign and student activists.
Following the good humoured and lively march, the marchers were addressed by former Council Leader Ted Knight and left Labour Councillor Kingsley Abrams.
The message of the march was one of opposition to the ConDems and to all public spending cuts. All in all, a good start to local campaigning.
We have much further to go.
UNISON's detailed analysis of the Government Spending Review is available from the UNISON website: http://www.unison.org.uk/acrobat/Spending%20Review%202010%20-%20further%20analysis%20-%2025.10.2010.pdf.
UNISON has published a handy summary of today's spending review available online (http://www.unison.org.uk/acrobat/2010SpendingReviewAnalysis1.pdf).
The 3,000 strong march from Lincoln's Inn to Whitehall this evening has shown both what can be done by local union branches working through a campaigning Trades Council and the potential that exists for the union movement to mobilise opposition to the ConDems.
The continuing presence of protesters has somewhat depleted attendance at the meeting called by the Labour Representation Committee - but the trade union speakers are rightly calling for a unified fightback.
I was pleased to be part of a good crowd outside Croydon Town Hall this evening protesting at the plans of that Tory Council to worsen the conditions of its entire workforce.
Croydon's experience could shape that in many London boroughs. It is strategically important that UNISON activists everywhere support the Croydon branch.
The Order of Lenin is due to the Lambeth comrade who ensured we could take our banner - where it stood proudly alongside the banners of Croydon UNISON, NUT and Trades Council as well as SERTUC.
It was good to see the Regional Secretary of SERTUC there as well as a leading comrade from PCS (not to mention a member of the TUC General Council - even if he was a local!). I was pleased that, by my presence as a UNISON NEC member, I was also signifying support - however there is more to do for our Union.
UNISON needs to raise our game when it comes to supporting activities across branches since we currently punch far below our weight. (It was good that branches had been encouraged to support the protest at last Thursday's Regional Council and that - perhaps in recognition of the fact that many branches had been discouraged from attending the Regional Council, leaving it inquorate - an email reminder had been sent round this morning. However, for the future we need to do more, faster and better at Regional level).
Our active members in Croydon this evening showed us all what to do as a protest organised by the UNISON branch drew support from across the movement. This sort of energy is being shown in many boroughs and needs to be encouraged.
We need - urgently - a national and Regional strategy to support our active members in branches like Croydon who are prepared to campaign.
In the mean time we need to cross the boundaries of our boroughs and our branches in order to show solidarity.
I should also add that this evening was a great tribute to the memory of my dear friend, Malcolm Campbell (http://www.remembermalcolmcampbell.blogspot.com/) since it showed how his former branch have moved on to face new challenges following his untimely demise just eighteen months ago.
It has recently been suggested to me that we need more of a memorial to Malcolm but, on reflection I think his memorial is all around.
Tonight, Malcolm, my brother, my friend, they did indeed do it themselves.
Tonight I was as proud of my brother Malcolm as I know he would have been proud of his former branch.
Tomorrow the fight goes on. And as long as it goes on and as long as we march forward into that fight, Malcolm's memory marches with us.
A gaggle of plutocrats and parasites have had someone put pen to paper for them and written to the Torygraph to express support for the ConDem's planned spending cuts (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/spending-review/8069947/Spending-Review-2010-cut-now-or-pay-later-say-business-leaders.html).
Yes these are the leading lights of the same private sector which got us in to this mess in the first place - and one of the few groups of letter writers imaginable who may actually have a higher average net worth than the Cabinet of millionaires itself. They and their children won't be suffering when Osborne follows Cable's advice to make "savage cuts".
"The private sector should be more than capable of generating additional jobs to replace those lost in the public sector, and the redeployment of people to more productive activities will improve economic performance, so generating more employment opportunities."
This argument fails on many levels. Ask Connaught workers if public spending cuts increase private sector employment opportunities!
This is no more than a rehash of the 1970s "crowding out" thesis, which was tested to destruction in the 1980s (and destroyed many jobs and communities in the process).
Having only recently returned to the sixth form where I first studied economics thirty years ago I can recollect this argument when it was still new and could go on about it at greter length.
However Aditya Chakrabortty gave a good summary in the Grauniad a fortnight ago (http://m.guardian.co.uk/?id=102202&story=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/oct/05/george-osborne-margaret-thatcher) so you can just read that.
The only question I would ask is this. Do these "business leaders" believe their own arguments because they are ignorant of economic history or is this reheated Thatcherism no more than a populist cover story for an attempt to shrink the public sector in an attempt to increase profitability at the expense of the living standards of working people?
UNISON’s legal challenge to the NHS White Paper may not have succeeded. However our campaign in defence of public services goes on.
Legal challenges are a legitimate and necessary tactic. Justice Mitting may have ruled that the court could not place a legal demand on the government to consult the public, patients or staff over plans contained in its NHS white paper. However, he said that it was perfectly proper for UNISON to seek a judicial review, and that the union had raised an important principle that was in the constitutional interest.
More to the point, any tactic which helps to focus attention on the detail of aspects of the ConDems assault upon our public services has validity. There must be a danger that the suggestion that the health budget is being “protected” will distract attention from the truly appalling proposals in the White Paper as we mobilise against the draconian cuts which will hit many other parts of the public sector from Wednesday onwards.
The challenge for UNISON now is to break out of our service group silos and unify our campaigning around our one priority – the defence of public services, including the NHS. If we can mobilise an excellent attendance at a training Conference for health branches then we can mobilise around campaigning activity locally, Regionally and nationally. Those who want to unite UNISON in Greater London should get along to the Regional Council on 7 December – and should overcome political differences which weren’t an affordable luxury even before the General Election.
At a local level UNISON branches need to be linking up, with all other union branches and local community organisations in order to resist cuts – the TUC “Stronger Unions blog” has some thoughtful online advice. Dave Prentis also recommends that we link up with the Citizens Organisation. We need to pull out all the stops to engage UNISON members beyond our largest Service Group, otherwise we’ll fail to focus sufficiently widely on the full range of attacks upon the Welfare State.
The challenges we now face make the differences within the Union, which can seem so important to those involved, appear as trivial as they probably always were.
Croydon UNISON is calling on as many members as possible to Lobby the above meeting where questions are to be asked in respect of the Employment Based Cost Review proposals (Croydon Council's plans to attack the conditions of service of their staff inspired by the troublemaking schemes of the national local government employers).
The branch rightly feel that it is extremely important that the Councillors know of the depth of feeling amongst staff in relation to how the proposals will affect them. This is the opportunity for Croydon employees to show how you feel about your Terms and Conditions of Employment. The branch are calling for the biggest possible turnout and urge members to attend if possible. They will be bringing the Branch Banner and other unions will be in attendance.
Other groups who have concerns about the impact of cuts in the Community will be supporting a demonstration at the same time.
Lobbyists will be gathering outside the Town Hall Steps, Katherine Street at 5.30 pm, in time to lobby Councillors before they begin the Meeting at 6.30 pm.
This assault upon UNISON members in Croydon is of relevance to all UNISON members and I hope that as many members in neighbouring boroughs, hospitals and colleges as can get along to Katherine Street at 5.30pm tomorrow will do so. Labour Councils need to be pledging that they won't join in any attacks upon the conditions of service of staff!
Croydon residents can also download a letter from the branch to send to their local Councillor.
This is a personal report of the October 2010 meeting of UNISON’s National Executive Council (NEC) intended for members and branches in the Greater London Region. An official report of the meeting is available online at http://www.unison.co.uk/news/news_view.asp?did=6374.
I am always happy to respond to questions about reports, or to attend meetings of branches or Branch Committees (subject to notice and availability). You can contact me at [email protected] or on 07957505571.
This is a personal report. It is not an official document nor is it intended to be a comprehensive report of everything which was discussed. The most important discussions, about defending public services, the National Health Service and public sector pay are reflected in a lot of content on the UNISON website, to which you should refer to for further information.
The NEC had not met between National Delegate Conference and early October. I had indicated before the meeting that I intended to raise my concerns about this, and I understand that I was certainly not the only member concerned about this long delay between meetings.
This meant that the full NEC had no say in UNISON's decision to vote for major constitutional changes at the TUC. It also meant that the NEC were mere spectators in a major reorganisation of our senior management structures. Most importantly, our NEC had failed to meet in the immediate aftermath of the Emergency Budget and the most important challenge UNISON has ever faced.
I am therefore pleased to report that the President, Angela Lynes, indicated that the future timetable for NEC meetings would be reviewed. I will report back on this in the future.
As ever the meeting commenced with a report on recruitment and organisation. It was reported that we are growing at an annualised rate of 1.63% which means that - given a turnover in excess of 10% we are recruiting 12% of our membership each year. One in four of new applicants now join online, which means that the internet is now second only to national strike action in boosting our recruitment.
The Three Companies Project (about which the NEC is to receive a full report) has raised density on the ten contracts upon which it has focused from 21 to 55%. For privatised contracts these are impressive figures.
Discussion on pay at the October NEC took place in the context of the decision, the previous day, of UNISON's National Joint Council to support a claim for local government workers in England, Wales and Northern Ireland of "at least" £250 a year from 1 April 2011.
This claim, on behalf of workers in the largest single bargaining group in the economy, who last saw a pay rise on 1 April 2009 reflects the view, also prevalent at the NEC, that our members are not (yet) in a mood to fight over pay as they worry where the redundancy axe may fall.
The General Secretary made a more considered and far sighted contribution to this discussion when he observed that pay restraint always breaks down, but not normally in the first year.
Whilst this does not seem at all like the first year of pay restraint for local government workers, it probably is true that we need to focus on the medium term to pursue the objective of a fair pay increase.
I hope that at future NEC meetings we shall be considering pay alongside the defence of public services. The Government do not compartmentalise these issues and are as happy to cut the real terms pay of low paid workers as they are to savage the services received by our communities.
Under this item the NEC also considered the recent "leak" that the School Support Staff Negotiating Body may never now sit. The relevant sector Committee within the Local Government Service Group has called for a consultative ballot to consider national industrial action if the Government do proceed to abolish the SSSNB. Certainly the Government's approach of abolishing first and consulting later deserves a robust response. National industrial action by school support staff is an ambitious goal - but this is probably the only time when a national trade dispute around which such action could lawfully be organised will ever exist.
The section of the NEC meetings at which we receive reports on Equal Pay remain confidential because of the volume of litigation involving the Union.
I can safely mention that UNISON will be complaining about the treatment of the Union in the recent Channel 4 Dispatches programme.
The major item for discussion at this NEC, led off by our General Secretary but also involving most of the other senior officers in the room in one way or another, was around a report entitled "Defending Public Services." Dave Prentis made clear that this should be viewed as THE priority for our Union over the coming months, and should provide the focus and direction for all the activities of every part of our Union. Probably because this was the first NEC meeting since Conference (and therefore also the first since the Emergency Budget) the combined length of the officer introductions to this 11 page report exceeded an hour, although as the report's author rightly pointed out; "UNISON must be judged by our actions in this period not the length and extent of our analysis." The report itself usefully summarised the attacks upon us from the Coalition Government and the response to date from UNISON and the wider trade union movement. Rather than repeat that here I will append the document to my report to London UNISON Branches. The key point from this debate was that our defence of public services must be the central principle around which we organise all our trade union activity, building towards the TUC demonstration in March (and various elections in May) on the basis of local anti-cuts activity. See the attached report for more information.
By the time we got to the agenda item for the General Secretary's Report we had already covered a lot of ground, but Dave asked the Head of Health to report on our response to the NHS White Paper. We were told that UNISON's legal challenge to the White Paper (over the inadequacy of consultation) had sent "an almighty shudder through the Department for Health."
However, the best that this legal challenge can achieve will be delay and so we also need a campaign which must go beyond being a campaign "in" the NHS (though it must be the greatest of those there has ever been) to be a campaign "for" the NHS. Once consortia of General Practitioners, expensively if not ably assisted by private consultants, start purchasing healthcare provision on the market, the "renationalisation" of the health service would probably require withdrawal from the European Union and abrogation of international treaty obligations. The White Paper goes far further than any previous attempt to open up healthcare to private profit and would replace the National Health Service (in England) with a national healthcare market "free at the point of use" but increasingly prone to the development of two-tier provision as providers try to turn a profit. For UNISON this is a great challenge to us to see to it that all our Service Groups and all our branches (even all our NEC members) are fully engaged in a struggle, which is in all our interests, to preserve the single greatest achievement of our movement.
At the tail end of the General Secretary's Report (which is an opportunity to ask about anything at all) I asked some questions prompted by information from some London Borough branches. I asked about the perceived tardiness of legal advice to branches facing significant challenges. I was advised that this was the first our General Secretary had heard of such a problem and that further details would elicit a further response. I will pursue this. I also advocated our writing to members resident in the area of any local authority attacking our members, urging them to lobby Councillors against such attacks. I was advised that we do use this tactic but that its expense means that we employ it sparingly. I concur with the views of the London Branch Secretary who felt that we should look at how to moderate the cost to the national union of this sensible tactic - by, for example, branch funds paying the postage and branch activists stuffing the envelopes.
Towards the end of a long NEC meeting we got on to the NUC (NUC = New Union Centre, the somewhat delayed building rising on the site of the former Elizabeth Garrett Anderson hospital which will be our new HQ). We were presented with recommendations from the Finance Committee that, rather than sell the freehold of Mabledon Place once we have vacated it, we should lease the site to a developer on a long lease in return for a cut of the rent which the leaseholder will receive from the tenant when the building has been refurbished. My concern - which was met sufficiently that I voted for the recommendation - was that we should regularly consider selling the remaining freehold interest in the site. I was persuaded that we would have the flexibility to do this at any time when it was financially advantageous - and was swayed by the fact that the £13 Million we will get up front for the lease will pay off the loan we took out to build the "NUC". Other NEC members raised the sound point that we could face problems if the leaseholder rented out a site which we still owned (as freeholder) to a tenant whose business was at odds with our aims and values. Branches may wish to consider a Conference motion instructing the NEC to dispose of the freehold as soon as is consistent with the duties of our trustees (who appeared not to have been kept completely in the loop). It makes sense to sell a leasehold interest in the property right now, but a trade union should probably not aim to hold its reserves in freehold property in the long term. We don't always do well when we do things beyond our basic functions as a trade union.
I supported an attempt by North West Region NEC member Roger Bannister to move reference back of the report of the Staffing Committee. Roger was addressing the manner of the announcement to NEC members of the decision to recruit additional Assistant General Secretaries (AGSs). Roger queried both the need for additional posts at this level and the decision to proceed with such an important decision without a discussion at the full NEC.
President Angela Lynes ruled that we could not "refer back" a report of the Staffing Committee because of its Rule Book autonomy from the NEC (which may be debatable) but permitted a vote on whether or not to receive the report (a proposition eventually agreed by a convincing majority).
The debate saw a spirited defence of the decision from Dave Prentis and a reasoned intervention from lead North West Region NEC member Bernie Gallagher who highlighted the fact that attempts to debate the election of officials at Conference are ruled out of order for fear that they could breach the contracts of staff, yet here we were happily appointing new staff without even considering the option of electing to the newly created posts.
I asked about the fact that Dave's original letter on this topic had said that "As part of a restructuring process, the new posts will be ringfenced to existing staff and members and advertised internally..." I pointed out that I had had correspondence with the Chair of Staffing querying the wisdom of this approach.
Dave Prentis told the NEC that since his letter in August the Union had thought again and that the posts were now being advertised openly.
Although I would personally support the election of these senior officials, if they are to be appointed at least we now know that anyone can apply and that the appointment panel can choose from the widest pool of talent.
How do we fight the cuts?
Having had an earlier post on this subject not so much savaged by a dead sheep as somewhat criticised by a seriously unwell little lamb (http://grayee.blogspot.com/2010/10/ultra-lefts-cunning-plan-to-smash.html) I think it worth returning to the important question of how we need to fight cuts in public services.
The key is local activism, mobilising and learning from workers on the ground and from our communities who are the users of our services.
Trade union branches must be central to this campaigning - and have a vital role to build up our own membership and organisation through this struggle - yet we must avoid trying to dominate the alliances we must make.
We need to approach community campaigners with solidarity and humility. UNISON in London needs to learn from the errors made by the office in its approach to London Citizens for example.
We need however to approach politicians with caution and relate to them on our terms and not theirs.
This applies both to Labour Councillors (and MPs) (including those union activists whose first loyalty is to their Labour Party positions rather than our members) who may want us to fight ConDem cuts whilst swallowing those proposed by Labour politicians, and to revolutionaries who have already worked out for us what we should be doing. Workers need, IMHO, guidance from neither source. I have confidence in ordinary members of our Union far more than in any politicians.
The essence of resisting cuts is - as the SERTUC Regional Secretary said to the embarrasingly inquorate UNISON Greater London Regional Council earlier today - the sort of campaigning that saved jobs in Lambeth's One O'Clock Clubs this summer. We need campaigns which unite workers and service users and pile effective pressure on decision-makers.
I look forward to guidance from the Union at Regional level which will educate our activists at local level about how we could be doing even better.
In the mean time we'll just keep fighting.
Londoners - support the Firefighters!
London's firefighters have voted to strike (http://www.fbu.org.uk/newspress/pressrelease/2010/10_14.php).
A 79% yes vote on a 79% turnout is an emphatic mandate to respond appropriately to the provocation of madcap reactionary employers using the threat of mass sackings to try to force through detrimental changes to working arrangements.
Longer serving Lambeth Council trade unionists know the leadership of LFEPA's HR function well - they should know better than to pick a fight with the FBU! UNISON and GMB members are also set to ballot.
All London trade unionists should back our firefighters who are well placed - if we do enough to back them - to win a vital defensive victory and set a precedent of benefit to all workers.
The unfortunately inquorate meeting of UNISON's Greater London Regional Council is now hearing an important presentation about the work of Show Racism the Red Card (http://www.srtrc.org/).
The inspiring and positive contributions from both Megan Dobney and Jeremy Corbyn, about which I have just blogged, have however got me thinking about whether our Region is really as fit as it could be for the purpose of coordinating our defence of public services.
Since Geoff Martin stood down as Regional Convenor the only quorate meetings of our Regional Council have been the Annual General Meetings. Cross service group co-ordination is done not in large and representative meetings but in a small Committee the proceedings of which are not shared with our members.
The office mobilises brilliantly for the annual health training day, and to get delegates along to the AGM, but an internal focus will not suffice to mobilise our 130,000+ members on the streets.
Regular readers Sid and Doris Marxist-Leninist will be familiar with my occasional role as a "critical friend" to the UNISON machine in Greater London, but righjt now, the single priority set by our NEC seems so much more important than internal political squabbles.
I hope that this view can now prevail and that UNISON in Greater London can achieve our potential now that we need to more than ever.
Jeremy Corbyn, MP is reporting to the inquorate UNISON Regional Council that the growing membership of trade unions and the Labour Party shows a recognition of the need for collective action in the face of the attacks from the ConDems.
The Coalition have successfully shifted debate from a crisis caused by bankers to a crisis of state welfare. The Welfare State is under attack across Europe.
I'm pleased to hear Jeremy focusing on the housing benefit cuts, and making the case for higher education as a public good rather than an individual investment. We certainly need to make the case against these attacks as strongly as we make the case against direct cuts in jobs and services.
Jeremy has called for support for the TUC lobby on the 19th, the Camden Trades Council demonstration on the 20th and the RMT/FBU demonstration.
Jeremy also wants us all to make sure that our MPs are in Parliament on Friday 22 October to support John McDonnell's Lawful Industrial Action (Minor Errors) Bill - we certainly need to remove some of the obstacles to lawful industrial action so that we are better able to resist attacks such as those in Croydon and elsewhere.
Megan Dobney of SERTUC is addressing the sadly inquorate meeting of UNISON's Greater London Regional Council and setting out how we must go about trying to bring down the Coalition Government.
She's right that we have our work cut out to win the argument - first of all with our own members - that cuts are not required. The TUC back PCS in their focus upon bringing down tax avoidance and evasion. 20,000 more jobs in HMRC could raise twenty billion quid - but the ConDems would rather savage our services than collect our cash.
Megan, a Lambethan, has made the point that our defence of the One O'Clock Clubs shows how to mobilise service users and communities to fight job cuts. She has also called for support for Monday's lobby of Croydon Council, who are facing a spirited response to their attack upon the conditions of service of our workforce and for support for both the SERTUC rally and the FBU/RMT march leading to that rally.
Campaigning work can shift popular opinion - majority opposition to Royal Mail privatisation is a product of campaigning by CWU over recent years. The French experience shows how we too can mobilise.
Dave Prentis makes a concise and cogent case for UNISON's legal challenge to the NHS White Paper in today's Grauniad (http://m.guardian.co.uk/?id=102202&story=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/oct/13/case-for-the-nhs-unison-public-debate).
Let's hope the legal challenge forces the Coalition into at least consulting on the break up of the NHS in England for which they have no mandate, giving us more time to organise, educate and agitate in opposition.
I shall start by hoping against hope for a decent turnout at today's Unison Regional Council! We need to mobilise the whole of UNISON to defend the NHS.
UNISON's apt response to the revelation from PWC's department for stating the bleedin obvious that public spending cuts will also cost private sector jobs is most welcome (http://www.unison.org.uk/asppresspack/pressrelease_view.asp?id=2012&utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter).
Unless you adhere to the discredited "crowding out" thesis it's impossible to believe that rolling back the state will create space in which private entrepreneurs will innovate and make their fortunes whilst spreading wealth, happiness and Tory Party membership.
On the contrary, reductions in public spending simply reduce aggreggate demand and push economic activity downwards, not just through the direct impact on companies depending on private contracts but also through the multiplier effect arising from reduced spending by workers thrown onto the scrapheap or forced to accept reduced incomes.
We have to start explaining this basic economics, first of all to our own members.
Of course there are those who won't be worried - the spivs and chancers who run companies bidding for outsourced work will be hoping to do nicely.
Most millionaires (amongst whom can of course be counted the majority of the Cabinet) won't be that bothered either of course.
The cuts aren't an attack on the British people - they're an attack by one small but wealthy and powerful section of the British people on the rest of us.
The Party which stood clearly against tuition fees (http://www.libdems.org.uk/education_detail.aspx?title=Liberal_Democrats_back_plans_to_scrap_university_tuition_fees___&pPK=b5043fc9-2719-489a-9e0b-532ef2b05906) at the last General Election is now part of a Government clearly set to increase them.
At least when Vince was no more than a sidekick of Deputy Dawg he was a good guy!
What is the role of Labour Councillors facing ConDem cuts?
I was pleased to speak to the Coldharbour Ward Labour Party meeting in Brixton this evening.
We had a useful discussion covering the future management of housing in Lambeth, the pre-election agreement between the Party and the unions and about how to oppose cuts in public spending.
Labour administrations under a Tory Government may find themselves caught between a rock and a hard place - but trade unionists in local government need to recognise that in these circumstances it is our job to be the hard place.
We must organise against the Tories proposed destruction of the NHS, against their plan to price our children out of higher education and against proposals for housing benefit that will make tens of thousands homeless.
At the same time, those of us working for Labour Councils can be neither neutral not sympathetic when Labour Councillors implement Tory cuts. It is not our role to make it easy for Labour Councillors to bend the knee to a Tory Government and attack the people who put them where they are.
Whilst resistance on the model of Lambeth in the 80s, Clay Cross in the 70s or Poplar in the 20s may not immediately be on the cards we do need to start to debate what options really exist.
And Councillors who are making cuts (against the wishes and interests of their supporters) need to choose whether they are first and foremost (would-be) able administrators of the local state or primarily representative leaders of the local working class.
The latter - correct IMHO - choice entails, at a minimum, a vigorous campaign against cuts mobilising trade unionists and Labour Party members to attack the economic policies of the Coalition Government by resisting cuts which undermine the quality of our lives.
Labour Party members in Lambeth will have an opportunity to discuss this further at an all members' meeting on Saturday 20 November at the Town Hall. Party members need to work out whether local people voted for a Council which would give them a choice about which services to savage, or a Council which would stand up against savage cuts.
This is the one-after-the-last post about last week's meeting of the UNISON NEC.
Regular readers Sid and Doris Blogger will know that I was not best pleased that we had no meeting of the UNISON NEC in July (as we have previously) and therefore had a gap from June to October.
This meant that the full NEC had no say in UNISON's decision to vote for major constitutional changes at the TUC.
It also meant that the NEC were mere spectators in a major reorganisation of our senior management structures.
Most importantly, our NEC had failed to meet in the immediate aftermath of the Emergency Budget and the most important challenge UNISON has ever faced.
Whilst the original decision to rearrange our timetable of meetings may have been taken by a good Bolshevik who favoured the discipline and effectiveness of October over the excessive enthusiasm of the July Days, I was nevertheless pleased to hear President Angela Lynes say that this decision would be reviewed for future years.
There won't be any time soon when a gap of more than three months between meetings of the UNISON NEC will be justifiable.
It was reported to last week's NEC meeting that we are growing at an annualised rate of 1.63% which means that - given a turnover in excess of 10% we are recruiting 12% of our membership each year.
This good news needs to be set against the scale of the challenges which we face - but it does show we can build the Union to fight back even in the most challenging circumstances.
As part of the discussion on pay at last week's NEC (about which I have just blogged) the recent "leak" that the School Support Staff Negotiating Body may never now sit was touched upon.
The relevant sector Committee within the Local Government Service Group has called for a consultative ballot to consider national industrial action if the Government do proceed to abolish the SSSNB.
Certainly the Government's approach of abolishing first and consulting later deserves a robust response, whatever one's view of the original wisdom of detaching school staff from the National Joint Council.
National industrial action by school support staff is an ambitious goal - but this is probably the only time when a national trade dispute around which such action could lawfully be organised will ever exist.
In the antepenultimate blog post of the reverse order report from last week's UNISON NEC I reach back to the discussion on pay, which for me at least had been somewhat overshadowed by the decision, the previous day, of UNISON's National Joint Council to support a claim for local government workers in England, Wales and Northern Ireland of "at least" £250 a year from 1 April 2011.
Since there is no evidence that public service workers who practice pay restraint are rewarded with job security I suppose I should be grateful that there is at least a claim, rather than no claim (as apparently mooted by at least one official of another union).
Although the claim could be seen as a canny ploy to exert some political pressure on the national local government employers to pay at least to the low paid the tiny increase offered by the Chancellor when he announced the pay freeze, it probably fails the test of effectiveness even on this basis. We could exert at least the same pressure on the basis of a claim which had some hope of motivating at least our activists.
The General Secretary made a more considered and far sighted contribution to this discussion when he observed that pay restraint always breaks down, but not normally in the first year. Whilst this does not seem at all like the first year of pay restraint for local government workers, it probably is true that we need to focus on the medium term to pursue the objective of a fair pay increase.
We don't do ourselves any favours if we compartmentalise our response.
Continuing the reverse order action-replay of (poorly) edited highlights of last week's meeting of the UNISON NEC would bring me to the item on Equal Pay.
As ever and for good reasons - cannot report in detail on this item because of the various legal cases still being taken by, or otherwise involving, the Union.
The major item for discussion at last week's UNISON NEC, led off by our General Secretary but also involving most of the other senior officers in the room in one way or another, was around a report entitled "Defending Public Services."
Dave Prentis made clear that this should be viewed as THE priority for our Union over the coming months, and should provide the focus and direction for all the activities of every part of our Union.
Probably because this was the first NEC meeting since Conference (and therefore also the first since the Emergency Budget) the combined length of the officer introductions to this 11 page report exceeded an hour, although as the report's author rightly pointed out; "UNISON must be judged by our actions in this period not the length and extent of our analysis."
Given the proposed review of timing for future NEC meetings (of which more below) the error of not having met in July will not, I hope, be repeated.
The report itself usefully summarised the attacks upon us from the Coalition Government and the response to date from UNISON and the wider trade union movement. Rather than repeat that here I will append the document to my report to London UNISON Branches.
The key point from this debate was that our defence of public services must be the central principle around which we organise all our trade union activity, building towards the TUC demonstration in March (and various elections in May) on the basis of local anti-cuts activity.
United on this basis we can be formidable. I hope we are.
A few days late, I shall aim to complete my reports from last Wednesday's full day meeting of UNISON's National Executive Council, which I shall blog in reverse order for no good reason whatsoever.
By the time we got to the agenda item for the General Secretary's Report we had already covered a lot of ground, but Dave asked the Head of Health to report on our response to the NHS White Paper.
We were told that UNISON's legal challenge to the White Paper (over the inadequacy of consultation) had sent "an almighty shudder through the Department for Health." The legal challenge is to be heard this Wednesday (http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c5398.extract) and we must hope it succeeds.
However, the best that this legal challenge can achieve will be delay and so we also need a campaign which must go beyond being a campaign "in" the NHS (though it must be the greatest of those there has ever been) to be a campaign "for" the NHS.
Once consortia of General Practitoners, expensively if not ably assisted by private consultants, start purchasing healthcare provision on the market, the "renationalisation" of the health service would probably require withdrawal from the European Union and abrogation of international treaty obligations.
The White Paper goes far further than any previous attempt to open up healthcare to private profit and would replace the National Health Service (in England) with a national healthcare market "free at the point of use" but increasingly prone to the development of two-tier provision as providers try to turn a profit.
For UNISON this is a great challenge to us to see to it that all our Service Groups and all our branches (even all our NEC members) are fully engaged in a struggle, which is in all our interests, to preserve the single greatest achievement of our movement.
A hat tip to fellow UNISON blogger Dave Watson for a useful summary of today's interim report attacking our pensions from Lord Hutton (http://unisondave.blogspot.com/2010/10/hutton-review.html) which saves me the bother of reading it on my day off.
Increased pension contributions are a de facto pay cut and will be a very clear indication that low paid public servants are to pay the price for the bail-out of the banks.
Coming on top of the changes to indexation which have already shaved up to 15% of the value of our income in retirement, Hutton's proposals look a lot like a declaration of war on public sector workers.
All of which reminds me that there is something that should be said to those public servants who voted Lib Dem in May.
But I shan't say it as I avoid obscenities when blogging.
Instead I shall coin a new swear word and simply say that those who voted for the Coalition parties were total Huttons.
I am pondering the irony of having a day off on World Day for Decent Work (http://www.wddw.org/).
Decent work is a modest aspiration but one which cannot consistently be achieved in a society in which labour power is a commodity.
Nevertheless, collective organisation in the workplace can make our working lives far more tolerable - not least by winning an adequate amount of annual leave.
Decent work will, of course, be further away for many public servants if the ConDems get their way with cuts in jobs and a pay freeze.
At the tail end of Dave Prentis' General Secretary's Report (of which more soon)(or not so soon) I asked some questions prompted by information from some London Borough branches.
I asked about the perceived tardiness of legal advice to branches facing significant challenges. I was advised that this was the first our General Secretary had heard of such a problem and that further details would elicit a further response. I will pursue this.
I also advocated our writing to members resident in the area of any local authority attacking our members, urging them to lobby Councillors against such attacks. I was advised that we do use this tactic but that its expense means that we employ it sparingly.
I concur with the views of the London Branch Secretary who felt that we should look at how to moderate the cost to the national union of this sensible tactic - by, for example, branch funds paying the postage and branch activists stuffing the envelopes.
As you will see when I get back to the beginning of the meeting, we have a single priority as a Union, which is to confront the ConDem cuts and their consequences, building alliances in our communities. To do this our branches need prompt and effective support from Regional and National level.
Continuing the reverse trawl through today's NEC meeting brings me to the discussion of the NUC at the NEC (NUC = New Union Centre, the somewhat delayed building rising on the site of the former Elizabeth Garrett Anderson hospital which will be our new HQ).
Today we were presented with recommendations from the Finance Committee that, rather than sell the freehold of Mabledon Place once we have vacated it, we should lease the site to a developer on a long lease in return for a cut of the rent which the leaseholder will receive from the tenant when the building has been refurbished.
My concern - which was met sufficiently that I voted for the recommendation - was that we should regularly consider selling the remaining freehold interest in the site. I was persuaded that we would have the flexibility to do this at any time when it was financially advantageous - and was swayed by the fact that the £13 Million we will get up front for the lease will pay off the loan we took out to build the "NUC".
Other NEC members raised the sound point that we could face problems if the leaseholder rented out a site which we still owned (as freeholder) to a tenant whose business was at odds with our aims and values.
Branches may wish to consider a Conference motion instructing the NEC to dispose of the freehold as soon as is consistent with the duties of our trustees (who appeared not to have been kept completely in the loop).
In fact, given the way this country is going under the ConDems and the possibility of further legal restrictions on the right to strike maybe we need to think about holding our reserves beyond the reach of the UK legal system altogether?
Five (Assistant) Heads are better than one?
For no good reason whatsoever I shall blog today's NEC meeting in reverse order and therefore begin with Roger Bannister's valiant - if doomed - attempt to move reference back of the report of the Staffing Committee (which I supported).
Roger was addressing the manner of the announcement to NEC members of the decision to recruit additional Assistant General Secretaries (AGSs) (about which I blogged when it was announced - http://jonrogers1963.blogspot.com/2010/08/four-more-voices-for-public-services.html).
Roger queried both the need for additional posts at this level and the decision to proceed with such an important decision without a discussion at the full NEC.
The debate saw a spirited defence of the decision from Dave Prentis and a reasoned intervention from lead North West Region NEC member Bernie Gallagher who highlighted the fact that attempts to debate the election of officials at Conference are ruled out of order for fear that they could breach the contracts of staff, yet here we are happily appointing new staff without even considering the option of electing to the newly created posts.
Dave Prentis told the NEC that since his letter in August the Union had thought again and that the posts were now being advertised openly. Whether or not this changes the outcome (and one need not be too much of a cynic to think that it won't) this does at least mean that the Union is behaving in a manner consistent with one of the common justifications for the appointment, rather than election, of officials (and in a manner less vulnerable to challenge).
Although I would support the election of these senior officials, if they are to be appointed at least we now know that anyone can apply and that the appointment panel can - at least in theory - choose from the widest pool of talent. I hope that those recruiting these senior officials will not play favourites or defer to anyone's presumed preferences.
So, dear reader, send those applications in now!
Here's the link for those reading this blog for career opportunities (who may be in the wrong place online) - http://guardianjobs.mobi/default.aspx?tem=ite&pa=0&gid=0&sid=0&job=79546.
Noting that we are advertising for five AGSs to fill the five posts I wonder what that means for the incumbent (http://pipl.com/directory/people/Bob/Abberley)?
The official report of today's UNISON NEC meeting is online within minutes of the end of the meeting (http://www.unison.co.uk/news/news_view.asp?did=6374).
What hope do mere bloggers have of keeping up!
Pop back here later for the unexpurgated and blatantly partial reports expected by regular readers Sid and Doris Blogger.
I have been reviewing the paperwork for next week's meeting of UNISON's Greater London Regional Council and am happy to spot a couple of progressive developments.
First, the NEC report has been relegated to the back of the Reports booklet even though it comes before many other reports on the agenda.
This is a welcome assertion, by the Regional Management Team in Greater London, of the primacy of the rank and file. My only regret is that - since I am the only one of the Region's four NEC members to have submitted a report - I am alone in being able to express my admiration.
Secondly, whilst I foolishly requested that the General Secretary's letter explaining the decision to appoint additional Assistant General Secretaries (whilst restricting the pool of applicants) should be copied to all delegates, the office has wisely decided to limit our carbon footprinted by not doing so.
It is surely a positive statement of the "Greening" of London UNISON that the Regional Secretary knew that there was no need to consult me in advance about the decision not to provide delegates with the report as I had intended.
This is a welcome assertion, by the Regional Management Team, of UNISON's "Green" credentials in the spirit of which I shall now ensure that the letter circulates far and wide electonically so that it does not deplete scarce resources.
As much as this apparent conversion of senior officials in UNISON's Greater London Region to the "Green Left" is unexpected, it is hardly unwelcome.
With the sad news today about Norman Wisdom, the last echoes of Albanian Communism are now gone - libertarian Green socialism offers a viable alternative which I commend to the Regional Management Team - and the Regional Council Officers who are nominally in charge - in UNISON's Greater London Region.
Tonight I travelled far into the Twilight Zone, where not all is as it seems.
I witnessed the Chief Executive of an ALMO who was visiting a resident's consultation meeting from an alternate universe.
An ALMO is an Arms Length Management Organisation and - when we lived on Planet New Labour we were meant to yearn for them as the least unpalatable device to unlock spending on Council Housing. Now we are on planet ConDem they are neither use nor ornament.
Obviously in the alternate universe from which the speaker I heard tonight had travelled there is still hope of funding targeted at ALMOs. That is not true on Earth.
In that universe ALMO's (governed by unaccountable boards restricted in what they can say to tenants and residents by their duties to "the company") are seen as more accountable than democratically elected local Councillors. That is not how they are seen on Earth.
Also in that universe, ALMOs which admit that they are making deep cuts in front line staff whilst increasing employment of "back office" staff become popular with Councillors and residents. This is not what would happen on Earth.
I can only hope that Lambeth's Labour Councillors live on Earth and not the alternate reality and that they are prepared to draw the obvious and necessary conclusions.
There is no point Councillors giving Lambeth's ALMO (Lambeth "Living") twelve months to improve if it uses the time to savage front line services so as to build up top heavy management and wasteful duplication.
The Twilight Zone was a marvellous TV show, but it's not a guide to good management of Council housing.
CBI - Conspiring to Bully Individuals at work?
Most employers think they should be allowed to boss us about. Most managers likewise believe that their larger pay packet gives them the right to call the shots in the workplace ("management's right to manage"). There may be an entire industry devoted to promoting "employee voice" and the "added value" from consultation but at the end of the day they believe in their power.
That's why we need trade unions - because our collective strength is the only antidote to the inequality inherent in the employment contract in a capitalist economy. Without collective organisation we are isolated and vulnerable as individuals. (All the more so as unemployment rises).
That's why the CBI want to make it even harder to take strike action (with legal protection) and easier for employers to undermine strikes (http://www.cbi.org.uk/ndbs/press.nsf/0363c1f07c6ca12a8025671c00381cc7/a1b868b57283cfd7802577ae002dfe0e?OpenDocument).
I particularly love the juxtaposition of their proposals that we'd have to give fourteen days notice of a strike whilst getting only thirty days notice of mass redundancies (http://m.guardian.co.uk/ms/p/gmg/op/sAPSXvBwFRdp_ev4Q2pP53Q/view.m?id=590821&tid=120787&cat=Search).
Hands up anyone whose union could decide upon, initiate and conclude an official ballot for industrial action in the 16 day gap that would allow!
The only good thing about this is that it has drawn a defence of our rights from the TUC (http://www.tuc.org.uk/industrial/tuc-18582-f0.cfm) in which Brendan Barber (think mild-mannered Clark Kent without the alter-ego) says of the right to strke that it is "a fundamental right that helps deliver decent standards at work for millions each and every day."
That is spot on. As infrequently as may use the right to strike, it is the fact that we could do so that gives us the leverage to bargain with employers on issues where there is a conflict of interest between employer and employees.
No wonder the lobby group for indolent rentiers and their overpaid corporate hirelings want to tighten the legal shackles on our class. It'll make it easier for them to exploit their workers.
If they get their way we are going to have to rethink an approach of slavish compliance with laws which already breach the United Kingdom's obligations to the International Labour Organisation.
The death knell for universalism?
Today’s announcement about the planned withdrawal of child benefit from higher rate tax payers is justified by the Chancellor on the basis that we shouldn’t tax the low paid to pay benefit to the higher paid.
But apply that logic more widely and it is a recipe to replace all universal benefits (in cash or kind) with means testing and fees. Why should we tax the low paid to fund hospital operations for those who are relatively more wealthy? Why should cleaners pay tax to fund the state education of the children of doctors and lawyers?
Because we – the working class (“by hand or by brain” as Clause IV used to say) really are “all in this together” – and not just at a time of crisis. Universal benefits funded by progressive taxation provide fairness in a manner which unifies the interests of all those who pay those taxes (“from each according to their means”) and use the services (“to each according to their needs”).
The combined impact of the plans of the Coalition Government will be – if we let them – to wipe out what is left of the Welfare State established after the Second World War.
The lessons of New Labour?
Someone called Tim Allan has emerged from well deserved obscurity to berate Ed Miliband in today's Observer (http://m.guardian.co.uk/ms/p/gmg/op/smBmnSswYJgAPSkOd_cicLg/view.m?id=590247&tid=120787&cat=Search). He's worried that young Ed may turn his back upon the "lessons of New Labour."
What are these lessons? That once the pound had crashed out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism the Tories were set to lose in 1997? That Labour could have won as a (rightward leaning) social democratic Old Labour under John Smith? That an expensive obsession with privatisation was damaging both politically and economically? That following a right-wing Republican President on an imperialist adventure was massively unpopular and wrong?
Apparently not. Mr Allan thinks Blairism is the key to future popularity.
Mind you I'm not inclined to take too seriously a commentator who asserts that the leadership election was "decided by trade unionists who are not even Party members after instruction from their union bosses."
He's wrong on two counts.
First political levy payers are affiliated members of the Party.
Secondly we all got individual votes and I was one of many who did not give my first preference in accordance with my Union's recommendation.
If this is the best the Blairites can manage they all deserve Mr Allan's obcurity. Who is he anyway? (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim-nice-but-dim.jpeg?wasRedirected=true)?
Now that we have real Tories to worry about the cheerleaders for the corpse of New Labour are revealed as the irrelevance they should always have been. | 2019-04-21T02:20:23Z | http://jonrogers1963.blogspot.com/2010/10/ |
CVEG 1011 Intro Engineering & Comp Sci: 1 semester hour.
CVEG 1021 Introduction to Civil Engineering Lab: 1 semester hour.
Introduction to Civil Engineering as a profession, identification and discussion of the sub-fields of Civil Engineering, ethical responsibilities in engineering practice, concepts of design, laboratory demonstrations and problem-solving exercises that emphasize critical thinking skills. Leadership principles, the importance of professional licensure, life-long learning and membership in ASCE are discussed.
CVEG 2001 Emerging Issues in Civil Engineering: 1 semester hour.
An overview of emerging issues and state-of-the-art technologies commonly used in Civil Engineering practice. Computer-aided drafting (CAD) software and techniques are presented. Basic concepts in leadership, teamwork and team building are emphasized. Problem solving and the communication of engineering solutions using appropriate engineering design documentation and drawings, and the importance of professional licensure are reinforced.
Prerequisites: CVEG 1011 and CVEG 1021.
CVEG 2043 Engineering Mechanics I: 3 semester hours.
Fundamental concepts and principles; vector algebra and applications; equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies in two and three dimensions, moments and couples; distributed forces, centroids, moments of inertia, friction, introduction to analysis of structures.
CVEG 2053 Engineering Mechanics II: 3 semester hours.
Kinematics and kinetics of particles and of rigid bodies as applied to engineering problems; Newton's laws of motion; work and energy; impulse and momentum; translations; rotation; plane motion; motion about a point; general motions; and periodic motions.
CVEG 2061 Materials and Dynamics Lab: 1 semester hour.
Determination of mechanical properties of engineering materials. Tensile testing, torsion, bending and deflection; standard testing methods and procedures; instrumentation and data acquisition techniques (for example using strain gages). Dynamics topics include: projectiles, conservation principles, linear and angular momentum, mass moment of inertia and vibration.
Prerequisites: ENGL 1133 or ENGL 1143 and CVEG 2043.
CVEG 2063 Mechanics of Materials: 3 semester hours.
Mechanical behavior of engineering materials, plane stress, plane strain, stress-strain relationship, shear and moment, torsion, flexural, column and combined loadings. Introduction to deflections; concepts of stresses at a point; stresses in pressured containers; and theories of failures and thermal stresses.
Prerequisites: (CVEG 2043 or CVEG 2454) and MATH 2024.
CVEG 2081 Surveying and Geospatial Concepts: 1 semester hour.
Introduction to plane surveying: leveling, horizontal distance and measurements, vertical and horizontal angles, azimuths and bearings, traverse calculations, earthwork and volume computations, stadia, topographical surveys, construction boundaries, coordinate systems; trigonometry applications in civil engineering and pertinent computer software. The Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are introduced.
Prerequisites: MATH 1124 and CVEG 2001.
CVEG 2454 Statics and Dynamics: 4 semester hours.
Fundamental concepts; equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies; centroids; moments of inertia; friction; introduction to analysis of structures. Kinematics and Kinetics of particles and of rigid bodies; equations of motion; work and energy; impulse and momentum.
CVEG 3023 Geotechnical Engineering: 3 semester hours.
Physical and mechanical properties of soil; moisture and its movement in soil; moisture density relationships; soil classification; settlement; consolidation; permeability; testing of soil physical and mechanical properties; and laboratory sessions.
Prerequisites: CVEG 2063 and CVEG 2081 and CVEG 3031.
CVEG 3031 Concrete and Steel Laboratory: 1 semester hour.
Hands-on experience in the design, fabrication and construction of concrete and steel prototypes and models, such as concrete beam, concrete canoe and steel trusses. Application of engineering mechanics and materials laboratory techniques and methods, testing, analysis of experimental results, and report writing.
Prerequisites: CVEG 2063 and CVEG 2061.
CVEG 3043 Environmental Engineering: 3 semester hours.
Review of the environmental chemistry and biology, introduction to environmental science and engineering, material balance, reaction kinetics, reactor design, introduction to solid and hazardous waste, water and wastewater quality characteristics, laboratory analysis of water and wastewater samples. Additional prerequisite: BIOL elective or course approved by the Department Head.
Prerequisites: CHEM 1034 and CHEM 1021.
CVEG 3051 Professional Engineering I: 1 semester hour.
Fundamentals of engineering, related science subjects, including computers, engineering economics, ethics, fluid mechanics, mathematics, probability and statistics, statics, mechanics of materials. Civil and Environmental Engineering topics include: environmental, water resources, structures, materials, geotechnical, transportation, construction management and surveying.
Prerequisites: MATH 3023 and MATH 4173 and CVEG 3023 and CVEG 3063 and CVEG 3043 and CVEG 3053 and CHEG 2003.
Co-requisites: CVEG 3083, CVEG 4013.
CVEG 3053 Transportation Engineering: 3 semester hours.
Principles of transportation engineering. Topics include: basic concepts in the planning, operation, management, and design of air, surface, and water transportation modal facilities; an introduction into the major aspects of regulatory requirements and economics related to transportation issues; and laboratory sessions in the various sub-areas of transportation engineering.
Prerequisites: MATH 2043 (may be taken concurrently) and CHEG 2003 and CVEG 2081 and COMM 1003.
CVEG 3063 Hydraulics: 3 semester hours.
Fluid statics; pressure on submerged bodies; continuity equation; Bernoulli equation; principles of momentum and energy; fundamentals of hydraulic modeling; open channel flow; pressure conduit flow; flow measurement; laboratory sessions on selected topics.
CVEG 3073 Structural Analysis: 3 semester hours.
Analysis of determinate structures; reactions, member forces of trusses, shears and bending moments of beams and frames; influence lines; moving loads; deflections; analysis of indeterminate structures by approximate method and energy method; computer application.
CVEG 3083 Steel Design: 3 semester hours.
Analysis and design of tension and compression members, rolled steel beams, plate girders, riveted, welded, and pinned joints; and an introduction to design of trusses and multistory frames.
CVEG 3156 Civil Engineering Internship I: 6 semester hours.
An internship program of work experience with an approved engineering oriented firm, agency or consulting firm or engineering public service agency serving the civil engineering profession. A comprehensive written report of the work-learning experience is required.
CVEG 4013 Reinforced Concrete: 3 semester hours.
Properties of concrete and reinforcement, design methods, codes, load, flexure, shear, bonds, and deflections, analysis and design of beams and columns; introduction to design of footings, slabs, and retaining walls; and introduction to computer-aided design.
CVEG 4021 Geotechnical Engineering Design Laboratory: 1 semester hour.
Site investigation methods and the development of soil exploration reports, design of retaining structures, slope stability; design of shallow and deep foundations.
CVEG 4043 Environmental Engineering Design: 3 semester hours.
Synthesis of environmental engineering fundamentals into an integrated system design which includes the design of physical, chemical, and biological unit operations and processes in water and wastewater treatment.
CVEG 4053 Transportation Engineering Design: 3 semester hours.
Introduction of the transportation design process through a series of comprehensive transportation design projects. Emphasis is placed on the utilization of existing facilities and creation of efficient new facilities through transportation systems management techniques. Energy, environment, mobility and community impacts are considered as measures of effectiveness in the design process.
CVEG 4063 Water Resources Engineering: 3 semester hours.
Control and utilization of water; flood control; water distribution systems; open channel flows; and hydraulic structures.
CVEG 4072 Systems Engineering and Uncertainty: 2 semester hours.
Introduction to systems analysis; problem modeling; optimization methods; linear programming; mixed integer linear programming; dynamic programming; multi-objective optimization; formulation and solution of engineering optimization problems with uncertainty factors and the evaluation of desin solutions via sensitivity and risk analysis.
Prerequisites: MATH 3023 and CVEG 3053.
CVEG 4093 Systems Engineering: 3 semester hours.
Introduction to systems analysis and design; problem modeling; optimization; linear programming; dynamic programming; network analysis; critical path; economic analysis; and decision theory.
CVEG 4103 Special Topics: 3 semester hours.
Selected current and emerging topics in Civil Engineering depending on need determined by the department.
CVEG 4113 Energy and Environment: 3 semester hours.
Introduction to climate and climate change, the carbon cycle, air and water pollution from energy systems, impacts and implications of energy use for human health, current energy and energy-related environmental policies to foster the development of sustainable energy technologies, fuels, and practices, energy alternatives for the future and their impact on the local and global environment.
CVEG 4123 Hydrology: 3 semester hours.
Hydrologic cycle; precipitation; runoff; infiltration; hydrological analysis; unit hydrograph; statistical methods; surface and groundwater; flood forecasting; flood routing; flood control; and computer applications.
CVEG 4141 Engineering Management and Ethics: 1 semester hour.
Introduction to engineering project development and management with a particular emphasis on project systems integration and process execution. Ethical dimensions in Engineering [and economic] decision making with regard to code of ethics, professional liability sustainability and sustainable design, will be introduced.
CVEG 4143 Engineering Construction: 3 semester hours.
Modern construction methods; history, organization management, planning, and machinery; importance of working drawings programming and economy of good planning; and importance of inspection and checks, including visits to worksites and reports on such visits.
CVEG 4156 Civil Engineering Internship II: 6 semester hours.
An internship program of advanced work experience with an approved engineering oriented firm, agency, or consulting firm, or engineering public service agency providing practical work experience of the profession on the job. A comprehensive written report of the work-learning experience is required.
CVEG 4223 Waste Management: 3 semester hours.
Evolution, legislative trends and regulations for solid and hazardous waste management; sources, characteristics and engineering principles of solid and hazardous waste; and treatment and disposal methods for solid and hazardous wastes.
CVEG 4233 Water Quality Modeling: 3 semester hours.
Water quality overview; movement of contaminants in the environment; contaminant interactions with soil, air, and water; and mathematical models to describe the movement of contaminants in various bodies of water including rivers, lakes, oceans and groundwater.
CVEG 4243 Fundamentals of Air Pollution and Control: 3 semester hours.
Fundamentals of air pollution; regulatory aspects; effects and sources of air pollution; atmospheric physics and chemistry; simple air quality models; and basics of air pollution control.
CVEG 4472 Senior Design and Professionalism - I: 2 semester hours.
This is the first course of a two-semester capstone experience (CVEG 4482 must immediately follow 4472 or sequence must restart wit 4472) involving engineering design of an industrial or advanced team project. Elements of ethics and professionalism in engineering practice are integrated into the project experience. The project will include application of relevant engineering codes and standards, as well as realistic constraints. Design achievements are demonstrated with written reports, and oral presentation, and professional standards and ethics examinations.
Prerequisites: CVEG 3023 and CVEG 3043 and CVEG 3053 and CVEG 3063 and CVEG 3073.
CVEG 4482 Senior Design and Professionalism - II: 2 semester hours.
A continuation of CVEG 4472 with required design modifications of the team projects necessary to produce a working prototype of the designs initiated in Senior Design and Professionalism I. Design project deliverables include an oral presentation, as well as a final written report. Professionalism education will, and a formal demonstration of prototype, or model of the design. Elements of professionalism reinforce the importance of professional engineering ethics, corporate culture, life-long learning, and globalization.
CVEG 4993 Independent Study: 1-3 semester hour.
Readings, research, and/or field work in selected topics.
CVEG 5123 Structural Dynamics: 3 semester hours.
Single and multi-degree systems, linear nonlinear systems, damped or forced random vibrations, self-introduced vibrations, numerical and phase plane solutions, modal analysis, formulation by flexibility and stiffness matrices, response spectra, and computer applications.
CVEG 5133 Physical/Chemical Unit Operations in Water and Wastewater Treatment: 3 semester hours.
Physical and chemical processes used in the water and wastewater treatment and applications of these processes to other environmental media. Application of the principles of chemistry, rate processes, and process engineering to analyze and design water and wastewater treatment and other major environmental systems.
CVEG 5143 Hazardous Waste Management: 3 semester hours.
Environmental legislation, regulations concerning the identification, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous wastes. Treatment processes; control mechanisms; landfill technology and disposal practices.
CVEG 5153 Biological Unit Operations in Environmental Engineering: 3 semester hours.
Major concepts of biology and microbiology as they apply to biological processes. Theory and design of various biological unit operations in Environmental Engineering. The course will be focused on biological processes used in wastewater treatment; however the application of these processes to other environmental media will be discussed.
CVEG 5163 Air Pollution Engineering: 3 semester hours.
The nature of the air pollution problem and its effects on the public at large. Present legal and engineering controls to combat pollution. Techniques of air sampling and testing.
CVEG 5173 Finite Element Analysis: 3 semester hours.
Using numerical integration, Galerkin-weighted residual and variation approaches to formulate and solve one-and-two dimensional problems in solid mechanics, fluid flow, heat transfer, and electro-magnetism.
CVEG 5183 Energy and Environmental Sustainability: 3 semester hours.
Energy and the environment; energy and climate change; environmental impacts of energy production and use; concepts of sustainability in energy generation technologies of the future; energy conservation, and other development in the new energy economy.
CVEG 5213 Pretressed Concrete Design: 3 semester hours.
Principles and concepts of design in prestressed concrete including materials behavior, prestress loss, elastic and ultimate strength analyses for flexure, shear, torsion, bond and deflection.
CVEG 5313 Management of Engineering Projects: 3 semester hours.
The course is divided into six components: planning, organizing, financing, execution, and evaluation. It uses the principles of engineering management as well as the tools, skills, and knowledge necessary to successfully manage projects and processes.
CVEG 5613 Transportation Asset Management: 3 semester hours.
This course covers the principles, techniques, and tools used to managing transportation assets; reviews the most cutting-edge strategies designed to help agencies advance the management of their transportation assets; provides an understanding performance measures and concepts related to cost-effective resource allocation among competing asset needs; and applies a strategic framework to produce an action plan for transportation related agencies.
CVEG 5713 Optimization and Uncertainty Analysis: 3 semester hours.
CVEG 5753 Geospatial Information Management: 3 semester hours.
Introduction and use of geospatial information systems in engineering management. Geographic Information Systems, use of databases, geocoding, geospatial analysis in the context of a project.
CVEG 5763 Water Resources Systems: 3 semester hours.
Formulation of mathematical representations of complex water resources systems and their evaluation using linear programming, dynamic programming, non-linear programming or by the use of formal heuristics. Sample models include: optimal sewer design, optimal capacity expansion of projects, and reservoir systems planning and management. | 2019-04-21T22:16:35Z | https://catalog.pvamu.edu/universitycourses/cveg/ |
At the siege of Alesia, Vercingetorix's defeat causes the end of gaul civilization and began the establishment of the neo-Latin culture and Provencal French.
What if Caesar had lost?
Scion of famous and noble Roman family part of the gens Julia, which relates the descent from Aeneas, Caesar,however, could not count on a heritage that others from other families had; so he had to develop diplomatic-political "skills" to climb the cursus honorum albeit later than others.
Early in his political career took the part of the popular ingratiating thus the Plebs in anti-Senatorial function, later given the situation of distrust between the Senate and Pompey, he joined the latter and Crassus to constitute the first tiumvirate that brought him the office of Consul and later quinquennial proconsulship of Gaul. His achievements in those lands, the following submission and the absolute fidelity of those peoples enabled caesar, when the Senate refused him the candidacy to the Consulate, to blow up a civil war in which the protagonists were him and Pompey. Caesar marched on Rome without encountering resistance, pursued and defeated Pompey to Greece (Pharsalus 46 BC) and, thereupon, gained the absolute control of Rome, where was appointed dictator for 10 years. His political vision then began to come out. His State project was a careful research of civil peace, voted to keep a relationship between Rome and the provinces and was oriented to obtain popular support. Even his not objective story of Gallic War (De Bello Gallico, in which is described the siege of Alesia between paragraphs 69 and 90 of the seventh book) had exclusively political reasons.
As known Caesar had not everyone's approval for a lifetime, Senate and Republicans were still hostile to him. And it was a group of young Republicans, including his godson Brutus (hence the famous phrase Quoque you Brutus filii mihi!), to assassinate him on 15 March 44 BC, without an alternative policy agenda to the one of the former dictator. Then, if after Caesar's death the situation of the Republic could be resurrected, what happened was the exact opposite.
The sources we have, related to this Gallic leader, are exclusively linked to the story of Julius Caesar (De Bello Gallico). For sure we know that was leader of the Arverni tribe in the southern France. His prestige was founded on great courage (dowry request to all Gallic chiefs), to be originated from one of the ancient Celtic traditions people and to be the custodian of a famous Druid site (the Druids were the priests of the Celts), pilgrimage destination for the many Gallic tribes. Its origin and therefore the authenticity of his hatred versus the Romans, allowed Vercingetorix to succeeded where everybody before him had failed, unite under a single commander all peoples of Gaul. Caesar, from his point of view, says that Vercingetorix had managed this enterprise thanks to a series of threats and enticements, and a despotic authoritarianism.
Vercingetorix was even able to defeat Caesar at Gergovia, but driven by internal policy needs, faced Caesar in open field and was rudely defeated and forced to retreat into the city of Alesia, where he was defeated again, and finally taken as a prisoner. As Plutarch tells us: he wore the coolest armour, armored the horse, and once released out the city's doors took a lap around Caesar waiting for him. Once dismounted and stripped of weapons remained quietly at his feet. Caesar bring him to Rome as an ornament of his victory, then made him kill (46 BC).
The first appearance on the political scene of Caesar is due to the establishmente of the first triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey in 60 BC.
Consul in 59 BC, obtained by the Senate the Government, for five years, of Cisalpine Gaul and Gallia Narbonnais (58-54 b.c.), where, just arrived, began to act according to an old Roman tactic: protect the local population from his people enemies, causing them to become roman allies and laying the groundwork for a constitutional protectorate over the entire Gallic region (that was only a prelude to physical occupation of the Territories).
In 54 BC, Caesar mandate in Gaul was over, but thanks to the cunning that characterized him was able to get form the Senate a renew of his mandate for other five years. This decision upset Vercingetorix king of the Averni tribe, that later, was indicated as the leader of the general uprising that will end the battle of Alesia.
Before the battle of Alesia Vercingetorix had to face two problems of no small account. These were: the distrust of his own people and the Roman military superiority; his hope of tightening to all the gallic tribes could not be feasible if there wasn't at least some victory against the Romans on the table of the agreements, but, on the other hand, if it could not rely on trusted allies and on a much larger contingent, was difficult figure a victory against the Roman legions.
So, for the first time in history, the guerrilla tactic was implemented. The purpose of Vercingetorix was burn out everything around the bulk of the Roman army, attacking the most isolated outposts or logistical columns in several parts of the country, far from each other, dividing the Roman forces and reducing their offensive power. In the meantime he could dedicate himself to raise new outbreaks of rebellion against Rome making new alliances between the Gallic tribes, consolidating his power.
Finally, at the Congress of Bibracte, Vercingetorix was elected by the Ambassadors of gallic peoples as the Supreme Commander, but not yet ready to face the Romans in open field, dispatched three Corps of 10,000 men each against the same Roman province, hoping to bring the conflict to the borders of Italy or to even flinch Caesar southward (something that would give him time to get Allied troops from more distant regions of the country).
Until the battle of Gergovia Caesar thought that outbreaks of rioting were part of simple seasonal uprising of the Gauls, to resolve in a short time and with little effort. For this reason he sent Labienus with four legions in the North against the Parisii, while he leaded six legions to South. But after the defeat at Gergovia and the revolt of the Aedui, Caesar himself realized that the situation was changed.
He had three choices: first was to retreat south, towards the Roman region, leaving Labienus (being a protégé of Pompey, its abandonment could create repercussions on the image of Caesar in Rome); the second was to deal with the Gauls trying the corruption way (but this would earn only time for Vercingetorix); the last chance was to reunite with his Lieutenant and retreat immediately to the province hoping that the Gallic Commander, driven by enthusiasm, follow the Roman legions in order to discover in open field (and in a single battle) all gallic forces that with great effort he had built up over time. Vercingetorix fallen in the trap prepared by Caesar and, driven by his warriors euphoria, launched an attack against the Roman legions suffering a very heavy defeat.
He retired and then fortified in Alesia where Caesar was determined to close the deal with the Gauls once and for all.
When in 53 b.c. Vercingetorix, just in the middle of Gallic War, was bringing the rebel tribes, Caesar was still in Rome. Just informed about the beginning of the uprising, Caesar leave to Gaul with his legions. Arrived at Gergovia, the capital of the Averni tribe, Vercingetorix, with a furious surprising charge, forced the great Caesar to retire.
It was the first defeat of Caesar in five years of war, and had to left on the field 46 Centurions and 800 Legionnaires.
During the years in which took place the Gallic wars, military engineering was making great strides, changing trends and tactics of battles. War machines were now much more efficient. The Romans called them Tormenta, even if already used by Hellenic peoples, this machines were greatly improved and made even more powerful by the Romans. These machines could be used as a real artillery, not only for long range fire or protection to the infantry, but also in naval scenarios thanks to lighter equipment design (the so-called Scorpions). The war machines that were to be used by the army were built and operated from the cohortes fabrum, always coordianted with the rest of armies and Legionnaires. This cohortes were divided into: Ballistas, Catapults and Onagers, each of them able to throw sharp poles, stones or lead balls at a distance of 350 metres.
The advent of war machines was not the only symbol of a changement brought by the Romans in the way of fighting in the Western world. In fact versus the granitic Greek phalanx (see Platea), excellent in wide spaces but limited in the small or hilly fields, the Romans opponed the more manoeuvrable and dynamic (given its divisibility) Legion, in its first form (with the "manipula" organization) as at the time of Caesar (Organization in cohorts).
Over the years, the Roman army changed. In the 2nd century BC it was no longer composed of citizens who fighted for the fatherland when requested, but by professionals soldiers who were subject to an enrollment of sixteen years. This change was part of the ruin of the Republic, as troops tended to follow their dux, their commander, rather than obey to the will of the Senate, leading to civil wars like the one between Caesar and Pompey. On the other hand a professional army allowed to refine and specialize at maximum the figure of legionnaire who, until then, had been only a "part-time" fighter.
The Legion was the basic unit of the Roman infantry. Divided into ten cohorts, each of which was formed by a variable number (depending on the era) of men, from a minimum of 3,000 to a maximum of 10,000, able to be divided into other subunits of different numerical consistency. These small units could act both autonomously and independently both deploy in a compact formation: the centuria.
The centuria consisted of 60 infantrymen and 20 velites, the mainipolo, therefore, consisted of two centuries and the cohort was formed by three manipula, proving to be quite mobile units and laying the groundwork for the future armies division in battalions, companies and platoons.
The situation that Caesar had to face at Alesia was undoubtedly one of the most dangerous in hisotry: besieging the Gauls, while being surrounded by another enemy army during the same siege. On the other hand, if the city of Alesia was well situated on a hill at 150 metres above sea level and bathed at the bottom by two rivers, was not large enough to accommodate the entire army of Vercingetorix, that was forced to build a ditch and an embankment around the same Alesia where hide. Caesar was well aware that it was not able to take Alesia with just one single attack, and decided to tighten the siege with a colossal work that allowed him to face simultaneous attacks by two armies overnumbering his forces.
The first Caesar's order was to dig a huge ditch between the Hill of Alesia and the plain below, where any eventaul gallic attack at the construction of fortification would have been delayed. A hundred yards away was preparing two more large ditches by 4 feet deep and wide (the previous one was from 6 x 6), the most inside was filled by one of the rivers that course had been diverted, still behind this moat were constructed Palisades from three metres in height with parapets, and on the rest of the embankment there were pointed trunks facing the enemy. But it did not stop here, for every 25 metres of palisades Caesar order to erect towers with war machines on top, probably of catapults, then between the first ditch (the outermost one) and others, he built a series of antipersonnel traps: the first consisted of fifteen lines of pits with inside, embedded in the ground, trees with branches intertwined and biting (a kind of barbed wire) called "cippi" in front of these eight lines of sharp piles camouflaged and masked with bushes, called "gigli", finally a single line of pegs fitted with iron hooks called "stimulus".
The construction of the wall at Alesia cost at the Romans more than a month of work in which Vercingetorix took the opportunity to send messengers throughout Gaul and gather an army of huge numerical proportions. To defend themselves from this impressive army, Caesar had order the building of the same kind of fortifications now facing towards the "outside" by enclosing its 7 camps (infantry and 3 Cavalry 4) with provisions for over a month and plenty of water thans to the diverted river. At the end of the works, the wall had a perimeter of 15 km, while the outer ring road stretched for 21 miles.
At Alesia Caesar accused an abyssal outnumbering, although it had met to Labienus, could not count on more than ten legions, very tired by the battles of Gergovia and Lutetia, which number should not exceed 45,000 units, with another 5,000 auxiliaries and few hundreds of Germanic mercenaries dismounted. The strong point of the Roman army was the legionary infantry even if the cavalry had its importance. In fact, for quantity and quality the gallic Knights were far superior to the Roman ones, but the latter had among their ranks the Germans, skilled horsemen whose Gauls had a sort "holy fear". Caesar, being aware of this, to limit the damages that could cause the enemy cavalry, dismounted even his tribunes to give a horse to the Germans. In conclusion, Caesar could count, before the battle of Alesia, on 48,000 infantrymen and 4,000 horsemen almost all Germanic. we must remember that the Roman armies had one Commander (dux), then several officers: the military tribunes, usually six per Legion, and the Centurions who were the true backbone of the Legion and were generally two per manipula. The legatus were figures that do not had a specific military rank but led separated units until the oncoming main army Commander. Caesar mentions, in his story about the siege of Alesia, the tribunes Marcus Antonius and Gaius Trebonius, responsible for the sectors most exposed to enemy attack, besides Caio Antistio Regino and Gaius Cornelius Rebilo defenders of Mount Rea.
The number of the Gauls at Alesia we can figures it's unprecise. Before the Vercingetorix's pursuit to Caesar, the Gauls could count on 15,000 horsemen, 50,000 infantry, of which 6,000 killed in the clash and other knights fell before retiring in Alesia or while calling reinforcements. Before the siege to Alesia were present approximately 45,000 infantrymen and only a few hundred Knights. What really scares is the size of the army outside the cisty of Alesia: according to the estimates of the "De bello gallico" 240,000 gallic men were present, of which about 8,000 were knights, a figure so enormous as credible, considering that the Gauls in the choice of this army had not done a mass gathering but were limited to take a contingent from every nation of Gaul. Almost certainly, among this 240,000 gauls, only 60,000 were well equipped or had the right age. Unlike the Romans, Gauls had several commanders. There were four "principles": Commius of the Atrebates, Viridomaro and Eporedorige of the Aedui, Vercasivellauno of Arverni (a cousin of Vercingetorix). Among all those, at Alesia distinguished themselves the same Vercingetorix and Critognato that, like his barbarians fellows, proposed even cannibalism as to continue the defense of the city.
The Gallic Cavalry stationed inside Alesia attempts a surprising attack, rejected and decimated by the Romans who force them to return inside the city walls. Meanwhile the mandubii citizens within Alesia were chased away by Vercingetorix and left to their fate. Rejected by Caesar die of starvation in the land halfway between Romans and Gauls. In addiction, Caesar had stolen all the horses of the Gallic Knights died during the attack in order to give them to "its" Germans.
The next day, Vercingetorix ordered a simultaneous attack of the troops inside Alesia and the chivalries relief army outside the city, the target were three Roman camps on the plain. Surprisingly even Roman knights get out the fortifications to fight and at first were forced to recoil; but the intervention of the German Cavalry, break through left, completely overturn the fortunes of this clash by sending en route the Gallic horsemen and, at the other side, the infantrymen of Vercingetorix were forced to retreat into the city once again.
During the night following the first clash between the two sides, the Gallic infantry, both inside and outside of Alesia, assaulted the Roman camp. The losses were many on both sides but again the Gauls retreated while the Romans, exhausted, resists.
After almost fifty days of siege, the Gauls commanders decided to attack the Roman camp of Mount Rea; the farther from Alesia but even the most awkward to defend given the conformation of the territory and given the poor visibility. The surprise factor had play a very important role; so, for this operation, were chosen 60,000 among the bravest Gallic fighters under the command of Vercasivellauno. After 7 hours of marching and 5 of rest, were finally ready to attack. Meanwhile, in the plain below, all Knights come out of tents and all infantrymen by bivouacs going to stand in front of the western perimeter of the fortifications. Even the exhausted remaining Gauls of Alesia come under Vercingetorix to launch the final assault.
The Gauls launched a devastating charge, but having now understood the shape of Roman traps, this time he bringed mats and bundles to cover them or otherwise make them harmless, exceeding even the embankments leading to impact with the legionaries in a bloody hand-to-hand fighting. The tribunes requesting reinforcements from all parts of the camp, attacked from both inside and outside, while hear to Caesar that the Gauls have break through in Mount Rea. Labienus is sent there with 6 cohorts with orders to resist and, if possible, try a sortie; but the number and the violence of the enemy charges induce Caesar to remove troops from Flavigny mount, which according to the Romans was uncatchable, to reinforce other areas that had more pressure. Vercingetorix captured soon the move of his rival and so gave ladders to his warriors as to assault the same mount. Caesar was so forced to send troops again at Flavigny to stem this new enemy attack, but nor Caio Fabio nor Decimus Brutus were good enough to manage this situation, so he had to intervene personally as to restore the situation. At three in the afternoon there is a situation of balance on the plain and at mount Flavigny but remains a great danger on Mount Rea.
Caesar then goes to Mount Rea collecting 4 cohorts and as many knights as possible; to the latter he asked to make a highly risky maneuver: to travel around the entire perimeter of the fortifications at North and, from there, attacking from behind the 60,000 Gauls of Vercasivellauno. In doing so, however, Caesar risked a lot because he deprived himself of the latest mobile reserves (the Knights) to carry out a manoeuvre that would last two hours at minumum, even considering a fast-paced action of the Knights. Meanwhile, to resist, Labienus had recalled to himself 33 cohorts (nearly three out of ten legions available from start) and the help of Caesar. When he arrived, the Roman Commander became aware of the situation: the Roman and Gallic lines were so mixed that wasn't possible to thrown a Javelin without risking hitting their own companion. The legions were in great distress, but finally, as expected from Caesar, the Roman cavalry arrived in time to slaughter the Gauls and restore order on Mount Rea.
"Nostri, omissis pilis, gladiis rem gerunt. Repente post tergum equitatus cernitur. Cohortes aliae adpropinquabant: hostes terga vertunt. Fugientibus equites occurrunt. Fit magna caedes"
("Ours, renouncing javelins and held the gladii. Suddenly appears behind (of the enemy) our Cavalry. The other cohorts are pressuring, enemies extend their backs. The riders chasing the fugitives. There is a great slaughter ").
With this move it wasn't destroyed a huge part of the enemy army but the retreat of those 60,000, had increased the fear in the remaining Gauls who fled in panic. After nearly 50 days of attacks the Gauls had never break through and had played their final card. The revolt is finally over and once again Rome won!
Caesar had defeated the Gauls in just 7 months, while his opponent, Vercingetorix, according to some sources, was brought to Rome as a war trophy and paraded during the triumph that celebrated the Roman General victory over the Gauls. From what we know, at the end of the ceremony was strangling at the foot of the Capitol.
With the fall of Alesia, Caesar had finally defeated Vercingetorix and almost completely closed the submission of Celtic people that will become final when, after one year, Caesar will make of the entire Gaul a Roman province.
This victory may have several implications, in fact the Romans thanks to this victory and the following conquest of Britannia (England), move the "Center" of the Empire by the Atlantic and Mediterranean to the North Sea. But not only that, the fusion of Celtic peoples with the Latin ones (with the addition of the Germanic invaders of 5th century BC) and the merger of their customs and cultures, will be the basis for the Romance cultures of Provence, the courtly poetry and the Carolingian cycle poems.
Alongside the rising of a new culture, onother one was shutting down, the Celts, an ancient and flourishing civilization that lingered for a long time only in distant and beautiful island of Ireland.
This phrase is not a simple Latin definition but an adjustment of policy adopted by Rome. The Romans, in fact, while conquering peoples were very generous, but only if those peoples recognized the authority of Rome; on the contrary they were very harsh and ruthless with those who, even conquered, look for independence. Caesar followed this Roman policy at Alesia when unarmed citizens of the same city will ask to pass through the fortified Roman camp and Commander of the legions will deny this permission. This move may seem cruel, but is the demonstration of how Caesar can't conceive any rights to the barbarians enemies of Rome.
On the other hand we have to imagine that an attitude that can be defined as "charitable" from the Romans would certainly not intimidated opponents, indeed, were the same Gauls rebels that first decided not to help the people of Alesia and left to starve. Caesar then, at Alesia, apply the formula parcere subiectis, debellare superbos verbatim in a difficult situationthat will demonstrate all his steely character.
The double wall builted by the Romans at Alesia had no historical precedent, not even for the Romans. It was a unique defensive system devised in short time and for the first time since Rome had begun its expansion that still remain today.
We were referring the fact that for the Romans a type of fortification of this genre is a "first time". In fact, the Roman army did not have a full-fledged military genius, but had the legions fabrum cohortes, able to work the metal but especially able in erect buildings as encampments, fortifications and roads, any other work required in a military campaign.
Caesar himself, to intimidate the Germanic peoples, "used" the construction of a bridge over the Rhine in a few days (in 55 BC) who was an extraordinay example, if we consider the era, of military engineering and efficiency of manufacturers that the Roman leader had under his control.
A Roman defeat at Alesia would result a change in the history of the Roman Empire. First of all, the loss of ten legions at Alesia was a serious flaw in the Roman military power, but the problems to "our" would not be concluded here.
The rise and Caesar's career would abruptly stop and the province would be dissolved soon. All this would go in favor of the Gauls that, no longer under the direct pressure of the Roman legions, could attempt a difficult Alliance in Spain, where the Celtic tribe (the celtiberians) was still numerically important. This move would have truncated the Roman trade with the Iberian Peninsula, causing serious damage to the economy of Rome but once again recreating the situation that was formed during the Punic Wars, two super powers, Gaul and Rome, fighting for control of the Western Mediterranean.
From this point, can start the even more imaginative game of alliances that could form after the defeat at Alesia. On one hand the Romans would have tried to form an alliance with the Germans (even if relations between the two populations were certainly not good), while the Gauls would have attempted the Alliance with the distant but still powerful, Egyptians and Parthian Empire against the Roman Empire. Hence perhaps the single biggest favorite would be the Egypt that had no enemies at the gates and otherwise would have strong allies. | 2019-04-25T04:49:15Z | http://www.arsbellica.it/pagine/antica/Alesia/alesia_eng.html |
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Long-lasting protection and beauty, retains appearance and qualities months after exposure to the elements. Elasticity, stands up to stress, expands and contracts under changing conditions with less peeling, cracking and chipping. Long-lasting protection and beauty, retains appearance and qualities months after exposure to the elements. Elasticity, stands up to stress, expands and contracts under changing conditions with less peeling, cracking and chipping. Water-repellent paint for metal surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms. Washes easily, resists abrasion, moisture and scratching. Self-leveling formula creates a smooth factory-like finish.
Durable protective finish. Designed to refresh old, worn looking appliance surfaces. Water-repellent paint for metal surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms. Washes easily, resists abrasion, moisture and scratching. Self-leveling formula creates a smooth factory-like finish. Water-repellent paint for metal surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms. Washes easily, resists abrasion, moisture and scratching. Self-leveling formula creates a smooth factory-like finish.
Water-repellent paint for metal surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms. Washes easily, resists abrasion, moisture and scratching. Self-leveling formula creates a smooth factory-like finish. Turn outside surfaces into playing fields, games, signs or outdoor masterpieces. Spray Chalk instantly turns to powder as it comes out of the can creating cool sidewalk chalk looks with a spray can effect. Spray on grass, asphalt, snow and more! The pet and vegetation friendly formula dissolves naturally in the rain. Color fades to white naturally in 7 days; washes away with water. Layer multiple colors when wet to create new colors. For outdoor use and temporary markings only. 6oz. sprays up to 80 linear feet. Turn outside surfaces into playing fields, games, signs or outdoor masterpieces. Spray Chalk instantly turns to powder as it comes out of the can creating cool sidewalk chalk looks with a spray can effect. Spray on grass, asphalt, snow and more! The pet and vegetation friendly formula dissolves naturally in the rain. Color fades to white naturally in 7 days; washes away with water. Layer multiple colors when wet to create new colors. For outdoor use and temporary markings only. 6oz. sprays up to 80 linear feet.
Turn outside surfaces into playing fields, games, signs or outdoor masterpieces. Spray Chalk instantly turns to powder as it comes out of the can creating cool sidewalk chalk looks with a spray can effect. Spray on grass, asphalt, snow and more! The pet and vegetation friendly formula dissolves naturally in the rain. Color fades to white naturally in 7 days; washes away with water. Layer multiple colors when wet to create new colors. For outdoor use and temporary markings only. 6oz. sprays up to 80 linear feet. Turn outside surfaces into playing fields, games, signs or outdoor masterpieces. Spray Chalk instantly turns to powder as it comes out of the can creating cool sidewalk chalk looks with a spray can effect. Spray on grass, asphalt, snow and more! The pet and vegetation friendly formula dissolves naturally in the rain. Color fades to white naturally in 7 days; washes away with water. Layer multiple colors when wet to create new colors. For outdoor use and temporary markings only. 6oz. sprays up to 80 linear feet. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide.
Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide.
Etches and primes in one easy step, prepares bare metal, aluminum and fiberglass surfaces to promote maximum adhesion and smoothness of the top coat. Formulated to stop rust and is an essential step to achieve a professionally finished look. Any-angle spray can with comfort tip. Use outdoors or in a well-ventilated area such as an open garage. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide.
Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide.
Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use to make any surface safe and provide protection from weather conditions, moisture, and industrial fumes. Can be sprayed on metal, plastic, wood, and masonry. High visibility. For industrial and home use.
Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide.
Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Rust-Oleum Primer Sealer helps bond base coats to the surface to achieve a uniform and smooth final finish. When applied over a Rust-Oleum Automotive Primer it also prevents top coat paint from soaking into the primed surface. Any-angle spray can with comfort tip. For best results, apply two coats (allow product to dry for 1-2 minutes between coats). Use outdoors or in a well-ventilated area such as an open garage.
Renews and restores color on vinyl and fabrics. Fast drying. Durable. Use for car and boat seats, dashboards, upholstery, luggage, furniture, sports equipment and more. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Heavy-duty rust prevention for machinery and farm equipment. Superior rust-inhibitive topcoats, specially formulated to match original equipment colors.
Heavy-duty rust prevention for machinery and farm equipment. Superior rust-inhibitive topcoats, specially formulated to match original equipment colors. Heavy-duty rust prevention for machinery and farm equipment. Superior rust-inhibitive topcoats, specially formulated to match original equipment colors. Heavy-duty rust prevention for machinery and farm equipment. Superior rust-inhibitive topcoats, specially formulated to match original equipment colors.
Heavy-duty rust prevention for machinery and farm equipment. Superior rust-inhibitive topcoats, specially formulated to match original equipment colors. Heavy-duty rust prevention for machinery and farm equipment. Superior rust-inhibitive topcoats, specially formulated to match original equipment colors. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide.
Durable weather-resistant, long lasting. Colors meet manufacturers' specifications for farm, lawn, and garden equipment. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use to make any surface safe and provide protection from weather conditions, moisture, and industrial fumes. Can be sprayed on metal, plastic, wood, and masonry. High visibility. For industrial and home use.
Use to make any surface safe and provide protection from weather conditions, moisture, and industrial fumes. Can be sprayed on metal, plastic, wood, and masonry. High visibility. For industrial and home use. Use to make any surface safe and provide protection from weather conditions, moisture, and industrial fumes. Can be sprayed on metal, plastic, wood, and masonry. High visibility. For industrial and home use. Durable weather-resistant, long lasting. Colors meet manufacturers' specifications for farm, lawn, and garden equipment.
Use for marking athletic fields, sporting events, landscaping playgrounds, work sites and more. Marks crisp, fast-dry, high-visibility lines on grass, pavement, cement, gravel, dirt, lumber and more. Non-clogging inverted tip. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide.
Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenheit. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku# 826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide.
Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Use for marking concrete, pavement, gravel, grass, and more. Use to mark the location of underground utilities at construction and excavation sites where identification is desired. Features a precision-line spray tip for easy-to-read, bright, vivid markings. Can be applied down to 25-degree Fahrenhiet. Dries in less than 5 minutes. Spray-through cap. Tip keeps paint off fingers. Use with sku#826.4608. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Covers approximately 600-700 linear feet at 1 in. wide. Renews and restores color on vinyl and fabrics. Fast drying. Durable. Use for car and boat seats, dashboards, upholstery, luggage, furniture, sports equipment and more.
Designate a no-hunting zone without posting traditional signs. Weather-resistant formula legally indicates a no-hunting/trespassing/fishing zone in participating states. Water-repellent paint for metal surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms. Washes easily, resists abrasion, moisture and scratching. Self-leveling formula creates a smooth factory-like finish. For general purpose use on wood, metal, plastic, wicker & masonry. Fights rust. Dries in 5 minutes. No drip formula. Features spray anyway valve.
For general purpose use on wood, metal, plastic, wicker & masonry. Fights rust. Dries in 5 minutes. No drip formula. Features spray anyway valve. For general purpose use on wood, metal, plastic, wicker & masonry. Fights rust. Dries in 5 minutes. No drip formula. Features spray anyway valve. For general purpose use on wood, metal, plastic, wicker & masonry. Fights rust. Dries in 5 minutes. No drip formula. Features spray anyway valve.
For general purpose use on wood, metal, plastic, wicker & masonry. Fights rust. Dries in 5 minutes. No drip formula. Features spray anyway valve. For general purpose use on wood, metal, plastic, wicker & masonry. Fights rust. Dries in 5 minutes. No drip formula. Features spray anyway valve. Primes craft foam surfaces for paint. Protects craft foam from melting or damage. For best application allow 48 hours for primer to cure before applying colored top coat.
Contains a high zinc content in the dry film for ultimate galvanic protection. Excellent corrosion protection. Adheres to galvanized metal. Fast-drying. USDA acceptable. Creates a smooth finish and is formulated for use on automotive engines and other automotive surfaces. Resists heat up to 500 degrees Fahrenheit, gas and oil resistant, stops rust formula, can be sprayed at any angle with comfort tip. Provides a bright, polished metallic finish on a variety of projects. Ideal for furniture, decor and crafts. Easy to use. Dries quickly.
Creates a smooth finish and is formulated for use on automotive engines and other automotive surfaces. Resists heat up to 500 degrees Fahrenheit, gas and oil resistant, stops rust formula, can be sprayed at any angle with comfort tip. Offers maximum visibility and safety in home, office, or shop, can be used on wood, metal, cloth and most plastics. Offers maximum visibility and safety in home, office, or shop, can be used on wood, metal, cloth and most plastics.
Offers maximum visibility and safety in home, office, or shop, can be used on wood, metal, cloth and most plastics. Offers maximum visibility and safety in home, office, or shop, can be used on wood, metal, cloth and most plastics. Provides a bright, polished metallic finish on a variety of projects. Ideal for furniture, decor and crafts. Easy to use. Dries quickly.
Provides a bright, polished metallic finish on a variety of projects. Ideal for furniture, decor and crafts. Easy to use. Dries quickly. Bonds to bare metal and helps create a smooth top-coat finish. Specially formulated to prevent rust. Recommended for use on automotive engines and other automotive surfaces which reach intermittent temperatures up to 500-degrees F. Stops Rust formula. Any-angle spray with comfort tip. Offers maximum visibility and safety in home, office, or shop, can be used on wood, metal, cloth and most plastics.
For use on wood, metal, plastic, paper mache, glass, plaster, ceramic, paper, and wicker. Dries quickly to a brilliant shine. No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup. Use to mark aisles, lift truck routes, pallet positions, hazardous areas and commercial parking lots. Creates crisp and clean, long-lasting lines. Use on concrete, grass, gravel or other types of pavement. Produces approximately 150 linear feet of a 4" stripe. Use with striping machine sku#142.9455 or striping wand sku#897.1350. USDA acceptable. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995.
Use to mark aisles, lift truck routes, pallet positions, hazardous areas and commercial parking lots. Creates crisp and clean, long-lasting lines. Use on concrete, grass, gravel or other types of pavement. Produces approximately 150 linear feet of a 4" stripe. Use with striping machine sku#142.9455 or striping wand sku#897.1350. USDA acceptable. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup. No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup.
No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup. Use to mark aisles, lift truck routes, pallet positions, hazardous areas and commercial parking lots. Creates crisp and clean, long-lasting lines. Use on concrete, grass, gravel or other types of pavement. Produces approximately 150 linear feet of a 4" stripe. Use with striping machine sku#142.9455 or striping wand sku#897.1350. USDA acceptable. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Rust inhibiting and water resistant to protect wood and metal from the elements. Provides camouflage with any nature background. For use on vehicles, boats, trailers, duck blinds, free stands, ladders, ladder stands, guns, bows, etc.
Rust inhibiting and water resistant to protect wood and metal from the elements. Provides camouflage with any nature background. For use on vehicles, boats, trailers, duck blinds, free stands, ladders, ladder stands, guns, bows, etc. Rust inhibiting and water resistant to protect wood and metal from the elements. Provides camouflage with any nature background. For use on vehicles, boats, trailers, duck blinds, free stands, ladders, ladder stands, guns, bows, etc. No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup.
Provides superior coverage and hiding. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy-duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Fast drying. Durable. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy-duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Fast drying. Durable. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy-duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Fast drying. Durable.
Rustoleum Professional High Performance Topcoat Enamel Spray Paint, 15 oz Aerosol Can, Safety Red?
Provides superior coverage and hiding. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy-duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Fast drying. Durable. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy-duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Fast drying. Durable. No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup.
Durable weather-resistant, long lasting. Colors meet manufacturers' specifications for farm, lawn, and garden equipment. Use on engines, exhaust manifolds and pipes. Withstands 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Durable finish with Heat-Guard protection. Protects against rust. Use on engines, exhaust manifolds and pipes. Withstands 1,200 degrees Fahrenheit. Durable finish with Heat-Guard protection. Protects against rust.
Rustoleum Industrial Choice S1600 System Inverted Solvent Based Striping Spray Paint, 18 oz, Red?
No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup. Use to mark aisles, lift truck routes, pallet positions, hazardous areas and commercial parking lots. Creates crisp and clean, long-lasting lines. Use on concrete, grass, gravel or other types of pavement. Produces approximately 150 linear feet of a 4" stripe. Use with striping machine sku#142.9455 or striping wand sku#897.1350. USDA acceptable. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup.
No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup. For striping athletic fields. Dries fast in 30 minutes. Creates sharp, well-defined lines. Good hide with one application. Safe for use on grass. Smudge-resistant. Durable. Use with athletic field inverted striping machine sku#826.7908. No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup.
Use to mark aisles, lift truck routes, pallet positions, hazardous areas and commercial parking lots. Creates crisp and clean, long-lasting lines. Use on concrete, grass, gravel or other types of pavement. Produces approximately 150 linear feet of a 4" stripe. Use with striping machine sku#142.9455 or striping wand sku#897.1350. USDA acceptable. Can be used in USDA facilities based on FSIS Directive 11,000.4 (Rev. 1), November 24, 1995. Eliminates rust and primes the surface. Eliminates rust and primes the surface.
For striping athletic fields. Dries fast in 30 minutes. Creates sharp, well-defined lines. Good hide with one application. Safe for use on grass. Smudge-resistant. Durable. Use with athletic field inverted striping machine sku#826.7908. No primer needed spray directly on metal surfaces. Stops future rust from forming and dries in less than 30 minutes. Low odor, one-coat coverage. Easy soap and water cleanup. For striping athletic fields. Dries fast in 30 minutes. Creates sharp, well-defined lines. Good hide with one application. Safe for use on grass. Smudge-resistant. Durable. Use with athletic field inverted striping machine sku#826.7908.
Provides maximum corrosion protection and long lasting durability. Professional finish provides resistance to chipping, cracking and peeling. Can be used on surfaces that reach temperatures up to 200-fahrenheit. Dries fast. Gloss retention. For general purpose use on wood, metal, plastic, wicker & masonry. Fights rust. Dries in 5 minutes. No drip formula. Features spray anyway valve. For general purpose use on wood, metal, plastic, wicker & masonry. Fights rust. Dries in 5 minutes. No drip formula. Features spray anyway valve.
Adds a colorful touch to any glass surface. Translucent paint for glass. For indoor decorating. Creates a smooth, slate-like finish, perfect for creating or resurfacing chalkboard surfaces. For use on wood, metal, glass, plaster and ceramic. Use as a utility marking on golf courses, landscaping, construction sites, and surveying. Designed to be sprayed in an inverted position. Produces vivid marks, does not clog, and is safe for grass. Meets APWA color standards and can be sprayed by hand or with the Z-605 marking gun or Z-606 marking wand.
Use as a utility marking on golf courses, landscaping, construction sites, and surveying. Designed to be sprayed in an inverted position. Produces vivid marks, does not clog, and is safe for grass. Meets APWA color standards and can be sprayed by hand or with the Z-605 marking gun or Z-606 marking wand. Use as a utility marking on golf courses, landscaping, construction sites, and surveying. Designed to be sprayed in an inverted position. Produces vivid marks, does not clog, and is safe for grass. Meets APWA color standards and can be sprayed by hand or with the Z-605 marking gun or Z-606 marking wand. Use as a utility marking on golf courses, landscaping, construction sites, and surveying. Designed to be sprayed in an inverted position. Produces vivid marks, does not clog, and is safe for grass. Meets APWA color standards and can be sprayed by hand or with the Z-605 marking gun or Z-606 marking wand.
Enhances the look and color of your vehicle's wheels while keeping the surface free from rust. Recommended for use on plastic hubcaps and wheels made of aluminum or steel. Long lasting finish. Any-Angle spray with comfort tip. Enhances the look and color of your vehicle's wheels while keeping the surface free from rust. Recommended for use on plastic hubcaps and wheels made of aluminum or steel. Long lasting finish. Any-Angle spray with comfort tip. One-step spray paint matches high-end look in multiple colors. Create a premium finish on interior/exterior metal & wood surfaces.
Durable, corrosion-resistant. Premium high-end finish. Combines a rich metallic with a fine textured finish. Applies to metal, wood and more. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. For premium patio furniture and metal objects. Use to achieve a new contemporary look on previously coated products all around the home.
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Provides a bright, polished metallic finish on a variety of projects. Ideal for furniture, decor and crafts. Easy to use. Dries quickly. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements.
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Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Zinc-rich primer provides ultimate rust prevention on clean, lightly rusted or galvanized metal. Protects metal like hot-dip galvanizing. Use for recoating galvanized steel, sheet metal and fences. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements.
Rustoleum Professional Primer Spray, 15 oz Aerosol, Liquid, Red?
Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, indoor or outdoor, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements.
Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Provides superior coverage and hiding. Fast-drying, durable, corrosion-resistant. Apply to metal, wood, concrete and masonry in heavy duty and commercial environments. Retains color against the elements. Durable, corrosion-resistant. Premium high-end finish. Combines a rich metallic with a fine textured finish. Applies to metal, wood and more. | 2019-04-23T00:42:23Z | https://www.thevillagemercantile.com/category-s/16202.htm |
Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Work-family conflict is always considered to have a positive influence on job burnout and turnover intentions. But things may be different for Chinese police, who may be less likely to leave their job because of their firm beliefs and higher welfare. Considering this, we use Beijing police as the sample of our research, and explore the impact of work-family conflict on turnover intentions under the roles of organizational support and job burnout. By analyzing 316 valid questionnaires surveyed from the Beijing public security system, we get the following conclusions: work-family conflict and job burnout have a significant and positive correlation with turnover intentions; job burnout plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intentions; organizational support plays a moderating role between work-family conflict and job burnout.
Nowadays, more and more phenomena, such as police’s death from overwork, the increasing tendency of police’s divorce rates and so on, remind us to pay attention to the effect of organizational support on police’s job burnout and work-family conflict. The concept of work-family conflict is first proposed by Kahn et al. . They thought individuals play different roles in work and family. The conflicts between work and family are caused by the needs of different characters. Aryee et al. put forward an important point of view that work-family conflict has two dimensions . The interference of family-related responsibility due to working time, stress and other factors is the conflict between work and family (work-to-family conflict); family-to-work conflict due to family-related responsibility. Police is a special profession, which is rarely studied. They have not only stressful and high-risk work, but also unstable working time. These work characteristics will have many impacts on fulfilling obligations as a family member. Therefore, this paper focuses on the work’s influence on family of the police, which explores the relationship between work-family conflict, organizational support, job burnout, and turnover intentions. We try to make suggestions based on the research results. Our general hypothesized model is depicted in Figure 1.
Hypothesis 1: Work-family conflict will positively relate to job burnout.
Hypothesis 2: Work-family conflict will positively relate to turnover intentions.
Hypothesis 3: Job burnout will positively relate to turnover intentions.
Hypothesis 4: Job burnout will mediate the effect of work-family conflict on turnover intentions.
American social psychologist Eisenberger proposed the concept of perceived organizational support based on organization support theory . Turnover intentions represent a significant cognitive shift for employees as they begin to detach from the organization . Based on the social exchange theory , organizational support may increase the investment outside the employee’s role, resulting in a sense of return obligation . Many studies prove that organizational support can have a positive impact on employees and organizations.
Hypothesis 5: Organizational support will moderate the relationship between work-family conflict and job burnout.
Sample Description. The survey was conducted on the police in Beijing, and a total of 321 questionnaires were collected mainly through WeChat in the form of electronic questionnaires. Among them, there are 316 valid questionnaires. The basic information of respondents can be seen from Table 1.
In Table 1, number of children shows how many children are there in the family. Number of old people means how many old people are there in the family of respondents. Length of work measures how long the respondents have been police. Family economic situation indicates current economic status of the respondents’ family.
Research Design. We mainly conduct quantitative research and use the SPSS 20.0 and Amos as tools to analyze. In the design of the questionnaire, in addition to the demographic variables, we use the Likert five-level scale to evaluate respondents’ evaluation of each variable. Then we test hypotheses and draw conclusions through the analysis of reliability, validity, correlation, regression, etc.
Work-Family Conflict. The work-family conflict scale is mainly from the scale built by Carlson, Kacmar, & Williams, which includes work-family conflicts and family-work conflicts. It is a two-way study from three dimensions of time conflicts, stress conflicts and behavior conflicts . The focus of our study is work-to-family interference. That is, because of the involvement of work roles, family life has been affected. So we only refer to its work-family conflict scale. The scale has three dimensions. Respondents used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).
Job Burnout. The measurement of Beijing police’s job burnout is mainly based on the review of the burnout questionnaire revised by Li et al. . They developed a set of scales in line with China’s national conditions based on Maslach Burnout Inventory . The questionnaire has 22 items and three dimensions, which are exhaustion, emotional alienation and personal accomplishment. Respondents used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).
Table 1. Respondents’ basic information.
scale, which has four questions . Respondents used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).
Organization Support. The measurement of organizational support mainly refers to the scale compiled by Eisenberger, & Adornetto . The description of a few topics has been modified to make it more suitable for our research. The scale has three dimensions: the organization’s value recognition to employees, work support, and interest. There are 6 questions in the scale. Respondents used a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).
Control Variables. Participants indicated their gender (0 = male, 1 = female), age (1 = ≤25, 2 = 26 - 35, 3 = 36 - 45, 4 = >45), marital status (1 = married, 2 = single), number of children, number of old people, educational level (ranging from 1 = beyond college degree to 4 = master), length of work (1 = 0 - 2 years, 2 = 3 - 5 years, 3 = 5 - 10 years, 4 = 11 years or more), average weekly working hours (1 = 40 hours, 2 = 40 - 60 hours, 3 = 60 - 80 hours, 4 = 80 - 100 hours), and family economic situation (with 5 categories ranging from 1 = live in poverty to 5 = have never worried about money). We measured these variables because demographic characteristics may have an impact on results . The differences in Age, gender, marital status and education level will affect a person’s perception of things. Family situation (number of children, number of old people, and economic situation) and work situation (length of work and average weekly working hours) may have an influence on work conditions and satisfaction.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis. We followed the approach suggested by Vandenberg and Lance, and conducted confirmatory factor analysis, which is used to investigate the discriminant validity between the study variables . The fitting indices of the model are TLI = 0.904, CFI = 0.943, and RMSEA = 0.077. The fitting indicators reached the standards recognized by the academic community, which means the four variables involved have well discriminant validity.
Descriptive statistics, correlations, and internal consistency reliabilities (coefficient alphas) are provided in Table 2. It can be seen that all the Cronbach’s α coefficients are between 0.850 - 0.930, and the “deleted α coefficient” is smaller than the α coefficient, indicating that the questionnaire is in high reliability.
Table 2. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of variables.
Note: N = 316, **P < 0.01. Coefficient alphas is in brackets.
job burnout, turnover intentions, and organizational support. We mainly used Pearson coefficient for the correlation coefficient test. Positive values indicate positive correlation, while negative values indicate negative correlation. Table 2 shows the results.
From the analysis results in Table 2, work-family conflict is significantly and positively correlated with job burnout, which supports hypothesis 1. We also found a significant and positive correlation between work-family conflict and turnover intentions. Though the correlation coefficient is low, hypothesis 2 is supported; Job burnout and work-family conflict have significant and positive correlation, which confirms hypothesis 3.
To test hypothesis 4, we mainly use regression analysis to ensure whether job burnout plays a mediating role between work-family conflict and turnover intentions. Under the control of gender, age and other control variables, the results of multiple analysis are shown in Table 3.
It can be seen from Table 3 that gender has a significant and positive effect on turnover intentions. Gender influences turnover intentions significantly and positively. Age, number of old people, educational level and family economic situation have significant and negative effects on turnover intentions, which means if the police are older, poorer and have more old people to care, they will have less turnover intentions.
Table 3. Analysis of the mediating role of job burnout.
Note. N = 316, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.
mediator job burnout, the effect of work-family conflict on turnover intentions remained significant (β = −0.207, p < 0.01), and the effect reduced comparing with model 1, which shows that job burnout plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intentions. Therefore, hypothesis 4 is supported.
As for hypothesis 5, in order to test the role of organizational support in moderating the relationship between work-family conflict and job burnout, we use hierarchical regression analysis. The results of the analysis are shown in Table 4.
The results show that both work-family conflict and organizational support have significant predictive effects on job burnout. Organizational support positively moderates the relationship between work-family conflict and job burnout (B = 0.168, p < 0.01), which supports hypothesis 5. Thus, an adjustment effect map can be drawn (Figure 2). As can be seen from Figure 2, when organizational support is low, the positive effect of work-family conflicts on job burnout is stronger; when organizational support is high, the positive effect of work-family conflict on job burnout is weaker.
Table 4. The role of organizational support in moderating the relationship between work-family conflict and job burnout.
Figure 2. The role of organizational support on the moderating effect of work-family conflicts and job burnout.
found a mediation effect of job burnout on the relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intentions. Up to now, many researchers have studied work-family conflict through different professional practitioners, including medical staff , research and development personnel , teachers , and company employee , but the relevant research on police is still in its infancy. We collect data from Beijing police and discuss the role of organizational support and job burnout in the relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intentions, enriching theories on work-family conflict and helping people understand the internal mechanisms of work-family conflicts better.
Here are our main findings. First, the empirical conclusions of the study support the theoretical assumptions of positive correlation among work-family conflict, job burnout, and turnover intentions. This is similar to the conclusions of Frone, Russell, & Cooper , Zheng, Zheng, & Chen , and Xue, et al. . That is, the increase of work-family conflict may lead to an increase in job burnout, and may also lead individuals to be more inclined to leave their jobs. Second, our study finds that organizational support moderates the relationship between work-family conflict and job burnout. When organizational support is low, work-family conflict has a strong and positive effect on job burnout; when organizational support is high, the positive effect of work-family conflict on job burnout is weaker. This is consistent with the findings of Allen, Herst, & Bruek . On this basis, Maslach further pointed out that the support of the superiors is more effective in eliminating job burnout than the support from colleagues . Third, the results show that job burnout plays a mediating role in the relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intentions, which is similar to Xue et al.’s and Liang’s conclusion. But the research samples are different and multiple. Therefore, turnover intentions caused by job burnout may be common for people working in organizations.
Our findings offer several important implications for research and practice. First, organizations must be aware of the significant and positive correlation between work-family conflict, job burnout and turnover intentions. If organizations can alert scientifically and help the police balance work and family, they can motivate the police to work, reduce their tendency to leave, and maintain the unity of the police community and high morale. Second, our research provides a new problem-solving perspective for organizations that want to improve the negative working conditions. For the police, they have large workload, heavy task and dangerous work. When the pay and return are not equal, it is more likely to cause job burnout. Therefore, the public security departments and relevant departments should pay more attention to providing organizational support, enhance their sense of organizational support, and maintain their enthusiasm for work. Third, our findings provide a new perspective for solving the negative effect of work-family conflict on turnover intentions. In order to keep the stability of the police and reduce turnover intentions, organizations can use relevant measures to balance work-family conflict, like providing flexible working hours and more convenience to their relatives and children. Besides, it can also be achieved through direct intervention in job burnout to reduce the negative impact of work-family conflict on turnover intentions, such as more social support, work enrichment, transformational leadership styles and so on . At the same time, public security units should also strengthen political theory learning, cultivate the professional ethics and moral quality of the police, and guide them to create value recognition for the police, which can also reduce their job burn to a certain extent.
In summary, after controlling demographic variables, our study found the relationship between police work family conflict, job burnout, turnover intentions and organizational support, and provided new ideas for the intervention of police turnover and job burnout.
There are several limitations in our study. First, our data are from a single source. There are many different kinds of police, such as traffic police, swat, and so on. Their work is different, and they belong to different departments. We didn’t make a detailed division on the samples, so it may influence the results. Nevertheless, future researches could expand the size of samples and divide the samples according to work units. Second, we only focus on the influence that work may have on the family because of the special characteristics of police. However, family-related responsibilities may also cause work-family conflict . Therefore, future researches could take the two-way nature of conflicts between work and family into consideration. Third, data remain static and cannot reflect changes. We use only a few days to collect data. So our study is static and horizontal. But with the change of relevant policies and the reform of the public security system, some variables may change. Therefore, to give a more exhaustive research, taking time-lagged design into consideration while collecting data is a good way to combine dynamic and static state .
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Xu, C.J. and Shi, K. (2003) Job Burnout: An Expanding Field of Research. Progress in Psychological Science, 11, 680-685. | 2019-04-26T00:54:06Z | https://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=91633 |
Use, properties and growing conditions list.
Nature - it is the worlds largest, most eclectic and expansive pharmacy, with literally millions of species at our disposal to plant, cultivate, harvest and make use of in our everyday lives. And yet, most of us remain uninitiated into the highly practical and powerful realm of natural remedies that Nature herself offers to us with open hands.
While most of us grew up disconnected from the natural world, it is never too late for us to discover the endless sources of natural remedies hidden all throughout nature - and make use of them ourselves.
Whatever your personal context, natural remedies can be grown almost anywhere or in anything, from large paddocks and small patches of ground, to pots and window boxes. Healing plants of all varieties can also be bought at local nurseries, swap meetups, garage sales, online stores, or even foraged in the wild and transplanted into your own garden.
Having a great love for medicinal fruit, vegetables and herbs myself, I have taken the time to compile an extensive list of the best 100 natural healing plants to grow in your own personal garden or living area. This list is based on the high number of healing properties each plant has.
From vegetables that fight cancer and prevent colds, to herbs that treat indigestion, skin conditions and anxiety - there is a healing plant for almost everything and everyone here. Most of these medicinal plants can be dried, powdered, made into tea, tinctures, soups, balms, and even soaps, syrups and salves. Im sure you will find what youre looking for - and even more here!
Benefits: Soothes urinary tract disorders such as cystitis and irritable bladders. Anti-inflammatory.
Growing conditions: Prefers full sun. Perennial.
Benefits: Relieves constipation, stimulates colon.
Growing conditions: Prefers damp soil conditions, deciduous hedging shrub, grows to about 5 meters tall.
Benefits: Healing properties for skin conditions such as sun burn, eczema, psoriasis, wounds and dermatitis. Used to soothe and skin and prevent wrinkles. Helps ease gastrointestinal disorders such as indigestion and aids elimination.
Parts used: Fleshy leaves and pulp.
Growing conditions: Evergreen succulent. Prefers sunny position with moderate water, but water sparingly in winter.
Benefits: Appetite stimulator. Treats indigestion. Eases cramps and prevents flatulence. Anti-inflammatory.
Growing conditions: Biennial/perennial herb. Prefers damp soil. Grows 2 meters. Harvest root in Autumn.
Benefits: Helps cure respiratory congestion such as colds and flu. Used as a digestive aid to help with colic, bloating and gas. Helps to control nausea and vomiting. Reported to enhance libido.
Growing conditions: Annual plant, warm climate.
Benefits: Lowers cholesterol production. Soothes irritable bowel syndrome. Treats indigestion. Helps digest fats by enhancing liver function.
Parts used: Flowerheads, leaves, roots.
Growing conditions: Prefers full sun, fertile, and well-drained soil. Perennial.
Benefits: High antioxidants contribute to eye health, lessening the effects of glaucoma. Anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties. Reduce the effects of vascular problems such as varicose veins, water retention and painful periods.
Growing conditions: Prefers acidic soil, large pots and full sun. Fruits in summer.
Benefits: Reduces menopausal symptoms. Balances hormones. Regulates menstrual periods. Soothes inflammation, e.g. arthritis.
Growing conditions: Prefers light shade and moist soil. Harvest roots in Autumn.
Benefits: Rich source of GLA. Treats skin conditions such as eczema. Reduces PMS symptoms, hypertension and rheumatoid disorders. Reduces blood pressure and alleviates swollen glands.
Parts used: Root, leaves, berries.
Growing conditions: Full sun, requires high nitrogen levels in soil (so add extra organic matter). Prune back in Autumn. Attracts birds, so protect plant with net.
Benefits: Improves circulation, and thus helps stiff muscles, joints and cold extremities. Reduces inflammation.
Growing conditions: Annual plant that prefers light soil and moderate sun. Harvest seed pods in late summer, and dry in cool place.
Benefits: Improves mental clarity, memory and concentration.
Growing conditions: Creeping perennial that thrives in warmer temperatures and tropical climates.
Benefits: Detoxifying, antibiotic, antiseptic and mild diuretic effects. Most especially helps with the treatment of skin problems such as eczema, acne, boils and dermatitis.
Parts used: Leaves, fruit, roots and seeds.
Growing conditions: Biennial and simple to grow. Harvest seeds in summer.
Benefits: Used to aid digestion, ease pain, expel gas, soothe bloating, prevent reflux and relieve heartburn.
Growing conditions: Biennial, prefers full sun and free-draining soil. Avoid transplanting.
Benefits: Anti-inflammatory. Taken for gout, anxiety, arthritis, and to aid sleep. A good diuretic.
Growing conditions: Prefers full sun, lots of water, compost and mulch.
Benefits: Used as a tonic for the liver and gallbladder. Stimulates appetite. Relieves disorders of the upper digestive tract such as heartburn and indigestion.
Growing conditions: Biennial, prefers full sun, grows with other wildflowers.
Benefits: Helps reduce the effects of a variety of ailments such as anxiety, poor sleep, indigestion, colic, sciatica and gout. Often brewed in tea to calm nerves and enhance sleep.
Growing conditions: Perennial, likes partial sun and poor soil. Self-seeds.
Benefits: Relieves PMS pain, reduces hormonal acne, helps regulate hormones during menstrual cycles. Relieves menopausal symptoms.
Growing conditions: Grows up to 5 meters, prefers sun and does well in most soils.
Benefits: Rich in vitamin A, B and C. High in calcium and magnesium. Good general immune system booster with anti-inflammatory effects.
Growing conditions: Two plants must be planted for pollination. Likes full sun and needs damp soil.
Benefits: Soothes sore and inflamed skin. Mild diuretic. Soothes rheumatism. Vitamin rich and great in salads although theyre classified as weeds!
Growing conditions: Thrives in most soils. Blooms in late winter to spring.
Benefits: Mild laxative. Anti-inflammatory. Can lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
Parts used: Leaves and roots.
Growing conditions: Likes well-drained alkaline soil. Needs deep soil for root development. Roots are harvested in the second year.
Benefits: Used as an antiseptic, analgesic, stimulant and tonic. Reduces muscular aches and pains and prevents gastrointestinal infection.
Growing conditions: Likes dry soil and full sun. Can easily grow in pots.
Benefits: Anti-aging benefits for skin. Treats fever, diarrhea, toothaches and mouth ulcers.
Growing conditions: Perennial plant that prefers full sun. Invasive and fast-growing.
Benefits: Also known as goosegrass, cleavers is a good diuretic, assisting with swollen lymph glands, and many irritations of the urinary tract such as cystitis. Softens skin when applied, but beware of the prickly thorns on the stems when picking!
Growing conditions: Annual and prefers alkaline soil. Simple to grow.
Benefits: Used to treat cystitis and other urinary tract infections.
Growing conditions: Prefers part sun part shade and moist acidic soil. Can grow in pots.
Benefits: Help lower blood sugar levels. Anti-inflammatory. Help to rehydrate and soothe skin.
Growing conditions: Likes humid environments. Needs space to grow, and regular watering. Hardy.
Benefits: Used to heal wounds such as cuts, bruises, sores and stiff joints when made into a salve. Helps reduce the impact of respiratory tract infections such as sinusitis and bronchitis.
Parts used: Flowerheads and leaves.
Growing conditions: Evergreen perennial plant that prefers full sun to grow.
Benefits: Classified as a weed because of its relentless growing habits, dandelion has excellent detoxifying and diuretic properties. It also possesses vitamins A, B, C and D as well as potassium and calcium. It has been used to treat high blood pressure, cleanse the liver and gallbladder and treat skin problems such as acne and eczema.
Parts used: Flowerheads, leaves and roots.
Growing conditions: Perennial. Grows in sun and shade. Does best in well-drained soil, but tolerates most soil types.
Benefits: Calms digestive disorders such as cramping, bloating and colic. When chewed can alleviate bad breathe.
Parts used: Leaves and seeds.
Growing conditions: Annual. Easy to grow from seed, and requires 2 weeks germination.
Benefits: Highly effective for cold and flu relief. Antibacterial properties that helps wounds and other skin infections heal.
Parts used: Roots and flowerheads.
Growing conditions: Perennial that prefers full sun. Likes rich, sandy soil. Harvest roots in Autumn.
Benefits: Antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Helps treat coughs, sore throats, cold and flu symptoms. Can be made into and taken as a tincture or syrup.
Growing conditions: Sow seeds in rich soil. Prefers full sun. Simple to grow.
Benefits: Can be made into cordials or wines. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Helps treat coughs, sore throats, cold and flu symptoms.
Growing conditions: Deciduous shrub that prefers full sun, but tolerates shade. Pick only fresh white flowers.
Benefits: Antiseptic and decongestant properties. The leaves have been used to remedy chest infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis, relieve muscle and joint pain, and cold and flu symptoms.
Growing conditions: Hardy species of tree that tolerates full sun and hot temperatures. Prefers well-drained, fertile soil.
Benefits: Rich source of GLA which assists bone health and regulates metabolism. Helps reduce PMS symptoms. Mild blood pressure reducer and soothes eczema.
Parts used: Roots, leaves and seeds.
Growing conditions: Biennial. Prefers full sun and low-nutrient soil.
Benefits: Reduces the impact of eye infections such as conjunctivitis, and can be made into an eye wash for its astringent and antibacterial qualities. Also said to be a good lung tonic.
Growing conditions: Annual. Prefers full sun and chalky soils. Harvest the leaves and flowers while the plant is still blooming.
Benefits: Appetite-suppressant for weight loss. Relieves bloating, cramping, flatulence and all kinds of stomach upset including colic.
Parts used: Flowerheads and seeds.
Growing conditions: Likes full sun position with low water. Drought tolerant and attracts wildlife.
Benefits: Digestive aid. Soothes intestinal passages, sometimes used to treat gastric ulcers. Reduces cholesterol and blood sugar levels.
Growing conditions: Annual. Requires full sun, but needs shelter. Seeds ripen in 4-5 months.
Benefits: Commonly used to successfully treat migraines. Reduces the symptoms of fever.
Growing conditions: Perennial that is drought-tolerant. Prefers full sun. Self-seeds.
Benefits: Gentle laxative. High fiber. Soothes stomach pains and cramping.
Growing conditions: Prefers well-drained alkaline soil and full sun. Fruit ripens in summer.
Benefits: Diuretic and astringent properties. Lowers blood pressure. Helps treat kidney and menstrual problems. Also said to prevent the attack of insects such as fleas.
Parts used: Leaves and flowers.
Growing conditions: Annual and perennial. Prefers sun and light soil.
Benefits: Antiviral, and cancer fighting properties. Helps combat colds, flu and bronchitis. Lowers cholesterol. Anti-fungal properties good for treating fungal skin diseases such as athletes foot and ringworm.
Growing conditions: Can be grown in pots. Prefers sun and damp soil. Bulbs are picked in Autumn.
Benefits: Prevents all kinds of nausea such as vertigo, morning sickness, and motion sickness. Anti-inflammatory and good for arthritic joints and pains.
Growing conditions: Likes shade, with warm and moist soil. Not frost tolerant, so keep indoors in winter. Plant 10 to 20 cm deep into potting compost.
Benefits: Enhances memory and concentration. Soothes vertigo, leg cramps, asthma and allergies.
Growing conditions: Deciduous slow-growing conifer. Likes full sun and well-drained soil. Leaves must be harvested in summer.
Benefits: Super-food that is said to boost circulation, improve eyesight, lower cholesterol, protect the liver, enhance immune function and improve libido. High levels of vitamin C.
Growing conditions: Shrub grows to a height of 7-10 feet. Prefers full sunlight and fertile soil, but can grow in almost any soil type. Pruning necessary.
Benefits: Commonly taken as a tonic for skin problems such as acne and digestive disorders. Aids memory and concentration. Anti-inflammatory properties give relief to rheumatism, arthritis and poor circulation.
Growing conditions: Perennial creeper. Prefers full sun to part shade. Needs well-drained soil.
Benefits: Painkilling properties useful for soothing sore throats, headaches and arthritis. Used to cool down hot flushes, sunstroke and fever.
Parts used: Flowers and buds.
Growing conditions: Deciduous shrub that prefers shade. Needs support as it is a climbing plant.
Benefits: Gentle sedative great for inducing sleep and relaxation. Great for reducing anxiety and abdominal tension. Assists with menopausal symptoms.
Growing conditions: Climbing plant that prefers full sun. Requires support and distancing from other plants.
Benefits: Seeds are used to treat haemorrhoids and varicose veins. Helps to decrease the likelihood of developing deep-vein thrombosis, and decreases the swelling of the lower legs during flights.
Growing conditions: Ornamental tree that can be grown from seeds or conkers. Reaches 10 to 20 feet in height. Collect chestnuts in Autumn.
Benefits: Used to soothe aching joints and muscles when made into a balm. Also stimulates the digestive system and lessens the severity of colds and coughs by clearing the nasal passages.
Growing conditions: Perennial plant that can grow in large containers. Harvest roots in Autumn.
Benefits: Berries have diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Used to treat urinary tract infections, rheumatism and good for gently lowering blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
Growing conditions: Evergreen conifer that prefers full sun. Drought-tolerant and frost hardy.
Benefits: High in vitamin C, E, magnesium and copper. Beneficial for improved heart function, improving eye health and improving the quality of skin and hair growth.
Growing conditions: Climbing plant that prefers part sun and shade. Needs well-drained rich soil. Both male and female plants needed to pollinate for fruit.
Benefits: Stops external bleeding and encourages blood-clotting when applied as a balm. The tea is effective in preventing excessive menstrual bleeding and diarrhea.
Parts used: Dried leaves and flowering stems.
Growing conditions: Perennial ground cover that prefers dappled sunlight. Slow growing.
Benefits: Wide range of calming effects, assisting in the relaxation of muscles, reduction of anxiety and enhancement of sleep. Eases irritability and aids digestion. Also helps with minor skin irritations.
Growing conditions: Evergreen plant that prefers poor soil and full sun. Good to grow in pots. Harvest flowers in mid to late summer for drying.
Benefits: High in vitamin C. Antibacterial and astringent properties. Used to reduce acne and brighten skin. Essential oil used to soothe fatigue and insomnia.
Growing conditions: Fruits all year-round, preferring part sun and shade with well-drained soil. Can grow in pots or in the ground. Needs to be fertilized in growing season and watered in summer.
Benefits: Used to soothe nervous tension, relieve anxiety and enhance sleep. Also effective in preventing the growth of herpes.
Growing conditions: Very adaptable and grows in almost any soil. Fast growing and self-seeding. Requires constant pruning.
Benefits: Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic properties. Helps sooth coughs, sore throats and bronchitis. Helps prevent and cure gastric ulcers, and protects the liver.
Growing conditions: Perennial that prefers sun. Grows 1.4 meters tall, and needs a lot of depth for root growth. Roots are harvested from 3 to 4 year old plants.
Benefits: Calms nervous disorders such as restlessness, anxiety and irritation. Good for treating colds and flu. Lowers blood pressure.
Parts used: Buds and flowers.
Growing conditions: Deciduous tree that prefers cool climates in sunny positions. Needs moist soil.
Benefits: Antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. Treats minor burns, insect bites, acne, cuts and abrasions, rashes and varicose veins.
Growing conditions: Annual and prefers full sun. Can grow in containers and are easy to grow.
Benefits: Although still illegal in many countries due to its potent psychoactive properties, Marijuana has been used to successfully treat and/or cure conditions such as glaucoma, high blood pressure, arthritis, depression, anxiety, HIV, cancer, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy and various other illnesses and disorders. It has potent sedative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
Parts used: Flowering tops of female plants.
Growing conditions: Annual growing plant that grows to 4 meters. Requires rich, well-drained soil and full sun. Prefers slightly acidic soil.
Benefits: Treats stomach disorders such as gastritis, indigestion and heartburn. Helps reduce severity of headaches, as well as inflammation of the joints.
Growing conditions: Perennial that prefers damp soil and full sun.
Benefits: Helps diminish headaches and digestive problems. Popular hangover cure. Helps treat and prevent hepatitis.
Growing conditions: Biennial plant that prefers full sun. Self-seeds.
Benefits: Helps cure and ease the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, reducing swelling, anxiety and irritability. Also used as a heart tonic.
Growing conditions: Prefers part sun part shade. Likes poor soil. Easily grows from seed.
Benefits: Used as a liver tonic and also as an energy stimulant. Helps reduce anxiety, insomnia and depression. This herb has also been used for stomach problems such as cramps, colic and constipation.
Growing conditions: Perennial herb that grows 1-2 meters tall. Likes full sun and well-drained soil.
Benefits: Expectorant and decongestant. Reduces mucus, soothes inflammation and aids in wound healing.
Growing conditions: Biennial that prefers full sun. Likes well-drained soil and self-seeds easily.
Benefits: Anti-fungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties. Used to protect the liver, aid digestion and heal skin diseases. Also effectively kills lice.
Growing conditions: Deciduous tree that grows in most soil types. Prefers hot climates and well-drained soil.
Benefits: High in vitamins, minerals and chlorophyll, Nettle leaves are commonly used to boost the immune system, reduce the pain of arthritis and joint swelling. They can also be used to treat dandruff and improve the health of hair.
Growing conditions: Prefers nitrogen-rich soil. Harvest roots in Autumn.
Benefits: In small quantities serves as a stimulant, carminative and aphrodisiac. Helps to relieve muscle spasms, stimulate blood flow and prevent vomiting.
Growing conditions: Evergreen tree. Grows to 12 meters. Likes rich, deep soil in a sunny position.
Benefits: Heals wounds and repairs skin. Reduces inflammation and also used to reduce the effects of skin conditions such as ringworm, psoriasis and carbuncles.
Growing conditions: Requires lots of sunlight and good quality soil. Requires frequent watering and a frost-free environment.
Benefits: High in vitamin A, B and C, protein, iron, potassium and magnesium. Anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties. Relieves flatulence, anemia and improves iron intake.
Parts used: Leaves, root and stems.
Growing conditions: Biennial that prefers sunny positions. Easy to grow and can be grown in pots or in the earth. Best used fresh.
Benefits: Calming, sedative effects that soothe anxiety, tension, restlessness and sleep problems. Also aids in reducing stomach disorders.
Growing conditions: Climbing plant that prefers poor soil in a sunny position. Must be grown in a greenhouse in colder climates.
Benefits: Decongestant, antiseptic properties. Commonly used as cough and cold remedies. Can also be used as a deodorant if made into a spray.
Growing conditions: Evergreen conifer that prefers full sun and acidic soil.
Benefits: Very effective remedy for insect bites. A natural source of antihistamine. Can also be used as a decongestant and expectorant.
Growing conditions: Fast-growing plant that prefers full sun. Leaves can be used at any time. Can be used in teas or made into tinctures.
Benefits: Reduce bloating and swelling. Lowers levels of cholesterol and helps combat heart disease. Also helps to lower blood sugar levels and reduces the risk of colon cancer.
Growing conditions: Annual plant that needs full sun. Seeds can be sown in late spring.
Benefits: Unusually good source of vitamin E and omega-3. Used to treat gastric and liver ailments as well as arthritis.
Growing conditions: Prefers full sun and dry soil. Fast growing and not frost tolerant.
Benefits: High in isoflavones and phytestrogenic compounds which is said to assist in menopause and PMS syndromes such as flushes, cramping and sweating.
Growing conditions: Perennial plant that prefers loamy soil. Easy to grow.
Benefits: Assisting in lightening heavy periods, and helps to combat a variety of menopausal symptoms.
Parts used: Leaves (although the fruit is rich in antioxidants).
Growing conditions: Prefers partial sun to shade. Needs moisture-retentive soil and protection from birds.
Benefits: Soothes acne, eczema and other conditions. Antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. Used to also treat nausea, poor circulation and tonsillitis.
Growing conditions: Evergreen shrub that can be grown indoors. Water sparingly.
Benefits: Rich source of vitamin A, C, B vitamins and K. Commonly used to make cough syrup.
Growing conditions: Prefer damp and heavy soil conditions.
Benefits: Versatile herb that can be used in cooking and to relax the digestive tract. Also used to improve concentration, memory, reduce anxiety and mild depression. Additionally used to treat dandruff.
Growing conditions: Evergreen herb that needs full sun to grow. Thrives in most soils and must be pruned in spring. Easy to grow.
Benefits: Treats colds, coughs, tonsillitis, sore throats, inflamed gums and mouth ulcers. Also used as a memory enhancer, diuretic and digestive aid. Commonly used in flavouring cooked meats.
Growing conditions: Evergreen perennial that prefers full sun. Likes dry soil.
Benefits: Excellent plant for first aid, calming bites, burns, bruises, ulcers and cold sores when made into a salve. Antiviral properties. Assists with reducing the effects of throat infections and inflamed gums.
Growing conditions: Perennial groundcover. Grows alongside wildflowers. Tends to be invasive. Cut flowering stems in Summer.
Benefits: Reduces the impact of anxiety, neuralgia, insomnia, tension and other nervous system disorders. Natural tranquilizing and antispasmodic effects.
Growing conditions: Perennial. Prefers full sun and moisture-retentive soil. Harvest leaves in early Summer.
Benefits: Recommended for digestive disorders such as constipation, colitis and ulcers as it soothes the gastrointestinal tract. Also used to soothe burns and skin irritations.
Growing conditions: Deciduous tree that requires full sun to grow. Prefers moist soil. Grows to 20 meters in height.
Benefits: Antimicrobial properties that prevents the growth of bacteria. Treats wounds, blemishes, bed sores, ulcers and other skin infections. Also makes a soothing inhalant for colds and flu.
Parts used: Resin and needles.
Growing conditions: Evergreen conifer that likes damp, acidic oil. Possible to grow in pots.
Benefits: Natural antidepressant. Used to treat mild to moderate depression, anxiety, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), insomnia, nervous tension and hysteria. Anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. Also treats cuts, bruises, inflamed skin and helps reduce the effects of herpes and hepatitis. Tends to conflict with prescribed birth control pills and antidepressants.
Growing conditions: Perennial that prefers a sunny position. Flowers in summer and self-seeds.
Benefits: Possesses antiseptic, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-fungal properties. Excellent for treating skin problems and infection such as acne, ringworm, boils, athletes foot, insect bites, cystitis, sore throats, thrush and other skin conditions. Like most medicinal plants, it can be infused, made into a cream or essential oil.
Growing conditions: Evergreen tree. Reaches 7 meters. Likes sunny position and lots of water.
Benefits: Used to treat the papilloma virus (responsible for creating warts). Also used to soothe sore muscles, neuralgia and rheumatic pains, as well as stimulating menstruation.
Parts used: Leaves and branches.
Growing conditions: Evergreen conifer that prefers moist and deep soil. Prefers a sheltered site in full sun. Fairly easy to grow.
Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Used in India as a tonic for disorders of the liver and to heal wounds. Also used to treat arthritis, allergies, skin conditions such as psoriasis and high cholesterol.
Parts used: Root and rhizome.
Growing conditions: Tropical plant that prefers light shade. Possible to grow in pots, but must be kept dry in winter.
Benefits: Antiseptic and expectorant properties. Helps to loosen phlegm from colds and flu, soothe infected skin and soothe aching muscles.
Growing conditions: Evergreen perennial. Likes gritty, well-drained soil in a sunny position.
Benefits: Antispasmodic, analgesic, adaptogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Lowers blood sugar levels, blood pressure and reduces fever. Often grown around temples in India and is revered as the herb sacred to goddess Lakshmi.
Benefits: Used to treat urinary tract infections such as cystitis. Leaves are used in tonics for the bladder and kidneys.
Growing conditions: Evergreen shrub. Prefers damp and acidic soil. Leaves must be harvested in early Autumn.
Benefits: Natural tranquilizing properties that assist in sleeping and preventing insomnia. Also used as a sedative to calm anxiety, irritability and stress.
Growing conditions: Perennial. Likes partial sun and shade. Harvest 2 year old roots in Autumn. Easy to grow.
Benefits: Beneficial for a large number of ills including chronic fatigue, digestive problems, insomnia, depression, hot flushes, coughs and headaches. Useful for relaxing the muscles and soothing nerves. Also treats inflamed skin.
Growing conditions: Perennial. Grows to 1 meter. Prefers lime soil.
Benefits: Anti-inflammatory properties that soothe eczema, acne, and other skin issues. Also serves as a diuretic, helping with various urinary disorders and cystitis. Can be taken as a decongestant for colds and flu.
Growing conditions: Perennial and annual. Likes partial shade. Easy to grow.
Benefits: Rich in vitamin A, B vitamins, C, E and minerals such as iodine, iron and phosphorus. Also contains cancer-fighting properties called PEITCs and sulphurophanes which encourage cancerous cells to self-destruct, and builds natural defense against carcinogens. Used to treat arthritis, and can be made into a tonic for the skin and eyes. Promotes general health.
Growing conditions: Creeping perennial. Prefers boggy soil or shallow trenches and light shade.
Benefits: Vitamin-rich and excellent for improving digestion. Used to treat diseases of the colon.
Growing conditions: Annual. Likes rich, well-drained soil in a sunny position. Easy to grow.
Benefits: Natural painkiller used in aspirin. Relieves inflammatory conditions such as rheumatism, osteoarthritis and back pain. Also used for menstrual pain, headaches, sport injuries and fever.
Growing conditions: Deciduous tree. Prefers wet to damp soil and a sunny position. Has invasive rooting system.
Benefits: Used for everyday ailments such as sprains, burns, bruises, blemishes, boils and other skin irritations. Also contracts the swelling of varicose veins and can soothe sore throats and laryngitis.
Growing conditions: Deciduous tree. Hardy and prefers damp soil. Likes a sunny position.
Benefits: Used as a tonic to enhance liver function. Soothes arthritis. Acts as a mild sedative, helping with anxiety, restlessness and sleeping problems.
Growing conditions: Perennial groundcover. Likes moist soil and shade. Fast-growing and tends to be invasive if not taken care of.
Benefits: Used as a tonic to improve liver and gallbladder functioning. Also increases the production of bile and stomach acid, easing digestion and preventing bloating and gas. Serves as an excellent insect repellent.
Parts used: Leaves and flowerheads.
Growing conditions: Perennial. Likes full sun and poor, well-drained soil.
Benefits: A versatile plant that can be used to treat coughs, colds, aid digestion, stop diarrhea, stop bleeding, heal bruises and rashes, and prevent headaches.
Parts used: Flowers and leaves.
Growing conditions: Perennial. Likes a sunny position. Easy to grow.
I hope you benefit greatly out of this extensive list of natural healing plants.
Keep in mind that not all of these medicinal fruits, vegetables, trees and herbs are possible to grow in your area of the world (or could be illegal), and may also be harmful for pregnant or nursing women. It is also important for you to test your reaction to many of these plants before consuming or applying to the skin - so you may like to do a 24 hour skin reaction patch beforehand. Also, some of these medicinal plants may interfere with prescription drugs, so consult a doctor first. Other than that, there are some really powerful natural remedies and healing plants here which I hope you take the time to explore, benefit from and enjoy yourself!
Many of the above mentioned plants are used in Frantsila products. A vast selection of herbs and plants that are suitable for the Nordic climate are grown on Frantsila Organic Herb Farm in Finland, and berries and wildflowers are collected nearby. Genuine essential oils of the world are used in some products and these carefully selected pure essential oils are also part of the Frantsila product selection. In product development, information about folk traditions combined with modern research is used in order to achieve the best results. Frantsila utilizes the Natures extensive pharmacy for the past 30 years, bringing the best of nature into our daily lives.
This Finnish Flower Remedy brings courage and strength to the depressed mind.
This Finnish Flower Remedy releases tension and gives strenght.
Treatment and prevention of flu symptoms.
Revitalizes, reinforces immunity and aids digestion.
100% pure and chemo typed Eucalyptus essential oil.
Synergy of genuine essential oils for the treatment of flu symptoms.
Organic skin care and massage oil. Relieves muscle tension, joint pain and soothes sunburned skin.
Old time liniment to relieve pain, shoulder and neck tension, and joint ache.
Natural hair strengthening shampoo for the whole family.
Vitality from Finnish organic herbs and berries.
Increased vitality and resistance with plant antioxidants, natural vitamins and minerals.
Skin renewing and calming organic salve, nicknamed Frantsila miracle salve.
Therapeutic herbal drink, promotes circulation of body fluids, reduces water retention.
Light universal cream to care for the skin of the whole family. | 2019-04-20T19:06:46Z | https://www.frantsila.eu/natural-remedies-best-100-medicinal-herbs-fruit-vegetables-to-grow |
Gene Pressman is like an expectant father, anxious but proud, as he threads his way through the construction activity at his family's new store in uptown Manhattan. Platoons of workers are lugging Sheetrock and lumber, power tools whine and electrical coils hang every few feet. On a crisp June day, less than three months before the scheduled opening of this new Barneys on Sept. 8, the nine-floor store is still very much a work in progress. But as he climbs an unfinished staircase here, or ducks under a workman's ladder there, Pressman is familiar with every floor, every fixture, every piece of furniture that is on its hurried way.
On the first floor of the women's department, perfumes will be in the back instead of the front. "I hate it when you get spritzed when you walk into a store," he says. Pressman likes aquariums, so there will be three big ones. He's a boxer, and the store's ninth-floor health club will have a ring. He's also a golfer, so maybe the putting green will come later.
The look of the store, at Madison Avenue and 61st Street, will be modern, open, spacious with large windows on every floor. Whites, grays and beiges will be the dominant colors, set off by forests of exposed wood -- 40 varieties, from beech to sycamore. Most of the furniture will be custom-made. Each selection, each judgment of taste, is personal. Gene Pressman, the 42-year-old eldest son, made many of the choices, but seven other members of the family -- parents Fred and Phyllis, brother Robert, sisters Liz and Nancy, wife Bonnie, and Robert's wife, Holly -- has his or her personal imprint. "We're doing this like it's our home," Gene Pressman says. Some home. More like a $100 million shrine for a family of workaholics.
The Pressmans' Madison Avenue showcase, sheathed in French limestone, occupying much of a city block, is the largest new specialty store to be built in Manhattan since the Depression -- one of the most ambitious retailing ventures in the history of New York. Its arrival comes at a time when people are questioning the future of big stores, especially in New York, and when the weakened economy makes selling pricey, high-fashion merchandise a struggle. For the Pressmans, one of the last family dynasties in American retailing, the uptown store is their biggest bet since the business was founded in 1923, as a small men's shop at Seventh Avenue and 17th Street.
Is this a shrewd against-the-grain move, or an act of hubris?
The answer will not be known soon, probably not for a year or so after the Madison Avenue store opens, as the novelty of a major new shopping destination wears off. And its success will be measured largely by how much pain the Barneys Madison Avenue store inflicts on its main rivals in the uptown retailing hub -- Bergdorf Goodman, Saks Fifth Avenue and Bloomingdale's.
For years the Pressmans, from their downtown enclave, looked with envy at retailing's Gold Belt, the uptown Manhattan shopping district, roughly running from 50th Street into the 60's, and extending from Fifth Avenue east to Bloomingdale's on Lexington Avenue. "We've had this underdog mentality, of not really being appreciated by the establishment uptown," Gene Pressman explains. Talk to the Pressmans, any of them, and you soon hear the family doctrine. Uptown, the stores get much of their business just by being there, but downtown, Barneys had to be something special, to get people to go out of their way. "It's made us better merchants," Gene says.
Indeed, the ethos of the merchant is another tenet of the family faith, the merchant as retailing's artisan skilled in the selection, production and display of goods. They believe that the best merchants win in fashion retailing, and that they are the best merchants, sticking to their last when others strayed. During the 1980's, many stores turned from their merchant roots, distracted by the financial shenanigans of that decade -- takeovers, leveraged buyouts, fast-buck rascals. The legacy, the Pressmans say, is too many corporate-style homogenized stores with look-alike merchandise. "Of course, there are a lot of stores uptown. But there'll be only one Barneys," Gene says. "We're different."
The daily spectacle of consumption in uptown Manhattan, the lucrative heart and showcase of the nation's fashion business, is probably unmatched anywhere in the world. Every day, the area teems with affluent tourists, well-heeled New Yorkers and suburbanites who make their way past the beggars and the dirt outside into the soothing opulence of the designer boutiques and specialty stores, replete with uniformed greeters and personal shoppers.
As a business, fashion retailing is a high-wire world, where the risks are almost always great but so are the rewards for the successful. It is part commerce and part theater because, after all, no one needs designer clothes or luxury baubles. They have to want them. If they do, the high prices -- and hefty profits for the retailer -- don't matter much. If not, the stuff can scarcely be given away. Success is highly profitable; failure is devastating, and there is not much middle ground. That is the challenge of fashion retailing, and it is in this context that Barneys is taking the $100 million gamble.
"If they get it right, the Pressmans will have a huge winner on their hands -- the store where everybody goes," says Bud Konheim, chief executive of Nicole Miller Ltd., a fashion apparel maker, with a boutique on Madison Avenue. "But if it's not perfection, if people can take it or leave it a year later, they'll be in trouble."
THE RISE OF THE PRESSMANS IN American retailing is a family saga, and the Madison Avenue store embodies the course chosen by the third generation, Gene Pressman, and his younger brother, Robert, 39. Their vision of the business is a long way from its roots as the humble shop at Seventh Avenue and 17th Street, selling cut-priced men's suits, started by their grandfather Barney Pressman, who died two years ago at age 96. Barney's grubstake was his wife Bertha's engagement ring, which he pawned. (She volunteered it, according to family legend.) His discount-pricing tactics were made for the lean economic times when he was building his business. His son, Fred, added more costly suits and eventually abandoned the discount philosophy as rising incomes and changing life styles translated into higher spending on men's clothes.
Fred's sons, Gene and Robert, are pursuing a more aggressive agenda. Under Gene, the fashion merchandiser, Barneys plunged into women's clothes with abandon. He started with a few insurgent racks in 1976, and built it up steadily. Today, the women's sections are half of the company's sales -- only 40 percent in the downtown New York store, but nearly 60 percent in the satellite stores. Women's offerings are intended to be 55 percent of the Madison Avenue store's sales.
The move into women's lines, everyone agrees, was a wise strategic decision, allowing the business to grow, but how well Barneys is doing in women's fashions is widely debated in the industry. As a private company, Barneys can disclose as little as it likes, and it is all the gospel according to the Pressmans. The negative case is mainly anecdotal, derived from a designer whose goods aren't moving at Barneys, from deep markdowns on some merchandise, or from a consultant's noticing a shortage of customers when he tours a few stores. Any conclusions are necessarily tentative. "My sense is that they are not doing as well as planned in women's apparel," says Kurt Barnard, president of Barnard's Retail Marketing Report, a newsletter.
Robert, the family finance and management expert, is the architect of the company's recent expansion in the United States and Japan. He is the one who put together the crucial deal with the Isetan Company, a big Japanese retailer, which is providing most of the $250 million in expansion funds.
So Barneys has invested and grown, even as many other fashion retailers, saddled with debt or pressed by corporate owners, have retrenched. In the last five years, the family business has opened 15 stores, in Chicago, Houston, Seattle, Tokyo, Yokohama and elsewhere. The Pressmans say that sales of the branch stores are running 13 percent ahead of last year, and that every Barneys store in the chain is profitable. Outsiders are skeptical. "I can't believe they don't have a dog or two in the manger," observes Alan G. Millstein, a New York retail consultant.
The new Madison Avenue store is much bigger and more costly than all the others. Fred Pressman, the 70-year-old patriarch and chairman, sums up the stake: "Our whole future."
IF THE UPTOWN GOLD BELT IS among the most lucrative of the world's shopping districts, it is also one of the most competitive and aggressive, crowded with specialty stores of every kind. "Barneys is going to come in with guns blazing," says Arie L. Kopelman, the president of Chanel Inc. "And there is no question it will be an all-out battle for market share."
To gird for the fray, the established stores have been sprucing up for a year. Bergdorf Goodman overhauled the fifth floor of its women's store and stocked it with slightly less expensive clothing intended to appeal to younger, trendier people -- the kind for whom the Barneys formula has worked. Saks Fifth Avenue has just completed a renovation of its men's store here. And the Bloomingdale's flagship store has installed a shiny new set of white marble steps. By the end of the year, the five women's bathrooms in the store will be redone. "That hasn't happened in 20 years," notes Michael Gould, the Bloomingdale's chairman.
The uptown doyens insist that these improvements were planned all along and have nothing to do with Barneys. But all of them are wary. "There will be an effect when a new guy comes into the neighborhood," says Burton Tansky, Bergdorf's chairman. "But the real question is how long it will last -- how well Barneys will do six months or a year after the store opens, once the curiosity factor subsides."
The competition will probably be fierce in store hours as well. Breaking ranks with many of the uptown stores, Barneys will be open from 10 A.M. to 8 P.M., Monday through Friday; 10 A.M. to 7 P.M. on Saturday, and noon to 6 P.M. on Sunday. This could well make shopping a greater part of uptown night life.
The stars of fashion retailing are the leading designers, and Barneys has engaged in a campaign of stroking, threats and even legal action to try to get the designers it wants uptown. Relations between designers and major stores are always tricky, a blend of personalities, money and fashion trends, which explains why the business is so volatile. When designers are hot, stores court them shamelessly with parties, trips and favors. When sales slip, designers have to beg store presidents to carry them for another season.
Barneys is known for sharply "editing" its purchases from designer collections, meaning it might buy a handful of dresses from a designer one season and racks upon racks the next. Designers, of course, would prefer more consistent buying. Downtown the designers had almost no choice but to deal with Barneys. But uptown they do. One designer, who is not selling to the Madison Avenue store, explained, "Barneys's purchases have been so small compared to Bergdorf's." So some well-known designers -- Yves Saint Laurent, Ralph Lauren, Isaac Mizrahi and Karl Lagerfeld, for example -- will not put their collections in the new Barneys store. But others -- Donna Karan, Calvin Klein, Hermes, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Jil Sander, Azzedine Alaia among them -- will.
There is no love lost when a designer defects. In a transparent reference to Ralph Lauren, who has also pulled out of the downtown Barneys, Gene Pressman declares, "Our notion of classic isn't to bottle the WASP ethic and throw every English thing you can lay your hands on into the store. You know who I mean, don't you?" The heads of other stores sound the same when it happens to them. Barneys cut an exclusive deal with Azzedine Alaia, who had sold for years to Charivari but won't for the fall season. Of Alaia, a French designer of figure-hugging tube dresses, Jon Weiser, president of Charivari Ltd., says, "He's very 80's . . . and had not been selling well in the last few years."
The heated words come after what are inevitably coldblooded decisions. Ralph Toledano, president of Karl Lagerfeld S.A. in Paris, is one who balked at going into the new Barneys store, and his reasons are not untypical of the others. Lagerfeld already sells to Bergdorf's, Saks and Henri Bendel. Selling to a fourth store uptown, Toledano figured, would spread the line too thin, undermining its exclusive image. "And right or wrong, we are loyal," he explains. "You can't drop a store just because Barneys is opening a store uptown." Toledano describes Gene Pressman as a "personal friend." But when Toledano made his decision known, Barneys stopped purchasing Lagerfeld clothes for its downtown store. "Friendship is one thing, and business is another," Toledano observes philosophically.
The most celebrated conflict was between Barneys and the Italian designer Giorgio Armani, whose full men's collection was first brought to the United States by the Pressmans in 1975. Armani is already carried at Bergdorf's, Saks and Bloomingdale's, and the designer also has his own store in the neighborhood. So he has been adamant about not wanting to sell his top designer label to Barneys uptown as well. But he will, reluctantly, because a Swiss tribunal has ruled that, under the terms of a 1979 contract, he must. Touring the uptown store, Gene Pressman gestures toward the 6,000-square-foot area given to the Armani collection, with the largest Armani men's space of any store in the world: "It seems only fitting," he says, pointedly. "We were the first to bring him to this country."
All this made for high drama in the rag trade. And an Armani adviser thinks the matter is not entirely settled, noting that after the Swiss ruling the Italian designer stopped selling his top line to the stores in Dallas and Houston: "If Armani really doesn't want to sell to Barneys uptown, all he's got to do is ship it late." Welcome to the trench warfare of the fashion business, behind the forced smiles on the runway.
IN APPEARANCE AND STYLE, GENE Pressman and brother Robert seem worlds apart. When you meet for the first time, Robert may be wearing a navy blue suit (Barneys private label), silk tie, French cuffs and tortoise-shell glasses. He presents you his business card, English on one side and Japanese on the other. Gene offers no card. "I don't have one," he says, as a point of honor. He wears jeans, a white button-down shirt with no tie, penny loafers and white socks. His blazer is thrown over a chair. The odd couple of retailing. The Gene and Bob Show.
Robert Pressman, who shares the title with his brother of co-president and co-chief executive, has an M.B.A. He loves to explain financial details by scribbling formulas on napkins, and rarely goes anywhere without his Apple Powerbook laptop computer, the executive status symbol of the moment. When he talks he speaks in terms of sales-per-square-foot, debt ratios and market research. Gene went to film school and worked as a gofer in Hollywood before joining the family business. When Gene talks -- which is most of the time -- it is about creativity, energy and passion. "Fashion is Hollywood -- it really is," he says.
Gene Pressman is the self-made star of Barneys, and he is the driving force behind the Madison Avenue store. Ever since he pushed the family business into the fast-moving, high-risk realm of women's fashions, the move uptown into the heart of the fashion district was all but inevitable, with only the timing in doubt. Gene Pressman is both charming and quick-tempered, flamboyant and at times wildly profane. He often bullies suppliers, in between his jabs of charm and humor. His tirades can reduce subordinates to tears. And he has a notoriously short attention span. "My eye's drifting off the ball now," is his way of saying he's tired of a discussion.
With men, Gene Pressman is arm-round-waist, pat-on-the-back, looking for macho camaraderie that seems a bit strained. "C'mon, let's get loaded together," he says over lunch. But loaded he has no intention of getting. He had only two light beers with his man-of-the 90's salad.
The glamour and style of the women's fashion business clearly appeals to Gene Pressman. But he also likes women, and says so in ways not likely to endear him to feminists. Admiring the sidewalk traffic alongside the Madison Avenue store after lunch, he said, "God, there's a lot of beautiful women in New York" -- one of his tamer renderings of that sentiment.
"Gene is one of the few straight guys in the business," says Anna Wintour, the editor of Vogue, "and he enjoys it."
Much of retailing, it is said, boils down to understanding life styles and spotting trends. Over the years, Gene Pressman has certainly done plenty of field research. He is by nature a participant, trying what was hip and trendy ever since Woodstock in 1969. "I got so wasted," he recalled fondly. "And wasn't the music great?" Later, he sampled Manhattan night life, knew the Andy Warhol crowd, took in the scene of Studio 54 and the like.
He lives in Bugsy Siegel's former house, a Tudor mansion in Westchester County, overlooking Long Island Sound, which he redid to accommodate a 14,000-bottle wine cellar and a garage with vintage cars. Guests, also clearly a carefully edited selection, get tours past the '62 Aston Martin in the garage and the expensive wines in the cellar. Gene is married these days with two children. He drives fast, but the rest of his fast-lane life may simply be a fond memory.
Though he's wealthy and surrounds himself with expensive toys, he clings to his version of 60's counterculture values. He pulls his white shirt away from his neck to show that it is monogrammed, but on the inside. "How about that for reverse snobbery?" he says.
Just how his eclectic interests and appetite for the good life have fostered an instinct for what the youngish, fashion-conscious customer wants is unclear. But friends and colleagues insist that he has it. "Because he has all these sides, he's not just a retailer," observes Peter Marino, the designer-architect and longtime collaborator with the Pressmans, who is doing the Madison Avenue store. "Gene's the trend setter in the family. Isn't that the future of Barneys, being the trend setter?"
Pressman burnishes his image as a laid-back, rebel executive. One line making the rounds at Barneys is that Gene will conduct business from the ninth-floor health club. Probably not. Those who know him best says that, despite the image, he follows the sales figures closely, receiving the "readings," store-by-store reports throughout the day, even on weekends, just as his father Fred and Robert do. Gene's wife, Bonnie, a former model, whom he met after spotting her on the runway and who now runs shoes, accessories and cosmetics, adds: "Much as Gene might pretend that he's more interested in golf or boxing, the business is his life. It's the family's life."
IN 1986, GENE PRESSMAN lured Simon Doonan, a young Englishman who had done design work in films and for Diana Vreeland's "Costumes of Royal India" fashion exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum. Doonan created Barneys's edgy, attention-grabbing windows, from Christmas trees with condoms as ornaments to the store's signature celebrity spoofs of Madonna and Margaret Thatcher, in studded black leather. "It's not so much to be shocking or daring," Doonan explains, "but to turn the windows into sort of a magazine with ideas, entertaining ideas."
"I have an aversion for the kind of preppy ideology -- the absolute lack of any twist," he says.
Gene Pressman shares that view for the most part. But theirs is a partnership of complementary skills, with Doonan the sophisticate and Pressman the arbiter. "Gene's strength is gut-level responses," Doonan says. "He's a great yardstick for whether things -- a window, an ad, a look -- are communicating."
Pressman's eye for the avant-garde was evident in designers he brought to America in the early 1980's like Rei Kawakubo's Comme des Garcons, known for its austere all-black "funereal look" and, later, for eccentric fabric combinations and oddly cut clothes from Japan, and Azzedine Alaia from France. Moving with the times again, he will put nearly two dozen cutting-edge designers in the Madison Avenue store like the Belgian deconstructionists Martin Margiela and Dries van Noten, and the Italians Demetra and Keila Jedrik. Margiela and van Noten spearheaded deconstructionism in fashion, with its signature unfinished seams, a blatant revolt against the showy luxury of the 80's, and Demetra and Jedrik incorporate similar elements of simplicity, austerity and minimalism -- except the price tags, of course.
How well this will pay the rent in a big store uptown is uncertain. Donna Karan's collection will be in the uptown store but she concedes: "Gene has really reached the avant-garde customer. The Barneys style is modern, artsy, downtown. It's a very strong point of view. It's not for everybody."
Nothing is, of course, but will the appeal be wide enough? As a guide, Barneys hired a consultant to study the differences between uptown and downtown customer tastes. The March 1992 study indeed found that the Barneys downtown customer is younger (median age: under 40) than the customer at Bergdorf's and the other big stores uptown (over 40). The uptown-downtown split, again, confirmed the conventional wisdom that the uptown crowd buys a greater percentage of classic styles. So "Barneys is fine-tuning their mix of merchandise to reflect the differences uptown," says Walter K. Levy, who did the study.
Fine-tuned perhaps, but Gene Pressman insists the distinctive Barneys look, minimal, unadorned, austere, will travel uptown essentially intact. "People say there's not a lot of color in Barneys's women's clothes, that it's all black, brown, navy and beige. Well, isn't that what women want?"
The downtown store will be pared a bit, mainly consolidating, but, the Pressmans insist, it will not be cut back dramatically or shut down. The Pressman theory, soon to be tested, is that uptown and downtown are remarkably separate markets. So its downtown store, which generates impressive sales of $650 a square foot -- well above the national average for specialty stores but below Saks, Bloomingdale's and Bergdorf's New York sales -- should not suffer greatly from opening another big store 40-some blocks north. Uptown, tourists alone account for roughly one quarter of the shoppers. And market research shows that only a small share of the downtown Barneys store's customers venture there from above 42d Street. This, the Pressmans interpret as opportunity rather than any lack of appeal to the uptown crowd. "That means uptown is a huge untapped market for us," Robert Pressman says. "And that's the reason for the Madison Avenue store."
THE FINANCES BEHIND the expansion are designed to give the family business staying power. It was Robert Pressman's handiwork. In 1988, sensing the limits to Seventh Avenue and 17th Street, the family decided to explore beyond. The decision to proceed was made with a studied disregard for economic cycles. It came right after the stock market crash in October 1987, which hurt Barneys, as it did other luxury retailers.
Robert came up with a plan with two key elements: avoid debt, which proved the undoing of many expansion-minded retailers in the 80's, and find someone else's money. That meant finding a joint-venture partner, and Pressman hired Goldman, Sachs & Company to look. Goldman Sachs came up with a list of some 30 potential corporate investors from America, Europe and Japan. Pressman quickly winnowed them down to a few. He wanted a strategic partner, not an arms-length investor, and he turned to Japan, which has companies that take the long view and retail markets Barneys wanted to crack.
In November 1988, Robert, Gene and Fred went east with a 60-page prospectus. The Pressmans quickly settled on Isetan, Japan's sixth-largest retailer, then headed by Kuniyasu Kosuge, a member of the fourth generation of the founding family. Kosuge wanted to move into specialty retailing. "As a cohesive family with a private company, the Pressmans take a very long-term view of the business, and Isetan wanted a truly long-term partner," says Masanori Mochida, a Goldman Sachs partner based in Tokyo. "It was a good fit." The two sides agreed to meet again.
The Pressmans and a few top Isetan executives gathered the following March at a Hawaiian resort. Robert carried in his briefcase the outlines of the Barneys blueprint for expansion, and an estimated price tag, $250 million in capital. In keeping with Japanese business customs, the group first repaired to the nearest golf course. Gene was in his element, but Robert was distinctly not. A water-hazard par-3 hole was particularly memorable. "After I hit about 20 balls in the water, I literally picked the next ball off the tee, ran forward and threw it over the water hazard toward the green," he recalls. "The Japanese thought that was the funniest thing they had ever seen. They couldn't stop laughing."
That night, in a meeting with Isetan's top finance executive that lasted until 2 A.M., Robert Pressman negotiated the deal that is now financing the new Madison Avenue store and others. Isetan puts up the majority of the money, and Isetan and the Pressman family form a 50-50 real-estate partnership. Both sides are paid a fixed rent from the store, and collect a set percentage of the sales. The sales provision means the investors receive a return that moves up or down with the store's fortunes.
It is an equity investment, so the Pressmans aren't beholden to bankers. And Isetan certainly can't be accused of taking a fast-buck attitude: the partnership on the Madison Avenue store is a 499-year agreement. "Now that's long-term," Robert says.
The recession in Japan has battered Isetan, like other big Japanese retailers. Its profits have dropped sharply, and, under pressure, Kosuge has relinquished the presidency though kept the office of honorary chairman. But analysts say that Isetan remains a strong company and that its deal with Barneys does not seem in doubt.
FRED PRESSMAN STANDS IN the first-floor men's department at the Barneys 17th Street store, hunched over an Italian silk tie, stroking it gently. He launches into an instructive monologue about how the high thread count accounts for its velvety feel, the intricacies of the madder dyeing process and the silk mills in Como, Italy, he had just visited. A small, slender man with errant hair and rumpled sport coat, Pressmen has the air of a disheveled elf as he strides purposefully over to the shoe section. "I love English shoes, they have such character," he says, picking up a $300 pair of English brogues and then describing the fine points of last making, the choice of skins for the uppers, the hand finishing and stitching.
Retailing, he says, is "products and merchandise, not merchandising from ledger books, but from the feel of fabric and instinct." In specialty retailing, the big stores all try for exclusive deals with designers, and press manufacturers and craftsmen for custom-made goods. Fred Pressman, by all accounts, has been doing it longer and more skillfully than just about anyone in the men's business -- and his family is following the same approach in the women's departments.
For decades, he has toured the mills and factories in America, England, Scotland, Italy and the Far East, badgering suppliers and cutting deals. "Yes, dealing with Barneys can be difficult," says Walter B. D. Hickey Jr., chairman of the Hickey-Freeman Company, whose men's suits sell for $900 and up. "But their fashion instincts are excellent and they're known for stocking fine merchandise, so our association with Barneys has been good for us."
The new store will feature an additional round of special arrangements with suppliers. A half-dozen English shoemakers, for instance, are doing exclusive collections for the men's department. The Barneys penchant for working closely with suppliers is key to the growth of its private-label business, which has doubled in the last five years, to one third of total sales. For its private-label goods, Barneys buyers often go to the same mills and factories used by designers for men's and women's clothing, shoes and accessories.
"We work with manufacturers to pass more value on to the customers just like Wal-Mart or Ikea do, except we're applying the formula to high-end fashion merchandise," explains Peter Rizzo, the senior vice president for men's merchandising. It enables Barneys to sell high-quality goods for far less than designers, and make a handsome profit, with sales at the downtown Manhattan store and the branches reported 13 percent ahead of last year's levels. With the addition of the Madison Avenue store and a Beverly Hills store, the Pressmans expect the revenues in the next financial year to rise 60 percent to more than $400 million.
Few know the financial plans as well as Charles Bunstine, the chief operating officer, recruited last year from a major accounting firm, Coopers & Lybrand. He describes the target numbers for the Madison Avenue store -- direct selling expenses, sales people per unit of floor space and the like. He then adds, "Hey, all these numbers are neat, but what this is really about is a bet on the instincts of this family."
Win or lose on their new $100 million gamble, the whole family is committed to the business. Phyllis, Fred's wife, runs housewares and gifts; their daughter Liz Pressman Neubardt buys children's clothes; daughter Nancy Pressman Dressler buys women's designer clothes, and even Holly, Bob's wife, who has an M.B.A. and was a banker, now runs the boys department. They all live within several miles of each other in Westchester County and Greenwich, Conn. They often dine, play tennis and sometimes even take vacations together.
"I have no idea what other families talk about," says Phyllis. | 2019-04-18T18:42:25Z | https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/29/magazine/barneys-bets-the-store.html?pagewanted=all |
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Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2008.59:67-88. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. For personal use only.
Leaves and stems are ultimately derived from the shoot apical meristem (SAM); leaves arise from the peripheral zone of the SAM and stem tissue is derived from both the peripheral and central zones of the SAM. Both the peripheral and central regions of the SAM are formed during embryogenesis when the basic body plan of the plant is established. Interplay between points of maximal concentration of auxin and specific patterns of transcription of both auxin-responsive transcription factors and other patterning genes subdivide the embryo along both the apical-basal and central-peripheral axes. Differential gene expression along these axes leads to the differentiation of tissues, lateral organs, meristems, and boundary regions, each with varying responsiveness to auxin. Subsequent shoot growth and development is a reiteration of basic patterning processes established during embryogenesis.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTIONARY CONTEXT FOR ANALYSIS OF PATTERNING OF THE SHOOT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ORIGIN OF PATTERN FORMATION IN ARABIDOPSIS SPOROPHYTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Flow of Auxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interplay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insights into Temporal Aspects of Auxin Biology and Gene Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EXTRAPOLATING THE ARABIDOPSIS MODEL TO OTHER SEED PLANTS . . . . . . . . CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . .
Figure 1 Shoot apex of Ginkgo biloba. The shoot apical meristem includes the central zone (cz) of larger vacuolate cells and the peripheral zone (pz) of smaller, less vacuolate cells. Leaves are derived from the peripheral zone whereas both the peripheral and central zone contribute to the stem. Leaf primordia are labeled youngest (p0) to oldest (p3). Note the many mitotic figures ( yellow arrows) in the peripheral zone associated with p0.
For personal use only. leaves.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. are propagated during the remainder of the sporophytic phase of the life cycle. an understanding of the underlying molecular processes of these early stages can. Nonetheless. One 69 www. it is clear that position largely determines cell fate in most contexts. the study of embryogenesis contributes to our understanding of the SAM (56).org • Seed Plant Shoot Patterning and Polarity . analyses focusing on the initial patterning events may be informed by findings from the study of the SAM and conversely. and the programs necessary for the generation of lateral organs. Although this may merely be due to our present ignorance of the molecular mechanisms of plant development. and roots. although the reiterative nature of plant development renders the demarcation between embryogenesis and postembryonic development nebulous (16. to a large degree. be extrapolated to the rest of the growth and development of the sporophyte. the cotyledons. and highlight a few key events about which little is presently known. when seeds are shed from the parent plant and dispersed. The sporophyte (diploid) generation of seed plants (like all vascular plants) is capable of continuous development through the activities of shoot and root meristems. The developmental patterning that is established during embryogenesis is repeated throughout the life of the plant. This work has focused on the model system Arabidopsis. where many small. as in the files of cells readily apparent in the epidermises of stems. all the major pattern elements of the sporophyte body plan are established during the time between fertilization of the female gametophyte by the male gametophyte and the onset of seed dormancy. symmetry in the embryo. 95) and the ideas and experimental data in this review need to be considered in light of these other recent reviews on related topics. Downloaded from www. 2008.of leaf primordia from the peripheral zone.annualreviews. it is often convenient to think of seed development as embryogenesis. it is also possible that molecules other than peptides may be more important. peptide signaling molecules have been identified as critical for developmental patterning. Plant Biol. In general terms. Rev. implicating a role for signaling molecules. few such molecules have been identified in plants. secreted. and proximo-distal axes of the plant and its first lateral organs. Thus. Annu. 56). and control of phyllotaxy. For the purposes of this review we will use the term embryogenesis to encompass the developmental period in which the basic apical-basal. 54) and aspects of leaf development (7. The stage of development where the basic body plan of the seed plant sporophyte is established is often referred to as embryogenesis. the radial axis.59:67-88. Unlike animals. Other excellent reviews highlight additional aspects of body plan establishment in Arabidopsis (12. development is the process by which different cells of a multicellular organism attain different fates. 25. are established. For many species.annualreviews. Finally we discuss the significance of the emerging developmen- tal genetic data for understanding the nature of some of the concepts in plant development. Here we attempt to survey a limited number of recent findings that contribute toward understanding the development of the shoot system. which is amenable to genetic analysis and manipulation. this corresponds to the time between the formation of the zygote by fertilization of the female gametophyte and seed dormancy. It must be noted that this is not always the case because some species do not undergo a ‘dormant stage’. including the apical-basal axis. and the seeds of many species contain ‘embryos’ with several leaves in addition to the cotyledons. radial. Thus. such as cytohistological zonation in the SAM. We then attempt to extrapolate as to how generally applicable the developmental processes discovered in Arabidopsis are likely to be for other flowering plants and seed plants. 22. Although cell lineages are often visually conspicuous in plants. The basic patterns set up during this developmental window. and the establishment of differential growth. ORIGIN OF PATTERN FORMATION IN ARABIDOPSIS SPOROPHYTES In Arabidopsis.
2008.such molecule that has a pervasive role in plant development is auxin (12. Thus. auxin may act in an instructive manner. and predicted auxin flow during Arabidopsis embryogenesis. Apical cell Determining how these gradients are established and how they are modulated is critical to understanding pattern formation in plants. Following fertilization. Downloaded from www. Chalazal Suspensor Zygote Zygote Mic Micropylar c py cropy ylar 1-cell 2-cell 2-cell Figure 2 PIN FORMED (PIN) expression. 53. 70 4-cell 8-cell 16+-cell * * Early-globular Mid-globular Late-globular Transition Early-heart PIN7 PIN1 * * Predicted auxin flow Low DR5 expression High DR5 expression Mid-heart PIN1::PIN1:GFP DR5 negative auxin maxima? Bowman · Floyd . auxin maxima. establishment of the apical-basal axis. Indeed. three major patterning events in angiosperm embryogenesis. 60.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. establishent of the central-peripheral axes. the Annu. and subsequently. and initation of lateral organs (cotyledons). 25. Reversals in PIN1 polarity marking the establishment of the cotyledons. Rev. PIN1::PIN1:GFP in a late heart stage wild-type embryo. The Flow of Auxin In Arabidopsis apical-basal polarity of the sporophyte correlates with a polarity already established in the female gametophyte (Figure 2). For personal use only.59:67-88. auxin flow back toward the meristem following cotyledon formation are demarcated with asterisks. are correlated with dynamic patterns of auxin concentration and flux. 98). with the potential for concentration gradients to pattern developmental events. 13. Plant Biol.annualreviews.
It is tempting to speculate that an asymmetric distribution of auxin between two daughter cells whose chromatin status reflects an embryonic cell fate may be sufficient to result in a progression into an embryonic developmental program. www. including embryos lacking apical-basal polarity and consisting of a file of suspensor-like cells. development of a second embryo. Plant Biol. Rev. an establishment of upward flow of auxin in the protodermal layer and thence downwards through the center contributes to axial elongation of the future procambium in the late globular embryo. 2008. 99).59:67-88. Thus. derived from cells normally fated to be extraembryonic suspensor cells. if not instructive. experiments using reporter genes. Embryo polarity could be established in the egg cell prior to fertilization because Arabidopsis egg cells are distinctly polar with a large vacuole at the micropylar end and the nucleus positioned at the chalazal end (66).annualreviews. which will give rise to most of the embryo proper. indicates that embryonic polarity can be established autonomously. Secondly. Third. First.annualreviews. auxin is thought to be drained from the embryo during the globular stage owing to the basa1 expression of PIN1. the production of somatic embryos. Two observations suggest that embryonic patterning may be largely autonomous. a 71 Annu. this is likely due to extensive compensatory redundancy among PIN genes. free from the influence of any maternal sporophyte. Severe embryonic phenotypes. Downloaded from www. Second. the establishment of bilateral symmetry and the SAM is correlated with a reversal in PIN polarity at the apex of the globular embryo. with an opposite polarity as compared with that derived from the apical cell. For personal use only. and a larger micropylar basal cell that gives rise to the extraembryonic suspensor and the root meristem of the embryo. Dynamic changes in auxin flux and maxima are mediated by both transcriptional control of PIN genes and the regulation of polar localization of PIN proteins (15.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. suggest that embryonic polarity can be established independently of maternal inputs (96).zygote elongates and divides asymmetrically to produce a smaller apical cell. in which the expression patterns of other family members change as a response to loss-of-function PIN alleles. The basal cell of the two-celled zygote expresses PIN7 protein at its apical end. 102). the polarity established at the first zygotic division of the embryo corresponds with the polarity of the embryo sac. GNOM (GN). That the dynamic flow of auxin and the creation of maxima is. presumably facilitating auxin flow into the apical cell (36). at least necessary for proper embryo development is demonstrated by mutations in genes regulating PIN protein localization that result in abnormal auxin flow and embryonic patterning. Although loss of PIN7 activity has only minor effects on axis formation. 99). The correspondence between embryo sac polarity and maternal sporophyte polarity brings up the question of how much instruction the maternal sporophyte provides with regard to embryonic polarity. that respond positively to auxin suggest that auxin accumulates in the apical cell (reviewed in Reference 42). there is evidence that auxin is shunted back toward the meristem following the formation of lateral organ primordia (24. Dynamic changes in auxin flow correlate with subsequent major events in embryonic development as described in Figure 2 (36). are observed in pin1 pin3 pin4 pin7 quadruple mutants. Finally. 50). These two poles correspond to the asymmetric first division of the zygote that results in a smaller apical cell and a larger basal cell that receives the egg vacuole (Figure 2). 36. This pattern presages much of what follows and highlights the need for understanding the establishment of the role of the epidermis in general patterning processes. Apical-basal axis formation is also marked by an asymmetric distribution of members of the PIN FORMED (PIN) family of proteins that mediate cellular auxin efflux from cells (39.org • Seed Plant Shoot Patterning and Polarity . Firstly. Although auxin has been difficult to detect directly. such as DR5::GFP. 76. suggesting that the early auxin asymmetry observed at the two-cell stage may be instructive with respect to apical cell fate (15.
The creation of auxin maxima can be determined either by changing the direction of auxin flow such that opposing flows result in an accumulation of auxin. by localized synthesis of auxin. 104) and another via nitrilase (reviewed in Reference 73). 58. 99). but the polar localization of PIN1 protein is not oriented normally and the cotyledons fail to develop appropriately. In these double mutant combinations. 90).annualreviews. 99). the random changes in PIN1 distribution observed in gn mutants imply that GN does not determine the polarity of PIN localization (40.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. the SAM. On the basis of the coincident expression Annu. such that phosphorylation of PIN1 promotes its apical cellular localization. or alternatively. The gn mutant resembles the severe embryo phenotype of pin1 pin3 pin4 pin7. PID encodes a serine-threonine protein kinase. but much of embryonic pattern formation occurs normally in pid mutants. Phosphorylation of PIN proteins by PID is counteracted by the activity of PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2A (PP2A).membrane-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor. an important process for recycling of PIN proteins between endosomal compartments and the plasma membrane (90). primarily owing to the incomplete knowledge of auxin biosynthesis and its sequestration via conjugation. Rev. YUC1 and YUC4 expression is detected as early as the transition stage in the apical regions of the embryo. indicating the 72 Bowman existence of other controls. · Floyd . YUC4 is positively regulated by STYLISH1 (STY1). and incipient leaf primordia (21). At least four YUCCA genes are expressed during embryogenesis (21). 85. a transition stage embryo appears to develop. Auxin maxima directing the initiation of organs are altered in plants lacking PID function. regulates vesicle budding. 23). presumably through conjugative processes and increasing auxin flow. The expression of YUCCA genes in the presumptive SAM supports the hypothesis that elevated levels of auxin are present in the the SAM (Figure 2). Localized synthesis of auxin within the developing embryo could also play a role in creating auxin maxima and influencing auxin flows. 84. This is especially relevant because PIN1 expression is responsive to auxin concentration. suggesting that dynamic recycling of PIN proteins is important for embryo development (15. What little is known about the control of reversals in the polar localization of PIN proteins revolves around the activity of the PINOID (PID) gene. Plant Biol. one based on the products of the YUCCA genes (20. Furthermore. Although increases in auxin concentration through exogenous application or expression of bacterial biosynthetic genes can often be accommodated. 86. However. YUC10 and YUC11 are expressed in similar patterns during the heart stage. with later expression primarily at the tips of the cotyledons. What is the origin of embryonic auxin? This is a question that has been largely neglected thus far. 37). Thus. PID controls some aspects of polar PIN1 localization. 88). 59. suggesting the dynamic changes of auxin flux will include feedback regulation (50. For personal use only. Furthermore. suggesting that the control of auxin synthesis needs to be considered (104). 10. 17. and may directly regulate PIN1 polarity because loss of PID activity leads to basal PIN1 localization and gain of PID function leads to apical PIN1 localization in cells of cotyledon primordia (23. ectopic expression of YUCCA genes has severe morphological effects. 74.59:67-88. pid mutants often possess three cotyledons and fail to initiate floral organs (8. 94). whereas reduction in phosphorylation of PIN1 results in a basal cellular localization (70). Downloaded from www. 67. and and multiple loss of function mutations in STYLISH-related genes result in similar carpel and leaf phenotypes as YUCCA lossof-function mutant combinations (20. 2008. At least two biochemical pathways can lead to auxin synthesis. the loss of cotyledons in pid pin1 mutants can be suppressed by mutations in CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) genes (38). and auxin can be inactivated via conjugation pathways (reviewed in Reference 103). pid pin1 and pid enhancer of pinoid (enp) double mutants lack cotyledons (38.
org • Seed Plant Shoot Patterning and Polarity . 75). and subsequently leaf primordia. How is the protodermal layer initated and differentated? Second. require different gene expression patterns. STYLISH genes are likely involved in embryonic YUCCA gene regulation. The release of the ARF proteins from their AUX/IAA partner allows their binding to auxin response elements (AREs) and the regulation (positive or negative) of target genes. 46. the double mutants lack both the axial elongation of central cells and cotyledon initiation. During the transition from the early to late globular stages auxin is thought to flow upward in the epidermis and then downward through the central region instead of being drained from the embryo. from initially pumping auxin into the embryo. 101). the relative contributions of auxin synthesis and auxin flux in generating auxin maxima are not clear. the mechanism of reversal of PIN1 polarity in the epidermis at the apex of the embryo that establishes the positions of cotyledon primordia is largely unknown. 47. First. 60. suggesting that MP/NPH4 are required to interpret auxin maxima directing these two developmental processes. Fourth. The behavior of auxin flow differs significantly between the epidermal and internal cell layers. ARF2. The establishment of auxin maxima that mark the cotyledons. ARF proteins are negatively regulated by AUXIN/INDOLE ACETIC ACID (AUX/IAA) proteins. the initiation of lateral organ primordia and the establishment of procambial precursors.annualreviews. www. MONOPTEROS (MP/ARF5 ) and NONPHOTOTROPIC HYPOCOTYL 4 (NPH4/ARF7 ) have demonstrated roles in embryo axis patterning. For personal use only. and ARF4 are likely candidates for contributing to cotyledon patterning (4. Third. However. Subsequent flow into the internal cells from sites of auxin maxima establishes the path of provascular tissue. although it is likely related to the origin of the protodermal layer. this does not preclude the participation of other family members in other aspects of embryonic pattern formation. result in a similar loss of embryonic apical-basal polarity. BODENLOS (BDL). At present. how is auxin flow shifted from being primarily epidermal to an internal flow into subepidermal layers at sites of PIN1 convergence? Such changes result in a draining of auxin from the site of the epidermal maxima and mark the initial establishment of routes of vascular patterning. but it is likely that a combination of localized auxin synthesis and directional auxin flow is required to generate and maintain auxin maxima. Rev. concomitant with the initiation of cotyledons 73 Annu. Several significant morphological transitions during embryogenesis remain enigmatic. The control and initation of this process is also unknown. which are targeted for degradation in response to auxin via a transport inhibitor resistant (TIR)-mediated targeting of the AUX/IAA protein to the proteasome (reviewed in References 26. with double mutants lacking both apical and basal embryonic development (11. the establishment of the protoderm by periclinal divisions at the eight-cell stage sets the stage for signaling events between cell layers. changes in auxin flow. Two members of the ARF gene family.59:67-88. MP/NPH4 must interact with other cell type–specific factors to regulate morphogenesis. and 103). 82. 93. Downloaded from www. Plant Biol. imply that embryonic pattern formation requires both dynamic changes in PIN protein expression patterns and subcellular localization. Finally. One consequence of auxin maxima created by convergent auxin flow and localized auxin synthesis is the activation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs).annualreviews. ETTIN.patterns of STY1 and YUCCA genes during embryogenesis. suggesting that MP/NPH4 and BDL are the primary ARF-AUX/IAA proteins involved in early embryonic development (44. 2008. Because these processes. Dominant gain-of-function alleles in an AUX/IAA partner. Specifically. 45. transcription factors that activate and/or repress target genes (reviewed in References 61 and 82). occurs through changes in auxin flow within the epidermal layer and likely localized synthesis of auxin. 101). to a state where auxin is drained from the embryo at the early globular stage.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12.
CUC expression becomes limited to the marginal regions. KANADI in yellow. CUC genes are initially expressed in a domain extending across the upper region of the globular embryo. dividing the embryo into two halves (2. not to be comprehensive.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. Once SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM ) is activated in the center of the embryo (65) to mark the future SAM. Plant Biol.59:67-88. effectively forming a boundary between the cotyledons (92). even of those Figure 3 Expression patterns of four classes of transcription factors [PHABULOSA (PHB) + PHAVOLUTA (PHV ) + REVOLUTA (REV ) in green. CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC ) in red. which completes the establishment of all the major pattern elements of the apical portion of the embryo. 100) (Figure 3). Downloaded from www. Arabidopsis transcription activation factor (ATAF). and ARF genes is a largely unknown territory. Note that both the spatial and temporal patterns are approximate because the observations of expression for each gene were done independently. For personal use only.annualreviews.is the formation of the SAM. 89. 74 Annu. 2008. Rev. and CUC] transcription factors causes a repression of growth between organs that creates boundaries. without multiple labeling of individual embryos. How are these dynamic changes achieved? Interplay What is known about the transcriptional control of the auxin synthesis. the expression patterns of several classes of transcription factors have been correlated with aspects of auxin biology. Although the direct transcriptional control of PIN. 92. SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM ) in blue] during early embryogenesis. PID. Loss of CUC 4-cell 8-cell 16+-cell Early-globular Mid-globular Late-globular Transition Early-heart PHB + PHV + REV KANADI CUC STM Mid-heart Late-heart Bowman · Floyd . and response machinery? Unfortunately. but to highlight how little is known about their precise roles. genes that have been subjected to significant analyses. and their expression is correlated with low auxin levels (38). not much. Here we describe a few. flux. The activity of the CUC class of NAC [no apical meristem (NAM).
Class I KNOX genes are excluded from the positions of auxin maxima associated with the site of leaf initiation within the SAM.org • Seed Plant Shoot Patterning and Polarity . 64). at sites of PIN polarity reversal where auxin appears to be drained from a point).annualreviews. The accumulated evidence suggests that Class I KNOX genes are expressed in regions of low auxin concentration and low PIN-mediated transport and act to inhibit processes of growth and differentiation that are associated with auxin action. BP is also expressed in the cortex of the hypocotyl and in young internodal regions that become cortex. and thus boundaries may be instructive during developmental processes. 62).activity results in a loss of separation between the cotyledons.g. boundaries may facilitate communication pathways between the two separated organs by providing a third cell type distinct from each of the entities that the boundary defines. the nebulous relationship between CUC gene expression and the regulation of auxin synthesis and flow highlights the paucity of our knowledge about the relative temporal relationships of change in gene expression during embryonic pattern formation.59:67-88. and it has been suggested that Class I KNOX genes are downregulated by high levels of auxin and may also act to repress auxin transport (48. STM is not activated appropriately in cuc1 cuc2 embryos. members of the Class III homeodomainleucine zipper (HD-Zip) gene family have expression patterns that correlate with known pathways of auxin flow out of the apex toward 75 Annu.. Second. a Class I knotted1like homeobox (KNOX) gene (1) (Figure 3). The observation that some of the CUC genes are initially activated in a border domain suggests that they are in some respects responding to a preexisting boundary. 49). but what establishes this boundary remains unclear. premature and increased levels of lignification occur in cortical and interfascicular regions of the stem. a phenotype that can be phenocopied by application of auxin transport inhibitors to developing embryos (1. 52. such that a SAM is not formed (1). One consequence of CUC expression in the central apical region of the embryo is the activation of STM. such that the entire periphery of the embryo develops as a single cupshaped cotyledon. CUC gene expression defines boundaries. Class I KNOX gene activity is hypothesized to suppress differentiation within the SAM and the formation of organ boundaries (6. and directly downregulates components of the lignin biosynthetic pathway (69). For personal use only. In addition. In bp mutant plants. Hay and coworkers (49) propose a model in which Class I KNOX genes in the SAM [such as STM and BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) in Arabidopsis and KNOTTED 1 (KN1) in maize] promote cytokinin synthesis and downregulate gibberellic acid (GA) levels. Observations in real time of living inflorescence apices have been pivotal in providing insight into these processes. Are CUC genes activated in response to low auxin levels (e. which can provide a separation between organs so that they can subsequently develop autonomously (reviewed in Reference 3). Downloaded from www. In addition.annualreviews. as described below (50). Conversely. www. promoting meristematic activity. In contrast to the Class I KNOX genes. Rev. For example.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. CUC genes are ectopically expressed throughout the apical periphery of pin1 pid embryos and cotyledon primordia fail to initiate appropriately. Several lines of evidence indicate that Class I KNOX genes may act to regulate and be regulated by plant hormones to promote maintenance or formation of the SAM (43. but removal of CUC activity in this background results in the restoration of cotyledon development (38). First. ectopic CUC expression is correlated with a repression of growth. Analyses of CUC genes highlight two significant questions with respect to pattern formation. whereas overexpression of BP leads to a reduction in lignification throughout the stem (69). or does the activation of CUC genes result in a subsequent reduction in the response to auxin? These scenarios do not have to be mutually exclusive. 2008. Plant Biol. 49). and perhaps the variability in the initial expression patterns of CUC1 and CUC2 reflects an interplay between CUC and PIN gene regulation.
( j ) KAN1 expression in the heart stage embryo.59:67-88. which is consistent with a role for this gene in directing the normal flow of auxin within the shoot (27. Downloaded from www. revoluta. Class III HD-Zip genes may respond to auxin by promoting the differentiation of cell types (e. Although the mechanistic relationship between presumptive pathways of auxin flow and Class III HD-Zip gene expression is unknown. rev. In this background.and gain-of-function REV mutations lead to a reduction or expansion. blue arrows mark ectopic expression in kan124 embryos.annualreviews. PIN FORMED. rather than 76 Bowman direct. 78). 106) (Figure 3. phavulota. PIN. 78. continues such that an embryo with a single central auxin maximum is formed (Figure 4g). However. 2008. incipient leaf primordia and in the provasculature (27. kanadi. ¨ Loss of DORNROSCHEN (DRN ) and DRN-LIKE (DRNL) activity results in an embryonic mutant phenotype similar to that of loss of Class III HD-Zip gene activity (19). Rev. of lignified tissues in the stem. DRN and DRNL proteins physically interact with Class III HD-Zip proteins and the embryonic expression pattterns of DRN and DRNL overlap with those of Class III HD-Zip · Floyd . For personal use only. respectively. lacking adaxial cell types. 50. 107). White arrows denote cotyledons. and that by disrupting Class III HD-Zip activity reduced auxin flow occurs owing to a loss of proper conduits. Instead.g. kan. the pattern of presumed auxin flow in the early globular embryo. (e–g) PIN1::PIN1:GFP. results in a loss of central shoot identity (27. and instead comprise a single radialized cotyledon. 4h–i ). phabulosa. (h–i ) REV expression in the inflorescence shoot and heart stage embryo.. the reversals in PIN1 polarity that establish the divergent flow of auxin away from the center of the embryo and demarcate bilateral symmetry do not occur (51). Wild-type kan124 phb phv rev REV REV KAN1 Figure 4 (a–d ) Seedlings. as in phabulosa (phb) phavoluta (phv) revoluta (rev) mutants. procambium) that further facilitate auxin polar transport away from the SAM and in the vasculature. The apical regions of mutant seedlings lack a SAM. phv. Zhong & Ye (106) showed that auxin polar transport is reduced in rev plants and that the expression of two of the PIN genes is reduced. 105. Loss. blue arrows show ‘hypocotyl leaves’.a b c d Wild-type kanadi124 phb phv rev kan124 phb phv rev e f g h i j Annu. radial vascular bundle (Figure 4c). that dynamic patterns of auxin flow appear to be established in a phb phv rev background in which KANADI activity (see below) is also removed suggests that that Class III HD-Zip activity may largely respond to. 68.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. and the yellow arrow shows the ‘central’ leaf. upward through the epidermis and down centrally. patterns of auxin flux. Plant Biol. it has been reported that Class III HD-Zip genes influence polar auxin transport. with a small. Loss of Class III HD-Zip activity. Abbreviations: phb.
www. In kan1 kan2 kan4 embryos. Leaf primordia are initiated from the peripheral region when exogenous auxin is applied. as was shown by the application of exogenous auxin to shoot apices (80). one might expect to see a reversal of PIN1 from leaf/cotyledon primordia toward the SAM. but this capability is restricted during the globular stages by the peripheral expression of KANADI. such a reversal could account for the high expression levels of PIN1 in the L1 layer of the meristem in late heart and torpedo stage embryos (51). PIN1-mediated auxin flow converges and appropriate auxin response factors are expressed. ectopic auxin maxima form in the hypocotyl.org • Seed Plant Shoot Patterning and Polarity . Normally this occurs only in the peripheral zone of the meristem. in phb phv rev kan1 kan2 kan4 hextuple mutants. suggesting they may act in a common protein complex (19. 78). and the Class I KNOX genes likely play some role. Loss.59:67-88. However. 30. The ectopic auxin maxima are generated by ectopic reversals in PIN1 localization below the cotyledons as well as by the ectopic maintenance of PIN1 localization at the apical end of protodermal cells of the hypocotyl (Figure 4f ). PIN1 is expressed more basally around the entire circumference of the embryo (Figure 4j ). but they are not initiated from the central zone even if auxin is applied to the center of the meristem (80). 57). 50) also cautions against the use of using only DR5 to define auxin maxima. not limited to the establishment of flower meristems. but because PHB. These results suggest that auxin-mediated organ outgrowth can occur wherever opposing. ARR (Arabidopsis response regulators) and Psr1 (phosphorous stress response1 from Chlamydomonas). but in KANADI mutants. Another class of gene that has been proposed to regulate auxin biology is the KANADI group of GARP transcription factors. 85). the ectopic auxin maximum induces an ectopic leaf-like organ in the hextuple mutant.and gain-of-function phenotypes of KANADI activity are largely the converse of those of Class III HD-Zip genes (29. During the globular stage PIN1 normally becomes restricted to the apical portion of the embryo. The interactions between these four families of transcription factors and auxin biology highlight that the response to auxin maxima is context dependent. because this method depends on the distribution of ARFs that act as activators of transcription 77 Annu. One hypothesis for the origin of the ectopic reversal lies in what has been observed by live imaging of the dynamic changes in PIN1 localization in the flowering shoot apices of Arabidopsis (50). named for maize Golden 2.annualreviews. Plant Biol. perhaps acting through downstream genes. Because PIN1 is positively regulated by auxin (50.genes. The idea that the meristem may also be a point of high auxin concentration (24. PIN1 is already ectopically expressed during the globular stage.annualreviews. The lack of response in the central zone of the SAM to auxin requires the function of the Class III HD-Zip genes. one phenotypic feature of loss of KANADI activity that is not observed in gain-of-function alleles of Class III HD-Zip genes is the formation of leaves from the hypocotyl of kan1 kan2 kan4 plants (51) (Figure 4b). For personal use only. Once a flower primordium is established. Rev. If this reversal is a general process. if this reversal is not limited to the regions adaxial to the cotyledons. Likewise. However. cells of the developing hypocotyl are initially competent to form and respond to auxin maxima.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. PHV. 71). and REV are required for normal SAM development (27. radial leaf-like organs also initiate from the hypocotyl and the shoot apex (Figure 4d ). Downloaded from www. The ‘hypocotyl’ leaves that develop during embryogenesis are associated with ectopic auxin maxima that form during the heart stage. Following cotyledon formation. the orientation of PIN1 reverses such that auxin is transported away from the newly initiated flower primordium back toward the meristem (50). the flow of auxin back toward the center of the embryo in the hextuple kan1 kan2 kan4 phv phb rev mutant would create an auxin maximum in the position normally occupied by the SAM in the wild-type. 2008. but also occurs below the cotyledons owing to the ectopic expression of PIN1 there.
Rev.(reviewed in Reference 42). whose regulation is thought to reflect ARF activity in cells. Conceptually a self-organizing system could be established by the initation of auxin synthesis at sites of auxin maxima. ETTIN (ETT. difficulties arise owing to their embedded position within the maternal sporophyte. Because the distribution of ARF activation is dependent on auxin.59:67-88. Insights into Temporal Aspects of Auxin Biology and Gene Expression A major limiting factor in our understanding of pattern formation is the lack of knowledge about the relative temporal relationships between the dynamic changes in auxin flow and gene expression of transcriptional regulators of patterning. The induction of ETT/ARF4 in response to auxin abaxially. 75). a large fraction of which is expressed (based on microarray data) in the embryo or in the shoot tips (reviewed in References 61 and 82). Although in theory this could be accomplished by observing developing embryos. could lead to the downregulation of auxin responses via their combined activity. For personal use only. The KANADI genes provide an example of a likely negative feedback loop involving ARF activity. the action of ARFs in conjunction with other transcription factors is likely instrumental in coordinating these events. whereas the primordia produced on the · Floyd . Although the KANADI/ETT/ARF4 system exhibits a role only in the cotyledons and leaves. similar feedback modules could act in different cells on the basis of the different combinations of ARF proteins and other transcription factors expressed in particular cell types.annualreviews. In Arabidopsis the ARF gene family consists of 23 members and the AUX/IAA family consists of 29 members. perhaps at a second threshold level of auxin. 85. as well as a need for integrating these with the expression of other developmentally important genes. both in the phyllotaxy of the shoot and in the devel78 Bowman Annu. A greater understanding of the expression patterns and lossof-function phenotypes of ARF gene family members in addition to those of MP and NPH4 is required to begin to understand the role of these genes in embryonic patterning. and finally at the sites of cotyledon primordia. 55. 2008. Loss of ARF2. Mutations in ETT also enhance the phenotypic effects of kan1 mutations and suppress the effects of ectopic KANADI activity. in a domain in which KANADI activity is already present. 79) (Figure 5). auxin maxima form sequentially in the embryo proper. ARF3). the root pole. Again. and these combinations feed back to further influence auxin biology as well as other transcriptional patterns. patterning is a complex interplay between ARFs and other transcription factors within a cell. the need for an understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns of auxin biosynthesis and ARF gene expression is highlighted. perhaps at a certain threshold level of auxin. a phenotype that resembles loss of KANADI activity (4. 81. DR5 is a synthetic promoter composed of four repeats of a composite auxin response element. Although some changes could occur in the absence of transcription. and ARF4 activity results in adaxialized leaves with outgrowths on their abaxial sides. the shoot pole. Downloaded from www. 87). opment of leaf vascular patterns (9. This could be extrapolated to the formation of auxin maxima in the embryo. the increased auxin synthesis could then lead to a change in the flow of auxin away from the site of synthesis. However. The primary difference between the developmental dynamics of the inflorescence meristem and the establishment of embryonic patterning and subsequent functioning of the vegetative shoot meristem is that primordia formed on the periphery of the inflorescence meristem represent a reduced bract and its axillary meristem (the flower). recent technical advances in microscopy have allowed such observations in the Arabidopsis inflorescence meristem (41.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. Epistasis experiments suggest neither activity is upstream or downstream of the other. leading Pekker and colleagues (75) to speculate that KANADI and ARF proteins act together. The formation of auxin maxima exhibits hallmarks of a self-organizing system. Plant Biol. 24.
suggesting the auxin adaxial to the primordium flows back toward the center of the meristem. both CUC2 and STM are downregulated in regions predicted to have a high auxin concentration (50).59:67-88. further highlighting the need for information about the sites of auxin synthesis. First. suggesting that PIN1 and REV expression interact to define a boundary. REV is initially expressed in the central region of the shoot meristem. REV expression extends only to the abaxial edge of PIN1 maximum expression and not all the way to the abaxial margin of the peripheral zone.annualreviews. both genes are upregulated in a band of cells just adaxial to the region of downregulation. Expression of PIN1 marks the initiation of flower meristems in two respects. Concomitant with the formation of peripheral auxin maxima. both in the embryo and at later stages of development. Following the formation of auxin maxima in the peripheral zone. as if following the flow of auxin predicted by the polar expression of PIN1 protein. Despite this caveat. The dynamics of PIN1 protein expression observed with live imaging of inflorescence apices resembles that observed during embryogenesis (50).org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. 99). www. Flower primordia (Pn) and incipient positions (In) where flower primordia will next arise are labeled. 2008. following the observed reversal of auxin flow back toward the meristem (presumably from where auxin is being drained). the polarity of PIN1 protein in the shoot apex is toward the position of the incipient flower meristem. because PIN1 is positively regulated by increases in auxin concentration. whereas REV exhibits the converse expression pattern. In addition. Downloaded from www. For personal use only. 74. REV expression disappears from this region such that the REV 79 Annu. However. or that both PIN1 and REV may be responding to a preexisting abaxial-adaxial boundary (50). suggesting that auxin is flowing from the meristem toward the position of the next flower primordium. REVOLUTA (REV) ( green) and FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) (magenta) proteins labeled. and its expression pattern expands within the epidermis in a ray from the center of the meristem toward the site of primordium initiation. with or without associated axillary meristems (63). auxin maxima are formed in the periphery of the meristem at the positions predicted by the polarity of PIN1 within the meristem.annualreviews. At approximately the time when CUC2 and STM are upregulated in a boundary region adaxial to the primordium. CUC2 and STM are downregulated in response to high auxin. the expression levels of PIN1 are highest at the sites of flower initiation (50.org • Seed Plant Shoot Patterning and Polarity . the cells adaxial to the newly formed primordium exhibit a reversal in the polarity of PIN1 protein. suggesting both these genes may be regulated by ARF-mediated transcriptional responses. CUC2 expression forms a boundary between the newly established flower primordium and the inflorescence meristem. Plant Biol. Second. In most respects this is similar to what has been observed during the globular to heart stages of embryogenesis. studies on the dynamics of gene expression in the inflorescence and flower meristems obtained by live imaging (50) can likely be extrapolated to other stages of shoot development. On the basis of DR5 reporter gene expression. with the exception of the lack of an established shoot meristem in the embryo that could act as a source of auxin to be funneled to the sites of cotyledon initiation. periphery of the globular embryo or the vegetative meristem are leaf-like organs.P1 P4 P3 I1 P2 P5 Figure 5 Arabidopsis inflorescence apex with PIN FORMED 1 (PIN1) (blue). Rev.
It is not known if CUC1/CUC2 orthologs exist in gymnosperms. patterning in the seed plant SAM likely involves conserved genes with conserved functions that evolved in a common ancestor. For personal use only. MP. allowing cause to be separated from effect with respect to some developmental events. with homologs present in lycophytes and moss (32). which is expressed in the peripheral zone. the presumed role of Class I KNOX genes in suppressing growth and response to auxin in the Arabidopsis SAM may be conserved in seed plants. the Class III HD-Zip gene 80 Bowman family is present in the genome of all land plants (33. such as the YUCCA genes. Class I KNOX genes are also expressed in the apices of gymnosperms. a slight overlap in the expression domains of FIL and REV is detected. Rev. a search of the rice genome indicates that there is a single gene that is the likely ortholog of CUC1 and CUC2 (S. These data are consistent with the presence of at least one CUC1/CUC2 gene in all seed plants. Class I KNOX genes are also ancient. and application of these techniques to embryo development and vegetative meristems will allow the identification of the common mechanisms of organ establishment and meristem function in Arabidopsis. Can we extend the model for patterning the Arabidopsis embryo to embryos of other flowering plants and seed plants and account for variability among them? One immediately obvious difference within flowering plants is the lack of bilateral symmetry of the monocot embryo. Finally. 91). and adaxially in leaves (31. Likewise.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. but this event likely represents the beginning of autonomous development of the flower primoridum. Downloaded from www. as is STM.Annu. This suggests a conserved role for Class III HD-Zip function in establishing central shoot identity and adaxial leaf identity as well as promoting vascular development in seed plants. 77. The first to be identified. is expressed in the SAM and is excluded from the sites of leaf initiation. It is not clear at present what is cause and effect.K. Plant Biol.annualreviews. PHV. Although there are no published data. 2008. Gymnosperms have a single ortholog of PHB. provascular tissue. but Axtell & Bartel (5) identified miR164. Thus. where they are excluded from the sites of leaf initiation (14. KNOTTED-1 (KN1) in maize. and further multiple combinations of fluorescently labeled proteins will continue to provide additional insights into these developmental processes. The KANADI gene family is also ancient. FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) expression marks the abaxial region of the primordium. a microRNA that targets CUC1 and CUC2. 83). Although there is no direct evidence to date about expression and function of PIN genes in shoot apices of plants other than Arabidopsis. with homologs identified in the lycophyte Selaginella and the moss Physcomitrella (32). peripheral to the maximal region of PIN1 expression. STY. Floyd. unpublished data).59:67-88. The significance of these results is that for the first time we have a glimpse into the temporal relationships between the establishment of auxin maxima and some gene expression patterns. the PIN gene family seems to be ancient in land plants. Thus. suggesting there is a single auxin · Floyd . EXTRAPOLATING THE ARABIDOPSIS MODEL TO OTHER SEED PLANTS What evidence exists for commonality in mechanisms of patterning and polarity among diverse seed plants? All seed plants exhibit a SAM with similar patterns of cytohistological zonation and spiral phyllotaxis. although to date there is no evidence for the function of KANADI homologs in nonflowering plants. 33). in a conifer. and REV. expression in the primordium is cut off from the REV expression in the meristem center. and loss of both genes leads to loss of SAM (reviewed in Reference 43). It seems reasonable to predict that PIN-mediated auxin maxima may be responsible for the initiation of organs from the peripheral zone. The examination of additional genes. and KANADI. and map to the common ancestor of mosses and vascular plants (18).
encircling the SAM. embryogenesis in flowering plants begins with asymmetrical division of the zygote as in Arabidopsis. Plant Biol. Most nuclei are aggregated at what will become the apical end and cellularization begins there as well. 2008. it is clear that seed plant embryos vary in terms of the number. The shoot apex becomes organized even in the absence of complete cellularization of the basal end in cycads Annu. PINOID) influence and are influenced by transcription factors. Auxin maxima form in the peripheral zone to determine where leaf primordia will emerge. Downloaded from www.59:67-88. Class III HD-Zips) and some of which are associated with low auxin concentrations (KNOX. However. most gymnosperm embryos begin with a phase of freenuclear division. leaf primordia are broader than in Arabidopsis. Finally. which can happen only in multicellular tissue. However. PIN-mediated auxin flux occurs through polar localization of PIN proteins at the plasma membrane. and insertion of cotyledons so that cotyledon initiation leads to asymmetry (monocots. but in cycads each cotyledon has a base that encircles the meristem much like a grass leaf base (35). Other genes that are expressed in the peripheral zone include PHB. the clearly bipolar embryos contain hundreds of nuclei (in cycads and Ginkgo). 34). and initiate the provasculature of the hypocotyl cannot occur in the gymnosperm embryo and may reflect a heterochronic shift to engage shoot patterning mechanisms at an earlier stage in development in the flowering plant lineage. In maize. a whorl of cotyledons is formed. and KN1 is excluded in an encircling zone on the SAM prior to the emergence of the leaf primordium (52). CONCLUDING REMARKS A model is emerging in which auxin gradients and auxin transporters (PINs. (35). CUC. Much emphasis is placed on the onset of bilateral symmetry in Arabidopsis embryogenesis. Although auxin gradients may be involved. The tightly controlled movement of auxin through particular cells and cell layers of the early embryo that occurs in Arabidopsis to create the shoot pole. position. 81 www. or radial symmetry (conifers). some of which are associated with high auxin concentration and flux (ARFs. Rev. KANADI). This suggests a broader auxin maximum throughout a larger arc of the peripheral zone in maize than in Arabidopsis. On the basis of the model for Arabidopsis we would predict that the differences in cotyledon number and arrangement among seed plants reflect spatial and temporal differences in PIN-mediated maxima and CUC-mediated boundaries.org • Seed Plant Shoot Patterning and Polarity . As we mentioned at the beginning of this review. Expression and functional data are needed to confirm or reject these predictions.maximum during embryogenesis resulting in an asymmetrical embryo. suggesting numerous auxin maxima are formed in those embryos. Together these transcription factors create patterns of differential growth in the shoot to maintain a meristem and produce lateral organs. Bilateral symmetry and heart stage are descriptive terms that apply to some seed plants and it is more broadly meaningful to focus on the developmental process of organogenesis (56). and REV in the adaxial side of the entire peripheral zone.annualreviews. bilateral symmetry (dicotyledonous plants).org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. zygotic PIN-mediated polar transport cannot establish polarity within the free-nuclear embryo of gymnosperms (on the basis of our understanding of PIN function in Arabidopsis). The underlying commonality is that cotyledon initiation represents the onset of organogenesis from the shoot apex (56). Cycads and Ginkgo both have two cotyledons. The central zone includes the initial cells and their subadjacent derivatives. In conifers. PHV. in which cell division is infrequent and the cells are larger and more vacuolate than in the peripheral zone (Figure 1). For personal use only. create the root pole. cycads).annualreviews. the SAM of seed plants is unique among land plants in that it exhibits cytohistological zonation that is associated with maintenance of stem cells (the central zone) and the production of lateral organs (the peripheral zone) (28.
PHV. more vacuolate character that defines the central zone until after STM expression. Tasaka M. The first auxin maxima forms at the boundary of KANADI and PHB. and Monash University. 2008. LITERATURE CITED 1. Ishida T. such as the role of auxin biosynthesis and the causal relationship of auxin maxima. and STM everywhere except the auxin maxima. At the same time. not establish them. The fact that a ring of tissue with adaxial and abaxial characters develops in the pin1 mutant inflorescence meristem and the cuc1 cuc2 mutant embryo indicates that ad/abaxial polarity does not depend on the formation of auxin maxima or leaf primordia in the peripheral zone (1. Marcus Heisler. CUC1 and CUC2 between adjacent primordia. 68). We thank members of our lab. This supports the view of Kaplan & Cooke (56) that the apical pole of the globular proembryo is the SAM and STM activity is required to maintain a population of stem cells. PHB. KAN1 expression is evident around the periphery of the hypocotyl (57).annualreviews. The authors’ research is funded by the Australian Research Council (DP0771232. We apologize for citing reviews in some cases rather than the primary literature owing to a lack of space. and the transcription factors that are expressed in those regions. Downloaded from www. Genes involved in organ separation in Arabidopsis: An analysis of the cup-shaped cotyledon mutant. PHV. However. Plant Biol. FF0561326). Plant Cell 9:841–57 82 Bowman · Floyd . Fujisawa H. There are still many gaps in the Arabidopsis model. 97).org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12.59:67-88. Fukaki H. the United States National Science Foundation (IOB-0515435). and REV are initially expressed throughout the embryo and then their expression becomes restricted to the apical and central regions (27. In both embryos and growing shoot apices organs form at the boundary of an abaxial/outer domain and an adaxial/inner domain of PHB. For personal use only.Annu. which indicates that the peripheral zone is defined and functional prior to the establishment of the central zone and that in stm mutant plants the peripheral zone is established but the central zone is not. Rev. such as the developmental origin of the SAM in seed plants and the manner in which the SAM functions. cells at the center of the meristem do not acquire the larger. However. PHV. and Marcus Heisler for the image in Figure 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Gabriela Pagnussat for the images of embryo development in Figures 2 and 3. plant developmental genetics is beginning to address the fundamental issues of patterning in plants that we can apply to long-standing concepts from comparative anatomy to achieve a better understanding of seed plant development and evolution. minima. Together this suggests that the peripheral zone is a region that represents the boundary of peripheral and central shoot expression domains in which auxin maxima form. and Yuval Eshed for helpful discussions over the years. The data merging from detailed analyses of Arabidopsis are beginning to provide new insights into the developmental genetics of some longstanding questions. We also have still more to learn about how broadly the Arabidopsis model can be applied to understand seed plant shoot patterning in general. Aida M. 1997. REV expression where there is no STM expression (50). with auxin flow converging from outer and inner domains. KANADI in the abaxial side of the peripheral zone. The real-time analyses of Heisler and coworkers (50) suggest that the peripheral zone is already polarized with adaxial and abaxial domains when auxin maxima are formed and when elevated levels of REV expression occur. REV expression (50). In the globular embryo.
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Downloaded from www. Howe and Georg Jander p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 41 Patterning and Polarity in Seed Plant Shoots John L. Rev. For personal use only. Plant Biol. Graham p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 115 The Role of Glutathione in Photosynthetic Organisms: Emerging Functions for Glutaredoxins and Glutathionylation Nicolas Rouhier. and Jean-Pierre Jacquot p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 143 Algal Sensory Photoreceptors Peter Hegemann p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 167 Plant Proteases: From Phenotypes to Molecular Mechanisms Renier A. Floyd p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 67 Chlorophyll Fluorescence: A Probe of Photosynthesis In Vivo Neil R.J.L.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12.C.Annual Review of Plant Biology Contents Our Work with Cyanogenic Plants Eric E. St´ ephane D. 2008.annualreviews. Bowman and Sandra K. Lemaire. Conn p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 1 Annu. Bailey-Serres and L. Baker p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 89 Seed Storage Oil Mobilization Ian A. 2008 New Insights into Nitric Oxide Signaling in Plants Ang´ elique Besson-Bard.59:67-88. Alain Pugin. van der Hoorn p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 191 Gibberellin Metabolism and its Regulation Shinjiro Yamaguchi p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 225 Molecular Basis of Plant Architecture Yonghong Wang and Jiayang Li p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 253 Decoding of Light Signals by Plant Phytochromes and Their Interacting Proteins Gabyong Bae and Giltsu Choi p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 281 Flooding Stress: Acclimations and Genetic Diversity J. Voesenek p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 313 v .A. and David Wendehenne p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 21 Plant Immunity to Insect Herbivores Gregg A. Volume 59.
Downloaded from www. Libourel and Yair Shachar-Hill p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 625 Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance Rana Munns and Mark Tester p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 651 Sealing Plant Surfaces: Cuticular Wax Formation by Epidermal Cells Lacey Samuels. Gould. Lucia F. Nitrogen Transformations. Rev. Tetsuya Kurata. and Camille Steber p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 387 Trehalose Metabolism and Signaling Matthew J. and Geoffrey I. Waller. Deveraj Jhurreea.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12. McFadden p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 491 Coordinating Nodule Morphogenesis with Rhizobial Infection in Legumes Giles E. 2008. and Yuhua Zhang p p p p p p p p 417 Auxin: The Looping Star in Plant Development Ren´ e Benjamins and Ben Scheres p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 443 Regulation of Cullin RING Ligases Sara K. Fabio Fornara.D. Primavesi.annualreviews.59:67-88. Cavagnaro p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 341 A Genetic Regulatory Network in the Development of Trichomes and Root Hairs Tetsuya Ishida. and Timothy R. and Brett Lahner p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 709 Annu. Ivan Baxter. Plant Biol. and Takuji Wada p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 365 Molecular Aspects of Seed Dormancy Ruth Finkelstein. and Reinhard Jetter p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 683 Ionomics and the Study of the Plant Ionome David E. Oldroyd and J. and Ecosystem Services Louise E. Hotton and Judy Callis p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 467 Plastid Evolution Sven B. Jackson. and George Coupland p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 573 Plant Aquaporins: Membrane Channels with Multiple Integrated Functions Christophe Maurel. vi Contents . Wendy Reeves. Paul. Doan-Trung Luu. Salt. Kiyotaka Okada. Lionel Verdoucq. Ross F. Ljerka Kunst. Tohru Ariizumi. Allan Downie p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 519 Structural and Signaling Networks for the Polar Cell Growth Machinery in Pollen Tubes Alice Y.Roots. For personal use only. Martin Burger. Cheung and Hen-ming Wu p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 547 Regulation and Identity of Florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T Moves Center Stage Franziska Turck. and V´ eronique Santoni p p p p 595 Metabolic Flux Analysis in Plants: From Intelligent Design to Rational Engineering Igor G.L.
For personal use only. 2008. Facchini p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 735 Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist’s Analysis of the Issues (Part I) Peggy G.Alkaloid Biosynthesis: Metabolism and Trafficking J¨ org Ziegler and Peter J.org/ Contents vii . Volumes 49–59 p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 813 Cumulative Index of Chapter Titles. Downloaded from www. Errata An online log of corrections to Annual Review of Plant Biology articles may be found at http://plant. Volumes 49–59 p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 818 Annu. Lemaux p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p 771 Indexes Cumulative Index of Contributing Authors.org by University of Uppsala on 12/13/12.59:67-88.annualreviews.annualreviews. Plant Biol. Rev. | 2019-04-23T08:27:24Z | https://www.scribd.com/document/163508473/annurev-2Earplant-2E57-2E032905-2E105356 |
Our best selling model for a reason: For most people and their uses it offers the optimum balance of loading space, low weight and practicability.
Small and lightweight hiking trailer. Can also be used as bike trailer but it really shines when you're out and about on foot.
The Fiffi saves you from having to carry all that heavy stuff on your back. We put an empty wine crate on top of it and use it for shopping groceries and being out and about in nature. You can also configure this model with a drawbar as bike trailer but it really shines and is primarily designed to be used on foot as hand cart.
Or you configure Fiffi yourself with different wheel options and parts.
Please note that you cannot switch the drawbar back and forth from bike trailer mode into hand cart mode as you can with our other models like the Hmini.
The small one: For your weekly groceries but also really heavy stuff. Compact in design yet extremely capable. Usable as bike trailer as well as hand cart with the simple change of the drawbars position.
Already our smallest bike trailer has a very high load-carrying capacity. It easily handles your weekly shopping and even the transport of much larger items. When turned into hand cart mode it makes for a perfect shopping cart thanks to its compact size. And five seconds later it's back at being your bike trailer.
Our trailers can handle a lot and are very robust. However, please adhere to the maximum weight limit your bike and its brakes were designed for. Please consult the bikes manufacturer for its specific maximum system weight (bicycle+rider+trailer+load).
Our best selling model for a reason: For most people and their uses it offers the optimum balance of loading space, low weight and practicability. Usable as bike trailer as well as hand cart with the simple change of the drawbars position.
There's hardly anything we can add to the above statement. For most people this trailer has indeed the near pefect balance of size, capacity and practicability for almost all tasks imaginable. You'd be suprised of just how much you'll be able to transport with it. Put a waterproof and lockable aluminium box on top and you have the closest thing to a car trunk for your bicycle.
Our multi-award winning model. Due to the intelligently placed and cnc-milled recess it sheds 1,2 kg of weight. These cutaways in the chassis also offer additional possibilities of securing loads. Light and fast it retains almost the same load-carrying capacity as its sibling Hmax.
The big brother of Hmax offers additional loading space in case some extra length is needed. Usable as bike trailer as well as hand cart with the simple change of the drawbars position.
Sometimes a few extra centimeters are all you need to fit your dog box, cello case or bee box on your bike trailer. It is for those circumstances the Hxl offers you that extra amount of space without being larger than necessary.
The Hxxl is especially interesting if you want to use the zillions of different Euro containers that perfectly fit and stack onto this trailer and make it even more versatile. Usable as bike trailer as well as hand cart with the simple change of the drawbars position.
There's hardly anything our second largest bike trailer can't handle. It fits two 60x40 cm Euro containers that are available in a multitude of variations that are inter-stackable. With new parts for 2019 it becomes even more robust in its standard configuration!
The weight optimized version of the Hxxl offers the same enourmous lodaing capacity like its "heavier" sibling while shadding nearly two kilogramms of weight.
Just like the Hxxl you can fit two Euronorm boxes on this model. Thanks to its cut outs it offers additional possibilities for lashing and fixing things. With new parts for 2019 it becomes even more robust in its standard configuration!
Our largest: loads more than your average car yet is extremely light. Designed to fit three Euro containers that are inter-stackable. Usable as bike trailer as well as hand cart with the simple change of the drawbars position.
It's astounding just how much will fit on our largest trailer. Yet despite it's large loading capacity its size is very manageable for everyday use. It fits three Euro containers that can be stacked up. Before this trailer has reached its limit you will already have.
A befitting way to move around bicycles it fits up to three bicycles. It can be upgraded with fattyres and thanks to its length it can also serve as a sleeping plattform.
The BikeTransporter 3 fits up to three bicycles or e-bikes. Even heavier bikes can be easily loaded and unloaded on the trailer by using the optional loading ramp. Some people also use it as plattform to build up a bicycle caravan since it is long enough to accommodate a sleeping person.
This BikeTransporter fits up to five bicycles or a Euro-pallet. Aimed at professionals it draws a lot of attention advertising your business and environmental friendliness at the same time.
The BikeTransporter 5 was designed to carry up to five bicycles. The designated cut-outs for the bicycles wheels and our custom designed lashing straps make loading the trailer extremely fast and easy.
The small box bike trailer for your daily shopping. Extremely compact yet capable. And in case you don't need the boxes lid just quickly take it off.
Our box bike trailers are very compact because they are not wider or longer than their respective boxes. Some people don't need the endless possibilities our normal bike trailers with their open loading space offer. And it's true, for the most time a high-quality aluminium box that is lockable, water- and dustproof is all you need.
The size of the Hbox 73 L is ideal for carrying your groceries and its size makes it extremely easy to handle. So we recommend this trailer for anyone who needs these features. If the compact size and the benefits that come along with that are not your main priority, we recommend the Hbox 90 L as a more capable trailer for general usage.
We strongly recommend outfitting this trailer with our stainless steel loops. They offer additional points to lash down things on top of the aluminium box.
Film coated und cnc-milled plywood panel made with waterproof glue.
Our trailers can handle a lot and are very robust. However, please adhere to the maximum weight limit your bike and its brakes were designed for. Please consult the bikes manufacturer for its specific maximum system weight (bicycle+rider+trailer+load). Generally we recommend loading our trailer with no more than 45 kg.
Based on the aluminium box for our bestselling model Hmax this box trailer offers a perfect balance of size and loading space. It's ideally suited to handle pretty much anything that needs transportation in everyday life.
The Hbox 90 L has the same size as our bestselling Hmax and that trailer is so popular for a reason. It's not wider than a kids trailer for one child yet already extremely capable of transporting pretty much anything you throw at it. Granted, very long and bulky things are not its strong suit but with a little creativitiy and enough lashing-straps at hand a lot is possible.
We have tried it ourselves to fill up this box trailer with our empty milk crates from our Hinterher coffee kitchen. It took us months. Ok, we are a small company but this is a seriously large aluminium box already.
The Hbox 137 L is perfect if your weekly grocery shopping is on the larger end or if you want to transport bulkier equipment like a tripod, your camera collection or your fishing gear. Because of its size it comes standard with some of our heavy-duty parts, like the URSUS kick stand, the rigid stainless steel axle mount and the reinforcement braket for the tow bar adapter.
This trailer can haul so much that you'll have a hard time filling it up with just your weekly groceries. It's especially aimed at craftsmen and small businesses to carry everything from tools to measuring instruments or your film equipment.
Defy your daily traffic jam and the need to find a parking space. With this trailer you can carry all your equipment, even bulky things like ladders that you lash on top of the box with our optional and highly recommended steel loops.
Please request a quote for this trailer to your individual shipping adress.
This huge trailer is a real workhorse. Set up with our heavy-duty components it's ideal for "last mile" delivery in cities, for transporting tools or goods.
This trailer has proofen itself and is used by UPS in various German cities for last mile delivery. We highly recommend outfitting the trailer with our stainless steel loops for additional fixing points.
Our trailers can handle a lot and are very robust. However, please adhere to the maximum weight limit your bike and its brakes were designed for. Please consult the bikes manufacturer for its specific maximum system weight (bicycle+rider+trailer+load). Equiped with our heavy-duty components this trailer can handle loads of up to 100 kg.
At last a trailer with a splashproof and lockable box that can hold three Euro boxes inside. Now you don't need that van anymore for city deliveries. You'r welcome!
This is our newest trailer and you could compare it to our Hxxxl light model that can also fit three Euro boxes. But if you need to transport them enclosed, shielded away from dust, moisture and light this trailer is for you.
The largest available aluminium box built up as a heavy-duty trailer with two axles turns your e-bike into a real truck. With nearly a thousand litres volume of loading space you can quadruple the loading volume of most cargobikes.
Granted, you need a heavy-duty cargobike or ebike to put this trailer to good use. But thanks to its two axles it is self-balancing and it's surprisingly easy and fun to push per hand. Redefine of what's possible to transport with a bike.
All trailer models from the Alu Chassis line are available in three standard colours: silver, red and black. Please write us your choice of colour in the commentary field at the bottom of this page.
Hmini + Hmax are additionally available in seven non-standard colours for a small extra charge.
Turn every one of our smaller models into a height adjustable table whenever you want to. It only takes a few seconds and you'll have yourself an info stand, picknick table or working space at your destination.
This set of table legs is compatible with our smaller models up to the Hxxl which already come equipped with all necessary holes for installation. Once installed turning your Hinterher bike trailer into a table at your rides destination only takes seconds. For your picknick, business, info stand, hobby or candlelight dinner.
Please use this table set as you would use a leightweight camping table of comparable size. Under no circumstances may it be used as stepladder or to carry a person. Please bear in mind that the tables stability will also depend on the nature of the ground it stands on. With its telescopic legs it stands level even on uneven ground.
° High strength cords for guying the table legs including carabiners.
The picture shows the camping table set at different heights. Please note that for every current model you do not need to drill the holes for installing the table set as they come already with all the necessary holes in place.
Padded bag for transporting the four table legs. This bag was actually designed to house a tripod but works just as well with the table legs.
Leight in weight and small in size with a shoulder strap and a hidden zip pocket for keys or tools.
All our bike trailers (except for the Hmini) come with black 20 inch wheels and Schwalbe Big Apple tires as standard. Alternatively you can choose silver rims instead without extra charge.
All tires have reflective side walls. Thanks to its large volume the Schwalbe Big Apple can be driven with low pressure acting as suspension for the trailer. We use stainless steel spokes on all our wheels.
Please note: The price displayed here referes to the price of the wheels as part of a trailer. If you want to order individual wheels please look in the spare part section of this page.
All our bike trailers come with black 20 inch wheels and Schwalbe Big Apple tires as standard. Choose these wheels if you prefer silver rims instead.
Standard on Hmini and optional on Hboat and Hbigboat.
High quality wheelset with Schwalbe Big Apple tires. Standard for Hmini, however, our trailers normally outfitted with 20 inch wheels can be ordered with 16 inch wheels too. Smaller tires for these larger models are recommendable if you want to lower the centre of gravity of your trailer. This makes it easier to handle at higher speeds with higher loads. This usually applies for people using the trailer for touring purposes. During everyday uses in traffic these advantages will hardly come into effect. When chosing 16 inch instead of 20 inch wheels this will also affect the geometry of your trailer when used as hand cart or trolley. In combination with a bicycle with 28 inch wheels your trailer well be slightly inclined.
Plastic wheels with heavy-duty tires and sealed stainless steel axle bearings suited for boat trailers or hiking trailers.
For rough terrain, sand or snow you can equip your trailer with fat tires that are 90 mm wide and 57 mm in diameter. Only in combination with the rigid stainless steel axle possible.
Because these tires are so wide you can only mount them on a rigid stainless steel axle with a clearance of 2,7 cm on each side. Because of the large volume of these tires the trailer is slightly inclined when resting on the swing-up stand.
The price referes to the surcharge to the standard wheel configuration. Please note that quick-release axles have to be ordered separately.
Protect your cargo from dirt and water with these mudguards.
These mudguards are especially made to our specifications from high-quality plastic and are screwed into the sidewall of the trailer. They ship with all necessary screws and a stiffening plate. They are ideal if you want to transport your pets on the trailer or a concerned about your cargo getting dirty. However, since they are permanently attached your trailer cannot be folded into a very small package.
Order two to outfit your two-wheel trailer.
Please note: These mudguards do not entirely cover the width of our Smart Sam or Super Moto tire. However, the sufficently reduce the amount of dirt and water that gets thrown up by the wheels.
One of the most usefull accessories for our trailers is our grooved rubber mat. It protects the colour coating of your trailer, keeps the cargo from shifting and dampens noise. Please specify the size when ordering. We will adjust the invoice according to your chosen size.
The grooves help to keep your cargo from shifting. The rubber mat comes in the fitting size for the chosen model. Cut out a little piece of the mat in the fronts centre if you want to use your trailer as hand cart. For this you need to access the triangular opening in the trailers floor.
This simple looking lashing strap makes all the difference in day to day use, because it's so fast and easy to use. Our industrial designer Maruan Attia put quite some work into designing and developing it. The hooks are self-securing when clipped into the chassis and self-alligning when tensioned. Unclipp them with a simple twisting motion towards the side.
This tail light consists of a very bright high-powered-LED (0,5 W) and two additional LEDs. It is powered with 2 AAA batteries (included) and has a running time of up to 50 hours and a light indicating when it's low on batteries. Since it is certified to be used in German traffic it has by law a steady light output only and no flashing mode. We are big fans of this little yet powerful light and have cnc-milled two little slots on each side of the trailers back wall where it clips on beautifully.
If ordered with a new trailer it comes already installed. When ordered separately it comes ready for installation.
Attention: The bow handle and trolley option does not work in combination with the rigid stainless steel axle or the URSUS heavy-duty kickstand.
Collapsible ledge in silver or black for the trolley function of Hmini and Hmax.
Please specifiy the colour at the end of your trailer configuration in the messaging field.
When orderered as part of a trailer it comes already installed.
When ordered seperately it comes with everything needed for installation.
Made and cnc-milled from 4mm strong aluminium. Prevents the cargo from sliding off when the trailer is used as trolley.
Maximum loading capacity: 25 kg.
Please note that the collapsible ledge is a weight optimized part made from aluminium. It therefore has not the same loading capacity and strength as a professional hand truck. Please carefully test for yourself if it can support the loads you're planning to pull.
The v-shaped reinforcement bracket is cnc-milled and anodised. It strenghtens the hitch arm adapter which is advisable when mainly using a trailer on rough roads with lots of vibrations or when transporting heavy loads are your daily business.
We recommend ordering or retrofitting the v-reinforcement bracket for those using their trailer professionally. We also recommend it for people taking their trailer on long touring trips or expeditions as well as anyone transporting really heavy stuff on a regular basis.
The splashguard by FAHRER Berlin was especially developed for using it with a trailer. Extra long and installed on the rear mudguard of your bike it will protect your trailer from water and dirt.
The LATZ splasguard can easily be installed on the rear mudguard of your bike.
Additional wheel turning your trailer into a three-wheeler. Ideally suited for professional use when a horizontally stable working space is required or when you have frequent stops to make when on foot.
The front wheel is a stronger alternative to the standard delivery swing-up stand of our trailers. This wheel set turns your trailer into a three-wheeler in a few seconds and enables you to use it as a horizontally movable working space, for example as shopping cart, as camera dolly, as paper delivery trailer etc. The wheels arm clicks into the hitch arm adapter of your trailer which is empty when you use your trailer as a hand cart. Smooth running wheel with ball bearings.
Parking brake for sidewise mounting to the aluminium chassis. Blocks a wheel and prevents accidental rolling away of the parked trailer.
If you order your trailer including the parking brake it comes already assembled and ready for installation. Each trailer has designated preexisting holes on either side. Please specify on which side you want the parking brake to be mounted (in the direction of travel right or left side). We recommend using parking brakes on both sides.
Parking brakes for sidewise mounting to the aluminium chassis. Block both wheels and prevent accidental rolling away of the parked trailer.
If you order your trailer including the parking brakes they come already assembled and ready for installation. Each trailer has designated preexisting holes on either side making installing them very easy.
For all trailers that are constantly used with very heavy loads as well as for all our larger models we recommend installing rigid axle mounts.
This tube made from stainless steel is permanently installed with two aluminium clamping pieces (not included) underneath your trailer. Click in your wheels with their quick-release slide-in shafts and you're ready to roll.
The rigid axle mounts come standard with our Hxxl light model, Hxxxl as well as with all our Bike-Transporter models. The rigid axle mounts are available in different sizes and are priced accordingly. If you order it seperately from a trailer please specify your trailer model and we will pick the right lenght automatically and adjust the total pricing.
The rigid axle mounts are available in the lenghts: 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750 und 800 mm.
The diameter is 20 mm.
Please order the clamping pieces seperately.
Please note: You cannot use the trolley function when the rigid axle mounts are installed as they collide with the expandable bow-arm.
The picture shows a clamping piece with excentric lever. Please specify what you need the clamping pieces for. For installing the rigid axle mount we deliver them without excentric lever, for the telescopic rigid axle mounts we deliver them with excentric lever.
There are situations where you'd wish that your trailer had a greater track width. Enter our telescopic axle mounts! They offer an additional track width of 18 cm making your trailer safer from overturning on downhills or with bulky and heavy loads on top.
This set consists of two stainless steel axle mounts ( Length 200mm, diameter 20 mm) as well as four clamping pieces with excentric levers and stainless steel screws for installation. The two outer clamping pieces can be screwed into the same holes as our standard axle mounts. For the two inner clamping pieces you need to drill a total of four holes. We include a drilling template.
Please note: The telescopic axle mounts collide with the trolley option!
Install our aluminium deflectors on each side of your trailer to protect its wheels. We recommend deflectors for larger and wider trailers that are used often or professionally. Deflectors can be combined with our parking brakes. If you already own parking brakes please tell us when ordering deflectors.
All our models come with all necessairy holes already in place making for an easy installation. Here you see the deflectors installed in combination with the parking brakes.
Robust t-shaped handlebar that can be attached to the end of the hitch arm using the same coupling mechanism. Makes pulling your trailer even more comfortable and offers variable positions for your hands.
If you are an above average height male you might want to consider using the t-shaped handlebar as well as the extended hitch arm to find a comfortable solution of using the trailer in hand cart mode.
This heavy-duty kickstand is great for our larger trailers and can be comfortably operated with ones feet. It is much more robust than the standard delivery swing-up stainless steel stand.
Works only with trailers with 20 inch wheels. If you retrofit your trailer with the URSUS kickstand you need to drill four holes into your trailers chassis (except for our Hxxxl model and Bike-Transporter). If you order it together with a new trailer we install it for you.
Cannot be combined with the trolley option as it colides with the expandable bow arm.
Using this ramp even heavy bikes can be easily pushed onto our Bike-Trailer models and don't have to be lifted.
The ramp is being fixated with a plug connection when in use. Older models don't come standard with a designated hole but that can just be drilled by yourself.
CNC-milled from aluminium and anodised in silver.
Our standard hitch arm that ships with all of our models. If you want to order an additional standard hitch arm click here.
Our hitch arms are designed to be used with the hitch-system made by WEBER.
If you want to use a different system please write to us.
The same dimensions as our standard hitch arm but with a lock which lets you lock the hitch arm to your bike.
This lockable hitch arm is a good protection against petty theft. If you leave your trailer unattended for a longer period of time we still recommend using a propper lock or a loop cable with your primary bike lock because you could otherwise still detach the trailer from the hitch arm if you knew how.
The price refers to the surcharge to the standard hitch arm. The lock can not be retrofitted to a standard hitch arm.
This hitch arm is 12 cm longer than our standard hitch arm making it more comfortable for taller people to pull the trailer in hand cart mode.
By taller we mean people of 1,85 meters and above. Naturally the extended hitch arm works with all our trailer models. Very tall people can combine the extended hitch arm with the t-shaped handlebar for even more reach. When used in bike trailer mode the extended hitch leads to a longer distance between bike and trailer (which is a benefit for transporting bulky goods that extend well beyond the loading plattform.
This special hitch arm was designed for attaching the bike trailer to vehicles with two rear wheels hold by a rear-axle. Installation is nearly centric on the axle of the bike. Naturally this hitch arm works with all our trailers.
This special hitch arm was designed for narrow DIY trailers for which the usual off-centre mounting of the hitch arm adapter is not possible. This hitch arm is also used by our boot trailers Hboat and Hbigboat. This hitch arm comes in a lockable version only.
For some bike types or some purposes this high hitch arm is preferable to our standard low hitch arm.
If possible we always recommend the lower hitch arm connection because of the much better driving dynamics. The high hitch arm straines the hitch adapter in a different way making the v-reinforcement bracket mandatory (please order it when ordering this hitch arm). We automatically change our standard EL Weber hitch to the H-hitch when you order this high mounting hitch without an extra charge.
If you already own a kids trailer or a different hitching system than our preferred WEBER we offer this hitch arm with an open end on one side for you to attach a different hitch adapter.
For transporting long loads you can extend the standard hitch arm with this adapt made from aluminium and metal-reinforced plastic. Use a maximum of two extensions at the same time.
The extension fits to the hitch arm almost free of play. Combine a maximum of two extensions at once and be aware that cycling with an extended hitch arm changes the driving characteristics of your trailer.
When ordering the extension together with a trailer it comes ready for use. Otherwise you either have to do a bit of handiwork yourself or you send us your existing hitch arm and we will do the adaption for you free of charge. You just pay the shipping costs.
For our large trailer models we recommend upgrading to the heavy-duty hitch arm and hitch arm adapter when heavy loads are your daily business. BikeTrailer models have them as standard.
Fits to any trailer model and can be easily retrofitted as it uses the same holes as our standard hitch arm adapter. The heavy-duty hitch arm adapter (combined with the heavy-duty hitch arm, the rigid axle mounts and the URSUS kickstand) upgrade your trailer to a truely heavy-duty biest. Please note that due to the geometry and the tubular shape of the heavy-duty hitch arm you cannot use it to pull your trailer in hand cart mode.
When choosing the heavy-duty hitch arm adapter with a new trailer it only makes for an increase of 89,- € incl. VAT.
The heavy-duty version of our standard hitch arm is made from a much thicker walled tube of aluminium. This reduces vibrations when a trailer is heavily loaded and reduces the risk of its fracture.
Works only in combination with the heavy-duty hitch arm adapter. Due to the changed geometry and tubular shape the heavy-duty hitch arm cannot be used to pull the trailer as a hand cart as it doesn't fit through the triangular openings in the trailers chassis.
The heavy-duty version of our standard hitch arm for central mounting is made from a much thicker walled tube of aluminium. This reduces vibrations when a trailer is heavily loaded and reduces the risk of its fracture.
Heavy-duty hitch arm if you want for central mounting on your bike and trailer.
Our reinforced heavy-duty hitch arms are perfect for trailers that have to haul heavy weights. Paired with our heavy-duty hitch arm adapter. This straigth shaped version is perfect if you have the possibility of mounting the trailer hitch centrally behind your bike, e.g. on trikes, wheel chairs or other bikes.
Please note that the heavy-duty hitch arm adapter has to be installed centrally on the trailers chassis which is done by drilling four holes.
These hitch arm extension of our heavy-duty hitch arm line have our unique QuickClamp locking mechanism. With this the hitch arm extension is easily attached without the need of tools and without having any play.
In case you already own a heavy-duty hitch arm and just want the extension we would have to outfit your heavy-duty hitch arm as well as the hitch arm adapter with the QuickClamp lock too. If you order all at once this will automatically be done.
This trailer hitch comes as standard delivered with your trailer. In case you need an additional trailer hitch you can order it here.
Everyone of our trailers comes standard with a WEBER EL-hitch which is only certified to be used for cargo trailers.
Chose the Weber E-hitch (or other variations) in case you want to use it for pulling a kids trailer too.
Please read the manual by WEBER and scroll down to the installation guide in English.
If you have a Rohloff Speedhub on your bike: congratiolations! We love that hub! For owners of a Rohloff hub without quick release skewers (touring axle) and with a sliding dropout we recommend the Weber ER-hitch. If your bike doesn't have a sliding dropout than you can use the Weber E-hitch with an additional part from Rohloff.
In case your frame has drillings for attaching kickstands directly to the frame (the KSA 18 or KSA 40 standard) you can attach the WEBER hitch there too.
Our standard hitch certified to be used for pulling kids trailer too.
Trailer hitch for seatpost mounting and trailer weights up to 45 kg.
Hinterher seatpost hitch with WEBER conector. In theory it can handle loads up to 80 kg but we restrict its usage to 45 kg of trailer weight. It is not suitable for light-weight seatposts or ones made from carbon fibre.
Comes included with two different plastic sheets to fit different seatpost diameters.
Please bear in mind to install the seatpost hitch as low as possible to reduce the leverage by the seatpost. Please also make sure that the trailer hitch has no play when installed. Depending on where you're going with your trailer, how the trailer is loaded onto the trailer our maximum weight recommendation may vary. Please use common sense when judging what your seatpost, bike and our seatpost hitch can actually haul in practice.
Please note in the comment field if you want to order this hitch version instead of our standard WEBER EL hitch.
In case you need to use our trailers with a high rising drawbar that connects to the seatpost this is the hitch you'll need.
When ordering a hitch version together with a new trailer we only charge you the additional cost compared to the standard hitch. If you want to order a hitch in addition (and not instead) of the standard hitch please specify this in the commentary field at the bottom of this page.
Please wait for your invoice to see the exact amount.
The WEBER trailer hitch ES is the heavy-duty version of the EL. It is meant for those who frequently need to pull weights above 80 kg with their bike. Just like the EL the ES is not meant to be used with kids trailers. In case you use one of our trailers with two wheel axles this hitch can even withstand 200 kg loads. Certain conditions apply for instance a centrally placed drawbar connection to your bike.
Trailer hitch WEBER ER "Rohloff"
For those lucky enough to own a bike equiped with a Rohloff Speedhub this Weber version may be perfect depending on the dropouts of your bike.
Some bikes come with a kickstand mount for the Pletscher kickstands. In case you have not enough space on your bike you can use this adapter to mount the Weber EP hitch in a different way saving you space.
Trailer hitch WEBER EP "Pletscher"
Some bike frames come with a mount for a kickstand designed to be used with kickstands made by Pletscher.
Trailer hitch WEBER EH "Hebie"
If your bike frame already has a mount for the Hebie kickstand system you can use the EH version of the Weber hitch.
Trailer hitch WEBER EU "Ursus"
For bikes with a mount for a ursus kickstand this hitch is perfect.
Sometimes you just can't install your trailer hitch at the rear axle. And if your bike doesn't have some other holes for installing a kickstand things get complicated. Luckily this combination of a kickstand and a Weber hitch is easy to mount directly onto the frame.
Sometimes you just can't install your trailer hitch at the rear axle. And if your bike doesn't have some other holes for installing a kickstand things get complicated. Luckily this version of the Weber hitch attaches directly to the frame and can solve your mounting problems.
In case the quick release skewer on the rear wheel of your bike has not enough threads left to accomodate the WEBER hitch you can replace it with this extra long quick release skewer.
Extremely compact rachet for your workshop or for the road. Including six nuts (5/6/8/10/12/13) und 16 bits. With two extensions.
We love this little tool set that suprised us with its functionality, quality and low price. Unlike common multi-tools this rachet works in the tightest of spaces. Comes in a high-qualitay metal box.
Loop cable to secure your bike trailer with your primary bicycle lock.
Secure your trailer in case you have to leave it outdoors and loop the cable through your wheels and the triangular opening of the trailers chassis.
Protects your bike from theft in high-risk areas. Use it together with the ABUS loop cable to secure your bike and trailer. Made from hardened steel, foldable.
Legendary universal oil - tried and tested for generations!
Use this silicon oil spray to clean and protect the plastic or rubber parts on our trailer. This silicon spray prevents plastic or rubber from getting embrittled. It's ideal for caring and protecting the hitch arm and the hitch arm adapter of your bike.
With only a few exra parts you can turn pretty much any of our bike trailers into a hiking trailer. Get the load off your back, move heavier stuff further faster and with less energy. All you need is to install a second hitch arm adapter, the v-reinforcement brackets and our collapsable handlebars.
All our trailers come with the necessary holes already in place for installing a second hitch arm adapter, making the installation a matter of minutes. The second hitch arm adapter remain permanently on your trailer, whether you use it as bike trailer or of course as hiking trailer. Click in the two handlebars and you're ready to go. For longer hikes we recommend using our optional hip belt for pulling the trailer hands-free. A special carabine allows you to dettach the trailer from the hip belt even while under tension.
Our Hmax light model is especially suited for being used as a hiking trailer since it's already weight optimized. The whole hiking trailer packs down to a small package making for easy transportation.
For using your bike trailer as hiking trailer you need these two handlebars. For easy transportation they can be parted in the middle. They come with grip tape, hand loops and short loops for attaching them to the optionally available hip belt with carbines.
Please note: The two handlebars attach to the trailer via the hitch arm adapters. So you need a total of two hitch arm adapters on your trailer. Please order the requiered number separately.
Proven and reliable pulling harness by Fjellpulken. Attaching your hiking trailer to this harness makes pulling it even easier and more comfortable. Your arms can now freely swing while you walk.
This tried-and-tested pulling harness by Fjellpulken is more comfortable and sophisticated than our basic harness. This makes it perfect for prolonged hikes and expeditions.
Ideally suited for pulling a trailer this backpack with an integrated pulling harness offers 25 liters of volume for all things that have to be quickly accessible.
We recommend using this carabines for attaching our trailer to the pulling harnesses by Fjellpulken. They can be opened under load in emegerncy situations.
We ship the carabines with a length-adjustable abrasion resistant cord for attaching it to the pulling harness.
Overview of our hitch arm parts for rickshaws. This modular and highly reliable system constists of partable parts that make for easy storage and transportation.
Das SUP-Board wird ganz hinten auf den Bootswagen gelegt und verspannt.
This wonderfully leightweight yet extremely sturdy trolley lets you easily move your canoe or kayak to the water. Even long portages become easy. The trolley can be disassembled in seconds without tools and packs extremely small.
CNC-milled high-quality plywood panel with several coatings, made with waterproof glue.
This trolley is extremely robust and will handle boats up to a length of 6 meters that are not wider than one meter.
Getting your boat to the lake or shore by bicycle? With this bike trailer it is easy. In combination with a folding bike it means total independence from transfers. Just pack and fold everything together into your boat and enjoy the waters.
The most beautiful places and spots can be seldomly reached by car. But on a bicycle you most often can. Pack your boat and bike to the lake or shore. And if you happen to own a folding bike you can experience total independence from car transfers. Just get in or out of the water and cycle away.
This bike trailer and trolley is extremely robust and will handle boats up to a length of 6 meters that are not wider than one meter. When used as bike trailer please adhere to the maximum weight limit your bike and its brakes were designed for. Please consult the bikes manufacturer for its specific maximum system weight (bicycle+rider+trailer+load).
This luggage trolley is just as robust as its siblings designed for transporting boats. It's perfect for effortlessly transporting your folding or inflatable boat, equipment and luggage. With different wheel sizes and tires available it can be customized for every terrain and is yet easily disassembled and packed away.
All you want behind your bike is a rolling box with huge loading space that is splash proof and lockable? Then this trailer is the right one for you. Using the Hboat base plate the whole trailer becomes very lightweight. And don't underestimate the great pracktikability and versatility of the reeling on top of the box that lets you transport all sorts of (bulky) things ontop of the box.
Just like its smaller brother the Hbigboat trolley is perfect for easily and securely pulling larger boats, surf boards or stand-up-paddle-boards. When not in use it packs away in no time and stores in a small package.
This trolley is extremely robust and will handle most surf boards and boats up to a length of 6 meters that are not wider than one meter. Special solutions for various requirements are available too.
This trailer lets you use your bike to get your surf board or stand-up-paddle-board to the water. And there's still ample storage space left for your further equipment.
If you want to pull heavy loads take a look at this model. Compared to moving loads on your back it's super efficient and comfortable. You can go further faster and move heavier loads. And our trailer is still very leightweight for what it is capable of.
Combine it with our harness and make pulling your rikshaw even more comfortable and have your hands free. Upgrade it with drum brakes from Sturmey Archer to brake it on slopes. For everyday hikes or expeditions, you decide!
This rikshaw is extremely robust and will handle very heavy loads you wouldn't want to go hiking with. Please load according to the expected topography and your physical abilities.
One pair of handlebars for pulling your trailer, partable. Can be retrofitted to any model from the alu chassis series which comes already shipped with all the necessary holes for installation.
we recommend upgrading the two hitch arm adapters with our v-bracket reinforcement because in hiking mode there is a lot more stress on the them since the two handlebars act as levers.
Handlebar for trolley use, partable.
Use your boat trailer as rickshaw for transporting your equipment. The handlebars are partable and don't take much room when not in use.
For transporting your SUP on foot or with a bike. For the latter you need the seatpost hitch by WEBER.
We couldn't help but configure a boat trailer with ski. It just too much fun hauling stuff through the snow and making a trailer even more versatile.
more information » Preis auf Anfrage bei individueller Konfiguration der Bauteile.
High-quality aluminium box for the Hmini. Lockable, splash-proof and made in Germany.
We are big fans of using aluminium boxes on our trailers. They not only hold your goods together but protect them from rain or dust. Granted, they are not cheap but will last you decades. And they are even more practical than you might think. Put some padding at the bottom of the box if you transport delicate stuff to dampen the vibrations. Off the trailer we use the box as seat and "safe deposit box". Lock it, loop cable it to your bike and you can go for a beer. You can even drill two holes into the trailers chassis and your box and use two quick release skewers to fix it to your trailer. Only when the (lockable) box is open can you then open the quick release skewers and take off the box in no time. We also strongly recommend installing our stainless steel hinges on top of the box for lashing down things.
High-quality aluminium box for the Hmax. You can take the lid off and use it without. The box is also lockable, splash proof and made in Germany.
We are big fans of using aluminium boxes on our trailers. They not only hold your goods together but protect them from rain or dust. Granted, they are not cheap but will last you decades. And they are even more practical than you might think. Put some padding at the bottom of the box if you transport delicate stuff to dampen the vibrations. Off the trailer we use the box as seat and "safe deposit box". Lock it, loop cable it to your bike and you can go for a beer. You can even drill two holes into the trailers chassis and your box and use two quick release skewers to fix it to your trailer. Only when the (lockable) box is open can you then open the quick release skewers and take off the box in no time.
We also strongly recommend installing our stainless steel hinges on top of the box for lashing down things.
High-quality aluminium box for the Hxl. Lockable, splash-proof and made in Germany.
High-quality aluminium box for the Hxxl. Lockable, splash-proof and made in Germany.
High-quality custom-made aluminium box for the Hxxxl. Lockable with three locks, splash-proof and made in germany.
Our usefull railing for the aluminium boxes for self installation. We ship it with all necessary parts for installation with is not too hard if you know how to drill a hole.
With a drilling hole pattern you have to drill 8 holes (d=10mm) through the lid of the box. Use some silicon to waterproof the holes.
Add even more versatility to your aluminium box. Lash things down on top of the box.
We cannot recommend this option (or the stainless steel hinges) enough, because they add so much more practicability to your trailer with a box.
1 stainless steel loop, forged and made by Wichard originally for sailing boats. The hooks of our custom-made lashing straps fit it perfectly.
Seriously, if you order one of our aluminium boxes, order these steel loops as well. We cannot recommend them enough. Put bulky things on top of your box and lash them down or knot down the elastic cord for quickly stashing light things. If you know how to use a drill and apply some common sense (e.g. not drilling through the lids sealing) you can easily install the loops yourself.
4 stainless steel loops, forged and made by Wichard originally for sailing boats. The hooks of our custom-made lashing straps fit them perfectly. We throw in an elastic cord that you can guy through the loops for quickly stashing light things onto your aluminium box.
Seriously, if you order one of our aluminium boxes, order these steel loops as well. We cannot recommend them enough. Put bulky things ontop of your box and lash them down or knot down the elastic cord for quickly stashing light things. If you know how to use a drill and apply some common sense (e.g. not drilling through the lids sealing) you can easily install the loops yourself (see our other option for ordering just the parts without installation).
Bored? Then build your own trailer with a Zarges MaxiBox. Our base plate is made of a CNC-milled high-quality plywood panel with waterproof glue.
Below you see an example of a Maxibox including our railing, parking brakes, deflectors and a second hitch arm adapter to click in our rickshaw handlebars.
Fits our H Fiffi, Hmini and Hmax models perfectly, especially if you use the latter two as trolley.
Versatile, waterproof, Ortlieb. This usefull and heavy-duty backpack is ideal for our smaller trailers.
Versatile, waterproof, Ortlieb! The padded shoulder strabs can be taken off.
Tried and tested, we love to put Ortlieb bags onto our trailers.
Tried and testet, we love to put Ortlieb bags onto our trailres.
Versatile, waterproof, Ortlieb! TIZIP zipper for great access to the main compartment. Available in different colours and sizes.
The padded shoulder straps can be taken off. The ideal solution for your Hinterher trailer if you are looking for an affordable yet robust and leightweight option to transport things.
Folding box for Hmini. Made of wood and tarpulin.
Mit nur einer Handbewegung werden die Klapp-Bordwände auseinandergefaltet und anschliessend mit zwei beigelegten Gurtbändern am Aluchassis befestigt.
Die Scharnierbänder werden aus recycelter LKW-Plane hergestellt.
Folding box for Hmax. Made of wood and tarpulin.
With Schwalbe Big Apple tire, black hub and rim, stainless steel spokes and sealed bearings.
With Schwalbe Big Apple tire, silver hub and rim, stainless steel spokes and sealed bearings.
Please note that the quick-release axle is not included and has to be orderered separately. When combining a trailer with fattyres and the URSUS kickstand your trailer will not stand level because of the larger volume of the fattyres. Pleaes also note that the rigid axle mount has to have at least 2,7 cm of clearance on each side of the aluminium chassis otherwise the fattyre will touch the chassis.
Spare inner tube for 16" wheels with Schrader valve.
Spare inner tube for 20" wheels with Schrader valve.
The Big Apple is our standard tire. Excellent rolling resistance and large volume make it perfect for trailer use. Since it's meant to be used at low air pressure it acts as a good suspension for our trailers.
Depending on what you are loading onto your trailer we drive the tire with very low air pressure for maximizing its dampening effect.
Great tire with excellent puncture resistance for heavy transports (allowed carrying capacity of 115 kg per tire). Certified to be used with 45 km/h e-bikes.
Excellent mountainbike tire ideally suited for off-road use of our trailers (e.g. for hiking trailers).
1 quick-release axle with black aluminium cap.
With ball lock pins to safely securing the wheel in the axle mount. Includes spacer and rubber ring.
Please note: The axle is made from steel since it is harder and more stress resistant than stainless steel. Please clean it regularily from dirt and lubricate it with a high quality lubricant, e.g. chain oil.
1 quick-release axle with silver aluminium cap.
1 axle mount made from glas fibre reinforced plastic with an inner brass casing. Includes stainless steel screws.
If you order more than one piece please note this in the commentary field at the bottom of this page.
Patented hitch arm adapter with integrated swing-up stand for trailers with 16 inch wheels.
Made from fibre reinforced plastic and stainless steel. Includes all necessary screws for installation.
Patented hitch arm adapter with integrated swing-up stand for trailers with 20 inch wheels.
Stainless steel handlebar, extendable. For using the Hmini or Hmax as trolley.
Set comes complete with clamping pieces.
If you order it together with a Hmini or Hmax we install it for you. Please note that the folding flap is not included.
Clamping piece made from high-quality plastics.
Designed to clamp tubes with 15mm in diameter. Comes with stainless-steel screws included.
Guding piece made of high-quality plastic for guiding the trolley handlebar.
Made for tubes with 15mm in diameter. Comes with stainless-steel screws included.
Lashing strap hook that fits the cut outs in our trailers chassis. For DIY straps.
Ideally suited for 25mm wide straps.
Please note the desired number in the commentary field at the bottom of this page and wait for our invoice for the exact amount charged.
The shipping costs displayed in your shopping cart are for shipping within Germany only.
Because parcel sizes can vary enormously depending on the trailer you pick we cannot automatically display the actual shipping costs for the EU or world. Please wait for your invoice to see the propper shipping costs for your order. For your right of cancellation please look here Details about your right of cancellation. | 2019-04-21T16:23:58Z | https://munich-biketrailer.com/shop.php?shop_artikelid=41&shop_anzahl=1&type=o&t=1555409775&shopname=HHmaxshop |
Chrysler Pacifica 3.6L V6 24V VVT Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. DVD Entertainment, FACTORY WARRANTY REMAINING, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, LEATHER HEATED & COOLED SEATS, NAVIGATION, ONE OWNER, PANORAMIC MOONROOF, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Pacifica Limited S, 4D Passenger Van, 3.6L V6 24V VVT, 9-Speed Automatic, FWD, Ocean Blue Metallic, Black/Black/Black w/Nappa Leather Bucket Seats w/S Logo, 115V Auxiliary Power Outlet, 220 Amp Alternator, 360 Surround View Camera System, 3-Channel Video Remote Control, 3-Channel Wireless Headphones, 3rd row seats: split-bench, Adaptive Cruise Control w/Stop & Go, Advanced Brake Assist, Advanced SafetyTec Group, Auto High-beam Headlights, Automatic High Beam Headlamp Control, Automatic temperature control, Black Badging, Black Chrysler Grille Wing Badge, Black Day Light Opening Moldings, Black Spear Applique - Rear Fascia, Black Stow N Place Roof Rack, Blind spot sensor: Blind Spot Detection warning, Blu-Ray/DVD Player/USB Port, Body Color Door Handles, Body Color Exterior Mirrors, Dual front side impact airbags, Electronic Stability Control, Emergency communication system: SiriusXM Guardian, Falken Brand Tires, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Full Speed Forward Collision Warning Plus, Fully automatic headlights, Garage door transmitter, Heated rear seats, Heated steering wheel, High Definition Multimedia Interface, High-Intensity Discharge Headlights, Knee airbag, Lane Departure Warning Plus, Memory seat, Nappa Leather Bucket Seats w/S Logo, Overhead airbag, Parallel & Perp Park Assist w/Stop, ParkSense Front/Rear Park Assist w/Stop, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power moonroof, Quick Order Package 27P, Radio: Uconnect 4C Nav w/8.4" Display, Rain Sensitive Windshield Wipers, Rear air conditioning, Rear Parking Sensors, Reclining 3rd row seat, Remote keyless entry, S Appearance Package, S Badge, Seatback Video Screens, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Sun blinds, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Uconnect Theater w/Streaming, Upper/Lower Grilles/Blk Surrounds Premium Fascia, Ventilated Front Seats, Video USB Port, Wheels: 20" x 7.5" Aluminum Black Noise. 19/28 City/Highway MPG Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler Pacifica 3.6L V6 24V VVT Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. DVD Entertainment, FACTORY WARRANTY REMAINING, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, LEATHER HEATED & COOLED SEATS, NAVIGATION, ONE OWNER, PANORAMIC MOONROOF, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Pacifica Limited, 4D Passenger Van, 3.6L V6 24V VVT, 9-Speed Automatic, FWD, Jazz Blue Pearlcoat, Black/Alloy/Black w/Premium Leather Trim Bucket Seats, 115V Auxiliary Power Outlet, 20 harman/kardon Speakers, 20 Speaker harman/kardon Sound Group, 220 Amp Alternator, 3-Channel Video Remote Control, 3-Channel Wireless Headphones, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 760 Watt Amplifier, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Automatic temperature control, Blind spot sensor: Blind Spot Detection warning, Blu-Ray/DVD Player/USB Port, Dual front side impact airbags, Emergency communication system: SiriusXM Guardian, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Garage door transmitter, Heated rear seats, Heated steering wheel, High Definition Multimedia Interface, High-Intensity Discharge Headlights, Knee airbag, Memory seat, Navigation System, Overhead airbag, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power moonroof, Power passenger seat, Premium Leather Trim Bucket Seats, Quick Order Package 27P, Radio: Uconnect 4C Nav w/8.4" Display, Rear air conditioning, Rear Parking Sensors, Rear window wiper, Reclining 3rd row seat, Remote keyless entry, Seatback Video Screens, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Uconnect Theater w/Streaming, Ventilated front seats, Video USB Port, Wheels: 18" x 7.5" Aluminum Polished. 19/28 City/Highway MPG Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler Pacifica 3.6L V6 24V VVT Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. DVD Entertainment, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, LEATHER HEATED & COOLED SEATS, NAVIGATION, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Pacifica Limited, 4D Passenger Van, 3.6L V6 24V VVT, 9-Speed Automatic, FWD, Velvet Red Pearlcoat, Black/Alloy w/Premium Leather Trim Bucket Seats, 115V Auxiliary Power Outlet, 20 harman/kardon Speakers, 20 Speaker harman/kardon Sound Group, 20" x 7.5" Aluminum Wheels, 220 Amp Alternator, 3-Channel Video Remote Control, 3-Channel Wireless Headphones, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 760 Watt Amplifier, 8 Passenger Seating & 20" Wheel Group, 8-Passenger Seating, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic temperature control, Blind spot sensor: Blind Spot Detection warning, Blu-Ray/DVD Player/USB Port, Dual front side impact airbags, Emergency communication system: SiriusXM Guardian, Four wheel independent suspension, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Garage door transmitter, Heated rear seats, Heated steering wheel, High Definition Multimedia Interface, High-Intensity Discharge Headlights, Knee airbag, Kumho Brand Tires, Memory seat, Overhead airbag, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power passenger seat, Radio: Uconnect 4C Nav w/8.4" Display, Rear air conditioning, Rear Parking Sensors, Rear window wiper, Reclining 3rd row seat, Remote keyless entry, Seatback Video Screens, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Sun blinds, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Uconnect Theater w/Streaming, Ventilated front seats, Video USB Port. 19/28 City/Highway MPG Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler Town & Country 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. DVD Entertainment, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, HEATED SEATS, NAVIGATION, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Town & Country Touring-L, 4D Passenger Van, 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC, 6-Speed Automatic, FWD, Granite Crystal Metallic Clearcoat, Black/Light Graystone w/Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, 17" x 6.5" Aluminum Painted Wheels, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 40GB Hard Drive w/28GB Available, 5-Year SiriusXM Travel Link Service, 6.5" Touch Screen Display, A/V remote, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Audio Jack Input for Mobile Devices, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Automatic temperature control, Bright Door Handles, Driver Convenience Group, Dual front side impact airbags, Entertainment system, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Garmin Navigation System, Heated Front Seats, Heated Second Row Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, High Definition Multimedia Interface, Illuminated entry, Keyless Enter-N-Go, Knee airbag, Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, Navigation System, Overhead airbag, ParkView Rear Back-Up Camera, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Quick Order Package 29J, Radio: 430N, Rear air conditioning, Rear Parking Sensors, Rear window wiper, Reclining 3rd row seat, Remote keyless entry, Remote Proximity Keyless Entry, SiriusXM Travel Link, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Touring Suspension, Video Remote Control, Wireless Headphones. Awards: * 2016 KBB.com Brand Image Awards Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler Pacifica 3.6L V6 24V VVT Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. DVD Entertainment, HEATED SEATS, LEATHER SEATS, NAVIGATION, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Pacifica Touring L Plus, 4D Passenger Van, 3.6L V6 24V VVT, 9-Speed Automatic, FWD, Bright White Clearcoat, Black/Alloy w/Perforated Leather Trim Bucket Seats, 13 Speakers, 18" x 7.5" Painted Aluminum Wheels, 1-Year SiriusXM Guardian Trial, 360 Surround View Camera System, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 8.4" Touchscreen Display, 8-Passenger Seating, A/V remote, Adaptive Cruise Control w/Stop & Go, Advanced Brake Assist, Advanced SafetyTec Group, Apple CarPlay, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic High Beam Headlamp Control, Automatic temperature control, Blind Spot & Cross Path Detection, Disassociated Touchscreen Display, Dual front side impact airbags, Emergency communication system: Uconnect Access, Entertainment system, For Details, Visit DriveUconnect.com, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Full Speed Forward Collision Warning Plus, Fully automatic headlights, Google Android Auto, GPS Antenna Input, GPS Navigation, HD Radio, Headphones, Heated front seats, Heated rear seats, Illuminated entry, Integrated Voice Command w/Bluetooth, Knee airbag, Lane Departure Warning Plus, Michelin Brand Tires, Navigation System, Overhead airbag, Parallel & Perp Park Assist w/Stop, ParkSense Front/Rear Park Assist w/Stop, Perforated Leather Trim Bucket Seats, Power driver seat, Power passenger seat, Quick Order Package 27J, Radio: Uconnect 4C Nav w/8.4" Display, Rain Sensitive Windshield Wipers, Rear air conditioning, Rear Parking Sensors, Rear window wiper, Reclining 3rd row seat, Remote keyless entry, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, SiriusXM Traffic Plus, SiriusXM Travel Link, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Tire & Wheel Group, Touring Suspension, USB Host Flip. 19/28 City/Highway MPG Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler Town & Country 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. DVD Entertainment, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, LEATHER SEATS, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Town & Country Touring, 4D Passenger Van, 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC, 6-Speed Automatic, FWD, Billet Silver Metallic Clearcoat, Black/Light Graystone w/Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, 17" x 6.5" Aluminum Wheels, 2nd & 3rd Row Window Shades, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 40GB Hard Drive w/28GB Available, 6.5" Touch Screen Display, A/V remote, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic temperature control, Dual front side impact airbags, Entertainment system, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Garage door transmitter, Headphones, Illuminated entry, Knee airbag, Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, Overhead airbag, ParkView Rear Back-Up Camera, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Quick Order Package 29K, Radio: 430, Rear air conditioning, Rear window wiper, Reclining 3rd row seat, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Touring Suspension. Awards: * JD Power Initial Quality Study (IQS) * 2016 KBB.com Brand Image Awards Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler 300 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, LEATHER HEATED & COOLED SEATS, NAVIGATION, PANORAMIC MOONROOF, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, 300 Limited, 4D Sedan, 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC, 8-Speed Automatic, RWD, Ceramic Gray Clearcoat, Black w/Leather w/Perforated Insert Bucket Seats, 20" x 8.0" Polished Aluminum Wheels, Adaptive Cruise Control w/Stop, Advanced Brake Assist, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Auto High Beam Headlamp Control, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic temperature control, Blind Spot & Cross Path Detection, Dual front side impact airbags, Dual-Pane Panoramic Sunroof, Emergency communication system: SiriusXM Guardian, Exterior Mirrors Courtesy Lamps, Exterior Mirrors w/Supplemental Signals, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Full Speed FWD Collision Warn Plus, Garage door transmitter, Genuine wood console insert, Genuine wood dashboard insert, Genuine wood door panel insert, Heated rear seats, Heated steering wheel, Knee airbag, Lane Departure Warning Plus, Memory seat, Navigation System, Overhead airbag, ParkSense Front/Rear Park Assist System, Power Multi Function Mirror Manual Fold, Radio: Uconnect 4C Nav w/8.4" Display, Rain Sensitive Windshield Wipers, Rear anti-roll bar, Remote keyless entry, SafetyTec Plus Group, Speed control, Steering wheel memory, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Ventilated front seats. Odometer is 6323 miles below market average! 19/30 City/Highway MPG Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler 300 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. FACTORY WARRANTY REMAINING, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, 300 Touring, 4D Sedan, 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC, 8-Speed Automatic, RWD, Gloss Black, Black w/Cloth High-Back Bucket Seats, 6 Speakers, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic temperature control, Cloth High-Back Bucket Seats, Dual front side impact airbags, Emergency communication system: SiriusXM Guardian, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Illuminated entry, Knee airbag, Overhead airbag, Power driver seat, Quick Order Package 22E Touring, Radio: Uconnect 4C w/8.4" Display, Rear anti-roll bar, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Wheels: 17" x 7.0" Painted Cast Aluminum. 19/30 City/Highway MPG Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler 200 2.4L 4-Cylinder SMPI SOHC Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, HEATED SEATS, LEATHER SEATS, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, 200 S, 4D Sedan, 2.4L 4-Cylinder SMPI SOHC, 9-Speed 948TE Automatic, FWD, Black Clearcoat, Black w/Cloth w/Leather Trimmed Sport Seats, 6 Month Trial (Registration Required), 8.4" Touchscreen Display, Accessory Switch Bank, Air Conditioning ATC w/Dual Zone Control, Cloth w/Leather Trimmed Sport Seats, Comfort Group, Dual front side impact airbags, For Details Visit DriveUconnect.com, Front anti-roll bar, Front fog lights, Front/Rear Climate Control Outlets, Fully automatic headlights, GPS Antenna Input, Harman Radio Manufacturer, Heated Front Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, HID Headlamps w/LED Daytime Running Lamp, Humidity Sensor, Illuminated entry, Integrated Voice Command w/Bluetooth, Knee airbag, LED Fog Lamps, Nav-Capable! See Dealer for Details, Overhead airbag, Power 4-Way Driver Lumbar Adjust, Power driver seat, Premium 7" Driver Info Display Cluster, Premium Lighting Group, Quick Order Package 28L, Radio: Uconnect 8.4, Rear A/C & Heat Ducts, Rear anti-roll bar, Rear-View Auto-Dimming Mirror w/Microphone, Remote keyless entry, Remote Start System, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Sun Visors w/Illuminated Vanity Mirrors, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Uconnect Access, Wheels: 18" x 8.0" Satin Carbon Aluminum. Odometer is 3905 miles below market average! 23/36 City/Highway MPG Awards: * 2016 IIHS Top Safety Pick+ * 2016 KBB.com Brand Image Awards Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler Town & Country 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. DVD Entertainment, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, HEATED SEATS, LEATHER SEATS, NAVIGATION, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Town & Country Touring-L, 4D Passenger Van, 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC, 6-Speed Automatic, FWD, Bright White Clearcoat, Black/Light Graystone w/Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, 17" x 6.5" Aluminum Painted Wheels, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 40GB Hard Drive w/28GB Available, 5-Year SiriusXM Travel Link Service, 6.5" Touch Screen Display, A/V remote, Anniversary Edition, Anniversary Edition Floor Mats, Anniversary Edition Splash Screen, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Audio Jack Input for Mobile Devices, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Automatic temperature control, Blind Spot Sensor, Bright Door Handles, Driver Convenience Group, Dual front side impact airbags, Dual Rear Overhead Mini Consoles, Electronic Stability Control, Entertainment system, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Fully automatic headlights, Garage door transmitter, Garmin Navigation System, Headphones, Heated Front Seats, Heated Second Row Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, High Definition Multimedia Interface, Illuminated entry, Keyless Enter-N-Go, Knee airbag, Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, Mini Overhead Console, Mopar Chrome Grille, MOPAR Door Sill Guards, MOPAR Premium Addition Group, MOPAR Slush Mats, MOPAR Splash Guards, Navigation System, Overhead airbag, Overhead Ambient Surround Lighting, Overhead Storage Bins, ParkView Rear Back-Up Camera, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power passenger seat, Power Sunroof, Quick Order Package 29V Anniversary Edition, Radio: 430N, Rear air conditioning, Rear Parking Sensors, Rear window wiper, Reclining 3rd row seat, Remote keyless entry, Remote Proximity Keyless Entry, SiriusXM Travel Link, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Sun blinds, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Touring Suspension, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Video Remote Control, Wireless Headphones. Awards: * 2016 KBB.com Brand Image Awards Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Chrysler Town & Country 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. DVD Entertainment, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, HEATED SEATS, LEATHER SEATS, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Town & Country Touring-L ANNIVERSARY EDITION, 4D Passenger Van, 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC, 6-Speed Automatic, FWD, Cashmere/Sandstone Pearlcoat, Dark Frost Beige/Medium Frost Beige w/Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, 17" x 6.5" Aluminum Painted Wheels, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 40GB Hard Drive w/28GB Available, 6.5" Touch Screen Display, A/V remote, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Anniversary Edition, Anniversary Edition Floor Mats, Anniversary Edition Splash Screen, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic temperature control, Blind Spot Sensor, Bright Door Handles, Driver Convenience Group, Dual front side impact airbags, Dual Rear Overhead Mini Consoles, Electronic Stability Control, Entertainment system, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Headphones, Heated Front Seats, Heated Second Row Seats, Heated Steering Wheel, High Definition Multimedia Interface, Illuminated entry, Keyless Enter-N-Go, Knee airbag, Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, Mini Overhead Console, Overhead airbag, Overhead Ambient Surround Lighting, Overhead Storage Bins, ParkView Rear Back-Up Camera, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power Sunroof, Quick Order Package 29V Anniversary Edition, Radio: 430, Rear air conditioning, Rear Parking Sensors, Rear window wiper, Reclining 3rd row seat, Remote keyless entry, Remote Proximity Keyless Entry, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Touring Suspension, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Video Remote Control, Wireless Headphones. Odometer is 4024 miles below market average! Awards: * 2016 KBB.com Brand Image Awards Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
** NAVIGATION / GPS **, ** LOCALLY OWNED **, ** BLUETOOTH **, ** REAR BACKUP CAMERA **, ** SUNROOF / MOONROOF **, ** SUPER CLEAN INSIDE AND OUT **, ** EXCEPTIONAL SERVICE HISTORY **, ** 17" ALLOY WHEELS **, ** ONLY ONE OWNER **, ** 8-Way Power Driver Seat w/Lumbar Support **, ** EST 36 MPG HWY **. CARFAX One-Owner.
Chrysler 300 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, HEATED SEATS, LEATHER SEATS, NAVIGATION, ONE OWNER, PANORAMIC MOONROOF, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, 300 S, 4D Sedan, 3.6L 6-Cylinder SMPI DOHC, 8-Speed Automatic, RWD, Bright White Clearcoat, Black w/Leather Trimmed Sport Bucket Seats, 1 Year Trial (Registration Required), 300S Premium Group, 5-Year SiriusXM Traffic Service, 5-Year SiriusXM Travel Link Service, 8.4" Touchscreen Display, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Auto-Dimming Exterior Driver Mirror, Automatic temperature control, Dual front side impact airbags, Dual-Pane Panoramic Sunroof, Emergency communication system, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Garage door transmitter, GPS Antenna Input, GPS Navigation, HD Radio, Heated front seats, Illuminated entry, Integrated Voice Command w/Bluetooth, Knee airbag, Leather Trimmed Sport Bucket Seats, Media Hub (SD, USB, AUX), Navigation System, Overhead airbag, Power passenger seat, Quick Order Package 22G, Radio: Uconnect 8.4 NAV, Rear anti-roll bar, Remote keyless entry, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, SiriusXM Traffic, SiriusXM Travel Link, Speed control, Speed-sensing steering, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Uconnect Access, Wheels: 20" x 8.0" Aluminum HyperBlack. 19/31 City/Highway MPG Awards: * 2016 KBB.com Best Buy Awards Finalist * 2016 KBB.com Brand Image Awards Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Dodge Durango 3.6L V6 24V VVT Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. DVD Entertainment, FACTORY WARRANTY REMAINING, Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, HEATED SEATS, LEATHER SEATS, NAVIGATION, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, SUNROOF / MOONROOF, Durango Citadel, 4D Sport Utility, 3.6L V6 24V VVT, 8-Speed Automatic, AWD, White Knuckle Clearcoat, Black w/Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, 1 USB Charging Port in Console, 12V Auxiliary Power Outlet In Console, 2nd Row Console w/Armrest & Storage, 2nd Row Seat Mounted Inboard Armrests, 3rd Row Floor Mat & Full Console, 3rd row seats: split-bench, Anodized Platinum Appearance Package, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Apple CarPlay, Auto High-beam Headlights, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic temperature control, Beats Premium Audio System, Black Headlamp Bezels, Black Roof Rails, Blu-Ray Compatible Dual Screen Video, Cargo Compartment Cover, Dual front side impact airbags, Emergency communication system: Roadside Assistance/9-1-1 Call, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Google Android Auto, Heated rear seats, Heated steering wheel, High-Intensity Discharge Headlights, Illuminated entry, Illuminated Rear Cupholders, Integrated Roof Rail Crossbars, Knee airbag, Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, Memory seat, Navigation System, Navigation system: Garmin, Overhead airbag, Platinum Badging, Platinum Chrome Exterior Door Handles, Platinum Fog Lamp Bezels, Platinum Front Fascias, Platinum Interior Accents, Platinum Mirrors Caps, Platinum Premium Grille w/Black Texture, Platinum Rear Lower Fascia, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power moonroof, Power passenger seat, Premium Entertainment Group, Premium Wrapped I/P Bezel, Quick Order Package 2BP Anodized Platinum, Radio: Uconnect 4C Nav w/8.4" Display, Rear air conditioning, Rear anti-roll bar, Rear DVD Entertainment Center, Rear window wiper, Rear-Seat Video System, Remote keyless entry, Sill w/Platinum Accent, Speed control, Split folding rear seat, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Ventilated front seats, Wheels: 20" x 8.0" Satin Carbon Finish. Odometer is 1537 miles below market average! Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
Dodge Durango 3.6L V6 Flex Fuel 24V VVT Certified. CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Hands Free Bluetooth Capability, NAVIGATION, ONE OWNER, REAR BACKUP CAMERA, Durango Limited Rallye, 4D Sport Utility, 3.6L V6 Flex Fuel 24V VVT, 8-Speed Automatic, AWD, Redline 2 Coat Pearl, Black w/Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 5-Year SiriusXM Traffic Service, 5-Year SiriusXM Travel Link Service, 8.4" Touchscreen Display, Anti-whiplash front head restraints, Auto-dimming door mirrors, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, Automatic temperature control, Black Headlamp Bezels, Body Color Front Fascia, Body Color Rear Fascia, Body Color Shark Fin Antenna, Body Color Sill Molding, Body Color/Accent Color Grille, Body Colored Wheel Lip Moldings, Delete Roof Rack, Dual Rear Exhaust w/Bright Tips, Emergency communication system, Exterior Parking Camera Rear, Four wheel independent suspension, Front anti-roll bar, Front dual zone A/C, Front fog lights, Fully automatic headlights, Garage door transmitter, GPS Navigation, HD Radio, Heated front seats, Heated rear seats, Heated steering wheel, Illuminated entry, Knee airbag, Leather Trimmed Bucket Seats, Memory seat, Nav & Power Liftgate Group, Overhead airbag, Power driver seat, Power Liftgate, Power passenger seat, Power Sunroof, Quick Order Package 23E, Radio: Uconnect 8.4 NAV, RALLYE Appearance Group, Rear air conditioning, Rear anti-roll bar, Rear Parking Sensors, Rear window wiper, Remote keyless entry, SIRIUSXM Traffic, SIRIUSXM Travel Link, Steering wheel mounted audio controls, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Turn signal indicator mirrors, Uconnect Access, Uconnect Voice Command w/Bluetooth, Wheels: 20" x 8.0" Gloss Black Aluminum. Odometer is 2850 miles below market average! Please CALL FOR AVAILABILITY as our inventory changes frequently (502)-855-5885. Serving Louisville Kentucky from our 4520 Shelbyville Road location as well as all surrounding areas including Lexington, Shelbyville, Elizabethtown, Clarksville Indiana and Jeffersonville Indiana.
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"Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off "
If you Love Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off then you are at the right place!!
Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off is made from pet bones and connective cells-- commonly cattle, poultry, or fish-- that have been boiled into a broth and slow simmered for 10 to more than 20 hrs with herbs, vegetables, and also spices. So why is this apparently basic liquid something you would certainly intend to consume alcohol every day Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off ?
Even our hunter-gatherer ancestors realized that drinking Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off resembled striking nutritional gold, as its earliest variation dates back over 2,500 years. Throwing out anything edible ran out the concern at that time, so animal unguis, knuckles, bones, and other connective cells never went to throw away. Bone broth has a rich history of being used in traditional Chinese medicine as a digestive system tonic, blood building contractor, as well as kidney strengthener due to the high collagen content, bioavailable minerals, anti-inflammatory amino acids, and also recovery compounds that can just be located in bones and also connective tissue Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off.
See as celeb health trainer, Thomas DeLauer breaks down the ins and outs of what bone broth really is. In simply two mins, he'll talk about what bone broth is as well as what it can do for your gut, joint, and skin health and wellness Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off.
Some call Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off meat water. We call it liquid gold.
What makes this stuff so special? The short answer is collagen. Bones as well as connective cells are the only real dietary resources of type II collagen-- a healthy protein that's recognized for maintaining skin smooth and supple and teeth as well as joints healthy and balanced, along with promoting loads of various other wellness benefits.
Along with collagen, bones are additionally loaded with numerous anti-inflammatory amino acids, minerals, and also substances that can assist speed up your body's natural recovery processes from points like sports injuries, arthritis, or dripping gut.
So, these "scraps" that most of us typically throw in the waste are significant nutritional powerhouses. Yet when was the last time you devoured on a piece of cow's knuckle? Or snacked on an ox tail? We'll assume the response is never ever.
Because we don't eat bones in their entire form, preparing them into a broth that's simmered for 10 to 20 hours (or more) is the very best way to release their powerful nutrients, and also experience an entire brand-new degree of health.
DEMAND A FAST EXPLANATION ON WHAT EXACTLY IS KETTLE AND FIRE BONE BROTH 25 OFF ?
View as Celebrity Health Fitness Instructor, Thomas DeLauer damages down the ins and also outs of what bone broth actually is. In simply 2 mins, he'll speak about what bone broth is and also what it can do for your gut, joint, as well as skin health kettle and fire bone broth 25 off.
Bone broth has an abundant history of being utilized as a digestive restorative, specifically in traditional Chinese medicine some 2,500 years back. Today, it's one of the top suggested foods for boosting signs of persistent digestive problems, such as Cranky Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Crohn's condition, and also colitis.
The factor for why bone broth is so recovery for the digestive tract goes back to collagen, which forms jelly when it's cooked down even further. Collagen as well as gelatin are not only rich in amino acids that reduce inflammation in the GI tract-- such as glutamine-- they also have the special ability to "seal and also heal" holes in the digestive tract lining, which can trigger a condition called dripping gut disorder.
Although research study is in the early stages, there's evidence to reveal that dripping gut is the key underlying root cause of gastrointestinal problems. It's additionally a factor to autoimmune conditions, anxiety, brain fog, anxiousness, allergies, dermatitis, acne, and also persistent low energy. Most severe of all, leaky intestine can be quiet and show no signs in the onset. It's likewise believed to influence over 70% of the population.
Bone broth is advised on unique intestine recovery diet regimens and also methods, like the GAPS diet regimen, the SCD diet plan, and the Low FODMAP diet plan.
Whether it's an injury, arthritis, or sore muscular tissues, there's no better means to nourish your bones and also joints than by taking in even more of the nutrients currently located within them, consisting of hyaluronic acid, glucosamine, chondroitin, calcium, as well as magnesium. Bone broth is loaded with all of these nutrients, plus several amino acids that help reduce joint pain and swelling, like glycine and proline. It's for these factors that bone broth is coming to be a go-to healing beverage amongst athletes.
An enjoyable truth: Kettle and Fire Bone Broth was birthed due to the fact that our co-founder, Nick, tore his ACL playing football and needed a premium bone broth to help quicken his recovery time. (You can find out more on that below.).
Following a bone broth diet plan is wonderful for sustainable fat burning. A bone broth diet involves eating Paleo for 5 days as well as not eating for 2. During this time frame you'll consume alcohol bone broth on a regular basis with a boost in usage on the fasting days.
The combination of intermittent fasting as well as bone broth accelerates weight loss through burning fat much more effectively and limiting calorie consumption. When doing the diet, we additionally saw a reduction in cellulite.
Fat-Burning Bone Broth Alcoholic Drink Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off.
With just a few components, this dish is best for a scrumptious as well as extremely straightforward fat-burning alcoholic drink that you can work up instantly on active early mornings prior to work or at nights post-workout.
Even if you had actually never ever heard of bone broth in the past, you have actually possibly heard of collagen, many thanks to the elegance market.
Many anti-aging skincare lines include collagen to their face creams, moisturizers, as well as lotions (and market them for a pretty penny). Yet what many people don't understand is that collagen particles are too large to be taken in with the skin, which indicates these lotions can't give much in the method of outcomes.
The bright side is that collagen can be soaked up with your digestive system. And also because there's a straight web link in between the digestive tract and the skin, including bone broth to your diet plan is mosting likely to have a much more powerful and also enduring influence on the total look and also health and wellness of your skin.
Let's not ignore hair and also nails, which are composed of healthy proteins like collagen. Collagen assists reinforce nails, as well as encourages hair to expand in thicker, quicker, as well as handle a healthy luster. (Remember this for the following time you obtain a negative hairstyle!).
Deep, relaxed rest is something we might all use a little bit more of. As a matter of fact, statistics show the typical person gets less than 7 hours of sleep per evening, so it's important to do whatever you can to make those hrs matter.
Bone broth is abundant in glycine, an anti-inflammatory amino acid that works on the Central Nervous System (CNS). When taken before bed as a supplement, studies show glycine can boost rest high quality and also minimize daytime sleepiness. It's a lot more efficient when paired with other sleep-supportive nutrients, like calcium and also magnesium.
All of the benefits you reap from bone broth, your expanding baby will experience, also-- including healthy and balanced bones, joints, as well as a strong digestive system.
When early morning sickness hits, it can be impossible to keep healthy food down. But bone broth has a tendency to be calming for nausea or vomiting, and is usually well endured. Most importantly, bone broth supplies numerous of the nutrients you and your expanding infant requirement, consisting of healthy protein, as well as important nutrients. As an included bonus, the slow simmer time of the bones makes the nutrients in bone broth highly bioavailable and much easier to take in than a dietary supplement.
Bone broth can additionally aid boost fertility, help you have a more comfy pregnancy by nourishing stiff or excruciating joints, and might enhance calcium degrees in breast milk.
Bone broth is an exceptional resource of nutrition on the Paleo diet, and also is motivated to consume alcohol during periods of intermittent fasting. It also suits well with macronutrient requirements on the keto diet, as well as may help in reducing signs and symptoms of the keto flu.
" Not just can bone broth assist you prevent keto flu, yet it's additionally packed with minerals that heal dripping gut and also minimize inflammation in your intestines." - Leanne Vogel, Writer of The Keto Diet regimen.
The nutrients in bone broth make it an effective useful food that can profit your entire family-- including your fur children. Bone broth benefits your pet's glossy coat, bones, joints, digestion, and also teeth.
Right here you can learn exactly how Nellie, a 15 year old rescue pup, beat her probabilities of living by only consuming alcohol bone broth.
Rich in collagen - Organic chicken bones (specifically feet!) add additional collagen to your broth. Our chicken bone broth contains 6 grams of collagen per serving.
Packed with healthy protein - Poultry is a great protein resource as well as same goes with poultry bones. Pot & Fire bone broth comes packed with 10 grams of healthy protein per serving Kettle And Fire Bone Broth 25 Off.
Decreases gut swelling - Bone broth aids heal and seal a leaky digestive tract which is the root cause for many autoimmune conditions.
Rich in bone marrow - Bone broth made from 100% turf fed livestock and simmered over long chef times essences bone marrow that contains healthy and balanced nutritious hormonal agents and lipids.
Loaded with amino acids - Comparable to poultry bone broth, the nutrients removed from beef bones contain amino acids like glycine and also glutamine that improves digestion and also fixings your gut lining.
No. Plants are a terrific resource of nutrients that can help stimulate your body to create its own collagen, yet there is no recognized plant food that supplies kind II collagen, the type that provides all of the health and wellness advantages detailed above.
One point to consider regarding bone broth that establishes it apart from plant foods: Even if you do eat a variety of plants that are abundant in collagen-boosting nutrients, if you have a weakened digestive system or leaky gut, you may not fully absorb them. On the various other hand, the collagen in bone broth is exceptionally very easy to absorb, even for those with endangered digestion systems.
Naturally, you do not just have to consume it-- although we do have a free and also legendary downloadable bone broth drinking guide for when you do. You can mix bone broth into your green shakes, make healthy collagen gummy bears, as well as utilize it in every little thing from scrambled eggs, soups, curries, stews, morning meal bowls, and tacos.
Bone broth is an all-in-one superfood, packed with nutrients that provide energy and inspiration, aid you sleep better, make your skin look smoother, and also can assist recover digestive problems like leaky gut.
Bones as well as connective cells are warehouses for essential amino acids as well as minerals-- which are lacking in lots of diets today. Bone Broth is additionally an indispensable source of healthy protein, collagen and also gelatin.
It's not viable to consume entire bones or tissue, but you can still take pleasure in these wellness benefits by drinking bone broth. Collagen is extracted when you simmer bones for an extended period of time. Commonly, the longer bone broth simmers, the even more collagen you'll draw out.
Making bone broth is an easy procedure, but one that requires a lot of time as well as perseverance. If time is not on your side we can assist you out with that said.
Bone broth is made by simmering pet bones and tissue for at least 10 hours with veggies, natural herbs, as well as flavors such as thyme, garlic, and bay leaves. Top notch bone broth starts with top notch active ingredients, using bones from organic grass-fed animals and natural vegetables. While any bone or ligament can be utilized, knuckles, poultry feet, and also thigh bones have a tendency to include one of the most collagen.
Simmering bones for a prolonged amount of time is what gives bone broth its health and wellness benefits, removing the amino acids, minerals, and also collagen. This is a Kettle & Fire-tested sluggish stove chicken bone broth recipe that features natural poultry bones, sea salt, fresh vegetables like celery stalks, onions, and also bell peppers, and natural herbs like parsley, rosemary, as well as thyme.
Simply cooking bones (no meat) and water is going to be primarily flavorless. Cooking the mixture for hrs at a time isn't going to make it taste any much better.
The concept that you're getting tons of nutrients from the bones is a MYTH that will not die, despite the fact that it has actually been debunked various times, including via laboratory tests. The concept that adding vinegar to "launch" those nutrients has also been disproved. You just wind up with a watery mess that tastes of vinegar.
Instead, get bones with meat on them. After that include veggies such as onions, carrots, celery, and also simply enough water to cover whatever (typically 8 or 10 cups). Skip the vinegar! Simmer for 3 to 4 hrs for poultry, slightly much longer for beef. Period according to preference. If you have an Instant Pot, 25 to 35 mins is about right.
What you will get with this technique is an extremely flavorful broth that's probably significantly extra healthy-- consisting of great deals of collagen-- as well as even more healthy than any type of bone broth, and it will certainly taste one heck of a lot better. You can either consume the meat and veggies (it's called SOUP) or you can stress them out as well as simply drink the broth if you favor.
See, bare bones that have no meat, or, even worse, carcass bones that have actually already been prepared and stripped of their meat, have almost no taste by themselves.
Check Ina Garten's dish for poultry broth. It's very similar to this set as well as has been made use of with minor variants by knowledgeable chefs for years.
Normal broth and also stock are simmered for a much shorter period of time than bone broth, around 2-- 6 hrs. The expedited food preparation process decreases the amount of valuable jelly extracted from the bones, decreasing its capability to boost the immune system, recover digestion issues, and decrease the signs of leaky gut.
Prior To Kettle and Fire was born, among our founders, Nick, tore his ACL playing football (oops). His bro Justin heard about the advantages of bone broth for injury healing. As his routine really did not leave much time to make bone broth from scratch, he laid out to acquire a store-bought, high-grade, grass-fed bone broth, given that both of their active timetables didn't leave much time to make the broth themselves. (You can discover more regarding our story here.).
Despite just how difficult Justin looked, the excellent bone broth really did not exist. He looked for one that was 100 percent natural, fresh-- never iced up-- grass-fed, as well as sluggish simmered (as well as one that might be delivered without wasteful, clunky packaging). So, Nick as well as Justin made a decision to produce a top quality bone broth on their terms, which is the dish we're pleased to offer you today.
" Kettle & Fire provides a nourishing, high quality bone broth in a tasty and also practical shelf-stable layout. I love constantly knowing that I've obtained great broth accessible, without blocking my fridge freezer or needing defrosting." - Dr. Sarah Ballantyne, three-time NYT Best-Selling Writer.
The stunning feature of bone broth is that there's really no limit to how you can include it to your diet regimen. Other than soups, stews, and simple ol' drinking, bone broth blends surprisingly well right into nearly any kind of recipe-- also smoothies! Below are our leading methods to obtain it:.
Our bone broth tastes tasty enough to drink on its own, but you can flavor it up to suit your taste buds. We created our favored flavor combinations in this totally free downloadable "Bone Broth Sipping Overview" (bone broth matcha cappucinos, anybody?). Obtain your cost-free copy here.
Consuming bone broth doesn't need to be monotonous-- there are countless methods to flavor it and also drink it. Obtain instant accessibility to over 15 of our favorite bone broth drinking mixes, consisting of ginger and also turmeric bone broth restorative as well as chili, and cardamom bone broth elixir. Discover exactly how to make use of bone broth in your matcha lattes, golden milk, as well as tropical fruit healthy smoothies.
Our beef bone broth has a light flavor, which permits it to mix easily with virtually anything, from shakes to healthy and balanced gummy bears. Our hen bone broth and also mushroom poultry bone broth boost the savory flavor of soups, stews, and risotto recipes. A few of our faves include:.
If you wish to experience even more power and also vigor than in the past, we reccomend having a look at The Bone Broth Diet plan, produced by Dr. Kellyann Petrucci.
The Bone Broth Diet not only increases your consumption of the healing nutrients as well as substances necessary for gut, skin, joint, as well as bone health and wellness, however aids combat systemic inflammation, which is at the root cause of a lot of Western diseases as well as illness.
The bone broth diet regimen is a 21-day plan that's perfect for anybody suffering from a persistent health problem (such as an autoimmune disorder), or anyone who wants to reset their gastrointestinal system and also experience radiant wellness. Learn more regarding the 21-day bone broth diet below. | 2019-04-23T14:41:53Z | http://urbanhotlist.com/bone-broth/kettle-and-fire/coupon/Kettle-and-Fire-Bone-Broth-25-off/index.php |
Peter is a managing partner at accilium, a start-up mentor and master tinkerer when it comes to building IT solutions. He focuses on mobility solutions and corporate digitalization.
Over the past 10 years, he has directed projects in product development, IT and digitalization at global automotive OEMs. He specializes in optimizing and rebuilding the legacy information landscape of corporates to establish the foundation of successful digitalization initiatives.
He also focuses on the application of novel technologies such as virtual and augmented reality or artificial intelligence. It is his personal mission to apply these technologies in everyday working life , making people more productive and organizations more fun.
Peter is an urban commuter. He loves riding his single speed bike through Vienna as well as everything that's propelled by an electric motor.
Alex is a managing partner at accilium. He has extensive experience in advising OEMs not just within their R&D and production, but within their sales departments around the world.
Alex enjoys and excels at structuring the most complex problems into a few key elements, making them understandable and easier to work with. He is a role model to those working around him, as his colleagues are able to observe his work ethic and his approach to challenging situations, and then apply his attitude to their own work. This in turn benefits accilium's clients.
Currently, he focuses almost exclusively on developing new digital business models, as well as concepts to address digitalization in the future.
In his spare time Alex enjoys sports, such as climbing and surfing, and he tries to travel the world as much as possible.
Alexander is an investor, start-up coach and automotive expert with more than 15 years of experience. He has directed consulting projects at several OEMs for over a decade and leads teams of up to 25 people. His engagements focus on competency management, integration and rollout of new technologies within corporate entities, as well as business process development and implementation in areas such as R&D, production and after sales.
Over the past years, Alexander Rauscher has developed specific expertise and gained experience in car software development, SPICE and agile development, electric mobility, production optimization, process digitalization, and transformation management. He has an extensive automotive network, especially in the German and Austrian industry.
Alexander was immediately excited by the idea of establishing accilium as an open consulting platform and network. Ever since, Alexander has integrated his leadership skills, team-oriented approaches, as well as his technical know-how into the accilium vision. Build to Evolve has always been his life motto.
Alexander is passionate about mountain sports and freeriding.
Before Martin became an associate at accilium he studied Strategic Management & Law at Management Center Innsbruck.
Martin worked for a German car manufacturer with a special focus on future mobility. Here he developed strategies and portfolios and in a next step evaluated them by prototype testing. Later he joined a multinational space & defense company, where he strengthened his interest in creating sustainable strategies that provide a lasting and scalable advantage. Translating innovation in the digital age into competitive advantage is a main driver for his passion.
With previous experience in the automotive and space & defense industry he was eager to join accilium to evolve the future of mobility with all its corresponding aspects.
If he is not working, he can be found in the alps, skiing or scuba-diving in the sea. Hanging out with friends is particularly important to him.
Working on innovative solutions and digital trends at the edge of technology as well as their successful implementation within companies is a topic, which Jennifer is passionate about.
Therefore, the constant interaction between digitalization of products and services and the use of new technologies across industries is the core of her master's program Digital Business Innovation and Transformation at the UAS IMC Krems.
As a result of her interest in digital trends and innovation, Jennifer decided to also pursue her career in this field. Before Jennifer started working for accilium as an associate she gained experience in different industries as well as in the start-up world. She is a strong team player with a hands-on mentality and thinking quick on her feet.
In her spare time, Jennifer loves to travel the world, but also enjoys spending time with her family and friends.
Before she became an associate at accilium, Marie finished her Master's Degree in Strategic Management at the University of Innsbruck.
Yet during her studies she discovered her interest in change management and strategy development as well as innovations and start-ups and decided to pursue a career in the field. Apart from her academic background in Business Administration and Management she brings in experience gained through several consulting projects during her studies. The combination of strong analytical skills and creativity makes her a good problem solver and organiser.
Whenever she can Marie travels around the world. The rest of her spare time she spends with either her piano or her family and friends.
Julia is responsible for People Operations at accilium. After several years of headhunting for different industries Julia now enjoys recruiting the right talent for accilium. Moreover, Julia strives to make accilium an even better place to work.
She is convinced that happy and healthy employees are the key to success true to the motto people first. While continuously developing people´s skills and enhancing accilium`s employer brand, she keeps the administrative tasks at bay. Currently, she focuses her attention on becoming an expert in labor law.
As a mom to two little girls, Julia spends most of her afternoons on playgrounds, in the woods or in the zoo. In her little spare time, she listens to all kind of podcasts, calls herself an Instagram addict and sometimes practices Yoga and Pilates.
Kurt envisions a future of resource-efficient, integrated mobility solutions, which are accessible to everyone.
He studied in Vienna and Rotterdam with specialization in the development of new business models and innovation management. Additionally, he gained valuable work experience in a worldwide-operating FMCG company as well as the Big 4.
The topic of mobility attracts his particular attention, because of the contemporary and upcoming challenges to existing business models. Kurt helps clients to not just follow but lead the path toward a new era of autonomous, shared, electric connected vehicles and the age of decentralized energy production.
In his spare time, you will find him playing soccer or squash, cooking a delicious lasagna or reading a book in his comfy beanbag chair.
Juliane is a business partner at accilium. Julie, how she is called, is the organizational mind behind the scene, keeps an eye on day-to-day business and an overview of the office tasks. She is responsible for efficient appointment scheduling, travel management and financial accounting. Julie is a team player with a strong hands-on mentality. Whenever help is needed, she is on the spot immediately.
After she finished her BSc Studies at the University of Vienna in Economics and Business, she started to manage her Master programs part time. Besides work and her Master studies you can find her in the nature and socializing with friends.
Besides being a working student at accilium, Simon is doing a master’s program in renewable raw materials with a focus on energetic exploitation at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna.
He graduated from the Technical University of Munich with a bachelor’s degree in management and Technology and gained first work experience as a working student at a telecommunications company and by an internship in the automotive industry.
Simon has a passion for renewable energies, innovative technical solutions and sustainability. Therefore, he wants to play an active role in solving the urban traffic dilemma and transforming cities into a better and more sustainable place to live.
He likes spending time outside exploring the nature and doing sports (addicted to skiing and snow).
Tobias is a jack-of-all-trades, mastering many diverse topics from law school, teaching, to building up his own consultancy. Through the years there was one topic that stuck with him – mobility. He was exploring solutions to improve inner city ground transportation on a European scale and helped building up diverse companies within this branch. Looking for new and exciting ways to maximize his potential he joined accilium with the ambition to further professionalize and gaining in-depth experience in related fields.
Tobias provides know-how in various fields like PR & marketing, sales & business development as he combines these with strong analytical skills.
His free time is occupied by friends, restaurants and the best parts of Berlin. If not in Berlin, you may look for him somewhere between Milan and Naples.
Raphael wants to enable future generations a decent life on our planet. Hence, he decided to take an active part in the fight against climate change by promoting renewable energy. As the effort of many is needed to create a positive impact, he spreads the message on every occasion possible.
Consequently, joining the mission of accilium was evident as he overtook the task to find people with similar ideas and excite them for new sustainable concepts of living.
He loves to build communities and real brands with a vision. For this purpose, he chose the digital world as the perfect environment to reach the right people at the right time. To ensure relevance he has his finger on the pulse of new digital trends and innovations, mastering new tools where they add value.
His goals might be ambitious, but he is ready to go the extra mile.
Anja is an associate at accilium and studied Management at the Vienna University of Economics and Business.
Already during her studies, she discovered her passion for Consultancy and spent one semester abroad where she had the chance to attend a master course specialized in Strategy, Consulting & Digital Transformation.
She decided to combine her enthusiasm for Consultancy with her interest in beautiful cars and gained professional experience at an Inhouse Consultancy at a German Premium OEM. Shortly after Anja joined the accilium team as one of the first hires.
In her spare time she enjoys being outdoors in the woods or socializing with her friends and family.
Monika is an associate consultant, who is constantly looking for new challenges on a personal as well as on a professional level. Throughout her life she dipped deep into highly different fields, which forced her to get out of her comfort zone and supported her critical thinking.
After finishing the Hotel Management School in Italy, she decided to do her bachelor’s degree in Environmental Science in Graz. She then successfully completed the Joint Degree Erasmus Mundus Master Program in System Dynamics.
Monika is especially passionate about innovative topics such as digitalization, mobility and urban development. Together with her colleagues and clients she likes to find sustainable real-life implementations and to create roadmaps, which will lead them there.
Monika spends her free time on ski slopes, tennis courts and her yoga mat. Since she was born and grew up in Italy she is crazy about Pistacchio ice cream and Pizza.
Mateo joined accilium to contribute his part to one of humans' highest needs: the desire for mobility. With his engineering soul and his business mind he wants to develop the mobility of tomorrow. His expertise and focus are in the fields of electric mobility, product engineering and manufacturing / IoT.
After his studies of material science in Austria and California, he started advising automotive manufacturers within their R&D and IT departments. During his next station at an automotive component supplier Mateo completed projects in China, Slovakia and Ohio. In the past years he focused on the product development of electric vehicle components, from idea conception to product realization. Further tasks included the construction, ramp-up and digitization of manufacturing machines.
In his spare time, he is enjoying Mediterranean cuisine or improving his lap time on kart racing. You will find him next to Austrian lakes, most likely with family and friends.
Georg is an experienced consultant with expertise in the automotive & energy sector. He focuses on IT strategy and digitalization, fitting his style and mentality as he could best be described as a mix of creative and critical thinking and getting things done.
With these attributes Georg led various projects with the necessary view for the bigger picture, making turning them all into success stories. His consulting expertise is supported by a mathematical background and project management competence which prepares him perfectly to solve complex problems, also using his strong data analytics skills.
Georg is an eager first mover and tester of new technologies in professional as well as private settings, to improve routines and shift paradigms for established processes.
Combining his personal passion for gaming and technology with his career Georg is also managing projects for piloting virtual reality solutions in corporate settings.
A passion for digitalisation and the wish to be surrounded by an international environment led Roman to accilium. His experience to date covers a broad range of sectors including the energy, telecommunication and the manufacturing industries focused on project management, digitalization, business sales as well as top management reporting.
Roman is always keen to immerse himself into new topics and focus on finding innovative solutions. He has a track record of bringing together the right skills at the right time and is therefore of great value in every team. His current focus is on pushing forward digitalization in order to bring efficiency to different industries and fields.
In his free time Roman enjoys playing various sports including football and diving. He also loves traveling and cooking food from countries he has visited.
Johannes is a consultant, who combines his passion for renewable energies and e-mobility with strategical thinking and a focus on digitalisation.
After his studies in Environmental- and Sustainability Management as well as Strategic Management, he focused on establishing an e-carsharing fleet in rural Upper-Austria, resulting in an additional pillar for regional mobility solutions.
Furthermore, Johannes gained international consultancy experience by working as a consultant within the Vietnamese Energy Market in Ho Chi Minh City, where he focused on large-scale energy projects as well as on the project management side of the implementation process. A core strength of him is to filter energy and mobility problems with his strong business-case driven mindset and assembling them into a scalable solution.
Whenever possible, Johannes travels the world on the hunt for the next great hike, or the perfect waves to conquer on his wind surfing board.
Jacques has been fascinated by technical innovations and emerging technologies since his childhood. Having grown up in Luxemburg, he changed his residence to Vienna to study Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Vienna, where he specialized in Power and Industrial Engineering for his Master’s degree.
His expertise lies in the fields of new mobility solutions, alternative fuels and renewable energies. He desires to take part in solving the fossil fuel problem by introducing new technologies and creating innovative solutions.
In his spare time, Jacques loves riding his bike, be it in the city or in the mountains and spending time with his friends.
Rafael’s love for cars probably started with his first Bobby Car and since then never faded. Thus, it seemed predestined for him to study Automotive Engineering and Management in Munich, in order to learn how to develop, produce and sell great cars. While collecting working experience with a premium car manufacturer in Germany and the U.S., he discovered his interest in innovation, which he saw as the driving force behind all great products. In his master’s degree in Scotland and Germany Rafael therefore focussed on Innovation Management.
Rafael gained precious working experience in various departments (R&D, production, production planning) of automotive OEMs and suppliers as well as in the consulting industry. Rafael joined accilium, to utilize his knowledge about the automotive industry and his passion for cars and innovation.
In his spare time Rafael enjoys all kinds of sports and being outside, as well as celebrating his Bavarian origin with a cold beer.
Adam excels in managerial thinking and pragmatic problem-solving with a strong customer focus. During his work life, he acquired a global mindset, which enriched him with the ability to quickly switch viewpoints when handling problems. Today's opportunity of digitalization in mobility enables him to deep dive into the future of transportation.
With accilium he found a great company with strong team spirit, ready to transform every aspect of today's mobility.
Here, Adam can combine his passion for the automotive industry with new technologies and digitisation. He has strong user focus and believes, that new technologies should be invented to ease the life, not complicate it.
In his free time, he enjoys playing ball sports and reading books about psychology and human behaviour.
Lukas is an IT-Operator at accilium. While currently studying software engineering at the Vienna University of Technology, he is getting some first-hand work experience by being the contact person for all kinds of different IT-related issues.
Lukas would describe himself as a creative thinker, who is always working on improving his problem-solving skills and getting out of his comfort zone. While not yet specialised in a specific field, his interests cover a variety of areas, such as Artificial Intelligence, Big Data to Genetics and Neurosciences.
However, his interest in these topics is not limited to the technical side, but also includes the social changes that will be triggered by these technologies in the coming years and decades. Overall, he is deeply convinced that there is nothing that’s not interesting.
In his spare time, you can find Lukas socialising with his friends, backpacking around the world, coding or playing his guitar or the piano.
Christian is a business partner at accilium. While studying industrial engineering at the Vienna University of Technology, he tries to keep everything going in the background.
In recent years, he has gained experience ranging from simple things such as organizing business trips or simply helping where help is needed, to setting up and managing the IT infrastructure or financial accounting.
He loves to learn new things and very much believes that you must understand previous technologies before you can build technologies for the future.
In his spare time, he likes climbing, riding a motorcycle or just playing his guitar.
Curiosity in new trends and technologies have convinced Irina to pursue an academic career with a focus on technology and strategic innovation management. She holds a Double Master Degree from Bocconi University and Vienna University of Economics and Business. Throughout her studies Irina developed a passion for digital transformation topics especially in the fields of service and process innovation.
In addition to her academic career, Irina has gained experience in the consulting field by working on the preparation of several M&A projects, as well as, in the automotive industry by helping develop a new financial reporting tool for a multinational OEM. Over the years she has cultivated the flexibility to work in fast paced environments and the ability to quickly process complex information. One of her major focuses lies in discovering strategical and organizational efficiency potentials within organizations.
In her spare time Irina enjoys playing tennis, travelling the world and discovering new cultures.
Michael was among the first hires at accilium. He focuses on helping our customers to understand how digitalization will affect them and their business and how they can leverage the challenges they are faced with to their advantage.
He has gained experience in the areas of marketing, sales & business development in the corporate and the start-up world respectively (working on topics ranging from e-commerce, SaaS as well as sustainability). That is also the reason why he was so excited about accilium’s vision of being a platform operating at the intersection of both worlds and shaping the collaboration between players with diverse backgrounds.
Michael is interested in the question how digitalization will help to solve our current environmental challenges. Currently, he is also exploring the implications of blockchain technology.
In his spare time, you will find him driven by the wind on his kite, be it on water or snow.
Philipp is fascinated by the impact technology has on whole industries, its implications for society and how digitization will affect the way we live, work and move in the future.
At accilium Philipp combines all that with his passion for cars and his desire to work in a fast-paced environment at the forefront of innovation. Philipp previously gained experience in Process Management, Business Analysis and Test Management both in the startup environment as well as in the corporate world.
Having a background in Information Systems, Philipp thrives within the intersection of Business and IT. Utilizing his knowledge in Process Innovation, he adds his piece to the puzzle to solve our clients most pressing issues when it comes to digital transformation.
Due to the rapid growth of accilium as a company, not all actual team members can always be found on our website. | 2019-04-25T18:41:40Z | https://www.accilium.com/en/meet-the-team/ |
From the latest polls it doesn't seem so, or there are not very many of them.
Best NDP argument against the pipeline is that it is shipping jobs out of Canada. Another argument is the bulldozing of provincial rights. I think most Canadians want their municipal and provincial laws to be respected.
The argument that democracy is undermined by BC thwarting the pipeline is nonsense. It is just the opposite. Democracy is being strengthened. Disputes are settled through dialog not force. If Alberta cannot convince BC to support or allow the pipeline then it shouldn't go through. It is not the business of the other provinces.
May 31st is not an arbitrary date. They don't want to miss this year's construction season because it increases costs. They are going to miss it. There is no way this will be settled by May 31st. The First Nations cases haven't even reached the Supreme Court yet.
Imagine that! Liberals and NDPs getting elected by using public sympathy for our oppressed indigenous people, and even their votes themselves, and then sticking a pipeline right up their... uh mountains. Imagine what they are going to do to you next!
Ahh. Progressives. Aren't you such wonderful people! So loving, caring, and always concerned about the Greater Good.
I think most Canadians want their municipal and provincial laws to be respected.
However, there is a hierarchy of laws. The BC government would never allow a municipal regulation to interfere with what the province wanted to do. Municipal laws are subservient to provincial law, as provincial law is subservient to federal law. It couldn't really be any other way.
If municipal law was a higher authority than provincial law, why bother with a province? And if provincial law was superior to federal law, what's the point of the federation?
Now, before you get carried away, I do know that there are areas of jurisdiction that are provincial. One of the things that is not, is interprovincial trade.
For a guy whose handle is progressive17, I find it strange that you'd take a ring wingish shot at progressives. Unless you were simply being ironic. Certainly not something I would say,even in jest.
If interprovincial trade is federal, why are provinces allowed to block things like unions from other provinces, and goods?
I see it as having to satisfy all levels of government. I support a cooperative approach not a coercive one. The federal government would never get away with forcing a pipeline through Quebec. The same should be true for BC and every other province.
So far all I am seeing a whole bunch of political posturing. Alberta will not follow through on limiting oil and gas shipments to BC.
True enough, Notley’s Bill 12 does not itself discriminate against British Columbia. But she has made it abundantly clear that it is entirely aimed at authorizing by regulation the discriminatory export of oil and gas to B.C.
Something that is explicitly forbidden by Canada’s highest law.
The one that she either hasn’t read, has misread, or simply hopes to wish away. Not unlike her misreading and wishful thinking on the Kinder Morgan project itself.
It is the same Canadian constitution that the government of Canada has also discounted at every turn, in ignoring its fiduciary and legal obligations to Indigenous peoples and in assailing B.C.’s efforts to seek legal clarity about its constitutional jurisdiction.
The one and same constitution that the Trudeau government would be so obviously obliged to uphold, in overriding Alberta’s sorry excuse for constitution-breaking, if Notley ever had the temerity to bring down her legislative “sword of Damocles” on B.C. as she envisions.
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau frequently expresses his concern for First Nations people, but he has no problem forcing a pipeline on Indigenous bands who have refused to provide consent.
Not that I expect to hear a word to that effect from any of Trudeau’s sorry lot, any more than they were inclined to chastise Alberta for breaking trade laws with its first wine war. Trudeau’s principles are as malleable as his environmental “convictions”—and equally bent to the will of Big Oil, which in Canada, rules all.
Never mind that if the imagined powers authorized by Bill 12 are ever invoked to penalize B.C., it will effectively start an international energy trade war with Washington state refineries and other customers.
They are, of course, reliant on their contracted volumes flowing through the existing Trans Mountain pipeline, which would be severely impacted by any “licensed” export restrictions that Notley might hope to impose on volumes bound for or through B.C.
Set aside the lawsuits that would trigger and the added delays that would surely entail for all of those frustrated tarsands producers that hope to see more of their filthy product somehow poured out in ever greater volumes to Pacific tidewater.
I don’t believe for a second that if Notley ever tries to license, regulate, and restrict her own province’s oil producers as she is now threatening that there would not be a rapid revolt in Alberta by all those companies whose oxes would be so arbitrarily gored.
No matter. Pretend, if you will, that Bill 12 could be wielded as threatened without instantly creating a full-blown constitutional crisis, backed by Quebec, that would rapidly convince Canada’s out-in-the-wilderness prime minister to fold his already shaky camp stool.
Give him some credit. He might seem like a coward, but when push comes to shove, he knows damn well who has the most muscle, and it sure ain’t Alberta. It’s Quebec, Ontario, and First Nations.
As an accomplished boxer, Trudeau knows full well that “rope-a-dope” only works so long before a knockout blow connects. The attack on Bill 12 will be fast and furious if that lame jab at B.C. is ever suffered upon our entire nation, if only for the precedent it would set. Which Quebec and Ontario could never abide without a serious fight.
Forget all that. The point is, fortunately for British Columbians and for all Canadians, we have a constitution that is the highest law of the land.
Just as it will be used by First Nations to legally assert and uphold their constitutionally enshrined rights and title—and as it will be used by B.C. to protect its constitutionally delineated jurisdiction—Canada’s ultimate law will surely sink Bill 12. If only after that bill does a lot of damage, including to Alberta’s global reputation.
Meanwhile, Kinder Morgan will be literally laughing all the way to the bank in Texas.
Stupid, stupid Canadians, it must be thinking. They are such pushovers. Once an American colony, always an American colony. A branch-plant economy that will perhaps never find its nerve or will to stand up to the biggest bully on whom it depends for its lunch money.
Where would Big Oil be without Canada’s easily browbeaten prime minister? The one who recklessly declared its latest sinking pet project to be a vital enterprise in the national interest, which is simply too big to fail.
Talk about an easy mark. He has basically put Kinder Morgan in the envious position of dictating how large it wants Ottawa’s cheque to be, to cover its margins and keep its dog-of-a-project “on track”.
Trudeau brought a nail file to a knife fight that is in serious danger of literally morphing into a potential gun fight. That is, if the worst and most dire threats of some First Nations leaders are to be taken at face value.
He has backed himself to the edge of the cliff that he now seems determined to pitch himself and Canadians off, offsetting Kinder Morgan’s risk at all costs with billions of taxpayer dollars that his government would effectively have to steal from other crucial public services.
Canada’s first Emperor Trudeau said “just watch me,” in acting to save Canada from the terrorist FLQ that was murdering people and was vowing to rip our country apart.
His child emperor has pretty much embraced that phrase as his governing credo.
Because watching him is what’s it’s all about for Justin Trudeau: staying busy at looking busy, and doing nothing but breaking hearts wherever he does do anything substantive.
Bailing out Big Oil to the tune of billions of dollars, which Kinder Morgan’s shareholders now bear the sole risk of losing?
Thumbing your nose at Canada’s First Peoples and vowing to run pipelines across their unceded territory, in wanton violation of their wishes and of their internationally acknowledged human rights?
Jumping as high as commanded by Kinder Morgan, to meet its arbitrary May 31 deadline? I stress: dead. Line.
No bar too high, Trudeau happily says, however hard the fall for future generations that will have to pay for that error of judgement and hubris.
By May 31, you say, Houston? We have a problem. But nothing that Trudeau can’t solve with taxpayers’ money and his “sunny ways” at the bargaining table.
All to kickstart Kinder Morgan’s uneconomic, massively disruptive, environmentally destructive, socially irresponsible, and anti-climatic tarsands pipeline.
Albeit taxpayers’ money. But who's to know better when money has never been any object?
What’s a few billion more of debt for future taxpayers when you were born with a silver spoon in your mouth? When the closest you ever got to really going over an edge from which there is no recovery was on a snowboard at Whistler?
Sadly, all the world can now see what is really going on. It is the failure of leadership from Trudeau and Notley that threatens to make fools of us all, as it confirms Canada as a climate-action fraud.
The emperor has no clothes, I suggest. Be it the one occupying the prime minister’s office in Ottawa, or the tiny Tories of all political stripes in Edmonton.
All of them are laughably compromised by Notley’s latest pathetic attempt to bully British Columbians and First Nations, on a pipeline for no one that is going nowhere fast.
If anything is really out of gas, it is the Kinder Morgan project, which Bill 12 makes its own argument for stopping. Now. In the national interest.
Alberta will not follow through on limiting oil and gas shipments to BC.
So where will the oil and gas be stockpiled, or will production be reduced? I find it quite interesting that Alberta is willing to prevent private companies from selling to a major customer, illegally I might add. That will reduce revenues to both oil companies and the province. Not exactly a business friendly move to reduce oil company revenues. It sets a huge and radical precedence to prevent companies from selling product to another province. I doubt it will encourage investment.
But hey, if Alberta wants to cut of its nose to spite its face I'm sure BC will survive it. If anything it will increase opposition because giving it would mean Alberta would have BC over a barrel not just over this pipeline but for anything else Alberta wanted to demand in future.
Cutting off the oil to BC means cutting off what is currently exported off the BC coast so whomever is buying that oil would also be cut off.
From an environmentalist point of view, not a problem. From a business perspective, not good for the Alberta oil industry.
As if BC would allow bitumen to flow through the province for export after Alberta cuts BC off the refined products.
It's all sabre rattling. The bottomline is that BC has the legal right to put a reference question to the Supreme Court. There is nothing Trudeau or Notley can do about it.
There's nothing Trudeau or Notley can do about it.
I very much appreciate you including Notley in this. Not many people are doing so. She seems to be getting a free pass because she's an alleged New Democrat. The reality is that she's as right wing as any Alberta politician and she is the biggest hardliner for this pipeline.
Thanks for noticing that fact.
On every issue, she's as right-wing as Jason Kenney?
Just the usual Liberal nonsense!
The Trudeau government won’t rule out full public financing for the Trans Mountain pipeline.
What else could Canada buy?
The news shocked conservatives and oil tanker opponents alike: Ottawa is considering a full taxpayer bailout for Kinder Morgan. The Texas company – run by former Enron executives – hit pause on its B.C. pipeline project last week.
Classic 1953 pipeline for sale. Some rust.
She's the biggest hardliner for this pipeline left of Kenney. Which doesn't say much considering Kenney is so right wing he's a fascist. I didn't call her a fascist. She's a sad excuse for a New Democrat. The Alberta NDP is nothing more or less the ressurrection of the Wild Rose Party. She is,and make no mistake about it,right wing.
I never said you called her a fascist. I asked if you thought she was as right-wing as Kenney on every issue. Which she would have to be, to fit your claim of "...as rightwing as any Alberta politician".
Besides pipelines, can you give me an example of some issues on which there is typically a left/right division, and on which Notley is as right-wing as Kenney?
I'm going to be honest with you,VOTD. I don't know much about Alberta politics. BUt on this issue she's hard right. Are you really going to disagree? Please.
He says that we will need to ween oursleves off fossil fuels and that rising prices are a big part of making that happen. However, the government by getting involved in this pipeline is interupting that process and creating a pro-carbon subsidy.
"Canadian taxpayer money flowing straight into the pipeline creates the absurd situation where the vast majority of Canadians who wish to stop climate change will be contributing to a hidden pro-carbon tax that will bypass market forces to make climate change worse."
It probably is not good governance to subsidize fossil fuels while trying to subsidize green energy. At the end of the day, the subsidies, from an environmental point of view, cancel each other out. On the other hand these subsidies may also be so inefficient that they do not serve to make energy cheaper or even serve a social affordability purpose overall either.
The argument might be that this is stimulative to the economy. And it may be.
So here is my question: should the NDP federally ask that the auditor general question the potential buy-in of Federal investment in the pipeline to see if this actually creates an economic net benefit, counteracting green investments. As well are there not other investments possible that could be made that would not counter federal policy regarding the environment and support more local economic activity than shipping oil to export?
Perhaps, if you want a real solution, the auditor should be asked to weigh the economic benefit to Alberta of this pipeline against other potential investments that could be made there?
To me these are basic quesitons because this is a potenital asset for Alberta and knowing the value of what it is being asked to give up measuing it against alternatives woudl seem like an essential step to any resolution.
Unfortunately, I think we are not headed to a resolution so much as one side imposing on the other which will make any solution much harder. The fact that the federal government is taking a side rather than trying to find solutions is not helping.
If the government is willing to help build the pipeline for Alberta why cannot it not measure what other than a piepline would bring Alberta even? How can reject the idea without even working out what this means and asking the questions?
..if this is true and i believe it is what are the options?
Is the Oil Industry Canada's 'Deep State'?
KEVIN TAFT: I wanted to give it a little bit of academic structure. So I linked it to the notion of institutional capture, which has a very long history in literature in which agencies of one kind of another set up to serve the public interest, regulators or government departments, or so on, end up serving the private interest instead of the public interest.
KEVIN TAFT: My argument is that over 25 years or so, the oil industry has worked very hard to gain influence through various means over the federal level, over environment Canada, over natural resources Canada, over the prime minister's office.
ADAM SCOTT: There's been numerous times when the federal government has said, "Okay, we're gonna deal with climate change, we're gonna put modest regulation in place for emissions," and we've seen time and time again where suddenly the government one minute is talking about doing climate policy, and the next minute it's gone.
KEITH STEWART: They have a political influence that is way larger than their actual economic influence. But I think part of what they've done, is they've convinced government officials and many Canadians that they are a crucial part of the economy, when the reality is they're a small part.
"What we're saying is if they (Alberta) turn off those taps, Saskatchewan won't be here to fill those (B.C.) fuel tanks."
The sun shines in British Columbia. I'm glad to see that allies Rachel Notley and Scott Moe will both be putting their oil where the sun don't shine.
Mark Sholz, of the Canadian Association of Oilwell Drilling Contractors, welcomes the proposed legislation.
"I think it's very prudent and shows bold leadership on the part of the premier, and it's certainly something we're supporting as a direction or a strategy."
Sholz said it's too bad it has come to this point, but everything possible needs to be done to ensure the pipeline expansion is built.
"We need to ensure this pipeline gets built, and I think additional pressure to the government of British Columbia is important and it's a very meaningful signal, an impactful signal from the Alberta government," he said.
"It's unfortunate that consumers are the ones that are going to have to pay for the irresponsible decisions and the foot dragging of the B.C. government."
Falling prices and competition from a new Texas export terminal mean Trans Mountain fails the business test.
Rachel Notley and Justin Trudeau are prepared to pay for a pipeline that no longer makes economic sense. Photo from trumpvstrudeau, Creative Commons licensed.
So? Of course there will be people with a mixture of opinions in any province (and even here on Rabble). British Columbians are almost evenly split in their support for Kinder Morgan, but I don't see you spamming the board with links to those facts NR.
"We're at a point of crisis of confidence in Canada, a crisis that needs leadership and immediate attention to resolve," Greg D'Avignon, president and CEO of the Business Council of British Columbia, told reporters.
Laura Jones, the executive vice-president of the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, accused the B.C. government of "creating mayhem and mischief with respect to a project that has already been approved."
She said the federal government should use "every tool in its toolbox" to make sure the project goes through.
The speakers Thursday also included one Lower Mainland politician. Abbotsford Mayor Henry Braun told reporters that he wants his grandchildren to grow up in a world less dependent on fossil fuels, but he also hopes their lives will be supported by a strong economy.
"There comes a time when leadership has to stand up and say something at the local level, and that day for me is today," Braun said.
Meanwhile, Dennis Connor of B.C. Clean Technology Industry Voices argued that protests against the pipeline are actually imperilling future action on climate change in Canada.
"If the protesters, abetted by the province, stop the pipeline, we believe the climate accord will go away," Connor said.
He said that while he strongly supports moving away from oil and gas as energy sources, it will take decades to complete the switch to renewable energy sources.
In the worsening feud over Kinder Morgan’s Trans Mountain pipeline, British Columbia premier John Horgan could have more legal ground to stand on than his counterpart in Alberta has alleged, according to several constitutional law experts.
I understand that the Federal Governemtn wants the pipeline. That is not the most grevious error here. It is a dispute.
However, for a national government to stay silent while two provinces threaten another with an unconstitutional threat to prejudice them when it comes to exports is much more serious.
It is a major problem that the federal government is supporting through silence a bid to damage the economy of another province in this way. I wonder when even the pro-pipeline people in BC will realize the seriousness of this situation where the Federal government is apparently condoning unconstitutional attacks like this.
KEVIN TAFT: When that happens, democracy stops being democratic. What you end up with is an appearance of democracy, but really it's a state within a state.
PAUL JAY: In Alberta, with the election of the NDP Rachel Notley government in 2015, the power of the oil industry was witnessed in how quickly the new premiere became a champion of its interests.
KEVIN TAFT: Through her whole career and her whole party up until they became government were very effective critics, counterbalances to the oil industry. As soon as she stepped into office, as soon as she and her party became government, they've simply became instruments of the oil industry, in my view.
As I said upthread I think this is correct.
The problem is that a reference on the quesiton may not be adequate. The Federal Government position may be that there is no dispute becuase BC cannot prevent it and they do ot disagree with the BC government authority in terms of regulation.
It could be that the BC government would have to introduce a regulation that the Federal government disagrees with (short of stopping it altogether) in order to have any purpose in a case -- which would then be based on how far the regulation can go or whether a given proposed regulation were actually a regulation or if it were a stalling or blocking attempt.
At the same time I wonder why we are not hearing about an Indigenous reference which is where I think a stronger case on stopping the pipeline would be.
British Columbia's attorney general is calling Alberta's proposed fuel restriction law a ``bluff'' that will result in an immediate lawsuit from his province and likely lawsuits from oil companies.
Fossil fuels or the future?
I am not sure. Why would oil companies sue?
They want the pipeline. They would not necessarily be hurt all that much as they would increase the price due to scarecity and not lose all that much.
If you think of it in labour terms it is less like a strike than a slowdown where you get to increase the price of the service in the process so you do not lose anything from what is not supplied.
The lawsuit I agree is a thing. Even more of a thing would be a lawsuit against the federal government of encouraging and not preventing this. The threat is already an action with fuel prices in BC soaring.
People are being sold a bill of goods.
The price of gas will not be reduced in BC due to the completion of the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion. If anything the cost of completing the pipeline expansion is going to increase gas prices in BC.
How would increasing the capacity for petroleum products from Alberta to the Lower Mainland increase prices at the pumps?
We have to understand the purpose of the new pipeline: to ship heavy oil — diluted bitumen — to the Westridge dock to be loaded on oil tankers and, according to Kinder Morgan, go to Asia.
B.C. has no use for heavy oil.
The light crude oil and refined products southern B.C. needs are delivered on an existing pipeline.
If the expansion goes ahead, toll rates on the existing line will more than double.
Right now, it costs about $2.50 a barrel to get gasoline to the Lower Mainland market and after the expansion, to help pay for the expansion that doesn't serve our market, it will go up to about $5.90 a barrel.
That equates to about two cents per litre increase at the pumps. I've calculated that above $100 million a year will be siphoned away from our economy.
How do you know toll rates are going to double?
The National Energy Board has a toll rate hearing for any major pipeline like this.
That hearing was held back around 2012 and all that data is on the NEB site.
Do we know that Kinder Morgan won't be carrying more than diluted bitumen through the new pipeline capacity? Earlier this week, we talked about how they can send different batches of different of products down any pipeline.
That's not what they told the National Energy Board. They told the board they were going to ship diluted bitumen, heavy oil, to the dock for export.
The intention of this project is not to increase petroleum product supply.
We get sufficient supply right now. This whole idea that somehow there is a scarcity of supply right now or historically in the last couple years is without merit.
In fact, what Port Metro Vancouver's statistics tell us is that B.C. is a net exporter of gasoline to the U.S.
The prices we see right now, we've been told is because of renovations or refurbishment at the refinery and that's having an impact on supply of the refined product — gasoline. Is that not the case here?
No, that is not the case. There is no scarcity of supply and there is no bottleneck on the current system.
Parkland refinery shut down for planned maintenance.
Planning for this event started in 2013. The company says that it built up its stored volume of fuel in advance of the shutdown and it also entered into deals with others to ensure a consistent source of supply.
We are being fed a story that is not consistent with the facts.
Here are some even more helpful quotes from the same article.
Tim McMillan, president of the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers, said Alberta's hand was forced and producers are on board with Bill 12. But he noted that if the legislation is enacted, it wouldn't just hurt B.C.
"Any disruption would have further effects on our industry, and I think it comes down to short-term challenges for long-term gain. Our preference is that we don't have barriers getting our product to market, short or long term," he said.
"Any time there is a barrier getting the product to market, it hurts the economics in Western Canada and has an effect on jobs.".
Gary Leach, president of the Explorers and Producers Association of Canada (EPAC), echoed McMillan's sentiments, and said he hopes the government handles any enactment of Bill 12 with "some skills" to avoid too much negative impact on Alberta's energy producers.
"But, I think at this point this impasse with British Columbia has to be brought to an end as quickly as possible. So our view is that it's regrettable it's come to this, but we would support the government at least acquiring the legal tools to defend Alberta's interests if necessary."
That isn't support for using the bill. Just having it. Getting them to agree that it is necessary is another matter.
Another key industry group, the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA), said in a statement that while it understands Bill 12 has become necessary, it's concerned the measures could have unintended consequences.
"We hope that the measures will not need to be implemented and that we are able to find a prompt resolution to the current impasse that reflects the needs and concerns of industry and other stakeholders," CEPA president Chris Bloomer said.
Again, support for the bill but coupled with a warning not to use it rooted in "unintended consequences".
Alberta's ability to physically export bitumen is limited by transportation options. If Alberta decides to not sell to BC it doesn't have other customers waiting in the wings. BC can also shut down bitumen exports from its coast.
Alberta is playing chicken. While BC gas might go up oil companies would have no choice but to reduce production and lay off workers.
Trudeau and Notley better think twice about sinking money into the project. It is not guaranteed to go through. There are still cases before the courts that have not been settled aside from Horgan's reference question.
Is this just profit-taking on the part of the oil companies?
What we've got here is a classic situation of predatory or inappropriate pricing because the companies know what the markets here will bear.
We are often charged more than costs and a normal return on profit and transportation would suggest.
Consumers have to take action. We have to vote with our feet. | 2019-04-20T18:45:33Z | http://rabble.ca/babble/canadian-politics/it-victory-federal-ndp-if-trans-mountain-killed?page=3 |
BlizzWarWorlds experienced many events in its long history. The, ages and eras would pass, and although BlizzWarWorlds eventually fell, it left a sound impact on those who were a part of it. The majority of BlizzWarWorlds was eventually lost, but fragments and lost artifacts of this bygone era survive to modern times. The history of BlizzWarWorlds is the greatest of the very few treasures that remain.
September 2003, The Founder Gandalf establishes the group soon to be known as BlizzWarWorlds. The early Republicans were afraid of a hierarchy and most specifically an autocrat who could arbitrarily make decisions and cast them aside. The early republic maintained a slow democracy to lead the group with Gandalf simply being the Guardian of the Republic.
Throughout this month BlizzWarWorlds tried to get use to its new surroundings and prepared to make maps. This is the one month that BWW was naive, underdeveloped, as total democracy ruled during this short period, and failed. Like all democracies, the BWW members of the time voted on what kind of map they wanted to do, which ended up being the RPG. Most of those initial members left thereafter. Eventually BWW would decide to drop the RPG over a year and a half later since it was decided through democracy.
On September 4 2003, Gandalf proposed a mapmaking group for Warcraft. The group was immediately popular as a Great Discussion began to take place.
On September 21, The group became known as BlizzWarWorlds and was given their own forum. After a map was voted on by those first few members, discussion for the RPG ” The Orb of Oblivion” began. (This map would never be completed, and was eventually dropped during the Silver Age due to diminishing resources, with the official scapegoat that the map was sanctioned by the early Republic and not members of the Principate (The Court of BlizzWarWorlds).
On September 23, Gandalf made the Announcement Thread. This would later be foundation for the Ministry of BlizzWarWorlds.
On September 27, The Slogan for BlizzWarWorlds was “We put the Zug in Zug Zug”. This issue was controversial and would be of future debate later.
On September 30, The Greek Mythology Tower Defense ” Battle of Mount Olympus” was given the official “go”. This map would not start immediately and was meant to be secondary map.
One of the most pivotal events in BWW history was the rise of DarkTerror. As the new High Inquisitor of BlizzWarWorlds, DarkTerror’s early reign was meant to be a public office, one lower than the Founder of BlizzWarWorlds, Gandalf. In effect BWW was still legislated as a Republic, but the powers bestowed upon the Inquistor created a de facto monarchy which we can now be labeled “The Principate”. Many people feared that his new position would bring BlizzWarWorlds into an absolute monarchy. DarkTerror quickly quelled the thoughts of rebellion legitimizing his claim with unique ties to the Founder and the Republic. Although in principle the High Inquisitor office was meant to serve the young Founder. The Reign of Terror had begun and BlizzWarWorlds was never going to be the same.
The Golden Age of BlizzWarWorlds was throughout the time that DarkTerror ruled BWW. Characterized by the excitement and innate fragility of the group, a period of art, creation of the Court of BlizzWarWorlds, would set the standard of all BWW ages.
October was a month of great change with the emergence of the High Inquisitor and his shocking rise to power. His policies would someday become the heart and soul of BlizzWarWorlds. As BlizzWarWorlds became more of a united group, than a ragtag team. This month onwards would begin the reign of BWW’s aristocracy as the Ministry and the Line of Inquisitors. At the time though, the rise of DarkTerror and the Inquisition was feared, and many viewed it to be a dictatorship. BWW would later become a true full fledged aristocracy as new members would soon join the Ministry and the formation of the Noble Court. BWW’s tiered system and those who can date their membership to the group at its earliest periods became the unspoken rule in BWW.
Negotiations of an alliance between the democratic, powerful and prosperous Starcraft mapmaking group, BlizzScums led by BSTRhino and Doom Dragoon.
On October 7, An ambitious storyliner sent Gandalf a private message that would bring about some order in BlizzWarWorlds. This member was DarkTerror.
On October 13, DarkTerror became the High Inquisitor of Departments and the “Reign of Terror” begun as BlizzWarWorlds experienced huge change in the next few weeks. The High Inquisitor’s deadline thread came up and through it; it revealed the new system that BlizzWarWorlds was going towards the system of Hierarchy.
On October 20, Plans for the alliance between BlizzScums and BlizzWarWorlds surfaced.
On October 25, DarkTerror created the Inquisitorial Quiz to check up on status of how members were feeling. This quiz became a great symbol of the early days of DarkTerror and his reign.
On October 26, DarkTerror took control over the sign up thread.
November was a slow time period in terms of progress in maps. The fledged out authority of the Inquisitor, brought about the Ministry, the Senior UnderSecretary, and the Alliance with BlizzScums,and the Greek TD. BlizzScums and BlizzWarWorlds formally signed the alliance, however only a short time afterward, BSTRhino retired from leadership.
On November 3, the second map began constuction. The TD “Battle of MountOlympus”.
On November 6, Plans for another top level manager was in the making. The Senior UnderSecretary of Supervision.
On November 16, BlizzScums and BlizzWarWorlds signed the alliance.
On November 18, Plans for DarkTerror to become a moderator was brought up.
On November 24, A Major member of BlizzScums stepped down. The member was BSTRhino who was a major component in coming up with the alliance as well as assisting DarkTerror with many tasks.
On November 26, Zero (old friend of DarkTerror) became the Senior UnderSecretary of Supervision.
December is known to be a silent period in BWW. Nothing bad really happened but because of the forums being closed down, not much happened and a great deal of information was lost. The Age of DarkTerror began to strengthen as he became a mod, but the age of BSTRhino finally collapsed in full.BlizzScums felt a decline now that BSTRhino was banned out of BlizzForums.
On December 1, the Slogan was changed to “Breaking the Bonds of Reality”.
On December 3, DarkTerror became a full Moderator. And history began to be recorded.
On December 18, BlizzForums regained a position in reality but was in tact only in its December 7th state.
BSTRhino was eventually convicted in being a major factor that caused the black out of BlizzForums. BSTRhino lost his powers, titles, and respect he had built up in the the last 6 months in only 5 days. He was then banned from BlizzForums and the end of the Rhino Era ended with him.
On December 31, A look back at BlizzWarWorld’s first thread reveals that it was Mtankha who fathered the name. It also foretold of DarkTerror’s ideals of making a map group work. All of them came true.
Janury is another period of great change in authority. With the Senior UnderSecretary’s position, Custom Creation and the Ministry being reformed. It allowed 2 other founding members of BlizzWarWorlds to help the group become more organized. Departments such as Terrain and Triggers and the new Sub Department such as Object Editting had many ranking changes to make them all more efficient.With that in mind, BlizzWarWorlds seemed to be on the road to success. But at the end of the month, BlizzWarWorlds would experience one of its first great crisises.
On January 3 2004, The High Inquisitor unified the Departments of Custom Creation creating an all powerful Universal Custom Creation Department that would serve all current maps. ShadowHawk is given the title Top Officer of Custom Creation and is given membership to the Ministry.
On January 7th, the map Supremacy has recieved recognition of being a future map. The Senior UnderSecretary Zero grants his power to Mtankha the Second Senior UnderSecretary of BlizzWarWorlds. Mtankha becomes the second Senior UnderSecretary and recieves the membership from the Ministry that comes with it.
The Competition of the Universal Signature officially takes place between the House of Supervision and its greatest rival the Universal Department of Custom Creation. (Mtankha vs ShadowHawk).
The Powers of the Senior UnderSecretary in Zero’s time was by far much more powerful than when Mtankha took over. However, between the Founder, High Inquisitor, Senior UnderSecretary and Top Officer. They made up the well grounded Ministry.
On January 13, a debate between Departments 3 and 4 occurred over the tasks in Object Editting for spells and abilities. It was decided a Sub Department of Object Editting was to be created to serve both Departments. Sargeants became a new rank for future Sub Departments.
On January 16, BlizzWarWorlds annex thread goes up in the main mapmaking group with the expansion with DarkTerror’s modship into the regular WC map development forum.
On January 18, BlizzWarWorlds was thrown into a state of Chaos by an intrusion by a pair of violent flamers. BlizzWarWorlds was never braced for such an attack, and the Ministry was hit hard. Anarchy ensued as the powers of the entire Regime, (which include the Founder, High Inquisitor, the Senior UnderSecretary, and the Top Officer of Custom Creation as well as all DepartmentHeads), was fading and most noticebly as some of the greatest symbols of BWW began to fall.
On January 21, At the doorstep of total collapse of the Ministry and all that was within its care. The members of BlizzWarWorlds responded that the Ministry should forever hold strong and instead of reverting back to the political situation of October they should keep the “Ancient Regime”. For as long as the members believe in the system, the Ministry and everything beneath it will always be powerful. The Ministry was restored along with other important icons and placed back into the peaceful days prior to January 18.
On January 24, The introduction of FieldMasters and usefulness of the rank Sargeant became more evident in the Departments of Terrain and Triggers. The Deadlines thread is changed to the House of Inquisition Thread as well as the Announcement thread is changed to Ministry Announcements.
On January 29, Former SS Zero, and Current HI DarkTerror get into a terrible argument thus ending a year long relationship in mapmaking. (Finally in February 2010, the legacy successors to DarkTerror would reconcile with those of Zero).
February was a relative quiet month for BlizzWarWorlds. Many foreign affairs took place in BlizzScums with the huge revolution that took place.The Emergence of WB also became a new founding platform for another mapmaking group for Starcraft. It would soon be known as Starchitects and founded by BSTRhino and Doom Dragoon. The system of Starchitects was planned to be very loose compared to BlizzScums and most definitely BlizzWarWorlds.
On February 7th, The Universal Signature Contest finally came to an end. ShadowHawk won the contest and his signature became Official.
On February 8th, Several mods and admins left BF to help found WB. Rhino has long been part of the Org Network which was associated with WB. DoomDragoon has decided to leave BlizzScums and help Rhino found something new at WB.
On February 17th, DarkTerror Day was celebrated. This was the High Inquisitor’s birthday, and thus he made it a “half holiday”.
BlizzScums goes under a new leader called Drakain Zeil, and a whole new regime to lead BS.
On February 22nd, BlizzWarWorlds celebrated their Bi-Annual anniversary since the founding of the group.
March was still another quiet month but was reaching prosperity again. Although Tassadar (FieldMaster of Terrain at the time) had to go on hiatus. Tassadar was able to finish the terrain for the TD. So progress was not slowed. The fourth map called Fire and Water was given the go to begin construction. The starting of Fire and Water finally epitomized that High Inquisitor DarkTerror was the unquestioned authority of BlizzWarWorlds. All remnants of a fragile, separated,and rebellious group were no more. BlizzWarWorlds began entering the peak of its Golden Age.
On March 8th, BlizzWarWorlds decides to begin construction of yet another map. The fabled map of Fire and Ice, that was the legendary goal of High Inquisitor DarkTerror and current FieldMaster Tassadar.
On March 18th, Mtankha asks DarkTerror how he knew about the Earthquake that happened in India. Did DarkTerror foresee the earthquake? The events of these 2 days were put into a comic which can be viewed in the Art Gallery.
On March 25th, BlizzWarWorlds celebrated the Black Jubillee of the half year reign of DarkTerror. A new version of the Inquisitorial Pop Quiz was given out so everyone could do.
The month of April was a very good time for BlizzWarWorlds for it centers the apex time of the Golden Age. There were many great developments as Custom Creation became the powerhouse it was meant to be, the Creation of the Noble Court of BlizzWarWorlds which would push BWW into a full aristocracy, and the construction of the website. The many fantastic pieces of art let BlizzWarWorlds have cultural advancement that made the group more unique and special. BlizzWarWorlds watched its counterpart BlizzScums and the predicaments they were in. In the early months of BlizzWarWorlds, BlizzScums was in a fantastic period. While BlizzWarWorlds struggled. The situations greatly changed a few months afterwards.
On April 4th, High Inquisitor DarkTerror gives BlizzScums their anniversary gift depicting their current declining situation and the power BlizzWarWorlds that has built up over the months.
On April 6th, The Pledge Policy of BlizzWarWorlds is set into place. The Recruitment Sign up Lobby also states the essential information for members who want BlizzWarWorlds to make their map, and if they get to govern its construction.
On April 7th, All Assistants of Cusotm Creation were promoted to Sargeants for their all their hard work And thus strengthening the power of this Department furthur.
On April 11th, the Art Gallery in the deadlines thread came into existance. Serious talk amongst the Ministry regarding a future site for BlizzWarWorlds also became a main focus as preparation for the first map was coming soon. The initial choice as WebLord was DarkTemplar.
On April 15th, the Court of BlizzWarWorlds is established. The Court is a second base level of authority in BlizzWarWorlds. FieldMasters and Department Heads are invited to join the Court, as well some members can be appointed to the Court for their special services.
In the following days the following Courtiers of BlizzWarWorlds were intiated. They were the first Courtiers to be fully initiated.
On April 17th, the Colorful Ranking Table illustrates the ranks of BlizzWarWorlds. Made by the Court Artist Slothien.
On April 21st, Serious discussions with the WebMaster Neo of BlizzScums to help create the site of BlizzWarWorlds. The next few days many discussions were held on what to do for the site. The BlizzWarWorlds site had however, a promising future.
On April 22nd, The Coat of Arms of BlizzWarWorlds was finished creation. It would known as the symbol of the Ministry and everything under its domain.
On April 29th, Mtankha released “Mtank’s Revenge”. Mtank’s Revenge was a short but hilarious cinematic of BlizzWarWorlds. Starring Mtankha, and his antics as he explores the land of BlizzWarWorlds. Mtank’s Revenge began an interesting trend that would be continued later on, as well it promoted a possible future map. The BlizzWarWorld Hero Arena.
On April 30th, Sargeant Nuker created fantastic badges for all BlizzWarWorlds members to wear. The badges were extremely useful, as well their size was perfect. The badges in effect replaced the old purpose of the Universal Signatures (which none were ever made). Thus the badge became yet another symbol of the growing fellowship within BlizzWarWorlds.
The month of May carried on the great prosperity that April enjoyed, although to a lesser extent. This month is known as the time when the BlizzWarWorlds website went up, as well the month that Tassadar came back to rejuvenate his Department of Terrain. Object Editting finally took on most of its indepedence as Nuker was appointed FieldMaster of that Department. The relationship between BlizzScums and BlizzWarWorlds strengthed under new Co-Leader Oaf of BlizzScums.BlizzWarWorlds continued to prepare itself for the completion of their first map, but at a much slower rate than in April.
On May 2nd, It became known that both Neo and DarkTemplar were WebLords to BlizzWarWorlds. Both were attempting to achieve the same goal in creating the best possible BlizzWarWorld website. And both had incredible amounts of talent and resources to accomplish this task. The Ministry and Court of BlizzWarWorlds was ready to support either side. And soon one of the 2 WebLords would become more dominant than the other.
On May 9th, Object Editting finally becomes its own Department. Thus officially having 6 Departments within BlizzWarWorlds. Object Editting would continue to be below the Top Officer of Custom Creation. However only as a mere figurehead since the new FieldMaster of Object Editting would have full control of the Department. The new FieldMaster of OE is Nuker, a very capable and long time member of BlizzWarWorlds.
This day was also very important since it was the first day that the BlizzWarWorlds site officially went up at www.blizzwarworlds.com. It was DarkTemplar’s layout that was used, as Neo fell in love with DarkTemplar’s layout However, it was Neo’s help that gave BlizzWarWorlds a .com address and a stable host.
On May 18th, FieldMaster Tassadar returns and reclaims his place amongst BlizzWarWorlds. As the single most powerful entity beneath Members of the Ministry.
On May 21st, a curious member of BS named Oaf rose up to the rank of Co-Leader of BlizzScums. Oaf implemented many BlizzWarWorld policies into BlizzScums and thus started to change the way of BlizzScums for the better. At last, the BlizzWarWorld system proved its dominance over the former BlizzScum system as BlizzScums became more and more BlizzWardian.
On May 26, the past few days the forums were blacked out. But on this day the forums came back on and thus more of the story of the curious BS member continued the next few days. Oaf agreed to the age old alliance with BlizzWarWorlds and began to embrace BlizzWarWorlds as a friend and ally in the forums. BlizzWarWorlds thus was held in higher regard as more and more BlizzWardian ideas came into BlizzScums. When the old alliance was made, BlizzWarWorlds would be the subordinate group to BlizzScums. At last BlizzWarWorlds finally asserted them into the capital position of the partnership. Oaf would always be known as a hero in BlizzWarWorlds (Like Gorbachev) for his acceptance of highly superior concepts that all others of his station and higher shunned. Renewal of the alliance made way for a future positive relationship between the 2 groups, a relationship that was very one sided for an age.
June was a slow month as everyone finished up their school year. The Golden Age is now in its twilight months.
On June 3, FieldMaster Nuker of Object Editting becomes a moderator of the Warcraft III Mods and Map developement Forums. Nuker would change his name to Heptameron and have a “semi new” outlook on the forum. BlizzWarWorlds dominance over the main map making forum solidified.
On June 17, The Ministry releases “The Return of Terror” the sequel to Mtankha’s Revenge.
On June 21, The Creator of the BlizzWarWorld website layout called DarkTemplar left BlizzWarWorlds.
The month of July was supposed to be a productive month but it wasn’t. DarkSoul became the full leader of BlizzScums at the time and so relations did improve between the 2 declining groups.
On July 20, Ambassador DarkSoul of BlizzScums becomes the Grand Ambassador as he ascends to the leadership of BlizzScums. DarkSoul became the leader of BS by winning the leadership election against Oaf. Oaf shortly left BS forever. Surely ties would finally be strengthened between the 2 groups at last.
On July 25, Grand Ambassador DarkSoul becomes a full moderator.
On July 29, Tassadar steps down FieldMaster of Terrain and he is suceeded by ArticFox. Tassadar becomes a mere Sargeant of Custom Creation.
On July 31, Oaf resigns as Co-Leader of BlizzScums.
The month of August went by quickly and quietly. No major event occured. This proved to be an all time low in the “Classical Age” of BlizzWarWorlds. Mean mouths began to question the leadership of the High Inquisitor, DarkTerror, whose personal decline had become most evident and the state BlizzWarWorlds was no longer reputable.
The month of September went by smoothy and sadly. The governing High Inquisitor (DarkTerror) announced his retirement the following month. Thus ending his reign of 1 year. BlizzWarWorlds was stirred by the loss of its first High Inquisitor, as well as Top Officer ShadowHawk who also decided to retire. Advances in the Greek TD were made as FieldMaster Heptameron geared his department of Object Editting to finish its last pieces of work. The only thing left to do was balance the map fairly, and was being done so by FieldMaster of Triggers, Gandalf. Unfortunately DarkTerror never had a map released during his reign, but he endured the hardships that his sucessor would enjoy the work and time he put into BlizzWarWorlds.
On September 6th, it became evident that DarkTerror’s Age of Gold-Iron was melting away and soon it will be over. In his thread, he made it known who the heir apparent was, the Senior UnderSecretary Mtankha. Mtankha would inherit all of DarkTerror’s resources on October 5th, the same day the year before that DarkTerror came to power. When Mtankha would become the High Inquisitor,DarkTerror would be no more.
DarkTerror had many secret projects that were not known to many until this date. Such as the Seal of Inquisitors, the epitome of all of DarkTerror’s strength. It was drawn by Court Artist Slothien and they began working on it together 2 months before.
Another such project was BlizzWarWorlds FAQ, it was created by the Founder Gandalf and the Court Artist Slothien who began working on it nearly 4 months ago. This enchanted book was going to be something special in its future.
DarkTerror had one last major surprise up his sleeve, but only time would tell if it came to fruition. All of these projects were supervised and concocted by DarkTerror, but only became reality when he used the wealth of BlizzWarWorlds. Wealth that Mtankha will be able to use at his whim.
Also on this day Top Officer ShadowHawk of Custom Creation steps down from his post, leaving his position in the hands of many respectable members in his Department that will someday soon choose a new Top Officer.
On September 9th, BlizzWarWorlds had its first anniversary. On the Anniversary thread, DarkTerror individually said goodbye to those whom he met throughout the course of the year that helped make up his reign. There was also the thread The End of the Age of Gold Iron which outlines all that DarkTerror was going to bequeath upon Mtankha.
On September 11th, Court Artist Slothien is promoted to the position of Top Officer of Custom Creation.
On September 17th, the old Custom Creation thread is taken down, and is replaced by a new one under the leadership of Slothien483. Slothien also became the first Ministry Member that was not part of the initial founding of BlizzWarWorlds, however he did hold the reputation of being a member of the “Classical Court” of BlizzWarworlds.
Slothien was most favored by the old and ailing High Inquisitor, however it was not he who gave him the title of Top Officer of Custom Creation. When Former Top Officer ShadowHawk retired, he left the decision between the future Inquisitor, Mtankha, and the lowly Court Artist Slothien who was also a Sargeant of CC. It was agreed between both of them, that ShadowHawks position would be entrusted to Slothien, who would arguably someday become the second most powerful member in BWW.
On September 18th, a feud between BlizzScum leader DarkSoul and the current High Inquisitor, DarkTerror, errupted. The feud had several layers to it, both personal feelings about each other, the covetted WoW beta whom both lay claim to , and the hostile relationship between BlizzScums and BlizzWarWorlds.
On September 30th, DarkTerror posted a last Inquisitorial Pop Quiz to see where BlizzWarWorlds stood at this point, compared to how it was one year ago. BlizzWarWorlds greatly changed in positive ways and so DarkTerror knew he did what he was able to do.
October was the last days of an Era, and the beginning of another.
On October 5th, DarkTerror retired as High Inquisitor thus ending the Reign of Terror forever. Mtankha now rose as the High Inquisitor ready to lead BlizzWarWorlds in ways never thought up yet. Thus begins the Age of True Silver.
To remember the Age of Gold-Iron, the BlizzWarWorlds Hero Arena began discussion in full force once again.
September 2004, the death of DarkTerror along with the end of Top Officer Shadow Hawk creates a power vacuum for the extraordinary powers of the Inquisitor once maintained by DarkTerror. Senior UnderSecretary Mtankha seizes the High Inquisitor office and promotes Heptameron as the new Arch Field Master of BlizzWarWorlds. The remainder of DarkTerror’s Estate falls into the command of Lord Viscount. These key events shape the most dynamic age BWW had yet to see.
March 2005, the Court of BlizzWarWorlds triumphs over Xiash, the most hated enemy of BlizzWarWorlds. As well it sparks the ascension of the new Sargeant Major, Chad, as one of the potential Heir of Inquisitors.
June 2005, Chad is crowned as the Senior Lieutenant via the resurrection of DarkTerror. The end of Mtankha would lead to the succession of the third High Inquisitor. A dark omen precedes Chad, that he would be the last of the true great leaders of BlizzWarWorlds. June was an interesting month in that it was technically an “artificial extension” of the original Golden Age.
August 2005, civil war begins over the Inquisitorial succession between rival factions of Mtankha’s House of Inquisition versus Lord Viscount’s Estate of DarkTerror. BlizzWarWorlds splits into 2 halves. And Mtankha is forced to abdicate.
The Month of October begins the Second Age, with dramatic changes in the Ministry and the Court of BlizzWarWorlds. BlizzWarWorlds accommodates the changes under its new High Inquisitor.
On the 5th of October, the Fall of DarkTerror and the Golden Age beckons the second Age. The Age of Silver commences with Mtankha as the new High Inquisitor. The House of Supervision is then upgraded into the powers of the Inquisition.The Elder House of Inquisition becomes the Estate of DarkTerror and undergoes new management of Lord Viscount, Castellan of the Estate. The Estate of DarkTerror would forever be one the last vestiges of classical BlizzWarWorlds prominence in the group.
On the 11th of November the Alliance between BlizzScums and BlizzWarWorlds ended. DarkSoul the leader of BlizzScums, felt an alliance was no longer feasible between the 2 groups, and so the alliance that was said never to fail, was broken. DarkSoul fell from Court that day.
On the 25th of November, a newbish member known as Xiash questions the BWW system after recently joining. Xiash proposes a new and improved system and the Ministry gives him a chance to prove his theories. If Xiash were to succeed, Xiash could have very well became one of the most powerful members of BlizzWarWorlds. But it was never meant to be.
On the 30th of November, the power of the Department Custom Creation considerably decreases. Top Officer Slothien loses his Ministry seat, but remains in the Court. The Ministry now focuses upon the new great department, Object Editing and it’s FieldMaster Heptameron.
December goes on with Christmas Festivities. Xiash fails to do any such progress with his “new and improved system”. Xiash then begins making ridiculous comics for BWW oddly enough. None of these comics were worthwhile to save and has been lost to time.
2. many people do not like those heros.
3. the game time fr this will be far too longfor anybody to hold together.
6. this map has done nothing so far except give me a bad rep, made two members decide to almost leave us forever and wasted a lot of time.
7. this map is not what BWW is about.
8. i will not do this map.
10. either i make a new map or its all over for this.
11. i am working on 3 new maps that are of good quality.
12. many maps sound like good ideas but turn out not to be.
13. nobody is at fault.
Still trying to get over Xiash’s bizarre antics… BlizzWarWorlds opens up the Beta Board.
On the 20th of January 2005, BlizzWarWorlds increases its border by opening up the Beta Board in anticipation of their first map.
Powerful forces in BlizzWarWorlds begin to clash as civil differences erupt behind the forums in the month of February.
On the 17th of February, A Secret war erupts between the FieldMaster of Object Editing and the Lord Castellan of the Estate of DarkTerror, over the controversial celebration of the First High Inquisitor’s birthday.
On the 21th of February, FieldMaster Heptameron of Object Editing leaves BlizzWarWorlds temporarily, thus halting Object Editings’ progress. Some wondered why.
In the month of March BlizzWarWorlds begins to enter the Silver Age’s Apex period, where the Beta Board was new, and a new map came out. Some individuals began to join the forums just to post and praise BlizzWarWorlds first map, the The Battle of Mount of Olympus Tower Defense. Unfortunately… this good time was tarnished by the start of a very unfortunate and soon to be devastating event. For within the apex of the Silver Age, comes one of the greatest crisis of all BlizzWarWorlds history.
On March 9th, BlizzWarWorlds releases its first map. The Battle of Mount Olympus Tower Defense in its beta form. Lord Viscount begins construction of the new Silver Age Crest of BlizzWarWorlds.
On March 11th, Xiash is questioned about his usefulness and helpfulness in BlizzWarWorlds. Xiash was now long known to be spammy, annoying, downright useless at this point. But what made situations worse was that Xiash now had the gall to talk back to question the authorities of some members of the Noble Court. Saying they were worthless and powerless.
On March 12th, the Founder Gandalf puts Xiash on trial. Xiash is to now attempt to complete the Hero Arena’s Object Editing within 40 days. Xiash often bragged about his “amazingly uber” map making skills, and that complained he had nothing to do. He was now put to the test.
On March 18th, former BS member, Geno tries to join BlizzWarWorlds by presenting himself to the Noble Court. At the time Geno did not have Warcraft III at all, and so that is what made the situation rather delicate. But Geno was known to have helped BlizzWarWorlds abroad in BlizzScums, and was once extremely loyal to the First High Inquisitor..
On March 19th, The administration of BlizzForums makes a great announcement to all of the Warcraft forums, and Starcraft map making forums about the completion and success of BlizzWarWorlds first map.
On March 21st, the Court accepts Geno into BlizzWarWorlds. Geno then reveals that he had recently acquired Warcraft III and was busy learning how to map make.
On March 25th,Gandalf at long last obtains MSN thus uniting the Court through a universal messenger.
On March 26th.. Viscount works on a piece called the “Damnation of Xiash”. A versed and fictional story about Xiash viewed in a better light. Although few knew this, the story would explain the events to happen soon, in a profound way.
All of BlizzWarWorlds tried to resist Xiash’s taunts, but it would never solve the problem.
Lord Viscount, nearly defeated, falls back into his comforting shadows and decides to pull strings in the darkness….. Unfortunately his dark art only provided a source of information for what would truly turn the tide.
The pivotal point during the siege was when ArchFieldMaster Heptameron returned, as Heptameron picked up where Viscount left off, defending BlizzWarWorlds in all areas against Xiash. The Noble Court was now fully restored, and led by the ArchFieldMaster, the Court finally was beginning to see the end of the Xiash problem. Aided by the Estate’s dubious insight and abilities, Heptameron was able to suppress Xiash so he would never have enough strength to threaten BlizzWarWorlds he once did.
On April 1st, “Leader for Life but I won’t do any work” Aya sells out BizzScums, by firing all BS members to once again merge with BlizzWarWorlds.
On April 2nd Yesterday was an April’s Fool’s joke.
Also on this day, Xiash, a minor Sargeant of Object Editing, who was known to have done nothing but have a big mouth, is deposed from BWW. Thus begins the travesty of the true and non-fiction “Damnation of Xiash”.
Like DarkTerror’s great tragedy in his time…. BlizzWarWorlds security and majesty, is shaken. The battle begins, as major courtiers and prestigious members alike realize that the problem will not go away by itself passively.
The battle ranged on for weeks afterward, as Xiash threatened BlizzWarWorlds with hacks, flames and spam. He began menacing major authority figures, saying they were abusing and belittling the other members. Old and powerful names like the former Senior UnderSecretary Zero were also brought up. Some believe that Zero came back to destroy BWW.
BWW was now in a confused state, as stickies mysteriously disappeared and reappeared, all the while as Xiash tries to destroy BWW’s morale. BWW did it’s best to function normally throughout all this.
On April 5th, Viscount shows the cryptic work called “The Damnation of Xiash” publicly. Only the most astute and clever individuals would realize that the story actually gave insight into BlizzWarWorlds. Some would realize what had happened in February and Heptameron, as well explain what was happening at the time. Sometimes it’s best to read the beginning, end, and then the middle of stories.
On April 8th, Xiash is officially given the well deserved title of… the Court Jester of BlizzWarWorlds. Little Xiash ever said was factual, and could be shown as true.
On April 15th, FieldMaster Heptameron returns to BlizzWarWorlds and then aids the Court in solving the Xiash problem.
On April 16th, Chad follows suit with Xiash and also leaves BlizzWarWorlds in a huff. Chad did a great deal of a work for the map Supremacy, and so his loss was a great one. Heptameron also decides to bring back the old BWW badges to help keep the group together.
On April 22th, Xiash is secretly defeated.
On April 24th, Chad is reinstated back into BWW with a full pardon from the Noble Court and is granted the title from the High Inquisitor, Sargeant Major of Object Editing for all of the work Chad did on Supremacy (He did all of it) and his great loyalty to the group. This would then make Chad virtually FieldMaster Heptameron’s second in command.
Although Chad’s shocking return was mostly left unanswered, most guessed Chad was a part of Lord Viscount’s dark agenda in getting rid of the Court Jester. In any case, Chad was not a traitor after all. Also on this day it was publicly announced that Xiash was defeated.
On April 29th, High Inquisitor Mtankha officially drops the RPG from BlizzWarWorlds agenda. The RPG was decided through democracy that fell a long time ago. And since the Ministry and all the powers that be, did not sanction the RPG, the Ministry had no obligation to finish the RPG. The Ministry still never had to drop a map that it wanted to create from the start.
The month of May shows the reemergence of BlizzScums. BlizzScums holds an election that brings out their 6th major leader named Kryok. What few expected was that Kryok sincerely wished for better relations with BWW. Unfortunately the Court of BWW was apathetic of the idea, and there were many concerns about the conflict between both group’s great hatred towards each other.
Also during this month were a few major events that helped polish BWW. This included the Silver Age Crest, the Arch Field Master title, and the prophecy of the Heir of Inquisitors.
On May 4th, New Leadership elections in BlizzScums are dicussed again. BlizzScums becomes surprisingly active in a very short period of time.
On May 17, Lord Viscount of the Estate of DarkTerror unveils the Silver Age of Crest of BWW.
On May 18th, High Inquisitor Mtankha brings out the Inquisitorial Quiz. This was the 4th time the quiz was used in BWW history.
On May 24, Heptameron receives an official promotion of ArchFieldMaster of Object Editing, as Object Editing goes into the spotlight as the jeweled department. Heptameron is now officially known to be one of BlizzWarWorlds greatest members, similar to the late Top Officer ShadowHawk and his former jeweled Department of Custom Creation.
With a powerful ArchFieldMaster, and a Sargeant Major leading the Universal Department of Object Editing, OE now stands greater than CC ever was.
Later in the day…. BlizzWarWorlds miraculously became even more powerful. The new Arch FieldMaster Heptameron was given a senior modship over all the forums. The Founder Gandalf was given a modship at long last. Geno was also given a modship. That would class 3/4 major members of Court having a modship. As well 5/9 members in BWW having a modship in general.
On May 25th, 2005, the Court of BWW assembles to discuss the future of BlizzWarWorlds. The Founder Gandalf initiates Court as the Arch Field Master Heptameron states his concern of the day. High Inquisitor Mtankha remains silent until Heptameron is done speaking and brings up a valid point of what to do. One of the main issues on this day is who will be the Heir of DarkTerror who would continue the line of Inquisitors. He would be the one candidate who could potentially succeed all four of the powerful courtiers when their power would run out.
The Court concludes as the one is decided, but given the condition that he would have to prove himself in time. The Lord Viscount, has faith in the candidate and speaks the prophecy that would spell the name of the one being that would succeed them all accordingly…and rule over the House of Supervision….
The first is fourth to Viscount.
The second is first to Heptameron.
A Sargeant Major will never rule BlizzWarWorlds.
On May 28th, Kryok becomes the new leader of BlizzScums.
On May 29th, under Kryok’s command. BlizzScums asks BlizzWarWorlds to reinstate their age old alliance. The notion of an alliance fizzled out days afterward, however Kryok, unlike other BS leaders, seemed to be very honest in that he wanted the two groups to be on better terms.
The month of June went by lazily. Instead most members of BWW began playing a game called “OGame”, a strategic slow paced game set in space. DarkTerror is resurrected and promotes Chad to Senior Lieutenant.
On June 2nd, BlizzScums opens up their Beta Board similiar to BlizzWarWorlds.
One June 15th, OGame is introduced to BlizzWarWorlds. Eventually all members start playing it.
June was a rather dynamic month as many members of Court began to take absence. The greatest one of note was High Inquisitor Mtankha, who simply needed a break from the drains of the eclipsing leadership. As other great leaders such as the Founder Gandalf and Arch Field Master Heptameron also began to take extended absences. BlizzWarWorlds was slowly beginning to meander to nothing.
What no one forsaw was the resurrection of DarkTerror, who quickly set BlizzWarWorlds back into motion. DarkTerror hand picked his chosen heir….. the new Senior Lieutenant Chad of the House of Object Editing. DarkTerror knew that by hybridizing the potency of the jewelled department and the blood of Inquisitors, he would bring forth a position of unpredecented influence and ability. The Line of Inquisitors was strengthened and BlizzWarWorlds future better insured.
Although DarkTerror quickly faded thereafter, the old House of Supervision map “Supremacy” was decided to be dramatically revamped into “Heaven and Hell”. The Heir of Inquisitors also took direct control of the maps Fire and Water and the Golden Age Hero Arena, thus making him a much more promising sucessor to DarkTerror.
During the dates July 2nd to 6th. The Founder Gandalf leaves BWW temporarily along with Arch Field Master Heptameron. Shockingly, High Inquisitor Mtankha also goes on hiatus from his normal duties.
of decline. Mtankha gave the Inquisitorial powers back to the Estate.
The dead corpse of High Inquisitor DarkTerror was revitalized.
DarkTerror had returned for a short time, which is referred to as the Extension of the Golden Age.
On July 7th, DarkTerror promoted Sargeant Major Chad of Object Editing to the Senior Lieutenant of the House of Object Editing. Chad’s powers greatly increased as both the jeweled department and the power of the Inquisitors were tied to his being. DarkTerror resurrection fulfilled the prophecy.
This new formation of power created the House of Object Editing, which dually ruled over the Universal Department of Object Editing and what was known as the “The House of Supervision”.
Chad’s enthronement would change the leadership of BWW dramatically. Like his eldest predecessor, Chad was a firm leader who was going to bring glory to BWW once again, and therefore was also known as “DarkTerror’s Pride”..
The Elder Inquisitor and the new “Heir of Inquisitors” were now about to take control over BWW once again.
On July 8th, the Supremacy beta is made public.
On July 20th, Mtankha returns and casts down DarkTerror back to the bowels of hell thus ending his reign for the second time.
On July 23rd, Senior Lieutenant Chad announces that Supremacy will have a major uplift. The map will soon have 2 races with one being angels and the other demons. The map is now known as “Heaven and Hell: The Supremacy”.
On July 24th, The Estate releases the cinematic “Rise of Nuker” for the very first time. RoN was shelved nearly a year ago since it was partly uncompleted. But it was eventually decided to show everyone the third cinematic of BWW anyways.
The months of August and September were dark months for BlizzWarWorlds as opinions clashed between the prominent High Inquisitor Mtankha, and the Ancient Lord Viscount.
On August 8th, OGame reaches higher recognition in BlizzWarWorlds since it was made known that all members played it. BlizzWarWorlds officially makes its own alliance in Universe 4 known as “The Order of Eternity” with the impressive Lord Viscount as its leader. This was OG’s highest level popularity in BWW.
On August 19th tensions strain the relationship between the House of Inquisition and the Estate of DarkTerror. This would be the beginning of the end for the Silver Age. And the pivotal point between the breaking of an old friendship.
On August 20th, Senior Lieutenant Chad goes on an extended holiday. His absence would make the oncoming conflict worse.
On August 28tth, Viscount retires from OG at rank 33 in the universe. OG slowly loses its popularity. The Founder Gandalf starts another Ministry thread in a small effort in trying to solve the approaching dilemma.
On August 31st, Court Scribe Geno posts up “Time for the Silent to Speak”, a thread criticizing the current leadership. The conflict begins as the Estate of DarkTerror and the House of Inquisition begin to argue over the running of BWW. High Inquisitor Mtankha and Lord Viscount, 2 of the most foremost members were at war over the leadership of BWW. According to the old rules of the Principate, the High Inquisitor position was a public office, which ended after a year’s term from the days of the Republic. Mtankha had finally let the power go to his head, and stewardship of the title was now a right, the façade of the Republic had turned into a “Dominate”.
This led to one of the biggest questions of controversy was who controlled the powers of the Inquisitor. Was it DarkTerror and the Estate he left behind? Or the current Inquisitor Mtankha? The Sucessor to all the Inquisitors was Chad, but was unfortunately absent. With the Founder not able to take effective action. This climaxed the “War of the Inquisitorial Sucession”.
On September 4th, BWW officially becomes a group for 2 years. Unfortunately it was not well celebrated in light of the ensuing power struggle between the Estate and Inquisition.
On September 7th, Chad returns and tries to correct the situation to no avail. The conflict hardens, as BWW becomes silent.
On September 9th, Chad releases Part I of End of Shadows. The story detailing the end of the Golden Age, and the start of Silver. This is ironic in the fact that the Silver Age was ending.
For remainder of September, there was silence.
October brings the end of the Silver Age, and the beginning of the last great age of BlizzWarWorlds. The Age of Bronze Steel.
Mtankha steps down as Inquisitor, as the Founder Gandalf now promotes the once minor member Chad, to the one of the most exalted positions of BlizzWarWorlds. However by the time of Bronze, BlizzWarWorlds was now sinking downward in a spiral. The great friendship between Viscount and Mtankha was most important to the survival of BlizzWarWorlds. With the friendship severed, BWW was now split between Mtankha’s old Silver faction and Viscount’s Gold faction. BlizzWarWorlds was now on a race to finish their goals set out two years before, and finish them once and for all.
Never again will it be the same in BlizzWarWorlds. The end of the empire is near.
October 2006, BlizzWarWorlds is forever broken by the preceding power struggle which saw the fall of two of BlizzWarWorlds most political pillars. The division within the Court of BlizzWarWorlds, with the end of former Inquisitor Mtankha and the disappearance Arch Field Master Heptameron leaves “Western” BlizzWarWorlds into ruins. Mtankha’s Silver faction grumbles at their loss of power.
However, to the East a beacon of light shines brighter than ever piercing the darkness where the last Inquisitor lives on. Led by the new High Inquisitor Chad with the support of the Founder Gandalf and the remainder of DarkTerror’s Estate, Chad centralized the remaining offices to govern the rest of BlizzWarWorlds to respond to the arising situations quickly. It was Chad’s ambitions to once again the revitalizing BlizzWarWorlds. Little did he know he was about to face the greatest crisis greater than all of the hardships of his predecessors combined.
High Inquisitor Chad rules over the House of Object Editing, the apparent assimilation of the former House of Inquisition, Supervision, the Department of Custom Creation and Object Editing. Effectively Chad had to take up all previous roles in the past. Valiant as Chad was to save BWW, the empire was doomed.
January 2006, the black plague suffocates BlizzWarWorlds into submission. Chad and the remaining vestiges of the glory of the empire fade from Bronze to Black.
By June 2006, the ancient regime that controlled BlizzWarWorlds for 3 ages finally fled into the darkness as all that was BlizzWarWorlds was lost to the destruction. The spirit of BlizzWarWorlds was lost to the Dark Ages.
From the complete capitulation of BlizzWarWorlds, many of its members scattered and communication was lost. Very few key individuals still kept in contact. But a pair safeguarded the heart of BlizzWarWorlds, one of whom was the diminished Senior Lieutenant Chad, who had since lost all the powers of the High Inquistor (The title would never be used ever again although Chad would retain his historic title Senior Lieutanant). The other was the Lord Viscount of the very diminished Estate of DarkTerror.
On December 5th, 2007, Chad decided that he would attempt to finish the legacy of BlizzWarWorlds and initiated a minor renaissance. Unfortunately the combined forces of Chad and Viscount would not be the acting catalyst to lead BlizzWarWorlds out of the dark ages. Unfortunately as valiant as the effort was, nothing would come of it.
Relations between the very few core surviving BWW members, Mtankha, Gandalf, Chad, and Viscount would grow distant. All of whom would have lost touch with each other.
While BlizzWarWorlds fell into the dark ages, the Lord Viscount of the Estate fled carrying the secrets of DarkTerror, and incidentally, the legacy of BWW. Founding a new order of Champions, to preserve and protect ancient knowledge, The Order would be the direct successor to the Estate of DarkTerror.
Led by a Grand Champion in 2008 ,this highly secretive sect, the last surviving fragment of BWW is the spiritual successor the Estate of DarkTerror and First House of Inquisition of BlizzWarWorlds. A mixture of complex systems, hidden areas, and front line defenses. BSGtips was a veritable fortress, practicing the dark , yet monetarily profitable ways behind closed doors. Unlike it’s previous incarnations, BSGTips is an actual business. Controlled absolutely by the Grand Champion and the Order of Champions.
In Nov 2008, Industry Champion Jarad begins the seed of what is called BSGTips….
By May 2010. The Grand Champion won the Crown of Glo-Bus which gave the unification of both spheres of influence.
Early 2011 Apprenticed, Grand Champion Raymond who would later make the video guide. War erupts with a new rival, BSG.org continues as BSGTips fights its first major battle. Allied with BSG Consultancy and gained Frederic, the Grand Champion of Europe as an ally who allowed the site to go into different languages.
In 2012 rival site, www.beatbsg.com is installed with a regent loyal to the Crown of BSGTips, and now acts as a subsidiary. Industry Champion Michael has joined the fold.
In early 2013, Adrian is hired to update the look of the site. Anthony, apprentice to the Champion, has now joined the order as the potential next Grand Champion. | 2019-04-20T14:20:03Z | https://bsgtips.com/bww/ |
The above articles from the pen of inspiration contain a number of issues which directly relate to the discussion in a certain Adult Sabbath School quarterly. To be more specific, the authors of the quarterly have taken a position on the "daily" in the book of Daniel that cannot be sustained by scripture and is in complete opposition to both the pioneers and Ellen White. JN Andrews wrote a statement in an article entitled "The Commandment to Restore and to Build Jerusalem" in which he writes on pages 7 & 8, "We have the truth concerning any doctrine of the Bible when we are able to present a divine harmony of all the scripture testimony pertaining to that subject." This seems to be a very good rule for us today and is especially applicable to the subject at hand.
1). As can be seen from the above statements from the pen of Inspiration, the foundation of our faith was sound. With this in mind let us consider the pioneer understanding relevant to the book of Daniel, focusing mainly on the vision given in chapter 8.
William Miller was the first to recognize that there were two desolating powers addressed in Daniel 8:13. After much prayer and study, he concluded that the "daily" was Paganism. In his own words, "I read on, and could find no other case in which it [the daily] was found but in Daniel. I then [by the aid of the concordance] took those words which stood in connection with it, "take away," "he shall take away the daily," "from the time that the daily shall be taken away." I read on and thought I would find no light on the text. Finally I came to 2 Thessalonians 2:7-8, "For the mystery of iniquity does already work; only he who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way, and then shall that wicked be revealed." And when I had come to that text, O how clear and glorious the truth appeared! There it is! That is the daily! Well, now, what does Paul mean by "he who now letteth" or hindereth? By "the man of sin," and "the wicked," Popery is meant. Well what is it that hinders Popery from being revealed? Why it is Paganism. Well, then, "the daily" must mean paganism."
REVIEW and HERALD, January, 1858.
Josiah Litch writes; "The daily sacrifice is the present reading of the text; but no such thing as sacrifice is found in the original. This is acknowledged on all hands. It is a gloss or construction put upon it by the translators. The true reading is, "the daily and the transgression of desolation;" daily and transgression being connected together by "and;" the daily and the transgression of desolation. They are two desolating powers which were to desolate the Sanctuary and the host."
2). Second and more importantly God upheld the right arm of His prophet to the Laodicean church so that she could immortalize the truth in her writings because He knew that when she and the pioneers died, some would come in with grievous errors. Please note the above statement that those who believe that the Lord has spoken through Sister White will be safe from these delusions. Our only safety is in taking heed of God's word and His Prophets.
Here her statement "does not belong to the text" suggests, I would say demands, that there should be no connection between the daily in Dan 8:12 and the typical daily sacrifices. Thus the view that the daily is a type for Christ's work in the heavenly sanctuary is inconsistent with the above statement. In addition she states that those who gave the judgment hour cry were nearly all united on the "correct view" of the daily. Lastly she states that other views have brought in "darkness and confusion." This we can see today.
The above statement by Ellen White would seem to be a conclusive argument that the pioneers were correct in their understanding of the "daily," however there are in addition, some very convincing arguments from a study of the book of Daniel itself. This leads us to the third issue. Bible truth as our only safety.
3). We need to begin with a definition of the word "daily." The word that Daniel uses is tamiyd (Strong's 8548), which means "continual," "perpetual" or "daily." This word is often used in the Old Testament in connection with the daily sacrifice. As can be readily seen, in the context of the daily sacrifice this word is used as an adjective. However, Daniel does not use it as an adjective. He uses it as a noun. He is speaking of a power that has been continually or perpetually warring against God's people. It was Paganism at the Tower of Babel, it was Paganism throughout Babylon, Medo Persia, Greece, Pagan Rome, and it will be Paganism (revealing itself in modern spiritualism) that will be a part of the makeup of Modern Rome in the final battle against God's people. There is a direct connection between Paganism and the noun that Daniel uses as "daily." Paganism has continually or perpetually warred against God's People and will continue to do so until the close of this world's history. The word, "tamiyd," which Daniel uses as a noun, applies perfectly to Paganism.
Our pioneers understood the "little horn" of Daniel 8 to be both Pagan and Papal Rome. In the time since they have been laid to rest, their thoughts along with their writings have been forgotten and the result has been confusion. This confusion results partially from not understanding which Rome is being addressed, specifically in verses 8-12.
Here, it can be very helpful to recognize that Daniel uses a literary tool that can easily be seen in the Hebrew language, but is more difficult in English. Dan. 8:9 and 11 use the masculine gender whereas verses 10 and 12 are written in the feminine. The translators of the King James Bible, in recognizing this fact, used "he" in verses 9 and 11 and "it" in verses 10 and 12.
It is helpful to recognize that the "MYSTERY, BABYLON" of Rev 17, the false church, is a woman; connecting directly to the feminine gender.
Using the above premise, let us construct a scriptural approach to the pioneer understanding of these verses. Dan. 8:9 presents very little problems, "And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land." Here the "little horn" is Pagan Rome (masculine), and comes forth from one of the "four winds" (points of the compass) and NOT from one of the four divisions of Greece. This is historically correct since Rome does not come from Greece but was diverse from the kingdoms before it according to Dan 7.
In support of this historical fact, please note Dan. 8:23 where "in the latter time (end) of their kingdom (Greece) when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up." This is a direct reference to Deut. 28:49-57 which speaks of the total destruction of Jerusalem by Pagan Rome. The areas of Pagan Rome's conquest were "south" (Egypt), "east" (Syria), and "the pleasant land" (Palestine).
Dan. 8:10, "And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them." Now we see Papal Rome (feminine) attacking God directly as foretold in Dan 7:25 by speaking great words against the Most High (calling himself God on earth and claiming to have power to forgive sins) and thinking to change times and laws (specifically the second and fourth commandments). This power is seen as casting down some of "the host and the stars" to the ground and trampling on them (persecuting God's people during the Dark Ages from 538 to 1798 AD).
Daniel 8:11 and 12 seem to be the verses where more difficulties arise. Verse 11,"Yea, he magnified himself even to the prince of the host, and by him the daily sacrifice was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down."
In this verse Pagan Rome masculine, being the subject of the verse, warred against the prince of the host as he took the life of God's only begotten Son.
At this point we need to have a better understanding of the phrase "taken away." This is critical to understanding of the second half of this verse. Daniel uses two different words, which the translators of the King James Bible have translated the same, as "taken away."
In verse 11 the word used is "ruwm" (Strong's 7311) which, rather than suggesting taking away, actually means exalted or lifted up. According to Strong's Concordance, Daniel used this word in Dan. 5:20 speaking of Nebuchadnezzar's heart being lifted up (ruwm), and in verse 23 where Belshazzar lifted up (ruwm) his heart against God. Also in Dan. 11:36, speaking of the king of the north "he shall exalt (ruwm) himself and magnify himself above every god...", and in Dan. 12:7, speaking of the man clothed in linen, when he "held up (ruwm) his right hand and his left hand unto heaven...", it is clear from Daniel's use of the word "ruwm" that whatever the term "daily" is, in Dan. 8:11 it was exalted or lifted up.
This is a very important issue since neither Pagan nor Papal Rome lifted up or exalted what is considered "the new view of the daily" (or Christ's work in the heavenly sanctuary), whereas Paganism (the pioneer view) was definitely exalted by Pagan Rome.
In contrast to Dan. 8:11, Dan. 11:31, Daniel uses the word "suwr" (Strong's 5493 meaning "to take away"), in which the daily is actually taken away in order to place "the abomination that maketh desolate."
Also in Dan. 12:11 (which announces the beginning the 1290 year prophecy from 508AD to when the pope was taken captive in 1798AD) the year 508 was the year that the last of the 7 barbaric tribes abandoned their paganism and militarily came to the aid of the Papacy, thereby resulting in Paganism being taken away.
So, it is evident that the "daily" (paganism) was really taken away by 508 AD, yes, but not in Daniel 8, verse 11. In Dan. 8:11 Paganism was exalted.
How was Paganism exalted by Pagan Rome? As Pagan Rome conquered the surrounding nations she would bring their gods back to Rome and place them in the Pantheon to be worshiped, which resulted in Paganism in all its forms and with all its gods being exalted or lifted up all across the Roman Empire.
At this point it is very important to note that Daniel used two different Hebrew words that are translated into English as "sanctuary." In Dan 8:11 he uses the word "miqdash" (Strong's 4720) which can refer to either God's sanctuary or to a heathen sanctuary. Two verses later, in verse 13 and also in verse 14, he uses the word "qodesh" (Strong's 6944), which can only refer to God's sanctuary.
The question arises; why did Daniel use two different words in such close proximity? Is he being careless? No, not at all. Additionally, the verse states that it was the "place" of his sanctuary that was cast down. Heaven is the place of God's sanctuary and no earthly power can cast heaven down, so exactly whose "sanctuary" was "cast down?"
Given the SDA pioneer understanding that the sanctuary that was "cast down" represents the Pantheon, Dan. 8:11 also parallels the time prophecy in Dan 11:24.
In Daniel 11:24 Pagan Rome forecasts her devices "against" (Strong's 5921), which can also mean "from" the strongholds for "a time" or 360 years.
In the year 31 BC Pagan Rome conquered Egypt and began to rule the world supremely. 360 years later Emperor Constantine left the city of Rome and relocated the capital of his empire to Constantinople in the year 330 AD.
Historians can see no earthly reason why he would remove his capital to such a remote area, however it had been foretold by God, in Dan. 8:11 as well as Dan. 11:24, and in Rev 13:2.
As a result of this move the "place" (the city of Rome) of his "sanctuary" (the Pantheon) was "cast down," and his "seat" (the city of Rome) was given to Papal Rome.
Ezekiel 28:18 lends support to the suggestion that "miqdash" can refer to a Pagan sanctuary as it states that Satan has defiled his "sanctuaries" (miqdash).
In contrast "qodesh" (Strong's 6944) can only refer to God's sanctuary. There is little controversy throughout mainstream Adventism that the sanctuary mentioned in Dan 8:13, 14 refers to God's heavenly sanctuary.
Daniel 8:12, "And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practised, and prospered."
Here again, the seven formerly pagan, barbarian kings (an host), came to the aid of the Papacy, conquering and destroying until the Ostrogoths, the last of the three horns of Dan 7:8, 20, were finally driven from Rome in 508AD. From this point in history "it" (feminine, Papal Rome) cast truth to the ground, practiced and prospered as the 1260 years of Papal cruelty began.
The term "transgression of desolation," found in Dan 8:13, is suggesting a particular type of "transgression," an unlawful relationship, specifically, the union of Church and State.
In 533AD, the Pagan Roman Emperor, Justinian, decreed the Papal bishop of Rome to be the head of all the churches and the corrector of heretics. This decree gave Papal Rome power over the consciences of men and was enforced by the power of the state. The result of this combination of church and state was a "transgression of desolation" by any definition.
The question asked in Dan. 8:13 brings even more light, as does also an understanding of the word "vision." "Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?"
To paraphrase, the question is, "How long will the daily and the transgression of desolation tread down both God's people and his sanctuary?" Here the SDA pioneer position on the "daily" is sound, while the "new view" (actually it is the "Old Protestant" view that Wm. Miller abandoned) does not make sense.
Here again, Daniel used two different Hebrew words that are both translated by the King James translators into English as "vision," and herein lies the problem. One is "chazown" (Strong's 2377) which means the "entire vision"), and the other is "mar'eh" (Strong's 4758) meaning "an appearance" or "lesser vision" or perhaps we could say a "snapshot vision" within the larger vision.
The question in Dan. 8:13 is, "How long shall be the entire (Chazown) vision concerning the daily and the transgression of desolation to tread down both the (heavenly) sanctuary and the host (God's people)?" This question concerns the entire vision, which includes all of Paganism, including Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece and Pagan Rome as well as Papal Rome. Again, the question is not "when" but "how long," and the answer in Dan. 8:14 is that both Paganism and the Papacy would tread down God's people for 2300 days/years (using the "year-day principle").
This brings us to "mareh" the second word translated as "vision." The Hebrew word "mar'eh" (meaning "an appearance" or "snapshot") is used in Dan 8:16.
To summarize Dan. 8:15 & 16, after Daniel had seen the entire (chazown, v.15) vision, he heard a voice tell Gabriel to make him understand the snapshot (mareh) vision. Presumably there was something that Daniel didn't understand about the vision, some small portion of the vision, some snapshot, some "mareh".
Dan. 8:17 brings illumination when Gabriel states, "Understand, O son of man: for at the time of the end shall be the (mareh, snapshot) vision." Daniel evidently saw something at the very end of the vision that he did not understand.
Subsequently Gabriel begins at the very beginning of the "entire" vision, specifically naming the kingdoms of MedoPersia and Greece. After this Gabriel tells Daniel about a certain nation who would "destroy many." This was done by both Pagan and Papal Rome. This vision in Dan 8 portrays both of the two great false systems of religion warring against God's people and His sanctuary, first Imperial Pagan Rome, and then apostate Papal Rome, who professed to be followers of the Son of God.
Note that throughout this vision in Daniel 8 there is a repeating and enlarging of the visions of Dan 2 and Dan 7, as there will be also further repeating and enlarging in the subsequent visions given to Daniel. Of course, Daniel was shocked, overwhelmed and heartsick at the destruction he saw of God's people and His sanctuary. Verse 27 states that he fainted and was sick certain days.
In Dan. 8:26 Gabriel states that the (mareh, snapshot) vision of the evening and morning which was told is true. In other words he saw a brief picture of the "evening and morning." What could that be? Obviously, it must be related to the sanctuary and its "evening and morning" sacrifices that were going to be trodden underfoot for 2300 years.
What Daniel saw was evidently a brief glimpse, a "snapshot" as it were, of the heavenly sanctuary on October 22, 1844, and Christ as our High Priest receiving confessed sins there, as He moved from the Holy Place into the Most Holy Place, to begin the final work of judgment and the blotting out of those confessed sins, known as the antitype of the Day of Atonement.
Again using the rule of "repeat and enlarge" you can see that in Dan 7:13, Daniel saw Jesus going to His Father. In Dan 8:14 he saw that Jesus was not only God's Son but that he was our High Priest as well, and personally involved in the work of the blotting out of sin.
Daniel was told in the last half of Dan. 8:26 to "shut up" the (chazown, complete, entire) vision "for it shall be for many days" (2300 years). In verse 27 Daniel explains that he was astonished at the (snapshot, mareh) vision but none understood.
Dan 11:31 also speaks of the "daily" being "taken away." However the word used here, suwr (Strong's 5493 meaning "to take away") actually does mean to take away.
Dan 11:31 "And arms shall stand on his part, and they shall pollute the sanctuary of strength, and shall take away the daily sacrifice, and they shall place the abomination that maketh desolate."
Here the subject of the verse is the "arms," or the seven pagan kings of Dan 7. Not only did these seven kings individually renounce Paganism as they accepted Catholicism, but they went to the aid of the Papacy. They switched from being Pagan to Catholic as a political move rather than any real religious devotion, and as they warred on other non-Catholic nations possessing the city of Rome, in order to "place" the Pope's political power on firmer footing, they polluted the "sanctuary (miqdash) of strength" very often, in that the city of Rome itself was the scene of many fierce and bloody battles.
This brutal process began in 496AD when Clovis, the king of the Franks, or of France, declared himself to be Catholic, and it ended as England, the last of the seven barbarian tribes, accepted the Catholic faith in the year 508AD.
Again, the word "suwr" literally means "to take away" and that is exactly what happened to the "daily" (Paganism) in Europe. Being in alliance with the Papacy, the seven kings warred against the three tribes that had accepted the Arian form of Christianity, which the Pope had declared "heretical." By the year 538AD the Ostrogoths, the last of these remaining tribes, were decimated and "taken away" from the city of Rome. Papal Rome no longer had any rivals and "the abomination that maketh desolate" was "placed" or set up.
Again, the SDA pioneer position is sound and consistent, whereas the "new view" (Old Protestant view) is inconsistent with the answer given in verse 14. The question was; how long is the entire vision? The answer was 2300 days (years), and incidentally, then the sanctuary shall be cleansed.
The Old Protestant idea that the "daily" is Christ's work in the heavenly sanctuary is not consistent with the fact that Christ did not enter the heavenly sanctuary until after his ascension in 31AD.
Therefore, IF the Papacy cast down Christ's "daily" work in the heavenly sanctuary, and Christ did not enter the heavenly sanctuary until after his ascension in 31AD, then the 2300-year prophecy could not begin until 31AD at the earliest, and would not terminate until 2331AD, over three hundred years from now!
Even beginning at 100AD, being the earliest date that the "mystery of iniquity" was at work to take away Christ's work in the sanctuary, and adding 2300 years, one would arrive at the year 2400AD! This would result in the sanctuary being cleansed at approximately 2400 AD! Obviously, this view not only destroys the 1844 movement, but cannot be reconciled with either Dan 9:25 (the starting date of the 2300 years prophecy) nor Dan 12:11,12, which deals with the 1290 and 1335 year prophecies.
Dan 12:11,12 "And from the time that the daily sacrifice shall be taken away, and the abomination that maketh desolate set up, there shall be a thousand two hundred and ninety days. Blessed is he that waiteth, and cometh to the thousand three hundred and five and thirty days."
Upon using the marginal reading, the verse states that from the time the daily is taken away "to set up" the abomination that maketh desolate there shall be a thousand two hundred and ninety days. Dan. 12:10 speaks of the time period when God's people would be made white, purified, and tried. This prophecy is speaking of that period of Papal rule during the Dark Ages which began in 538AD. Thirty years earlier, in the year 508AD Paganism was taken away. Adding 1290 years to 508AD takes us to the year 1798AD, the very year that the "deadly wound" (Rev. 13:3) was inflicted. Again this position makes perfect sense where both dates have historical significance. The "new view" is again not consistent with the historic facts.
In addition, Dan. 12:12 pronounces a blessing on those who come to the 1335 days. Again, beginning at 508AD as the starting point and adding 1335 years (year-day principle), you come to the year 1843AD. This blessing is directly related to the first and second angels' messages of Rev 14, and is also noted in v.13. In the context of the three angels' messages, John writes; "Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea, saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their works do follow them." There was a special blessing pronounced upon those who came to this time period. Here we are speaking of the very SDA pioneers who with Ellen White brought us truth in its purity, and who went in by faith into the Most Holy Place, through the open door of Rev 3:7 given to the church of Philadelphia.
In closing, consider this question. Why expend so much energy in order to oppose such a seemingly trivial issue? Is the "daily" really a trivial issue? The Pioneer view is that it is Paganism, the work of Satan. The "new view" is that it is Christ's work in the heavenly sanctuary. These views are diametrically opposed to one another! Both views cannot be correct. It must be one or the other.
The SDA Pioneers are in agreement with Sister White's statement in Early Writings page 74 quoted at the beginning of this article. Advocates of the "new view" suggest that that statement dealt mainly with time setting. Can we take this to suggest that the statement; that "nearly all were united in the "correct" view of the daily" is unimportant? God forbid! If so, where do we pick and choose as to what is truth or what is error?
Another issue, 1 Cor. 14:32 states; "And the spirit of the prophets are subject to the prophets." In this article we have shown that there is no disagreement between the SDA Pioneers, Ellen White or Daniel.
One final thought in support of the Pioneer position. In Dan 8:19 Gabriel tells Daniel that he will make Daniel know what shall be in the "last end" of "the indignation." This suggests that there is a "first end" of "the indignation." Here again we see support for the pioneer position.
William Miller saw these as the two phases of 2520 total years of God's indignation against His people for not keeping the covenant. Hiram Edson agreed with Miller on the 2520 (the "seven times" of Lev 26), however his conclusion was that the starting date was 723BC, when Israel went into captivity by the Assyrians. As stated earlier, 1260 years of Pagan oppression added to the 1260 years of Papal oppression takes you to 1798AD, which was the year that the Papacy received the deadly wound. The point is that there are two parts of "the indignation." This lends support to the pioneer position on Dan 8:13.
Often when discussing the "daily," the "new view" advocates will use Ellen White's statements that we should not get into arguments concerning the "daily." I agree! We should avoid arguments, or disagreements, at all cost, unless we are being directed by the Lord to do so. However, there has been a major change of position over the last hundred years! At that time nearly all were united on the correct view of the "daily" and she was very concerned about God's people having a united front.
Consistently when dealing with this issue, she would use the statement; "at this time" or "in this present situation" and other similar qualifiers. It seems that times have changed. Presently nearly all the SDA leaders are united in a false understanding of the "daily" in regards to these verses! Yes, the Papacy has trampled down truth to the ground. It has directly assaulted both God's people and His sanctuary. Yes, he has spoken great words against the Most High, but as can be seen in this article, the "new view" is inconsistent with the book of Daniel; specifically in Daniel 8 verses 11 and 13 as well as Dan 11:31 and Dan 12:11. A faulty exegesis of these verses as a basis for our sanctuary message can only weaken our message.
Where are the watchmen on the walls of Zion? | 2019-04-23T06:07:34Z | http://prophecyhelps101.com/rich_text_22.html |
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Here are some examples of cultural substitution in the built environment that articulate multiple meanings and identify an axis or axes of more than geodetic importance.
Every historical site is both monumental and documentary and connected by a visible, invisible and visual logic appropriate to the accumulated cultural production and reproduction in and on those sited places. Their axes are found in the historical logic of spaces as one interprets both a structural replacement/displacement and a substitution/transference of modern power.
Every place has not only its sense, but its agency and structure, constructed and deconstructed by its history. The urban history of the built environment, rather than valorizing and commodifying aesthetic attributes, might be better served by studying the transfers of development rights and the formation of historical space in the cycles of construction, demolition, and creation of open/closed spaces on the same geodetic sites.
Whether facadism or roof-ism, it is what all occupation movements try to do, as the sublimated mode of production becomes historically sedimented and occasionally excavated. It is a data base with an information superstructure, layered onto the intertextual determinacies of urban plans. The first example buries the sign, the second projects the sign by projecting a plan, the third substitutes the sign because location, location, location(sic). Place remains yet disappears, only to reappear in new, more virtual forms.
There is always sedimented meaning in every urban site: example one has cold war surveillance built on WWII rubble; example two has the logic of the modern capitalist state imposed on colonized histories; and example three replaces one stage of commercialized colonialism with the structures of modern governmentality.
The ruins of the NSA Cold War listening post set atop an artificial mountain built on the rubble of WW2 covered one of the Reich’s buildings, the Military-Technical university in Berlin.
Example Two: Shanghai and Nanjing, China – The unbuilt capitals of Modern (interwar) China one commercial and the other governmental, but both built using European modern plan-logic and yet kept the feng shui orientation to North and relocated themselves as planned, modern new capitals away from the historical old cities like Washington DC, Brasília , Chandigarh, Canberra, (soon Cairo — built by China) etc.
Example Three: Singapore — a modern city-state with minimal land area that carries a similar logic to the above examples by replacing the place of the commercial colonizer with the governmental seats of national and civic administrative power.
During the NSA Operations some other curious things happened: It was noticed that during certain times the reception of the radio signals was better than during the rest of the year. The ‘culprit’ was found after a while: it was the Ferris wheel of the annual German-American Volksfest Festival on the Hüttenweg in Zehlendorf. From then on, the Ferris wheel was left standing for some time after the festival was over.
Teufelsberg (German for Devil’s Mountain) is a man-made hill in Berlin, Germany, in the Grunewald locality of former West Berlin. It rises about 80 metres (260 ft) above the surrounding Teltow plateau and 120.1 metres (394 ft) above the sea level, in the north of Berlin’s Grunewald Forest. It was named after the Teufelssee (i.e. Devil’s lake) in its southerly vicinity. The hill is made of rubble, and covers an under-construction Nazi military-technical college (Wehrtechnische Fakultät). During the Cold War, there was a U.S. listening station on the hill, Field Station Berlin.
Although there are many similar man-made rubble mounds in Germany (see Schuttberg) and other war-torn cities of Europe, Teufelsberg is unique in that the never completed Nazi military-technical college (Wehrtechnische Fakultät) designed by Albert Speer is buried beneath. The Allies tried using explosives to demolish the school, but it was so sturdy that covering it with debris turned out to be easier. In June 1950 the West Berlin Magistrate decided to open a new rubble disposal on that site. The disposal was planned for 12,000,000 m3(16,000,000 cu yd).
Welthauptstadt Germania (“World Capital Germania”) refers to the projected renewal of the German capital Berlin during the Nazi period, part of Adolf Hitler‘s vision for the future of Germany after the planned victory in World War II. Albert Speer, the “first architect of the Third Reich“, produced many of the plans for the rebuilt city in his capacity as overseer of the project, only a small portion of which was realized between the years 1937 and 1943 when construction took place.
Some projects, such as the creation of a great East-West city axis, which included broadening Charlottenburger Chaussee (today Straße des 17. Juni) and placing the Berlin victory column in the centre, far away from the Reichstag, where it originally stood, were completed. Others, however, such as the creation of the Große Halle (Great Hall), had to be shelved owing to the beginning of war. A great number of the old buildings in many of the planned construction areas were, however, demolished before the war, and eventually defeat stopped the plans.
The history of the historical site goes back to 28 November 1937, when Hitler laid the first stone for the Wehrtechnische Fakultät – a military school. Except for a contribution to Nazi Germany’s military force, the Wehrtechnische Fakultät was a part of the project to develop the Ost-West Achse – a planned axis from the city centre East (Alexanderplatz) – passing the Siegessäule which was relocated from the Königplatz (now: Platz der Republik) to its current destination (the Großer Stern) in 1938, the Technische Hochschule (now: Technische Universität), the Adolf Hitler-Platz (nowadays: Theodor-Heuss-Platz) to the city’s West, where the Olympic Stadium on the northside and the Hochschulstadt – the covering term for the militair complex where the Wehrtechnische Fakultät was part of – should came on the southside.
The Wehrtechnische Fakultät should have taught the new military elite.
Seven years after the Second World War, the site around the unfinished Wehrtechnische Fakultät became the last destination of the city’s ruins. Within 1952 and 1972, 26 million cubic meter of devestated buildings were heaped there – which is about a third of Berlin’s bombed buildings after the war. The nearby Teufelssee gave the name to the mountain, now called the Teufelsberg. Although the site was located in Wilmersdorf, a part of the English sector, the Americans were allowed to used the Trümmerberg from 1957 onwards to experiment with picking up radio signals in the area of the newly formed Warschaupact.
The mound Teufelsberg is 120.1 meters high, the highest place in Berlin. Built on the remains of 2nd World War bombed-out Berlin. All the rubble that couldn’t be used for the city’s reconstruction were run out here in the suburbs, where they initially covered the remains of what should have been the University of the World Capital, Germania’s Department of War Technology.
(Left) Wehrtechnische Fakultät, the first and largest building of what should have been Germania, the world capital of the Third Reich, University City. (Right) The listening station at Teufelsberg before the trees covered the hill, and the graffiti and decay took over the buildings. The Americans left the place in 1992. Photos Peter Wang.
The Nazis worked on their project in Grunewald from 1937 until 1942 but they never finished. And now, on the remains of Hitler’s and his architect Albert Speer’s megalomaniac visions, the abandoned towers of the Cold War’s victorious power – as a history’s ironic comment – resides.
The Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia was signed in July 1844 by Chinese Qing government official Qiying, the Viceroy of Liangguang, who held responsibility for the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Massachusetts politician Caleb Cushing (1800–1879), who was dispatched with orders to “save the Chinese from the condition of being an exclusive monopoly in the hands of England” as a consequence of the 1842 Nanking treaty. Under the Treaty of Wanghia, Americans gained the same rights as those enjoyed by the British in China’s treaty ports. It also contained a clause that effectively carved out Shanghai as an extraterritorial zone within Imperial China, though it did not actually give the American government a true legal concession.
By the late-1860s Shanghai’s official governing body had been practically transferred from the individual concessions to the Shanghai Municipal Council (工部局, literally “Works Department”, from the standard English local government title of ‘Board of works’). The British Consul was the de jure authority in the Settlement, but he had no actual power unless the ratepayers (who voted for the Council) agreed. Instead, he and the other consulates deferred to the Council.
The Council had become a practical monopoly over the city’s businesses by the mid-1880s. It bought up all the local gas-suppliers, electricity producers and water-companies, then — during the 20th-century — took control over all non-private rickshaws and the Settlement tramways. It also regulated opium sales and prostitution until their banning in 1918 and 1920 respectively.
The grandiose designs and planning for the Shanghai Civic Center of 1930s represent the ambitious attempt of the newborn Republican government to promulgate its political authority over the city while emphasizing national identity through the traditional look of the buildings.
Following the historic opening of China to the Western world, and the turn of the twentieth century, foreign architectural and planning influences started to appear in Chinese urban landscapes, mostly imported directly from the West.
As in Shanghai, a prototype of cosmopolitan modern cityscape in China, foreign architectural firms, such as Palmer and Turner, Spense Robinson and Partners, and Atkinson and Dallas, made an appearance. Since the signing of the Nanjing Treaty, Shanghai had been the most open and lucrative economic entity in China during the period, and the city has consistently encapsulated foreign influences and progressive modernism, as the formation of the politically autonomous areas (i.e. the international concession and the French concession) and the forest of Neo-Classicist and Art Deco architecture epitomizes.
The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Shanghai. Source: Peter G. Rowe, and Seng Kuan, Architectural Encounters with Essence and Form in Modern China.
Most of the Corresponding to the return of Chinese architects (so-called China’s First Generation of modern architects, including Zhuang Jun, Liang Sicheng and Dong Dayou), foreign engineers in China had already experimented with incorporating Chinese architectural features into their designs… and during the 1920s, there arose the ‘Chinese Form’ movement (中國固有形式 zhōngguó gùyǒu xíngshì), which was characterized by the use of a Chinese roof on a steel and concrete structure, and the use of traditional decorative motifs and sometimes of traditional spatial organization.
Dong Dayou’s Mayor’s Building in Greater Shanghai Civic Center. Source: Seng Kuan, Between Beaux-Arts and Modernism: Dong Dayou and the Architecture of 1930s Shanghai.
According to Jianfei Zhu, this was an attempt to restore traditional cultural values and Confucian learning in modern Chinese architecture, and this practice was further promoted by the republican government in the Shanghai and Nanjing planning proposals in 1929. For instance, the Mayor’s Building in Greater Shanghai Civic Center, which was designed during the 1930s, had neoclassical proportions and adhered to the Western compositional principle, while employing decorative elements from the palace and temples of ancient China in its façade and interior spaces.
At the most superficial level, the primary issue, which confronted the nationalist officials was that of constructing a bound polity drawn together by a set of grand symbols, shared cultural legacies and moral consciousness of political unity. As a result, the architects of Nanjing attempted to promulgate a set of horizontally universal values via their building designs, which could effectively replace the hierarchically stratified values of a previous cultural order under the Qing Dynasty.
The Ministry of Railways, Nanjing. Source: Charles D. Musgrove, Building a Dream: Constructing a National Capital in Nanjing, 1927-1937.
Thus the architecture of Nanjing can be summarized by an amalgamation of the cultural spirit of Chinese culture – curved roofs and traditional interior ornaments – and the modernity of Western civilization – Beaux-Arts influenced imperial design with modern construction materials, which would result in an ostentatious display of national dignity and the political authority of the regime. Through the hybrid of Chinese culture and the Western concept of architecture, the new city-designs of Nanjing focused on a promotion of ‘societal consciousness’ (民主意識 mínzhǔ yìshí) to create a sense of national community under the nationalist regime.
Thus, through emphasizing “monumental features” of its cityscape, the nationalist government promoted both visual monumentality and the profound psychological memories of Nanjing, associated with modern political sovereignty. In addition, with the influence of the City Beautiful Movement that emphasized the creation of large-scale public spaces and elaborate public buildings along wide parkways, the architects of Nanjing attempted to benchmark the layouts of other capital cities in the world, mostly those of Washington D.C. and Paris. Therefore, the planners envisioned the new capital with wide boulevards, malls and parks, resembling the National Mall of Washington D.C. In short, Nanjing’s main streets and districts were an extravaganza of Chinese cultural consolidation and nationalist displays.
Top-ranked plan for Nanjing’s central administrative zone.
Through Nanjing’s architecture and city layout, the nationalists attempted to reorder society through the imposition of an ideological and aesthetic discipline, and to foster ethno-nationalist pride and development. As Zhu summarized, Nanjing as a republican capital can be explained in ideological, spatial and social terms: (1) Ideologically, the architectural style of Nanjing was the consequence of Lenin, Sun and Chiang’s varying but consistent support for constructions of national independence from colonialism and imperialism; (2) In spatial layout and construction, the overall nationalist social order was pervasive in all cities and regions ruled by the party; (3) In social terms, a Chinese bourgeois space and cosmopolitan society had already existed before 1927, and the KMT’s imposition of a new layer of urban order and meaning – with a nationalist ideology and modern state-building – was not only visual and symbolic, but also real and instrumental. As discussed earlier, the nationalist government in Nanjing was a result of the prolonged geopolitical revolution against the anachronistic Qing Dynasty and Western imperialism, and as the KMT regime sought to openly inculcate a modern cosmopolitan urbanism, with the new national pride and sense of “Chineseness”, a vibrant aesthetic and architectural culture appeared in Nanjing.
…the urban landscape of Nanjing was an amalgamation of Chinese-style architecture upon modern configuration. The capital plan of 1929 displays a civil construction of a modern city with a set of commercial buildings and private industries as well as the KMT’s government and municipal complexes. The forms of government offices and public buildings were required to adopt a Chinese architectural design, with the prolonged tradition of pre-modern imperial palaces included, while the city layout adopted a Beaux-Arts composition of diagonals in a grid of orthogonal lines. In addition, the distinctiveness of a large and open space, specifically aimed at holding a large-scale public gathering, should be noted.
The Capital Plan of 1929 advocated a combination of “principles of European-American science and technology” with the artistic tradition of China. Influenced by the early-generation of Chinese architects, who were trained either in Western Europe or in the United States, and with the presence of Western architects in China (i.e. Henry K. Murphy and Ernest Goodrich), Nanjing’s urban landscape was a hybrid of the imperial architectural tradition from pre-modern Chinese dynasties, with European Beaux-Arts and neo-classical compositions. Therefore, Nanjing’s architecture and urban planning were an active “reinterpretation” of Chinese culture in a modern, republican setting: diverse constructive elements were alloyed to promote a hybrid synthesis of Western science and technology with Chinese culture and values, thus demonstrating a progressive and modern ideological politics of the nationalist regime.
Between 1871 and 1931, Singapore’s population increased from less than 100,000 to over half a million, due to the huge influx of immigrants. The majority of early Chinese immigrants called “sinkeh” who arrived in Singapore were indentured to a “kongsi”, and their services were engaged through a coolie agent or headman, otherwise known as a “khektow”. Most came from 5 small regions in the southern provinces of Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan. By 1890s, these migrants were refered to as “huaqiao” or “overseas Chinese”.
The story is not only about the plan, but the logic of colonialism and its governance.
Controlling axis from the Padang on HIgh Street to Hill Street, in front of the old jail, past that intersection up to the Fort Canning hill and its segregated cemetery. On this axis are the major institutions, the cricket club, the police station, and the supreme court building that replaces on the same site, the European Hotel where Joseph Conrad, Ernest Hemingway, and W. Somerset Maugham stayed and wrote. These are the loci of governmentality for colonial power over the colonial body.
In November 1822, Sir Stamford Raffles wrote to the Town Committee, directing attention to the ‘proper allotment of the Native divisions of the town, and the first in importance of these is beyond doubt the Chinese’. ‘From the number of Chinese already settled, and the peculiar attractions of the place for that industrious race, it may be presumed that they will always form by far the largest portion of the community. The whole therefore of that part of the town to the south west of the Singapore River is intended to be appropriated for their accommodation’.
The Singapore Cricket Club carefully demarcated the field in the middle of the picture, as if to claim exclusive usage of the field… Eventually, the club experienced an abrupt suspension of its activities when most Europeans either escaped or were interned during World War II (Singapore Cricket Club, 2012). During World War II, the Club became an exclusive Japanese officers’ club (Uma, 2002)…The ethnic makeup of the members was adjusted when it was decided in 1962 that all clubs in Singapore needed to maintain at least 50 percent Singaporean membership (Singapore Cricket Club, 2012).
The streets shown in the picture are very wide and orderly. The absence of the bicycles, rickshaws and ox carts here speaks volumes about the care taken to keep this place as ‘untainted’ and high class as possible. The Singapore Cricket Club carefully demarcated the field in the middle of the picture, as if to claim exclusive usage of the field.
For several years, the Hotel De L’Europe building was left unoccupied until 1934, when a decision was made to demolish the building in favour of modern service flats. After the work in construction of the flats commenced “within the shell of the old Europe” (The Straits Times, 1939), the government, in a surprise move, acquired the land (The Straits Times, 1934). Britain’s rearmament drive caused a steel shortage and delayed construction until 1937 (Sutherland, 2010), and construction was completed in 1939.
While the building is modelled after the Old Bailey in London (Cornelius-Takahama, 1999), its colossal Corinthian columns echo neighbouring City Hall while the dome is a miniature version of the dome of St Paul’s Cathedral in London (Heritage Trails, 2012).
The completion of the Supreme Court building only marks the realization of one piece of the grand puzzle that Frank Dorrington Ward had in mind.
Now monumentality and governmentality get contested in the context of mediated information that circulates nearly exclusively and is reproduced while detached from physical places.
On 4 June 2013, Sina Weibo, China’s most popular microblog, blocked terms whose English translations are “today”, “tonight”, “June 4“, and “big yellow duck”. If these were searched for, a message appeared stating that, in accordance with relevant laws, statutes and policies, the results of the search could not be shown.
The censorship occurred because a photoshopped version of Tank Man, in which rubber ducks replaced the tanks, had been circulating around Twitter — a reference to Florentijn Hofman‘s Rubber Duck sculpture, which at that time was floating in Hong Kong’s Victoria Harbour.
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What a day. After August's long lull, the eurocrisis roared back into life today with the European Central Bank's new bond-buying programme, a warning from the OECD, depressing jobless data from France and Greece, and policemen clashing with other policemen in Athens.
• The European Central Bank has released details of its much-anticipated plan to ease the debt crisis in Europe. After raising expectations in recent weeks, Mario Draghi met them this afternoon: when he announced that the ECB would create a strong, credible backstop to protect the eurozone's weaker members from unjustifiably high borrowing costs.
The plan, called the Outright Monetary Transactions scheme, sees the ECB commit to buying unlimited quantities of debt of up to three years in maturity. To qualify, a country would have to accept conditions – ie, promise to make certain economic reforms.
Analysts aren't sure that conditionality can be implemented. And the Bundesbank flatly opposes the idea.
• The initial reaction to the OMT was favourable, with shares rallying across Europe and on Wall Street. Spain's IBEX closed almost 5% higher, while the FTSE gained more than 2%. Traders urged caution, but the mood in the City was relief, for now.
• Euro diplomacy continued, with Angela Merkel and Mariano Rajoy meeting. The two leaders put on a united front, but Merkel insisted that Europe couldn't relax its push for fiscal reform.
• The OECD warned that the eurozone crisis remained a major threat to the global econony. It slashed its forecasts for economic growth, predicting deeper contractions in the UK, Spain and Italy.
• Europe's jobless crisis ground on. France's unemployment rate hit a 13-year high, while in Greece nearly one in four are out of work.
• Opposition to Greece's austerity cutbacks was also evident. Around 50 police officers, angry about planned pay cuts, protested outside a riot police school this morning.
Thanks for reading and commenting (as ever). I"m out of breaking news and Red Bull, so will nip out to buy some more, and see you tomorrow.
PS: Oh I nearly forgot, Newsnight is doing a piece on the situation in Spain tonight, reporting on Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo, the mayor who has called for debt relief...and encouraged the poor to raid supermarkets for food (as reported here). On BBC 2 from 10.30pm BST I reckon.
Some quotes from Mario Monti just hit the wires.
Italy's prime minister says he welcomes the Outright Monetary Transactions scheme announced by the ECB today, calling it a step towards "more satisfactory governance" of the eurozone.
He also says that it's "too early to say" if the ECB's insistence on conditionality might deter Italy from seeking help.
There were also reports today that Monti had called for a code of conduct to prevent European politicians and policymakers bad-mouthing each other. Never got to the bottom of it, but it sounds like a fine plan.
Before we get carried away with the euphoria, there are plenty of reasons to be cautious about what was announced today.
As mentioned earlier, the conditionality element is key – Draghi says countries who receive help through the Outright Monetary Transactions plan will be tied to making economic reforms. But can we really expect Spain's Mariano Rajoy, or Italy's Mario Monti (or their successors...) to implement extra austerity without making their recessions even deeper?
OMT...transfers far more risks from struggling banks and governments onto the ECB’s balance sheet, without providing any fundamental solution to the crisis.
It will also be virtually impossible for the ECB to impose effective conditionality on debtor countries, meaning that the ECB can only hope that a series of unpredictable political decisions in member states will go in its favour. If not, this action could actually prove to be a disincentive for Spain, Italy and others to reform, making the crisis worse in the long-term.
Open Europe's full analysis is here.
And while the markets have rallied hard today (see 5.05pm), history shows this may not last long.
Too many eurozone meetings, summits and decisions have been followed by euphoria, only to see the good feeling fade. Given the wide-ranging commitments made by Mr Draghi, today's bounce might be longer-lasting, but, as the ECB itself noted, the outlook for the eurozone economy remains bleak.
The ECB has the firepower to hold the line for quite a while, but now the politicians have to show comparable determination to work on other elements, such as closer financial supervision, if we are to sustain this rally beyond a few days.
If you're looking for more reaction to the ECB's plan, the Wall Street Journal has a nice round-up: Band Aid or Leap Forward?
We had a solid rally going into this, and Draghi has ticked every box in terms of relatively bullish expectations. The ECB said it will do whatever it takes. This is putting meat on those bones.
The financial markets have looked at Mario Draghi's plan, and they still like it. European stock markets have closed for the day with some major gains – putting the Euro Stoxx 50 index at a six-month high.
And in the bond markets, Spanish and Italian yields have tumbled.
The Bundesbank has just confirmed that its chief, Jens Weidmann, opposed the creation of the ECB's Outright Monetary Transactions scheme.
Germany's central bank declared that buying government bonds in this way is too close to state financing by printing money for its liking, arguing that such decisions must be left to politicians.
In the most recent discussions, as before, Bundesbank President Jens Weidmann reiterated his frequently substantiated critical stance towards the purchase of government bonds by the Eurosystem.
He regards such purchases as being tantamount to financing governments by printing banknotes. Monetary policy risks being subjugated to fiscal policy. The intervention purchases must not be permitted to jeopardise the capability of monetary policy to safeguard price stability in the euro area.
If the adopted bond-purchasing programme leads to member states postponing the necessary reforms, this will further undermine confidence in the political leaders' crisis-resolution capability.
This underscores the crucial importance of ensuring both credibility in the promised conditionality and the resolute determination to immediately terminate intervention purchases if the underlying conditionality is no longer assured.
The announced interventions in the government bond market carry the additional danger that the central bank may ultimately redistribute considerable risks among various countries' taxpayers.
Such risk-sharing, however, can be legitimately authorised solely by democratically elected parliaments and governments.
Christine Lagarde, managing director of the International Monetary Fund, has just welcomed the ECB's bond-buying plan.
We strongly welcome the ECB’s new framework, the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT), for intervention in sovereign bond markets of countries accepting EFSF and ESM support for their macroeconomic adjustment programs and adhering to the associated structural and fiscal reform efforts. The IMF stands ready to cooperate within our frameworks.
Decisive implementation of the new intervention program will help repair monetary transmission, and support countries’ efforts to secure finance at a reasonable cost while they undertake sustained macroeconomic adjustment. We see the ECB’s action as an important step toward strengthening stability and growth in the Euro Area.
Faisal Islam, Channel 4's economics editor, says that Germany has never been so obviously isolated within the ECB.
first time I've heard an ECB chief enumerate precise number of dissenting voices, ie 1: Germany. Bundesbank isolated. But main paymaster.
Graeme Leach, chief economist at the Institute of Directors, put his finger on one potential flaw in the ECB's new OMT plan – can a peripheral country such as Spain really agreed to further austerity through the 'conditionality' demanded by Draghi.
The ECB's decision to enter secondary bond markets could be the game changer the IoD has long argued for. But there's a hitch. ECB action is conditional and depends on countries such as Spain signing up for even more austerity. The key question is whether more austerity is politically possible with 25% headline and 50% youth unemployment.
Challenge is conditionality attached to ECB help & the austerity implied. Market mood may deteriorate if Periphery economies deteriorate.
Keep being asked is ECB action a Game Changer? I think it more a Time Buyer than a Game Changer. Buys some time & markets reflect this.
This is good news for Spain because the ECB is prepared to buy unlimited debt...But now the ball's in our court and it's up to the government to publicly ask for a bailout.
While Mario Draghi was speaking in Frankfurt, Angela Merkel and Mariano Rajoy were holding their own press conference.
Spanish PM Rajoy declined to comment on the ECB's plan, saying he hadn't read Draghi's statement in detail, while chancellor Merkel told reporters that she would leave monetary policy to the ECB.
At the press conference following the German chancellor Angela Merkel’s meeting in Madrid with Mariano Rajoy today, the Spanish prime minister, both were at pains to accentuate the positive.
“We’ve had an intensive meeting and in the little time available I believe this meeting has confirmed the close relationship between our two countries,” Merkel said.
“The links between Spain and Germany contribute to the welfare of both,” said Rajoy.
When asked if they had discussed what conditions Germany would impose if it were to support a bailout – or loan, as Rajoy likes to call it – Merkel said “we haven’t spoken about conditions at all,” adding that they had discussed Spanish bank bailout but didn’t say in what terms. She also conceded that the topic of Spain’s 17 autonomous regional governments had been on the agenda, but didn’t elaborate.
Bond yields are also falling sharply, as investors perceive Spanish and Italian debt as a safer bet.
Il Sole-24 Ore’s real-time graph of Italy's blue-chip index, the FTSE MIB, looked for a while like the electro-cardiogram of a patient who might not make it through to visiting time.
The confirmation of the ECB’s Outright Money Transactions plan sent the FTSE MIB index soaring to 15,434, only for it to plunge to 15,298 in the space of just five minutes.
By 2.46pm, it had recovered to 15,385. But when Mario Draghi revealed that the decision had not been unanimous, the FTSE MIB went into another nosedive that took it to 15,266.
After he finished speaking, optimism regained the upper hand and the index settled briefly around the 15,350 mark it had been hugging since 10am. Since then, it has been rising steadily and is now up more than 2.5% on the day.
ECB referred to earlier (see here).
Even by the inscrutable standards of Mario Draghi, the ECB president's speech revealed little of huge tectonic pressure that has built up under the Eurozone's surface.
To fly in the face of Germany's wishes will not have been easy. For the Bundesbank, keeping inflation in check is an article of faith. Its president has made no secret of the fact that he regards the ECB plan to buy the debt of the Eurozone's weaker members as the road to perdition.
But Mr Draghi had left himself little option. Having earlier promised to do "whatever it takes" to save the Euro, the markets had expected nothing less than a definitive rescue plan.
Whether this is what he delivered is still to be seen. The markets will surely test the ECB's resolve to the limit in the coming weeks. How unlimited is unlimited?
Will the ECB be forced to write ever larger cheques, or will the promise of its vast firepower being used do enough to settle the markets?
Either way, there is little more that it can do to save the Euro.
Mario Draghi has just put the ECB's card behind the bar of the the last chance saloon and offered to buy everyone a round of drinks.
His gamble is that it will be enough to soothe the tensions within the eurozone, and turn the risk of a shoot-out into a singalong.
The market’s reaction...has been largely muted.
As expected full sterilisation, unlimited issuance, equal treatment of creditors and maturities of 1 to 3 years have all been confirmed alongside that fact that no specific yield will be targeted.
the ECB's Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) might result in Spanish resistance to petitioning for such a bailout.
If so, market pressure may be needed for Spain to agree to a programme."
And with that, the press conference is over. Reaction to follow!
Two more good questions for Mario Draghi.
1) at what stage will people start fretting about the state of the ECB balance sheet, as it keeps mopping up more and more peripheral sovereign debt?
It's around 3% of eurozone GDP, not 33%.
and question 2) Draghi claims that the bond yields in peripheral countries are erronerously too high at present, but perhaps the markets are accurately assessing the state of their economies.
Draghi replies that yes, yields don't only reflect "unfounded fears". They also reflect the historic policy mistakes that have brought such countries to their current situation.
He then repeats his point about needing a two-legged approach: support to bring down borrowing costs, and strict conditionality - ie, a commitment to economic reforms.
The euro has fallen back since Mario Draghi began outlining the terms of the European Central Bank's bond-buying plan.
Not much reaction in the stock markets though.
Brief hilarity in the Frankfurt press conference as Mario Draghi is accidentally addressed as "Mr Weidmann" , by a journalist who wonders whether the ECB president would rather have less influence from his "ally" at the Bundesbank.
Draghi replies that "I am what I am", and that the key to handling the crisis is simply to "think with your head", rather than worrying about internal disputes.
How is today's plan different than the ECB's previous efforts to salve the pain of the eurozone crisis, Draghi is asked.
The ECB has now uploaded the full statement outlining the new Outright Monetary Transactions Programme - here.
There's also a third statement: explaining how the ECB is changing its collateral rules, which will make it easier for euro banks to access the ECB's liquidity-providing operations.
Draghi also confirms that the ECB will not announce a set target for bond yields under the new Outright Monetary Transactions program.
In other words, the aim is to bring borrowing costs down, if needed, but Draghi won't nail the ECB's credibility to the mast by committing to keep, say, Spain's yields below a certain level.
Next question - did the ECB consider a third massive liquidity injection for the eurozone banking sector, and how is its president coping under the strain of trying to hold the euro together?
Draghi looks pretty calm to me - he's a cool customer. What do you think?
Asked about the decision to leave interest rates unchanged, Draghi replies that the ECB governing council considered changes but there was no enthusiasm for a change.
Mario Draghi's introductory statement is now online here.
Another tough question for Draghi from Bloomberg's Jeffrey Black* -- if a country signs up for OMT and then fails to meet the requirements, will the ECB really withdraw its support (and how does it do THAT without violating its independence).
The assessment of the governing council is that we now have large parts of the eurozone in a bad equilibrium -- you may have self-fulfilling conditions that feed on themselves, and create very adverse scenarios.
But why did these countries get into bad equilibrium in the first place? It was through bad policy decisions.
* - Black got the scoop on the ECB's plans yesterday, so there was some laughter in the press room when Draghi joked that he didn't need to provide an answer as Black knew everything anyway. The ultimate compliment.
A journalist now challenges Mario Draghi over his claim that the euro is irreversible -- how does he have the democratic legitimacy to make such a claim, and to announce a wide-ranging bond-buying programme.
Draghi insists that he is not violating Article 123" of Maastricht Treaty because the ECB will be buying debt in the secondary market.
Today's decision was NOT unanimous, Mario Draghi tells the press conference.
There was one dissenting view. We don't disclose who. It's up to you to guess.
Draghi also confirms that the plan will be sterilised, and that bonds bought under the plan will be held to maturity.
OK, Draghi is now reading the statement outlining the new bond-buying programme -- Outright Monetary Transactions.
"Strict and effective conditionality is an essential part" of the plan, he says. Either a full-blown economic reform plan, or an "Enhanced conditions credit line - ECCL".
What does this mean? Basically, that any country who asks the ECB to help ease its borrowing costs must agree to an economic reform programme in return. Not necessarily as regimented as the bailout plans enforced by the Troika - it sounds like ECCL will be bailout-lite.
The ECB governing council will then decide how much debt to buy.
2) Coverage: the ECB would buy bonds of between 1 and 3 years of maturity.
3) Seniority -- the ECB will be treated alongside other bond holders, rather than being the most senior creditor. This is called "Pari passu"
Do check our glossary for more details of these terms.
We're going to get the details of the OMT plan in a few minutes, after Draghi has rattled through his statement of the state of the eurozone economy.
And that statement includes the news that the ECB is slashing its forecast for eurozone GDP to -0.4%, down from -0.1%.
Draghi reiterates that European leaders must take the decisive measures needed to fix the eurozone crisis, warning that otherwise the "intensification of risk in certain areas" could hit the whole currency union.
Draghi confirms that the ECB governing council HAS agreed the details of a programme to help the eurozone's struggling members.
He dubs it Outright Monetary Transactions, or OMT, and says it will address "unfounded fears over the strength of the euro".
He insists that the plan will be a "fully effective backstop" to avoid the crisis escalating, which would have "potentially serious impact on price stability"
We act strictly within our mandate to maintain price stability in the medium term.... and the euro is irreversible.
Draghi added that the ECB will certainly demand conditionality in return for helping struggling nations, saying it is an "essential" element if the ECB is to fulfill its role.
Mario Draghi's press conference is underway. He starts by discussing the economic climate – saying that eurozone economic growth remains "weak" (an understatement), with fears over the crisis weighing on confidence and sentiment.
Risks to inflation remain to the downside, he says.
This page on the ECB website is the best place to watch Mario Draghi's press conference live (it will also be broadcast on Bloomberg TV, and other major news channels too I expect).
A quick look at the markets before the ECB press conference begins.
The euro remains at a two month high against the dollar, at $1.2636.
Drama in Frankfurt, where there was excitement in the press corps after a fire engine was called to the European Central Bank headquarters.
The ECB's decision to leave borrowing costs unchanged probably increases the chances of Big News on a new bond-buying programme at in 30 minutes time.
ECB no rate change. That's the appetiser, 45 mins for main course. | 2019-04-25T14:33:23Z | https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/sep/06/eurozone-crisis-mario-draghi-ecb-euro |
The information below are those portions of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which address the issues listed above.
One of our Company's most valuable assets is its integrity. Protecting this asset is the job of everyone in the Company. To that end, we have established a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the "Code"). The Code applies to every officer, director and employee. We also expect that those with whom we do business (including our agents, consultants, suppliers and customers) will also adhere to the Code. Our Code is designed to help you comply with the law and maintain the highest standards of ethical conduct. The Code does not cover every issue that may arise, but it sets out basic principles and a methodology to help guide you in the attainment of this common goal.
All of the Company's officers, directors and employees must carry out their duties in accordance with the policies set forth in this Code and with applicable laws and regulations. To the extent that other Company polices and procedures conflict with this Code, you should follow this Code. Any violation of applicable law or any deviation from the standards embodied in this Code will result in disciplinary action up to and including termination. Disciplinary action also may apply to an employee's supervisor who directs or approves the employee's improper actions, or is aware of those actions but does not act appropriately to correct them. In addition to imposing its own discipline, the Company may also bring suspected violations of law to the attention of the appropriate law enforcement personnel. If you are in a situation which you believe may violate or lead to a violation of this Code, follow the procedures described in Sections 10 and 11 of the Code.
Am I following the spirit, as well as the letter, of any law or Company policy?
Would I want my actions reported on 60 Minutes?
What would my family, friends or neighbors think of my actions?
Will there be any direct or indirect negative consequences for the Company?
Managers set an example for other employees and are often responsible for directing the actions of others. Every manager and supervisor is expected to take necessary actions to ensure compliance with this Code, to provide guidance and assist employees in resolving questions concerning the Code and to permit employees to express any concerns regarding compliance with this Code. No one has the authority to order another employee to act contrary to this Code. It is our policy to promote high standards of integrity by conducting our affairs in an honest and ethical manner. The integrity and reputation of the Company depends on the honesty, fairness and integrity brought to the job by each person associated with us. Unyielding personal integrity is the foundation of corporate integrity.
As explained below, you should always consult your manager or any Company officers with any questions about the legality of you or your colleagues' conduct.
It is of paramount importance to the Company that all disclosure in reports and documents that the Company files with, or submits to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), and in other public communications made by the Company is full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable. You must take all steps available to assist the Company in these responsibilities consistent with your role within the Company. In particular, you are required to provide prompt and accurate answers to all inquiries made to you in connection with the Company's preparation of its public reports and disclosure.
The Company's Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") are responsible for designing, establishing, maintaining, reviewing and evaluating on a quarterly basis the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined by applicable SEC rules). The Company's CEO, CFO and such other Company officers are designated from time to time by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors shall be deemed the Senior Officers of the Company. Senior Officers shall take all steps necessary or advisable to ensure that all disclosure in reports and documents filed with or submitted to the SEC, and all disclosure in other public communication made by the Company is full, fair, accurate, timely and understandable.
the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences, all to permit prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the Company's financial statements.
Perform his or her duties in an honest and ethical manner.
Handle all actual or apparent conflicts of interest between his or her personal and professional relationships in an ethical manner.
Take all necessary actions to ensure full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that the Company files with, or submits to, government agencies and in other public communications.
Comply with all applicable laws, rules and regulations of federal, state and local governments.
Proactively promote and be an example of ethical behavior in the work environment.
You are prohibited under both federal law and Company policy from purchasing or selling Company stock, directly or indirectly, on the basis of material non-public information concerning the Company. Any person possessing material non-public information about the Company must not engage in transactions involving Company securities until this information has been released to the public. Generally, material information is that which would be expected to affect the investment decisions of a reasonable investor or the market price of the stock. You must also refrain from trading in the stock of other publicly held companies, such as existing or potential customers or suppliers, on the basis of material confidential information obtained in the course of your employment or service as a director. It is also illegal to recommend a stock to (i.e., "tip") someone else on the basis of such information. If you have a question concerning appropriateness or legality of a particular securities transaction, consult with the Company's CFO, Human Resource Administrator or Compliance Officer. Officers, directors and certain other employees of the Company are subject to additional responsibilities under the Company's insider trading compliance policy, a copy of which has been provided to each such officer, director and employee, and which can be obtained from the Company's Human Resource Administrator.
you are given the right to buy stock in other companies or you receive cash or other payments in return for promoting the services of an advisor, such as an investment banker, to the Company.
Neither you, nor members of your immediate family, are permitted to solicit or accept valuable gifts, payments, special favors or other consideration from customers, suppliers or competitors. Any gifts may be accepted only on behalf of the Company with the approval of your manager. Any gifts should be turned over to Human Resources for appropriate distribution. Any exchange of gifts must be conducted so that there is no appearance of impropriety. Gifts may be given only in compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Conflicts are not always clear-cut. If you become aware of a conflict described above or any other conflict, potential conflict, or have a question as to a potential conflict, you should consult with the Company's Compliance Officer (as further described in Section 10 of this Code) and/or follow the procedures described in Sections 10 and 11 of the Code. If you become involved in a situation that gives rise to an actual conflict, you must inform the Company's Compliance Officer of the conflict.
All confidential information concerning the Company obtained by you is the property of the Company and must be protected.
Examples of confidential information include, but are not limited to: the Company's trade secrets; business trends and projections; information about financial performance; new product or marketing plans; research and development ideas or information; manufacturing processes; information about potential acquisitions, divestitures and investments; stock splits, public or private securities offerings or changes in dividend policies or amounts; significant personnel changes; and existing or potential major contracts, orders, suppliers, customers or finance sources or the loss thereof.
You should endeavor to deal honestly with the Company's customers, suppliers, competitors, employees and anyone else with whom you have contact in the course of performing your job. Under federal and state laws, the Company is prohibited from engaging in unfair methods of competition, and unfair or deceptive acts and practices. You should not take unfair advantage of anyone through manipulation, concealment, abuse of privileged information, misrepresentation of material facts, or any other unfair dealing.
You should not make copies of, or resell or transfer (externally or internally), copyrighted publications, including software, manuals, articles, books, and databases being used in the Company, that were created by another entity and licensed to the Company, unless you are authorized to do so under the applicable license agreement. In no event should you load or use, on any Company computer, any software, third party content or database without receiving the prior written permission of the Information Systems Department to do so. You must refrain from transferring any data or information to any Company computer other than for Company use. You may use a handheld computing device or mobile phone in connection with your work for the Company, but must not use such device or phone to access, load or transfer content, software or data in violation of any applicable law or regulation or without the permission of the owner of such content, software or data. If you should have any question as to what is permitted in this regard, please consult with the Company's Information Systems Manager. Any misuse or suspected misuse of the Company's assets must be immediately reported to the Compliance Officer.
The Company's efforts to ensure observance of, and adherence to, the goals and policies outlined in this Code mandate that you promptly bring to the attention of the Compliance Officer any material transaction, relationship, act, failure to act, occurrence or practice that you believe, in good faith, is inconsistent with, in violation, or reasonably could be expected to give rise to a violation, of this Code. You should report any suspected violations of the Company's financial reporting obligations or any complaints or concerns about questionable accounting practices in accordance with the procedures set forth below.
In the event you believe a violation of the Code, or a violation of applicable laws and/or governmental regulations has occurred or you have observed or become aware of conduct which appears to be contrary to the Code, immediately report the situation to the Company's Officers or the Compliance Officer.
If you have or receive notice of a complaint or concern regarding the Company's financial disclosure, accounting practices, internal accounting controls, or questionable accounting matters, you must immediately advise the Company's Officers or the Compliance Officer.
NOTE: E-mails are not anonymous.
The Hotline is available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. It is operated on our behalf by National Hotline Services, Inc., an independent firm. The Hotline is used to anonymously or confidentially report suspected violations of our standards of conduct, policies or laws and regulations.
Use common sense and good judgment; Act in good faith. You are expected to become familiar with and to understand the requirements of the Code. If you become aware of a suspected violation, don't try to investigate it or resolve it on your own. Prompt disclosure to the appropriate parties is vital to ensuring a thorough and timely investigation and resolution. The circumstances should be reviewed by appropriate personnel as promptly as possible, and delay may affect the results of any investigation. A violation of the Code, or of applicable laws and/or governmental regulations is a serious matter and could have legal implications. Allegations of such behavior are not taken lightly and should not be made to embarrass someone or put him or her in a false light. Reports of suspected violations should always be made in good faith.
Internal investigation. When an alleged violation of the Code, applicable laws and/or governmental regulations is reported, the Company will take appropriate action in accordance with the compliance procedures outlined in Section 11 of the Code. You are expected to cooperate in internal investigations of alleged misconduct or violations of the Code or of applicable laws or regulations.
No fear of retaliation. It is Company policy that there be no intentional retaliation against any person who provides truthful information to a Company or law enforcement official concerning a possible violation of any law, regulation or Company policy, including this Code. Persons who retaliate may be subject to civil, criminal and administrative penalties, as well as disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment. In cases in which you report a suspected violation in good faith and are not engaged in the questionable conduct, the Company will attempt to keep its discussions with you confidential to the extent reasonably possible. In the course of its investigation, the Company may find it necessary to share information with others on a "need to know" basis. No retaliation shall be taken against you for reporting alleged violations while acting in good faith.
Compliance. You are expected to become familiar with and understand the requirements of the Code. Most importantly, you must comply with it.
CEO Responsibility. The Company's CEO shall be responsible for ensuring that the Code is established and effectively communicated to all employees, officers and directors. Although the day-to-day compliance issues will be the responsibility of the Company's managers, the CEO has ultimate accountability with respect to the overall implementation of and successful compliance with the Code.
Corporate Compliance Management. The Corporate Compliance Officer is responsible for ensuring that the Code becomes an integral part of the Company's culture. The Compliance Officer's charter is to ensure communication, training, monitoring, and overall compliance with the Code. The Compliance Officer will, with the assistance and cooperation of the Company's officers, directors and managers, foster an atmosphere where employees are comfortable in communicating and/or reporting concerns and possible Code violations. If you are uncomfortable speaking with the Compliance Officer because he or she works in your department or is one of your supervisors, please contact the Human Resource Administrator. Of course, if your concern involves potential misconduct by another person and relates to questionable accounting or auditing matters under the Company's Policy for Reporting Violations and Complaints Regarding Financial Reporting or Accounting Issues, you may report that violation as set forth in the such policy.
Internal Reporting of Violations. The Company's efforts to ensure observance of, and adherence to, the goals and policies outlined in this Code mandate that all employees, officers and directors of the Company report suspected violations in accordance with Section 10 of this Code.
Screening Of Employees. The Company shall exercise due diligence when hiring and promoting employees and, in particular, when conducting an employment search for a position involving the exercise of substantial discretionary authority, such as a member of the executive team, a senior management position or an employee with financial management responsibilities. The Company shall make reasonable inquiries into the background of each individual who is a candidate for such a position. All such inquiries shall be made in accordance with applicable law and good business practice.
Access to the Code. The Company shall ensure that employees, officers and directors may access the Code on the Company's website. In addition, each current employee will be provided with a copy of the Code. New employees will receive a copy of the Code as part of their new hire information.
Monitoring. The officers of the Company shall be responsible to review the Code with all of the Company's managers. In turn, the Company's managers with supervisory responsibilities should review the Code with his/her direct reports. Managers are the "go to" persons for employee questions and concerns relating to the Code, especially in the event of a potential violation. Managers or supervisors will immediately report any violations or allegations of violations to the Compliance Officer. Managers will work with the Compliance Officer in assessing areas of concern, potential violations, any needs for enhancement of the Code or remedial actions to effect the Code's policies and overall compliance with the Code and other related policies.
Internal Investigation. When an alleged violation of the Code is reported, the Company shall take prompt and appropriate action in accordance with the law and regulations and otherwise consistent with good business practice. If the suspected violation appears to involve either a possible violation of law or an issue of significant corporate interest, or if the report involves a complaint or concern of any person, whether employee, a shareholder or other interested person regarding the Company's financial disclosure, internal accounting controls, questionable accounting matters or practices or other issues relating to the Company's accounting, then the manager or investigator should immediately notify the Compliance Officer, -who, in turn, shall notify the Audit Committee, as applicable. If a suspected violation involves any director or executive officer or if the suspected violation concerns any fraud, whether or not material, involving management or other employees who have a significant role in the Company's internal controls, any person who received such report should immediately report the alleged violation to the Compliance Officer, if appropriate, the Chief Executive Officer and/or Chief Financial Officer, and, in every such case, the Audit Committee. The Compliance Officer or the Audit Committee, as applicable, shall assess the situation and determine the appropriate course of action. At a point in the process consistent with the need not to compromise the investigation, a person who is suspected of a violation shall be apprised of the alleged violation and shall have an opportunity to provide a response to the investigator.
Disciplinary Actions. Subject to the following sentence, the Compliance Officer, after consultation with Human Resources or outside Legal Counsel or the CEO, as applicable, shall be responsible for implementing the appropriate disciplinary action in accordance with the Company's policies and procedures for any employee who is found to have violated the Code. If a violation has been reported to the Audit Committee or another committee of the Board, that Committee shall be responsible for determining appropriate disciplinary action. Any violation of applicable law or any deviation from the standards embodied in this Code will result in disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment. Any employee engaged in the exercise of substantial discretionary authority, including any Senior Officer, who is found to have engaged in a violation of law or unethical conduct in connection with the performance of his or her duties for the Company, shall be removed from his or her position and not assigned to any other position involving the exercise of substantial discretionary authority. In addition to imposing discipline upon employees involved in non-compliant conduct, the Company also will impose discipline, as appropriate, upon an employee's supervisor, if any, who directs or approves such employees' improper actions, or is aware of those actions but does not act appropriately to correct them, and upon other individuals who fail to report known non-compliant conduct. In addition to imposing its own discipline, the Company will bring any violations of law to the attention of appropriate law enforcement personnel.
Retention of Reports and Complaints. All reports and complaints made to or received by Compliance Officer shall be logged into a record maintained for this purpose by the Compliance Officer and this record of such report shall be retained for five (5) years.
Required Government Reporting. Whenever conduct occurs that requires a report to the government, the Compliance Officer shall be responsible for complying with such reporting requirements.
Corrective Actions. Subject to the following sentence, in the event of a violation of the Code, the manager and Compliance Officer should assess the situation to determine whether the violation demonstrates a problem that requires remedial action as to Company policies and procedures. If a violation has been reported to the Audit Committee or another committee of the Board, that committee shall be responsible for determining appropriate remedial or corrective actions. Such corrective action may include providing revised public disclosure, retraining Company employees, modifying Company policies and procedures, improving monitoring of compliance under existing procedures and other action necessary to detect similar non-compliant conduct and prevent it from occurring in the future. Such corrective action shall be documented, as appropriate.
Any substantive amendment or waiver of this Code (i.e., a material departure from the requirements of any provision) particularly applicable to or directed at executive officers (including, where required by applicable laws, our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller (or persons performing similar functions)) or directors may be made only after approval by the Board of Directors or, to the extent permitted by the rules of Nasdaq, a committee of the Board of Directors and will be disclosed within four (4) business days of such action (a) on the Company's website for a period of not less than twelve (12) months and (b) in a Form 8-K filed with the SEC. Such disclosure shall include the reasons for any waiver and the nature of such waiver. The Company shall retain the disclosure relating to any such amendment or waiver for less than five (5) years.
One of our Company's most valuable assets is its integrity. Protecting this asset is the job of everyone in the Company. We have established a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics to help our employees comply with the law and regulations applicable to our business and to maintain the highest standards of ethical conduct. This policy is meant to supplement our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by encouraging employees to report any suspected violations or concerns as to compliance with laws, regulations, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or other Company policies, or any complaints or concerns regarding the Company's financial disclosure, accounting practices, internal accounting controls, or questionable accounting matters.
It is every employee's obligation to report suspected or actual violations of laws, government rules and regulations, or the Company's Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or other Company policies. You must report any suspected violations of the laws and rules that govern the reporting of the Company's financial performance, and any complaint or concern regarding the Company's financial disclosure, accounting practices, internal accounting controls, or questionable accounting matters.
You can report any such matters by the procedures set forth below. As noted below, supervisors and managers are required to report to the Compliance Officer any time they receive a report of a concern about our compliance with laws, the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or other Company policy, any notice of any suspected wrong-doing by any Company employee, officer or director, any complaint or concern about the Company's financial disclosure, accounting practices, internal accounting controls, or questionable accounting matters.
Each supervisor and manager shall report any suspected violation, concern or complaint reported to such person by employees or other sources to the Compliance Officer to assure proper treatment and retention of complaints, concerns or notices of potential violations. In addition, employees should take note that persons outside the Company may report complaints or concerns about suspected violations, or concerns regarding accounting matters or internal accounting controls. These concerns and complaints should be reported immediately on receipt to the Compliance Officer.
The Compliance Officer shall promptly consider the information, reports or notices received under this policy or otherwise and take the appropriate action, including investigation as appropriate, in accordance with the law, governmental rules and regulations, the Company's Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and otherwise consistent with good business practice. The Audit Committee shall be notified promptly of all complaints determined to pertain to accounting matters or internal accounting controls and shall determine the planned course of action with respect to the complaint, including determining that an adequate basis exists for commencing an investigation. The Compliance Officer will then appoint one or more internal and/or external investigators to promptly and fully investigate each viable claim under the direction and oversight of the Audit Committee or such other persons as the Audit Committee determines to be appropriate under the circumstances. The Compliance Officer will confidentially inform the reporting person (if his or her identity is known) that the complaint has been received and provide him or her with the name of, and contact information for, the investigator assigned to the claim.
Upon a report to the Compliance Officer, all notices or reports of suspected violations, complaints or concerns received pursuant to this policy shall be recorded in a log, indicating the description of the matter reported, the date of the report and the disposition thereof, and the log shall be retained for five years. This log shall be maintained by the Compliance Officer.
file, testify, participate in, or otherwise assist in a proceeding relating to a violation of any law, rule or regulation.
Any such action is a violation of Company policy and should be reported immediately under this policy. If it is determined that an employee has experienced any improper employment action in violation of this policy, we endeavor to promptly take appropriate corrective action.
The Company will, to the extent reasonably possible, keep confidential both the information and concerns reported under this policy, and its discussions and actions in response to these reports and concerns. In the course of its investigation, however, the Company may find it necessary to share information with others on a "need to know" basis. | 2019-04-23T18:02:24Z | https://www.abaxis.com/about-us/abaxis-inc-code-of-business-conduct-and-ethics |
Chemistry, which is often referred to as the Central Science, is an integral discipline of the Natural Sciences Program.
The department has two General Chemistry laboratories containing a total of twenty-six computer-interfaced stations as well as a fully equipped Organic Chemistry laboratory. A tutorial room and a Study Area are also available.
A dedicated staff of fifteen instructors and two technicians provide challenging and enriching courses in a stimulating learning environment.
Amélie Bérubé obtained a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry from the University of Montréal in 1999. She then completed a master’s degree in physical organic chemistry at Bryn Mawr College, PA (2001) under the supervision of Prof. Frank Mallory. She continued her graduate studies at Yale University where she obtained a Ph.D. degree (2006) working on the total synthesis of naturally occurring polycyclic terpenes under the supervision of Prof. John Wood. After graduation, she became Assistant Professor of Chemistry at St. Joseph College, CT. Since moving back to Montreal in 2007, she has taught at CEGEP de Saint-Laurent before joining John Abbott College in 2009.
Suzanne Black joined the JAC Chemistry Department in 2000. She graduated from The University of Tulsa’s School of Engineering with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry in 1987. She obtained her Ph.D. in 1992 from Harvard University where she studied multiphoton ionization of phosphine under the supervision of Prof. Peter Chen. She then moved to Canada and joined McGill University where she directed the General Chemistry Laboratory program for six years.
Murray Bronet has been a teacher at John Abbott in the Faculty of Science (Chemistry) since 2002. Previous to his tenure at Abbott, he taught at Vanier, Champlain, Dawson, and Marianopolis colleges. Murray has also worked in industry at Dofasco (steel making), Hydro-Quebec (high voltage/temperature chemical reactions), Union Carbide (flue gas desulfurization), and Tescult (consulting engineering). He graduated Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical) from McGill University in 1981, MScA at Sherbrooke University in 1986 and obtained his PhD Engineering (Chemical) from McGill University in 1990. He is now enrolled in a Masters of Education at Sherbrooke University through Peforma MTP. Murray's current research emphasis concerns evaluating students' perceptions of cooperative learning in the science program.
Andrew Brown has been teaching at John Abbott College since 2005, following several years of teaching experience at the CEGEP and university level. He obtained a B.Sc. in Chemistry at Bishop's University. This was followed by a Ph.D. from McGill University. Prior to teaching at John Abbott Andrew has also been involved in research and development on the optical properties of materials.
David Fenwick has been part of the Chemistry Department at John Abbott College since 2004. He is a graduate of McGill University (B.Sc. Hons., 1998) and The University of British Columbia (M.Sc., 2002). Before his appointment at John Abbott College, David was part of the medicinal chemistry team at Aegera Therapeutics Inc., a private biotechnology firm specializing in apoptosis.
Michal joined John Abbott as a chemistry teacher on September 2007. She was also teaching at Dawson college (Cont. Ed program) in the academic year of 2008-2009.
She holds BSc (Chemistry) and MSc (Applied Chemistry) from the Hebrew University, and PhD(Chemistry) from McGill University. She also spent two years as a Post Doctorate Fellow at the University of Montreal -Chemistry department.
Her research experience mainly involved material chemistry: form organic conjugated polymers (synthesized for purposes of light emitting diodes), to nano materials (such as polymers, lipids and nano-particles) at interfaces.
While working on her master degree Michal also worked at Intel.Ltd (Jerusalem), as a member of the engineering department.
Ed Hudson joined the JAC chemistry department in 2012. He holds a B.Sc. in chemistry and environmental science from Trent University. He then earned an M.Sc. in marine chemistry from the Memorial University of Newfoundland, and a Ph.D. in atmospheric & marine chemistry from McGill University.
As well as at John Abbott College, Ed has taught at Dawson College, at the Memorial University of Newfoundland, and at the Hess Language School and Chang Gung University in Taiwan.
When not teaching chemistry, Ed enjoys working with organizations which teach people to build and maintain bikes as a sustainable form of transportation.
Sean Hughes has been a teacher in the department of chemistry at John Abbott College since 2006. In 1999, Sean earned his B.Sc. in Biology from Concordia University and was a graduate of their Science College program. He stayed at Concordia University to pursue his Ph.D. in Chemistry under the co-supervision of Drs. John A. Capobianco and Gilles H. Peslherbe. His work entailed understanding the cluster-to-bulk transition of micro-solvated ions.
Prior to joining John Abbott College, Sean taught classes at Dawson College as a member of their continuing education department and assisted Dr. Bhuvan Pant for a number of years with an e-course for non-science students at Concordia University. Today, he is John Abbott College’s Pathways Coordinator, is an active member of their Student Success Committee, and is a member of the Learning Specialists Association of Canada (LSAC) board of directors. He also works with the Master Teacher (PERFORMA) Program as both a technician and a member of their IT Advisory Sub-Committee.
Rekha Iyer has a Bachelors in Science from National College, Bangalore, India; Masters in English Literature from Mysore University, India; Masters in Chemistry, Concordia University, Montreal; Diploma in Environmental Sciences, Concordia University, Montreal.
She started her teaching career at John Abbott College in 1992. Prior to her teaching career, she worked at Imperial Tobacco Company in their Research Department.
During her years at Abbott, she had the opportunity to design a brand new course based on Forensic Chemistry, which was offered for the first time in the Montreal area schools.
This course is now offered to both science and non-science students. Other than teaching at John Abbott, she also visits local high schools to give talks on science and education. During these visits, she promotes her enthusiasm for science and learning through interesting chemistry experiments and demonstrations.
Shahid has been working at John Abbott College for 39.5 years in the Chemistry Department as Professor. He has extensive laboratory experience, and teach most chemistry courses. He has a Master’s degree from McGill University (185), and a Diploma of Teaching from the Universite de Sherbrooke (1976).
Shahid has received the prestigious POLYSAR award for Outstanding Teaching in Community and Technical Colleges, presented at CIC/ACs Joint Conference in 1977. In 1994, Shahid received the C3 award for Contributions to Chemical Education.
Shahid taught PERFORMA courses from 1978-1985 for the teaching of college level teachers in their pursuit of a diploma on Collegial Teaching.
Finally, Shahid was one of the authors of the textbook, “Physical Science: Discovering Matter & Energy”, published by Copp Clark Pitman Ltd.
Michael Lautman has been a part of the Department of Chemistry since 2006. He has also lectured at Dawson College and L'Universite de Montreal. Michael obtained his Science DEC from John Abbott in 1997. He obtained his B.Sc. (Honours Chemistry) from Concordia Univeristy in 2000, M.Sc. (Organic/Materials Chemistry, 2002) and Ph.D. (Organic/Materials Chemistry, 2007) from L'Universite de Montreal.
He interested in the public perception and understanding of science and is developing a number of project that use chemistry to promote sustainability on campus.
Dr. Antonio Nicodemo has been a teacher at John Abbott College since 2004 as a member of the Continuing Education Department teaching both Analytical and Organic Chemistry courses. In fall 2007, Antonio joined the Faculty of Science (Chemistry Department) as a part-time staff member and subsequently as a full-time teacher (Winter 2008). Prior to joiningJohn Abbott College, Antonio taught at Marianopolis College and was a Teaching Assistant/Faculty Lecturer at McGill University (MacDonald Campus) during his graduate studies in the Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry (MSc) and the School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition (PhD). In addition, Antonio has also worked in industry at Charles Rivers Laboratories as an Analytical Research Chemist/Project Manager and as an instructor and trainer since 2001. Antonio earned his Bachelor’s of Science in Biochemistry from McGill University (Faculty of Medicine) in 1991, MSc in Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry from McGill University(MacDonald Campus) in 1995 and obtained his PhD in Nutritional Biochemistry from McGill University (MacDonald Campus) in 2004.
Tania Peres has been part of the Chemistry Department at John Abbott College since 2006. She graduated from Concordia University with a B.Sc. in Chemistry followed by a Ph.D. in 1999. Tania then moved to New York City where she taught at St. Francis College and Bard HS Early College. She was also involved in laboratory development. She returned to Montreal in 2005 and worked briefly for an insurance company as a consultant for the biotech industry.
Jean-Michel Régimbal joined the JAC Chemistry Department in 2000. He graduated from the chemistry program at the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi in 1993. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1999 from York University where he studied atmospheric chemistry with Prof. Michael Mozurkewich. He then taught meteorology and climatology at York University before returning to Quebec in 2000 to teach chemistry at John Abbott College. He left John Abbott from 2001 to 2003, working at Vanier, Marianopolis and Dawson Colleges. He developed a complementary course on climate change course that is now taught here in the winter to non-science students.
Roberta Šilerová has been teaching in the Department of Chemistry atJohn Abbott College since 2002. She teaches both NYB and NYA Chemistry, as well as Chemistry of Winemaking and Beer Brewing, a complementary course. She also runs the Chemistry Peer Tutoring Program in the Chemistry Study Area. Roberta is the Chemistry Department representative for the new Science and Technology building at JAC.
Roberta completed a BSc in Chemistry at McGill in 1986, then went to theUniversity of Toronto for an MSc (1988), and then came back to McGill for a PhD under the supervision of Bruce Lennox (1992). She worked as a post doctoral fellow in Mainz, Germany, at the Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research. Following that, she was a member of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, before joining JAC.
When she is not teaching Chemistry, Roberta likes to be outdoors with her family, and they can be found camping or hanging out at the cottage all summer.
Jana Simandl holds B.Eng. and PhD degrees in chemical engineering. Following her studies, she worked at the Shell Canada Research Centre in artificial intelligence. Subsequently, she joined the department of chemical engineering of McGill University where she was an assistant and associate professor. She remains an adjunct professor there. She enjoys college teaching.
Tom (Tian-Yun) Wang has been teaching at John Abbott College since 2004. In his original hometown of Winnipeg, Tom earned his B. Sc. in biochemistry at the University of Manitoba in 1998. He then moved to Montreal to pursue a Ph. D. degree in biochemistry at McGill University which he completed in 2006.
Besides teaching, Tom enjoys participating in recreational sports, particularly volleyball and tennis.
The department offers courses for science students wishing to enroll at University in Pure and Applied Sciences as well as in the Health Sciences.
Complementary courses are also offered to non-science students.
To obtain your diploma in science, you need to complete all the General Education requirements, 9 compulsory Science courses (descriptions in program planner) and 3 Science option courses.
Note that not all courses are offered every semester.
Courses marked with an asterisk* (see Course Outlines) contain the entire Science Program Comprehensive Assessment.
For courses marked with two asterisks** (see Course Outlines), students will have to pass two comprehensive assessment projects. That is, students could take Organic Chemistry I and Biology II OR Organic Chemistry I and Organic Chemistry II to gain the credit for the Comprehensive Assessment.
For a detailed course listing, please visit the Science, the Biopharmaceutical and the General Education (Complementary courses) sections of the Course Calendar.
Oriented towards understanding concepts, this course examines numerous macroscopic properties of solutions and chemical reactions. Major topics in this physical chemistry course include colligative properties, reactions, equilibrium (both general and solution equilibria), electrochemistry, kinetics, and acids and bases.
Students who do not meet the minimum requirement for 202-NYB-05 (at least 70% in Sec. V Chemistry) will need to take 202-NYB-EN.
This course introduces atomic and molecular structures. Topics covered include development of modern atomic theory; chemical bonding and its effect on the chemical and physical properties of matter.
An introduction to the chemistry of organic molecules including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic systems and their derivatives, this course employs a mechanistic approach to the understanding of typical organic reactions. Laboratory work is an important part of the course.
A continuation of Organic Chemistry 1 (202-DCP), this course extends the study of mechanism, structure and synthesis in organic chemistry. Methods introduced in 202-DCP are reviewed by application to the study of aromatic and carbonyl compounds. The use of spectropic techniques for determining molecular structure is emphasized. Practical laboratory work, including the use of chemical instrumentation, is an important component of the course.
This course is designed for science students who want to learn more about the chemistry of the natural and the modified (polluted) environment, and how we determine the concentration and behaviour of key chemical compounds in an environmental context.
Topics include climate change, smog, metals and organic pollutants in the environment, nuclear chemistry, water contamination and treatment, and greener chemical synthesis.
Familiarity with material from chemistry NYB and NYA is assumed.
Is that blood on your hands? Did the urbane Claus von Bulow attempt to murder his rich socialite wife by surreptitiously injecting insulin into her medication? Remember the famous ‘Acid Experiments’ of the 1960’s conducted in our back yard at McGill University and secretly funded by the CIA? What role does a chemist play in the mysterious death of a woman – a death later uncovered as murder due to arsenic poisoning?
From sensational high-tech cases like the O.J. Simpson trial to less well-known crimes, intriguing details are revealed in the course appropriately subtitled Arsenic Milkshake. This course gives students the opportunity to take a behind-the-scenes look at the techniques used by today’s new scientific sleuths. You will have a chance to play forensic detective, learn how to analyze gunshot residues, detect fingerprints, check Breathalyzer test results, identify different blood types and analyse drug poisonings.
This course is about energy, the methods we use to create and convert it, and the adverse environmental affects these practices have on our planet. From the tar sands in Alberta to the coal pits in Wyoming, we will study how we find, process and distribute our limited fossil fuels. We will learn about CO2 emissions, and how climate change has spurred the emerging green economy of wind farms, tidal generators and solar arrays. How do these things work, and how “green” are they?
This is a unique course, team-taught by two teachers from two different departments, allowing a different perspective for today’s most important questions.
Equivalent to Secondary IV Environmental Option courses (558-404 or 558-402), this course is intended for students who wish to pursue science or technology programs, but lack the necessary Physical Science prerequisite. The course will provide sufficient chemistry, physics, and biology to prepare students for the Secondary V equivalents 202-001-50 and 203-001-50.
Equivalent to Secondary V Chemistry, this course is intended for students who wish to pursue science or technology programs and have passed Secondary IV Environmental Option (558-404 or 558-402), or its equivalent (982-003-50), but lack Secondary V Chemistry. This course provides sufficient chemistry for entry into many technology programs (such as Dental Hygiene and Nursing) and subsequent Chemistry courses.
There are two General Chemistry laboratories located in AME-444 and AME-447; each has thirteen computer stations, mounted on the walls and having touch-sensitive screens and are equipped with the Vernier LoggerPro Interface system. The latter provides high-quality data acquisition and also has spreadsheet capabilities; the menu-driven software assists students with calibration of sensors, design of experiments, collection of data, mathematical and graphical analysis of experimental results.
The Organic Chemistry laboratory is located in AME-432. It is fully equipped with analytical instrumentation for gas chromatography, infra-red chromatography, melting point apparatus, and HPLC, as a partial list. Many of the experiments in both Organic Chemistry I and II are performed at the microscale level.
A classroom/laboratory is located in AME-429. It is designed to be used as either a wet chemistry classroom or a fully functional chemistry laboratory. It consists of long benches equipped with sinks, and the room contains fume hoods.
The Chemistry Department has sample final exams available for consultation. Please be advised that these exams are in a “condensed” form, i.e. all spacing available for answers have been removed, in an effort to reduce paper usage. Also note that some questions, or sections, may have been removed from the final exam web version as these questions may have been deemed inappropriate, or unusable, for any number of reasons.
These exams only serve as a guide or template to help students get accustomed to the format, types of questions, mark allocation, and approximate length of a typical final exam. There is no promise or committment from the Chemistry Department that similar questions will be used in future final exams, nor will the format remain unchanged. | 2019-04-22T08:58:36Z | http://departments.johnabbott.qc.ca/departments/chemistry/ |
Seven high school athletic administrators will be inducted into the 10th class of the National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA) Hall of Fame December 18 in San Antonio, Texas, during banquet festivities at the 49th annual National Athletic Directors Conference co-sponsored by the NIAAA and the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS).
This year’s conference will be held December 14-18 at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center in San Antonio.
The 2018 NIAAA Hall of Fame class includes Bruce Bowen, CMAA, retired athletic administrator of Hermitage High School in Richmond, Virginia, and currently executive director of the Virginia Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association; Steve Duncan, CMAA, retired athletic director, Valley High School, West Des Moines, Iowa; Kevin Horrigan, CMAA, retired athletic director, Greenfield Central High School, Greenfield, Indiana; Allen Huestis, CAA, retired athletic director, Ponaganset (Rhode Island) High School; Don Riviere, retired athletic director, T. C. Williams High School, Alexandria, Virginia, and James Robinson High School, Fairfax County, Virginia; Roy Turner, CMAA, retired athletic director of Ashley High School in Wilmington, North Carolina, and currently executive director of the North Carolina Athletic Directors Association; and Bruce Whitehead, CMAA, retired executive director of the NIAAA, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Bruce Bowen, CMAA, has been executive director of the Virginia Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (VIAAA) since 2008 after an outstanding 37-year career as a teacher, coach and athletic administrator at Hermitage High School in Richmond, Virginia.
Bowen returned to his high school alma mater in 1972 and coached football, boys track, boys cross country and girls cross country during his highly successful 15-year stint as a coach at the school. Bowen’s overall record in the various sports was 156-24 with 11 district, seven regional and two state titles.
Bowen became the school’s athletic administrator in 1987 and served 22 years before retiring in 2009. He oversaw more than $1 million in facility improvements during his tenure and added nine sports for girls. In 1993, he was responsible for starting the school’s Athletic Hall of Fame.
Bowen was the founder of the Central Virginia Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association and served as its chairman for six years between 1997 and 2003. He also was the district awards chair from 1987 to 2009 and managed more than 100 district, regional and state tournaments. He started the district cheer competition and directed that event for 10 years.
Before becoming VIAAA executive director, Bowen was president in 2004-05 and served as chair of several VIAAA committees, as well as chair of the 1997 and 2002 VIAAA State Conferences. During his time as VIAAA executive director the past 10 years, Bowen has raised more than $600,000 for the association’s programs.
Bowen also served on the Virginia High School League (VHSL) Executive Committee in 1999-2000 and the VHSL Foundation Board of Directors from 2009 to 2016, and he was vice-chair of the VHSL Student Leadership Conference in 2003. He currently serves on the VHSL SLHall of Fame Selection Committee.
In his work with the NIAAA, Bowen has served as a moderator at several National Athletic Directors Conferences and is a state Leadership Training Institute instructor. Bowen has attended 26 National Athletic Directors Conferences, and he has taken 22 Leadership Training classes.
Bowen is a member of the National Executive Directors Council (NEDC) and represented sections two, three and four on the NEDC Executive Committee from 2011 to 2016. He was the NEDC representative on the NIAAA Board of Directors from 2014 to 2016 and hosted the 2015 NEDC Summit in Williamsburg. Bowen is also the author of four articles for NIAAA publications.
Bowen has been a member of the NIAAA and VIAAA for 31 years. Among his awards, he was named VIAAA State Athletic Administrator of the Year in 1999-2000, and he received the NIAAA State Award of Merit in 2003, the NIAAA Distinguished Service Award in 2011, the VIAAA Distinguished Service Award in 2012 and the NFHS Citation in 2014. Bowen was inducted into the Virginia High School Hall of Fame in 2007.
Upon his retirement in 2009, Bowen was inducted into the Hermitage High School Hall of Fame and the Hermitage Gymnasium was dedicated in his honor.
Steve Duncan was one of Iowa’s key leaders in athletic administration during his outstanding 20-year career as athletic director of Valley High School in West Des Moines, Iowa, from 1989 to 2009.
Duncan worked collaboratively with the West Des Moines School District to develop more than $15 million in new and renovated athletic facilities, which included the construction of the 8,300-seat Valley Stadium, which is used for football, soccer and many public events. He also established the Athletic Directors Advisory Council, which provided 20 student-athletes a voice in the management of the athletic department.
During his 20 years at Valley High School, Duncan was a part of many national video productions on coaching and published articles in the athletic administration field. His teams claimed 41 traditional state championships, including 20 boys titles and 21 girls titles. Valley High School captured the Des Moines Register State All-Sports Award six times during his tenure.
After graduating from Emporia (Kansas) State University in 1971, Duncan was a high school teacher for eight years and an assistant baseball coach at the University of Iowa for six years before beginning his athletic administrative career in 1985. Duncan was the athletic director at Sterling (Illinois) High School for four years before landing the Valley High School position in 1989.
In addition to his service at the local level, Duncan contributed many hours to the Iowa High School Athletic Directors Association (IHSADA) for 20 years. He served in numerous leadership positions with the IHSADA, including president in 1998-99, and he was NIAAA liaison for 13 years. During his time at Valley High, Duncan hosted numerous events for the Iowa High School Athletic Association (IHSAA) and the Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union (IGHSAU). He also served on the Soccer Advisory Committees for both organizations.
At the national level, Duncan is a lifetime member of the NIAAA. He served on the NIAAA Certification Committee for five years and was a speaker at the National Athletic Directors Conference five times. Duncan, who attained his CAA designation in 1998 and CMAA in 2000, was a member of the Malaysian Youth Olympics Committee Advisory Team from 2000 to 2008.
Among his previous awards, Duncan was named the IHSADA Athletic Director of the Year in 2000 and was inducted into the IHSADA Hall of Fame in 2010. Duncan also received the NIAAA State Award of Merit in 2002, and, in 2008, he was the recipient of the Bernie Saggau Award of Merit – the top award presented by the IHSAA. When he retired in 2009, the West Des Moines school district renamed the outdoor athletic facilities as the Steve Duncan Sports Complex.
Since his retirement in 2009, Duncan has worked part-time in the University of Iowa football equipment room and has served as the color commentator for the University of Iowa baseball radio network. He also was an assistant baseball coach at Solon (Iowa) High School for three years.
Kevin Horrigan concluded his outstanding 40-year career in education in 2014, which included 29 years as an athletic administrator at three high schools in the Indianapolis area, as well as his tremendous service to athletic administration at the state and national levels.
After graduating from Brebeuf Preparatory School in Indianapolis and Bellarmine College in Louisville, Kentucky, Horrigan was a junior high school teacher for two years before a nine-year stint as a teacher and coach at Chatard High School in Indianapolis. Horrigan later earned his master’s degree from Butler University in Indianapolis.
Horrigan began his career in athletic administration in 1985 as athletic director and track and field/cross country coach at his alma mater, Brebeuf Preparatory School, where he served for five years. He then served 12 years as athletic director at Lawrence Central High School in Indianapolis, and 12 years as athletic director at Greenfield Central High School in Greenfield, Indiana, to close his career.
During his years at Lawrence Central, Horrigan was chair of the Athletic Facilities Improvement Committee for three years, and he established the school’s Athletic Hall of Fame. In his 12 years at Greenfield Central, Horrigan was a four-time recipient of the school’s influential educator award and a two-time recipient of the Excellence in Education Award. He established the Greenfield-Central Athletic Hall of Fame in 2004 and was inducted into the hall of fame last year.
Horrigan’s service to the Indiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA) and the Indiana Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (IIAAA) was nothing short of phenomenal. During his 29 years at the three aforementioned high schools, Horrigan hosted 129 sectional championships, 31 regional championships and 10 semistate championships for the IHSAA. He also has been in charge of the finish line at the IHSAA Boys and Girls State Track and Field Championships since 1993, and he has been tournament director for the IHSAA Boys State Basketball Championship since 1993.
Within the IIAAA, Horrigan has served in all leadership positions, including a term as president in 2003-04. He has attended 32 IIAAA state conferences and, since 1998, he has been the IIAAA lead CAA test administrator and an IIAAA Leadership Training Committee member.
Nationally, Horrigan has attended 30 National Athletic Directors Conferences and has been a vital member of the NIAAA since taking his first Leadership Training class and becoming a Certified Test Administrator in 1988. Horrigan has subsequently taken 32 Leadership Training classes and has been National Faculty Vice-Chair for two Leadership Training classes.
Horrigan was a member of the Host Committee for the 1992 National Athletic Directors Conference in Indianapolis, and he was chair of the Host Committee for the 2003 and 2011 conferences in Indianapolis. He has given yeoman service to the NIAAA Endowment Committee, serving as a committee member from 2003 to 2016, including the final four years as committee chair.
Horrigan has been a USA certified track and field official since 1980 and was the awards chairman for the 1987 Pan American Games and World Indoor Track and Field Championships and the 1988 Olympic Track and Field Trials. He received the NIAAA Distinguished Service Award in 2004, the NIAAA State Award of Merit in 2005 and the NFHS Citation in 2009.
Allen Huestis began his career in education in 1966 as a teacher at Ponaganset (Rhode Island) Middle School. In 2003, he retired as athletic director of Ponaganset High School after nearly 40 years of service to the school district.
Huestis assumed athletic director duties at Ponaganset in 1981 while continuing to teach reading at the middle school. During his 23 years as athletic director, Huestis coached middle school soccer from 1986 to 1990 and one season as the middle school’s boys basketball coach in 1992. Huestis also assisted with the high school’s girls soccer team until 1998, and continued to volunteer as a coach for the team until 2003.
During his 23 years as the Ponaganset athletic director, Huestis played a key role in updating the school’s facilities, including urging the passing of a bond for a new track complex that included bleachers, a concession stand and a football/soccer field. He also was responsible for rebuilding the baseball field with dugouts and adding a softball field.
When the school added boys and girls tennis, Huestis spearheaded the building of four tennis courts. And, his pride and joy was the addition of a 3.2-mile cross country course (complete with a covered bridge) that is used annually for the state cross country meets.
In addition, under Huestis’ watch, the Ponaganset girls basketball team won 152 consecutive league games during a 9½-year stretch, along with six Division I state championships. Also, Ponaganset teams won 15 state and officials association sportsmanship awards during Huestis’ years at the school.
Huestis was very active in the Rhode Island Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (RIIAAA). In 1987, he became vice president and assumed the RIIAAA presidency from 1989 to 1991. In 1994, he began serving as corresponding secretary, a position he held even after retirement. Eight times he was the association’s delegate to the NIAAA Delegate Assembly, and in 2001, he was named RIIAAA Athletic Director of the Year. He is currently serving as the state’s liaison to the NIAAA.
Within the Rhode Island Interscholastic League (RIIL), Huestis is a member of the RIIL Boys Soccer Committee and co-chair of the RIIL Girls Soccer Committee.
Huestis’ involvement with the NIAAA dates to the mid-1980s when he attended his first national conference in 1987, and he hasn’t missed one since. He recently concluded a 16-year stint on the NIAAA Endowment Committee, including four years as chair from 2004 to 2007. Huestis also served as chair of the Membership and Services Committee from 1997 to 2000, and was a member of the Ways and Means Committee. He also was a participant on the NIAAA Blue Ribbon Panel.
In addition, Huestis has been workshop moderator four times at the National Conference and was a presenter at the first-time committee member workshop from 2001 to 2008.
Huestis was awarded the NFHS Citation in 1993, the NIAAA Distinguished Service Award in 2006 and the NIAAA Thomas E. Frederick Award of Excellence in 2013. He is also a two-time recipient of the NIAAA State Award of Merit. In 2011, he was inducted into the RIIAAA Hall of Fame and was enshrined into the Ponaganset High School Athletic Hall of Fame in 2012.
Huestis earned his bachelor’s degree from Rhode Island College in 1966 and his master’s from the same school in 1972.
Don Riviere was one of the early leaders in the athletic administration field – both at the state and national levels – during his 27 years at three high schools in Virginia.
Riviere launched his career in 1965 as athletic director at Francis Hammond High School in Alexandria, Virginia, before there were any state or national organizations for high school athletic administrators. In 1973, Riviere became the athletic director at T. C. Williams High School in Alexandria – two years after the 1971 football team at T. C. Williams High School won the Virginia AAA state championship and, in 2000, was the subject of the motion picture, Remember the Titans.
At the time Riviere became athletic director at T. C. Williams, it was the largest high school in the state. Perhaps his greatest accomplishments in 17 years as the school’s athletic director was overseeing the consolidation of T. C. Williams and changing its image from one of poor sportsmanship, weak financial management and viewed as non-competitive, into one of the most respected programs in the state.
Among his numerous accomplishments at T. C. Williams, Riviere established weekly eligibility cards for the school’s athletes, assisted in developing a $1 million boat house to serve 200 crew participants, directed district and regional track meets, directed the T. C. Williams Invitational Track Meet for many years, initiated the hiring of athletic trainers for middle schools and high schools, established athletic training and weight rooms, secured a new all-weather track and new football/track scoreboard and organized/supervised graduation ceremonies for 12 years.
In his final three years before retiring in 1992, Riviere was athletic director at James Robinson High School in Fairfax County, which was also the state’s largest high school at that time.
At the state level, Riviere was a charter member of the Virginia State High School Athletic Directors Association (VSHSADA), the forerunner of the Virginia Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (VIAAA). He also was a regional director on the VSHSADA Board of Directors, president of the organization and chairman of the state conference. He also provided strong leadership for the Virginia High School League (VHSL), serving on the VHSL Executive Committee from 1991 to 1993.
Nationally, Riviere attended his first National Athletic Directors Conference in 1972 – the year after the conference was started by the NFHS – and was the only Virginia attendee. He attended every conference until his retirement and several more afterwards, and he was responsible for creating enthusiasm for the athletic administration profession in Virginia. He became an active member of the NIAAA, serving on the Ways and Means Committee and as a frequent workshop speaker.
Riviere, who graduated from high school and college in Canada and received his master’s from the University of Virginia, has been honored on many occasions throughout the years. At the state level, Riviere was selected VSHSADA Athletic Director of the Year, and he received the association’s Outstanding Leadership Award, Distinguished Service Award and John C. Youngblood Lifetime Achievement Award. In 1995, he was inducted into the VHSL Hall of Fame.
Among his national honors, Riviere is a previous recipient of the NIAAA State Award of Merit and NIAAA Distinguished Service Award.
After 20 years as an influential athletic director at three North Carolina high schools, Roy Turner became executive director of the North Carolina Athletic Directors Association (NCADA) in July 2016 and continues in that role today. He succeeded Jerry McGee, the longtime leader of athletic administration in the state of North Carolina.
Turner’s ascension to the NCADA executive director position culminated a journey started in 1995, when he joined the organization. During the past 23 years, Turner has served as NCADA secretary, vice president, president and as a member of the Board of Directors. He is also active in the NCADA Leadership Training program, as a member of the Leadership Training Teaching Faculty and co-chairman of the overall program.
Turner, who has taken 42 NIAAA Leadership Training courses since 2001, has taught or assisted with 30 different courses in North Carolina. In addition, he developed the NCADA’s Professional Development Plan and maintains the NCADA website.
Turner began his athletic administration career in 1995 as athletic director at Dudley High School in Greensboro for three years. In 1998, he accepted the athletic director position at Southeast Guilford High School in Greensboro, where he served for eight years. In 2006, Turner moved to Wilmington, North Carolina, and was athletic director at Ashley High School for nine years before becoming NCADA executive director.
In addition to his 20 years as an athletic director, Turner also coached baseball and football at the junior high and high school levels. Turner created student-athlete handbooks at all three schools and, during his nine years at Ashley High School, Turner created the Varsity Club, the Athletic Honor Society and the Senior Awards Banquet.
At Southeast Guilford, Turner hosted numerous sectional and regional events for the North Carolina High School Athletic Association (NCHSAA) and served as chairperson of the NCHSAA Sectional Basketball Committee in 1997. Prior to his retirement in 2015, Turner scheduled all middle school athletics in New Hanover County in addition to his duties at Ashley High School.
Turner has made enormous contributions to the NIAAA and athletic administration at the national level through his involvement with the NFHS, the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) and as a member of the National Executive Directors Council (NEDC).
Turner has been honored by many organizations during his career. He was the recipient of both the NCADA State Award of Merit and NCADA Distinguished Service Award in 2004, and he was named Athletic Director of the Year in 2009 by the NCADA as well as the NCHSAA. Turner was the recipient of the NFHS Citation in 2006 and the NIAAA Frank Kovaleski Professional Development Award in 2009, and he was selected National Athletic Director of the Year by NASPE in 2010.
In 2014, Turner was recognized as one of the Top 100 Athletic Administrators for the past 100 years by the NCHSAA. When he retired in 2015, Turner received the Jerry McGee Award of Excellence and the NIAAA Jim Teff Achievement Recognition.
Turner earned his bachelor’s degree from East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina, and his master’s from North Carolina A&T University in Greensboro.
Bruce Whitehead retired in June 2016 as executive director of the National Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (NIAAA) after a highly successful 11½-year term as head of the national organization for high school athletic directors. Altogether, he served the NIAAA in an administrative capacity for 15 years, beginning with his 3½ years as an assistant to Frank Kovaleski.
Shortly after becoming NIAAA executive director in 2005, Whitehead developed a plan to grow the organization apart from the NFHS and, in 2007, established its own office at another location in Indianapolis. As a part of the arrangement, the NIAAA became an equal partner with the NFHS in conducting the annual National Athletic Directors Conference and assumed control of the Interscholastic Athletic Administration (IAA) magazine.
During Whitehead’s tenure as executive director, NIAAA membership grew from 5,400 members to 10,300, and Leadership Training and Certification programs continued to expand in the number of courses and certification levels. He directed the establishment of the NIAAA Hall of Fame, the Student-Essay Scholarship program and the beginning of a marketing program for the organization.
In addition to growing the membership, under Whitehead’s leadership the NIAAA was successful in gaining North Central Association CASI accreditation in 2011, doubling the association’s budget and completing three Strategic Plans.
Before joining the NIAAA staff in 2001, Whitehead had an extensive history with the organization dating to its inception in 1977. An NIAAA member since then, Whitehead has attended the National Athletic Directors Conference since 1981 and was a member of the first class of athletic administrators to become Certified Athletic Administrators in 1988.
Whitehead was a member of the NIAAA Resolutions Committee from 1988 to 1993, including chairing the committee the final two years, and was the secretary-treasurer of the NIAAA from 1995 to 2001. He was on the Host Committee for the 1982 National Athletic Directors Conference in Indianapolis, and he chaired the Host Committee for the 1992 national conference.
At the state level, Whitehead was a member of the Indiana Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Association (IIAAA) Board of Directors from 1979 to 1987, including a term as president. After he retired as NIAAA executive director in 2016, Whitehead assumed the duties of IIAAA executive director.
From 1989 to 1998, Whitehead was a member of the Indiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA) Board of Directors. During this time, he was chair of the IHSAA Study Committee that recommended implementing a multiple-class championship instead of a single-class championship for team sports.
After graduating from Purdue University in 1968, Whitehead became a math teacher at Crawfordsville High School, where he piloted the school’s computer curriculum in 1972 and coached tennis, baseball and basketball. In 1976, he became director of athletics, a position he held until leaving for the NIAAA position in 2001.
While at Crawfordsville, Whitehead expanded the program from 13 to 20 sports, created a coaches handbook, established an Athletic Hall of Fame, instituted an athletic discipline code for all athletes and hosted more than 200 IHSAA tournaments.
Among his many honors, Whitehead received the NFHS Citation in 1992, the NIAAA Distinguished Service Award in 1994 and the NIAAA Award of Merit in 2003. He was the IIAAA Athletic Administrator of the Year in 1992, received the IIAAA Charles Maas Award in 2002 and was awarded the Sagamore of the Wabash, the state’s highest civilian award, in 2015. | 2019-04-18T17:04:07Z | http://nfhs.org/articles/seven-to-be-inducted-into-niaaa-hall-of-fame-in-san-antonio/ |
1. Georgia takes active steps to bolster its nuclear security regime. New amendments to the Law “On Nuclear and Radiation Safety” - that also envelop security tasks - were elaborated and adopted. These amendments consider the implementation of a new reform – namely, the Department for Nuclear and Radiation Safety under the Georgian Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection was transferred to the Legal Entity of Public Law, The Agency of Nuclear and Radiation Safety (ANRS). The Regulatory Authority (RA) rights along with certain responsibilities to support the state’s nuclear security regime were also transferred from the Department to ANRS. This move increased RA’s effectiveness, independence, and efficiency to make decisions, including those related to nuclear security matters.
3. The Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plan (INSSP) for the period of 2015-2019 was elaborated with the immediate support rendered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The plan was adopted by the Georgian government. The INSSP defines key activities that are essential for setting up a comprehensive nuclear security regime in the country, and for responsible Georgian state bodies to fulfill them. All those activities are divided into five functional areas with assigned objectives. The time table for the completion of each of those activities is fixed.
4. Georgia had already formalized the Association Agreement with the European Union. According the Agreement’s Article 298, Paragraph “K” (Title VI Other Cooperation Polices), cooperation in the area of nuclear security may be pursued in accordance with the principles and standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as well as relevant international treaties and conventions concluded within the framework of the IAEA and, where applicable, in compliance with the Euratom Treaty.
5. The CSF security system – a special facility, where a number of Disused Sealed Radioactive Sources (DSRS) is stored (including recovered DSRS found as orphan radioactive sources) - was upgraded based on the program support provided by the U.S. Department of Energy own National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) Office of Radiological Security.
6. The security system for radioactive waste disposal site was upgraded with the support of the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change and that of IAEA.
7. The security entrance checkpoint at the Applied Research Center of the Institute of Physics was upgraded with the support of the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority.
8. Georgia has established and currently operates the special inventory for the sources of ionization radiation and associated facilities. The inventory contains detailed information on any activities related to the source, including the tracking history, inspection and enforcement data. Moreover, the legal requirements are established to provide the inventory sustainability.
9. Georgia had adopted the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Threat Reduction Strategy along with the action plan for its implementation (CBRN NAP) for the period of 2015-2019. The plan includes the activities in R&N fields, including those related to nuclear security, and citations of timeframes and responsible agencies.
10. The training for Georgian specialists in the field of nuclear and radioactive materials transportation security was provided with the U.S. support.
11. The Georgian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MoIA) operates training centers (a police academy, a border police training center, an emergency management training center) for human resources development in CBRN, border security, counter-smuggling, emergency response, management, and other spheres related to the nuclear security of the state. These centers primarily serve the MoIA personnel.
12. The new law “On Radioactive Waste” sets requirements for elaboration of the radioactive waste management strategy for a 15-year period and an action plan for its practical implementation. The strategy and the action plan also envelop handling with DSRS and accounting for the tasks of physical protection. The elaboration of the documents has commenced in collaboration with the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority. The working plan and working groups have already been established for this purpose.
13. Georgia has made significant efforts to improve its regulatory framework to also encase nuclear security issues. A new regulation for physical protection is currently being elaborated. The licensee is obliged to set forth and implement the physical protection plan. The requirements for inspection and enforcement activities have already been elaborated and implemented.
Comment: The implementation of the INSSP and related plans are directed to establish all 12 elements of a state nuclear security regime. Additional support is welcome, especially for the aim of developing a nuclear forensic capability.
1. Georgia operated only one nuclear research reactor, which was shut down in 1989. The spent and fresh fuel was exported from Georgia in mid-1990s. The decommissioning of the reactor and its auxiliary systems is ongoing. The last nuclear installation known as the “Breeder-1” was situated in the Institute of Physics. The installation, containing 1833 grams of the 36%-enriched Uranium and the Pu-Be radioactive source, was used for the neutron-activation analysis. Due to some technical reasons, the installation became non-operable. Georgia fully complies with the existing international standards and requirements for non-proliferation and for safeguarding the nuclear security regime. Therefore, according to the statement of The Hague Nuclear Security Summit Communiqué, the decision was made to repatriate the nuclear fuel to the country of origin. The plan for decommissioning the installation and for the repatriation activities was developed in close collaboration with IAEA and U.S. experts. The plan was reviewed and adopted by the Georgian Regulatory Authority.. All operations, including the HEU repatriation were supported by the RRRFR program. As a result, Georgia is no longer in possession of a significant amount of HEU.
2. Georgia applies a respective strategy to fully minimize the number of DSRS and unused nuclear materials that do not require additional resources for safe storage and physical protection. Every license applicant must demonstrate and guarantee that all radioactive sources imported by him will be repatriated to the country of their origin following their respective utilization. The requirement are set forth for reducing a number of DSRS and using the existing resources more effectively to provide physical protection of the already existent DSRS.
1. In a formal letter addressed to the IAEA Director General, Georgia expressed its full support for the principles laid out by the IAEA Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources and its supplementary Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources. In reality, Georgia conducts a stricter control compared to the existing standards, and the utilization as well as the exports and imports of all five categories of radioactive sources are subject to strict authorization.
2. In cooperation with the EC, the Nuclear Forensics Laboratory in the Crime Forensics Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was provided a modernized equipment to conduct nuclear forensic investigations. This activity represents a yet another step towards attaining the highest standards in nuclear forensics and the starting point for launching effective worldwide communication with nuclear material libraries.
3. To enhance the process of control over military and dual use commodities - and in addition to the law “On Control of Military and Dual Use Commodities” - the Government of Georgia issued special decrees in 2014 that define the list of military and dual use commodities and control measures.
Administrative issues pertaining to special response actions through which responsible state bodies are defined for the alert cases on the borders.
To enhance Georgia’s border control, the Ministry of Internal Affairs has elaborated a 5- year Program for Modernization, Standardization and Unification of Georgian Border Police, which was adopted upon the Ministerial Order 404 on 8 June 2015. To improve the intelligence-led planning in the Border Management, a Concept of the Unified System of Analysis on Risks and Threats on the State Border of Georgia was approved by the Ministerial Order 92 on 31 January 2015.
5. To increase the response effectiveness against the illegal movement of nuclear and radioactive materials, the legal act titled “The Procedure for Responding to the Illegal Trafficking of Nuclear and Radioactive Substances” was adopted.
7. In 2015 and 2016, two cases of illegal turnover of radioactive sources (Cesium-135 and Cesium-137) were detected. In total 8 people were held liable.
1. Georgia supports the existing global nuclear security regime by implementing its requirements at the national level and demonstrating its commitment to the international legal instruments: Georgia is a party to the Convention on Physical Protection (CPPNM), its amendment (CPPNME) and Convention for Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (ICSANT). The country is a signatory to the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and fully implements UN Security Resolution 1540. Georgia is a non-nuclear weapon state party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). The country actively participates in the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT).
2. The Tbilisi Regional Secretariat of the EU CBRN Risk Mitigation Centers of Excellence (CoE) Initiative uniting 9 states – namely, Albania, Armenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Georgia, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and Ukraine - has been successfully functioning since 2013. The secretariat was established through joint efforts by the Georgian Government, the EU Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) and is hosted by the MoIA Academy.
3. The Georgian Government, together with the Governments of Philippines and Morocco, initiated the establishment of the UN Group of Friends on the CBRN Risk Mitigation and Security Governance. The first meeting of the GoF, chaired by Georgia’s Permanent Representative, was held at the UN headquarters on 8 December 2015 and was attended by the representatives of 27 UN member states.
4. Georgia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs has officially addressed the Japanese Government for country’s membership in the G-7 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction.
1. Georgia obtains IAEA assistance in various fields related to the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and contributes to several technical meetings by providing expertise for the drafting of the IAEA nuclear security series and other related documents.
2. Georgia carries on its cooperation with the IAEA through implementing a national Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plan (INSSP), which functions as a roadmap for achieving the highest level of state nuclear security.
3. Georgia actively cooperates with the IAEA ITDB (Illicit Trafficking Data Base) office by exchanging the relevant information. Cooperation with this international mechanism for global information flow helps Georgian authorities analyze more effectively the trends in worldwide nuclear smuggling. This, by itself, retains great importance for the relevant state agencies as they plan and execute counter-smuggling activities. The ANRS, acting as a focal point for the IAEA ITDB, cooperates with the state law enforcement agencies in this regard.
4. The ANRS acts as a National Competent Authority (NCA) for the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and provides the IAEA through the USIE system notifications information on nuclear incidents, and also has access to the information provided by other countries. The established information exchange helps maintain confidence among the countries and define possible risks and support from other countries.
5. The IAEA conventional exercises are conducted on a regular basis within the frames of the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident. These exercises enhance the capabilities of the Georgian team to respond and harmonize its activity with international experts.
6. The IAEA provides through various projects support to Georgia in developing its national framework for nuclear and radiation safety and security. The technical collaboration is based on the Country Program Framework (CPF), which was officially adopted for the period of 2015-2019. Such support is usually provided through a) the knowledge and experience sharing; b) equipment supply; c) experts support; and d) elaboration and implementation of programs and activity plans.
7. Georgia actively collaborates with the IAEA-supported International Network for Nuclear Security Training and Support Centers (NSSC) to define the needs and goals for trainings in the field of nuclear security.
8. Georgia is an active user of the IAEA Nuclear Security Information Portal (NUSEC). This information sharing system helps Georgia systemize the information pertinent to its nuclear security regime as well as identify ways for effective implementation of the requirements for Nuclear Security Integrated Management System (NUSIMS).
9. Georgia conducted the installation of several radiation portal monitors as a first step of collaboration with the EU in the field of nuclear security. The EU also provided nuclear forensic equipment to MoIA’s own criminalistics laboratory. The EU, through the initiation of the Center of Excellence, supports the regional activity aimed at strengthening the CBRN first response capabilities and regional cooperation in South East Europe, Southern Caucasus, Moldova and Ukraine. Another EU project to upgrade research capabilities to support the nuclear security regime is underway.
1. Based on the support provided by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Georgia created and sustained the inventory of the sources of ionization radiation and related activities. The RIS computer program is used for this purpose.
2. Georgia actively implements tasks and projects detailed in the Joint Document of U.S. and Georgian Delegations on Georgia’s Priority Needs to Improve Its Capabilities to Combat Nuclear Smuggling formalized on 2 February 2007 and amended in 2009. Various projects related to the agreement, which was funded by the U.S. DoE, the U.S. DoD, the U.S. DoS, US DTRA, EU and UK. These include strengthening Georgia’s nuclear RA (RA has been provided with equipment, vehicles, communication and office commodities); increasing patrols of green borders; supporting Georgian border police aviation; equipping mobile radiation detection patrols; sponsoring international cooperation in nuclear forensics; developing a joint maritime coordination center; and supporting maritime patrols of the coast guard.
3. The implemented agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) and the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources on cooperation to enhance the security of Georgia’s radioactive sources was signed in September 2011. Under this agreement, Georgia continues cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy to enhance the security level and physical protection infrastructure for high-activity radiation sources. By the implemented agreement, nearly all disused high activity radiation sources have been consolidated and transported to the CSF, and the latter’s physical protection system was upgraded. The upgraded system was also installed on relevant other facilities. The installed equipment is covered by a long-term – namely, a three year-long - U.S. DoE warranty that includes maintenance.
4. Georgia collaborates with the U.S. Department of State’s EXBS (Export Control and Border Security) program and receives assistance in human resource development and capacity building in this sphere. The EXBS program has initiated and funded a Joint Maritime Operations Center in located Supsa, western Georgia (Black Sea coast). The Center can, headed by the Border Police, hosts various agencies such as MFA, Customs, Patrol Police, MoIA’s Anti-Terrorist Center, and MOD. The purpose of the Center is to exchange intelligence information between the agencies to adequately address maritime threats and challenges.
5. The U.S. DoE’s own NNSA supports training for the physical protection of personnel serving in the facilities with high-activity radiation sources and control of dual use commodities.
6. The assistance provided by the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM) encompasses various issues. The SSM supports participation of Georgian experts in a range of meetings. The SSM supported the regional office of Georgian RA, especially in terms of responding to illicit trafficking. The SSM participated in the upgrading of physical protection of the Applied Research Center of the Institute of Physics. The most recent important contribution by the SSM was its support thrown behind the elaboration of the national strategy for radioactive waste management, including the related security issues, for the next 15-year period. | 2019-04-25T18:32:18Z | http://www.nss2016.org/document-center-docs/tag/Georgia |
Abstract: The texts that religious youth negotiate are often deeply embedded in their sociocultural practices, which can have profound influences on their religious literacy development, construction and manifestation of religious identities, and the development of their faith. Yet, although 85% of American youth claim a specific religious tradition, literacy research has not explored how these youth construct their views of sacred texts. In this two-year qualitative study of the literacy practices of nine Latter-day Saint youth, interviews and observations were used to explore what texts these youth considered sacred and how their views of these texts were informed by their religiocultural beliefs, values, and practices. Analyses indicate that views of sacred texts were informed by the regularity with which the youth engaged with these texts and their specific personal experiences with them. This work breaks new ground in the study of religion as social practice by exploring how religiocultural ways of doing and being influenced the development of young people’s construction of sacred texts. Implications for religious instruction are provided.
Given the importance of religion and religious texts as well as the sizable population of religious youth, attention to the place of religious texts in youths’ lives may be warranted. To date, however, precious little research has explored how religious youths’ views of sacred texts are formed by their religiocultural experiences. In the Church we often assume that youth consider certain texts sacred, such as scripture, but we have no empirical evidence about how they develop those views. This study attends to that gap by examining how Latter-day Saint youth develop their conceptions of scripture as sacred text.
To address this study’s purpose, I draw from relevant research to discuss (a) the importance of texts in youths’ experiences; (b) the critical place of religious literacies — including religious texts — in young peoples’ lives; (c) a sociocultural perspective of texts, and (d) my theorization of the sacred in relationship to the social and cultural practices of the participants of this study. The research methods section provides details on the site, participants, processes of data collection, and data analysis procedures. Following this, the findings identify the importance of scripture in Latter-day Saint youths’ lives and how the youth constructed their notions of sacred texts. I then provide implications of this work for religious instruction, and end with some concluding remarks about the importance of understanding youths’ constructions of sacred texts.
In this study, I approach texts as social and cultural constructs, which include closely connected views of what counts as texts and how texts are created. As social constructs, texts are tools created in social contexts and used for social purposes, such as developing and maintaining group connections, making sense of one’s environment, producing knowledge, [Page 42]and enacting one’s sense of self.10 Texts, from social and cultural perspectives, are created in specific contexts for specific purposes and must be agreed upon and negotiated by individuals familiar with and invested in those contexts. For example, within the Church the importance of the Book of Mormon as a sacred text has been socially constructed over time as prophets proclaim its value, as we read from it in church and at home, use it to solve problems, find peace, draw closer to God, and share these experiences with others. These and other experiences with the Book of Mormon influence how the Book of Mormon is understood as a specific kind of sacred text within the Church.
A social and cultural view of texts highlights the manner in which youth in this study constructed their views of what counts as sacred texts. Although they privileged print texts, they developed what counted as sacred, print texts in terms of their experiences with them and how they cohered with their religiocultural beliefs, histories, and practices. It is naive to assume that Latter-day Saint youth consider scripture sacred simply because it is important to the Church as a religious institution. This study interrogates this assumption, drawing upon the youths’ own experiences with scripture as set within their religiocultural contexts to explore how scripture became sacred for them. To help frame the exploration of these youths’ social and cultural construction of texts, the next section looks more closely at the literacy research that focuses on the place of texts in youths’ everyday lives.
Young peoples’ negotiation of texts can also shape their identities and give them the tools to navigate their social and cultural experiences16 as well as help them obtain and hold on to social power. Scholars have demonstrated how youth use and produce texts in their lives as a way of highlighting the value of these texts and the accompany literacy practices for specific groups of young people, such as adolescent girls,17 ethnic minorities,18 tech-savvy teens,19 and gang members or gang-affiliated [Page 45]youth.20 These studies demonstrate the ubiquity and power of texts in the lives of diverse groups of young people. But what about the place of sacred texts in the lives of religious youth?
A recent comparative study of Methodist and Latter-day Saint youths’ literacy practices found important differences in the ways in which these groups of youth read religious texts, as influenced by their social and cultural experiences, traditions, beliefs, and commitments.26 The religious literacies of the Methodist youths, for example, were informed by a culture of interpretation, which was characterized by active participation in the construction of meaning of scripture. These youth actively engaged in extended discussions about scripture with their peers and the adult leaders in their congregation. Their discussions focused on constructing possible meanings of scripture. The Latter-day Saint youths’ literacy practices were informed by a culture of listening that privileged limited and infrequent involvement during literacy events, such as reading and talking about scripture. The Latter-day Saint youth sought to find “right answers” in scripture, repeat what scripture said, read with the intention of believing what they read, and memorize scripture. As one of very few published studies of Latter-day Saint youths’ literacy practices, this research suggests that Latter-day Saint youths’ interaction with sacred text was primarily passive and limited.
A recent study seeks to extend this work by investigating how Latter day Saint youth read self-selected scripture passages.27 This research identified five ways that Latter-day Saint youth read scripture. One of the participants primarily summarized what he read by translating each phrase into a modern-day English equivalent. Another participant privileged fact-based comments as she read. A third made numerous connections between his prior knowledge and what he was reading, essentially focusing on the similarities between scripture and other things that he had read. Another youth’s reading of scripture was characterized by inferences or logical interpretations based on textual evidence and his own thinking. This young man was [Page 47]attempting to draw life lessons from his reading. The final participant engaged in a problem solving relationship with scripture by seeking to solve text based or personal problems as she read. This required her to construct on-going, conditional knowledge about what scripture might mean.
The existing literature on youths’ religious literacy practices suggests the importance of young people’s faiths and the work they do to make sense of their worlds. It also highlights the importance of religious texts in the lives of religious youth. But with the exception of the last two studies, we know very little about Latter-day Saint youths’ literacy practices and nothing about how they construct their views of sacred texts.
In his historic work with the Australian Arunta aborigines, Emile Durkheim did not equate the sacred with divinity as represented by gods or supernatural powers; rather, the sacred was sacred because it was set apart from the ordinary, what Durkheim called the profane.28 To understand what is sacred, then, is to understand what is profane, and vice versa. In The Idea of the Holy, Rudolf Otto used the Latin numinous to describe the power, presence, and majesty of the holy, or sacred.29 The numinous is not understood, nor can be understood, in terms of other experiences. It is truly “out of this world.” For Otto, experiencing the numinous produces feelings of profound unworthiness and a sense of the insignificance of everyday life. He called this the “feeling of absolute profaneness.”30 Mircea Eliade argued for the existence of sacred space, time, nature, and self.31 Using religious man and non-religious man to demonstrate how individuals might understand the sacred and profane, Eliade discussed such sacred spaces as home, temple, and cosmos, and the sacred time invoked during religious rituals.
For Eliade, Otto, and Durkheim, the sacred exists in opposition to the ordinary. Indeed, the sacred-profane polarity may be a common [Page 48]religious construct,32 yet what counts as sacred and profane can vary from one person and context to another. For some, the body, as a temple, is sacred. For others the body, as impure, is profane. For some, their responsibilities as spouses or parents are sacred as well as relationships with God and others, global issues such as climate change or food shortage, and even reading and writing.33 If the sacred is understood in opposition to the profane, then, as Durkheim states, “anything can be sacred” that is set apart from the ordinary.34 For this study, I conceptualize the sacred as that which stands in contrast to the profane. Because this may differ from one culture or individual to another, conceptions of the sacred come from the participants themselves; specifically, their conceptions of sacred texts, as influenced by their social and cultural values, experiences, and practices.
Together, these perspectives suggest that texts and the sociocultural construction of texts may be an important part of young peoples’ lives and that religious texts can have powerful influences on youths’ experiences in the world. Yet, the extant research has yet to address important questions about the intersection of youth, religion, and the construction of sacred texts. How, for example, do religious youth conceptualize sacred texts, and what influences do social and cultural experiences and commitments play in their conceptualizations of these texts? This study addresses these questions in the hope of opening a dialogue among religious educators about how youth construct their views of sacred texts, which might inform their literacy practices, including their use of scripture.
Nine Latter-day Saint youth participated in this study. I selected Latter day Saint participants because Mormonism has identifiable [Page 49]texts as part of their faith and because Latter-day Saint youth typically demonstrate moderate to high levels of religious involvement and use of texts;35 therefore, they met the key criteria of this study. Also, the limited research base on Latter-day Saint youth and their literacy practices, including how they construct their views of sacred texts, warrants additional attention.
Each participant was between 12–17 years old at the beginning of the two-year study, and all of them attended local public middle or high schools. Participants had been involved in the Church for their entire lives. During the study they regularly participated in worship services and youth-oriented activities throughout the week. All of the participants indicated that their faith was an important part of their lives and that it influenced much of what they did on any given day. A central part of their religious experiences was reading scripture. All of the participants stated that they had scripture in their homes and that it was an essential part of their lives.
This study was located in a mid-sized college town in the Midwestern United States. After receiving written informed consent from parents and religious leaders, I began observing and interacting with the youth at church and during their early morning seminary classes. In each site youth engaged with scripture in the company of their religious peers and under the direction of local religious leaders. Youth and adults interacted warmly in these environments, often talking casually before and after scheduled events. All of the youth indicated that they attended religious services voluntarily.
Data consisted of five interviews with each participant over a two-year period and one academic year of observations.
Semi-structured interviews. The questions in the five interviews developed over the course of the study and were informed by observations and conversations with the participants. The first interview gathered critical background information about the youth, such as their views of religion, their religious literacy practices, and the religious and academic activities in which they participated. The second interview explored participants’ motivations for academic and religious literacies. Throughout the interviews and observations, discourse appeared to play an important role in the youths’ experiences; therefore, the purpose of [Page 50]the third interview was to explore the role of discourse and participants’ views of what constituted the sacred in their experiences. The fourth interview focused on youths’ views of sacred texts and how they read them. In the final interview I explored participants’ views of non-religious texts, and as with the fourth interview, how youth actually read them. I made an audio recording of the interviews and transcribed them prior to analysis. Each interview lasted 45–60 minutes.
Observations. I observed the youth during their Sunday worship services, their early morning and Sunday evening classes, and church-related activities for an academic year. I used narrative description in the form of detailed field notes drawn from direct observations as the [Page 51]principle data of the observations. I took descriptive notes38 about what individuals did and said during the course of each class, meeting, or event. I made particular note of the talk, texts, and religious practices youth engaged in as part of their activities. I tried to document interactions verbatim, while also noting physical gestures, facial expressions, and to whom participants were speaking. Together, interviews and observations challenged emerging findings and helped develop a view of the youths’ notions of sacred texts and how they constructed them.
[Page 52]Closely analyzing the youths’ responses revealed that their views of scripture were often embedded within specific experiences, or stories, that helped to illustrate the value of scripture in their lives. Identification of these contextual stories and experiences was facilitated by utilizing the basic components of the “paradigm.”42 Corbin and Strauss explain the paradigm as an analytic strategy or tool for exploring the relationships between context, the conditions that influence the nature of situations, and process, the interactions that occur in response to situations.43 Specifically, the paradigm focuses attention on the sets of conditions that influence participants’ responses, the actions and emotions of the participants themselves, and the consequences of the participants’ responses to events or conditions. Using the paradigm as an analytic tool allowed me to draw out and more clearly explore the stories and experiences that the youth used to convey and contextualize their views of what made scripture sacred.
Writing relational statements about what I was observing helped me see how some of the concepts fit together, which provided clarification [Page 53]about the relationships among the data. Relational statements helped explain the what, why, where, and how of the data.
On the face of it, the data analysis process may appear to have progressed in a linear fashion; in practice, it was disjointed as subsequent analyses of the data influenced the development of existing codes and new data informed developing insights. Over time, the continual revisions of the constant comparison codes helped me identify themes that I believe explained Latter-day Saint youths’ views of sacred texts and how they constructed them, as influenced by their social and cultural experiences.
Because “thinking statistically about qualitative research”46 privileges one way of seeing how the world works without sufficient attention to the different foci and applications of different research paradigms, it may be theoretically and methodologically suspect. Judging one research method in terms of another can be like trying to fit a square peg into a round hole. For its part, qualitative research grows out of an interpretive tradition which focuses on understanding, or interpreting, actions in social contexts by attending to “how” and “why” questions rather than “how many” or “how much” questions.47 The goal of qualitative forms of research is to provide in-depth understanding of the meaning of human action through non-numeric forms of data such as interviews, observations, and the collection and analysis of relevant artifacts.48 Because qualitative forms of research are designed to produce hypotheses rather than test them, they do not demand large numbers of participants nor is there is an attempt to generalize findings beyond the target population of the study. Hypothesis-generating, qualitative research is particularly appropriate for gaining critical insights into important phenomena about which little is known, such as the manner in which youth develop their views of sacred texts.
As an exploratory qualitative study, this paper identifies and describes the processes by which nine Latter-day Saint youth constructed [Page 54]their views of scripture as sacred text through their social and cultural experiences in one Latter-day Saint community. It does not suggest that this is the only way for youth to understand scripture as sacred or even that this way represents the way other Latter-day Saint youth construct their views of scripture as sacred text. However, as one of the only empirical studies to examine this phenomenon, this study is significant because it opens up an important area in need of further research, refocuses attention on youths’ sociocultural relationship with scripture, and explores how youth can actually come to believe scripture is sacred to them. Moreover, this small-scale, qualitative study can spark conversation about the nature of LDS youths’ experiences with scripture, including how their religiocultural beliefs and practices can influence how they feel about scripture. Given the exploratory nature of the current study and the unique question that it addresses at the intersection of youth, scripture, and the sacred, this study is consistent with the focus and intent of exploratory qualitative research. Additional research may seek to verify or generalize this study’s findings, which may require a larger sample size, several research contexts, and a testable hypothesis.
Scripture was a foundational element in the youths’ lives. All of them stated that they read scripture every day and valued it as a critical part of their social and cultural religious literacy practices.49 The major assertion of this study is that Latter-day Saint youth constructed their views of sacred texts in terms of the regularity and importance of these texts in their lives. This section explores the nature of youths’ experiences with scripture and how these experiences informed their construction of it as sacred texts.
The youth in this study had grown up reading scripture. It was in their blood. Samantha said that she and her family have “always read scriptures.” Vincent stated that he had been reading scripture “as long as I can remember.” Paul said that he had been reading scripture, “probably, my whole life.” Stephen stated that scriptures were important to him because “I’ve been using them for — I guess ever since [I was] [Page 55]eight when I was baptized.” He added, “And [scripture] will probably be even more important next year because of seminary, and studying it even further.” Jonathan remembered his mother telling him that she used scripture to help him learn to read. For as long as these youth could remember, scripture was a regular part of their lives as Latter-day Saints. Scripture seemed to always be around them. During the interviews they talked about seeing scripture lying around their houses; hearing it read at home and church by peers, siblings, parents, and leaders; and reading it themselves individually and as families.
Timothy: [Scriptures] are a pretty big part of my life, mostly once again because I was raised in the Church, with the Church in my life.
Interviewer: Are there other books that are as or more important to you than the scriptures?
Timothy: I don’t know why any single book or even a series could be something as big as the scriptures in my life. Especially when … I was raised with the Church, with the Church in my life.
Interviewer: So you’re saying that the scriptures would be the most important books in your life. Did I hear that correctly?
Timothy: Didn’t we just go over the whole “raised with the Church”?
Timothy: It just kind of became a regular part of my life. And the other principles I was taught as a kid were kind of based with the Church.
In his response, Timothy stated five times that being raised in the Church or having the Church part of his life explained why scripture was so important to him. Yet he struggled to tease this apart. Even when pressed, Timothy explained that scripture was important because it had always been part of his experience as a Latter-day Saint. He could not even comprehend why, for him, “any single book or even a series [of books] could be something as big as the scriptures.” He did hesitate a moment, however, as he tried to explain this point but then returned to his “raised in the Church” response.
When I asked for clarification about why scripture was the most important set of texts for him, he raised his voice and with some frustration reminded me that we just covered that: “Didn’t we just go over the whole ‘raised in the Church’?” Careful attention to Timothy’s words suggests that although they may have sounded repetitive, he may have been making a larger point that became more salient through repeated analyses. Timothy’s words represent how being raised in the Church made scripture an important part of his life. That is, Timothy explained that as a result of being raised as a Latter-day Saint scripture became important to him because it “became a regular part of [his] life.” Scripture may not have started out as important to Timothy; in fact he said that it did not but over time and through repeated experiences with it, it had become sacred because it began to stand out from every other text in his life. Over time, the distance between sacred texts and profane texts may have become more apparent for Timothy.
It makes sense that Timothy’s experiences with scripture influenced how he viewed it because learning, from a sociocultural perspective, is a social process through which we make sense of the world around us, including what to value and why, as we interact with our environments.50 [Page 57]Christian writer and youth pastor, Kenda Creasy Dean, articulated the notion of learning as a sociocultural process for Latter-day Saints by arguing that “Mormons rigorously and unapologetically plunge teenagers into [their faith] and surround them with religiously articulate adults who demonstrate how to … enact a Mormon way of life.”51 And as most Mormons know, Mormonism is “a way of life.”52 For Timothy, his interactions with scripture at home and at church, and on his own and with family and friends over the course of his life, may have influenced how he felt about scripture as sacred texts.
Timothy did not learn about scripture or the value of scripture in a vacuum. He experienced day-by-day what it meant to his family and his faith to understand scripture as sacred. As demonstrated in his interview, Timothy struggled to articulate the details of how that happened. The best he could do was try to convey that there was something important about the relationship between being raised in the Church and scripture being a regular part of his life. From a sociocultural perspective, scripture as sacred text seemed to be part of Timothy’s religious wallpaper. Because it was all around him, he may have struggled to see how it became sacred to him because it may have happened slowly, seemingly naturally, and without his being aware of it as he grew up in the Church.
Observed these same individuals use scripture in their talks and lessons.
Samantha: We’ve always read scriptures as a family. And we used to just read them chapter by chapter, but now my parents have us ask gospel questions because when we read them chapter by chapter we weren’t really paying attention.
Interviewer: Now your parents have you ask gospel questions?
Interviewer: So, how does that work?
Samantha: Timothy made a box, so we write a gospel question down and then we draw a question out of the box each night [Page 59]and we talk about them and sometimes we look up scriptures for them.
Samantha stated that as a family they approached scripture study in different ways to try to keep everyone interested and attentive during this critical religiocultural practice. Although the question box may have been a novel approach to family scripture study, daily scripture reading was a common practice for Samantha, and Timothy, as well as the other Latter-day Saint youth in the study. It marked familial and individual adherence to an institutionally and personally important cultural experience. Because of the consistent social and institutional support of and attention to scripture study, being raised in the Church could make scripture a regular part of the youths’ lives; therefore, cultural beliefs, values, and practices could help explain these Latter-day Saint youths’ conception of sacred texts as those texts that they had grown up reading in the context of their religious traditions.
In addition to youths’ regular experiences with scripture at home, church, and seminary, they identified certain personally important experiences with scripture that helped them construct their views of it as sacred text. Their personal experiences with scripture served as evidence of the significant place scripture could have in their lives as they read it, thought about it, and tried to live what they were learning from it. Specifically, the youth said that they knew scripture was important to them because it made them feel good and helped them perform better in school.
[Page 60]I mean, I’ll take fifteen minutes, and oh man! I mean, I could just take ten, fifteen minutes, maybe even a half-hour depending on how much [time] I can [read my scriptures] that night. And I know that the next day I’m able to concentrate more. And understand the concepts that are being taught in school better. I can focus on doing my homework a lot quicker and so then I have time the next night to do my homework.
The importance of scripture in Vincent’s experience seemed clear. He was almost effusive explaining how he felt the Lord blessed him for reading scripture: He could concentrate better the next day in school, was able to understand academic concepts better, developed an improved focus on his homework that helped him complete it faster, and felt that he had more time to do his homework the day after he read scripture. Vincent said that these blessings became more apparent when he began attending seminary and reading scripture more regularly.
Likewise, Jonathan identified the blessings of reading scripture when he said that he read scripture because “I know that I’ll be blessed if I do it.” I asked him to say more about those blessings. He explained, “I’ve been doing better in school, like ever since I started reading my scriptures regularly, and so, that’s just one kind of big thing.” Jonathan said that one evidence of the importance of scripture in his life was the role it played in his academic achievement; namely, reading scripture improved his grades. This, he said, was one of the blessings of regular scripture study or “one kind of big thing” that let him know that scripture was sacred to him and different than other things that he read.
For Vincent and Jonathan scripture did things that other texts did not do by improving their school work. They both called it a blessing that the efforts they put forth to read scripture translated into academic achievement. Both young men were willing to entertain the idea that reading scripture may have improved their ability to do better in school because scripture reading was developing their reading and thinking skills; however, they still called it a blessing and gave credit to the Lord for the academic benefits they received. Both young men stated that other texts did not help them like this and that there was no other text that they would consider as or more important than scripture. It may be the case, then, that for these young people scripture’s ability to “bless” them in personal and important ways, such as academic learning, helped them see scripture as sacred text in their lives.
Well, when I decide to read I get my scriptures. I open them. I read and then the feeling comes. Not only while I’m reading, but afterwards [too]. It feels like you —. You just feel better. You feel better after you read the scriptures.
For Jonah, scripture was an essential part of his life because of the way it made him feel. When he read he felt “great.” And when he read, he felt “better” than he did before he read. These feelings were affective evidence for Jonah that scripture was sacred. No other text, Jonah said, made him feel this way. Later in the interview, Jonah explained that when he would get home from school, he would do his homework as quickly as possible so that he could read scripture. As he read, he tried to capture that “great” feeling as a way of renewing his faith and his belief that scripture was sacred text.
For Jonah and Sophia, scripture was sacred because it made them feel different than other texts. It made Jonah “feel great” and it made Sophia “feel loved.” For these youth, feeling great and loved as they read appeared to be unique to scripture and one indicator of the sacred nature of scripture. Neither of these two young people stated that other texts made them feel like this. Scripture was distinctive in this regard. For Jonah and Sophia, feeling loved and feeling great by engaging with scripture represented affective evidence that they were reading sacred texts.
The youth in this study developed their conceptions of sacred texts by how they functioned in their lives. They not only had frequent experiences with scripture that reinforced its special place in their lives and their faith, they also had deeply personal experiences with scripture [Page 62]that led them to believe that it was more than words on a page. Through these experiences, the youth in this study constructed a view of scripture as sacred text. Surprisingly, youth did not indicate that they developed their conceptions of sacred texts according to theological principles of scripture or tenets of Mormonism. For them, scripture was sacred because their regular experiences with it helped them see and feel its importance in their lives and how it was different — and did different things to them — than other texts.
Clearly, doctrinal evidence for the sacredness of scripture is important, but for these youth the heart and soul of their belief in the sacredness of scripture rested on how they interacted with it, what it did for them, and what it did for those around them. The youth talked about scripture experientially, explaining that believed that it was sacred because they had personal evidence of it in their lives.
Scripture-based instructional practices are important because they can influence the degree to which youth feel connected to the institutional practices surrounding sacred texts, which may have consequences for how youth take up these texts, textual practices, and perhaps the content of these texts. Currently, we know that youth in seminary are reading scripture,55 but the research base on the processes that Latter-day Saint youth use to navigate scripture is very small, consisting of two published studies.56 Clearly, greater understanding of how youth read and understand scripture would be valuable for teachers and parents who seek to improve youths’ scripture reading practices. Therefore, it may not be enough to focus on what youth in the Church are taught. More attention may need to be paid to how it is taught and how youth learn it. And that means focusing on the processes that youth use to read and construct knowledge and testimony of the truths in scripture. The textual practices that parents and teachers in the Church model for youth, give them time to practice in class, and encourage them to use on their own may matter just as much as the doctrine itself because the doctrines of the gospel can only do their work on youths’ hearts and minds when youth understand them, embrace them, and live them. And that happens in part through the manner in which youth are taught to read scripture. As a Church, we cannot get away from the methods of scripture literacy instruction if we hope to foster youths’ deep and transformative learning of gospel truths.
For those who seek to develop youths’ commitments to specific religious beliefs and practices as contained within scripture, first understanding youths’ views of these texts may have tremendous consequences for [Page 64]the development of their faith. For example, knowing that youth value scripture for what it has done — and can do — in their lives, may make religious educators in the Church more sensitive to the experiences that youth are having with scripture in religious classrooms. This can change the focus from telling youth what scripture means — which often puts the intellectual, emotional, and spiritual responsibility for learning on the teacher — to helping youth develop the tools to discover personally important truths in scripture for themselves — which helps youth take on more of the responsibility for developing their gospel knowledge and their faith. When we understand that youth construct their views of scripture as sacred text through repeated and important experiences with it, then we may be more attentive to the nature of the experiences that they have with scripture, especially those experiences that they have in our classrooms. Failure to understand and attend to youths’ experiences with scripture and their views of scripture may leave them feeling alienated from the very religiocultural practices and experiences that appear to mean so much to them.
Given that this study demonstrates the sociocultural development of Latter-day Saint youths’ conceptions of scripture as sacred texts, religious educators may seek to help youth see how their experiences with scripture are influencing their understanding of it as sacred text. This can occur as religious educators encourage youth to be more attentive to their experiences with scripture: namely, how they read it, why they read it, where they read it, what they get out of it, what it does to them, how they feel about it, what they say about it, what role it plays in their lives, and so forth. Regularly devoting a few minutes each class period for students to share their experiences with scripture, not just what they learned from it, may help attune students’ hearts and minds to the role of scripture in their lives and the experiences that they are having with it as they read it, ponder it, and talk about it. This can be a small, but effective way to help youth begin to see that they are developing a view of scripture as sacred text as they interact with it.
Drawing on the conception of the sacred as that which stands in opposition to the profane,57 another way to help youth understand the sacredness of scripture is to draw their attention to the differences between scripture and other texts. This can be done, for example, by helping youth see how [Page 65]reading scripture does things to their hearts and minds that other texts do not; helping them see how thinking about scripture draws them to Heavenly Father, connects them to the Savior, and invites the Holy Ghost into their lives in a way that other texts do not; and helping them see how scripture, unlike other texts, contains “principles of truth that will resolve every confusion and every problem and every dilemma that will face the human family or any individual in it.”58 The differences between scripture and other texts may act as evidence for youth of the sacredness of scripture because they can highlight the difference between what scripture can do to them, and what other texts, by comparison, cannot.
The current study contributes to a finer-grained understanding of how social and cultural factors influence young peoples’ notions of texts. For the Latter-day Saint youth in this study, scripture was not necessarily sacred because it was written by prophets, spoken by God, or because reading it would get them to heaven. For them, scripture was sacred because of how it functioned in their lives and how well it aligned with important religiocultural values, such as the experiential quality of religious truth. In the end, we may be able to do a better job of developing youths’ religious literate practices, such as reading scripture, if we have a clearer understanding of how their lived experiences help them construct their notions of scripture as sacred text.
1. See Jeff Sharlet, The Family: The Secret Fundamentalism at the Heart of American Power (New York: HarperCollins, 2008).
2. See R. Laurence Moore, Touchdown Jesus: The Mixing of Sacred and Secular in American History (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003); and Diane Winton, Small Screen, Big Picture: Television and Lived Religion (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2009).
3. See Koichi Mori, “President Bush’s Discourse on War against ‘Terrorism,’” Journal of Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions [Special issue, Discourse on Violence and War in the Islamic and Christian World, The 19th World Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions (IAHR)], http://www.cismor.jp/uploads-images/sites/3/2006/02/President-Bushs-Discourse-on-War-Against-Terrorism.pdf; and Barak Obama, “A New Beginning,” speech presented at Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, June 4, 2009, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09.
4. See Nila Banton-Smith, American Reading Instruction (Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 2002); and Douglas Jacobsen and Rhonda Hustedt Jacobsen, The American University in a Postsecular Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
5. See Peter Manseau and Jeff Sharlet, Killing the Buddha: A Heretic’s Bible (New York: Free Press, 2004); Moore, Touchdown Jesus.
7. See Christian Smith and Melinda L. Denton, Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
8. See A. Jonathan Eakle, “Literacy Spaces of a Christian Faith-based School,” Reading Research Quarterly 42/4 (2007): 472–510; Shirley Brice Heath, Ways with Words: Language, Life, and Work in Communities and Classrooms (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983); David Poveda, Ana Cano, and Manuel Palomares-Valera, “Religious Genres, Entextualization and Literacy in Gitano Children,” Language in Society, 34, no. 1 (2005): 87–115; Eric D. Rackley, “Motivation for Religious Literacy Practices of Religious Youth: Examining the Practices of Latter-day Saint and Methodist Youth in One Community” (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2010); Eric D. Rackley, “Scripture-Based Discourses of Latter-day Saint and Methodist Youths,” Reading Research Quarterly 49, no. 4 (2014): 417–35; and Loukia K. Sarroub, “In-Betweenness: Religion and Conflicting Visions of Literacy,” Reading Research Quarterly 37/2 (2002): 130–48.
9. See Gloria Ladson-Billings, The Dreamkeepers: Successful Teachers of African American Children (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1994); and Elizabeth Birr Moje and Kathleen Hinchman, “Culturally Responsive Practices for Youth Literacy Learning,” in Adolescent Literacy Research and Practice, ed. Tamara L. Jetton and Janet A. Dole (New York: Guilford Press, 2004), 321–50.
10. See Jacque Derrida, Of Grammatology (Translated by Gayatri C. Spivak) (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976); Heath, Ways with Words; Sylvia Scribner and Michael Cole, The Psychology of Literacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Brian V. Street, Literacy in Theory and Practice (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1984); and Brian V. Street, Social Literacies: Critical Approaches to Literacy in Development, Ethnography and Education (London: Longman, 1995).
11. See Patricia A. Alexander and Tamara L. Jetton, “Learning from Text: A Multidimensional and Developmental Perspective,” in Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 3, ed. Michael L. Kamil (Mahwah, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2000), 285–310; Donna E. Alvermann and Elizabeth Birr Moje, “Adolescent Literacy Instruction and the Discourse of ‘Every Teacher a Teacher of Reading,’” in Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading, ed. Donna E. Alvermann, Norman Unrau, and Robert B. Ruddell, 6th ed., (Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 2013), 1072–103; Glynda A. Hull and James G. Greeno, “Identity and Agency in Nonschool and School Worlds,” in Learning in Places: The Informal Education Reader, ed. Zvi Bekerman, Nicholas Burbules, and Diana Silberman-Keller (New York: Peter Lang, 2006), 77–98; Elizabeth Birr Moje, Darin Stockdill, Kathryn Kim, and Hyun-Ju Kim, “The Role of Texts in Disciplinary Learning,” in Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 4, ed. Michael L. Kamil, P. David Pearson, Elizabeth Birr Moje, and Peter P. Afflerbach (New York: Routledge, 2011), 453–86; Darin Stockdill and Elizabeth Birr Moje, “Adolescents as Readers of Social Studies: Examining the Relationship between Youth’s Everyday and Social Studies Literacies and Learning,” Berkeley Review of Education 4/1 (2013): 35–68; and Suzanne E. Wade and Elizabeth Birr Moje, “The Role of Text in Classroom Learning,” in Handbook of Reading Research, Vol. 3, ed. Michael L. Kamil, Peter B. Mosenthal, P. David Pearson, and Rebecca Barr (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000), 609–27.
12. See Glynda A. Hull and Katherine Schultz, School’s Out! Bridging Out-of-School Literacies with Classroom Practice (New York: Teachers College Press, 2002); David E. Kirkland and Glynda A. Hull, “Literacy Out of School: A Review of Research on Programs and Practices,” in Handbook of Reading Research: Vol. 4, ed. Michael L. Kamil, P. David Pearson, Elizabeth Birr Moje and Peter Afflerbach (New York: Routledge, 2011), 711-725; Elizabeth Birr Moje, “Powerful Spaces: Tracing the Out-of-School Literacy Spaces of Latino/a Youth,” in Spatializing Literacy Research and Practice, ed. Kevin M. Leander and Margaret Sheehy (New York: Peter Lang, 2004), 15–38; Elizabeth Birr Moje, “‘To be Part of the Story’: The Literacy Practices of Gansta Adolescents,” Teachers College Record 102/3 (June 2000): 651–90; and Jennifer C. Stone, “Popular Websites in Adolescents’ Out-Of-School Lives: Critical Lessons on Literacy,” in A New Literacies Sampler, ed. Michele Knobel and Colin Lankshear (New York: Peter Lang, 2007), 49–66.
13. See Elizabeth Birr Moje, Melanie Overby, Nicole Tysvaer, and Karen Morris, “The Complex World of Adolescent Literacy: Myths, Motivations, and Mysteries,” Harvard Educational Review 78/1 (Spring 2008): 107–54; and Eric D. Rackley, “Religious Youths’ Motivation for Reading Complex, Religious Texts,” Teachers College Record (in press).
14. See David Barton and Margaret Hamilton, “Literacy Practices,” in Situated Literacies: Reading and Writing in Context, ed. David Barton, Margaret Hamilton, and Roz Ivanic (London: Routledge, 2000), 7–15; Barbara J. Guzzetti, and Margaret Gamboa, “Zines for Social Justice: Adolescent Girls Writing on their Own,” Reading Research Quarterly 39/4 (2004): 408–36; Cynthia Lewis and Bettina Fabos, “Instant Messaging, Literacies, and Social Identities,” Reading Research Quarterly 40/ 4 (2005): 470–501.
16. See Alfred W. Tatum, “Toward a More Anatomically Complete Model of Literacy Instruction: A Focus on African American Male Adolescents and Texts,” in Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading, 6th edition, ed. Donna E. Alvermann, Norman J. Unrau, and Robert B. Ruddell (Newark, NJ: International Reading Association, 2008/2013), 611–35.
17. See Margaret J. Finders, Just Girls: Hidden Literacies and Life in Junior High (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997); Margaret J. Finders, “Queens and Teen Zines: Early Adolescent Females Reading their Way toward Adulthood,” Anthropology & Education Quarterly 27/1 (March 1996): 71–89; Barbara J. Guzzetti, “Lessons on Literacy Learning and Teaching: Listening to Adolescent Girls,” in Handbook of Adolescent Literacy Research, ed. Leila Christenbury, Randy Bomer, and Peter Smagorinsky (New York: Guilford, 2009), 372–85; and Josephine P. Marsh and Elizabeth P. Stolle, “Re/constructing Identities: A Tale of Two Adolescents,” in Reconceptualizing the Literacies in Adolescents’ Lives, ed. Donna E. Alvermann, Kathleen A. Hinchman, David W. Moore, Stephen F. Phelps, and Diane R. Waff (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006), 47–63.
18. See Carmen M. Martínez-Roldán and María E. Fránquiz, “Latina/o Youth Literacies: Hidden Funds of Knowledge,” in Handbook of Adolescent Literacy Research, ed. Leila Christenbury, Randy Bomer, and Peter Smagorinsky (New York: Guilford, 2009), 323–42; and Na’ilah S. Nasir, “‘Points ain’t Everything’: Emergent Goals and Average and Percent Understandings in the Play of Basketball among African American Students,” Anthropology and Education Quarterly 31/3 (2000): 283–305.
19. See Rebecca W. Black, “Digital Design: English Language Learners and Reader Reviews in Online Fiction,” in A New Literacies sampler, ed. Michele Knobel and Colin Lankshear (New York: Peter Lang, 2007), 115–36); Lewis and Fabos, “Instant Messaging”; Stone, “Popular Websites”; and Phillip Wilder and Mark Dressman, “New Literacies, Enduring Challenges? The Influence of Capital on Adolescent Readers’ Internet Practices,” in Reconceptualizing the Literacies in Adolescents’ Lives, ed. Donna E. Alvermann, Kathleen A. Hinchman, David W. Moore, Stephen F. Phelps, and Diane R. Waff (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2006), 205–29.
21. See Caroline Zinsser, “For the Bible Tells Me So: Teaching Children in a Fundamentalist Church,” in The Acquisition of Literacy: Ethnographic Perspectives, ed. Bambi Schieffelin and Perry Gilmore (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1986), 55–71.
22. See Poveda, Cano, and Palomares-Valera, “Literacy in Gitano Children”; and Alison Skerrett, “Religious Literacies in a Secular Literacy Classroom,” Reading Research Quarterly 49/2 (2013): 233–50.
23. See Patricia Baquedano-López, “Narrating Community in Doctrina Classes,” Narrative Inquiry 10/2 (2000): 429–52.
27. See Eric D. Rackley, “How Young Latter-day Saints Read the Scriptures: Five Profiles,” The Religious Educator, 16, no. 2 (2015): 129-148.
28. See Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (New York: Free Press, 1957).
29. See Rudolf Otto, The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the Non-Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine and Its Relation to the Rational (London: Oxford University Press, 1923).
31. See Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1959).
32. See Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, 37.
33. See Brian J. Zinnbauer and Kenneth I. Pargament, “Religiousness and Spirituality,” in Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, ed. Raymond F. Paloutzian and Crystal L. Park (New York: Guilford Press, 2005), 21–42.
34. Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, 52.
35. See Smith and Denton, Soul Searching.
36. . Jonah and Sophia are siblings. They grew up in the same home and at the time of the study lived together with their parents and younger sibling.
37. . Samantha and Timothy are siblings. They grew up in the same home and at the time of the study lived together with their parents and younger sibling.
38. See Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw, Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
39. See Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research (Los Angeles: Sage, 2008); and Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1998).
40. See Strauss and Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research.
41. See Kenda Creasy Dean, Almost Christian: What the Faith of our Teenagers is Telling the American Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
42. See Strauss and Corbin, Basics of Qualitative Research.
46. Jim Vander Putten, “In Peer Review, It’s Time to Stop Thinking Statistically about Qualitative Research,” Teachers College Record (July 24, 2006), www.tcrecord.org.
47. See Erin Horvat and Mary Lou Heron, The Beginner’s Guide to Doing Qualitative Research: How to Get into the Field, Collect Data, and Write Up Your Project (New York: Teachers College Press, 2013).
48. See Thomas A. Schwandt, Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001).
50. See Lev Vygotsky, “The Genesis of Higher Mental Functions,” in The Concept of Activity in Soviet Psychology, ed. James V. Wertsch (Armonk, New York: Sharpe, 1981), 44–188; and James V. Wertsch, “The Need for Action in Sociocultural Research,” in Sociocultural Studies of Mind, ed. James V. Wertsch, Pablo Del Rio, Amelia Alvarez (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 56–74.
51. Dean, Almost Christian, 60.
53. See Jenny L. Small, “College Student Religious Affiliation and Spiritual Identities: A Qualitative Study,” (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2008).
54. Linda D. Pearce and Melinda L. Denton, A Faith of their Own: Stability and Change in the Religiosity of America’s Adolescents (New York: Oxford, 2011), 127.
55. Jenny Poffenbarger, “Seminary Students Rise to Challenge to Elevate Learning,” Church News, September 18, 2015, churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/print/seminary-students-rise-to-challenge-to-elevate-learning.
57. See Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life; Eliade, Sacred and Profane; and Otto, The Idea of the Holy.
58. Boyd K. Packer, “Teach the Scriptures,” in Charge to Religious Educators (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 1994), 89.
Posted in Article and tagged scripture, scripture study on March 11, 2016 . Bookmark the permalink.
Eric D. Rackley (PhD, University of Michigan) is an Assistant Professor of Education at Brigham Young University-Hawai’i. His research focuses on the literacy practices of disciplinary experts and novices, religious youths’ literacy practices, and religious youths’ motivations for reading religious texts. His recent publications include “Scripture-Based Discourses of Latter-day Saint and Methodist Youths” (Reading Research Quarterly), “How Young Latter-day Saints Read the Scriptures: Five Profiles (The Religious Educator), and “Religious Youths’ Motivations for Reading Complex, Religious Texts” (Teachers College Record). He and his wife, Michelle (Jenkins) Rackley, are the parents of seven children: Josie, Joshua, Adam, Isaac, Jacob, Jared, and Anna-Sophia. | 2019-04-25T22:31:09Z | https://www.mormoninterpreter.com/latter-day-saint-youths-construction-of-sacred-texts/ |
Pondering whether some extra certification or credentials might help land me the next opportune gig, I perused through some of the Top 10 Marketing Departments (according to US News 2009) to see what they had to offer. Given they are the "BEST Marketing programs in the nation," you would think they would have a clue about the Internet being an important medium, if not the most efficient and most powerful marketing medium in history. However, they amaze me how little they've dedicated to their programs to teach our future Marketing leaders that the Internet IS and will highly impact their careers. I suggest they should have more classes and curricula focused on Internet, Mobile and other new Technology media and how to leverage it marketing for all businesses large and small.
On the same token, I've already posted recently about Chief Marketing Officers not really having online/Internet marketing common sense (which, ironically, comes from one of these strong marketing programs: Northwestern). The leaders of these departments which "supposedly" connect consumers with the products and services of the same top companies still don't realize that consumers are purchasing, planning, and doing a lot of intelligence gathering before buying their products & services via the Internet.
On the same note, most of the offerings are stuck in the traditional forms of marketing. It does make sense to build a "general set of marketing core requirements," but to neglect this medium that has taken over the world over the past two decades is like us standing in front of an 18 wheeler coming straight at us while we stand in the middle of the (information) highway & act like it's going to just drive around us.
Marketing professors are stuck in the dark ages, probably because it took them forever to get tenure as is. They like to focus on theory, psychology and consumer behavior. It would take them a lifetime probably to learn about this "new fangled Internet stuff," and why do that when you have no risk of being fired? Again, this is all nice & should be learned by marketing students, but how about applying that to the new media?
The website has a quote on the right boasting about its programs: "How the world's largest, most published and most cited marketing department has strengthened and changed the world of business..." -- key words here are "published, cited, strengthened, changed..." Know why? It's because they all end in '-ed' -- the PAST tense! Let's focus on the present & the future!
They did succeed in being the #1 result in the SERPs for "UPenn Marketing" -- a test I applied to all the Marketing programs. I wanted to see if at least the universities had the intelligence to hire the right people to keep their programs in a "findable" place when people search for their programs.
You're allowed to concentrate in another "general" discipline like Psychology or Communication as an undergrad & also as an MBA student. However, how about letting students concentrate on Search Engine Marketing? Mobile Platform Advertising?
Out of 8 Bachelor level classes and 24 Graduate or higher level classes, not a single class focuses on the new media for Marketing.
They are the #2 result in the SERPs on Google.com, but a web development team that appears to help university departments outdoes them for the phrase "U Michigan Marketing"; the power of online marketers outdoing their traditional counterparts really peeks through here.
No online marketing emphasis options - they focus on the traditional curriculum options.
The typical Business School propaganda here.
Study tracks for undergrads are only Retail Management, Sales, Marketing Communications, Marketing Management, Consulting & High Tech, and Customer Insight -- the traditional paths of marketing students.
I guess the Consulting & High Tech focus would be the closest, but the way it's described, it almost seems like the Internet is something "new" that can be used in consulting vs. something that is "now." Well, it just continues to buttress the notion that it's still slowly being accepted as a larger piece of the traditional marketing pie.
The department is the #2 result in Google for "U Texas." The #1 result in the SERP is a site used by the dept.
UNC's Business School is just like most business schools bragging about their programs.
As an undergrad in the business school, you can only major in Marketing Consulting & Marketing Management.
It was the #1 result in the SERP for "U of North Carolina marketing".
A great find here though. A result in the SERPs led me to the University of North Carolina Online, which allows you to select from one of 16 North Carolina Universities that you can learn from on the Internet. I was able to click off the Communications Programs link to the UNC's School of Journalism and Mass Communications, which offered a program which allows you to learn topics close to what I'm advocating. The program is called the "Certificate in Technology and Communication."
Looking through the papers the professors have published, I only found one that related to the Internet revolution: "The Marketing Information Revolution" by Rashi Glazer, but in 1994 (uhhhh, predicting the marketing changes of today?).
The work done by the professors felt like a bunch of behavioral studies and pricing impact surveys (shouldn't this be in the Psychology department?).
Only the general "Business Admin" degree is available as undergrads. Specialties as an MBA student are still in the general disciplines.
They're successful in being #1 in the SERPs when searching for "UC berkeley Marketing".
With one of the most attractive websites viewed in the top 6 programs, the marketing department still does a lot of self promotion and still feels like the old guard still runs the show.
There are no academic focuses of study really available that are specific to Internet Marketing.
It's #1 for "Indiana University Marketing" in the SERPs (on Google).
Even though the department has a smart enough web development team or paid some smart SEO folks to help them be the #1 result when searching for "nyu marketing", there isn't a single focus in the majors that emphasizes Marketing's new media.
Students appear forced to learn the general marketing discipline.
However, the site is successful in getting the #1 slot for the Google search "U Florida Marketing".
While it was the only program which failed to be #1 for "uva marketing," "university of virginia marketing," or "u virgina marketing," the University does have the only program I've been able to find online, which appears to be an online/internet marketing focus called Certificate in eMarketing.
The Certificate appeared to cost about $5,100 or so, but also may be discontinued. I could only find one of the classes available in the Spring. The rest of the requirements didn't seem to be available, s I'm not sure about the active status of the program.
Also, it had a seminar that seemed to help executives who manage the online marketing initiatives of their companies. It was called "Online Marketing Update @ Darden." There may have been other similar seminars at other universities, but none came up on the immediate radar.
While the Marketing department still rates #9 in US News' ranking, you can't even find it, so I'm not sure their own staff know the details of the eMarketing program. There will be many confused people outside the state who won't even be able to find the program, which I think I found here. Perhaps they're testing their future students' dexterity and their ability to be persistent & diligent in finding info (like me?).
Very similar to many of the the previous 9 Marketing programs, undergraduates must study the discipline in general. If you do go for the MBA, you can concentrate in marketing research or in product management. Students can also earn an MBA degree in supply chain management.
The Business School does come up #1for the search "U of Wisconsin Madison marketing," though the Marketing department has a relatively weak presence.
No wonder some of the best SEO experts and Online Marketing gurus have little or no college education dedicated to their discipline -- a lot of this was learned on their own (even empirical evidence points to this little-known fact).
I recently decided after years in the real world to to add a degree in marketing to my resume. I looked at a number of schools around the country including a couple of those Realicity mentioned like Fullsail which has a great reputation and a number of their graduates are people I have met and respect. They are well trained and sucessful in their industries (although not SEO). Take a look at Fullsail's curriculum, upcoming class schedule, faculty qualifications, and ongoing inability to fill their own search optimization position for the Fullsail site before commiting $50K+ to the program.
eMarketing 2006 is designed to quickly transition the student past the theoretical and onto the practical elements involved in marketing online. “In class” discussions evolve into online assignments that have been developed to test the student's ability to apply what has been learned.
As a result of the active learning process, students completing this course will be able to plan, execute and manage the basic elements of an online success cycle. Specific competencies will include identification of unique selling propositions (USP), development of winning business models for online enterprises, segmentation of target audiences, driving online traffic via numerous means (i.e. search engines, affiliate programs, interactive ads, email, etc.), conversion of online traffic into paying customers via best practice eCommerce website design & monetization techniques as well as retention of customers once acquired.
Not much of an offering to learn about e-marketing, but I guess you have to start somewhere.
I've run into this exact issue recently. I'm looking for a grad program that provides the credentials for online marketing and Full Sail seems like the only thing available.
I don't want to go to Full Sail.
The internet has been around a while now, you'd think that educators would start putting internet marketing classes in there as electives, to start.
Students are graduating with degrees that are out dated. Sad day.
"They like to focus on theory, psychology and consumer behavior."While I have a lot I would like to say, I will keep it brief. I am currently attending college and I have learned that professors teach you broad concepts and how to think, they dont specialize in one small field. It is up to you to take these marketing principles that they are teaching and apply them to the internet or whatever field you would like to. I would like to add that I also wish they would focus more on internet marketing, but as your research suggests, colleges mainly focus on the principles.
Excellent topic. I think that because SEO is relatively new - compared to other marketing forms - most of the professionals are in the industry and not teaching it. I believe online marketing will continue to evolve with more attention - like this post. My brother goes to the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) and he said that in one of his business classes, they actually do get into this stuff. I graduated from there with a degree in journalism and we never touched anything like SEO or PPC. It's funny because when you get out in the real world,, every competitive business needs it.
You think its tough cracking the marketing department of a 30 year old business...some of these schools have been around for 200 years and have been branding and marketing themselves the same way for all 200.
I guess it is some what ironic for an instituion of teaching to not learn this effective means of exposure.
I see a ton of ads for Fullsail and Rasmussen for internet marketing degrees. They do pretty well internet exposure wise. I also know very good SEO at Globe University in Minnesota who is leading some pretty deep SEO & PPC campaigns. These 3 maybe smaller institutions as far as scale goes, but that might be where the SEO talent for Universities may be found.
Here is a suggestion for you. Now that you've done your own "market" research on the marketing programs available at top universities and come to the conclusion that they are inadequate when it comes to search marketing, why don't you offer to teach a course? Being a university professor will give your resume far more credibility than obtaining a degree. Furthermore, you will find it much more beneficial financially.
The shortcoming of many search marketing "experts" is that they don't quite grasp business fundamentals. Rather than making blanket statements such as this "No wonder some of the best SEO experts and Online Marketing gurus have little or no college education dedicated to their discipline -- a lot of this was learned on their own", you should have realized that you've discovered a market opportunity.
p.s. The article you cite in the second paragraph actually comes from Wharton not Kellogg/Northwestern.
"I'm an SEO expert, and I noticed that your program is outdated and needs some up to the minute internet based marketing courses...make me a professor and I'll come and do that for you"
There are lots of SEO & SEM courses out there, but the point that I believe the poster is making is that the large, reputable marketing courses haven't yet accepted online marketing as a valid and valued part of a marketing education, I'd love to hear more about where you think the business opportunity is in that.
I would also argue with the idea that "a lot of marketing professionals don't grasp business fundamentals", Not only do a lot of marketing professionals have backgrounds in other industries, have previous (and existing) successful carreers as business professionals, and in many cases run their own business, but a good marketing strategist has to understand how business works, right through from pricing to delivery if they are going to deliver comprehensive profitable marketing plans. I would go as far to say that in many cases the marketing specialist has to know more about a business than any other specialism, as every area will impact on marketing success.
My argument wasn't a blanket 100% characterization of all search marketing professionals. There are many who do grasp business fundamentals. Those that don't can either be offended by my statement and react by attacking what I said or take it to heart and understand that disciplines such as SEO won't go mainstream until the people in the business have the ability to speak corporate lingo.
The main point of my argument, which was apparently missed, is that if you already consider yourself a search marketing expert, why do you need to go back to school for a degree in this subject? There is no point. Get a degree in a different discipline and round out your skill set.
<I am trying to imagine someone without any formal qualifications trying to get a university to take them seriously> Do you think Richard Branson would be laughed at if he approached the Wharton School about teaching a course on entrepreneurism?
I would argue thbat SEO is mainstream, it is used by a vast number of businesses, employing both in house specialists and agencies. To my mind that is the issue, that eductaional establishments are missing out on something that is already here, not a future development.
As for why someone who was already an expert would look to do a degree in the subject...Well for someone looking to diferentiate themselves in the market place, a degree in a broader marketing discipline, with online content, would be very reassuring for clients, and would be a way for less online savvy people to determine if you are genuinely educated in the subject. It may also be an opportunbity to put your existing knowleddge into a different context, and formal learning can encourage you to think about things in ways that perhaps you hadn't done before. I have often fdone more formalised courses in things after I have already known much of the course content, because it offers the opportunity to re-enforce existing knowledge, get you thinking about things you have forgotten, and interact with others who see things differently from you. I have a friend who often takes courses in the very subject she teaches, because often a different teacher still has the ability to show her something she had never thought of or come across before.
Finally I am sure that if RB approached a university to teach they would not turn him away, buit then again there are no online martketing professionals who are that well known outside of the industry. That makes a huge difference.
Online Marketing is a new and evolving field, and finding qualified degreed professionals to teach it is a real obstacle to the implementation of a proper curriculum for higher education. Most of the top people in our industry wouldn't consider accepting a job at the standard faculty rates, and not all of them have the initials required to get the job anyway. Academia is relentless on their requirements for degree qualifications with many requiring a Masters Degree in the field as the minimum for even an entry level position.
I understand the emphasis that Universities and big Corporations put on formal degrees in their hiring. My wife has more initials than a government agency and runs a college division with dozens of highly educated faculty reporting to her. My brother has written more scientific papers that Tom Clancy has novels, and their is rarely a conversation in this house that doesn't involve education. It is the fact that having the proper academic credentials is so important in overcoming this hurdle that sent to search out accredited institutions that offer a degree that includes SEO and other areas unique to internet marketing. I understand the need for all the core marketing courses, but I certainly wish there were more QUALITY courses offered in online marketing. The emergence of even a minor in online marketing will do a lot to help legitimize our industry.
I not Richard Branson, but I do have considerable business experience including broadcast, web design, and online marketing all at the management level. I like the stimulation of new challenges and the rapid pace of the development of SEO keeps me excited. My years in these fields have given me the rare opportunity to work with businesses in many industries and to learn an incredible amount about successful business operation (and about how much I still have to learn).
Get used to your never having the time you wish you had, I already have the T-Shirt. I put in 50 plus hours at the office, took 15 credits last semester (3.6 GPA) have 4 kids, a grand-daughter, and a list of honey do's that has no end. Just keep swimming.
Personally I feel very competent in my abilities, but I am not so naive as to think that I can stop seeking out new sources of knowledge, new mentors, new ideas, or that I can't benefit from a great discussion and being called out when I am wrong. Ninety percent of my SEO knowledge comes from doing. All the theory in the world isn't much good until you can put it into practice and that is what I try to do every day.
That is a classy banner on your site bro.
I had to look twice, but your home-page is actually titled "Shox Saikano+<br/>". Maybe you should stop spamming SEO blogs and start actually reading them. | 2019-04-22T08:36:03Z | https://moz.com/ugc/top-10-us-college-marketing-programs-still-in-the-middle-ages |
IL-1 is a get good at cytokine of neighborhood and systemic irritation. and sustained decrease in disease intensity. In common circumstances such as center failure and gout pain joint disease, IL-1 blockade could be effective therapy. Three IL-1blockers have already been authorized: the IL-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra, blocks the IL-1 receptor and for that reason reduces the experience of IL-1 and IL-1. A soluble decoy receptor, rilonacept, and a neutralizing monoclonal anti-interleukin-1 antibody, canakinumab, will also be authorized. A monoclonal antibody aimed against the IL-1 receptor and a neutralizing anti-IL-1 are in medical trials. By particularly blocking IL-1, we’ve learned a good deal about the part of the cytokine in swelling but equally essential, reducing IL-1 activity offers lifted the responsibility of disease for most individuals. = 40), 5% of individuals randomized to anakinra created center failing whereas 30% had been affected in the placebo arm (= 0.035) . 5.2. Center failure Despite many treatment regimens, center failure is still a significant medical issue with significant financial and interpersonal burdens. Poorly paid out individuals with remaining ventricular ejection portion significantly less than 40% and raised serum CRP higher than 2 mg/L Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) IC50 had been treated with anakinra and put through controlled workout performance screening. Physiologically, after 2 weeks of anakinra, air consumption more than doubled from baseline, skin tightening and retention reduced and workout overall performance improved . Serum IL-1 amounts dropped by 89%, CRP by 88% and IL-6 by 90%, but there is no switch in degrees of TNF . Since IL-1 induces IL-6, a fall in IL-6 is usually indicative of the reduction in the natural activity of IL-1 itself, assisting the idea that center failure can be an autoinflammatory disease. These data in human beings with center failure act like rheumatoid arthritis sufferers who had been treated for thirty days with anakinra where time still left ventricular function improved . Within a related research, an individual subcutaneous dosage Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) IC50 of anakinra led to increased blood circulation 3 h afterwards . General, these improvements in center function may Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) IC50 also be consistent with prior studies in individual atrial center strips ex girlfriend or boyfriend vivo for the reason that IL-1 suppresses contractile power which Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) IC50 preventing IL-1 restores reduced function after ischemia-reperfusion . Many animal models present that IL-1 suppresses the myocardium (analyzed in ). With just a 14-time span of anakinra in sufferers getting current treatment criteria, a greater length of time of blockade may create a better come back of function. Although center failure is certainly often connected with reduced still left ventricular ejection quantity, some 50% of sufferers with hemo-dynamically described center failure have regular still left ventricular systolic function but with impaired still left ventricular diastolic filling up. This sort of center failure can be called diastolic center failure and sufferers with arthritis rheumatoid exhibit signs of the form of center failure. Furthermore, anakinra treatment of arthritis rheumatoid sufferers with center failure restored still left ventricular diastolic function . Within a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, sufferers received 2 weeks of anakinra 100 mg each day or placebo. Before and following the treatment schedules, workout assessment was performed. Anakinra led to improved in top oxygen intake (= 0.009) and a 75% reduction in CRP . For sufferers with arthritis rheumatoid as well as the co-morbidity of diastolic center failing, anakinra treatment for the joint disease would offer an improved treatment choice since no various other anti-cytokine treatment for arthritis rheumatoid reduces center failure, and regarding TNF, blockers, there’s a risk for sufferers with center failing. 6. Diabetes 6.1. Type-1 diabetes In 1986, the Danish researchers Mandrup-Poulsen and co-workers published their results that picomolar concentrations of IL-1 had been selectively dangerous for the insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cell (analyzed in ). These research led to a paradigm alter for the pathogenesis of Type-1 diabetes for the reason that a macrophage item rather than cytotoxic T-cell became the mark for salvaging the beta-cell. In the nonobese diabetic mouse stress, the model for Type-1 diabetes, IL-1 blockade decreases spontaneous diabetes but also within a rat style of spontaneous diabetes . After ARHGEF2 25 years of analysis on IL-1 in diabetes, studies of IL-1 blockade possess begun. Within a 28-time longer trial of anakinra in kids within seven days of the starting point of diabetes, insulin make use of after one and four a few months Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) IC50 from diagnosis had been.
Integrin v is necessary for melanoma cell success and tumor development in various versions. activity in 3D-collagen, whereas inhibition of MEK1 activity induced apoptosis. Remarkably, MEK1 and ERK1/2 actions had been restored in integrin v-negative melanoma cells by suppression of p53, whereas concomitant stop of MEK1 induced apoptosis. This shows that integrin v settings melanoma cell success in 3D-collagen through a pathway including p53 rules of MEK1 signaling. Intro Integrins play crucial functions for the rules of tumor development and invasion (Hood and Cheresh, 2002). For instance, manifestation of integrin v3 continues to be associated with malignant melanoma development, where the vertical development stage of dermal malignant melanoma shows high expression degrees of integrin v3 in comparison with horizontally developing melanoma in the skin (Albelda et al., 1990; Van Belle et al., 1999). Moreover, in 465-39-4 IC50 vivo gene delivery of integrin 3 promoted invasive melanoma growth from the skin in to the dermis in three-dimensional (3D) skin reconstructs (Hsu et al., 1998). Consistently, integrin v controls melanoma tumorigenicity (Felding-Habermann et al., 1992), by promoting melanoma cell survival as shown inside a 3D collagen gel model in vitro, and completely thickness human skin in vivo (Montgomery et al., 1994; Petitclerc et al., 1999). Importantly, block of integrin v3 by an antagonistic anti-integrin v3 mAb induced melanoma cell apoptosis and thereby prevented melanoma tumor growth in mice, whereas reconstitution from the integrin v subunit into v-negative melanoma cells rescued cell survival in 3D-collagen aswell 465-39-4 IC50 as with human dermis and thereby restored melanoma tumor growth in vivo (Montgomery et al., 1994; Petitclerc et al., 1999). However, it really is unclear how integrin v may promote melanoma cell survival within 3D microenvironments. Integrin-mediated cellCmatrix interactions trigger a number of signaling pathways (Giancotti and Ruoslahti, 1999). Signal transduction in cells within 3D-matrices is apparently markedly not the same as signaling events in cells attached onto two-dimensional (2D) substrates (Cukierman et al., 2002). For instance, tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and EGF-receptor signaling was different in response to cell adhesion within 3D-matrices in comparison with attachment to 2D substrates coated onto tissue culture plates (Wang et al., 1998; Cukierman et al., 2001). The integrin-induced MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK cascades are fundamental signaling pathways mixed up in regulation of adhesion-dependent cell growth and survival (Howe et al., 2002). In melanoma cells, MEK and ERK1/2 could be activated by active mutations of BRAF in 2D cultures (Satyamoorthy et al., 2003). Considering that BRAF is mutated generally in most melanomas, BRAF-dependent MEK activation may be connected with oncogenic behavior of melanoma (Smalley, 2003). However, the role from the RafCMEK1CERK1/2 pathway in the regulation of melanoma growth and cell survival isn’t well characterized. Furthermore, although cell anchorage is necessary for activating ERK1/2 in melanocytes (Conner et al., 2003), it really is unclear if integrin v may regulate melanoma cell MEK1CERK1/2 activity within 3D environments and if this might are likely involved for the control of melanoma cell survival. p53-induced 465-39-4 IC50 apoptotic cell death plays a central role for suppression of tumor growth (Schmitt et al., 2002). Upon activation by numerous kinds of stress stimuli, p53 transcriptionally regulates target genes, including PUMA, Apaf 1, Bax, and Bcl-2, which critically regulate mitochondrial apoptotic cascades (Vousden and Lu, 2002). p53 could also induce apoptosis by directly affecting mitochondria (Mihara et al., 2003). Furthermore, p53 continues to be connected with death receptors and activation of caspase-8 (Ashkenazi and Dixit, 1998). In angiogenesis, ligation of integrin v3 inactivated vascular cell p53, whereas p53 null mice were refractory for an integrin v-antagonist that blocked angiogenesis in wild-type (wt) mice (Str?mblad et al., 1996, 2002). Interestingly, the p53 gene is rarely mutated in melanoma, although p53 is mutated generally in most human cancers (Geara and Ang, 1996; Jenrette, 1996). Therefore, melanoma cells typically express wt p53 protein and would as a result of this be expected to become sensitive to DNA-damaging agents. However, most melanoma cells are really CYFIP1 radio resistant and irradiation of melanoma cells expressing wt p53 leads to accumulation of p53 however, not to apoptosis (Satyamoorthy et al., 2000). Similarly, overexpression of wt p53 by adenovirus in melanoma cells didn’t induce apoptosis (Satyamoorthy et al., 2000). However, it really is unclear why melanoma cells harboring wt p53 can still form tumors and survive. Predicated on our previous.
The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in mammalian heart muscle (NCX1) may be the central transporter protein that regulates Ca2+ extrusion in the heart cell. NCX1-mediated ion-currents (INCX) and cytosolic Ca2+-extrusion had been detected by a combined mix of patch-clamp and confocal microscopy under circumstances of which the purified NCXIF was straight loaded in to the cytoplasm of patched cardiomyocytes. It had been showed that cytosolic NCXIF blocks the Ca2+-turned on NCX1 inward current as well as the associated Ca2+-extrusion in the cell with high efficiency. A constant small percentage of NCX1 inhibition was noticed under circumstances of which the cytosolic [Ca2+]we was mixed at fixed dosages of NCXIF, recommending that the amount of inhibition is normally managed by NCXIF dosage rather than by cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. NCXIF blocks similarly well both Ca2+ extrusion and Ca2+ entrance settings of NCX1, in keeping with thermodynamic concepts anticipated for the working of the bidirectional carrier-type transportation system. We figured NCXIF interacts using a putative regulatory domains in the cytosolic side and therefore, may play a significant regulatory function in managing Ca2+ signaling in the center. This might represent a fresh potential device for developing book remedies for cardiac Ca2+ signaling dysfunction. Protein from the NCX gene family members donate to Ca2+ legislation in lots of cell types (1C4), with three genes in charge of expression, specifically, NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3 with multiple splice variations (2,5C7). In center, the electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchange (8) is because of the gene item of NCX1.1 and, even though the molecular and biophysical properties have already been broadly studied (2C7), endogenous regulation is incompletely recognized (9C13). Nevertheless, it really is very clear that adjustments in NCX1 proteins expression accompany the introduction of varied diseases such as for example heart failing and arrhythmia (2C4,9). There is certainly, however, considerable doubt regarding the part performed by NCX1 in these illnesses and, furthermore, to date, there is certainly neither evidence how the NCX1 activity may be the reason behind such illnesses nor are mutations of NCX1 associated with any particular disease. However, NCX1 proteins levels may modification and certainly donate to Ca2+ transportation and signaling dysfunction, although the facts remain poorly realized (2C4,9). The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger turnover price is clearly suffering from the intracellular Ca2+, Na+, and H+ ions, which connect to the regulatory cytosolic f-loop of NCX proteins (3,4,10C13). Various other cellular elements (ATP, PIP2, and lipids) can also modulate NCX1, but their physiological relevance continues to be unclear (11,12). No phosphorylation from 1001645-58-4 the cardiac NCX1 proteins has been 1001645-58-4 showed either or and arrows suggest the retention situations of blood sugar and sucrose, respectively (assessed on a single column beneath the similar chromatographic circumstances). Aftereffect of NCXIF over the Ca2+-entrance and Ca2+-leave modes from the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in unchanged cardiomyocytes The Ca2+-entrance and Ca2+-leave settings of NCX1 had been monitored in unchanged cardiomyocytes under circumstances of which the SR Ca2+ fluxes had been completely obstructed by pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with ryanodine and thapsigargin (33,34). To measure the Ca2+-entrance via NCX1, extracellular Na+ was abruptly taken out (changed by TMA) for 20 sec and Ca2+ entrance was supervised by measuring adjustments in [Ca2+]i using fluo-3. Amount 3A implies that Na+ removal leads to the elevation of [Ca2+]i (world wide web Ca2+-entrance). Following removal of extracellular Na+, the come back of extracellular [Na]o on track levels led to decreased [Ca2+]we and reflects the web leave of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Two consecutive group of Na+-abrupt shows in the same cardiomyocyte (separated by five minutes) created comparable adjustments in the amplitude and prices from the [Ca2+]i (Fig. 3A). As a result, the inhibitory ramifications of NCXIF could be reliably examined in the same cardiomyocyte through the second Na+-abrupt event (the initial Na+-abrupt could be used being a control). The bidirectional Ca2+-fluxes through NCX1 had been analyzed by transient superfusion of cadiomyocytes with extracellular NCXIF (50 systems/ml for 5 min). NCXIF considerably reduced the speed and magnitude from the 1001645-58-4 adjustments in [Ca2+]i (Fig. 3B). NCXIF leads to a slowing from the price of Ca2+-entrance and of the Ca2+-leave (Fig. 3C). Furthermore, NCXIF decreases the amplitude of [Ca2+]i elevation (to 15.0 4.8% from Rabbit polyclonal to EBAG9 the control, p 0.001) and lowers the speed of Ca2+-entrance (11.9 7.2% from the control, p 0.001) and of Ca2+-leave (5.6.
Neutrophil (PMN) infiltration and associated discharge of serine proteases donate to epithelial damage during active stages of mucosal disorders such as for example inflammatory colon disease. PMN get in touch with and clogged PMN transepithelial migration. Basolateral, however, not apical, PAR-1 and -2 activation with selective agonists also reduced TER. PAR-1 and -2 had been localized intracellularly and near lateral areas beneath limited junctions, and manifestation was improved in colonic mucosa from people with Crohns disease. Mixed, but not specific, transfection with little interfering RNAs targeted against epithelial PAR-1 and -2, avoided the fall in TER induced by PMN get in touch with. Furthermore, basolateral PAR-1 and -2 activation induced phosphorylation of myosin L string kinase and regulatory myosin L string. Finally, epithelial PAR-1 and -2 knockdown reduced the pace of PMN transepithelial migration. These outcomes claim that protease-mediated epithelial PAR-1 and -2 activation, by migrating PMNs, induces signaling events that increase epithelial permeability thereby facilitates PMN transepithelial migration. Neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte; PMN3) accumulation at intestinal mucosal surfaces is a characteristic hallmark of several inflammatory conditions from the intestine. Epithelial injury, disease activity, and patient symptoms have already been proven to correlate using the histological finding of extensive PMN migration over the epithelium (1). Furthermore, studies have indicated that high-density PMN flux buy LY 303511 across epithelial monolayers mimicking active inflammation, in either the MSN buy LY 303511 apical-to-basolateral direction or the more physiologically relevant basolateral-to-apical direction, leads to disruption of epithelial permeability (2) and produces multifocal wounds (3). Consequently, the increased loss of epithelial barrier function leads to increased luminal Ag penetration and subsequent perpetuation from the inflammatory response. Conversely, low-density PMN migration, which occurs during immune surveillance, is normally thought to be an instant process that will not damage the integrity of epithelial monolayers (4, 5). Indeed, interactions between your transmigrating PMN as well as the epithelium bring about signaling events which could be amplified and prolonged during high-density PMN transmigration (5, 6). These observations claim that buy LY 303511 under physiological conditions, intercellular junctions transiently loosen to permit passing of circulating cells, while at exactly the same time maintaining barrier function. However, the mechanisms that regulate epithelial permeability during low- and high-density PMN transmigration remain poorly defined. Previously, we’ve demonstrated that high-density PMN transmigration increases paracellular permeability inside a contact-dependent manner and activates signaling events in epithelial monolayers inside a polarized manner before transmigration in the physiologically relevant basolateral-to-apical direction (6). However, the PMN and epithelial receptors that mediate these contact-dependent signaling events and alter epithelial permeability have remained to become elusive. Among the candidate PMN surface proteins that may initiate such epithelial signaling events, several structurally similar serine proteases that possess antimicrobial activity (serpocidins) and so are contained inside the azurophil (primary) granules, have already been proven to undergo limited exocytosis and mobilize towards the cell surface upon activation (7, 8). Indeed, PMN serpocidins have been recently proven to activate protease-activated receptors (PARs; Refs. 9-12), a distinctive class of G-protein-coupled signaling receptors which have been reported to induce epithelial cell apoptosis (10, 13) and regulate epithelial barrier function in vitro and in vivo (13-15). Cleavage from the PAR extracellular N terminus by proteases such as for example thrombin, trypsin, and tryptase (16) has been proven to permit an exposed tethered ligand to bind and activate the cleaved receptor. Despite these observations, the role of leukocyte proteases and PAR signaling in the regulation of epithelial barrier function at sites of inflammation remains incompletely understood but still remains to become an intriguing hypothesis that should be further elucidated. With this study, we determined that basolateral activation of PAR-1 and -2 increases epithelial permeability and that event regulates the disruption in epithelial barrier function induced by PMN contact and subsequent PMN transepithelial migration. Materials and Methods buy LY 303511 Reagents Abs were from Invitrogen/Zymed Laboratories (occludin, claudin-1, claudin-4, and actin), Santa Cruz Biotechnology (phosphorylated myosin L chain kinase (MLCK; Tyr464), and Cell Signaling Technology (dually phosphorylated myosin L chain; Thr18 and Ser19). The goat polyclonal Ab to thrombin receptor or PAR-1 (C-18) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, as well as the rabbit polyclonal Ab to PAR-2 (B5/A5) was kindly supplied by Dr. Morley Hollenberg (University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada). The serine proteases human neutrophil elastase and proteinase-3 were from Elastin Products. Human cathepsin G, the broad spectrum metalloproteinase inhibitor galardin (mix. The reaction mixtures were put through cDNA synthesis for 30 min at 58C and denaturation.
Hepatitis B trojan (HBV) X proteins (HBx) is known as to are likely involved in the introduction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during HBV infections. therapy. INTRODUCTION Extended infections with Hepatitis B trojan (HBV) continues to be clearly named a significant etiological aspect for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (1). HBx, a virally encoded proteins of 154 proteins, has been proven to possess multifunctional activities highly relevant to HBV-mediated oncogenesis (2). HBx is certainly involved with neoplastic change in cultured cells and will induce liver cancer tumor in transgenic mice. Although HBx will not bind to double-stranded DNA, it regulates transcription of a number of mobile and viral genes by getting together with mobile proteins and/or the different parts of indication transduction pathways. HBx provides been proven to connect to transcriptional factors such as for example RPB5 of RNA polymerase (3), TATA-binding proteins (4), basic area/leucine zipper (bZIP) protein (5) as well as the tumor suppressor p53 (6). Besides, additionally, it may associate with serine protease TL2 (7) and mobile DNA repair proteins (8). The relationship of HBx with these proteins network marketing leads to activation of sign transduction pathways like the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated proteins kinase, proteins kinase C, Jak1-STAT and nuclear aspect B pathways (9C12). Nevertheless, the intracellular signaling pathways where Hbx is certainly involved aren’t completely elucidated. Estrogen was proven to suppress HBV replication in male athymic mice transplanted with HBV-transfected HepG2 cells (13). The actual fact that HCC is certainly more frequent in guys than in females shows that estrogen may play a significant role in the introduction of HCC (14C17). Estrogen exerts 905281-76-7 its function through its two nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor and (ER and ER) (18C21). ER and ER talk about structural similarity seen as a several useful domains. Two distinctive activation function (AF) domains, AF-1 and AF-2, located on the N-terminus as well as the C-terminus, respectively, donate to the transcriptional activity of both receptors. The DNA-binding area (DBD) of both receptors is certainly well conserved and located. Activation of ERs is in charge of many biological procedures, including cell development, differentiation and apoptosis. ER continues to be well characterized in individual liver organ (22). ER is certainly portrayed in the liver organ of both healthful individuals and sufferers with HCC, without distinctions in the design of appearance (23,24). On the other hand, the mutant type with the complete exon 5 removed (ER5) is certainly preferentially portrayed in sufferers with HCC weighed against patients with regular livers (25). The current presence of the liver organ ER5 transcript in the tumor was the most powerful harmful predictor of survival in operable HCC (26C28). Its existence also correlates with an increased Slc2a4 clinical aggressiveness from the tumor in comparison to tumors seen as a wild-type 905281-76-7 ER (wt ER) transcript. Great prices of ER5 appearance have been proven to present in guys at 905281-76-7 high-risk for HCC advancement. ER5 encodes the hormone-independent AF-1 area, aswell as the DBD. Although ER5 was proven coexpressed with wt ER in HCC, the function of ER5 in ER signaling continues to be to be looked into. Based on and useful relevance from the estrogen/ER axis and HBx in the introduction of HCC, we hypothesized that HBx may are likely involved in ER signaling. Right here, we present that ER5 includes a prominent harmful activity in hepatoma cells when portrayed as well as wt ER. HBx reduces ER transcriptional activity, and HBx and ER5 possess additive influence on inhibition of ER transactivation. We further present and proof that both HBx and ER5 connect to ER. HBx inhibits 905281-76-7 ER signaling perhaps through recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). Components AND Strategies Plasmids The reporter constructs ERE-Luc (29), C3-LUC (30,31), pS2-LUC (32) and pS2ERE-LUC (33), and appearance vector for ER have already been defined previously. For the era of FLAG-tagged full-length HBx, individual HBx DNA was amplified by PCR using pHBV3091 being a design template (34). The amplified HBx DNA was cloned into pcDNA3 vector harboring FLAG epitope series (pcDNA3-FLAG). The deletion mutant.
may be the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. demonstrate that the initial regulatory subunit of AdoMetDC is certainly an essential component of this legislation. The info support ODC and AdoMetDC as the main element control factors in the pathway as well as the most likely rate-limiting guidelines in polyamine biosynthesis. Writer Summary Individual African trypanosomiasis (Head wear) can be an essential vector-borne pathogen. The Globe Health Organization quotes that a lot more than 50 million folks are in danger for the condition, which takes place focally, in remote control regions, and regularly reaches epidemic amounts. Untreated HAT is certainly always fatal, as well as the obtainable drugs bargain toxicity and rising resistance. The just secure treatment for late-stage disease can be an inhibitor of an important metabolic pathway that’s mixed up in synthesis of little organic cations termed polyamines. Within this paper, we make use of genetic methods to demonstrate the way the parasite regulates this important PCI-24781 metabolic pathway. By modulating the proteins degrees of a trypanosome-specific activator of polyamine biosynthesis, the parasite is rolling out a mechanism to modify pathway result. We also demonstrate that pathway PCI-24781 activator is vital to parasite growth. Our data fortify the genetic and chemical validation of an integral enzyme within this pathway being a drug target in the parasite, plus they provide new insight into parasite-specific approaches that might be used to create novel drugs from this deadly disease. Introduction Human African trypanosomiasis is a neglected disease of sub-Saharan Africa due to the protozoan parasite and also have been reported for many from the polyamine and trypanothione biosynthetic enzymes demonstrating they are needed for growth C. Genetic studies never have been reported for AdoMetDC, however several promising trials show that AdoMetDC inhibitors cure infections in mice, providing chemical evidence that AdoMetDC can be an important drug target from this pathogen ,. Open in another window Figure 1 The polyamine biosynthetic pathway in will not may actually encode the genes for antizyme nor for the trunk conversion of polyamines, and it lacks the overall transcriptional control mechanisms within other eukaryotes , leaving open the question of how polyamines are regulated in the parasite. Recently, we found that AdoMetDC is activated 1,200-fold (on kcat) by dimerization having a catalytically dead paralog we termed prozyme . This mechanism for controlling AdoMetDC activity is exclusive towards the trypanosomatid parasites, as well as the finding raised the chance that regulation of prozyme expression could give a parasite-specific Rabbit Polyclonal to CDC25A mechanism to regulate polyamine homeostasis in trypanosomatids. To be able to study the prospect of AdoMetDC or prozyme to operate as regulators in polyamine biosynthesis we utilized RNA interference (RNAi) or regulated knockout approaches in blood form parasites to deplete the cells of the proteins. Lack of AdoMetDC or prozyme leads to decreases in spermidine and trypanothione also to cell death. A big compensatory induction in the expression degrees of prozyme and ODC was observed after either genetic depletion or chemical inhibition of AdoMetDC. Our data support a translational control mechanism for the regulation of the proteins plus they supply the first demonstration that polyamine biosynthesis is regulated in parasites, we generated a well balanced cell line with an inducible AdoMetDC targeted RNAi. This line contains a tetracycline (Tet) inducible stem-loop vector with 620 bp fragments of AdoMetDC in opposite orientations built-into the rRNA gene locus (Figure S1). Addition of Tet leads to production of the double stranded stem-loop RNA targeting AdoMetDC mRNA for degradation. Uninduced AdoMetDC RNAi cells grew at the same rate as the parent 90-13 cells (data not shown). Induction from the AdoMetDC RNAi (+Tet) leads to a decrease in AdoMetDC protein that was maintained before cells die (Figure PCI-24781 2A and 2B). Cell growth arrest was observed within 4 days of induction, accompanied by cell death (day 11). Exogenous spermidine (0.1 mM) restored normal growth towards the induced cells, demonstrating the AdoMetDC RNAi specifically targeted spermidine biosynthesis (Figure 2A). Open in another window Figure 2 The consequences of AdoMetDC knockdown by RNAi on blood form was evaluated from the generation of the prozyme conditional knock out (cKO) cell line. is a diploid organism, thus to create the KO line the first prozyme allele was replaced with T7 polymerase and a G418 selectable marker, a Tet responsive FLAG-tagged prozyme gene was built-into the rRNA locus, and lastly the next prozyme allele was.
Using a mix of wild-type (WT) and caveolin-2 (Cav-2) knockout along with retroviral reexpression approaches, we offer the data for the negative role of Cav-2 in regulating anti-proliferative function and signaling of changing growth matter (TGF-) in endothelial cells (ECs). evidenced by three unbiased proliferation assays: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), cell count number, and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and correlated with a lack of TGF–mediated upregulation of cell routine inhibitor Rabbit polyclonal to PAI-3 p27 and following Rebastinib reduced amount of the degrees of hyperphosphorylated (inactive) type of the retinoblastoma protein in Cav-2 reexpressing ECs. Mechanistically, Cav-2 inhibits anti-proliferative action of TGF- by suppressing Alk5-Smad2/3 pathway manifested by reduced magnitude and amount of TGF–induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation aswell as activation of activin receptor-like kinase-5 (Alk5)-Smad2/3 target genes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and collagen type I in Cav-2-positive ECs. Expression of Cav-2 will not may actually significantly change targeting of TGF- receptors I and Smad2/3 to caveolar and lipid raft microdomains as dependant on sucrose fractionation gradient. Overall, the negative regulation of TGF- signaling and function by Cav-2 is independent of Cav-1 expression levels and isn’t due to changing targeting of Cav-1 protein to plasma membrane lipid raft/caveolar domains. (56, 57) and (4). Cav-2 in addition has been proven to modify endocytosis and trafficking from the M1 muscarinic receptor in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (45) and apical lipid trafficking in the intestine of (35). Addititionally there is evidence for a job of Cav-2 in regulating proliferation and STAT3 signaling in rat fibroblast cell line Hirc-B (19, 21, 22). Recently, we’ve shown that Cav-2 also regulates proliferation in lung ECs (55). Transforming growth factor- (TGF-) is a multifunctional dimeric polypeptide growth factor with the capacity of regulating proliferation, differentiation, migration, extracellular matrix production, and survival of varied cell types. Cell responses to TGF- are mediated through specific transmembrane type I and type II Ser/Thr kinase receptors (26, 48). The signaling pathway is set up by TGF- binding towards the TGF- type II receptor (TR-II). Upon ligand binding, TR-II recruits and phosphorylates TR-I, also called activin receptor-like kinase (Alk), which transduces the signal towards the nucleus through members from the Smad family (16, 28). Most cell types express a kind of TR-I referred to as Alk5. ECs also coexpress yet another TR-I referred to as Alk1. Interestingly, activated Alk5 induces the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, whereas activated Alk1 has been proven to induce the phosphorylation of Smad1 and Smad5 (10, 32, 33). The results caused by the activation of the two major Smad-mediated signaling pathways differs. The activation of Alk5-Smad2/3 pathway leads to inhibition of cell proliferation and it is associated with an adult endothelium with an increase of expression of genes such as for example plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), collagen type I (Col 1), or fibronectin. Conversely, Alk1-Smad1/5 activates cell proliferation and migration and it is more linked to the angiogenic state using the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id-1) and endoglin, amongst others (3, 9, 11, 54). There are many reports suggesting that some the different parts of TGF- signaling could localize to caveolae or connect to Cav-1 (6). However, no data linking Cav-2 to TGF- signaling and function can be found. Thus the purpose of today’s study was to determine whether Cav-2 expression regulates TGF–mediated signaling and function in ECs. We’ve centered on EC proliferation since it is vital for angiogenesis and may be regulated by TGF-. Our data claim that Cav-2 negatively regulates TGF–Alk5-Smad 2/3 pathway manifested from the reduced amount of an anti-proliferative aftereffect of TGF- in ECs. Since both Cav-2 and TGF- functions are cell/tissue and context specific, our data should help further advance knowledge of the mechanistic basics of the specificity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibodies and reagents. Antibodies against total Cav-2, Cav-1, and Hsp-90 were from BD Transduction. Phospho-serine 23-Cav-2 antibody once was generated and characterized for immunofluorescence staining inside our laboratory (47). Antibodies to cdk inhibitor p27Kip1 and total Smad1/5/8 were from Santa Cruz Biotech. Phospho- and total Smad2 and 3, phospho-Smad1/5/8, phospho-(serine 780) Rb, Rebastinib phospho-(threonine 202/tyrosine 204) ERK1/2, total ERK1/2, phospho-Akt, and total Akt were from Cell Signaling Biotech. TGF-1 was from Peprotech, and SB-505124 (SB-5), an inhibitor of Alk4/5/7 (13), was from Sigma. Cells. Mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs) were isolated from 2- to 3-wk-old wild-type (WT) and Cav-2 KO mice as previously described (55). Usage of animals because of this study was approved by the University of Missouri as well as the Thomas Jefferson University Animal Care and Use Committees. Briefly, mice were euthanized with an overdose of ketamine-xylazine, as well as the lungs were Rebastinib excised, minced, and digested with 0.1% collagenase in RPMI medium. The digest was homogenized by passing multiple times through a 14-gauge needle, filtered through 70-m cell strainers, as well as the cell suspension plated on 0.1% gelatin-coated dishes. After 2-3 3 days, cells were immortalized by two rounds of infection with retrovirus encoding the polyoma middle T antigen. Cells were permitted to recover for 24 h, and MLECs were isolated by immunoselection with PECAM-1-conjugated magnetic beads. When cells reached confluence, another round. | 2019-04-26T00:54:56Z | http://a-443654.com/category/blogging/ |
Why do I have to change my condenser when my compressor fails?
Why do I have repeated clutch failures?
When you connect your manifold gauge set to your vehicle with the engine off, both gauges show pressure. What does this mean?
When I replace my compressor, what other parts should I be replacing?
When charging, what should my low and high side pressure be?
What's the minimum static pressure I need for the compressor to operate?
What static pressure should I expect to see?
What is the difference in PAG oils?
What good is a static pressure reading then?
What do all the numbers on the high and low side gauge mean?
Should I test with doors open or closed, high idle, blower on high or low?
If 30 PSI is a good low side pressure, then why isn't the system cooling?
I can hear my compressor clutch engage, but the air out of my vents is warm. What is wrong with my air conditioning system?
How much refrigerant does my vehicle hold?
How do I vacuum my air conditioning system?
How can I tell if the orifice tube is clogged?
How can I tell if the compressor is bad?
Can I use PAG oil on my O-Ring’s?
Can I tell if the system is full with a static pressure reading?
Q: Why do I have to change my condenser when my compressor fails?
Current design condensers are built using micro-channel tubing. The tubing is so small it is imposable to flush contaminants out of the condenser. Failing to replace the condenser can cause debris for previous failures to circulate through the system contaminating the system and can cause catastrophic failures.
Q: Why do I have repeated clutch failures?
There are two major issues that can cause clutch failure, high head pressure and low voltage issues. The most common is high head pressure. If you have a vehicle that has multiple clutch failures, high head pressure could be the reason you are seeing this. Specialty vehicles such as limousines, stretched SUV’s and buses utilize remote mounted condensers. Some of the problems we have seen in the past are under sized condensers for the environment they are operating in, defective fans and fans that are under rated for the application. The second issue is low voltage. Vehicles that operate on a 12VDC system must be able to maintain 12VDC to the clutch. If the voltage is below 12VDC it can cause the clutch to slip and eventually seize. Either case can cause major damage to the compressor and to the air conditioning system.
Q: When you connect your manifold gauge set to your vehicle with the engine off, both gauges show pressure. What does this mean?
This is called static pressure. When the system is off, and temperature is stable, the pressure you see on both the high and low side gauges should be the same, or very close. Both the high and low side of the system have equalized.
Q: When I replace my compressor, what other parts should I be replacing?
Any time you are replacing the compressor you should also replace any gasket or o-ring from the open connections, replace the accumulator and/or the receiver drier, the orifice tube and clean or replace the expansion valve. In some cases you will even have to change the condenser.
In addition to replacing these components you should flush the a/c system using an approved flushing method and flush, you should use the correct type and viscosity of oil per the compressor manufacturers recommendations. Remember not all PAG oil is the same. Failure to replace the above components, flush the system and using the incorrect oil can cause secondary failure and may void you warranty.
Q: When charging, what should my low and high side pressure be?
This is the most asked question there is. There is no magic answer for this question though. There are too many variables. Compressor (engine) RPM and airflow across the condenser are always changing, thus engine speed is always affecting pressure. System design, blower speed, mode setting, refrigerant type, all cause variance in high and low side pressure. For this reason we simply can't say 30 on the low side and 200 on the high side. Though I might add, that's about where you'll usually end up. The reason 30 psi on the low side is just about right is because that translates into an evaporator temperature close to the freezing point of water. Look at your low side gauge and you'll see a temperature scale right next to your pressure scale. That low side pressure translates into evaporator temperature. Since moisture collects on the evaporator, we would like to keep the evaporator temperature slightly above the freezing point.
Q: What's the minimum static pressure I need for the compressor to operate?
Most systems will have a low pressure cut off switch that turns the system off at approximately 6 psi. The compressor will not function again until the pressure reaches approximately 34 psi. So, In most cases, you will need a static pressure of at least 34 psi before you begin to see the compressor operate.
Q: What static pressure should I expect to see?
Keep in mind that the static pressure changes based on temperature. Any change of temperature brings with it a change of pressure. The higher the ambient temperature, the higher the pressure will be. You can use a refrigerant pressure chart to find static pressures at various temperatures. Static pressure is not used to determine if a system is fully charged. Using your pressure / temperature chart you will see that if the R-134a system has a static pressure of 105 psi at 90 degrees F., we can then assume the system has some amount of liquid refrigerant. The system may or may not be full. At the same temperature, if the system showed only 85 psi, we could say with confidence, the system is low. This is because static pressures shown on a temperature chart would show inadequate pressure for the presence of any liquid refrigerant.
Q: What should the high side pressure be?
With R134a it's common to see high side pressure between 2.2 and 2.5 times ambient temperature. On a 90 degree day you should see pressure between 198 and 225 PSI on the high side of an R134a system. The system operates in a specific range based on outside ambient temperature. High side pressure has a broad range relative to temperature because of heat load on the evaporator, humidity, airflow across the condenser, and engine speed.
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Q: What is the difference in PAG oils?
PAG oil comes in several different viscosities PAG46, PAG100, PAG125 and PAG150. The higher the number the thicker the oil is. Every compressor manufacturer requires you to use the correct viscosity oil with their product. Failure to do so can cause catastrophic damage to your compressor.
Q: What good is a static pressure reading then?
By knowing your static pressure reading you will be able to determine if you have adequate pressure to activate your low pressure switch and enable the compressor clutch to engage. Static pressure can also be used to determine if a cylinder of refrigerant is contaminated with air. You can also determine if a system has enough pressure to begin leak testing. Your static pressure should be no lower than 50 PSI when leak testing.
Q: What do all the numbers on the high and low side gauge mean?
The low side pressure gauge (blue) is a compound gauge. This means it can be used to measure both pressure or vacuum. The numbers around the outside of this gauge indicate pressure in pounds per square inch (PSIG), and the numbers near the bottom indicate vacuum in inches of mercury (IHG). The smaller scales near the middle of the gauge list the temperature relationship of different refrigerants. Regardless of which refrigerant is being used, the scale designated as PSI is the one used to read system pressures when charging and diagnosing an a/c system. The working pressure of this gauge is from 0 to 120 PSI.
The high side gauge (red) is used to measure the high pressure side of the a/c system. This gauge has no markings that indicate vacuum. It reads positive pressure only. The working pressure of this gauge is also much higher than the low side gauge. The high side gauge reads from 0 to 500 PSI on most manifold gauge sets.
Q: Should I test with doors open or closed, high idle, blower on high or low?
We should measure high and low side pressure at stable engine speeds. This can be done at engine speeds just slightly above idle. (1,200 to 1,500 RPM is most often recommended) We like to test with the system in MAX position on high blower with the windows and doors closed. We would like to keep engine and exhaust heat from causing abnormal heat load on the evaporator.
Testing should be done with blower speed on high. Low blower speed will reduce heat load on the evaporator to the point where compressor cycling can occur. We want nice stable conditions when testing. When needed, low blower speed can be used to force low side pressure down during testing and adjustment of compressor cut-out pressure.
Q: If 30 PSI is a good low side pressure, then why isn't the system cooling?
Well, there are a couple reasons, but let's look at the most common. Let's take the orifice tube system for example. You can have a system evaporator pressure of 30 psi, and still be low on refrigerant. Let's assume that only half the evaporator is full of boiling, heat removing, liquid refrigerant. Only half the air traveling through the coil is being cooled. Pressure readings indicate core temperature is near thirty degrees, but half the core isn't removing any heat. The system is close to being full, but the discharge air is only slightly cool. On the fixed orifice tube system, most people will charge until the inlet of the evaporator, and the outlet of the evaporator are within a degree or two of each other. That indicates the quantity of refrigerant is enough that the entire coil is being used. At this point, the boiling liquid will spill into the accumulator, thus the outlet tube will be very cold. If the system has a TXV or H block, you will not be able to charge by feeling the evaporator outlet tube like we can on a fixed orifice tube system. The TXV is very efficient and is designed to tightly control liquid refrigerant from spilling out of the evaporator. The area we would measure is in the evaporator box, and not accessible for this purpose.
Q: I can hear my compressor clutch engage, but the air out of my vents is warm. What is wrong with my air conditioning system?
There are several possibilities why your compressor clutch would engage and your louver temperature be elevated. The major reason would be your system is in a superheat condition. Superheat condition means there is not enough liquid refrigerant in the evaporator to effectively transfer the heat. This condition is caused by one of two reasons. One there is a restriction of flow to the evaporator or the second a low refrigerant charge.
The best method to test this is to add a small amount of refrigerant to the system, between 2-4 ounces, depending on the total system charge. If adding the refrigerant corrects or improves the issue, you most likely have a refrigerant leak and the system should be recovered, have the leak repaired, vacuum and recharge the system with the original factory specified amount of refrigerant. If adding the refrigerant did NOT improve your cooling, you most likely have a restriction within the refrigerate circuit. The restriction could be in the condenser, drier or accumulator, expansion valve or orifice tube. The system will have to be diagnosed in order to determine the real problem.
Q: How much refrigerant does my vehicle hold?
This is a tricky question, it all depends on the vehicle you are working on. For your everyday cars and trucks please refer to the OEM specifications for this information. For specialty vehicles such as limousines and stretched SUV’s use the following as a guideline, OEM charge specification plus 1 pound for each auxiliary evaporator. For school bus and shuttle bus applications it is best to charge by your gauges and paying close attention to your delta-t. The delta-t is the temperature differential across your evaporator core. As you increase your charge you should also see your delta-t expand. When it gets to the point that adding more refrigerant does not effect the delta-t your system is fully charged.
Q: How do I vacuum my air conditioning system?
In order to vacuum the air conditioning system correctly you will need a recovery / recycle machine or a standard manifold gauge set and a vacuum pump. We strongly encourage that you use a minimum 5 CFM Dual Stage Vacuum Pump. Start by making sure all your valves are closed. With the manifold gauge set connected to the air conditioning system (red to the high side / Blue to the low side) connect the yellow hose to the vacuum pump. Start the vacuum pump and open both valves completely. This will insure that vacuum is being pulled throughout the air conditioning system. After 15 Minutes close both valves and shut off the vacuum pump. Watch the low side gauge reading, making sure that the needle does not rise. It the needle rises you have a leak. At this point you will need to find and repair the leak. If the needle does not rise you have a sealed system and you need to continue to vacuum the system. Start the vacuum pump, open both valves and vacuum for 1 hour. After you have completed the vacuum close the valves shut off and remove the vacuum pump. Your system is now ready to be charged with refrigerant oil and refrigerant.
Q: How can I tell if the orifice tube is clogged?
A restricted orifice will usually show as very low suction side pressure and lower than normal high side pressure. When the compressor clutch engages, the suction against the restricted orifice will cause the compressor to quickly cycle out. After compressor clutch disengagement, the rise in suction side pressure will usually be very slow. Rapid compressor disengagement and slow engagement may indicate a clogged orifice. A clogged orifice tube will starve a compressor of oil.
Q: How can I tell if the compressor is bad?
Usually the compressor will show the inability to generate enough suction and pressure at or near idle speeds. If the engine speed needs to be increased substantially to bring the system pressures in range, that's a sign that the compressor is getting weak.
Sometimes it's very simple. If we hook the gauges up and see 80 psi on the low side, and 80 psi on the high side, and the compressor hub is spinning, it's likely that compressor is not producing suction, and is not producing pressure. We could add or remove refrigerant and still nothing would happen. The compressor must be able to pull a vacuum, and create pressure. Compressors that use a variable stroke are often misdiagnosed as being defective, when only the internal pressure control device is at fault.
Q: Does the orifice tube have to be installed in a specific direction?
Yes, the orifice tube is designed to be installed in a specific direction. If you look at the orifice tube you will notice that there is a long end and a short end. Both ends are built with a screen, the long screen is the inlet of the orifice tube and the short end is the outlet. The long end of the orifice tube should be pointed toward the Condenser and the short end toward the evaporator. Most orifice tubes are equipped with an arrow that indicates the direction of refrigerant flow.
Q: Can I use PAG oil on my O-Ring’s?
NO, there are only two types of oil recommended for use on o-rings. Mineral oil (same oil that was used in the old R-12 systems) and O-Ring Lube that is a silicone based product. When PAG oil is used it gets on the threads of the fitting connection resulting in a chemical reaction between the oil, the moisture in the air and the oxygen. This reaction creates and acid the eats away at the threads or seizes them. When you try to service the unit you either twist off the threads or twist the tubing resulting in more damage to the system.
Q: Can I tell if the system is full with a static pressure reading?
No. You can determine if there is liquid refrigerant in the system, but you will not be able to tell how much liquid it contains. For example, a thirty pound cylinder of R134a refrigerant will show the same pressure whether it has thirty pounds or 1 pound in it. With static pressure, you will only know if the system has some amount of liquid refrigerant present.
This procedure assumes the person performing the service work is a qualified air conditioning service technician. If there is any question about the following procedures please call Manex Corporation prior to performing any service work.
Determine if the problem is low air output from the louvers or if the air temperature. If the problem is air temperature, proceed to step 2, if not proceed to step 7.
To determine the extent of the problem insert thermometers in the dash air outlet and the most distant rear air outlet and the rear evaporator. Set the air conditioning systems on maximum cooling and high blower with the windows up. Run the engine at high idle (1500 RPM) for 15-20 minutes. Under normal conditions the temperature differential between the dash and rear evaporator should be between 5 to 7 degrees. Any temperature gain between the rear evaporator and the most distant louver can only be corrected with proper insulation of the duct hose and the vehicle. The actual temperatures will rise and fall relative to the ambient temperature, however the temperature differential should remain the same. For heat/cool units proceed to step 3, for cool only units proceed to step 4.
If the rear unit is a heat/cool system, check the water valve controlling flow to the rear unit to be sure it is completely closed. If either hose at the rear unit is warm, a water bypass is occurring. Check the vacuum hoses that control the vacuum solenoid. The hose from the long port on the vacuum solenoid must go to the vacuum controlled water valve. The hose from the short port on the vacuum solenoid needs to go to the vacuum tee. Reversal of the connections will prevent the solenoid from venting in the cooling mode resulting in an open valve allowing the flow of HOT water to the rear unit during the cooling cycle. Adjust the control to the valve to insure full closure. If the problem persists, replace the valve. Proceed to step 4 if the water bypass was not the problem.
Check the system refrigerant charge with the engine running at high idle (1500RPM) set the air conditioning controls on maximum cooling and high blower with the windows up. The charge should be checked using a combination of gauge reading and louver outlet temperature to determine the charge that will yield the best temperature. In many cases this type of system has better performance when it is slightly undercharged. Proceed to step 5 if refrigerant charge was not the problem.
Evaluate the OEM portion of the air conditioning system to insure that all of the factory components are functioning properly and that the air discharge temperature of the dash louvers is adequate. Proceed to step 6 if the factory air conditioning system is functioning properly.
Check all electrical connections to the rear unit, especially the ground connections, to insure solid connections. Voltage at the rear unit must be between 12.5 and 13.5 Volts DC. If the system has a solenoid control valve in the line going to the rear unit, check for proper operation. If the valve is being properly energized when current is applied you will hear a “CLICK” sound as the coil energizes. (The coil will be magnetized at this point) If these characteristics are not present, be sure the circuit is correct and good contacts are made. If the electrical coil on the valve is defective (draws excessive amps or does not engage valve), the coil only can be replaced without recovering the refrigerant. If the valve still will not function, repair or replace the valve.
Check the liquid line from the condenser to the rear evaporator, if any portion of the line is cold to the touch or if it frosts up indicates a restriction. If a restriction is found, remove and clean or replace the component causing the problem. If the rear unit still does not cool repair or replace the expansion valve. It is important to remember that when an expansion valve or any other system component is replaced which requires the recovery of refrigerant; ALL ACCUMULATOR & DRIERS in the system must be replaced prior to recharging the system.
If the air output appears less then normal from the front and / or rear outlets, check to be sure at least 12.5 Volts DC is present at the blower motors. Check the duct hose connections at the louvers and evaporator to be sure they are properly attached. Check for collapsed duct hose to the air outlets and restricted return air ducts that could restrict air flow. A frozen evaporator coil will severely restrict air output. A heavily frosted or iced evaporator suction tube would usually indicate a frozen coil. An inoperative thermostat causes this condition.
Check operation of the water valve controlling flow to the rear unit. Be sure it is fully open when the control is in the “FULL OPEN” position. Allow 15 minutes of engine operation with the water valve open, the hoses going from the valve to the rear unit should be very hot and the return hose to the engine will be hot to the touch but at a lesser degree.
If air gets into the coolant system, an air pocket can occur in the rear heater coil stopping the flow of water.
Get the engine up to operating temperature and turn on rear unit.
Using duckbill clamps, pinch off the hose feeding the front heater between the “Y” or “TEE” and the heater coil. This will send the total pressure of the water to the rear unit, which will force the air out of the rear unit. Continue to run the engine for 3 to 5 minutes.
If these conditions do not exist, there is a restriction somewhere in the system, which might be corrected. In extremely cold climates it might be advisable to insulate the water hoses to the rear unit. If there appears to be an air output problem see step 7 in the Insufficient Rear Unit Cooling section.
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We are confident that your visit to MX Systems, LLC is secure and safe. However, you may choose to call us directly to place your order over the telephone. Please call Customer Service toll free at 800-527-0481. | 2019-04-20T05:01:32Z | https://mxheatcool.com/faq.html |
Looking for Approval, Receiving Truthfulness. MP3 audio Sermon in the 'Advent--The Great Misunderstanding / Paradox' series with complete transcript.
Running time: 40 minutes, 18 seconds.
Just the nature of the beast. It's what happens in our story. The story is about a woman who goes to a well to draw water wanting to be by herself. At least that's my take on the story. She wants to be there by herself. And low and behold she runs into Jesus. And that can be just a little troubling if you're not ready.
Our text is John Chapter 4. I want to set the context for you just a little bit in the gospel of John. John's gospel, as you know, is a story about a lot of encounters between people and Jesus. John Chapter 3, the story of Nicodemus. John Chapter 4, the woman at the well. The latter part of John Chapter 4, Jesus and the official's son. John Chapter 9, the story of Jesus and a man born blind. And the stories are endless of Jesus encountering people at some particular point in their life.
But John's gospel is more than just the story of encounter. John's gospel is the story of people's transformation, how they move from where they are to where they end up. Sometimes for the better. Not always.
But in John Chapter 3 you're introduced to Nicodemus who comes to Jesus by night. By John Chapter 7 he is already beginning to defend Jesus and to come to Jesus' aid in a controversy. By John Chapter 19 Nicodemus is one of the two men willing to step forward, Jewish leaders willing to step forward and claim the body of Jesus. There has been an enormous transformation in his name.
The same is true in John Chapter 9. When you look at the story of the man born blind, it comes all the way from, I don't know who this guy was, all I know is I was blind and now I see, all the way through this process of beginning to chide the leaders, do you think he might be the Messiah, do you want to follow him, too, and finally coming to the place that he recognizes Jesus as the Messiah.
That's John's gospel. John's gospel is the story of the transformed encounter. When people come into contact with Jesus, they are brought face to face with who they are, and there is an opportunity for them to grow and be transformed in their faith. It's the whole point of the gospel. In fact, if you went to the very last chapter -- don't lose John 4 because we are coming back, but if you went to the very end of the book to nearly the last chapter, John Chapter 20, where this statement is made about why John wrote the book at all. He says in Verse 30, "Jesus did many other miraculous signs in the presence of his disciples which are not recorded in this book. But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the son of God, and that by believing you might have life in his name."
The whole point of writing John's gospel in the first place was to tell the story of Jesus in such a way that people would encounter him, be drawn to him, and have their lives absolutely totally changed, transformed.
That's what we run into in this particular gospel. It is set up for us in John 3:36, and then we move right into the story. You know, and I don't need to remind you, that no text of scripture is ever there. What I mean by that, they are never where they are by accident. The Holy Spirit didn't just somehow kind of pull things together and stick them in at random. Every text is where it is for a reason, and, therefore, every text that comes before it and every text that comes after it serves a purpose.
So before you get to John Chapter 4, the story of this woman who goes out to draw water, you have to get through John Chapter 3, and the very last verse in John 3 says, "Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life." Do you hear it? That's the point of John's gospel. "Whoever believes in the son has eternal life, but whoever rejects the son will not see life, for God's wrath remains on him."
Now you've got this contrast between believers and unbelievers, and now suddenly you are walking right into a story about a woman who encounters Jesus, and it is a fascinating encounter when you look at it. Let's take it in pieces, John Chapter 4. Let's just read a part of it. Starting with John Chapter 4, Verse 1, "The Pharisees heard that Jesus was gaining and baptizing more disciples than John, although, in fact, it was not Jesus who baptized, but his disciples. When the Lord learned of this, he left Judea and he went back once more to Galilee."
Now, before I read any further, you all know geography well enough to know that in Israel it's Galilee, Samaria, and Judea, and over here on the right side of your map there is the Sea of Galilee and then there is the Jordan River and then there is Dead Sea down here at the bottom. Now, any good Jew would never go through Samaria to get from Judea to Galilee. They would take their trouble to cross over the Jordan River, go up the other side, and then back across into Galilee. They would rather spend time in Gentile territory than in Samaritan territory. The Samaritans were half-breeds. The Samaritans were the product of the Assyrian captivity, and they were a despised race of people.
So the next line in this particular text is really critical. Verse 4, "He had to go through Samaria." No, he didn't. There was nothing geographically that required him to go there because that was not the route the Jews took. But the text says, "He had to go." Well, why did he have to go? This is a word that occurs in our new testament that is consistently communicating that this is divine necessity. He is going because God has insisted that he go. He had to go because of divine encounter.
"He came to a town in Samaria called Sychar," Verse , "near the plot of ground that Jacob had given to his son Joseph. Jacob's well was there, and Jesus, tired as he was from the journey, sat down by the well. It was the sixth hour." It's noon. "When a Samaritan woman came to draw water, Jesus said to her, 'Will you give me a drink?' Parentheses, Verse 8, his disciples had gone into town to buy food. The Samaritan woman said to him, 'You are a Jew, and I am a Samaritan woman.'"
Those, by the way, are loaded terms, okay. He is Jewish. She is Samaritan. That already is a problem. He is a man. She is a woman. That compounds the problem. He is a Rabbi. He is a teacher. The garment would have showed you that. She'd have recognized it, and she knows, though she doesn't know that he knows, she's a sinner. Did you follow that? She knows that she is a sinner. She doesn't know that he knows that she's a sinner, but she is going to find out soon enough. So she asks this question, "'How can you ask me for a drink?' Parentheses again, Jews do not associate with Samaritans."
And here you have this really fascinating and unusual encounter. Mark Scott calls this in his sermon that he preached a year ago at the missionary convention, the wrong place at the wrong time. It's just a terrible thing to run into a preacher, particularly if you are trying to hide something, because you just are really convinced he knows. Most of the time we don't, but don't tell anybody. We'd like to keep you thinking we do.
This is a little side bar. I don't want to make more out of it than the text makes out of it, and since the text doesn't even mention it, I'm not going to say much. There is only one way from the town to the well, and the disciples have gone into town to get food, and the woman has come out of town in order to draw water. Guess who passed each other on the road? Not a mention that the disciples even saw her. I have a question about that. If I remember, I'll ask it.
So the woman comes. She comes to the well. Why? Well, ostensibly to draw water. But if you would take a look in your bible at the place of wells, you'd recognize that all kinds of things happen at wells. Business gets conducted at wells. Covenants are signed at wells. Romance occurs at wells. Marriage proposals occur at wells. Wells are the places where you send a nephew to find a mate for a son. So you do at least have to wonder what she is doing, though I think because she has come to draw water, the text says that's what she is there for, but you do wonder what's going on in her head.
Now, why noon? You all know this is Israel. You all know your geography well enough to know that at noon in Israel it's hot. You don't draw water at noon. It's way too hot. Noon is my favorite part of the day. Aside from eating, it's the time for a nap. It's siesta time, particularly in a hot, dirty, dusty climate. You are not going out to draw water at noon. You are going to sit down and take a nap at noon so that you can work in the cool of the evening.
The women always went together as a group. They went early in the morning and they went late in the evening, and they went in a group because they, A, wanted company, they wanted to chat, and, B, they wanted to be safe. They didn't go alone because of just the shear idea of not being by yourself.
She is there at noon. There are two reasons that are real legitimate options. One, she wants to be alone or, two, she has nobody to go with her. Maybe nobody wants to be seen with her. You don't know why yet unless you've read ahead, but there are reasons why that might be true. Here is where the cultural issues come into play. She doesn't expect anything to happen. She doesn't even want anything to happen. You note the shock in her voice. You, a man, Jewish, you're asking me, a Samaritan woman, for something to drink? What an odd encounter. Divine encounter. That's what's so interesting about them, isn't it, how often God puts us in divine encounters?
Have you ever had those moments when you would just as soon be left alone, and here God sticks you right in the middle of a conversation you don't want to be in, but you know you are there because God has chosen you to be there at that particular moment? You sat down on the plane and what you wanted to do was read your book or go to sleep, and the next thing you know some guy sits down beside you and says, where are you going, what are you doing, what do you want to talk about? Nothing. But you know that that's not an option, because they are there for a reason.
His name was Glen. He asked me the most profound question I think I have ever been asked on an airplane other than, what are you doing here, where are you going, where have you been? His story was this. Every Sunday night I slip into a little chapel and there is a guy there and he is talking about somebody named Jesus. Do you know anything about him? My response was, no. Can I go to sleep? I'm kidding. I wonder if it wouldn't be wise for all of us, all of us to be more diligent and more intentional about praying that God would open up those divine opportunities, that we would be sensitive to the woman at the well, someone that we might otherwise overlook, somebody that we might walk right past on the way and never see, that God would make us attuned, attentive to opportunity.
Jesus tired as -- did you hear that in the text? Jesus sat down at the well because he was tired. He is human. He has traveled. He is weary. What he wants to do is be left alone. He didn't go into town to buy groceries with the guys. He said, you go into town. I'm going to sit here by the well and rest. And the woman shows up, and what does he do? He said, would you please go away? No. Can I have a drink of water?
Well, the text goes on. Verse 10, "Jesus said, 'If you knew the gift of God and who it is that asks you for a drink, you would have asked him and he would have given you living water.'" By the way, living water in a Jewish situation would have been running water, alive water. It's moving. It's clean. It's fresh. It's not well water, but living water. A little play on words here, all right?
"'Sir,' the woman said, 'you've got nothing to draw with, and the well is deep.'" Boy, you can see she just missed it, didn't she? You talk about just absolutely having it go over your head. "'Are you greater than our father Jacob who gave us this well who drank from it himself as did his sons and his flocks and his herds?' And Jesus answered, 'Everyone who drinks this water will be thirsty again, but whoever drinks the water I give him will never thirst. Indeed the water I give him will become in him a spring of water welling up to eternal life.' And the woman said, 'Sir, give me this water so I won't have to get thirsty again and I won't have to keep coming out here to draw water.'" She is still missing the point. This is some kind of water that she will just never have to bother to come back out here with her bucket.
"So Jesus says, 'Go call your husband and then come back.' And she said, 'I don't have one.' In fact, what she really says is, husband no have. That's the literal translation. Up to this point she has been pretty talkative. She has had a lot to say. Tell me about this water, give me some more of that water, I want water. You don't have any water. She actually she has been quite conversive until he says, go call your husband. And she says, husband no have. Can we change the subject, please?
"Jesus says, 'You're right when you say that you have no husband. The fact is you've had five husbands. The man that you now have is not your husband. What you have just said is true.' And she said, 'Sir, I perceive you're a prophet. How did you know what was going on in my life?'"
Well, the thing that is fascinating to me about this particular section of this text is what I want to try to make the most important part of this whole story for you today. Do you notice Jesus' rather truthful response? She is coming looking to just draw water and go home, and what we are going to see as she interacts in this story is that one of the things that she would really like is for Jesus just simply to accept her. She is going to talk about worship, she was going to talk about a lot of stuff, and I think what she is looking for is Jesus simply to nod his head and say, it's all okay. And he doesn't. He says, you've had five husbands and you're living with a man now that's not your husband, and she knows that that's not good.
It's that truthful response that is so incredibly powerful about this text and so instructive, because all of us -- I am convinced that all of us tend to want to respond to people in a way that is inoffensive. We don't want to cause anybody any anxiety. We don't want to cause too much trouble. We don't want to be hard on people. We'd like to soften people's response. If our wives say to us, does this make us look fat, we pause for no longer than that and say, huh-uh, because we know better. If it did, we couldn't say so, not and live. At least not and eat. We don't want to hurt anybody's feelings. We don't want to encounter anybody harshly.
And I don't say that Jesus is harsh. I'm just telling you that Jesus is truthful here. He tells him the truth. That's a struggle today, because our culture has lost sight of that. We don't like to talk about truth. We don't want to be encountered by truth. We want a world where if it suits you, that's fine, and if it suits me, that's good, and as long as we both feel good about the way that we feel, then everything will be okay. And if you like it this way, then that's fine; and if we like it this way, then that's fine.
I watched T.V. just a little bit last night after the thing that we did here, whatever that was. I've lost it all. It was an interview between New Hampshire's first gay preacher in the Episcopal church, and there was a guy asking him questions about the truthfulness of scripture. And the guy's response was classic. Don't tell me I don't believe in the bible. I believe in the bible. The bible speaks to me, but God isn't done talking and he is still speaking to me, and what he has told me is -- and do you hear it? It's the cultural value that says truth for you is fine, I don't care if you believe in that truth, I don't care, believe it, honor it, but I have a truth of my own, and I want to believe my truth. And as long as I believe my truth and you believe your truth and we don't harm each other, then everybody's happy.
The problem is there is a truth in scripture that is really troubling. It's reflected in John 3:36. It's repeated in John 14:6. "Nobody comes to the father except through me." That's a hard truth. People don't want to hear it. And Peter repeats it in Acts Chapter 4 when he says, "There is no other name given by men whereby men may be saved than the name of Jesus." It isn't possible to be saved outside of a personal relationship with Jesus, and that's a truth that has to be said, but nobody wants to offend anybody. They say, that's okay, you just believe what you want to believe.
Wouldn't you rather be told the truth, really, now, honest? Wouldn't you rather be told the truth? You go to the doctor and you got a problem, and you go into his office. What do you want him to tell you, everything's fine, go home, take a couple of aspirin, and you die three days later? No. You go to the doctor, what do you want him to say? As harsh as it is, you want him to say, your problem is you've got, and here is how we can deal with it. Isn't that far better? Wouldn't we really rather have that in the long run? Maybe you're not nodding your head yes. So I'll just give you my statement. Tell me the truth. When I show up in your office, I want the truth. I have a friend who died because a doctor didn't tell him the truth about his cancer, didn't want to hurt his feelings, thought it would be a little harsh and hard for him to take. Well, it was hard for him to take. He died from it. In my opinion, the doctor ought to have got sued. My friend's family was way nicer than I was. I want the truth. And that's just about my health. If I want the truth about my health, which is a temporary thing, no matter what, then wouldn't I want the truth about that which is eternal so at least I had an opportunity to make the right choice? I mean, I can still say no if I want to, but at least I'd like to have the option.
Do you see the transformation in this woman? She comes, and there is a man at the well, a Jewish man at the well, who soon becomes sir, and then prophet, and then, could you be the Christ? To which Jesus says for one of the 19 times that he says it in the gospel of John. Egohim (phonetic). I Am. By the way, for those of you who recognize that, yes, that's Exodus Chapter 3, God's name, I Am.
The fascinating thing is after this woman goes back into town in the latter part of our text, the people she talks to not only move from man to prophet to Messiah, they move all the way to, we believe that you are the savior of the world. You talk about transformation. Wow. That's the power of the story, the power of her witness, which starts in the verses that we just read. And she runs back into town and she tells everybody about this man who knew everything there was about her.
Now, that should have been an interesting conversation. People would have perked up their ears on that one. This woman is not in that big a town and she has had five husbands. So you think that probably didn't get a little attention? And she is living with somebody who isn't her husband, and she comes roaring back into town. Wherever she went into, the County Market or wherever she was, she had everybody's attention. She says, you got to come see this guy. He knows everything there is to know about me.
So they are going to go out and they are going to listen, and the whole city gets interested in Jesus. And when you come down to the end of our text, Verse 39, "Many of the Samaritans from that town believed in him because of the woman's testimony. So when the Samaritans came to him, they urged him to stay, and he stayed for two days. And because of his words many more became believers. They said to the woman, 'We no longer believe just because of what you said. Now we have heard for ourselves and we know that this man really is the savior of the world.'"
It's the power of story. It's the power of your story to be able to say to people, this is what God has done in my life, and have them move from believing you to believing Him. That's the challenge. Not to call attention to ourselves, but to use the story of God's intersection with our life to be able to help other people intersect with God's life, and you have that story. You have that story in you, and it can be powerful and effective.
I want you to hear one of those stories this morning. Brent has been hanging out here for the last year and a half or so. Many of you know him. And I've asked him to come and just talk a bit about his story. BRENT: Well, when you think about telling your story with people, one of the things that you start with is, boy, what do I include and what do I not include, and, where do I start? And one place to start is just simply owning the fact of my decisions that I made. I can look back on my life, and I can see things that happened in some circumstances that led me down a path, but ultimately the decisions were mine that I made, and so I can't lay the blame at anybody else's feet. Another thing to start with is just the simple fact that a lot of the things that I did were painful and hurtful to a lot of people, first and foremost my family, and so out of respect for them a lot of what I will talk about will be rather generic, but I think the point will still get across, and I don't want to bring anymore embarrassment to them nor my wife.
I was a believer at a relatively young age. About eight and a half I was baptized. I know even at that young age I was doing things in my mind that I thought were really right. I was trying to live for Jesus at a young age, but yet as chronological time passed I did not grow spiritually. I was the youngest of three boys, and so I have the advantage, you might say, of observing what they did and kind of putting things together. And over the course of time I became real adept at being deceitful and sneaky, and I had the trust of people. I knew enough that I could put forward a good face in public. I could be a good student. I could be respectful toward my parents and authority figures, and so there is really no glaring things that people had to look at to be leery of me.
To make things a little bit shorter I wound up in high school, and I was just thoroughly involved in the party scene, every single weekend doing things that I'm not proud of at all. And I remember it was fall of my senior year and it was just going into it and I started to feel some guilt over the things that I had been doing just out of the blue, and it bothered me. Not so much that the guilt bothered me. It's just that I didn't want to feel guilty because I wanted to continue what I was doing because I was enjoying it. And I even talked to one of my friends. I said, Chris, you know, I'm really thinking of just giving all this up and changing my life. But it was my senior year and I really wanted to enjoy that time, and so I didn't.
A few weeks later what I thought was my conscience was no longer bothering me, and at the time I was just glad because I could continue to do what I was doing and not feel any guilt. But looking back on that now I see that that was a very dangerous time for me.
I graduated, and then I made plans to attend junior college, and other than that I was just really aimless in my life. I didn't have any plans or anything like that. I always was involved in sports and had jobs, so it's not like I was doing nothing, but yet I had no direction in my life. And over the course of the summer after I graduated from high school the things that I was enjoying doing just started to become more extreme and more extreme. I started to get into a little bit of trouble with the law, and then coming home from junior college my freshman year on a Friday evening I went into a home football game, and it was at that football game where the foundation that I had been building my life upon at that point started to crumble all around me.
At halftime I went out to my pickup, I was going to meet some friends in the parking lot, and I got assaulted out in the parking lot by two men I had never seen before in my life. They had assaulted me, and in their mind they were doing the right thing. They were paying me back for something I had done earlier toward the end of the summer. And it's at that point where this web of deceit and lies that I had been spinning for years and years and years started to choke and suffocate me, and here I was facing surgery due to being assaulted in the parking lot.
There is rumors flowing rampant all around town about what I had and had not done. And so myself and two of my friends we turned ourselves into the police, and we started a lengthy dealing with lawyers and the police and all these things trying to reduce some rather substantial charges that had been brought against us.
And I'd like to tell you that I learned my lesson, I straightened out at that point, but I didn't. Just over two months later I was arrested for a DUI. And it's interesting because when you are sitting in a jail cell, whether you are sober or whether you are intoxicated, you have some time to think about things. And I don't know a whole lot about the legal system, but I do know that I was fortunate to have the two major offenses that I committed, at least were on record, happen in separate counties. Things are being held up in court, and so I was not yet on parole, and somehow things just kind of bypassed each other in the legal process.
And I'd like to tell you that I learned my lesson there with having to go through surgery, seeing all the anguish that I was putting my family through, but I didn't change. I wised up a little bit, and I realized that, my goodness, lawyer fees and court restitution and fines, those things are expensive. And so I changed a few of the things I did, but pretty much I was just still in the same scene week in and week out.
And there are a lot of things that started to happen that started bringing me back to faith. Many I can point to. One was just simply my mother standing before me and crying and asking if she wanted my niece to grow up wondering where her uncle was because he is in prison. And now I have three nieces and two nephews, and to miss out on their lives I just can't imagine that. I shared with you that at the beginning of my senior year I was starting to feel guilty. I thought that was my conscience, but what really happened, and I found this out after the fact, that there was a lot of people praying for me, my friends particularly.
They went to CIY that summer. I didn't go. I never went to those when I was growing up. And they were praying for me earnestly that I would come back to Jesus. And so what was really happening was the Holy Spirit was prompting me, and I just ignored it. And I still don't grasp the severity of that, but to no longer have the Holy Spirit prompting a person is rather significant and severe.
Well, it got to the point where I was starting to make some progress, and I came to the conclusion that I just simply couldn't keep the friends I had. I had to do something different. And so I got a job as a substitute teacher and I moved out and I moved back home. My parents took me back in. And I alienated myself from those friends. And it's something I still wrestle with today because I don't have contact with them anymore, but I didn't think I was strong enough as a person to be their friend and not be wrapped up in what we had been doing.
Over the course of time I started helping out with my high school youth group back in my home church. I started working with the FCA being a sponsor for that, and then over the summer I was asked to go as an adult sponsor to a Christ in Youth conference, and so I went. That's the first time I had ever been to one of those, and it just blew my mind. I was already growing in my faith and I was trying and making progress, but I saw things and I experienced things that weekend that were just out of this world to me. I didn't know you could gather that many christians in one place. I didn't know you could experience worship like that. I heard God's word explained in ways I looked at my bible that I just started reading recently, are they preaching out of the same thing that I'm reading out of, because this is just unreal?
I began to see the need for people to hear the truth of God's word. And I left that conference just thoroughly confused. I was on a spiritual high like I had never had before, but yet I was confused, because I was starting to feel things that I had been ignoring for awhile, and I was wondering, was God calling me into ministry somehow?
I had already made commitments to a college. I was only two weeks out from having to report for practice and things, and so I didn't think I could get out of the agreement, and I went there. But even before classes started, I was checking into transferring to Manhattan Christian College. I'm glad I went there. I wound up meeting my wife Melissa there. I transferred to Manhattan Christian College, and just through a series of things I was becoming more in tune with God. I can look back and I can see initially it was just a hunger for God, and it just led to one more thing and one more thing. I started serving my home church as the youth group minister, and then I got married and graduated and served a church in Salina, and now we've been here since February of ?.
And I think back on all that, and it just blows my mind. I can't hardly believe the progress that I've made. I still have a long ways to go, I realize that, but a person whose life and whose past is so messed up -- there is so much that I didn't share. Perhaps on a more individual basis we can, but, you know, some stuff you just don't want to say in front of a lot of people. But that's the beauty of the God that we serve. We serve a God who is a redeeming God, who can take people where they are at, no matter what they've done, and can redeem their past for his glory.
And so now I find myself when I talk to people I really don't like to talk so much about what I've done, but about the fact of what has happened through me. And it's not really just my story, although there is some value in that, and it's not just your story, although there is value in that, but ultimately our story is a part of His story. And that's what really matters. Because when it comes down to it, the story of the redemption of human kind, that's the story that I want to tell and share with people.
CHUCK SACKETT: The worship team is going to come, and we are going to sing and we are going to move to a place in our life where we simply say to God, we want our story to be your story. I trust that that's true for you, that what you really want in life is for your story and God's story to run parallel to one another, that you represent him and he works in you and changes people's lives. Because ultimately what really matters isn't us. It's Him. And as long as our story stays our story, it really doesn't make much difference; but when our story becomes His story, then neighbors and friends and family can never escape the truth. They have to look at it all the time. That is worth submitting yourself to him to accomplish.
This sermon has been viewed 36030 times. | 2019-04-19T23:07:39Z | http://sermons.madisonparkchurch.com/459-looking-for-approval-receiving-truthfulness.htm |
[Image: An installation of work by photographer JR on the walls of a Rio favela].
"Undercover photographer" JR – who makes "photo galleries out of our streets" by exhibiting his work in public, as posters – has taken his exhibition strategy a step further. "What is at stake here," he writes, referring to this change in tactic, "is the assessment of the possibilities of intervention in different environments."
Amongst these environments are the favelas of Rio de Janeiro – however, here, these "possibilities of intervention" clearly include more opportunities for his work to gain greater exposure.
[Image: Work by JR in Rio].
I have a variety of reactions to this.
My first thought upon seeing these photos was actually that it was quite an interesting visual transformation of the favela. The realization that the Cubist surfaces of a mountain subcity might be transformed, through fragmentary glimpses of representational art – these shard-like pieces of larger works that only add up from certain angles, as if in parallax – seems to be a discovery worth taking further.
However, at least two problems open up here: are you visually transforming the ghetto so that those who live in the city below no longer have to look up and see themselves surrounded by blight? They will see, instead, a hot new contemporary artist on display?
Or could you visually augment the favela in a way that positively impacts both the self-image of, and the quality of life for, the people living there while not erasing the presence of that ghetto from the visual awareness of the central city dwellers? Perhaps there could even be something that looks, I might say, just as bad from the outside, but that nonetheless benefits the people living within.
So the question is: who is this art really for?
Because there's actually a third player involved in all of this: the international art market, where these sorts of guerrilla exhibition strategies now increase one's chances of canonization (and coverage on blogs).
Less critically, though, I'm also curious here about the use of representational art.
So often we've seen the walls of favelas repainted with primary colors and such like, in an attempt to beautify or, to be more sinister about it, visually correct an otherwise offensive built environment. However, using the faceted hillsides of a favela as a kind of gemlike canvas for representational art actually seems to open up more interesting possibilities.
Could you paint, or glue a poster of, all 200,000+ frames from a new film onto the surfaces of distant buildings? And treat the city as a kind of cinematic installation, a cubist filmography in which walking around is a form of experiential editing? You could live inside a fight scene, or in the closing credits.
Or perhaps you could hike to the top of Buena Vista Park here in San Francisco and look out toward the high-rises of downtown – and see a photograph, installed anamorphically across the rooftops of different buildings, only correctly visible from this precise location (but what if that photo... is a Coke ad?).
Perhaps the future of Cubism is not in some painter's studio somewhere but in the ten million unexplored, minor surfaces of the city.
I'm reminded here of the (admittedly abstract) work of Felice Varini – and wondering what he might do, given a hillside with ten thousand surfaces all visible from multiple angles.
Finally, though, there are the eyes: in these images, you are being looked at in return. But who is meant to identify with this? Are these the eyes of the favela dwellers looking out upon a city they cannot access, as if to shame those more privileged residents? Or, as the poor wander home at night up steep streets, are these the eyes of the world looking down at them in judgmental scrutiny?
Again, though, there is a third class of people involved here. Perhaps these eyes aren't looking at the favela at all, and they aren't looking down at the city below.
They are looking out at the international art market, hoping for coverage in magazines and blogs, looking for their real, intended audience: the people who will see these photographs, at home, around the world. The city is merely their blank wall and host.
Cheers on the post. Speaking personally, the reason I did graffiti was because I wanted attention on my own terms. I wasn't trying to draw attention to social conditions, or modern urban dynamics- I did it for myself, full stop. Can't speak for what this guy thinks he's doing, but I have the feeling that you've probably got this guy pegged. Selfishness on a grand scale is still selfishness.
"However, using the faceted hillsides of a favela as a kind of gemlike canvas for representational art actually seems to open up more interesting possibilities." There was a project in circa 2002 in Puerto Rico where an artist (Chemi Rosado Seijo) got an entire community to paint their houses various tones of green. It turned out pretty well and well-received, I think. Exhibited quite a bit.
Just because someone comes up with an interesting enough idea that it's worth covering beyond the city itself does not necessarily mean one's intentions are for international fame and fortune - while some may be, but this could have easily have been a coke advertisement, the key is that it isn't. Instead it's the portraiture of the residents behind the walls. This project has been around for a while, sure the artist has a book now, but should we tell anyone who's ideas which meet a larger audience and tries to connect with that audience that they are only interested in getting their name published? Or are they genuinely interested in the work? I would submit it's the work, it cannot be easy to get a community to en mass install portraits across their already geographically undulating neighborhood, survey the canvases print them, etc.
Should we say that a certain blog author is only in search of notoriety and sales of his soon to be published book? No, it is evident that it is the desire to work which drives said author! If blog author derives gain and more widespread coverage because the ideas and text are well founded, enticing and imaginative, such that they're spread is a worthwhile experience to others - such the better.
Further inspection of the project in Rio reveals most of the images are those of women, perhaps from the neighborhood, offering an even further layer of meaning or commentary in their silent eyes.
Just because you might become well known for doing something is not a reason to not get well known for doing something.
That said, I think intention is the last on the list of things one can tell from art.
Not that you might not be right--but I wonder what they people who live in the houses think. Were they paid? Or was it amazing for them to get to say "I live in the giant left eye house"? How does it feel to peer out of that giant pupil every day, and know the whole city is looking back at you?
The life-span of a blog post or an art book is short--but now somebody lives in that house, every day.
Or is a slum only a canvas? Ghettos exist for our interpretation (on a blog) only?
The projects can be subject to critique as art, without reference to the artist's stated intent, just as the "work" and or "event."
The projects also can be subject to critique as social commentary. In this case the artist has presented them in conjunction with social/political commentary on an internet site for the work.
The project further raises some of the issues about architecture that are raised by graffiti. Posting on the BLDG blog blog invites this area of discussion.
These aspects of potential critique may naturally overlap or can be overlaid experimentally.
The complexity of the critique or potential for critique suggests that the project is at least an effective "intervention," creating another layer of event, another situation which has both a political and an art precedent especially in French modern art.
This critique also talk about money making and context : social and economic injustices.
Talking about injustices is one step, tring to resolve and denounce them is an other step.
Where do all the money created by this "contectual art intervention" goes?
Where do this money have to go? or where do this money can eventually go in order that this intervention don t deny the context?
It's quite possible that it may be "Rocinha" in Rio de Janeiro.
Favelas are becoming a kind of simulacrum, that are used for artists, architects and poets, to drawn their thoughts. It´s allwright, bur favelas are bad environments. They are violent TOO, because of the space they provide: no sun, no play, no privacy.
Given elaboration on the JR website, one possible interpretation of the work is as continuation of, or parody of, the projects of the Marxist Situationist International group. JR claims the work has something to do with the plight of women in conditions of war and poverty. The web site suggests participation by residents and victims. It may be useful to consider the projects in light of Guy Debord's, Report on the Construction of Situations:"Our central idea is the construction of situations, that is to say, the concrete construction of momentary ambiences of life and their transformation into a superior passional quality";and Simon Sandler, "The Situationist City." I suggest that, as with any work of art, critique requires viewing of the work itself or, at least, reliance on accounts of those who have seen the work or event. Discussion of the web accounts and reactions to web presentations is another realm.
A separate set of issues: the consideration of relationships between the representation of space in art and in architecture. Robin Evans had some critical things to say on the latter in "Translations from Drawing to Building." I think BLDG blog raises pertinent issues with reference to Felice Varini and anamorphic perspective. The JR photos are nearly orthographic projections.
Previous JR projects – photographs of French ghetto residents pasted on their tower blocks, portraits of Palestinian and Israeli residents pasted either side of the dividing wall, etc. – seem to make a similar, and perhaps pertinent point: that a city's identity is made up of more than its architecture.
Thanks for sharing this about JR, and also for everyone's rich commentary. I've posted a longer response over at http://immanence.blog.uvm.edu, the gist of which is that JR's photography is an instance of a growing globalism among artists, some of whom are first world liberals, but an increasing number of whom are of third world or ghetto origins, upwardly-mobile but nevertheless broadening the audience for art, film, and music.
The question this kind of work leaves me with is: Is there something shared emerging between the gaze of those viewing the art (directly or mediated by the internet and/or art world) and those portrayed in it? What's the potential for that to happen? I think with JR there is more of it, partly because he's black (Franco-Tunisian), than, say, with Matt Harding of the famous "Happy people dancing on Earth" video. But these kinds of interactions will only increase as the world becomes more digitally mediated, so the ethical questions they raise will have to get thought through in all their permutations. Thanks, Geoff, for raising them.
I have seen another work by this artist, it's a similar idea but the photos are printed on waterproofing material, and are attached to the roofs of the buildings. Although the above work maybe more visually striking, I prefered the other work as it not only looks great but also helps the people living in the buildings.
I hesitate to call anything on such a grand public scale selfish.
Even if the person has crass motivations, it is something shared with such a huge amount of people.
I think a lot of people want to be famous just so they will be listened to - maybe that's ok when they have something interesting to say?
If we can ascribe a function to art today, it is one that can generate some sort of awareness, another "gaze". Of course we all want any project, art or otherwise, to be ethically inscribed in a larger project of social change, but our individual powers are limited and we should each contribute with what we can offer. JR's project, to me, is partly about throwing the gaze back at us, and questioning the way we look at favelas, and poverty in general, as 'part of the landscape'.
By activating the counter-gaze with the means he has at hand which are photography as urban intervention, this is already causing a change in perception, even if it is ephemeral in nature. It is a sort of 'appropriation' of a surface, a surface that is already charged with its own symbols and meanings and taking (good) advantage of the visibility of that immense canvas to bring to light a symbolic relationship with the images as they are positioned. Yes, it could have been a coke ad, but if it were a coke ad we would all be enraged at how big corporations and the media are 'privatizing' public space and about how the media is out-of-control-evil and oh-there-are-no-limits-to-the-media.
With advertising, the issue becomes one of exploitation of those people and of those façades. The heated debate generated, especially in Brazil where a law has been passed in neighboring São Paulo in 2007 against 'visual' pollution in the form of ad billboards, would definitely not escape public opinion and would definitely fall into the politics of private commodification of the favela "surfaces".
The beauty of art, if we can elevate a contemporary definition of beauty to something beyond the mere contemplation of the 'sublime', is that it has a permission to 'occupy space' for a so-called noble cause, and not do so in the interests of a corporation which would then urge to jump to our guns in protest.
So what if the artist gains great visibility? What real social change does art caged in a museum actually cause? Art in the museum can, at best, stand as tokens of representation of ulterior realities, but they dialogue with 'empty space' and sometimes among themselves and consequently with the 'institution' of museums as the cathedrals of "good" sanctioned art. Contemporary art is as much about questioning these stale representations and the art-corporation as they are about being inserted in the fabric of everyday lived experience thankfully outside the museum (and this is not a new idea). The whole movement of Land Art and site-specificity was exactly this notion that art also needs to relate to something that is not itself, that famous "otherness" so often referred to in the theoretical circles, in this case engaging in a dialogue with existing architecture already charged with its own meanings, and yes, the guilt, horror, pity that the sight of a favela generates. The counter-gazing works because it specifically draws attention to something that we do not want to face, to a place where we would never go, towards people who are, to the eyes of the well-to-do, statistics of social blight. Everytime poverty comes into the mixture, so does the term 'exploitation' or 'denial'. I think this artistic intervention doesn't exploit nor deny, it uses the shacks as a surface for activating social and visual participation - a more current way of both practicing and viewing and discoursing about art.
But JR's move is by no means isolated in history, culture or context. Wasn't it precisely in the favelas that the consecrated Brazilian artist Helio Oiticica had his great revelations about fusing art with life? Wasn't it exactly with the expression of samba and the cubist organicity of the favela that provided him with the perfect 'concrete' environment to his performatic wearable ritual mantles (parangolés)? This work is not isolated as an urban intervention in Rio either. For many years, and I am a witness of that, there have been many artist initiatives to occupy urban space (whereas in many other places in the world this is not necessarily done in such a scale) and treating the city as a place of artistic discourse, albeit ephemerally. Even politicians have constantly wished to intervene aesthetically in the favelas by painting the houses green as to camouflage the shacks into nature (naturally received by public opinion as a bad joke) or painting them white to resemble Greek coastal villages, or even painting them in several colors so as to raise the self-esteem of local communities. Rio citizens heavily criticize this kind of demagogy as "make-up" public works that seems to push the dirt under the carpet. Point taken. But in some cases, this surface treatment may very well begin to raise the self-esteem of the community and generate a well-being that begins to create an 'order' that may very well unfold into other less visual yet tangible results in the long-run.
But JR is not a politician, he is an artist and his project has to be viewed as art first and politics later. I enjoy JR's intervention because it is a bold move to change perception in many levels, and it necessarily comes with an 'author' - why not? The author in this case means that the artist has control over his project, outcome and reception. To involve a team of collaborators and 'sign' a work of art as an author (or better, as the proponent) is older than Michelangelo or Giotto, you name it. The interesting part is to offer this as a site-specific proposition in which the image (and not just any image) is inscribed on the landscape and who knows if the favela dwellers themselves might not develop the proposition into further to include its own images, its own counter-gaze?
JR's work is definitely different in the sense that he has actually negotiated with the community to put up his works, and is not necessarily as guerrilla as we may think. To execute such a project necessarily includes, in terms of coherence and yes ethics, that such a component be taken into account. Otherwise, how?
With these images before us as we drive past them we open our eyes wide shut.
I enjoy JR's intervention because it is a bold move to change perception in many levels, and it necessarily comes with an 'author'. His work is not isolated as an urban intervention in Rio either. For many years, and I am a witness of that, there have been many artist initiatives to occupy urban space (whereas in many other places in the world this is not necessarily done in such a scale) and treating the city, which is a character in itself, as a canvas.
JR's work is definitely different in the sense that he has actually negotiated with the community to put up his works, and is not necessarily as guerrilla as we may think. To execute such a project necessarily includes, in terms of coherence and yes ethics, that such a component be taken into account.
But while I applaud the initiative and like the 'counter-gaze' aspect, I can't help but think that the images he put up are not exactly the gaze of the people who live in that community, they don't feel like Brazilian joyful eyes (yes, even the poor people in Brazil have energy and time for a smile). They rather reminded me of surrealistic avant-garde gaze such as Bunuel and Dali's eye-opening scene in Le Chien Andalou. That scene has strong psychoanalytic undertones about the awakening of perception to other dimensions of the self. JR open 'stares' (for that is not really a gaze)rather seem to want to open the perception of the 'other', or maybe what he is doing is just holding up a mirror to ourselves. What? Photographs on favela houses? How can it be possible? With these images before us, we open up our eyes wide shut.
One must insert himself in the current context of Brazil to understand that art better.
Even the painter may not be aware that he was caught by the moment subconsciously.
There is a sort of revival, recovery, of the favelas in Brazil by the current government which is represented by a former worker, i.e. he really represents the majority of people. This is not about appearances, but about education and training for that people.
Inserting art in the favelas not only valuates the dwellers who should feel prouder, in tune with this 6 years government or so, but also catches the attention to a rather deceptive scene from the city, changing the mood public's rejection against it.
Particularly I found it a lot bizarre, as well as the painter did the same with an icon of the city, the arcs of Lapa. But all this shows a change in Brazil's public conscience, in spite of the detractors.
This is my view from Australia.
Reminds me of the work of Felice Varini. | 2019-04-22T20:09:39Z | http://bldgblog.blogspot.com/2009/05/hills-have-eyes.html |
Hugh Oldham, a local boy who went on to become Bishop of Exeter, founded The Manchester Grammar School in 1515. He had the highest aspirations for MGS, and each year we fulfill his vision of being an academic school for boys of all backgrounds.
During the last 500 years, the School has evolved, and it has been the ability of the School to adapt and develop which has helped us to remain one of the country's outstanding academic schools.
Hugh Oldham was born around 1452 and spent his youth in medieval Manchester. Initially Oldham was educated in the home of Thomas Stanley, first Earl of Derby – whose wife, Countess Margaret Beaufort, took a keen interest in the education of young boys – and went on to study at Exeter College in Oxford and at Queens' College, Cambridge. Oldham prospered as one of the Countess's protégés, and was appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1504, some time after her son Henry VII's accession to the throne in 1485.
In 1511 Hugh Oldham, whilst listening to his ally Dean John Colet – founder of St Paul's School in London in 1509 – preach on the need for Reformation of the Church, sensed the swell of opinion against the old religion, the impending changes that were to culminate in the Reformation and the creation of a Protestant establishment in England.
Oldham was a visionary and when Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, asked his advice over setting up a charitable foundation to 'atone for the sins of like', Oldham urged him 'to provide for the increase of learning, and for such as who by their learning shall do good in the church and commonwealth.' He was not a Protestant Reformer, but he was a man of the renaissance, impatient with some decaying aspects of the old religion and though no scholar – Oldham was described as 'being a man of more zeal than knowledge, and more devotion than learning' – ready to embrace the New Learning. Corpus Christi College – the college he and Fox eventually founded at Oxford – was the first, either there or at Cambridge, to teach Greek. Fox also built and endowed schools at Taunton and Grantham.
Oldham was the principal benefactor to Corpus Christi contributing the huge sum of six thousand marks; he had had the foresight to use the wealth the ecclesiastical pluralism had brought to him to enrich the lives of the poor, in particular the poor of the county in which he was born. Importantly for MGS the seed was sown for a permanent and fruitful link between the College and the School, which continues to this day.
In 1515 when Hugh Oldham founded the Manchester Free Grammar School, Manchester constituted little more than a village; Salford was by far the larger town. However, education in Manchester did not start with Hugh Oldham's initiative as an embryo of the school he enriched had already been connected with the Collegiate church (now Manchester Cathedral) and some type of educational endowment probably dates back as far as the foundation of the church in 1420; links with the Cathedral are still maintained today.
At the time of the foundation of MGS, Henry VIII was on the throne and reigned until 1547.
The bill of costs for building the Grammar School, signed by Hugh Oldham, shows that the School at Long Millgate was completed by 28 August 1518 at a cost of £218 13s 5d. On behalf of Hugh Oldham, £5 of this amount was paid by clergyman, accountant and chaplain to the bishop, Hugh Bexwyke and his wife Joan, to George Trafford in 1516 "for site of school" and £112 4s 11d to the builders and constructors.
On 25 June 1519 Hugh Oldham died and six years later the School was given a new charter. The second charter constituted an entirely new form of government for the school giving it 12 lay trustees (known as Feoffees) who were to administer the revenues of the school. The High Master was to be appointed by Hugh and Joan Bexwyke, and after their death, by the president of Corpus Christi, Oxford.
The principal aim of this deed was 'the bringing up in learning, virtue and good manners' of the children of Lancashire…. so that they having pregnant wits have been for the most part brought up rudely and idley and not in virtue, cunning, erudition, literature, and good manners.' The aim was 'for a Free School there to be kept for evermore and to be called Manchester School'.
The deed of 1525 was more radical than Hugh Oldham's foundation charter in one other respect: now the president of Corpus was expressly forbidden to appoint a monk as High Master.
The first school admitted not just boys from Lancashire. Quite specifically no male child was to be excluded from any part of the country, provided he suffered from no contagious disease or infection, such as 'pox, leprosy, pestilence'. Each scholar donated a penny, which was given to two poor scholars – appointed by the High Master or usher – who would clean the building. No boy was allowed to bring any weapon or to eat food in the School, which started at 6:00 am (7:00 am in winter). Senior boys were expected to help the master and usher in teaching their younger fellows the alphabet and the rudiments of grammar. The regime was both educational and religious.
The plague in Manchester in 1605 killed around 20,000 people, including one of the School's masters.
John Rowlands, previously of Corpus Christi College, succeeded High Masters Edward Chetham and Thomas Clayton and was appointed to the position in 1616. He fell into dispute with the Feoffees and lost his position in 1630 due to his continual absences, although he stated in his letter that he "left a sufficient Deputy in my place…" and claimed … "I have committed no offence worthy of expulsion only with your leave I have endeavored to promote my selfe better… I pray be not offended if I make triall to recover my Schole by law if I cannot regain it by Love', although instead of running the School Rowland had preferred to serve as chaplain to Henry Montague, first Earl of Manchester, leaving the boys in the care of his brother.
However in 1638, the educational standards established by two subsequent High Masters, Brideoak and Painter, were enhanced by the appointment of John Wickes. A cultured, scholarly man and a fine teacher, Wickes also attracted to the School the sons of many of the leading Puritan families in the country and beyond.
During the Civil War period the Royalist High Master and Feoffees fled from Manchester causing the closure of the School. A document dated 1647 refers to the appointment by Parliament of new Feoffees and other records show the difficulties posted by the surviving Royalist governor, Sir Cecil Trafford, when he refused to acknowledge the parliamentary appointments on Charles II's restoration in 1660.
Trafford was allowed to appoint new Feoffees and the mills were wrested from John Hartley, a parliament man, and let to the more acceptable Sir Nicholas Mosley.
Sir Nicholas Mosley was a prosperous merchant, the first of the Mosley family to be Lord of the Manor of Manchester, and also one-time Lord Mayor of London. He and his brother had set up a business in woollen manufacture at a time when Manchester had a virtual monopoly on that industry.
The ability to send poor boys to university was aided by the Duchess of Somerset. In 1679 the Duchess set aside profits to maintain four scholars from Manchester Free School at Brasenose. In her will in 1686, she created scholarships at Brasenose College, Oxford and St John’s College, Cambridge to support poor scholars from Hereford, Marlborough and Manchester Grammar School. The Duchess particularly specified that her preferred scholars should be drawn from the counties of Lancashire, Cheshire and Hereford and somehow MGS managed to obtain most of the scholarships for its own pupils.
William (Hugh) Barrow was appointed as High Master in 1677. In 1690 school discipline broke down over the length of the Christmas holiday. The boys locked themselves in the School and the masters out. They secured the support of some townspeople who supplied them with food, firearms and ammunition enabling them to fire at the legs of anyone who tried to get inside the School. However, despite occasional acts of indiscipline, Hugh Barrow managed to uphold the high standards that had been achieved during the Commonwealth and Protectorate.
Petite School had now been introduced for the younger boys and by 1685 an extra master joined the High Master and the usher to care for them.
Despite the upheavals of the two decades between 1640 and 1660, 11 Manchester scholars went from MGS to Oxford and 55 to Cambridge for the most part to train for the Christian ministry. Until the Restoration most students stayed at Oxford and Cambridge for seven years, taking the BA degree after four and their MA three years later. By 1691 many students began to leave after four years.
The minutes of the Feoffees’ (now governors) meetings began in 1724 and are continuous up to the present day. Similarly, the Admissions Register begins in 1730, with information such as father’s name, occupation and town of residence. The series was interrupted from 1852 to 1860 but then continued also disclosing previous school and the boys’ annual grades of achievement at MGS.
The records contain evidence of some dissatisfaction with the incumbent High Master, Henry Brooke. Numbers of entrants to the School declined alarmingly under his reign – sometimes as few as five boys entered the School in any one year. Brooke had grown weary of the School and was hardly ever there.
In June 1743 the Feoffees felt obliged to reduce his annual salary from £200 to £10 and refused him access to the High Master’s house. The records of the minutes of the meeting in June 1743 show that "…. several persons have withdrawn their children from the sd school and sent them to other schools and whereas the sd Mr Brooke hath been admonished of such his Neglect but persists in absenting himself. Therefore the sd Feoffees have thought fit and do herby reduce his salary to the sum of ten pounds per annum…."
Brooke was stirred into action but the Feoffees remained cautious and only in June 1747 did they start paying him again. In October of that year he was given £490 back pay and was promised re-entry to the High Master’s house the following May. The School once again began to prosper. The School archives hold Rev Brooke’s unfinished School History. Other items in the eighteenth-century collection are Speech Day addresses, Stewards’ accounts and the agreement for rebuilding the School in 1776.
William Purnell (1749) who had been usher at the School for nearly 26 years, succeeded as High Master. By 1753 the School had increased its intake to 36 new boys a year and an increasing number of the nobility appeared in the School. Boys came from further field with half of them going on to university.
Purnell introduced literature into the school library and also expanded on the innovation of his predecessor – the introduction of Christmas plays. Manchester's first theatre opened in 1753, and he transferred the School Annual Speech day to this new venue. Six years later his pupils were performing classical and other plays in the theatre for their parents, relatives and friends. When William Purnell died in office aged 63 he had served the School for 41 years and left part of his property to the new Manchester Infirmary and the school at Newton to pay for the free education of 15 poor children.
Lawson always spoke to boys in the third person beginning with the phrase 'Psha, blockhead'. Deep down he was exceedingly caring with former pupils recalling acts of kindness and the School continued to flourish. By 1770 numbers had increased from 100 to 150 and in 1775 another assistant was employed. By 1784, 183 of the boys taught under Lawson's regime had gone on to university, where most of them shone.
Manchester, though technically still a town and not a city, was now undergoing a remarkable growth. By 1800 it had doubled in size since Lawson – now aged over 70 – became High Master of its Grammar School, and boasted a population of 84,000.
By 1800 the School had been divided into six classes: one Latin, one New Testament, three Bible, and two learning how to spell. Each class sat on strong, oaken benches and the first two groups were the only ones without desks.
Work began at 7:00 am and Lawson would frequently carry on teaching after 9:00 am, even though boys were expected to breakfast then, finishing in time to start work again at 9:30 am. At noon study ceased for three hours, after which the boys were again taught until 5:00 pm. Holidays were five weeks in summer and around Christmas, with breaks at Shrovetide and Easter.
The School twice went into decline in the 1800s, partly due to the dated methods of teaching – the new and large industrial class, along with the merchant class, increasingly clamoured for an education in modern languages and science, neither of which MGS was offering. The decline was also due to the changing demography of Manchester and its environs and radical political influences.
Lawson's successor, Jeremiah Smith (1807), constantly grappled with the problems of these changes. However, he was a good scholar and could keep the boys in order without beating them and is reputed to have used the cane only once in his career at Manchester.
Once more the roll of boys increased. At the beginning of the nineteenth century Oxford University had reformed its system of public examinations and pupil admissions and Smith had been quick to take advantage of this.
In 1839 the Whig Lord Cottenham decreed that no surplus funds should be devoted by the Feoffees to building any boarding houses for the masters or to support any old boy at university.
Fortunately the Whig ministry fell in 1841 and Lord Lyndhurst, a Tory and a brilliant scholar, deplored the notion that MGS might become a purely commercial academy. Unfortunately, the funds of the School were rapidly reducing. Revenue from the mills, reaching £2,500 in 1833 was less than £400 by 1863.
The Liberal Party took office again in 1846 and by 1849 Lord Cottenham succeeded merging MGS with the commercial school now known as the Manchester Free Grammar School.
The School now had to educate boys up to 18 or 19 who intended to go to university, alongside boys leaving at 13 or 14 requiring a far more rudimentary education and who would take up a commercial career.
High Master Walker joined the School in 1860 and managed the School until 1877. To read about his time at MGS please return to the main menu.
Samuel Dill, the last head of MGS to be appointed by the President of Corpus Christi, succeeded High Master Walker in 1877.
Governors replaced the Feoffees and ex officio governors were to be the mayors of Manchester and Salford. The President and the Dean were made governors by courtesy and this body appointed all future High Masters. The Receiver was given the additional title of Clerk to the Governors.
On 30 April 1877 a scheme under the Endowed Schools Acts became law reducing the number of free places from 250 to 153. These free places were now to be filled by competition among boys at elementary schools. By 1883 the School was educating 949 boys, 796 of them paying fees.
Dill came to Manchester just as Walker's dreams of new, commodious school buildings were being realised. The present buildings, designed for 600 boys, were now bursting with 800. The whole project was costed at around £35,000, but eventually rose to £40,000 and met by generous donations and monies from an appeal.
By October 1880 the building was finished, lauded by the British Architect as 'one of the most completely finished buildings of its kind in the kingdom, and having a gymnasium, considered second to none in Europe.' Five hundred boys at once could now drill indoors en masse.
The plethora of extra-curricular activates continued to expand. Swimming contests began in 1881; a cricket field was rented and a Rifle Corps established. Theatre was a regular feature of School life.
Dill resigned to pursue his academic studies and by 1890 he was Professor of Greek at Queen's College, Belfast.
In 1800 Thomas de Quincy entered The Manchester Grammar School but had been so miserable he ran away after eighteen months. De Quincy disliked the upper schoolroom, an immense building ninety-six feet long and thirty-six feet wide, with a ceiling between twenty and thirty feet high. De Quincy judged that 'though of ample proportions, the room was dreary', and he complained that 'the external walls, which might have been easily and at little expense adorned with scenes from classic history, were quite bare.' In his recollection, 'nothing relieved the monotony'.
Unhappy memories may well have warped de Quincy's reminiscences as he wrote these words forty years later. He mocked the way Charles Lawson, the High Master of the day, would hold a daily roll-call in the inner courtyard of his house as if it were an Oxford quad with himself as a master of an Oxford college. He smirked at the way Lawson generously provided his groom with a hunter and a horse, since the groom rarely used them. He refused even to visit the lower, 'plebeian' school as he dubbed it, which had been founded in 1685 to prepare boys for the 'proper' Grammar School and where younger boys were taught 'the lowest mechanical accomplishments of reading and writing' by an English master, the Revd John Gaskell.
When he began to board in the High Master's own house, de Quincy grew even more morose, for the bad weather and parting from friends depressed him. The then volatile youth perked up again, for his schoolfellows welcomed him ardently. On his first evening as a boarder with Lawson he admired the way his fellow pupils, discussing the arguments for the truth of Christianity as set forth by Grotius, were perfectly willing and able to disagree with the views of the seventeenth century philosopher.
De Quincy arrived in London in 1802, a teenage runaway from home and Manchester Grammar School, and lived on the streets for a time, virtually destitute, a period he recalls in his most famous work Confessions of an English Opium Eater, first published in The London Magazine in 1821.
Reconciled to his family, he went to Oxford but he frequently returned to London and it was on one of these trips that he first discovered the pleasures and perils of opium which he vividly describes in his book.
De Quincy later wrote an account of his friendships with Coleridge and Wordsworth, the later cut short by the poet's disapproval of his addiction, and, in order to earn money, of which he was chronically short, he became a prolific journalist. 'On Murder as One of the Fine Arts', an exercise in black humour which De Quincy analyses a number of murders to reveal their varying aesthetic qualities, is his best-known essay.
De Quincy died in Edinburgh where he had lived for many years, writing for Blackwood's Magazine.
Fortunately the world of Manchester was being transformed and the railway age was dawning boarding became an anachronism. This new era coincided with the appointment of a superb and visionary High Master, Frederick William Walker. As the railways brought him the finest pupils he could attract, Walker set exceedingly high standards for his masters as well as his boys.
This new High Master had a passion for exams and to his good fortune in 1860 Manchester became an examining centre for the new Oxford Local examinations. He entered virtually everyone and in 1863, 18 passed these exams, five with honours. Five years later 44 passed, 16 with honours. Walker set up an honours board in the School to record the boys' university successes.
Walker tirelessly supervised the whole school and in 1877 in answer to the question 'What do you do in Manchester?' at his interview for the High Mastership of St Paul's, London, he replied 'Oh, I just walk around and hear everything.' Walking around and hearing everything, he soon noticed the inadequacy of some of the masters he had inherited and the unwillingness of some of his own appointees to match his own enthusiasm for work.
Continuing to push through his reform of the school curriculum Walker admitted to being bored by science subjects, which were also expensive. 'I believe in Latin Grammar and the cane. They are cheap and efficient. Yet under him physics and chemistry flourished as he employed excellent masters. When he advertised for a new mathematics master in 1872 he received 270 applications and the successful applicant stayed until 1900. Numerous societies were also set up at this time.
As early as 1862 Walker's achievements were attracting more applicants than the School could accommodate and he introduced the entrance examination, to predictable local outrage. In 1865 he was turning away as many boys as he accepted. He was adamant that until the School could afford to employ additional masters 250 boys was the maximum size for his school. By 1873 the school housed more than 500 boys, by 1874 570, 1875 700 and 1876 750.
In 1868 it had been suggested that the School should be moved away to the suburb of Ladybarn in Fallowfield, but this proposal was rejected and new buildings at Long Millgate were erected and competed by 1871.
Bust of Frederick Walker by Bruce Joy. Presented to the School in 1907 and currently on display in Main Reception.
During his time as High Master the Old Mancunians, implacably opposed to any change in the School they remembered, discontinued their dinners as protest and resumed them only when he left. In 1867 after much opposition (mainly from the Old Mancunians) the Feoffees' request to the introduce fee payers into the School was successful, with the proviso that any new accommodation for the proposed 150 fee-paying boys must be paid for by public subscription and not out of the School endowments. This enabled the School to add a modern side to its existing classical side, teaching science and modern languages to an equally high level as Latin and Greek.
The Feoffees accepted their obligation to provide 250 foundation scholars with a free education, which almost broke the School financially. During Walker's time at MGS the books only balanced in 1869 and he tirelessly solicited bursaries, exhibitions and scholarships for boys. After 17 years F W Walker left to become High Master of St Paul's School in London. He had previously declined the Corpus professorship of Latin to remain at MGS.
One Manchester businessman bequeathed £10,000 to the School, which went towards the chemistry laboratory. Others subscribed towards exhibitions to enable boys to free study at Owens College and London University, as well as Oxbridge and elsewhere. Walker was passionate about boys gaining places at Oxbridge and in 1863 every one of the boys in his classical sixth form gained an open classical scholarship to the universities.
After 17 years F W Walker left to become High Master of St Paul's School in London. He had previously declined the Corpus professorship of Latin to remain at MGS.
By 1899 the shadow of war fell over the School, which was now divided into three sides: classical, modern and special, the latter separated into three departments mathematics, science and boys hoping to matriculate at London or Victoria (Manchester) universities.
High Master King resigned in 1903 and the Saturday Review acknowledged his success in building such an education ladder in Manchester.
His successor J L Paton (High Master from 1903-1924), 'one of the most renowned schoolmasters of the twentieth century, embodied these democratic instincts in every fibre of his body and intellect'.
During his time at MGS Samuel Dill had established the Hugh Oldham Lads' Club and his successor Michael George Glazebrook became chairman of its committee. Although only spending two years at MGS, Glazebrook introduced a harriers and a hockey club, and instituted fortnightly reports, to be taken home by each pupil and signed by his parents.
Three feeder preparatory schools, set up in North Manchester, South Manchester and Sale, helped to alleviate the problem, and the school roll of MGS stabilised itself at around 800 pupils. Additionally, the 1902 Education Act empowered local authorities to offer scholarships and bursaries to pupils passing from their elementary schools to such endowed schools as Manchester. More and more able children got a foot on the education ladders.
In 1515 Hugh Oldham provided the funds to found The Manchester Grammar School, with the support of his sister and brother-in-law Hugh and Joan Beswick.
Hic jacet Hugo Oldom Eps. Q. obit XXV die Junii Ano Dni Mill. CCCCC XIX Cuj. animae ppcietur Deus.
and maps of the period spell Oldham in that way. Only one of the owls with which the chapel is decorated carries a scroll in its beak bearing the letters Dom.
On the last Sunday in June each year a commemoration service is held in Exeter Cathedral with special prayers said at the tomb of Hugh Oldham.
The MGS Coat of Arms, which the School displays in the Memorial Hall, is that which Hugh Oldham bore as Bishop of Exeter. It consists of the arms of the Bishopric of Exeter and Oldham's personal coat side by side.
The Exeter arms show the deys and sword, emblems of St Peter and St Paul, to whom Exeter Cathedral is dedicated. Oldham's own arms include owls, which it is assumed he chose as a pun on the first syllable of his name, and red roses, indicative of his Lancastrian origins. The motto Sapere Aude translates as 'Dare to be Wise'.
During a visit by the Queen to MGS in 1965 it was discovered that the School had (within living memory and the available records), in all innocence, been using the Bishop Hugh Oldham's Episcopal arms. Heraldically, this is improper practice, though the use of a founder's arms by scholastic establishments is not uncommon.
As a consequence the Old Mancunians undertook to finance an application by the School to the College of Arms for a grant of Arms personal to itself. Arms are honours and all honours in this country stem from the Queen. Heraldic matters come under the jurisdiction of the Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk, and he is approached in such matters through the College of Arms in London. The officer of the College who dealt with the School's petition for a grant of arms was Colonel J R B Walker, Clarenceux King of Arms.
Sable, a chevron or between three owls argent, a chief or, thereon a pale between two roses gules barbed and seeded proper, the pale charged with as many keys in saltire wards upward and outward or, in front of a sword erect proper hilt and pommel or. For the Crest on a wreath or and sable an owl holding in its beak and scroll argent inscribed D.O.M. in letters sable and supporting in its dexter claw a pastoral staff or.
The arms subsequently granted are of the Oldham family Arms the difference being that the centre rose in the chief (the band across the top) is replaced by the arms of the Diocese of Exeter.
A problem arose with creating a new School crest. Having to find an alternative to the mitre, the School advisers decided this should be replaced by a helmet with the rebus* as crest. But what the College of Arms introduced as crest was an owl with a scroll across its breast on which the inscription dom became D.O.M. The original early royal charter, signed by Henry VIII and dated 21 February 1509 depicting Hugh Oldham's Arms depicts dom.
To-date no-one has been able to explain why this was translated to D.O.M. on the new crest, but evidence clearly shows that the D.O.M. used by the College in the new Grant of Arms is not the dom as used by Hugh Oldham, his scribes and illuminators, and his stonemason. In the words of Sir Harry Page "There is nothing intrinsically wrong heraldically in extending the crest in this way.
A case can be made that this enlargement gives greater depth to the pun; it is now a double pun." The evidence is that the College believed what they adopted was the correct form.
* The term rebus is short for Non verbis sed rebus, 'not by words but by things'. | 2019-04-21T02:40:11Z | https://www.mgs.org/2015/the-history-of-mgs |
JINING, Shandong - A statue highlighting an upcoming dialogue between the world's two predominant civilizations, Confucianism and Christianity, is to be erected in the birthplace of China's great philosopher, Confucius, as a monument to the Chinese people's growing initiatives in the new century to engage with overseas civilizations.
Zhang Xiao'an, vice-president of the United Nations Association of China, called the monument "a new landmark" in the Nishan Mountain, the Confucian holy land boasting ancient cultural heritage sites under state protection such as the Confucius Temple and Nishan Academy. He made the comments while speaking at a press conference here on Saturday.
Some 35 kilometers to the southeast of Qufu in East China's Shandong province, the mountain will be the venue for the opening ceremony of the first Nishan Forum on World Civilization on Monday (September 27, 2010), morning.
Zhang said that domestic and overseas scholars would draw upon the wisdom of ancient sages Confucius and Jesus, who lived more than 2,000 years ago, to broaden the possibilities for peaceful solutions of daily living issues while the forum will climax with the issue of the Nishan Declaration of Harmony.
"The declaration will be the first of its kind on human harmony in the world and a significant achievement of the first Nishan forum," said the executive director of the Presidium of the Forum's Organization Committee.
According to Zhang, the monument, about 9.6 meters long and 1.5 meters high, will be unveiled Monday morning in the square at the Shengyuan Academy of Nishan, where Robert Schuller, the Crystal Cathedral's founding pastor from California, USA, will open the forum's first dialogue with Chinese scholars to discuss human crisis and dialogue between civilizations.
On Wednesday (September 29, 2010), more than 170 people, including former national leaders of Indonesia and Hungary, local Confucian scholars, Buddhists, Taoists as well as more than 30 foreign scholars and Christian personalities from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Australia, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Thailand, will exchange thoughts during 14 topical seminars to explore the way toward a harmonious world with diversified cultures.
With its preparation work started almost three years ago, the forum crystallized the initiatives of the Chinese people to facilitate the communications between civilizations at a significant historical period, Zhang said.
To call on the world to quicken the rapprochement of cultures, secretary-general of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon warned in a message to the world earlier this year that the globe was beset by prejudice, hatred and unresolved challenges.
"Often, extremists demonize other cultures and traditions, and target them for violence. And at this time of economic turmoil, when there are fewer jobs to go around, people often blame minorities," said Ban Ki-moon. Zhang said that the forum was "a solemn commitment of China in fulfilling the UN's initiative to facilitate dialogues among civilizations".
"In this academic, non-governmental, open and international event, participants are welcome to share their disparities and utter different voices," said Zhang.
In one seminar, for instance, participants are expected to explore alternative solutions under the influence of Confucianism-Christianity dialogues.
According to the schedule, participants are also encouraged to examine the moral deficiency, excessive material desires and other pernicious habits in the two civilized cultures which run counter to ancient sages' doctrines and brainstorm on how to enhance human flourishing for the world's six billion population in peace and harmony.
Dwight N. Hopkins, professor of theology at the University of Chicago, passionately examined the common points between Confucianism and Christian civilizations in his thesis. "To understand the tradition of the West, one must engage Christianity. Likewise, to appreciate the rich heritage of China, one is obligated to take seriously the way of life of Confucianism...At the dawn of the 21st century, we have ample ethical and cultural resources from the East and the West to forge together a more peaceful, prosperous, and harmonious world," he wrote.
Many thanks for your very valuable information that I published under the title "China’s Leadership in World Harmony 2010" on our site "Peace from Harmony": . It confirms once again that China, since 2006, with the proclamation of building a harmonious society in the country, holds the position of global leader in world harmony, and now aims for harmony of Christian and Chinese (Confucian) civilizations, i.e, almost for the two-thirds of humanity. Chinese Harmony Forum September 27-29 is another fact of a birth of a harmonious civilization. This Forum was ahead the Forum in Astana, which has the same focus on the harmonious civilization and its new spiritual culture. But both of those forums are the necessary steps of becoming a harmonious civilization, which moves in different ways towards one common goal of global social harmony. GHA can only admire these facts, which confirm our prediction for this civilization and for a new historical trend of global harmonization. We all see that such events are increasing with the acceleration of a snowball. In it appears rapid growth of a harmonious civilization, born in 2009 on the GHA definition.
Of course, a great pity that the Chinese organizers of the Nishan Forum do not know GHA and its "Universal Declaration of Harmonious Civilization" 2009 (http://www.peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=383), which is the first declaration of "human harmony in the world." Therefore, the Declaration of Nishan Forum is the second after the GHA Declaration (July 2009).
Could you please send this information to the organizers of the Nishan Forum? Or: could you tell me of email Zhang Xiao'an, vice-president of the United Nations Association of China? We would be very grateful for this information. This will allow the Chinese Forum of Harmony to enrich by the GHA projects of global harmony.
I am very guilty before you, that I detained my response you on 12 days. Please, excuse me. It was very difficult time for me: I was fully engaged in preparation and discussion with my foreign friends (more than 200) the Statutes of new International organization, which we create: Global Harmony Association. Besides I was sick. I also much thought how to make your page on our site.
Recently I received from you a delightful gift with a kit of materials about your unique troupe. I looked one and with the wife and with my friends your brilliant books and disks. All of us were in delight from creativity of your incomparable, sole in the world troupe. I very highly appreciate your work and very grateful you for your generous gift and for your kind words. I am also very grateful you for the invitation to visit troupe, but in December and January I can not on many reasons: operation of the wife, a lot of work on the site and with the new Association etc. I hope I can visit you later, if you invite us with the wife.
I shall be happy to cooperate with you. I am admired with aspiration of China, including your troupe, to a harmonious society. We share with you one aspiration to this society, to which I devoted my international site "Peace from Harmony" (www.peacefromharmony.org) and which for three years united more than 240 scientists and artists from 39 countries of the world and is published in 17 languages. I am 66, the social philosopher, who devoted to scientific understanding of harmony more than 30 years. My mission is collection from all world of the information about harmony and its synthesis in my books and on the site to make harmony accessible for children and youth of the world.
Now let my concrete offers and actions, on which you inspired me.
1. I shall publish on our site your three minute video-roller with the reference to your site: www.mydream.org.cn and your email: [email protected]. Do you permit it?
2. I shall publish on our site main page in a line of varying images of harmony your Tai Lihua with 42 hands.
3. I want to create on our site a separate page of your troupe with such about title: "Liu Xiaocheng: harmonious society of the children disabled troupe in China". This title is your excellent words from your letter: "the disabled children in the troupe where I feel harmonious society". But you can edit this title, change it, add in it the names of your chiefs: Wang Honghai or Pufang Deng or Jigang Zhang (I am do not mistaken?) etc. I shall welcome all your changes. But I want that in it my two favourite words were kept: harmony and children. on this page I want to publish some texts and photos from your brochure: "Welcome to our beautiful world with disabilities. My dream." Do you permit to publish it on our site? I shall do it at first in English, and then we can make this page in other languages of our site. As you understand it is the very large and laborious work, which will require the help of many assistants and translators. The creation of the English page, which should not be translated, will require the USD400-700. Translation it on other languages: Russian, French, Spanish etc. will require in addition the USD200-500. The prices for translation of different languages are different. In Russia the translation price of a standard page (1800 marks with blanks) change in limits from 20 up to 40 USdollars.
4. I want to offer you (your Federation and/or your Troupe) in future (in the beginning of the next year) to become co-founder of the Global Harmony Association, which first project will be creation of the World Academy of Harmony. In it you could create the Department with such approximate title: "Harmonious art troupe for the disabled children/youth of the world". For each country of the world you could prepare on one troupe, similar to you, for the appropriate payment of governments of these countries. If you are interested with this idea, I could send you the Statutes of our Association and in more details discuss the project of Academy in the future.
5. If the cooperation with our Association is interesting for you I offer you enter its Board.
6. If you want, I could help you to bring your remarkable troupe in St.-Petersburg on the concert tour.
I have some more offers of cooperation for you, but let while to be limited by these.
Please, look our site: www.peacefromharmony.org and the page about Beijing Cultural Forum, on which I was in July 2007: http://www.peacefromharmony.org/?cat=en_c&key=295.
Thank you for your prompt reply. I am a man of efficiency. I have not thought that you replied so quickly. I really appreciate you and thank you very much.
I really appreciate the idea of harmony in your book. We have the common wish to pursue a harmonious society. We would like to cooperate with you in this aspect.
We will send you a kit of materials of our troupe for your better understanding us, including a DVD of our film which has not been publicly distributed (note: please do not link it to internet), some books in English, Chinese and Japanese. We will produce new books at the end of this year.
I am 63. I used to be the leader of Ministerial level in charge of the work for disabled people in China. I quitted the job and began to stay with the disabled children in the troupe where I feel harmonious society. The aim of our troupe is to let more and more people understand the human diversity.
We would like you to open a separate page for us in you website. Please send us your website address for our reference. Could you please tell us how much it will cost for translation, say how much per thousand words?
If you are have time after December 5th, we welcome you to visit our troupe. We provide you the accommodation.
Thank you very much for your kind response. I looked your wonderful site and admired as in China the disabled people are capable to build the harmonious and happy world. I am very grateful you for your great contribution to harmony of the world. I shall be happy to publish on our site your 3 minute clip of your film My Dream and link your site to our site.
We also could open for you separate page with text translation on Russian and other languages of our site (our site is published in 17 languages). But this very large work of our experts, which require payments. If you have opportunity of its payment, we could discuss this question separately.
My Address: Dr Leo Semashko, 7/4-42 Ho-Shi-Min Street, St. Petersburg 194356, Russia.
I am writing on behalf of Ms. Rosa Dalmiglio. We are China Disabled People’s Performing Art Troupe.
Yesterday, Ms. Rosa Dalmiglio visited our troupe and introduced you, your achievement, and your website and presented your books to Mr. Liu Xiaocheng, the Adviser of our troupe, and other leaders in the troupe.
We fully support your career for harmony for the world. If we have opportunity, we would like to involve in the career.
If you want to know more about us, please visit our website www.mydream.org.cn . You may link our website to your website.
Rosa told us you hope to put some visual materials on your website. We can provide you a 3minute clip of our film My Dream co-produced by China Disabled People’s Performing Art Troupe and Beijing Film Academy.
We want to send you some materials from our side by post. Please give us your postal address and telephone number.
The letter written by Rosa is attacged.
China Disabled People’s Performing Art Troupe.
Already in 2005 helping to promote world peace, China introduced the concept of the "harmony of society" to law professionals from more than 60 countries attending an international law conference in Beijing.
More than 1,500 delegates gathered in the past two days for the 22nd Congress on the Law of the World. A new session will start today in Shanghai.
The theme of the congress is known as "The Rule of Law and Harmony of International Society," which was suggested by Chinese delegates, according to Xiao Yang, chief grand judge of China.
Xiao said that China advocates harmony of the international society in order to safeguard peace in the world.
Harmony is the precondition and basis for peace, while conflicts and disputes will occur with the lack of harmony, said Xiao, also president of the Supreme People's Court.
Chinese have been familiar with the concept of "harmony of society" since the Communist Party of China introduced the phrase last fall.
President Hu Jintao described a harmonious society as one featuring fairness, justice, and democracy, rule of law, stability and vigour.
Realizing the rule of law in the world and building a harmonious international society should depend on the joint efforts of the legal professionals, said Xiao.
Since the mid 1980’s, the issue of community construction in China has been put on the agenda for governments of various levels. The shift from community service to community construction witness the development of community management as well as the Chinese social reform. The harmonious community construction has become the cornerstone for social reform, and also an important practice to Chinese harmonious society. In the future social and economic frame, the grass-root level self-government organizations, community organizations, social organizations will contribute to most nongovernmental, nonprofit social institutions. Neither is it a sheer governmental behavior, nor is a sheer civil activity. The community construction consists of various community actors and community forces. The process is a trinity of the government, nongovernmental organizations and the residents. The nongovernmental organizations, especially the voluntary and self-governmental organizations, will promote the participatory democracy in the community management. The cultivation of nongovernmental organizations and the self-governmental institutions would be translated into the future government management pattern of Chinese society.
Since the mid 1980’s, the issue of community construction in China has been put on the agenda for governments of various levels. Since 1996, most of the large cities in China have witnessed an extraordinary fashion of community construction, which is followed by a relatively amazing passion. The Shanghai Municipal Government, which acted as the bull werther, put forward the reform scenario concluded as “Bi-level government with tri-level administration” in the Shanghai Municipal City Work Meeting, and later that scenario was readjusted as “Bi-level government with tri-level administration and quadruple-level networks” in 1998, therefore, Shanghai initiated the reform of the city administration system. In the end of 1998, Beijing and Guangzhou put the assumption that the work of neighborhood administration system was the essential issue for the promotion of the city administration by modern means . Both the community service in the elementary period and the community construction of the present period reveal the deepening of our comprehension of the community issue in China, as well as that of the social reform in China. The construction of harmonious community should be linked with the social reform in China. At present, the harmonious community construction has functioned as the starting point of the general social reform in China, even an important move towards the construction of a harmonious society in China. In Hu Jie’s points of view, community is the basic organizational form of civil society, which includes three meanings : first of all, community is the structural base for civil society, and locality is an important feature of a community, but the common value views are crucial to a community, which has raised so much attention gradually, only to lead the emergence of spiritual community and mental community, such as associations and league. From this point, civil society is composed of communities of various forms. Second, community is the origin of energy for civil society; on the contrary, work unit is the basic organizational form in the traditional planned economy society in China. In civil society, work unit has gradually transformed into as a workplace, only to make the position of a community more and more obvious. The entire citizen activities operate in the society level, and a citizen’s interests is liked to the community closely. In addition, community is an important political resource for the civil society. In civil society, community woks as the footstone for the regime construction, therefore, becomes an important part of the state regime frame. The competition and development of various political forces embark on from the community.
The major work areas for the NGOs are social grass roots, to serve the common people, esp. the social groups in disadvantage, therefore, the self-help commonalties and community organizations will become the most important relying forces for the common people. Both the self-help commonalties and community organizations are non-profit organizations, therefore, they share the similarity with the NGOs in this point. Since the 1990’s, along with the deepening of China’s reform and open-up as well as the gradual expanding of the social and economic activities, there has emerged a more and more urgent need for both the self-help commonalties and community organizations, which were established one by one automatically or guided and supported by the government. In the future social and economic system frame in China, self-help commonalties, community organizations and social organizations will be the important organizational forms of a non-governmental and non-profit social system . The reform and open-up enhance the democratization process of social administration, only to provide the community organizations with a more and more important in the management and administration of the social public affairs, displaying more and more powerful vitality. The upsurge of the harmonious community construction is the first wakeup of a democratic, independent and autonomous participation into the administration for the city people in China. The consequence of the call for self-interests is as follows: after the shift from work unit to individual in terms of interest actor, the shift from tradition to modernity in terms of cities, and the shift from control to service in terms of administration, the government will transform itself actively to seek after the new conjunctive point among work unit, citizen and government. The government will give more and more power to those communities that are liked to the citizens more closely, and readjust the city administration system actively. The emerging “citizens” and “citizenship” in the cities make the real sense. The individuals that detached from the work unit come to express their concerns over the municipal issues related to their individual interests. At the grass-root level, the “civil society organizations” has emerged as the cluster of individual’s comprehensive interests. At the medium level, government-background NGOs evolved from the neighborhood committees and street offices are organizing all kinds of activities, providing all sorts of services and setting the norm for the appropriate behavior by strengthening the interactions and mutual help between individual citizen, to cultivate the modern citizen awareness such as participation, environmental protection, and common virtues .
The harmonious community construction is neither a simple governmental action nor a simple civil activity; rather it is a process which involves various community actors and community forces. In the whole process of the harmonious community construction, government, the NGOs and residents are a trinity, which is combined to closely to separate from it. The government will operate the macro leading of the harmonious community construction, and set up the plans for it; the NGOs will act as the runner and organizer for the harmonious community construction, working as a bridge between the government and the residents, which are the important carrier to separate the government from the public affairs; the residents are the base for the harmonious community construction, and their wills are the fundamental driving force for the enhancement of harmonious community construction. In the harmonious community construction, the NGOs’ participation into the community affairs can facilitate the development towards modernization and professionalization for the harmonious community construction; it also can realize the NGOs’ functions fully to encourage the residents to participate into the distribution of the community resources and construct it hand by hand. The NGOs’ participation into the community affairs, esp. the development of those voluntary and self-rule organizations, provides a practical approach for the broadening of the resident participation and the promotion of democratic politics in community administration .
Along with the reform in fields such as enterprise system, housing system, social security system and medical care system gradually in China, the interests have been separated from the their work units for most of the resident, rather these systems are more and more professional. The residents’ committees and villagers’ committees established among urban and rural residents are typical Chinese community organizations. In terms of public security, environment and sanitation, the reconciliation of conflicts and disputes, family plan, and the administration of the migrant residents, the community enjoys an advantage rather than the government. The community members participate into the cultural, medical, sports and sciences activities in the community, advocate a civilized and healthy lifestyle, and construct the community culture, therefore, they are the most important relying factors for the spiritual culture construction. Based on the common needs, with the characteristics of self-administration, self-development, and self-service, the members of these communities manage the community affairs by means of the social groups, the NGOs and volunteer’s organizations within these communities, which displaying the features of by all members, for all members, and of all members. With the promotion of the citizens’ capability to manage the social affairs, the tight tensions between governments and the public because of the complex public affairs can be mitigated. The construction and development of the harmonious community facilitate the promotion of the residents’ life quality, encourage the members to help each other, strengthen the defense and management abilities of the community, and nurture the community sense and social responsibility. In those countries with mature community development, the governmental administration is relatively neutral. Governments set up the policies and rules for the community development, while the administration within the community itself is exercised by itself . The harmonious community construction provides the construction of civil society in China with a fine opportunity. The fundamental target for the community construction is to establish modern civil society; viz. the skeleton administration form in cities in China conformed to the democratic politics and market economy system. In addition to the governmental forces in the harmonious community construction, a powerful civil society is needed to shoulder the enormous social affairs, which can promote the development of the Chinese society and encourage the city community in China to realize self-rule gradually . The development of civil society in China is a long and hard process, and there is a long way ahead. But starting with the NGOs’ participation into the community affairs, there is no denying the fact that the harmonious community construction in China is a perfect cut-in point into the construction of civil society in China.
Meanwhile, civil society will pay much attention to the harmonious community construction. The organization, system and ideas of civil society are necessary to the harmonious community construction, and will put positive influences upon it. The NGOs, as the nuclear elements in civil society, can play an important role in the harmonious community construction.
The connotation of the harmonious community construction is the withdrawal of government forces from the communities. The government consciously cultivates all kinds of community organizations to shoulder the responsibility of community management, which are civil-society-based and self-governing. From the reform and change within the city community administration forms, we can conclude that in the market economy system, the city governments should realized the importance of civil society rather than get out of the social affairs or leave all of these affairs to market, esp. in the condition of the wakeup of the citizens in China. Under the condition that the governments respect the citizens’ interests, they should link the interests of various parties together to establish an organized and systematic community administration network and diverse cooperative partnership relations, so that we can set up a new democratic community administration form. Then we can combine various interests groups together along with the sought for community interests. In the process of a new readjustment and combination, governments can exercise its guidance, reconciliation, organization and service by those media groups’ participation into the communities to realize the community reconstruction, by means of the separating government from public affairs and the separating government from social affairs .
According to Juergen Habermas, the healthy development of the autonomous and non-political social organisms is the way to get out of the legitimacy crisis for the contemporary capitalist countries. In some sense, that means the re-design of a society. Habermas’ scenario to cure the legitimacy crisis for the contemporary capitalist countries enlightens the project of civil society in China. The construction of a civil society in China is an interactive process between the state and the civil society. on one hand, the state should withdraw from the social, economic fields to change the government function along with its headway for reform; on the other hand, the social actors should take the advantage of the reform, organize the NGOs, and press ahead the construction of civil society from the bottom. This process rushes into the economic field at first and then gradually into the public fields. The social members participate into and influence the state decision-making with the assistance of the NGOs, and develop a benign dynamic relation with the state . The combination between the NGOs’ participation into the community affairs and the civil society will push the social reforms in China effectively, and these two factors will supplement each other and facilitate each other mutually. The democratization process in China will have to start from the grass roots, therefore, the democracy construction in the residents’ committees and villagers’ committees established among urban and rural residents are grassroots democracy and grassroots politics with China’s characteristics, which displays profound meanings for the social development in China. We must pay enough attention to the western countries’ social experiences. In the western market economy society, generally speaking, there is no community government, but the community is the base for the state regime and the basic work unit for the state politics. Therefore, each political force pays much attention to the unique but indispensable political resources within the communities. The NGOs’ participation into the harmonious community construction will provide China’s political from-bottom-to-top reform with a special notion. The comprehensive public social participation is the essence for civil society and harmonious community construction, as well as one of its terminal aims. The harmonious community construction can promote the participation passion among the general public, realize the self-rule of the communities through the comprehensive participation of the public, facilitate the harmonious community construction in turn, and enhance the establishment and development of civil society to play a positive role in China’s social reforms .
The vitalization of civil society brings many influences to China’s social, political and economic life, changes the condition of social administration to some extent, improves the good administration of the society, and is very important for the citizen’s political participation, political publicity, self-rule, probity and effectiveness, and the democratization and scientification. Game theory proposes that everybody can enjoy the public goods such as pure air and secure neighborhood, regardless of their contribution. Therefore, generally speaking, nobody has the intention to provide the public goods of this kind, only to find that few people are likely to produce them . This is the paradox within a collective act, which takes the meaning that non-cooperation is a kind of balance faced with public goods. Through the case study of community autonomous administration in Haishu District, Ningbo City, Chen Weidong and Li Xueping reveal the reciprocal actions among the residents and public goods resulting from their cooperation can overcome the paradox of collective act, which is the major meaning of community administration and the essence of civil society. To transcend the paradox of collective action go to the heart of community governance and civil society. The essence of pure democracy and civil society is the process of voluntary organization, constant bargaining, majority decision or unanimous agreement, representative implantation, mutual supervision and arbitrament. The community governance structure is a new civic participatory network in which the trust and cooperation are co-related to the network density . From the perspective of economics, market mechanism is the best one to provide the private goods, while the public goods should be provided by the public organizations. In certain sense, a well-developed social media system can promote the state act, civil society and market economy to develop into a benign dynamic relationship. In short, that social media system is a kind of public good . As a democratization practice to participate into the civil society and a systemic institution to curb the excessive expansion of state power, the NGOs have to participate into the community affairs through the participation and influences of the educated group, under the previous condition, it’s possible for us to make the real moral community come into existence, which has been fully revealed in modern democratic societies .
The development of the NGOs is under the particular historical and social context, and the diversification of interest bodies is an important base upon which the original system begin to change and the NGOs emerge from and develop in. In recent years, China has seen many autonomous and spontaneous right-defending and participation activities, which reveal the growing of civil society in China, and the strengthening of the public’s autonomy and self-rule view. A newly-adjusted interest relation has come into being, which is guided by the semi-executive mechanism, realized by the community administration and service institutions, and composed of the enterprises and governmental work units, social groups, as well as the individual resident. But the particularity of the Chinese social transition determines that the Chinese civil society should be different from the western road and style. With a short history, the Chinese civil society encounters many problems, both in the political and economic environment it exists and its internal structure and functions. In accordance with the review on the “civil society” emerging from the contemporary economic reforms in China carried out by Gordon White in 1993, the NGOs in China maintains at the elementary period. Rather than the big amount of the NGOs, they can’t function as the principal part of social administration, as a result of the prevailing executive feature, unhealthy mechanism, innormative service, low quality of the members, poor external supervision. Therefore, it’s necessary for us to reshape the current social administration form in which the government and society are combined closely and complexly. In addition, it’s also necessary to define the essence, goal, function, obligation, power and interest of the NGOs.
Although the emergence of civil society is an autonomous process of molding, it needs the active fostering by the political countries, especially for those underdeveloped market-driven society. on one side, the government should keep in touch with the public, give ear to their voices in the decision making process to minimize the gap between public need and the government capacity; on the other side, the government should control the participation in case of participation explosion in the political system. The development of NGOs is a good option because it could not only give public voices but also integrate the participation enthusiasm. It’s necessary for the government to broaden the channels to participate into the political life for the citizens, create favorable conditions for the development of the NGOs (e.g. the NGOs’ participation into the administration of public affairs), and assist the NGOs (human resources, goods) and guide their development in the proper time; but in a mature time, government should get out of the operation of the NGOs voluntarily in case of the NGOs’ excessive reliance upon the government, which may lead to the governmentalization of the non-governmental organizations; government should supervise the NGOs’ action, and enrich the operation means and functional mechanism of the NGOs; it’s urgent to perfect the laws, enhance the legislation on the NGOs, and clarify the NGOs’ obligations and standard operation forms to make them shoulder the relevant responsibilities resulting from their illegal actions. In addition, the government had better establish a system of laws and rules about the NGOs, to make sure that they administer the public affairs and serve the communities in accordance with the laws . The development and improvement of the NGOs in China needs both the gradual maturity of the civil society and the gradual development of market economy; it also needs both the active fostering and guidance and the generous support and participation from the general public. As a kind of organization with obvious voluntarity, self-rule and non-profitability, the NGOs can only rely on the society and the individuals. Therefore, in order to maintain a longtime development, the NGOs should establish and develop civil society beyond the states and markets. The NGOs express the will of the public, reveal the interests of citizens and invite opportunities for participation, the development of NGOs is sure to get the public support, including economic support. The fostering of civil society promotes the capability of the society and the individuals to shoulder their own responsibility and exercise their own functions, to set up the base for the NGOs to obtain its economic independence .
In the market-driven society, the political state should establish the civil society actively so as to pursue the economic development and political reform at the same time, and to ensure the benign operation of the whole society. To display the effectiveness, efficiency, responsiveness and responsibility, the social administration must realize network. The so-called network administration is a three-dimensional and hierarchical administrative means in which involves various administration institutions and forces together with the readjustment of the social resources. It is not a simple and straightforward functional process of power, but an indirect and penetrative linking dynamics of multi-power, in order to obtain the effect of moistening everything with thinnish sound. What’s important is that, as the carrier of shaping the civil society in China, the NGOs should exercise their administration function when penetrating into the network. In theory, this social administration form of network consists of the interaction of three actors in three layers, in other words, the government, market organizations (enterprises), and the NGOs are all the driving forces for the melodic function and gradual development, and these three actors mobilize the political, economic and social (cultural) resources and forces by means of executive approaches, management and self-rule, to form a management system which puts influences upon the society . As an important part within the civil society, the existence and operation of the NGOs represents certain social assets, and plays a positive role in the development of the Chinese society and economy. In a society in which the NGOs are very active, both the state and market will function more effectively. The NGOs endeavor to strengthen the self-management capability of the social members, therefore, they can promote the development of civil society and realize the increment of the social assets in terms of human rights, education, governmental participation, information circulation, etc .
Along with the in-depth development of the economic globalization, and the further engagement between China and the international society, the social structure has undergone certain transformations, stratification within the classes and stratum in the Chinese society has emerged, and a diverse interest structure has come in being in the society. The civil society with the contract relationship as its medium has grown gradually; therefore, the Chinese government should pay more attention to the fostering and development of the NGOs, together with the establishment of social administration system upon the right base of the social bodies, which will be the important practice direction for the transition of the Chinese government administration mode. Through the fostering and development of the NGOs, we can realize the following targets: further reform of the government administration system and the correspondence between the governments and society; the further reform of the institutions; the promotion of the government’s ability to manage the economy, with the aim to readjust the relation between the governments and enterprises and the relation between the governments and market; full use of the NGOs’ self-management, and the strengthening of that of the society . In the process in which the state releases certain rights to the society, both the free-flowing social energy and the free-moving social space are expanding, only to realize the emergence of China’s own civil society. Although it is still very small and faced with many obstacles, its development and growth is inevitable. There are reasons to believe that with the maturity of civic awareness comes the increasing number of NGOs. The autonomous and self-government organizations will contribute to civil interest protection and civil will expression. Democratic participation, civil self-rule in addition to the privatization of the organizations will push the NGOs in the Chinese society to develop forward more and more healthily, so as to play an active role in the forging of good administration and the great goal to fulfill the overall well-off society in China.
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Ashbury Hill Fort lies about 1 mile northwest of Week St. Mary and consists of two concentric ovals. It has diameters of approximately 150 metres on the short axis and 210 metres on the long axis. The ramparts are surrounded by an outer ditch and stand over 3 metres high. There are two entrance ways aligned NW and SE and associated earthworks about 200 metres away to the southeast.
Bake Rings Settlement Enclosure is located about a mile west of Pelynt. The circular one metre high rampart has a diameter of 90 metres with an outer ditch and dates from the Late Iron Age.
The remains of a Bronze Age cemetery on the cliffs at Newquay. Only three of the original eighteen bowl barrows remain and they are in a poor state of repair, resembling low mounds.
Berry Castle is roughly rectangular in plan lies on a hilltop about one mile northeast of St. Neot. With dimensions of 110 metres long x 82 metres wide x 1.5 metres high. Not in the best of preservation, the bank appears as a tumble of stones enclosing the sites of eight Neolithic or Early Bronze Age round houses.
Bishop's Wood Iron Age Hill Fort lies on a hillside within Idless Woods, part of St Clement Forest, just north of Truro. The oval shaped fort has diameters of 167 metres by 150 metres surrounded by a three metre high rampart. This is surrounded by a ditch some 1.5 metres deep with the ramparts cut neatly into thirds by entrances at the west, southeast and northeast sides.
Black Head Cliff Castle lies on the south Cornwall coast between Portpean and Pentewan. The finger like headland exhibits three ramparts defending the interior across its narrowest point. The Iron Age ramparts have an average height of over 5 metres and are best preserved on the eastern side.
Black Tor Round House Settlement lies on Bodmin Moor near the village of Temple. Thought to date from the Bronze Age the settlement covers a wide expanse of open moorland and encloses no fewer than 80 round houses. The houses range in size between 5m and 11m diameter, with walls on average 1 metre high. The majority of the dwellings have south or southeast-facing entrances.
Named after the legendary giant of St. Agnes, Bolster Bank is a linear earthwork dating from the 5th or 6th Century. It curves away from the town of St. Agnes passing through Bolster Farm and just to the north of Goonvrea Farm folowing the contour of St. Agnes Beacon. Originally over 2 miles long, the bank has been cut through in a number of places by modern roads and associated settlements. The earthwork attains a height of almost three and a half metres over an infilled ditch about 1 metre deep. When complete the bank is thought to have stretched all the way from Chapel Coombe to Trevaunance Coombe, encircling quite a large tract of land and would have surely been very impressive.
A pair of Bronze Age Barrows lie on the summit of Brown Willy. The northern barrow is 25 metres in diameter and stands over 3 metres high, the barrow on the southern side has a diameter of 19 metres and stands 1.8 metres high.
Burnt Hill settlement of roundhouses lies on the north coast of the Scillonian island of St. Martin's. The two low lying houses date from the Iron Age.
Bury Castle lies near Higher Treslea about one and a half miles northeast of Cardinham. This Iron Age hill fort is almost circular with a diameter in excess of 140 metres in the north-south axis. The ramparts are quite impressive, as in places they rise to about 4.3 metres.
Bury Down Iron Age Hill Fort lies in aprominent position on the western flank of a hill about 2 km north of Lanreath. The fort consists of two oval ramparts, quite widely spaced with diameters of 170m and 195m. The outer rampart is now very indistinct but the inner retains much of its original structure with a maximum height of 4.5 metres.
Sitting on top of Buzza Hill above St. Mary's Isles of Scilly, this Chambered Entrance Grave dates from the Neolithic. The cairn was one of a pair on this site, but the building of the Buzza Tower sadly obliterated its partner. The cairn, about 7 metres in diameter has an inner chamber 5.5 metres long but no visible entrance. Only one of the original capstones remains in situ.
Cadson Bury Hill Fort lies on the crest of a hill overlooking the Lynher Valley, near St. Ive. Dating from the Iron Age, the oval shaped fort has dimensions of 275 metres by 170 metres. The rampart has a height of 2 metres on the inside. The outer height of the rampart is exagerated by the slope of the hill.
The Iron Age Hill Fort of Caer Dane lies near the hamlet of Carnkief near Perranzabuloe. It lies atop a low wooded hill just east of the A3075. Roughly oval in shape, it has diameters of 100 metres by 89 metres. The outer bank achieves a height of 1.5 metres formerly surrounded by a ditch. The inner enclosure also has a rampart some 1.8 metres high with a 0.5 metre outer ditch. Both ramparts have entrances on their western side. There is no public access to the site.
Two Inscribed Stones lie close to the hamlet of Cardinham. Both are from the Post Roman era. The first lies within the churchyard and has the words 'RANOCORI FILI MESGI' written upon it. This translates from the Latin as RANOCORUS, SON OF MESGUS. The stone lies about 2 metres tall and is thought to be buried to a depth of approoximately 1.5 metres.
The second stone lies near the settlement of Welltown. The following words are inscribed along its length: 'VAILATHI FILI VROCHANI', translated as 'VAILATHUS SON OF UROCHANUS'. The Welltown stone lies 1.5 metres tall.
The remains of over 30 Bronze Age barrows lying to either side of the A30 trunk road at Carland Cross. The largest barrow known as Warren's Barrow, lies to the west of the roundabout and has a diameter of 24 metres by 1.8 metres high.
Carne Beacon, near Veryan is one of the largest Bronze Age barrows in the country. It has a diameter of about 33 metres and stands over 6 metres high. When excavated in the mid nineteenth century, a stone kist was found, containing ashes and charcoal.
Carvossa is an almost square earthwork located beside the Probus to Grampound road. It is thought to date from the Late Iron Age and to be in use at the time of the coming of the Romams.
Artifacts found at the site include products from the 'celtic' Durotriges people of Dorset as well as products from the mediterranean and Samian Ware used by the Romans.
Castilly Henge is an oval some 66 metres in its long axis. It lies beside the A391 near its junction with the A30 trunk road at Innis Downs, near Lanivet. The earthwork is surrounded by a bank 1.8 metres high and an internal ditch measuring 2.1 metres deep by 5.5 metres wide. The earthwork is aligned north south with an entrance at the northern end and is thought to date from Neolithic times.
One of Cornwall's best preserved hill forts, Castle an Dinas dates from the Iron Age and is truly outstanding. Approximately 220 metres in diameter the almost circular structure consists of twin ramparts set atop a 200 metre high hill. The impressive inner rampart is over 7 metres high and is cut in six places to fom entrance ways.
Castle Canyke Hill Fort is rather impressive. From the air it can be seen to be a slightly squashed circle, with a diameter of almost 350 metres at its greatest extent by just over 300 metres along the other axis. It is the largest hill fort in Cornwall and is in a prime location in the middle of Cornwall. The 1 metre deep ditch surrounds ramparts 3 metres high. Some sources speculate that nearby Callywith is actually the Kellywic recorded in Arthurian texts.
An Iron Age fort thought to have been built around about 200 BC and used at several times throughout its 2000 years in existence. It is situated beside a minor road about two miles north of Fowey. Almost circular, the twin ramparts reach a height of almost five metres, surrounded by an outer ditch.
Castle Dore is quite well known in Arthurian texts as it was said to be the 6th century home of King Mark of Cornwall. Where history ends and legend begins is clouded by time. There was however a King of the Dumnonii around this time known as Mark Cunomorus or Mark Cynvawr. He was the father of Tristan (Drustans) whose name appears near Fowey on an inscribed stone. The fort was also occupied to some extent during the seventeenth century in the English Civil War.
Castle Down on the north of Tresco, Isles of Scilly is an area of rough moorland and stony outcrops. Located here are no fewer than 78 cairns. The majority simply appear as lowish mounds but some retain parts of their original kerbing and structure. Traces of field boundaries complete this ancient landscape.
An Iron Age Hill Fort situated just to the northwest of Lanteglos near Camelford. The original earthwork has a diameter of roughly 80 metres and is bounded by a 0.8 metre ditch surrounding an earth rampart some 3.5 metres high. Subsequently more ramparts were added to the west of the structure but these have been largely lost over time.
Castlewich Neolithic Henge lies on a hillside about one mile southeast of Callington. It has a diameter of about 90 metres.
Chapel Down Cairn lies on the northeast coast of the Scillonian Island of St. Martin's. The site contains a prehistoric field system, a number of Bronze Age cairns, an entrance grave (chambered cairn) and a 0.6 metre high statue menhir. Close by lies remnants of a chapel dating from the 8th-10th century. The three foot stone "idol" was discovered early in the last century, lost and found again in 1989 when the bracken caught fire. Seems to be the top half of a statue-menhir similar to those found in Brittany and the Channel Islands.
Chapel Down Statue Mênhir lies on the northeastern coast of the Scillonian island of St. Martin's. Less than a metre tall, this stone 'idol' is believed to have been broken off from a larger standing stone. It was discovered early in the last century, lost and then found again in 1989 when the covering bracken caught fire. Possibly Iron Age.
Clapper of Works Chambered Cairn lies about 500 meters to the south of The Old Man of Gugh and Obadiah's Barrow. A Scillonian entrance grave, it dates from the Neolithic Age. Four capstones still remain, with the chamber apparently extending the whole 9 metre diameter of the mound. Records state that there are also two round cairns here but thay are not easily distinguished. The whole of the south end of Gugh has about 20 cairns and 2 entrance graves, the other being the Carn of Works.
Condolen Barrow dates from the Bronze Age and sits on a hill near Tintagel. The barrow has a diameter of about 26 metres and stands almost 3 metres high. A wide ditch once surrounded the barrow, traces of which remain in the present day.
Craddock Moor Stone Circle lies on Bodmin Moor almost a mile northwest of the Hurlers at Minions. The circle originally thought to number 28 stone now displays just seventeen and, all but one of these lie on the ground. There is a line of sight alignment between Craddock Moor Stone Circle, Stowe's Hill and Tregarrick Tor, indicating quite accurately the position of mid-winter sunset and midsummer sunrise.
Crowpound Enclosure stands beside a crossroads about half a mile west of St. Neot. Roughly rectangular in shape with dimensions of 52m x 40m, with the long axis aligned roughly north-south. It is hard to date accurately due to the lack of any associated archaeological evidence.
Cruther's Hill Barrow Cemetery lies near the southern coast of St. Martin's in the Isles of Scilly. The hill has three summits, with a cairn on each, aligned northwest-southeast. The northwestern barrow is the largest with a diameter of 12 metres, the central cairn has a diameter of 8 metres whilst the two conjoined cairns of the southeastern summit have diameters between 4.5 metres and 6 metres. They date from the Neolithic or wearly Bronze Age.
Located about a mile north of Cubert lies the Bronze Age Cubert Round Barrow. It has a diameter of over 30 metres and stands allmost 3 metres high.
Cubert Inscribed Stone lies built into the west wall of the church at Cubert, near Newquay. It is thought to date from the late sixth century and has the following inscription: CONETOCI FILI TEGERNOMALI - Conetocus son of Tegernomalus.
Cubert Round is an ancient circular earthwork, some 70 metres in diameter just outside of Cubert Village. The site is in a poor state of repair with the village road cutting straight through the site from northwest to southeast.
Cuby Inscribed Stone lies built into the corner of Cuby Church near Tregony in Mid Cornwall. Its inscription reads: 'NONNITA ERCILIVI RICATI TRIS FILI ERCILINCI' which is translated as 'Nonnita, Ercilius, Ricatus, the three children of Ercilincus'. The stone is thought to date from the late sixth century.
Otherwise known as 'The Rounds', Delinuth Camp Hill Fort near Camelford is an Iron Age Hill Fort. It has a diameter of about 150 metres. Its former rampart and ditch are just visible after years of plough damage.
Over 100 metres in diameter, Dingerein Castle Hill Fort is almost circular and has twin ramparts ranging between 2.7 and 3.0 metres high. Its name is thought to come from the Cornish Dyn gerens - which means castle or fort of Gerens (or Gerent). It is situated on the eastern side of the A3078 near Gerrans village.
Like most Cliff Castles, Dodman Cliff Castle makes excellent use of the landscape. The headland at Dodman Point is surrounded on three sides by the sea with its landward access across its 'neck' controlled by large earth ramparts. In some places the bank attains a height of over six metres with the total area enclosed by the rampart almost 50 acres (20 ha).
Duloe Stone Circle lies just of the B3254 in Duloe Village. This rather small monument, a squashed circle of eight stones, approximately 12 metres diameter is still quite impressive due to its dazzling stones of white quartzite. Its tallest stone is 2.7 metres in height.
Located on a flat area in the saddle of land that separates Rough Tor from Brown Willy, lies the Bronze Age Stone Circle of Fernacre. The circle consists of over fifty stones, with about two-thirds still standing. A birds eye view of Fernacre can be gained by looking southwest about threequarters of a kilometre from the summit of Rough Tor.
The four Bronze Age round barrows at Silverwell, near Chiverton Cross lie on either side of the A30 trunk road. One three metre high barrow lies to the north of the road whilst the other three, all similar in size, lie to the south.
Garrow Tor Roundhouses lie near St. Breward about 500 metres from King Arthur's Hall. Mainly on the eastern slope of the Tor, the settlement exhibits numerous round houses and field structures. Archaeological work here has provided many artifacts including pottery, beads and bangles as well as quern stones dating from the Middle to Late Bronze Age.
The Giant's Castle, at Porth Hellick lies to the east of St. Mary's airport on the southeast of the island. The headland is protected by no less than four lines of defence, the outer rampart 1 metre high, the next rampart stands 1.2 metres high whilst the third stands 1.6 metres high. The inner rampart makes full use of the terrain and has a rampart 2 metres high. Artifacts found at the site date Giant's Castle to about 300 BC - the middle of the Iron Age.
The Giant's Hedge is a massive earthwork lying between Lerryn and Looe, a distance of almost 10 miles. Sadly now broken into sections, the longest being the 5.5 miles between Lerryn and the hamlet of Muchlarnick. The earthwork is thought to date from post Roman times and may have been the boundary of an ancient tribal kingdom.
Goodaver Stone Circle lies on the top of a hill near Bolventor. Dating from the Bronze Age, it has an approximate diameter of 32 metres. Threequarters of the original stones remain upright.
Great Arthur Cairns lie on the Scillonian island of Great Arthur, part of the Eastern Isles. Situated on the top of the hill lie three entrance graves and two cairns. The entrance grave is situated on the highest point. The 7.3 metre diameter cairn has a chamber 3.6 metres long. Three of the original capstones still remain.
Situated on Great Hill at the northern end of the Scillonian island of Tean lies a Neolithic Chambered cairn measuring 7.6 metres in diameter. Its chamber, 3.3 metres long has none of its capstones remaining. Nearby lies another Chambered Cairn, 6.7 metres in diameter.
Gweal Hill Cairns lie on the Scillonian island of Bryher, just to the west of the Hell Bay Hotel. The cairns, probably dating from the Bronze Age are in a poor state of preservation and are indistinct on the ground. Nearby lies a ruined entrance grave.
lies on the northwestern coast of the Scillonian Island of St. Mary's. Thought to date from the Iron Age, Halangy Down Village lies just below the Bronze Age Bant's Carn making visiting both sites a possibility. In a picturesque position overlooking the sea, this settlement resembles the mainland village at Chysauster, near Penzance. Thought to overlay an earlier Bronze Age settlement, there is one courtyard house and other interconnected oval houses with a probable occupation period of 500 years.
Hall Rings Iron Age Hill Fort lies almost a mile northeast of Pelynt Church. Like many forts Hall Rings stands on a spur of land overlooking a valley. Not in the best state of preservation, only the southwestern section remains visible. The fort comprises two concentric rings of about 145 metres diameter, surrounded by external ditches. Lies nea to the Bake Rings Settlement enclosure.
The Iron Age Helsbury Castle Hill Fort lies just over 2 miles to the south of Camelford in North Cornwall. The fort is roughly oval in shape with its long axis being about 170 metres long. On the east side an entrance exists leading to a rectangular earthwork, also with an eastern entrance. Ramparts surrounding the fort attain a height of 4.0 metres. In the middle of the fort lie the ruins of a medieval chapel known as St. Syth's Chapel.
Hensbarrow Round Barrow lies almost two miles southeast of Roche deep in China Clay Country. It stands 312 metres up on the highest point of the surrounding land and has been used as a beacon in the past. The Bronze Age structure is quite impressive in itself, standing 5.4 metres high and with a diameter in excess of 35 metres.
Possibly one of the most well known ancient monuments in Cornwall. Situated just to the northwest of the moorland village of Minions on Bodmin Moor. Dating from the Bronze Age the three circles lie close to each other and are aligned in a NNE direction. The northernmost circle has 15 stones present out of an original 24, although four are not upright. The circle, approximately 35 metres in diameter is the most circular of the three rings.
The middle ring is less circular and has diameters varying between 41 and 43 metres. Only half of the original 29 stones remain standing.
The southernmost circle has less than a third of its 29 stones remaining in a circle of 33 metre diameter. Nearby lie the Pipers, a pair of 2 metre tall standing stones of unknown date and origin.
The are two Entrance Graves at Innisidgen overlooking Crow Sound on the northeast coast of St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. Dating from the Bronze Age, the upper cairn is in a good state of preservation. It has an overall diameter of 8 metres with a chamber 5.5 metres long. Five capstones cover the chamber which is aligned towards the southeast, winter solstice sunrise.
Kelly Rounds also known as Castle Killibury is an Iron Age Hill Fort situated about one and a half miles northeast of Wadebridge. Roughly circular in shape, the fort has a diameter of over 220 metres. The best preserved section lies on the northern side, with ramparts up to 3.0 metres high.
Kelsey Head Cliff Castle lies on the northern section of Kelsey head near Holywell Bay. The headland is bounded by a V-shaped rampart standing 1.5 metres high with an external ditch. The rampart encloses an area of almost 2.5 acres (1 Hectare) and is appoximately 220 metres long.
King Arthur's Downs Stone Circles lies to the south east of King Arthur's Hall earthwork. This pair of Bronze Age stone circles have diameters of about 23 metres. The more complete western circle has about ten stones of which only two are still standing. The eastern ring has only six of its former stones still standing.
King Arthur's Hall is a large rectangular earthwork on Bodmin Moor. The structure, thought to date from the Neolithic, has dimnsions of 48 metres by 21 metrea and has a North-South orientation. It is best reached by footpath from St Breward.
King Doniert's Inscribed Stone lies on moorland at Redgate near St. Cleer. The walled area offers a chance to inspect the pair of stones here at your leisure. The intricately carved stones resemble parts of a tall cross: A shaft and a base. The base is inscribed DONIERT ROGAVIT PRO ANIMA which translates as 'Doniert ordered this (memorial) for (the sake of) his soul'. Doniert is thought to be synonymous with Dungarth, a 9th century king of Cornwall.
Kittern Hill on Gugh has the remains of three Neolithic chambered cairns. Not in the best state of preservation, they are still worth a visit if in the area.
Knackyboy Chambered Cairn lies near the southern coast of the Scillonian Island of St. Martin's. Situated just to the south of Middle Town, the cairn is in a poor state of preservation. Measuring over 15 metres in diameter, the cairn was first excavated in 1912 when over 200 kg of pottery including Bronze Age urns was discovered.
Lancarffe Inscribed Stone lies a mile northeast of Bodmin. Dating from the 5th or 6th century AD, the stone is part of a farm building. The inscription reads DVNOCATI HIC IACIT FILI MERCAGNI, translating as Dunocatus lies here,son of Mercagnus.
Located within the churchyard of Lanteglos by Camelford. Its Saxon inscription reads: AELSELD 7 GENERED WOHTE DYSNE SYBSTEL FOR AELWINES SOVL 7 HEYSEL which translates as 'Aelseth and Genereth wrought this memorial stone for Aelwine's soul and for themselves'. The stone dates from the 10th century.
Situated within Largin Wood on a spur of a hill above the Fowey River. It has twin ramparts and an internal diameter of about 100 metres by 70 metres. The inner rampart attains a height of almost 3 metres in places and has an entrance way on its southern side.
Near St Breward on the northwestern flanks of Bodmin Moor, Leaze Bronze Age Stone Circle lies about 250 metres southeast of King Arthur's Downs Stone Circle. Originally the circle is thought to have consisted of 22 stones, now only 14 remain in a circle with a diameter of just under 25 metres.
A pair of stone circles lying just to the west of Bolventor. The southern circle has a diameter of just over 30 metres. However, of the 22 former stones only one remains upright and that is little more than a stump. Approximately 300 metres to the northwest lies another circle with at least 18 stones still visible.
This ruined quoit or dolmen lies beside a minor road off the B3269 near Trebyan, Lanivet. Otherwise known as the Lanivet Quoit or Trebyan Quoit, the structure is recorded as fallen as early as 1858. The five metre long capstone lies propped up against an upright almost two metres tall.
Situated on Macfarland Downs, at the northern end of St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly, the Long Rock Menhir or standing stone is not immediately apparent. It lies in woodland to the east of Bant's Carn and stands 2.5 metres tall. It has been dated to the Bronze Age.
Otherwise known as the Menevegar Mnhir, this Bronze Age standing stone used to be situated on Longstone Downs, St. Austell but was moved due to the expansion plans of a china clay pit. It now stands on a green at the junction of Fore Street and Harmony Road, Roche. Its plaque states that it was moved in August 1970.
Louden Hill Stone Circle lies to the southwest of Rough Tor on the outskirts of Camelford. This Bronze Age circle lay undiscovered until the mid 1970s. Currently the circle exhibits one standing stone in a ring of sixteen fallen or broken others. Research indicates that the stone circle may have originally consisted of up to 39 stones in a roough circle of about 45 metres.
The are two Entrance Graves at Innisidgen overlooking Crow Sound on the northeast coast of St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. The lower chamber is in a poor state of preservation. It has an oval mound of about 8 metres in diameter with just two of the original capstones remaining. The chamber is aligned facing south.
Otherwise known as Men Gurta, this standing stone, originally 5 metres high, is set in countryside in a field next to the the turbines of St. Breock Wind Farm. Access is at any reasonable time. Location: St Breock Downs, 3.75 miles SW of Wadebridge off the unclassified road to Rosenannon.
Another long stone located about 500 metres to the east at grid reference SW973683 stands 2.1 metres high on the hills of St Breock Downs. The views from this windswept spot are amazing and panoramic. The stone is made from the same felspar as Men Gurta. Further west along the Saints Way coast to coast footpath, is a barrow cemetery that is now open to the public thanks to a new access initiative.
A cairn lies on this tiny island, on the south east of the Eastern Isles, at Grid Reference SV9553 1366.
There are two entrance graves situated on the top of the hill. Quite well preserved, the northern site consists of a cairn 6.1 metres in diameter, with its chamber 4 metres in length and one metre in width. It is aligned to the southeast, to face the winter solstice sunrise.
Fifteen metres to the south lies another cairn some 3.2 metres in diameter with a chamber 2.4 metres long and 1.2 metre wide. This site was excavated in 1953 and a female skeleton was unearthed along with some pottery.
The 3 metre tall Moorgate Menhir stands in a field near the hamlet of Moorgate, southeast of Camelford. This thin granite stone is thought to be early Bronze Age.
Mount Charles Menhir lies in the grounds of School on the A3061 near St. Austell. Otherwise known as 'The Longstone', this Bronze Age granite Menhir stands 3.5 metres tall on the former Gwallon Downs prehistoric site.
Mount Flagon Mênhir or standing stone lies beside an X-shaped shipping daymark adjacent to the Tudor fortifications known as Harry's Walls above Porthmellon beach at St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. The 2.8 metre stone is thought to have previously had a cairn surrounding it.
Nanscowe Inscribed Stone lies near Nanscowe Farm at Whitecross just west of Wadebridge. The stone stands 1.3 metres high and bears the inscription ULCAGNI FILI on one side and SEVERI on the other - translating as 'Ulcagnus son... (of) Severus' The stone dates from the 6th Century AD.
Formerly thought to have been the only Roman Fort in Cornwall, Nanstallon Roman Fort lies at Tregear Farm near Bodmin. Measuring 97 metres by 87 metres, the fort is orientated north-south. Excavated between 1965 and 1969, the fort was surrounded by ramparts and a ditch as you would expect but much of the archaeology has been obscured by modern field walls. Artifacts recovered suggest that the fort was occupied between 60-80AD.
Nine Maidens Stone Row lies on the eastern side of the A39 Atlantic Highway, just north of the Padstow roundabout at Winnard's Perch. The site was once thought to be the only stone row in Cornwall, prior to others being discovered on Bodmin Moor. As expected, the row consists of nine stones aligned southwest to northeast, with six remaining upright. The stones range in height from 1 metre to 1.9 metres although the northernmost fallen stone is 3.0 metres long. The site is aligned to a former longstone or menhir some 500 metres away to the northeast.
Nine Stones Stone Circle lies near North Hill, on the eastern flank of Bodmin Moor. The circle has a diameter of about 15 metres, its eight remaining stones ranging from 1.0 metre to 1.3 metres high. It is thought to date from the Early Bronze Age.
The Scillonian island of Nornour, lies at the northern extremity of the Eastern Isles, just to the south of St. Martin's. A settlement of roundhouses was discovered here in the 1960's and is believed to date from the middle of the Bronze Age. The site was excavated between 1968 and 1970, unearthing over 250 brooches, Roman coins, glass beads, bronze bracelets and rings amongst the 11 houses. The finds indicating a prolonged period of occupation.
There are seven cairns and nine Entrance Graves on North Hill on the northern end of the Scillonian island of Samson to the west of St. Mary's. The best preserved is an Entrance Grave, first excavated in 1930. It has a diameter of 8 metres and is 4.5 metrs in length. Its entrance faces due east the direction of the equinox sunrise.
Northwethel Entrance Grave lies on a hill on the southeast end of the Scillonian island of Northwethel. It has a diameter of 5.5 metres with a chamber 3 metres by 1.4 metres wide. Its entrance faces due east, the spring equinox sunrise.
Obadiah's Barrow is better described as a chambered cairn or entrance grave. It lies on the southwestern side of Kittern Hill on the Scillonian island of Gugh. The barrow has a diameter of 7.3 metres with a passage measuring 4.9 metres by 1.5 metres. The barrow formerly had six capstones but two have sadly fallen into the chamber. Its entrance is aligned to the southeast, where the midwinter solstice sun rises. Excavations carried out in 1901 unearthed parts of a male skeleton as well as cremated ashes and 12 inverted urns. The barrow dates from the Neolithic Age and is named after local farmer Obadiah Hicks.
The Old Man of Gugh is a Bronze Age standing stone situated about 300 metres east of Obadiah's Barrow on Gugh. The longstone or menhir stands 2.4 metres tall and leans to the northeast. The area below the stone was excavated in 1900 but nohing was found.
Situated near Doddycross, Menheniot, this Iron Age hill fort has an outer diameter of approximately 130 metres. Its ramparts and bank form a structure almost 3 metres high with a small entrance on the eastern side.
Situated two miles south east of Wadebridge, Pawton Quoit liess in a field near Haycrock Farm. Dating from the Neolithic, the Quoit or Dolmen consists of a massive capstone sitting atop nine uprights. The enclosed chamber has dimensions of 2.3 metres by 1.1 metre.
Pelynt Round Barrow Cemetery lies just to the south of Pelynt. Consisting of at least ten Bronze Age bowl barrows, there are faint traces of others discernible as crop marks from the air. The largest barrow has a diameter of 24 metres and a maximum height of 1.5 metres. Several barrows were opened in the mid-nineteenth century with finds including a greenstone axe, urn cremations, a bronze dagger and a Mycenean dagger originating in the eastern Mediterranean and dating from about 1500BC.
A 90 metre diameter central area is surrounded by a rampart approximately 3.4 metres high. Another, slightly more oval rampart surrounds this area, some 115 metres in diameter and 3.0 metres high. The whole structure is surrounded by a ditch about 1.6 metres deep.
Penhale Point Cliff Castle lies to the south of Holywell Bay in North Cornwall and is best approached along the coast path. The interior is defended by Iron Age ramparts some 2.5 metres high. To the south of the castle the structures have been obscured or obliterated by mining activities of more recent times.
Penhargard Castle lies about 2 miles north of Bodmin. The structure has a diameter of just under 90 metres at its widest point. The west of the Hill Fort lies on a steep slope overlooking the Camel Valley. Its ramparts are in relatively good preservation and range between 1.6 metres and 2.3 metres in height. They are cut by the entrance way to the southwest.
A group of eight cairns situated on Porth Hellick Downs on the east coast of St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly. The largest and best preserved of them is the 'Great Tomb', 12 metres in diameter with a 3.7 metre passage. The chamber is covered with four capstones. Its entrance is aligned to the Long Rock Menhir on Macfarland Downs. it has been dated to the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age period.
Prideaux Castle Hill Fort is a quadrivallate Iron Age hillfort situated atop a 133 m (435 ft) high conical hill near the southern boundary of the parish of Luxulyan. It is best reached via a footpath from a minor road leading off the A390 at St Blazey. Two of a possible three ramparts still survive surrounding the oval-shaped fort. Dimensions: 235 x 160 metres with ramparts between 1.3 and 2.7 metres high.
Rame Head Iron Age Cliff Castle lies in the far east of the county. The narrow neck of the headland displays a well defined ditch with an entrance way cut in its centre, generally though the cliff castle is in a poor state of repair. A 14th Century chapel dedicated to St. Michael lies in the middle of the headland.
Redcliff Castle, an Iron Age cliff castle overlooks Bedruthan Steps near Padstow. Two ramparts, approximately two metres high guard the headland and have associated ditches. The castle area has been reduced over the years by erosion, its original size now unknown.
Only discovered in 2007, Restormel Roman Fort lies about a quarter of a mile southwest of Restormel Castle near Lostwithiel. The fort has the usual rectangular plan surrounded by a rampart and ditch. Artifacts discovered indicate that the fort was home to Legio II Augustus throughout the Roman occupation of Britain. It measures 77 metres by 64 metres.
Resugga Castle is an almost circular Iron Age hill fort near St. Stephen. Measuring 116m by 100m, there is an entrance way on the northwest section. It is surrounded by a rampart three metres high with an external one metre deep ditch.
Rillaton Round Barrow lies on Bodmin moor about half a mile northeast of the Hurlers Stone Circle at Minions. Situated on the crest of a slope, the barrow contained a stone cist with a skeleton inside along with a ceremonial dagger. It has achieved fame as the excellent Bronze Age Rillaton Gold Cup was found here in 1818. The barrow has an approximate diameter of 37 metres and stood 2.4 metres high. A copy of the Rillaton Gold Cup can be seen in the Royal Cornwall Museum in Truro.
At Rough Tor, above Camelford lies a tor enclosue thought to date from the Bronze Age. The stones surround the twin summits of both Rough Tor and its north eastern neighbour Little Rough Tor.
Just on the western flank of Rough Tor, near Camelford lies a large concentration of Bronze Age Round Houses. The settlement runs southwards from the car park for over half a mile (1km) and contains field boundaries, pounds and numerous roundhouses making up an extensive settlement. On average the roundhouses have a diameter of approximately 4 to 6 metres and several are relatively intact.
One of the most visited Iron Age Cliff Castles in Cornwall, the Rumps near Padstow has twin headlands resembling the tail of a fish reached via a narrow neck of land protected by three distinct ramparts. The structures are thought to have been built in two phases with the Castle occupied between 400BC and 100AD.
Situated atop Samson Hill on Bryher, a ruined chamber cairn lies surrounded by ten kerb stones. Nearby, on the southern slopes of the Hill lies Works Carn. An oval shaped chambered cairn built out from the side of Samson Hill. Utilising the rock outcrop, it is revetted with large orthostats. The chamber is made from slabs set on edge with additional walling.
Shipman Head lies on the nortern end of the Scillonian island of Bryher. Quite dramatic in its own right, the headland is made more interesting by the existence of the ramparts of an Iron Age Cliff Castle. The wall just under a metre high is in the region of 5 metres thick. To the south and east of the castle lie a large number of ancient cairns.
Situated about 400 metres northeast of the summit of Rough Tor, a natural formation of granite rocks is surrounded by a large man made ring of piled stones with a diameter of about 30 metres, standing almost 1.2 metres high.
South Hill Cairns lie on the southern end of the Scillonian island of Samson to the west of St. Mary's. The are four Entrance Graves situated on the ridge of the hill. They are aligned north-south. The northernmost cairn has a diameter of almost 6 metres with a chamber measuring 3.5 metres long by 1 metre wide. Its entrance like that of its neighbours faces SSE.
St. Piran's Round lies beside the B3254 to the west of Goonhavern. Almost circular, the 45 metre diameter enclosure is bounded by a 2.5 metre high rampart with an external ditch 1.5 metres deep. The earthwork is thought to date from Iron Age times and has been used in modern times as a venue for the meeting of the bards at the Cornish Gorsedd as well as 'miracle plays.
A line of more than 90 Bronze Age barrows line the top of a ridge near St Breock Downs. Stretching for almost seven miles, the best example is located at grid reference SW971681. This 18 metre diameter barrow stands 2.4 metres high and is quite well preserved. The number of ancient monuments in the locality making the area well worth a visit.
St. Clement Inscribed Stone lies within St. Clement churchyard and stands ovr three metres high. Its 6th century inscription reads: VITALI FILI TORRICI, which translates as 'Vitalus, son of Torricus'.
St. Dennis Hill Fort surrounds St. Dennis church atop a conical hill near Indian Queens. Located just to the south of the A30 trunk road, its position effectively controls all the land north across Goss Moor to Castle an Dinas and indicates how the Iron Age people used high points in the landscape to control this ancient trade route through Cornwall. Circular in shape the twin ramparts are about 113 metres in diameter.
Otherwise known as the Brocagnus Stone, this 6th Century Inscribed Stone stands 1.5 metres tall at a cross roads of the B3314 roughly midway between St Endellion and Port Quin. The stone has recently been replaced here after spending many years at Doyden Point. The inscription reads BROCAGNI IHC IACIT NADOTTI FILIVS, which translates as 'Brocagnus lies here, son of Nadottus'.
A rarity in Cornwall, the St. Kew Inscribed stone has inscriptions in both Latin and Ogham (Old Irish). It reads IVSTI or Justus and is thought to be part of a larger inscription. It is situated within St. Kew church.
St. Warna's Well lies on the west coast of the Scillonian Island of St. Agnes. Dating from celtic times the well was later 'christianized'. It is approached by three steps leading down into its stone chamber and is located on rocks above St. Warna's Cove. Incidentally, St. Warna is the patron saint of shipwrecks.
Stannon Stone Circle lies on the slopes of Rough Tor, adjacent to the southern boundary of the Stannon China Clay Works. There are approximately 80 stones of which half remain standing. The circle has an average diameter of just over 40 metres dates from the Bronze Age and the proliferation of ancient sites makes the whole Rough Tor area well worth a visit.
Taphouse Ridge Round Barrows lie alongside the A390 road just under a mile west of West Taphouse. The Bronze Age barrows have an approximate W to E alignment and consist of two groups of four barrows. The western section have diameters of between 15 metres and 22 metres, whilst the eastern section are slightly larger with diameters of between 17 metres and 28 metres. Both groups exhibit the effects of treasure hunters and have robbed out centres.
The Devil's Coyt is situated near to the Trekenning roundabout on the A39 near St. Columb Major. Resembling the Quoits at Chun and Mulfra in the far west, records show that the Quoit or Dolmen was still erect until the 18th century. Its enclosed chamber measuring 2.1m x 1.8m x 2m high, covered with a large capstone. A support stone was removed from the western side in the early 1800's, with the quoit partially collapsing in the 1840's. Some thirty years later the quoit was broken up and remained lost until 1977 when its fragments were discovered during pipe-laying operations.
The Roman Altar stands within Tresco Abbey Gardens on the Scillonan island of Tresco. It is reputed to have been originally found at the site of the Pilots Gig Cafe on St. Marys. The altar stands 0.8 metres high and is 0.5 metres square. It is the only altar stone of its type in Cornwall.
The Trippet Stones Stone Circle lies near Blisland on Bodmin Moor and dates from the Early Bronze Age. Almost a true circle some 33 metres in diameter, only twelve of the original 26 stones remain. Eight still stand. The stone in the middle of the cicle is a modern boundary stone.
Standing within the south transept of Tintagel parish church, this inscribed stone measures 1.5 metres tall and is inscribed with IMP C G VAL LICIN, which translates as 'to the Emperor Caesar Gaius Valerius Licinus', which dates the inscription to about 250AD.
Tintagel Island is now a well known visitor attraction managed by English Heritage. Its main feature is the Castle thought to date from the 13th Century when it was the stronghold of Earl Richard of Cornwall. Prior to this the area was likely to have been an Iron Age Cliff Castle now sadly lost to erosion followed by a Post Roman settlement on level ground at the top of the island. Other walled enclosures on the ledges below the main path around the island may be medieval reworking of former Post Roman buildings. Associated structures here include a 12th century chapel, a pair of wells, a kiln and a tomb or shrine. It is thought that the island may have been the home of the Dumnonian royalty between 400 and 700 AD - still leaving open the possibility that (King) Arthur may have been concieved or born here.
A little to the north of Castle Down on the southern slope of Tregarthen Hill, on the north of Tresco, Isles of Scilly lie five chambered cairns or Entrance Graves, aligned NE-SW. The best preserved lies at SV88641626. This Entrance Grave has a diameter of about 7.3 metres with a chamber 4.6 metres long. It retains two of its original capstones and its inner kerb of 11 stones.
Tregeare Rounds Iron Age Hill Fort lies just to the SE of the B3314 to the northeast of Pendoggett. It consists of two circular ramparts surrounded by ditches. The height of the outer rampart reaches 2.5 metres with an outer ditch of 2.4 metres and an inner ditch of 1.7 metres. The smaller inner rampart encloses an area of about 90 metres and is about 1.2 metres high in places.
An inscribed granite pillar, formerly used as a gatepost and now situated on the roadside by St. Piran's, a former monastery now a private residence. The inscription reads: C DOMI N GALLO ET VOLUS – ‘For the Emperor Caesars our lords Gallus and Volusian.’ Trebonianus Gallus and Antoninianus Volusianus reigned from 251-253 AD.
Two Bronze Age bowl barrows, approximately 26 metres in diameter lie close to the cliff edge near Zachry's Islands, Trevelgue. The stand 3.7 metres tall and stand proud of the landscape. On excavation, the easternmost barrow was found to have contained a stone cist complete with human skeleton, currently on display at the Royal Cornwall Museum in Truro.
Situated as it is close to the summer holiday resort of Newquay, Trevelgue Head Cliff Castle is usually overlooked by all but a handful of interested visitors. The castle is thought to date from the Iron Age although two Bronze Age barrows have been located indicating that the area has been utilised for even longer. Seven ramparts, ranging from 2 metres to 4 metres high, protect the interior making it probably the best defended cliff castle in Cornwall. Excavations in the mid twentieth century discovered at least fourteen roundhouses as well as Roman coinage.
Warbstow Bury Iron Age Hill Fort lies on the side of a hill just to the northwest of the North Cornwall village of Warbstow, near Launceston. Oval rather than circular it has diameters of 340 metres and 270 metres. The impressive ramparts are widely spaced and reach up to 5.8 metres in places. Their outer ditches are 2.7 metres in depth. There are entrances to the east, northwest and southwest sides.
White Island Chambered Cairn lies on the Scillonian island of White Island, just off the northern coast of St. Martin's. In a good state of preservation, the cairm has a diameter of over 6 metres. Its chamber is almost 5 metres long and is aligned SSE to NNW. Two of its original capstones remain. Nearby, to the southeast, lie a number of smaller cairns. Access is by foot from St Martins for just one hour either side of low tide. Please be aware of the state of the tide.
Willapark Iron Age Cliff Castle lies on the prominent triangular shaped headland just to the southwest of Boscastle in North Cornwall. It is accessible via the coast path. The 110 metre long single rampart runs NE-SW across the neck of the headland and reaches a height of 1.8 metres. It is fronted by a 0.8 metre deep ditch. A modern footpath cuts through its southwestern end.
An Iron Age Cliff Castle protected by a single 48 metre long bank and ditch. The site can be reached along the coast path from Tintagel or by a public footpath from the B3263 at Bossiney.
Wingletang Down is described as a cairn cemetery. Over 40 simple cairns lie on the moorland on the southern end of the Scillonian island of St. Agnes. In various states of preservation, they resemble low circular mounds and are thought to date from the Bronze Age.
A Neolithic long barrow just to the east of the A39 some three miles north of Kilkhampton. The Woolley Long Barrow is one of the best preserved examples in Cornwall. It has dimensions of 62m (long axis) by 21m wide. It stands 2.5 metres high. | 2019-04-20T02:54:08Z | http://www.cornwallinfocus.co.uk/history/ancientsites.php?r=IOS |
Her face is above mine. Ripples murmur over her features—black brows in slim lines. A too-large nose. Perfectly formed lips in plumped half-wedges. Rounded cheeks, pale. A tumble of raven-hued hair. At first, she looks dead. A painting or another adaption of real life. Only a copy. But then her arms move, fingers barely penetrating the water, dotting close to my face. She is not dead, no. No, she is too alive. I sink further back, hidden among weeds and muck. She never guesses. Never sees me with those great black eyes, so like my own.
I live in a walled garden. It’s neatly maintained by a small cache of gardeners in wide-brimmed straw hats, arms ever scratched from thickets and thorns. As they bend down, hours of their days spent crouching, they remind me of the thatched houses that once dotted my village. These men tend to yellow roses, fragrant orange groves, and wide arcs of basil. A pocket of stately elms surround a fountain, my fountain, their planting following the outer stone curvature. Here, in the grey stone lip, water sits, collecting mildew, as do I. Raised above the water on a small pedestal stands a stone child, pouring out her jug. Only the contents move, a soft trickle into the moat below. It’s a mundane act, I think. Sad to capture.
Since I spend much of my time with her, this doppelganger of a girl probably now grown, probably now buried, I have come to wonder about her life. Who was she? Why a jug? These questions follow me as I spend my days on my ledge. I try to give the girl a noble life, but always come back to that vessel. A washerwoman? Too young. Her fingers are too slender, too smooth. Her frame is wrapped in a chiseled gown—one too pretty for chores. For years I’ve studied her long, toned limbs, delicate hands and feet, both without nails. She is always there. Standing over me. Paying my consideration of her in drops, rivulets, and streams. Her face is tilted towards her task. It seems a cruel fate. A girl forever at work, never able to glimpse sky. Whoever placed this girl under her trance, encapsulating her in stone—surrounded by a ring of water, a wall of granite, then earth and elms—seems to have placed so much protection into this plan. Protection for the girl? Or from her?
I remain in shadow or below. I want no part. At least I have irises. Pupils.
The next day, the sun bleeds over the mountains, mid-morning light seeking to penetrate the stilled-glass water. She is looking down and I am looking up. I blink, focusing on a movement of hair. This is no statue. It’s her.
I need air soon, but I wait as the living girl sits on the stone ledge of my fountain, her fingers brushing out her dark tangles. She is usually humming, but there’s no song today. I think about hopping from the water onto the statue, but I hate touching the statue’s deadened feet. I need to breathe. She gazes at her reflection so long some days I often wonder if she is tempting a similar enchantment as the statue in my fountain. And we all know what happened to Narcissus. But here I go. I jump out, legs bent, then straightened, muscles flexed and springing and flexed as I land beside her. The girl gives a start, unsteady on her feet, before squinting to see whom, or rather what, I am. I smell her scream, butterscotch. Air floods my system. Her eyes, even hunched, are lovely.
“Awful toad!” A huff as she sits back down, fanning out her skirts away from me. I take this in silence, at first ready to hop away, but I stay instead, eyeing the curling drapery of her hair, the flush that spreads over her face, blood twisting in her body from the shock. I eye the blue ivy veins in her neck. I can’t help myself.
She sighs and I edge nearer. Her neck falls forward, then, head bowed. Heavy in her seat, her hands are collected in her lap. And she stares. I wait. I want to frighten her—anything for her to move, to speak. But here she is, still as stone.
“I lost it.” There’s a long pause, and she flicks the edge of her vision to me, as if bestowing a gift. I flare out my lungs as a response, my sides expanding. She notices the movement. “Heinrich’s ring. I stole it. Last we met.” Her voice like velvet, her words are soft purrs, but her sentences feel chopped, bloody and torn at the edges. “Told him he needed to visit me again if he wanted it back.” Her lips twitch, the smallest smile. For a moment, she’s lost to this garden and me. For a moment, she looks pleased.
But I can’t hear her so well. I wonder at this, the air turning sour. These vowels are smothering. These consonants are slicing open my great stomach. And pain—pain is prying my eyes open and cutting cavities. Heinrich. A memory steals into my mind, swallowing down my throat. For now, I can only think his name. And here it is. Falling from her lips. A terrible power, sound is.
“I’d give anything to find it.” Her smile unhinges itself.
I know the ring. I kept it after she dropped it into the grass a few days ago. It took me a while to remember where I had seen it before. Circling the small band, I hopped around it, letting my memories unfurl themselves like lilies. Fresh, abundant perfume, before the scent turns towards decay. I took it into my mouth and brought it into the pool of water. I liked the metallic taste. Reminded me of blood. Of him. I didn’t eat anything, I hardly even moved for two days after finding it, too content to sit on the ring like a hen, hoarding my bounty.
Guilt seizes my muscles. And anger. Blood is rushing my throat, bubbling near my ears and eyes. HeinrichHeinrichHeinrich. I belch a croak at her. MineMineMine. But he gave his ring, my ring, his ring, to her. To another. I belch a longer croak. I couldn’t stand her face anymore. I couldn’t harness the drumming of my pulse, my frog blood sprinting through the chambers of my small heart. That witch. My muscles are sluggish. Slow. When I ceased to exist in the human world, I never thought that he’d continue to live in it. Not fully.
I hop back into the water. An angry trail of fingers and splashed water trails my legs as I sink back down into my murk.
Days later, I am waiting on the stone ledge with the ring. I push it around in my mouth. Heinrich. It pains me that I can’t form the word with my mouth. My tongue no longer moves like it did. And teeth?
Heinrich. Browned-butter hair. Light eyes. Lines carved into a smile. An hour flies past, my mouth fussing and twisting.
I hear her shoes clomping down on the grass and leaves. She comes every third day. Worked up, I breathe heavily, which I hate doing in the open. It makes me look afraid, I know. Vulnerable. Noticeable. But here she is, and she’s looking at the fountain, the statue, then me. Slowly, my eyes locked on hers, I spill the ring out. A plain gold band with four opals. It plinks onto the stone, shakes, then stills. A small sound to the world. My ears ring with its howl.
I edge away. When her glance splashes over it, a small breath leaves her lungs. Surging forward she almost knocks me away, her hand sweeping, pawing at the ring. Jamming it onto her hand, she spins.
“God!” Her face looms towards mine, blocking the late afternoon sun. I can’t see her features clearly—her eyebrows and lashes and nose and teeth are a maze of texture—porous skin, fur, enamel.
“Toadie, did you do this?” Her eyes are slightly unfocused with relief, liquid pupils of ink. When she turns and makes her way back to her house, I quietly follow. I count the statue as a witness to our deal. The girl doesn’t look down. She doesn’t look back.
My legs and muscles feel rusty, feel foreign as I hop, hop, hop, over and over and over. The grass is bobbing up and down near my head like waves. My stomach is acid and bumblebees. But I follow her. The promise has been made.
I lose her only once in the house when I stop and stare at the strange faces carved into a relief, lips pushing, opening themselves from stone. Eyes, again, without pupils. I shudder, turning away from them, away from silent pleas and unseeing eyes. Servants are busy rushing away at their chimneys and plates and floors, slowing down only when the girl enters or exits a room, their eyes hungry on her face, their movements stiff as dolls. Their eyes, round moths, flying around her face, cloaked body, the ring she is stroking.
I try to be as discreet as possible, following at a turtle’s pace. The staircase, polished wood and bolted carpet, is the worst. There are cherubs holding up the banisters, stomachs carved and peeled round. The girl’s skirts are raised just enough as she climbs to show a shapely calf, carefully covered in white stockings. Delicate ankles. Polished shoes. My legs tire often, weakened by days, months, years of just hopping up one step, then down. But my days are numbered with these legs, this moist green skin. My moments are counted. My large tongue ticks them off against its dry roof. One step. Then another. I lose her on the second floor. She was too quick on the stairs. On, on, on, I need to get moving. I taste the air, trying to catch her scent, a clue, something. Her soft laugh. A black hair upon the tanned wood.
Child. You of the raven hair. Eyes of deer. Scent of rose. Child. Child. Child. Girl who walked into my garden, with your light dresses, your curled lashes. Living doll. You, who had a ring, lost a ring, found a ring. You of quick promises.
Her bedroom door is open to let the breeze wander in. There is soft yellow wallpaper glued to lofty walls, broken open by long, lean windows. The glass is so old it has begun to droop, a watery composition that softens the diminishing light. I’ve read, long ago when I still had that power, that windows are often compared to eyes and teeth of the houses to which they belong. But these windows are planned wounds. Inflicted necessities.
I creep in. A chaise lounge rests on one side of the room, and her bed on the other. A fireplace leans between two bookcases, dusty with disuse. Impossible glass animals dot the mantel among dried flowers. Unicorns. Mermaids. Manticores. Fairies. I shiver—if I exist in this prison, they do too. I think of my statue. Did this girl collect us? Breath is snorting in and out of my body. Shadows are waking up, meeting one another under the pieces of cherry furniture. They stretch their limbs pooling under my body. I hobble under the lion-footed bed and wait. Croaking like a death beetle.
Dusk falls heavily, vulgar in its vanity. The light shifts quickly now—a deep golden orange to a plum blue. It is time for bed. A play has begun in reverse. Out comes the brush. Off come the earrings, the pearls, the bracelets. Her dress does not slide to the floor. It falls in a great heap, despite a servant trying to keep it from being wrinkled further. The girl tramples the thing. It feels so electric, to see so much skin, to see her legs moving up and down as she leaps across the room, flying onto her bed like a child. My breath comes at a pant. Vanilla. Rose. Peony. Scents from an old world breaking over my skin, heavy in their dosage. I am soothed and suffocated. Now, the candles are snuffed. The velvet curtains around the bed drift towards one another, released from their silk bindings. As they fall closed, I take my moment.
I am able to pop myself up—takes me four bounds to reach the duvet and mounds of lace-trimmed pillows. Darkness has already crept into the shadows of her face. Eye sockets. Above and below the lips. Around her hairline. Cold paralysis crawls over my limbs. It’s hard to move. Suddenly, I am at home in my fountain, wading through the mud floor, her hair like kelp. I lumber onto her pillow, breathing in her heavy scent. Her skin is soap and sweat. Hair scented of outside, like home. Vanilla behind her ears and under her chin. I lean close.
Is this where you wish to be kissed?
Her chest lifts her shift, trimmed in creamy scalloped lace around her thin-boned collar. Moonlight pools in bright spots under windows, scattering the shadows. Now is the hour. I’ve read the instructions before. I’ve heard the stories. A beautiful sleeping girl under a pale moon. Her heart drumming faintly under warm skin. It has been years since I was in a house, in a bed. With someone. I blame that on what I did next.
It is just a touch. A small lick. Well, perhaps not small. But you see, the ring is here too. I didn’t expect for her to wear it. The four opals blink at me like eyes. The tiny glass manticore’s roar fills my ears. And Heinrich. Heinrich’s ring. Again mine. I can’t move. I can’t tear myself away, nor scratch my thoughts out. A memory opens, a wide unblinking eye.
Warm breath fell against my ear. Heinrich’s hands, soft, traced my cheeks, my lips. A shove to the shoulder and a laugh. It was a time before hexes or spells or ambivalent luck. Winters. Summers. We were boys again in the snow. I was pushing my sled up a hill and there he came, bounding over, jumping on, and sailing away. It was so cold I could barely breathe, but at that moment, when I saw his golden-brown hair peek out under his fur hat, his white teeth, I opened my mouth wide and deep, a laugh shooting up and out from my lungs, giving my breath to the white sky where it turned to moisture, then disappeared. I sucked back in remote sun and hard cold, which iced my lungs closed. It wasn’t hard to stare for all of his ease and graces. Heinrich. Boy of the snow. He told me that if I ever left him, his heart would not break. It would not melt. Iron bands, my love, he whispered another night, a warmer night, when the stars hung close, too close, over our heads. We had snuck outside and lay under a maple tree, trying to name constellations through the leaves. A losing game. It would be a caged mound of flesh and blood. He smelled like leather and smoke and grass. Of course, I lied before. I never looked for stars. My eyes always fell to earth. To him. His pinky finger, that golden ring, gently, sought mine out. There was a rustle, and a darker shadow fell over my face, his lips descending from his heavens, down upon mine.
I shoot out my tongue out, meaning to take the ring. It’s a desperate measure. Her thumb ends up encased in my jaws. I taste salt. Not iron. My heart is croaking, breaking.
Her scream punctures the curtains, my ears. Three fingers are all it takes to catch me, but then again, I don’t bother moving. I don’t want to. His ring felt cheap in my mouth, on her thumb. A hand grabs my small body, wrapping around my arms and legs and lungs. My face. There’s no air. I am bursting, and there are stars in my eyes. They finally came. Her fingers lock. Our eyes catch one another. Terror slides over her face. Disgust scales up her eyes. My own are soon covered.
When I breathe again, I am flying, my legs no longer needed to propel me forward. I am like the strong wind in winter, driving ripples over the water in my pond. I am like the spring breeze, bursting through treetops, traveling where I’d like. In the end, I glimpse yellow wallpaper, peeling away from the wall as if it were sour, curdling. Iron Heinrich, they called him after I disappeared. I heard the whispers, the rumors. A boy in grief for his friend. Determined to find me. Iron Heinrich. A boy with an iron-caged heart. I had once called him this.
Iron is my end. I taste it now, in the extended dark.
I had only wanted large, bleached bones again. To see translucent skin over a wrist, blue and purple veins below. To feel eyelashes. To taste. The girl was a means to the end. I had everything right, didn’t I? She named me and pledged our fates with a promise. I pledged with a gift. I waited for nightfall. There was the kiss, of course. A violent letting of blood. But a spell is not broken, only cured. It lingers in the spine, in the irises that circle the pools of black pupils. Love is a hazy moon, a trickster character of light. This I have finally learned, the moral of my own story. Elements can fool—the impure iron always corrodes.
Jennie Ziegler completed her M.F.A. in Nonfiction Writing at the University of Arizona. She is currently an Instructor at the University of North Florida where she teaches fairy tales, food writing, and adolescent literature. You may reach her at [email protected].
30 Oct This entry was published on October 30, 2016 at 12:09 am and is filed under Archive, Fiction, GH.21 (October 2016). Bookmark the permalink. Follow any comments here with the RSS feed for this post. | 2019-04-20T04:53:22Z | https://gingerbreadhouselitmag.com/2016/10/30/violent-lettings/ |
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