text
stringlengths 16k
189k
| timestamp
stringlengths 20
20
| url
stringlengths 15
841
|
|---|---|---|
T he American Board of Lifestyle Medicine (ABLM) recently announced that Athens GA, native Dr. Ram K. Reddy of Reddy Medical Group is among the 204 physicians and 43 Ph.D./Masters-level health clinicians who have become the first medical professionals globally to be certified as Diplomats of the ABLM/American College of Lifestyle Medicine (ACLM) and the International Board of Lifestyle Medicine. The lifestyle medicine certification is an addition to Dr. Reddy’s internal medicine and geriatric certifications. The exam was given Oct. 26 in Tucson, AZ, following the American College of Lifestyle Medicine’s Lifestyle Medicine 2017 conference.
Lifestyle Medicine, defined by the ACLM, is the use of evidence-based lifestyle therapeutic approaches, such as a predominantly whole food, plant-based diet, physical activity, adequate sleep, stress management, tobacco cessation, and other non-drug modalities, to prevent, treat, and, oftentimes, reverse chronic disease.
As a result of this global pioneering effort, Lifestyle Medicine Global Alliance sister organizations in Europe, Asia, Oceania and Latin America are scheduled to host Lifestyle Medicine certifications in their respective countries and regions, using the identical exam, proctoring, and pass rates, resulting in standardization of the field on a worldwide basis.
“Driven primarily by large, self-insured employers, the requirement for healthcare providers to employ and deploy lifestyle medicine-certified physicians and health professionals will increase rapidly, as the reduction in medical utilization costs on a per-person per-annum basis is becoming increasingly evident when Lifestyle Medicine is used across the treatment spectrum,” Herzog continued.
ABOUT REDDY MEDICAL GROUP: Reddy Medical Group was established in August of 1984 in a small office building in Franklin Springs, Georgia. It was the vision of Dr. Ram K. Reddy, who chose to provide quality, modern health care to the community because of its peaceful atmosphere, natural beauty, and friendly people. Since its humble beginnings, Reddy Medial Group has grown to include 6 urgent care facilities, 3 primary care offices, 1 pediatrics office, and Yuva Medical Spa and Laser Center. Dr. Reddy hopes to open at least 2 more urgent care facilities by the end of 2018 as well as further expand Reddy Medical Group into the ever increasing field of telemedicine.
ABOUT THE AMERICAN BOARD OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE: The ABLM was formed in November 2015, in Nashville, TN, by a group of visionary physicians who saw the need to: educate physicians and allied health professionals about Lifestyle Medicine; set a common standard/language for Lifestyle Medicine protocols globally; differentiate between evidence-based Lifestyle Medicine professionals and non-evidence based Lifestyle Medicine practitioners; set a global Lifestyle Medicine benchmark; and attract health insurance funding for evidence-based Lifestyle Medicine by requiring that any fund receivers be formally certified. Learn more at https://ablm.co/about/.
ABOUT THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF LIFESTYLE MEDICINE: ACLM is the professional medical association for those dedicated to the advancement and clinical practice of Lifestyle Medicine as the foundation of a transformed and sustainable healthcare system. More than a professional association, ACLM is a galvanizing force for change. ACLM addresses the need for quality education and certification, supporting its members in their individual practices and in their collective desire to domestically and globally promote Lifestyle Medicine as the first treatment option, as opposed to a first option of treating symptoms and consequences with expensive, ever increasing quantities of pills and procedures. ACLM members are united in their desire to identify and eradicate the cause of disease. Learn more at http://www.LifestyleMedicine.org.
Lace up your tennis shoes and hit the trails. Spring is the perfect time to get away from it all and explore what your area has to offer. From national parks to botanical gardens, most towns have plenty of paths to try. With new life all around, it is hard not to feel refreshed. Be sure to plan ahead, pack plenty of water and snacks, and bring a buddy.
There are tons of local races offered during the spring. Whether you are a seasoned runner or just looking to get off the couch for a morning, there are race options for every level. Most 5ks offer the option to walk, and you can go at whatever pace is most comfortable for you. Races are a fun way to challenge yourself, and reaching the finish line is an exhilarating feeling. You may just get hooked.
Swimming is the perfect way to cool off and tone up on warm days. It is also considerably less stressful on joints than other physical activities. Working out in the water may help those with joint or muscle problems exercise pain-free. Find a lake, pool, or ocean near you, and just keep swimming.
Next time you leave the house, consider biking to your destination. Or biking those local paths you discovered on a hike. Or biking laps around your block just because. Biking is an environmentally friendly form of transportation and great cardiovascular exercise.
Competition brings out the best in us, especially when it comes to sticking with an exercise routine. One of the top reasons people cite for not exercising regularly is boredom with their fitness routine. Incorporating an enjoyable outdoor sport like tennis or golf into your regime makes it much easier to motivate yourself to get moving. You’ll be having too much fun to even notice you’re exercising, so challenge your friends to a fierce game of basketball or frisbee!
These and other forms of outdoor exercise make getting moving much more enjoyable. Not only will you feel the positive results of physical fitness but also the added benefits of being with nature. You may find yourself much more relaxed and happy after opening the door. So go outside, take a deep breath, and enjoy.
Each of the Reddy Medical Group facilities provides primary care services by appointment, and urgent care services without an appointment Both our Athens and Royston offices are open seven days a week with extended hours. Our Danielsville office is open 5 days a week.
Allergies are right around the corner, be prepared!
March means the beginning of Spring! And with the change in weather, Spring also brings a long list of allergens with it. With flowers budding and trees blooming, allergies can turn a clear March day into a groggy blur. But in order to reduce allergies, we first have to understand what they are.
An allergy is an abnormal reaction of the immune system when it comes into contact with a normally harmless substance, or allergen. Someone without an allergy to the substance would have no reaction. However, when a person with an allergy comes into contact with the allergen, it binds with antibodies that create chemicals such as histamine. These chemicals cause the much dreaded allergy symptoms. Normal symptoms of Spring allergies often include runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, but the list goes on. However there are many ways to reduce the effects of seasonal allergies such as pollen.
First, stay inside as much as possible on dry windy days. The wind can stir up the pollen and make it particularly unpleasant to be outside. The best time to be outside is after a good rain clears the air. To further prevent exposure, have others with milder allergies handle tasks such as mowing lawn or picking weeds from the garden if possible. If you have to take care of outdoor chores on your own, save yourself the stuffiness and wear a dust mask to keep the pollen out. Also, change your clothes after working outside to avoid bringing the allergens inside. An indoor air purifier couldn’t hurt either!
There are numerous over-the-counter and prescription medications that can help relieve symptoms if you can’t seem to outrun the allergens. There are numerous treatments for numerous symptoms; from decongestants to antihistamines, the variety can be a little overwhelming. The friendly doctors at Reddy Medical Group are here to help you if you have any questions, or if you are suffering from a particularly strong reaction. We want you to be able to enjoy this Spring; don’t let a little pollen get in your way!
Are you feeling down this winter?
Blame it on the season. As the days get shorter and temperatures get colder, our bodies have a tough time adjusting. It helps to find creative ways to get energized… Besides a nap.
It is tempting to stay inside to avoid the cold, but our bodies need some direct sunlight for Vitamin D production. Whether you open the blinds, go for a walk, or throw some snowballs, make sure you’re taking advantage of the short hours of sun.
2. Make Vitamin D a priority.
Even if you are venturing outdoors, you may want to supplement your sun time with Vitamin D. Looks for foods rich in Vitamin D like oily fish, meat, and eggs, or take a supplement to ensure you are getting enough.
Exercise leaves you feeling invigorated and ready to tackle the next big thing. Look into some fun indoor options or outdoor seasonal activities like skiing or ice skating.
4. Develop a sleep routine.
Having a set time and duration for sleep helps your body develop a routine.
With these tips, hopefully you won’t have to wait for warmer weather to perk up!
Breast cancer affects 1 in 8 women during their lives, and many of us know someone – a mother, sister, friend – who has had it. It is the second-leading cancer killer of women in the United States, next to lung cancer. Thanks to screening, breast cancer often can be found early, when the chance of successful treatment is best. In fact, many women are even cured of the disease.
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the breast. A malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into (invade) surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of the body. The disease occurs almost entirely in women, but men can get it, too. The most common type is ductal carcinoma, which arises in the milk ducts.
The exact cause of breast cancer is unknown, however, it is most likely due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some women who exhibit many of the risk factors of breast cancer never contract it, while some who manifest none of the risk factors may succumb to it.
The two most important risk factors are a woman’s family history and her age. A woman with a blood relative who had breast cancer is two to three times more likely to develop the disease herself, while women older than 60 have a greater risk than younger women. Other risk factors include: gender, inherited genes, obesity, and alcohol use.
See your doctor if you are experiencing any of these symptoms. Your doctor may order a mammogram, or an X-ray of the breast. It is recommended that women over 50 get a mammogram every two years.
It is also important be vigilant about breast cancer detection. If you notice any changes in your breasts, such as a new lump or skin changes, consult your doctor. Also, ask your doctor when to begin mammograms and other screenings.
AIDS, or Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome, affects approximately 1.7 million people in the United States alone. One in five people are currently living with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and are unaware of their condition. In the presence of such a serious epidemic, it’s important to know how it’s possible to catch the disease, and how to recognize the signs of contamination.
Gay and bisexual men of all races are the most severely affected by HIV/AIDS, but that doesn’t mean you’re in the clear if you don’t fall into this category. AIDS can be transmitted in various ways including intimate contact, pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, injection and drug use, occupational exposure, and blood transfusion/organ transplants. With so many possible ways to become exposed to the virus, it’s not surprising that every 9.5 seconds, another person contracts HIV.
But what exactly is the HIV virus, how does it turn into AIDS, and what is happening within the body? Below is a breakdown of how this invasive disease tears apart the immune system leading to severe sickness and diminished health.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) weakens your immune system by destroying important cells that are vital in fighting disease and infection. HIV can hide for a very long time in the cells of your body, and works on destroying T-cells, or CD4 cells, that are necessary in order to fight off contaminates in the body. AIDS is the final stage of an HIV infection, and people with this disease usually have significantly damaged immune systems, putting them at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs). You will be diagnosed with AIDS if you have one or more OI, certain cancers, or a very low number of CD4 cells. Medical intervention and treatment is necessary in this state in order to prevent death, confirming how serious the disease can be.
If you think you may have contracted HIV, or simply want to get tested, Reddy Medical Group offers laboratory services in-house at all locations, producing test results in a matter of minutes. Don’t wait around with this dangerous disease. Get tested today.
Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. It affects more than two million people in the US alone each year. Despite this large number, it is one of the easiest to cure, if it is diagnosed and treated early. However, when allowed to progress, skin cancer can lead to disfigurement and even death. To effectively reduce the chance of developing skin cancer, it is essential to understand what the disease is first.
Skin cancer occurs when unrepaired DNA damage to skin cells (most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds) triggers mutations, or genetic defects, that lead the skin cells to multiply rapidly and form malignant tumors. Skin cancer itself is the abnormal growth of skin cells. It most often develops on skin exposed to the sun, but it can also occur on areas not ordinarily exposed to sunlight. There are three major types of skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Skin cancers found and removed early are almost always curable. Therefore, it is important to perform regular self-examinations and alert a physician if you spot anything suspicious.
Aside from treatment, protection against skin damage from harmful UV rays is extremely effective in reducing the risk of skin cancer. When you’re out enjoying the warm weather this spring and summer, make sure you use sunscreen! Covering up with long sleeves and sticking to the shade are also effective, but make sure you apply sunscreen to any exposed areas. It’s also important to see your physician every year for a professional skin exam. By taking a few extra steps along the way to save your skin, you can save yourself a lot of trouble and prevent such a potentially dangerous disease!
Rosacea is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that causes redness and bumps typically on the face. Rosacea is particularly mysterious because no one completely understands what causes the condition. The symptoms of Rosacea typically reveal themselves in periodical flare ups, in which the blood vessels in the face to expand causing redness. A wide array of triggers can cause flare ups. Exercise, sun exposure, hot weather, stress, and hot baths can all be triggers, among other causes. Dramatic swings in temperature can also occasionally cause a flare-ups.
Anyone can develop rosacea, but if you have fair skin, are between the ages of 30 and 60, experience frequent blushing, or have a family history of rosacea, you may have a larger risk.Symptoms of rosacea usually involve a flushed, red face with sensitive, dry skin. The skin may burn or sting. Along with red skin, small bumps or acne-like breakouts often appear. Additionally, rosacea often results in the skin becoming coarser and thicker with a bumpy texture. Left untreated, rosacea tends to get worse over time. Despite its mysterious and chronic nature, physicians have a wide variety of treatments that control and reduce the signs and symptoms of rosacea.
Oftentimes doctors can prescribe low-dose antibiotics or skin creams to reduce redness and breakouts. Dry sensitive skin can often be treated simply with moisturizers and sunscreen. In more involved cases, doctors can treat redness from tiny blood vessels with light or cosmetic surgery and can remove thickened skin with cosmetic surgery. If you have rosacea, you can reduce your risk of flare ups by sticking to the treatment plan prescribed by your doctor, being gentle to your skin, and noticing and avoiding your personal triggers.
Rosacea is uncomfortable and often hurts the confidence of those affected. Reddy Medical Group has a friendly staff of experienced professionals who are very knowledgeable about the chronic disease of rosacea. If you feel you may have some of the symptoms or need treatment for an existing condition, we would love to help you feel better and get your confidence back.
Don’t let rosacea get in your way. Come see us today! | 2019-04-19T00:45:46Z | http://www.reddymedicalgroup.com/author/admin/ |
D.C. Law Library - Chapter 18. Reinsurance Intermediaries.
Chapter 19. Required Annual Financial Statements and Participation in the NAIC Insurance Regulatory Information System.
§ 31–1803. Required contract provisions; reinsurance intermediary-brokers.
§ 31–1804. Books and records; reinsurance intermediary brokers.
§ 31–1805. Duties of insurers utilizing the services of a reinsurance intermediary-broker.
§ 31–1806. Required contract provisions; reinsurance intermediary-managers.
(1) “Actuary” means a person who is a member in good standing of the American Academy of Actuaries.
(2) “Controlling person” means any person, firm, association, or corporation who directly or indirectly has the power to direct, or cause to be directed, the management, control, or activities of the reinsurance intermediary.
(4) “Holding Company Act” means the Holding Company System Act of 1993, Chapter 7 of this title.
(5) “Insurer” means any person, firm, association, or corporation duly licensed in the District pursuant to the applicable provisions of District insurance law as an insurer.
(6) “Licensed producer” means an agent, broker, or reinsurance intermediary licensed pursuant to the applicable provision of insurance law.
(7) “Reinsurance intermediary” means a reinsurance intermediary-broker or a reinsurance intermediary-manager as these terms are defined in paragraphs (8) and (9) of this section.
(8) “Reinsurance intermediary-broker” (“RB”) means any person, other than an officer or employee of the ceding insurer, firm, association, or corporation who solicits, negotiates, or places reinsurance cessions or retrocessions on behalf of a ceding insurer without the authority or power to bind reinsurance on behalf of the insurer.
(D) The manager of a group, association, pool, or organization of insurers that engage in joint underwriting or joint reinsurance and who are subject to examination by the insurance commissioner or superintendent of insurance of the state in which the manager’s principal business office is located.
(10) “Reinsurer” means any person, firm, association, or corporation duly licensed in the District pursuant to the applicable provisions of insurance law of the District as an insurer with the authority to assume reinsurance.
(11) “ To be in violation” means that the reinsurance intermediary, insurer, or reinsurer for whom the reinsurance intermediary was acting failed to substantially comply with the provisions of this chapter.
(C) Has been determined, by either the Mayor or the Securities Valuation Office of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, to meet the standards of financial condition and standing considered necessary and appropriate to regulate the quality of financial institutions whose letters of credit will be acceptable to the Mayor.
This section is referenced in § 31-1803.
Mayor authorized to issue rules: Section 12 of D.C. Law 10-47 provided that the Mayor may, pursuant to subchapter I of Chapter 15 of Title 1 subchapter I of Chapter 5 of Title 2, 2001 Ed., issue rules to implement the provisions of this chapter.
Delegation of authority pursuant to D.C. Law 10-47, the Reinsurance Intermediary Act of 1993, see Mayor’s Order 94-54, March 7, 1994 ( 41 DCR 1433).
(2) In another state, unless the reinsurance broker is a licensed broker in the District or another state having a law substantially similar to this chapter or the reinsurance broker is licensed in the District as a nonresident reinsurance intermediary.
(3) In another state for a nondomestic insurer, unless the reinsurance manager is a licensed broker in the District or another state having a law substantially similar to this chapter or the person is licensed in the District as a nonresident reinsurance intermediary.
(2) Maintain an errors and omissions policy in an amount acceptable to the Mayor.
(d)(1) The Mayor may issue a reinsurance intermediary license to any person, firm, association, or corporation that has complied with the requirements of this chapter. Such a license issued to a firm or association will authorize all the members of the firm or association, and any designated employees, to act as reinsurance intermediaries under the license, and all those persons shall be named in the application and any subsequent supplements. Such a license issued to a corporation shall authorize all of the officers, and any designated employees and directors, to act as reinsurance intermediaries on behalf of the corporation, and all those persons shall be named in the application and any subsequent supplements.
(2) If the applicant for a reinsurance intermediary license is a nonresident, such an applicant, as a condition precedent to receiving or holding a license, shall comply with the service of process provisions of § 31-202. Such a licensee shall promptly notify the Mayor in writing of every change in its designated agent for service of process, and no change shall become effective until acknowledged by the Mayor.
(e) The Mayor may refuse to issue a reinsurance intermediary license if, in his or her judgment, the applicant, anyone named on the application, or any member, principal, officer, or director of the applicant, is not trustworthy, or that any controlling person of such an applicant is not trustworthy to act as a reinsurance intermediary, or that any of the foregoing has given cause for revocation or suspension of such a license, or has failed to comply with any prerequisite for the issuance of such a license. Upon written request, the Mayor will furnish a summary of the basis for refusal to issue a license, which document shall be privileged and not subject to subchapter II of Chapter 5 of Title 2.
(f) Licensed attorneys at law of the District, when acting in their professional capacity, shall be exempt from this section.
(g) Any license issued pursuant to this section for a reinsurance intermediary shall be issued as a Financial Services endorsement to a basic business license under the basic business license system as set forth in subchapter I-A of Chapter 28 of Title 47.
This section is referenced in § 31-1805 and § 31-1808.
D.C. Law 15-38, in subsec. (g), substituted “Financial Services endorsement to a basic business license under the basic” for “Class A Financial Services endorsement to a master business license under the master”.
For temporary (90 day) amendment of section, see § 3(w) of Streamlining Regulation Emergency Act of 2003 (D.C. Act 15-145, August 11, 2003, 50 DCR 6896).
For temporary (225 day) amendment of section, see § 6(a) of Insurance Omnibus Temporary Amendment Act of 1993 (D.C. Law 10-76, March 17, 1994, law notification 41 DCR 1626).
(1) The insurer may terminate the reinsurance broker’s authority at any time.
(2) The reinsurance broker shall render accounts to the insurer accurately detailing all material transactions, including information necessary to support all commissions, charges, and other fees received by, or owing to, the reinsurance broker, and remit all funds due to the insurer within 30 days of receipt.
(3) All funds collected for the insurer’s account will be held by the reinsurance broker in a fiduciary capacity in a bank which is a qualified United States financial institution as defined in § 31-1801.
(4) The reinsurance broker will comply with § 31-1804.
(5) The reinsurance broker will comply with the written standards established by the insurer for the cession or retrocession of all risks.
(6) The reinsurance broker will disclose to the insurer any relationship with any reinsurer to which business will be ceded or retroceded.
(B) If placed through a representative of the assuming reinsurer, other than an employee, written evidence that the reinsurer has delegated binding authority to the representative.
(b) The insurer will have access and the right to copy and audit all accounts and records maintained by the reinsurance broker related to its business in a form usable by the insurer.
(a) An insurer shall not engage the services of any person, firm, association, or corporation to act as a reinsurance broker on its behalf unless the person is licensed as required by § 31-1802(a).
(b) An insurer may not employ an individual who is employed by a reinsurance broker with which it transacts business, unless the reinsurance broker is under common control with the insurer and subject to Chapter 7 of this title.
(c) The insurer shall annually obtain a copy of statements of the financial condition of each reinsurance broker with which it transacts business.
(1) The reinsurer may terminate the contract for cause upon written notice to the reinsurance manager. The reinsurer may immediately suspend the authority of the reinsurance manager to assume or cede business during the pendency of any dispute regarding the cause for termination.
(2) The reinsurance manager will render accounts to the reinsurer accurately detailing all material transactions, including information necessary to support all commissions, charges, and other fees received by, or owing to, the reinsurance manager, and remit all funds due under the contract to the reinsurer on not less than a monthly basis.
(3) All funds collected for the reinsurer’s account will be held by the reinsurance manager in a fiduciary capacity in a bank which is a qualified United States financial institution. The reinsurance manager may retain no more than 3 months estimated claims payments and allocated loss adjustment expenses. The reinsurance manager shall maintain a separate bank account for each reinsurer that it represents.
(ii) If placed through a representative of the assuming reinsurer, other than an employee, written evidence that the reinsurer has delegated binding authority to the representative.
(5) The reinsurer will have access and the right to copy all accounts and records maintained by the reinsurance manager related to its business in a form usable by the reinsurer.
(6) The contract cannot be assigned in whole or in part by the reinsurance manager.
(7) The reinsurance manager will comply with the written underwriting and rating standards established by the insurer for the acceptance, rejection, or cession of all risks.
(8) The rates shall be set forth, as well as the terms and purposes of commissions, charges, and other fees which the reinsurance manager may levy against the reinsurer.
(A) All claims will be reported to the reinsurer in a timely manner.
(v) Is closed by payment of the lesser of an amount set by the Mayor or an amount set by the reinsurer.
(C) All claim files will be the joint property of the reinsurer and reinsurance manager. However, upon an order of liquidation of the reinsurer, the files shall become the sole property of the reinsurer or its estate; the reinsurance manager shall have reasonable access to and the right to copy the files on a timely basis.
(D) Any settlement authority granted to the reinsurance manager may be terminated for cause upon the reinsurer’s written notice to the reinsurance manager or upon the termination of the contract. The reinsurer may suspend the settlement authority during the pendency of the dispute regarding the cause of termination.
(10) If the contract provides for a sharing of interim profits by the reinsurance manager, the interim profits will not be paid until 1 year after the end of each underwriting period for property business, and 5 years after the end of each underwriting period for casualty business, or a later period set by the Mayor for specified lines of insurance, and not until the adequacy of reserves on remaining claims has been verified pursuant to § 31-1808(c).
(11) The reinsurance manager will annually provide the reinsurer with a statement of its financial condition prepared by an independent certified accountant.
(12) The reinsurer shall periodically, at least semi-annually, conduct an on-site review of the underwriting and claims processing operations of the reinsurance manager.
(13) The reinsurance manager will disclose to the reinsurer any relationship it has with any insurer prior to ceding or assuming any business with the insurer pursuant to this contract.
(14) Within the scope of its actual or apparent authority, the acts of the reinsurance manager shall be deemed to be the acts of the reinsurer on whose behalf it is acting.
For temporary amendment of section, see § 5(a) of the Insurance Omnibus Emergency Amendment Act of 1995 (D.C. Act 11-48, May 15, 1995, 42 DCR 2544) and § 4(a) of the Insurance Omnibus Congressional Recess Emergency Amendment Act of 1995 (D.C. Act 11-97, July 19, 1995, 42 DCR 3844).
For temporary (225 day) amendment of section, see § 4(a) of Insurance Omnibus Temporary Amendment Act of 1995 (D.C. Law 11-36, September 8, 1995, law notification 42 DCR 5305).
(7) Appoint a sub-reinsurance manager.
(a) A reinsurer shall not engage the services of any person, firm, association, or corporation to act as a reinsurance manager on its behalf unless the person is licensed as required by § 31-1802(b).
(b) The reinsurer shall annually obtain a copy of statements of the financial condition of each reinsurance manager which the reinsurer has engaged prepared by an independent certified accountant in a form acceptable to the Mayor.
(c) If a reinsurance manager establishes loss reserves, the reinsurer shall annually obtain the opinion of an actuary attesting to the adequacy of loss reserves established for losses incurred and outstanding on business produced by the reinsurance manager. This opinion shall be in addition to any other required loss reserve certification.
(d) Binding authority for all retrocessional contracts or participation in reinsurance syndicates shall rest with an officer of the reinsurer who shall not be affiliated with the reinsurance manager.
(e) Within 30 days of termination of a contract with a reinsurance manager, the reinsurer shall provide written notification of the termination to the Commissioner.
(f) A reinsurer shall not appoint to its board of directors, any officer, director, employee, controlling shareholder, or subproducer of its reinsurance manager. This subsection shall not apply to relationships governed by Chapter 7 of this title.
This section is referenced in § 31-1806.
(3) If it was found that because of material noncompliance the insurer has suffered any loss or damage, the Commissioner may maintain a civil action brought by or on behalf of the insurer and its policyholders and creditors for recovery of compensatory damages for the benefit of the insurer and its policyholders and creditors, or other appropriate relief.
(b) If an order of rehabilitation or liquidation of the insurer has been entered pursuant to Chapter 13 of this title, and the receiver appointed under that order determines that the reinsurance intermediary or any other person has not materially complied with this chapter, or any regulation or order promulgated thereunder, and the insurer suffered any loss or damage, the receiver may maintain a civil action for recovery of damages or other appropriate sanctions for the benefit of the insurer.
(c) Nothing contained in this section shall affect the right of the Mayor to impose any other penalties provided in District insurance law.
(d) Nothing contained in this chapter is intended to or shall in any manner limit or restrict the rights of policyholders, claimants, creditors, or other third parties or confer any rights to those persons.
For temporary amendment of section, see § 5(b) and (c) of the Insurance Omnibus Emergency Amendment Act of 1995 (D.C. Act 11-48, May 15, 1995, 42 DCR 2544) and § 4(b) and (c) of the Insurance Omnibus Congressional Recess Emergency Amendment Act of 1995 (D.C. Act 11-97, July 19, 1995, 42 DCR 3844).
For temporary (225 day) amendment of section, see § 6(b) of Insurance Omnibus Temporary Amendment Act of 1993 (D.C. Law 10-76, March 17, 1994, law notification 41 DCR 1626).
For temporary (225 day) amendment of section, see § 4(b) of Insurance Omnibus Temporary Amendment Act of 1995 (D.C. Law 11-36, September 8, 1995, law notification 42 DCR 5305). | 2019-04-18T12:52:13Z | https://code.dccouncil.us/dc/council/code/titles/31/chapters/18/ |
Thank you for your interest in our web site and our company. Despite the fact that we check external links carefully, we assume no liability for the contents or safety of the sites accessed by means of these external links.
We protect your personal data to the highest possible degree during collection, processing, and your visits to our web site. Your data are protected as required by law. The following contains an explanation of the type of data that we collect when you visit our web site as well as of how we use this data.
Starting on 25 May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR applies throughout the European Union. The GDPR stipulates how personal data may be processed and how they must be protected. You will find a summary of the basic information below.
The GDPR is a regulation of the European Union. It applies directly in every member state, ncluding in Slovakia. Every person whose data are processed can directly claim protection under the GDPR.
The GDPR contains regulations about the processing of your personal data. The GDPR protects all information about you including your name, telephone number, investment, and hobbies. The principles in this regulation stipulate how your personal data may be stored and processed.
Why is the Slovak data protection law still in force?
The European Union has not only enacted the GDPR, but an entire “data protection package”. Part of this was also a new data protection directive. What is the difference between a directive and a regulation? Unlike a regulation, a directive must be implemented in national law. The GDPR also gives the member states leeway to govern individual aspects in greater detail than set forth in the GDPR itself.
Both of these aspects are being covered in Slovak through the Data Protection Act coll. 2018. We will of course also comply with the 2018 law when it is relevant for you and your relationship with us.
Why is the protection of my data so important?
Data protection is a fundamental right. Just as your right to freedom or security, your right to data protection is enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. This EU Charter of Fundamental Rights applies to the relationship between you and government institutions.
The law also recognises that there must be a balance between the interests of entities processing personal data and the so-called data subjects in private and business affairs – for example between you and your bank. These rules can be found in the GDPR and Data Protection Act coll. 2018.
Personal data say a lot about us and can reveal our hobbies, preferences, and wishes. And this is of course worth protecting. But we have to know your preferences in order to be able to offer you individualised service. One core element of data protection is that we find a way together in which we can and may process your data in your interests and under your supervision. Detailed information can be found here.
Where can I learn more about the GDPR and Personal Data Protection Act 18/2018 coll?
Personal data include all information that relate to an identifiable natural person (“data subject”). A natural person is considered to be identifiable when his or her identity can be determined directly or indirectly, for example by reference to a name or code number.
More information can be found in Article 4 (1) GDPR.
What does the processing of data include?
The term “processing” means any operation performed on personal data with or without the help of automated systems. This includes collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure, or destruction.
More information can be found in Article 4 (2) GDPR.
The term “controller” refers to the natural or legal person, public authority, agency, or other body that decides on the purposes and means of processing personal data alone or jointly with others. One example of this is us as a management company.
More information can be found in Article 4 (7) GDPR.
The term “processor” means a natural or legal person, public authority, agency, or other body that processes personal data on behalf of the controller.
More information can be found in Article 4 (8) GDPR.
According to articles 13 and 14 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (GDPR).
Is there a data protection officer pursuant to Article 37 GDPR?
Article 37 of the GDPR lists instances where the controller must appoint a data protection officer in any case. Among other cases, a data protection officer must be appointed when the core activities of the company consist of processing operations which, by virtue of their nature, their scope, and/or their purposes, require regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale. With regards to the “core activity”, recital 97 of the GDPR states that the core activity always pertains to data processing as the primary activity but not to data processing as an ancillary activity.
The primary activity of Asset Management Slovenskej sporiteľne, správ. spol., a.s. is the management of investment funds. For this reason, the appointment of a data protection officer is not mandatory at this time. You can contact us at any time if you have any questions or concerns about data protection.
Please note: This is simply a general list. We do not have all of the data specified above in every case. You have the right to receive a detailed, individual list from us upon request at any time. Please contact [email protected].
Where do you obtain the personal data that you process?
Most of your personal data that we process was provided by you: for example when you signed up for our newsletter or submitted an enquiry.
We may also receive data from government agencies or from individuals acting under government mandate, such as from the Financial Market Authority, guardianship or criminal courts, public prosecutors, or court-appointed notaries. You have the right to receive a detailed, individual list from us.
For what purposes and on what legal basis are my personal data processed?
The purpose of the processing of personal data is to manage the client's relationship with the Company in accordance with the provisions of the Act in accordance with § 19 of Act no. 297/2008 Coll. on Protection against the Legalization of Income from Crime and on Protection against Terrorist Financing, the Company is authorized, without the consent of the Client, to detect, obtain, record, store, use and otherwise process personal data and other data about the Client to the extent stipulated by the law, care in relation to the client and for the purpose of detecting an unusual business transaction, for the purpose of preventing and detecting the legalization of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism.
Personal information is required by the client to provide the Company, as provided for in a special legal regulation. Other personal information is provided by the client of the Company on a voluntary basis.
If personal data is provided on a voluntary basis, it is processed on the basis of a contract between the client and the Company or on the basis of acts establishing pre-contractual relationships or, where appropriate, measures between the client and the Company or the client's consent.
We are permitted to render certain services for you depending on the type of contracts that we have concluded with you. This can be an agreement relating to a special purpose fund, or can be a management agreement, for example. We must process your data to this end. Our offerings are just as diverse as the wide range of contracts that we enter into. The scope of data processing is specified in the terms of the respective contract.
Processing personal data for the purposes of direct marketing can also be a legitimate interest.
If there is no contract, legal obligation, or legitimate interest, data processing can also be legal when you have given us your consent or authorisation to do so. The scope and contents of this data processing are always defined by the specific consent that you have granted. You can revoke this consent at any time.
The revocation has no impact on the legality of data processing up to the point in time that the consent is revoked. In other words, revocation has no retroactive effect.
Am I obligated to provide my personal data? What happens when I do not wish to do so?
We require certain personal data from you for our business relationship. If we do not know your name and e-mail address, we cannot send you any newsletters or information about our new products, or invitations to interesting events. We also cannot manage your special purpose fund without this information. If we cannot verify your identity, the law prohibits us from accepting you as a special purpose fund client. If you do not wish to provide your personal data to us, we may be unable to offer you certain products and services. If we are only permitted to process your data based on your consent, you are not obligated to give this consent or provide your data.
Are any decisions made based on automated processing, such as profiling?
beginning of or during our business relationship.
To whom are my personal data passed on?
Public agencies and institutions when we are legally obligated to do so, for example the Austrian Financial Market Authority, tax authorities, etc.
Third parties when this is required for contract fulfilment or based on legal regulations, for example the recipient of a wire transfer and their payment transaction service provider.
Are my personal data forwarded to a non-EU country?
Our processors can work with sub-processors in non-EU countries. These sub-processors are obligated to comply with Austrian data protection and security standards. We will provide you with a list of current service providers in non-EU countries as well as information about the basis on which the data are forwarded upon request.
What security measures are applied in data processing?
We place high value on data protection and data security. We have taken all technical and organisational measures needed to secure our data processing. This especially pertains to the protection of your personal data. We protect these data against unauthorised and unlawful processing, unintentional loss, unintentional destruction, and unintentional damage. These measures include the use of modern security software and encryption methods, physical access control, and precautions to prevent and defend against external and internal attacks.
What about cookies, social networks, web analytics?
We avoid this type of data transmission as far as possible until you actually interact with one of these platforms. When you click the corresponding icon (such as the Facebook logo), you indicate that you are ready to communicate with the selected platform and that information about you such as your IP address will be forwarded to this social network.
Web analytics: We forward personal data to the service provider Google Analytics for the purposes of anonymised statistical analyses of the user flow on our web sites. You can prohibit the forwarding of your data.
What does the right to access mean?
Whether automated decision-making including profiling are used pursuant to Article 22 (1) and (4) GDPR and – at least in these cases – meaningful information about the logic involved, as well as the significance and consequences of such processing for the data subject.
What does to right to rectification mean?
It is important to us that your data are correct and complete at all times. If you suspect that they are incorrect or incomplete, you can request that we rectify or complete the data. An explanation of how to exercise this right can be found here.
What does the “right to erasure” and the “right to be forgotten” mean?
collected or processed in some other manner.
For example: Your personal data must be erased when they were solely collected to establish a special purpose fund or to send newsletters (sole purpose) and you have not consented to the processing of these data for other purposes. In this case, there is no need to process the data further after the termination of the special purpose fund or when you have unsubscribed from the newsletter and after the retention obligation no longer applies.
You revoke your consent on which the processing was based pursuant to Article 6 (1) a) GDPR or Article 9 (2) a) GDPR, and there is no other legal basis for processing.
For example: You have consented to the processing of your personal data for individual product offers from a third-party provider (sole purpose). As soon as you revoke this consent, your personal data must be erased. Exceptions: There are other purposes or justifications for processing and you are also in a customer relationship with the third-party provider, for example.
You file an objection against processing pursuant to Article 21 (1) GDPR, and there are no overriding legitimate grounds for processing.
For example: You can file an objection when an entity is processing your personal data without your consent just because this entity claims to have a legitimate interest in doing so (and there is no other justification). When you contest this and there was no legitimate interest, your personal data must be erased. Your objection was successful.
Unlawfully processed personal data must be erased.
his refers to laws or other regulations that demand the erasure of personal data.
The personal data were collected in connection with the offer of information society services pursuant to Article 8 (1) GDPR.
This is a special protection afforded to minors who use online services.
This was a brief summary of the right to erasure. This should not be confused with the “right to be forgotten”.
The “right to be forgotten” pertains to personal data that have been made public. This means that when a person who originally published the data is required to erase the data (because one of the reasons for deletion above applies), this person must also then inform all persons who received the data in question as a result of their publication that the data in question must be erased. This rule is rather complicated. These provisions of the GDPR pertain to Internet search engines in particular.
What does the right to restrict processing mean?
You contest the correctness of your personal data. You can demand that the processing of your personal data be restricted for the duration of the period required by the data controller to verify the correctness of your personal data.
Opinions can differ. But further processing can be restricted for the time during which a matter is being clarified so that the contested personal data do not have to be erased or changed immediately. It could turn out that the data were correct after all.
The processing of personal data is unlawful. But instead of having your personal data erased, you “only” wish to have their use restricted.
The GDPR gives you the right to choose. If you do not wish to have unlawfully processed data erased immediately, you can demand that they remain stored, but that they may no longer be used.
need the data to assert, exercise, or defend legal claims.
When your personal data should in fact be erased but are needed so that you can exercise or defend your own rights, they can still be processed for these purposes.
You have filed an objection against processing pursuant to Article 21 (1) GDPR. Restricted processing can be demanded until it is determined whether the legitimate interests of the controller override your interests.
Further processing can be restricted for the time during which a matter is being clarified so that the contested personal data do not have to be erased immediately. It could turn out that the processing was justified after all.
What does the right to data portability mean?
Your personal data belong to you. Because of this, you have the right to receive this data in a structured, common, and machine-readable format. This pertains to data that you have provided to us and that are processed by means of automated systems based on your consent or for contract fulfilment. You can also demand that we forward these personal data directly to another controller.
In what form will I be given the data?
We provide the data as an XML file. An explanation of how to exercise this right can be found here.
Was does the right to object mean?
Your data may only be processed when there is a legitimate interest in doing so. If such a legitimate interest is claimed, you must be informed of this. If you feel that there is no legitimate interest, you can raise an objection. This is especially the case when yourpersonal data are used for direct marketing. If the controller is unable to prove any legitimate reasons for further processing, the controller will not be permitted to continue processing your data after you object. Except for processing for the purposes of direct marketing. Your objection has absolute effect here.
What does your right to not be subject to decision-making based solely on automated processing, including profiling, mean?
We do not employ automated decision-making pursuant to Article 22 GDPR for entering into or fulfilling business relationships. More information can be found here. For this reason, the right to object to this does not apply.
How and where can I exercise my rights?
What information am I required to provide?
We must verify your identity for every enquiry so that your financial data do not fall into the wrong hands and so that another person cannot erase your data against your will. Please understand that we will demand additional information about your identity in cases of doubt. This serves your own protection so that only authorised persons can access your data.
Please explain your case as concretely as possible so that we can process it without delay. Please pay particular attention to the information about your right to data portability.
How long will it take for my request to be processed?
We will provide you with the information about relevant measures immediately, in any case within one month after receipt of your request. This period can be extended by a further two months when the complexity and number of requests requires this additional time. We will inform you of a possible deadline extension and the reasons for this within one month after the receipt of your request in any case.
trusted. In terms of security, e-mails can be compared with a postcard, not with a letter in a sealed envelope. Because we do not want to send you your data on a postcard, we will send you the information by regular mail.
What are the key considerations relating to my right to data portability?
when the third party in question is a financial services provider, attorney, notary, tax consultant, accountant, or government agency.
Does it cost anything when I exercise my rights?
No, the requests are processed free of charge. Exception: When requests are submitted for reasons that are clearly unjustified or to an excessive extent, we are entitled to demand a reasonable fee. This covers the administrative costs for the notification, refusal, or implementation of the requested measure.
Can I file a complaint? | 2019-04-25T07:22:43Z | https://www.erste-am.sk/en/amslsp/who-are-we/general-data |
For American hunters and anglers, healthy populations of fish and game are considered a birthright. But woods and waters teeming with bass, trout, ducks, and deer, didn’t happen by accident. For more than 150 years, countless individuals have spoken up on behalf of the conservation of our fish and wildlife. Hunters and anglers have contributed more than $10 billion to fish and wildlife conservation, and in a typical year pump $75 billion into the economy. And in a future increasingly characterized by urban sprawl and the demands of modern life, retreating to wild places with a rod or gun in hand is a cherished means of reconnecting with those sportsmen conservationists who came before us and re-invigorating ourselves to step up to the conservation challenges of our time.
There are four specific threats that are endangering the air and habitats of these wildlife species. Each affects wildlife in places as diverse as urban parks and remote wilderness regions, but they come from the same sources: the smokestacks of power plants and refineries as well as America’s fleet of automobiles.
Mercury pollution has long been identified as a major issue for many fish species. As predator fish eat smaller prey, mercury accumulates in their tissue. Top-level predator fish such as brown trout, pickerel and bass are also favorite fish for the frying pan, but more and more regions are issuing strict warnings about the human consumption of mercury-laced fish. Emerging research is showing how mercury harms terrestrial mammals and even migrating songbirds, prompting scientists to reconsider how mercury negatively impacts larger ecosystems.
Even in remote, wild regions, acid rain has long been identified as a killer of lakes and streams. Scientists are now learning that acidification of aquatic habitats may even alter the ability for some fish species to recognize threats such as predators—ushering in new questions about how chemical pollutants might affect not only the health of wildlife, but the intricacies of wildlife behavior. In New Hampshire the spring melting of acid snow has curtailed the natural reproduction of trout in several remote ponds.
A warming climate will lead to direct habitat loss as well as more insidious changes, such as decreases in snowpack that result in a massive loss of fish spawning sites and increased summertime temperatures that are lethal to trout. Many fishery scientists predict more than half of all trout habitat will be eliminated from the lower 48 states by the year 2100 due to warming temperatures. Rising temperatures will shift the ranges and displace game species as varied as ruffed grouse and mountain goats.
This report puts a spotlight on 13 species of American wildlife that hold a special place in the hearts of sportsmen and women, and that are battling some of most difficult challenges in the natural world. These fish, birds, and mammals are not alone, however. Behind each of these icons are many more that face a troubling future due to toxic air pollution and rising temperatures. Those modern threats will change the game for American hunters and anglers—unless the sporting public stands up to fight for clean air and an end to the pollutants that lead to a warming climate.
Climate change is also an issue for largemouth bass. Some anglers are heartened with news that a warming climate might bring faster growth rates for bass. But scientists warn that warming waters threatens to alter entire aquatic food webs, and could destabilize entire ecosystems. A warming climate could lead to a greater number and greater intensity of hurricanes, and as rising seas inundate freshwater marshes along the coast, more largemouth habitat could be lost.
Massive and majestic, moose are a symbol of the North Woods and a cherished icon of North American hunting for both Native Americans and modern hunters alike. These big mammals are tied to wetlands and require cool climates, and those aspects of moose biology place the animals in difficult straits. When it comes to rising temperatures, heat affects moose directly, leading to a fall in pregnancy rates. A warming climate will also devastate moose habitat as the preferred habitat of aspen and birch retreats northward. In northwestern Minnesota, moose numbers fell from more than 4,000 animals to fewer than 100 over the last two decades. In northeastern Minnesota, habitat loss due to warming temperatures threatens a climatic refuge for moose exists , , And there are more insidious effects of climate change on moose. Moose also may have evolved to bear young when climate conditions are most favorable, and some scientists are concerned that they could have a difficult time adapting to climatic variability. Higher temperatures also may promote higher winter tick infestations, which have impacted the moose herds in Isle Royale National Park. and in New Hampshire. A single moose can host as many as 120,000 ticks.
Ground-level ozone might add to these ills. Birch, beech, and aspen have been shown to be sensitive to high levels of ozone, and these trees are an important part of much moose habitat. And there is the possibility that acid rain might be helping whittle moose populations to a fraction of their historic numbers. The potential for acid rain to leach cadmium from watersheds could be a problem for moose. In Norway, moose with high cadmium levels in their kidneys and livers were shown to have lower body weights and diminished reproductive success. In Maine and New Hampshire, high cadmium levels have led to advisories for human consumption of moose liver and kidneys. White tailed deer liver and kidneys are also contaminated with cadmium and are unfit for human consumption.
Threats: Climate change. Acid rain. Ground-level ozone.
The comeback of the striped bass has been heralded as one of the great conservation success stories of the last 100 years. Stripers, also known as “rockfish,” live as adults in the open ocean, and migrate up coastal rivers to spawn in the spring. Few gamefish require such vastly different habitats. But there could be rocky times ahead for rockfish populations. A warming climate could lead to sea-level rise that would decimate the coastal marshes that serve as nurseries for juvenile striped bass. In the Chesapeake Bay, warming waters could lead to increased incidence of toxic algal blooms, which could have profound impacts on fish resources, and an increased incidence of hypoxia, which could reduce the amount of deep, cool waters favored by striped bass. And warmer waters can have a cascade of ill effects on fish. Fish can bioaccumulate toxins more quickly at higher temperatures, and research has shown that striped bass with higher loads of organochlorines produced fewer viable offspring than control fish.
As top predators, striped bass are known for high levels of mercury. Mercury bioaccumulation has been found in striped bass populations in a wide range of waters, from the open marine environments of Rhode Island’s Narragansett Bay to Georgia’s Savannah River .
Dappled with color and quick to take a fly, brook trout are a cherished part of our national fishing heritage. The only trout native to eastern America, they are sought in tiny headwater brooks, remote wilderness ponds, and fast-flowing rivers. The very fact that they require clear, cold, healthy waters is proof that the brook trout lives up to its scientific name, which means “dweller near springs.” Unfortunately, that requirement also puts brookies in peril from a host of air pollution problems. In the Northeast, many high-elevation brook trout streams and ponds have suffered from high rates of acidification, which studies have shown causes decreased growth rates in brook trout, plus lower survival rates of smaller trout and a drop in egg-to-larva survival rates. Farther south, in the Great Smoky Mountain National Park along the Tennessee-North Carolina state line, a study of caged brook trout in three mountain streams showed measurable signs of physiological stress during periods of artificially induced acidification.
And it’s not just acid rain stressing out native brook trout. In a recent survey of data from the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, 75 percent of brook trout samples showed mercury concentrations higher than accepted levels of concern. A warming climate is expected to decimate populations. Across the Appalachian mountain range, some scientists estimate that up to 90 percent of brook trout habitat could be lost due to climate change, and what suitable habitat remains could be fragmented and scattered, making natural recolonization improbable.
Threats: Acid rain. Mercury. Climate change.
From their boreal forest and prairie pothole breeding grounds, lesser scaup wing southward across all four North American flyways. Migrating in large flocks, these swift fliers are a favorite quarry for big-water duck hunters. Fewer of these ducks are making it to hunters’ decoys, however. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the continental population for lesser scaup has fallen to a record low, and the future presents enormous challenges. In the prairie pothole region, a warming climate could impact 90 percent of the small wetlands vital for breeding ducks. Breeding range for lesser scaup on National Wildlife Refuges alone has been predicted to contract by nearly 37 percent due to climate change. And it’s not just a warming climate that’s turning up the heat on lesser scaup. The primary breeding range for scaup is the boreal forest of Canada, where declining snowpack could lead to an erosion in breeding habitat quality. Acid rain in Midwest wetlands used by scaup on their spring migrations southward could reduce the quality of invertebrate foods in the critical weeks prior to breeding. In the boreal forests of northern Alberta, acid rain caused by emissions from the massive tar sands development projects in northern Alberta could affect birds in a highly productive portion of their breeding grounds. And lesser scaup from areas as geographically diverse as the Great Lakes, Florida, and San Francisco Bay have shown relatively high levels of mercury, prompting further scientific study.
Threats: Climate change. Acid rain. Mercury.
American black ducks hold a special place in the hearts of duck hunters. Big, brawny, and revered as one of the craftiest of all ducks, black ducks are considered a true trophy on the wing.
But even its legendary wariness won’t protect the black duck from a double whammy threat of climate change and acid rain. One-third of the 165 species of wetlands breeding birds show medium or high vulnerability to climate change, and black ducks have been identified as particularly susceptible to sea-level rise associated with a warming climate. And acid rain affects black ducks in insidious ways. Young broods of black ducks have shown a tendency to avoid wetlands with high acidity, and no wonder: Acidification of wetlands used by black ducks decreases the quality of forage foods, and has been shown to stunt the growth and development of black duck chicks , even potentially reducing bone mass and strength.
Threats: Climate change. Acid rain.
From their storied migrations to their wild, remote habitats, few other fish can compare to the salmon for a majestic expression of the marvels of natural history. And few other fish are as imperiled by a world quickly changing. In addition to the well-known challenges salmon face from human-caused factors such as dams, the fish must confront a warming climate. Healthy stocks of salmon in the Pacific Northwest are dependent on sufficient water supplies in their headwater spawning streams. But the region has warmed over the last century, with snowpack volumes dropping more than 10 percent. The timing of peak stream flows from melted snow water are coming earlier and earlier, and with warming waters and lower flows, available spawning habitat will plummet. Some scientists predict that Oregon and Idaho could lose more than 40 percent of salmon habitat by 2090. It’s also possible that a warming climate could fast-forward the timetable when juvenile salmon enter the ocean. If they arrive before the flush of oceanic plankton fully matures, feeding could be difficult.
Across the continent, acid rain threatens Atlantic salmon populations from southeastern Canada and into Maine. Acidic waters impair the ability of a salmon’s gills to absorb oxygen, leading to circulatory failure. Research on Atlantic salmon has shown that acidification in the fish’s small nursery streams may disrupt the efficiency of its biophysical alarm system based on chemical cues in the water. If salmon can’t process threats that might translate into increased predation. According to the Atlantic Salmon Foundation, acid rain has decimated salmon in Nova Scotia’s southern upland region, with populations in 50 rivers threatened.
• River otters and mink are the frequent companions of anglers on streams and creeks. Feeding heavily on fish, otters and mink accumulate mercury from their prey. The New Hampshire Trappers Association assisted the Fish and Game Department in the collection of mink carcasses to be tested for mercury. All twenty mink tested had high levels of mercury. At high levels mercury is suspected to negatively impact the reproductive health in otters; mercury levels in the tissue of one Ontario river otter suspected of dying of mercury poison were among the highest ever recorded for a free-living terrestrial mammal.
• The upward flute-like trill of the wood thrush signals the end of the day for hunters and anglers in Eastern forests. But wood thrush numbers are falling, in part because of acid rain that depletes the soil of much-needed calcium. Without the needed nutrient, the birds lay thin, brittle eggs. Mercury also has been found in the wood thrush, and studies have shown that a related species, Bicknell’s thrush, bioaccumulates mercury not from aquatic sources but in high-elevation forests.
• Few bird songs are as recognizable as the tremulous call of the common loon. Northern lakes are getting quieter, however. High levels of mercury in loons has been shown to cut loon egg production by more than 40 percents.
Throughout American history, hunters and anglers have fought to protect and preserve wildlife and wild places. Once upon a time, those threats were as visible as a cleared forest—unchecked logging, unregulated water pollution, unrelenting development. Now, some of the most challenging threats to the future of our iconic game species are invisible, silent, and progress over long periods of time. But they are no less real. And they require no less action on the part of America’s hunters and anglers.
It is becoming increasingly clear that the wildlife and wild places that Americans have held dear for generations are undoubtedly being affected by the 21st century pollution challenges that we now face. Thankfully, there are solutions to these toxic, invisible villains. Strong environmental laws like the Clean Air Act can clean up the air which affects our waters and woodlands, and keep America’s wild places safe and sound for wildlife. But since moose, brook trout, black ducks, salmon and other species have no voices of their own then each of us have a responsibility to help fight off the pollution that is affecting them.
• Clean Air Act programs protect our streams and rivers from acid rain, our lakes from toxic mercury pollution, and our forests from tree killing smog.
• The economic benefits of the Clean Air Act updates of 1990 will exceed $2 trillion by 2020 compared to only $65 billion for implementation costs: a cost-to-benefit ratio of 30:1.
The first forty years of the Clean Air Act have just been a starting point for continued work. Now, more than ever, the Clean Air Act is an important tool for significantly reducing the pollution that is wreaking havoc on wildlife.
We must all speak up in support of the Clean Air Act and encourage the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to update its pollution standards for pollutants like mercury, ozone, acid rain, and climate changing carbon dioxide – all of which directly threaten our wildlife heritage. The EPA is poised to take action on our country’s biggest polluters, which include coal plants, refineries, and vehicles, but we must demand that Congress not interfere but instead let EPA do its job. We cannot afford to let the special interests of big polluters to come before healthy wildlife, clean air, and clean water if we want to pass along our wildlife heritage to future generations.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, and U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.
Census Bureau. 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation.
in northeastern North America. BioDiversity Research Institute. Gorham, Maine. 28 pages.
Davis, J., Greenfield, B., Ichikawa, G., and Stephenson, M. February 25, 2008. Mercury in sport fish from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region, California, USA. Science of The Total Environment, 391:66-75.
Simonin, H., Loukmas, J., and Skinner, L. 2005. Strategic monitoring of mercury in New York state fish. Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and Protection Conference poster, NY State Department of Environmental Conservation.
Evers, D. C., Han, Y-J, Driscoll, C.T., Kamman, N.C., Goodale, W.M., Lambert, K.F., Holsen, T.M., Chen, C.Y., Clair, T.A. and Butler, T.J. 2007. Biological mercury hotspots in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. BioScience 57:1-15.
Rypel, A.L. 2009. Climate–growth relationships for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) across three southeastern USA states. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 18: 620–628.
Perret, A., Kaller, M., Kelso, W., and Rutherford, D. A. 2010. Effects of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on sport fish community abundance in the eastern Atchafalaya River Basin, Louisiana. North American Journal of Fisheries Management; 30: 511-517.
Wildlife Management Institute technical report. Op. Cit.
Izaak Walton League of America technical report. Op. Cit.. .
Peterson, Rolf. August 2009. Report to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) by the Moose Advisory Committee. Accessed at http://files.dnr.state.mn.us/fish_wildlife/wildlife/moose/mac/macreport.pdf.
Lenarz, M. et al. 2009. Temperature Mediated Moose Survival in Northeastern Minnesota, The Journal of Wildlife Management, 73(4):503-510.
Bowyer, R.T., van Ballenberghe, V., and Kie, J. 1998. Timing and synchrony of parturition in Alaskan moose: long-term versus proximal effects of climate. Journal of Mammology 79(4): 1332-1344.
Musante, A.R., Pekins, P.J., and Scarpitti, D.L. 2010. Characteristics and dynamics of a regional moose Alces alces population in the northeastern United States. Wildlife Biology 16:185-204.
Gunthardt-Goerg, M., Matyssek, R., Scheidegger, C., and Keller, T. 1992. Differentiation and structural decline in the leaves and bark of birch (Betula pendula) under low ozone concentration. Trees—Structure and Function, 7(2): 104-114; Pearson, M. and Mansfield, T.A. Interacting effects of ozone and water stress on the stomatal resistance of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). 1993. New Phytologist 123(2): 351-358; Coleman, M.D., Isebrands, J.G., Dickson, R.E., and Karnosky, D.F. 1995. Photosynthetic productivity of aspen clones varying in sensitivity to tropospheric ozone. Tree Physiology 15(9): 585-592.
Middleton, P., and Rhodes, S. 1984 Acid rain and drinking water degradation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 4(1): 99-103.
and recommendations. A Report from the Chesapeake Bay Program Science and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC), Annapolis, MD. 59 pp.
Ficke, A.D., Myrick, C.A., and Hanse, L.J. 2007. Potential impacts of global climate change on freshwater fisheries. Reviews of Fish Biology and Fisheries, 17:581–613.
Piraino, M. and Taylor, D. 2009. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of mercury in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and tautog (Tautoga onitis) from the Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA). Marine Environmental Research, 67(3): 117-128.
Marschall, E. and Crowder, L. 1996. Assessing population responses to multiple anthropogenic effects: A case study with brook trout. Ecological Applications, 6(1): 152-167.
Neff, K.., Schwartz, J., Henry, T., Robinson, R.B., Moore, S., and Kulp, M. 2009. Physiological stress in native southern brook trout during episodic stream acidification in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 57(2): 366-376.
Evers, D. C., et al. Op. Cit.
Austin, Jane E., Afton, A., Anderson M., Clark, R., Custer, C., Lawrence, J., Pollard, J.B., and Ringelman, J. 2000. Declining scaup populations: issues, hypotheses, and research needs. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28(1): 254-263.
Pidgornna, A. 2007. Representation, redundancy, and resilience: waterfowl and the National Wildlife Refuge System. PhD. Dissertation, University of Idaho.
Clark, R., Derksen, C., Drever, M., Nudds, T., and Slattery, S. 2009. Declining scaup populations in the boreal forest: testing the climate change hypothesis with snow cover data. Presented at the North American Duck Symposium, Toronto, Ontario.
Anteau, Michael. 2002. Nutrient reserves of lesser scaup during spring migration in the Mississippi Flyway: a test of the spring condition hypothesis. Masters of Science thesis. Louisiana State University.
Wells, J., Casey-Lefkowitz, S., Chavarria, G., Dyer, S. December 2008. Danger in the nursery: impact on birds of tar sands oil development in Canada’s boreal forest. NRDC technical report, p. 15.
Austin, Jane E., Op. Cit.
Erwin, M., Sanders, G., Prosser, D., and Cahoon, D. 2006. High tides and rising seas: Potential effects on estuarine waterbirds. Studies in Avian Biology, 32:214–228.
Sparling, D.W. 1990. Acid precipitation and food quality: Inhibition of growth and survival in black ducks and mallards by dietary aluminum, calcium, and phosphorus. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 19(3): 457-463.
Sparling, D.W. 1991. Acid precipitation and food quality: Effects of dietary Al, Ca, and P on bone and liver characteristics in American black ducks and mallards. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 21(2): 281-288.
salmon and their habitat. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Proceedings.
Leduc, A., Roh, R., and Brown, G. 2009. Effects of acid rainfall on juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) antipredator behaviour: loss of chemical alarm function and potential survival consequences during predation. Marine and Freshwater Research. 60(12): 1223–1230. | 2019-04-20T03:20:23Z | http://www.nhfishandwildlife.com/diary-post.php?nature=346&year=2011 |
In years past, cost reduction was a primary driver for integrating services. Convergence was seen as a cost reduction enabler first and foremost. As companies worked to consolidate to a single cable plant, voice and data converged onto one Cat5 or Cat6 wiring infrastructure. Further consolidation to a single wide area network (WAN) circuit infrastructure based on IP has slowly followed. In practice, cost reduction has proven to be a secondary benefit. The real benefit to converged communications is in productivity gains and as an enabler of new business operations. Although process re-engineering itself can be a major effort, convergence further strengthens the competitive edge of increased efficiency and productivity.
This chapter will extend the reach of unified communications beyond cost into specific business areas and interests. It will provide real world examples of how business operations and industry segments can realize tangible productivity gains, and will not only touch on the current convergence of data, voice, and video but also see how they set the stage for other advances coming to the converged network.
Worker productivity will rise and fall with the integration of data, voice, and video communications. This natural ebb and flow is representative of gradual process changes coupled with workers overcoming the learning curve as they adapt work habits to best utilize new tools and resources. It's important to remember that basic telephone usage is something very natural to working adults. It's something learned at a fairly young age. In the workplace, changing how people work—how they use the telephone—will have unexpected impacts. For example, a sales team that has been working from individual PC-based contact calling programs such as Act! or Goldmine will encounter a learning and adaptation curve with the enterprise shifts to a companywide Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system with Sales Force Automation (SFA) features. The work paradigm changes dramatically. This paradigm shift provides the catalyst for a change in corporate culture within the organization.
Network convergence is really the first phase of a long evolutionary process. Converging voice and data onto a single infrastructure provides opportunities to reduce operating expenses (OPEX). It reduces billing complexity with service providers. It provides for early workforce consolidation. It sets the stage.
Service and application convergence is the hot topic of the market today. The idea of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), or deploying Software as a Service (SaaS) on the network, sets the stage for radical change in how work gets done. This convergence of data, voice, and video as services, coupled with the convergence of applications as services on the enterprise network, completely changes the basic steps and procedures of performing even some of the most basic work tasks throughout the day.
Many organizations employ convergence between the telephone set and the desktop PC. Desktop real estate is at a premium for workers in the information economy, and the ability to use a single device on the desktop for all communications activity provides new integration enabling new workflow efficiencies.
Further evolution in fixed mobile convergence will more tightly couple the telephone, the mobile phone or PDA, and the desktop workstation, providing a convergence that offers device independence with the freedom of mobility and choice of the best available device for communications at a given point in time.
Service convergence as a productivity enabler has become a root motivator for many companies pursuing unified networks. It's important that organizations not pursue new technologies in unified communications solely for the sake of their novelty. The key for any enterprise is how the convergence of the network supports the established business strategies.
As unified communications technologies develop, companies around the world are discovering innovative business benefits provided by unifying data, voice, and video onto a single service infrastructure. High-level business processes can be heavily impacted by convergence, underscoring the reality that convergence is far more than cost consolidation of multiple, separate networks.
For many enterprises, the question of one network versus several networks remains unaddressed today. Voice and data networks were developed in isolation, each being tuned for the performance requirements of the specific traffic type supported. As separate services, integration between the two wasn't anticipated or planned. VoIP introduced the idea of change, but the complexity of integration and rapidly evolving network capabilities made convergence a costly proposition for many companies. During the earlier years of convergence, organizations focused on the cost without fully understanding the value of business process efficiency and change that could evolve from integrated services.
Today, it's both feasible and practical to integrate business service solutions onto a single network infrastructure. Convergence also enables implementation of business solutions that were just too costly to deploy on non-converged, dedicated voice and data networks.
One example of a service solution that is far more costly to implement in separate dedicated networks is Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) as described in Chapter 2. Call centers were once large, densely populated work centers deploying expensive integration solutions. It was difficult to justify the extreme costs in smaller business operations. Shaving a few seconds off a telephone call provided justification in the high-end call center processing thousand of calls per day, but that integration hasn't always transferred down to smaller business processes. Why not?
Workers in today's information economy agree that there are productivity gains that can be achieved by integrating the telephone and PC workstation. The main hurdle in deploying call center technologies more broadly across the enterprise has been the negative cost ratio. The cost associated with separate networks has, for a number of years, outweighed the business benefits of implementing call center applications. In the fully converged network, many of the complexities of integration are eliminated. This reduces the implementation cost of call center solutions and creates a positive cost ratio. Figure 4.1 illustrates the importance of evaluating the business benefits over the cost ratio.
Figure 4.1: Business benefits and cost ratio evaluation.
What we find are some vital areas of business benefit. Convergence can deliver both financial and operational benefits derived from the integration of applications and services, while enabling improved productivity. For many organizations, these benefits appear in business facets that weren't fully considered in the past. Although this chapter is primarily focused on productivity gains, let's briefly touch on these business facet benefits as a reminder that convergence delivers a broad range of gains to the enterprise. They all need to be considered in the deployment and management of the converged service network.
Service network convergence can enable property modifications that provide better working facilities for employees while reducing the enterprise needs for real estate ownership. Given distribution of work within an enterprise, the converged network can provide collaboration tools and a work environment that eliminates the requirement for all employees to work in a large, centrally located facility. Different work functions can be distributed to locations, taking advantage of tax benefits and other financial drivers. For many companies, placing the employees closer to the customer geographically provides an added value.
Network consolidation leads to more efficient use of technical staff, leading to further cost reduction. Housing of technology resources, such as network server farms, and reducing the number of vendors or leasing requirements bring further reduction in costs. Additionally, a single, consolidated network provides greater clarity and visibility of future costs as the enterprise plans technology enhancements to support a unified business strategy.
Enterprise agility is difficult to measure and quantify. One competitive factor that has been widely recognized by many companies is that Internet technologies have allowed small, entrepreneurial, nimble companies to compete against large enterprises effectively. Making the large enterprise a nimble, agile business through convergence enables quicker response to new opportunities in the market. Leveraging the property and asset management values, large enterprises can quickly move resources where they are needed or where favorable tax and labor rates prevail. Adaptation to change is simpler and less costly with a fully integrated network.
The converged network, integrating data, voice, and video services, allows employees a wider range of information media and network accessibility options. Tools such as unified messaging, voice, and video conferencing, and Web-based productivity tools create an environment for employees to more effectively accomplish business goals.
New applications can be deployed more quickly in a unified network. Interoperability concerns are reduced or eliminated. Data, voice, and video applications no longer have to be developed and tested on separate networks, then cobbled together to create new service applications.
The convergence of data and voice allows employees to be as fully productive outside the office as they are when they're in the office at their desk. VoIP, unified messaging solutions, and call center technologies can all be used today to support the increasingly mobile enterprise workforce. Teleworkers, sales people, and consultants who spend much of their productive work time away from the office still require access to corporate services and information resources. One added value with VoIP services in the converged network is the accessibility for workers in transitory locations such as hotels and airports.
As we look at the productivity advantages of unified communications, there are a number of other transitional events that help the enterprise determine whether to adopt convergence as part of the overall business strategy. For many organizations, these events act not as catalysts on their own but as accelerators to convergence adoption. In many cases, they can bring quicker benefits, both financial and via productivity, to the enterprise.
For many enterprises, particularly those whose core business is not based solely on information technology, there is a need to provide real-time data in a variety of different environments. Manufacturing environments may be too dirty to deploy PCs. Refineries, chemical facilities, and the shipping industry often present hazardous environments. Remote locations can present special security requirements. In addition, PCs may just be too expensive. In many cases, there is a need to provide a cheaper end user device. A converged network may be able to utilize a single handset device to provide both voice and data services in a cost-effective manner, reducing the equipment exposed to risk.
In organizations with existing call centers, agent turnover is a universal concern. Alternate facilities might be considered for reduction in operating expenses (OPEX). Optimizing technologies onto a single platform can offer both cost savings and productivity increases. The converged call center can bring crisp and dynamic management to call flow balance between multiple call centers to ensure peak agent utilization.
Implementing efficient call transfer technologies in the unified service network facilitates movement of both voice and CRM data across any customer "touch point" within the enterprise.
This multi-channel call center approach lets the enterprise humanize business relationships with customers, eases access to critical information resources, and makes agents more productive by reducing handling times. These factors all lead to increased customer satisfaction. For sales channels, increased customer satisfaction can lead to cross-sell and/or up-sell opportunities, increasing the bottom line revenue potential.
Enterprises constantly tune and optimize business processes for increased productivity. Remote collaboration tools can reduce time lost to travel. Video conferencing can eliminate travel time for internal company meetings. With converged services, giving every employee universal access to necessary resources, the enterprise can deliver a consistent user experience.
The overhead associated with adds, moves, and changes is a significant burden. It costs time and money, and for many organizations, this ongoing administration OPEX is far more costly than the initial capital expenditure (CAPEX). Convergence reduces OPEX by creating efficiency in the administration process.
Facilities managers who oversee a combination of office space and services such as voice and data in large enterprises often use what is referred to as "swing space." Swing space is extra capacity to allow for the ongoing movement of individuals or groups of employees through constant organizational changes. It's essentially a buffer. For many large enterprises, swing space may comprise as much as 5 to 10 percent of the building.
For many companies, the need for swing space was driven by the inability for real-time adds, moves, and changes in the traditional business PBX platform. Moving a telephone user in the legacy PBX world required time and effort to reconfigure wiring and implement programmatic changes.
In the converged network, administrative intervention can be eliminated, enabling real-time reconfiguration of data, voice, and video services. Network cabling requirements have been cut in half, using the unified IP cabling plant.
WiFi technologies coupled with VoIP softphones may completely eliminate the need for cabling to the individual desk. Other fixed space assets, such as conference rooms, can become viable temporary work spaces during reorganization or to support special projects with significantly reduced administrative overhead to support adds, moves, and changes.
Email, voicemail, fax, and other messaging tools have provided increased ability to communicate both within the enterprise and with business partners and customers. These tools have also created inefficiencies. Some studies indicate that employees spend an average of 2½ hours each day either reading and responding to email or listening to voicemail messages. To increase productivity, communications need to be managed more efficiently.
The converged network provides a number of benefits to the organization. Perhaps the most significant is the ability to quickly integrate and deploy a wide range of services and applications. These service and applications can help streamline administrative tasks, letting employees focus on business goals, customer care, and revenue generation. The following three sections offer examples of application services that increase productivity in the converged data, voice, and video network.
Unified messaging platforms can give users immediate, integrated access to voice, email, and fax messages from any workstation in the enterprise, whether it's a VoIP phone or a PC. The time reduction in using a phone for voicemail versus a PC for email can be significant. Unified messaging is a natural lead-in to device convergence, enabling any device on the corporate network to act as the workstation of choice at any point in time. Traveling employees can access all messages from a single device, speeding response times.
It's becoming increasingly difficult to know which number to call or how to contact any one individual at any point in the work day. Multiple phone numbers lead to counterproductive "phone tag," or worse, "voicemail tag." Missed calls and multiple voicemail messages present a resource drain on productivity. Communications assistant tools in a converged network can provide information about presence and availability to help workers prioritize who can contact them and via what communications devices. Critical calls, or contacts, can be automatically routed to multiple devices to ensure efficient communications. Another advantage of these personal communications assistants is the ability to set up conference calls on demand, increasing collaboration efficiency both inside and outside the enterprise.
The fully integrated network doesn't just converge data and voice; it brings videoconferencing power in a cost-effective, ubiquitous way. Many organizations see the power of videoconferencing as a means to reduce travel expenses. Beyond the travel cost, video can save time and provide a rich user experience in communications.
In a converged network, the enterprise can provide both video on demand and videoconferencing capability to every desktop. Many organizations today are very laptop- or notebook-computer– oriented. Today's systems often come equipped with a video camera (or Webcam) built in. For companies needing to invest in Webcam technologies, high-quality cameras have become lowcost commodities and can easily be bought in volume for less than $50 apiece.
Video provides an array of business communications tools that are quickly becoming a normal part of the day for many organizations. Distance learning via video allows employees around the world to continue learning without the headache of travel to a centralized training facility or classroom. Crucial business information, board meeting updates, product announcements, even staff meetings, can all be viewed in either broadcast or interactive modes depending on the tools used for video. For teleworkers and remote staff, IP video provides face-to-face communications in real time, maintaining strong working relationships with coworkers in other remote locations and in corporate offices.
For Web-centric businesses, or those tightly coupled to information technologies, the evolution of voice to next-generation voice and video services holds great potential. Although some of the content in this section may not apply directly to the enterprise implementation of unified communications today, it certainly paints a clear picture of where integrated voice and video technologies are quickly headed.
Presence and availability information are crucial, but they're also not well understood by the enterprise business world today. That is changing as society evolves. The established leadership in enterprise business today is comprised of people from the Baby Boomer Generation, but in the high-tech market, GenXers have stepped into many leadership roles. The next-generation workforce is coming from what is now being called the Millennial Generation. For many users, particularly younger users who have known Internet technologies their entire lives, tools such as instant messaging are vital communications tools. Adults often learn and adapt to new technologies from their children.
For an interesting perspective on the generation of children that has grown up with a computer mouse in hand, check out Homo Zappiens - Growing Up in a Digital Age by Wim Veen and Ben Vrakking.
In the world of instant messaging (IM), presence and availability provide key pieces of information for the enterprise. These concepts are a follow-on to the simple IM buddy list. Although presence and availability are the key buzzwords used in the unified communications space today, relevance and context are basic concepts behind them both. The buddy list provides a window into online contacts' availability, simply showing that they are online, available, busy, at lunch, on the phone, or some other simplistic status indicator.
The real unified communications vision is far, far broader than the concept of relevance. Today, communications assistants (that is, software tools) offer the ability to give users control over who contacts them—when, where, and how. In short, users can define the context they are working in and control how they are contacted. This idea is a piece of the future, but only one piece.
Service integration is crucial—voice, data, and video converged on a single set of tools. Collaboration tools today are many and varied, but most currently lack extensive video services coupled with widespread application sharing. That's a collaboration component developers are just beginning to fully understand.
Fixed mobile convergence (FMC) presents another piece of the puzzle, and it's sorely lacking today. In its earliest stages, FMC is to many the ability to pass a phone call from the mobile network to a locally managed WiFi. That's really nothing more than arbitraging the cost of mobile minute airtime. It's an achievable technology that simply needs the right protocols to make it work. If the market demand existed today, this view of FMC would be fairly easily accomplished. Every technology piece needed exists in some form today.
As unified communications evolves, FMC will enable the initiation of a call from a PC in a home office in the morning. The converged network can make this a multimedia call with video and application sharing. When the time comes to leave the home office and drive in to the corporate facilities, the voice stream can be handed off to a mobile handset on a home WiFi network. As you get in the car and drive away, the call will seamlessly hand off to the mobile carrier. Upon arrival at the office, it will be handed over to the corporate WiFi network. And when you arrive in your office cubicle, you'll be able to hand the call back off to the phone on your desk, a softphone on your PC, or even to re-engage a full video collaboration client on the desktop to rejoin the collaboration call. That's the unified communications path for FMC. It's more than just the network. The network, or networks, is still nothing more than a transport mechanism.
Presence, availability, and relevance technologies today are barely the tip of the iceberg. Barely a toddler in terms of what the mature model will become. Today, you can share presence with your buddy list with your contacts but that doesn't begin to describe the enterprise value of convergence.
Combine data, voice, and video with relevance, collaboration and FMC advances and think about how these services bundle together. Imagine an enterprise customer service team that is beyond relevant. A customer can call their sales rep, but the relevant enterprise will have every employee's presence and availability information. Integrate the CRM system to enable advanced customer choice. The customer doesn't have to simply leave voicemail because they can't reach their designated account rep. Why not let the customer choose whether to leave voicemail or ring through the next relevant member of an account team who is available automatically? With converged systems, you not only pass the call but can easily send all the pertinent customer information as well.
Now consider the ramifications of all this enterprise relevance, presence, and availability capability tied into the call center philosophy. Why not make the entire enterprise a business relevant call center. You can know where every employee is, and their availability. You also know what tools they have available to communicate in the moment. "Voicemail jail" disappears from the landscape. Nobody ever needs to leave a voicemail message for their account rep except by choice.
This evolution of convergence will redefine the "easy-to-do-business-with" enterprise! The relevant enterprise. But at the core, it's not relevance. It's not presence. It's not availability. It's responsiveness. It enables nimble adaptation to the tactical needs of day-to-day business— business communications at the speed of thought.
When you think of the global telephone network, one of the features that has made it so valuable for worldwide business is its ubiquitous presence. The telephone is everywhere. Why not leverage convergence and unified communications technologies for the ubiquitous enterprise. The enterprise that is always on, always accessible, always responsive. That is where the next generation of communications convergence is headed. Integrating data, voice, and video today is the enabling foundation.
As Chapter 2 noted, interactive voice response (IVR) systems are computerized systems that let callers choose options from a voice menu. With advances in voice recognition technologies, you'll not only see new IVR applications, you will begin to see costs drop significantly. Simple IVR solutions let the caller speak simple answers such as "yes," "no," or numbers in response to the prompts, but they continue to grow in sophistication.
IVR systems today can also "read out" complex and dynamic information such as email messages, news reports, weather information, and faxes using complex Text-To-Speech (TTS) conversion tools. These TTS systems use human voices creating speech in very small fragments that are assembled to create very lifelike voice.
Although IVR systems have been used to create service solutions such as airline ticket booking, banking by phone, balance inquiry, and so forth, in the converged network, they present a new set of services for internal use. They allow employees out of the office to call in and have email messages or fax messages read back as part of a unified solution. IVR technologies enhance the ability of any employee from any location to receive and respond to important business calls and email messages.
Chapter 2 also reviewed how Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) can facilitate interaction between the telephone system and enterprise computer systems. The converged network integrates data and voice onto a single IP infrastructure, drastically reducing the cost and complexity of CTI.
In the converged service network, caller information, screen pops, call control tools, and outbound calling features are integrated into the VoIP system more tightly than was possible when integrating legacy voice and data network services. Call transfer, call hold, and conference calling features often become one-click operations.
In Internet services today, the idea of click-to-call gets a lot of attention. On the Internet, it's a nice idea that's forming. In the enterprise converged network with CTI, it's a reality today. The converged network of unified communications tools makes CTI features readily accessible by business operations groups that previously couldn't implement these efficiencies.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) driven, Web-centered collaboration in business-to-business (B2B) interaction has grown significantly in recent years as business partners found ways to leverage Web services in Internet technologies. ERP systems are often implemented during process re-engineering within enterprise businesses to help break down the legacy "silo" mentality that compartmentalized large companies into smaller fiefdoms, often struggling internally within the organization. ERP systems dissolve many barriers by unifying all data resources and business processes under a single umbrella solution. This unified approach facilitates, and even encourages, collaboration between different business work groups.
Although ERP systems frequently began as supply chain monitoring tools in the manufacturing sector, today they're widespread across every business environment. Today's ERP systems support manufacturing, supply chain management, customer relationship management (CRM), sales force automation, human resources, and more. All of these components of ERP require unfettered access to voice services and data resources. As with CTI, the convergence to a single network infrastructure for data, voice, and video reduces the cost and complexity for implementing ERP systems.
For many organizations, the ERP system represents what Bill Gates has referred to as the Digital Nervous System of the enterprise. ERP systems can be very tightly coupled as a service on the converged enterprise network. Communications tools, integrated with process management and monitoring, provide a level of integration that speeds countless business operations, reducing costs and increasing efficiency within the company.
CRM is used to describe a wide array of business capabilities, methodologies, and technologies that support how an enterprise manages day-to-day relationships with customers. CRM systems bring reliability and consistency to customer interactions, enriching the customer experience and increasing customer satisfaction overall.
As a corporate strategy, CRM is often implemented to create and maintain lasting customer relationships. As Chapter 2 noted, CRM is often a cultural shift for organizations, moving to a holistic view of managing the entire lifetime of the customer relationship.
CRM systems are typically implemented within the marketing, sales, and customer service groups who have the most frequent and direct customer contact. One success key to CRM in the converged network is simply the ability to capture every single touch point and every customer interaction that occurs, regardless of what group within the enterprise is involved.
CRM's focal points are to create a customer-based culture of end-to-end service. Convergence integrates data and voice services to effectively capture this information for continuous analysis and improvement. Figure 4.2 revisits a process flow introduced earlier in this guide. CRM may be viewed as analogous to ERP for many enterprises. What the CRM system enables is capturing every piece of information the organization has about every interaction with every customer, throughout the life of the customer relationship. This information repository becomes enterprise metadata; that is data about your enterprise business that can be analyzed and leveraged to further streamline and improve customer service processes.
Figure 4.2: Building value with CRM.
To fully use the strength of the converged network, you need to capture every business activity into an IT system—every one. This data warehouse of information becomes the repository of what happened at every step of the way in the business flow. This information can be mined and processed against customer interaction data from the CRM system. This entire process of knowledge management gives business leaders fully developed information about the enterprise so that they can make informed technology choices for the future, intelligently procure and allocate resources within the enterprise, and develop the right new product and service offerings to increase revenue by filling customer needs, both present and future. That's the value of CRM.
Where the rubber meets the road, at customer interaction, you use a variety of communications tools—data, voice, and increasingly video. The converged network simplifies the ability to let employees focus on customers, while leveraging the strength of the technologies to automate capturing the business intelligence information that will help the enterprise evolve.
CRM systems today provide comprehensive order history tracking, click-to-email, click-to-call, and analysis reporting tools that arm employees with comprehensive CRM tools to manage larger sets of customers more efficiently than could ever be achieved in the legacy voice and data networks.
Although there are numerous small drivers within each vertical segment of the market, one key driver across all sectors is the hyper-connected nature of workers. Workers today are information professionals regardless of the business sector they work in. Everyone in the work force is an information professional. Everyone is connected. Many workers are hyper-connected.
Workers use email, office phones, mobile phones, pagers, Blackberries, smart phones, home computers, and laptops—in short, they are almost always online. In this hyper-connected state, workers have also achieved a virtual Masters degree in multitasking.
Using today's communications tools, workers manage more projects, cultivate more customers, and complete more work than ever before. This hyper-connected, all-inclusive toolset also means that work and personal life blur. Customers today often involve personal relationships as the work day becomes an artificial constraint for business in many areas. People work from home or from wherever they are at the point in time they're needed. Convergence technologies and the unified communications evolution not only leverage this ability but also bring business tools that help employees ensure that business and personal lives don't blur entirely.
Convergence isn't just VoIP. Convergence of data, voice, and video today are the foundational elements for unifying all communications technologies. The power of convergence doesn't lie in VoIP. The power of convergence lies in integrating voice and data services of all kinds with business applications in the enterprise, tightly coupling services and applications to support business strategies.
Voice isn't always VoIP. The real value of convergence is the broader unified communications that embraces all data voice and video technologies. There is a new startup company today that can provide a single "virtual" number that works on a mobile user's existing mobile phone. Users can both dial out from and receive calls on their virtual number, so they can easily separate their business calls from their personal calls, for example.
Not only can a mobile user have two mobile numbers on a single phone, but the virtual number can be selected from almost anywhere that the user desires. In this way, professionals who conduct business in multiple regions can use their virtual number to give the impression of a local presence because callers can see that they are reaching or being reached by a local number. This virtual number is another telephone number. It can be assigned to your cell phone. The mobile phone can support two numbers, with CallerID working on both. The virtual number can be anywhere. Consider foreign students attending college in the U.S. Recent reports say there are 674,000 students with active VISAs at present. They could have a phone number on their cell phone in England, Japan, India, and Australia. From home— their real home where family live. Two huge benefits brought about by this development are the ability to leverage international long distance arbitrage to obtain the cheapest per minute cost to call home. But this also means that mom can call back and reach her student with a local phone call.
Foreign students are just an example. How many workers travel to other parts of the world from their home to work? Some parts of the U.S. are heavily populated with migrant workers in agriculture. Many professionals in the medical field come to the U.S. from the Philippines. How many people have corporate offices in their home country and another part of the world? What about a consultant in Idaho who wants a Washington DC number to work on contracts with the federal government. Local presence, via a local phone number, is easily accomplished. And Caller ID follows that number. Place a call from the UK number, and that is what the person receiving the call will see on their display.
Beyond that there is another aspect of aliasing existing telephone numbers. Let me give a personal example for aliasing. I have phone numbers for home, home office, office, personal cell phone (Treo), business cell phone (Blackberry), and a couple of others that I use daily. With telephone aliasing technology, I can make them all appear on my cell phone, just like the virtual number described a moment ago. I can make and receive calls with the full presence of my telephone number. If I call on work business, I can place the call from my business number and that is what the called party will see on their display. In short, the identity of my telephone number is extended to my mobile phone, complete with Caller ID information. I know I keep mentioning Caller ID, but it's important.
Let's look at a broader vision. Consider professional services workers—consultants, doctors, and lawyers—as examples. Consultants and lawyers make their living on billable hours. There is a law firm in Silicon Valley that has privately estimated that they lose $1.5 million dollars a year in billable time from attorneys talking on their cell phones while they are driving. If those attorneys had virtual numbers with an account code, that time could be tracked, and billed, driving billable time back into corporate revenue stream. Consultants may provide a block of hours or billable service to special clients. Many provide a dedicated phone number for the client to reach them any time. What a perfect fit! A virtual telephone number, dedicated to a client with account code tracking for billing built right in.
Doctors have different constraints. When a doctor calls a patient with test results, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations forbid patient test results being left in a voicemail message. The medical professional has to speak with the patient. Doctors don't call patients from their cell phones because they don't want patients calling them back there. If you get a call from your doctor's cell phone, you're likely to let it go to voicemail as an unfamiliar number anyway. But if you see the medical center number on Caller ID, you know they're calling with test results. Everyone is assured the privacy and confidentiality of patient information, but through Caller ID, you leverage the telephone network for better efficiency.
Beyond North America, these technologies mean that global boundaries don't matter. If I do business in six countries, I expect I'll be able to get virtual telephone numbers in every country at some point. All on my mobile phone. All at once. Whether the underlying network is VoIP, PSTN, or cellular is irrelevant to the user. Convergence eliminates the technology and simply makes it a voice service.
Business owners and executives today are not sitting around board room tables discussing their existing phone systems, services, or expenses. They're not thinking about VoIP or Telephony and what it can do for their bottom lines. They're discussing real business problems and looking for real solutions to those problems.
I think the time has come to stop talking about VoIP and Telephony and start talking about applications and solutions. Solving problems. And at the end of the day after the order has been signed, we can then mention that all the phone calls will be free or virtually free! And how is that done? Well the solution has VoIP built in!
Communications technologies manufacturers, vendors, and developers often get sidetracked into the idea of how their products can interoperate…how they can build a platform. Customers don't care about a platform, and don't care what vendors are doing beneath the hood. Customers care about their business problems and solutions to those business problems.
For business sales, Web-enabled businesses and the hyper-connected workers of today, access to corporate business resources and instant, easy communications are vital to success. Convergence of network voice and data services provides a first step. Integration with ERP and CRM systems takes convergence further along the road to productivity enhancement and business success.
All markets are up for grabs—The marketing paradigm changes dramatically. The always-on enterprise leverages communications tools to reframe the discussion and win customers while the less-empowered competitor is left behind.
Difference not differentiation—The converged enterprise minimizes the behavioral changes in customers by embracing change within the enterprise. This can give your customers a tangible set of reasons to love your products and services.
Don't disappoint—By leveraging reliable new technologies, you ensure that everything works and the organization can react instantly to a situation.
Make your marketing sociable—The enterprise can't control the customer conversation, but can leverage best-in-breed convergence technologies and refined business processes to build genuine relationships with established and potential customers rather than whitenoise relationships. CRM becomes not a buzzword, not a catch phrase, but a corporate culture of nurturing the business.
Interaction requires iteration—It's not enough to listen and respond to customers. Business success requires a long-term, sustainable dialogue that convergence technologies support. Meaningful long-term connections with customers come from community, co-operation, and co-creation—all collaborative efforts that the integration of services and applications enhance.
Don't forget to sell—Engagement is great but it doesn't pay the bills. Remember that every touch point throughout the customer relationship cycle is an opportunity to up-sell, cross-sell, or lose business. Selling is responding to the customers. It's about making it easy to do business with you. Convergence technologies integrate all your corporate intellectual capital into a suite of services and applications that make you easy to do business with.
Beyond the basics of efficiency and productivity, there is another set of drivers in the financial services sector that are tied to regulatory compliance. Whether it's the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), ISO-17799, or IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL), there is a set of practices that are ever widening across business sectors. The financial services sector has always been tied to close auditing and scrutiny.
Beyond audit or compliance considerations, the financial services sector is perhaps the closest sector to a pure information economy. In financial services, the ledgers and paper trails of old have become a stream of information on the network. The paper is gone and finance is all about moving information quickly, accurately, and securely.
Convergence of data, voice, and video onto a single infrastructure will, for many financial institutions, provide a consolidated approach to monitoring and management, simplifying the entire data capture, warehousing, and analysis process for regulatory compliance. Figure 4.2 showed the importance of CRM in the business flow, but that same chart provides an overview of touch points in the flow that eases compliance reporting and documentation for companies involved in financial services.
For financial services businesses, the reduction in cost of call center technologies may play a key role in redefining the financial services business. Deploying call center methodologies in smaller volumes now affordable with convergence can drive measurable gains in productivity down into smaller workgroups.
Like financial services, the health care environment brings a unique set of compliance requirements related to HIPPA. This legislation established standards for transactions in the healthcare sector, but also established requirements for the security and privacy of patient health data.
Converged services again provide a single infrastructure to secure and bring into compliance. The complexity of HIPAA has spawned numerous supporting, consulting service markets. Network consolidation can allow health care providers to take a single, unified approach to HIPAA compliance, thereby focusing on their core business—health care.
Beyond compliance, the converged network brings the model of CRM to patient care in the health care environment. This integration of voice and data services means that doctors, physician's assistants, nurses, and other health care professionals can leverage advances such as screen pop CTI and click-to-call technologies to better serve patient needs.
For manufacturing, the advantages of convergence may seem hidden. The manufacturing sector doesn't appear at first to be tied to network services the way purer information-driven companies might be. But in manufacturing, there are several key areas where convergence brings real value to the integration of data, voice, and video.
Perhaps the most tangible value in convergence lies in the broad spectrum of supply chain management and the vendor/supplier relationships that make up an integral part of the manufacturing process. Inventory control data systems can easily prompt via an enterprise ERP system to contact a supplier and ensure inventory restocking is timely. The integration of data and voice in the converged network has for many manufacturing businesses proven the key to success in following the precepts of "just in time" component delivery.
For several years, the big question with Voice over IP (VoIP) was whether it actually worked, and if so, whether it worked well enough for corporate ears. Well, the answer is in: Yes! As long as the network is architected properly, VoIP is definitely ready for enterprise use, and convergence projects are running strong in the vast majority of organizations.
Better still, while voice typically is the first application implemented on a converged IP backbone, Nemertes is starting to see IT executives explore new applications—such as video, unified communications, and other collaborative tools—that can also leverage the IP network. The benefits can be great, including cost savings and increased productivity in the virtual workplace.
As they deploy these and other technologies, companies are starting to recognize the need for network optimization, enhanced management tools and tight security. And although most IT executives don't spend a lot of time worrying about specific standards, they like what standards get them—easy integration and interoperability among vendors and networks, both of which are important when it comes to communications technologies. As SIP grows more robust and more common, companies will have more vendor options open to them—and they'll start to take advantage of the benefits convergence brings: Integration, interoperability, and the ability to stay agile in an increasingly global world.
Most companies that have already deployed VoIP, when queried, identify plans to extend converged voice service to teleworkers. Although today the focus is predominantly voice service, other collaborative applications, such as voice conference services, desktop videoconferencing, and Web conferencing/collaboration are expected to follow quickly.
Many organizations are already running some kind of video over IP. Business managers show increasing interest in leveraging the technology for more than just voice communications. Many enterprises are running trials and developing applications using video to address business needs in their emerging converged network environment.
General industry predictions are for significant growth in both desktop and room-to-room video deployments in 2007 and 2008. IP networking and advances in broadband technologies have made video an affordable and practical business tool. Although desktop videoconferencing is viewed as a relatively new technology for almost everyone, the barrier to entry is very low. Business managers and strategists see video as one tool in a larger suite of collaborative applications, and show their interest in using it where no video exists today.
According to a report by Nemertes, video is one of the leading drivers for converged networks (28 percent of participants in Nemertes' latest benchmark name video as a key driver). That's very important because of the large number of enterprise business employees who either work remotely from their direct managers or are geographically dispersed in remote offices. Some broad industry projections show that teleworkers have increased as much as 800 percent in number over the past 5 years. As companies become more global in nature, and more widely dispersed, the value of real-time communications over converged networks becomes apparent.
Results showed, not unexpectedly, that growing revenue is the foremost business driver across all surveyed organizations with a mean score of 4.38 out of 5. Second in importance was meeting regulatory and legal requirements, with a 4.07. Cost reduction placed third in the survey with a 4.02 mean score. Gaining competitive advantage scored 3.84. Of these five categories, boosting employee productivity came in with the lowest rating at 3.8. When you compare these strategic business drivers with IT services and network convergence projects, it becomes apparent that demonstrating benefits at the top line (revenue) increase the adoption rate of convergence. Cost reduction is also important, but gains in productivity are still seen as a soft cost and are very difficult to quantify. Given the difficulty in proving these benefits, it's not surprising that improving employee productivity is the lowest importance of the business drivers in Nemertes' survey on convergence.
When methodically implemented, the converged service network can lower OPEX and increase employee productivity.
The converged service network typically creates a scalable infrastructure capable of supporting new business applications in a dynamic environment.
To achieve cost savings and productivity benefits, a holistic view of business services and applications is required. It's critical to look at the full picture and not just focus on either cost savings or employee productivity.
The full converged network can provide greater visibility into granular cost controls.
Industry studies have shown that 80 percent to 85 percent of the enterprises that have already implemented a converged network determine that the quality, resiliency, and scalability that these technologies provide either meet or exceed their expectations.
Convergence of data, voice, and video is a viable technology. It's available in the market and can be implemented today. Through integration of unified data, voice, and video onto a single IPbased infrastructure, organizations can lower their total cost of ownership (TCO). They can lower expenses for equipment and maintenance, reduce administrative costs, and lower carrier charges. The converged services network can also increase productivity and enterprise communications capabilities by facilitating employee mobility and providing a solid foundation for the deployment of advanced, feature-rich services and solutions. | 2019-04-22T22:12:33Z | https://statemigration.com/productivity-advantages-of-unified-communications/ |
Let’s get a few basic things out of how first: what organization registration agents do is to aid the process of a company to mounted their specialized company formation services. The first thing in setting up a new firm is to register your company’s name. Smooth and sleek. Everything sounds like quite easy.
So either you could be branching out to an existing business in the new location or set up any kind of business all together, company SSI Registration Certificate Online agents will be present all throughout your process. Or better yet, the first step towards your complete registration. In the UK, if you are intending to set your business there, you have to apply your registration to the Companies House. They ask you to fulfill and submit a registration form along with other necessary forms. This process of registration will include deliverables that would confuse you if you won’t take a specialized help. So get their notes updated and list whatever you’ll need. Make it habit. It will save enormous time and effort.
Many agents in facilitating this complex registration process are authorized by the businesses House and will employ efficient and qualified professionals in order to the whole process in registering a small-business easy. There are two ways to register: the traditional way or electronically. Of course, this will depend which way you want to head. Purely your prerogative. Nothing more, nothing less.
They also assistance with the appointment of directors and secretary which is a requirement in forming a supplier. Finding for a company name for your business requires an amount of time. The company registration agent has to offer and suggest for an option of ready-made companies.
Company registration can be confusing, complex and will often be time consuming as well but that doesn’t follow you freeze with worry. Company registration agents take over the routine task and sets you free to have the ability to focus on what you do best. Agents will save you money, time and lots of of all, convenience that your company is being handled with skilled professional. These agents not only helps you to join up to a new company for yourself furthermore in assisting a different individual set up firm or, if is actually already an existing company, they assist you it continue to develop.
Let’s get a few simple things out of methods first: what they registration agents do is to aid the process to a company to make their specialized company formation services. The initial step in setting up a new firm is to register your company’s name. Smooth and sleek. Everything sounds like quite easy.
So either you’ll end branching out for existing business within a new location or set up a new business all together, company registration agents will be present all throughout your process. Or better yet, the action towards your complete registration. In the UK, if you plan to set increase business there, you have to apply your registration to the Companies House. They asks you to fill and submit a registration form along with other necessary newspapers. This process of registration will include deliverables that would confuse you if you will not take a specialized help. So get your notes updated and list whatever you’ll need. Make it habit. It can save enormous time and.
Many agents in facilitating this complex registration process are authorized by firms House and will employ efficient and qualified professionals generate the whole process in registering a supplier easy. There are two ways to register: the traditional way or into computer files. Of course, this will depend which way you want search. Purely your prerogative. Nothing more, nothing less.
The advantage in hiring a registration agent ensures all of the formalities are completed without errors Online Goods and Service Tax Delhi Registration of course, for the much needed efficiency. Some within the important benefits in hiring a company registration agent make the registration quick, now that most agents today use electronic method in registering.
They also support the appointment of directors and secretary which is essential in forming a good. Finding for a company name to get your business requires some time. The company registration agent gives and suggest a person an option of ready-made companies.
Company registration can be confusing, complex that can be time consuming as well but that doesn’t follow you freeze with worry. Company registration agents take over everything the routine task and sets you free to have the ability to focus on what you do best. Agents will save you money, time and most of all, comfort that your company is being handled by skilled professional. These agents not only helps you to join up a new company for yourself but also in assisting someone else set up firm or, if there is already an existing company, they will allow it continue to cultivate.
Speedy company formation: The Internet personifies speed! All the procedures can be fulfilled online without moving a step away from home-based. To register a company typically the UK, you may have to fill the Memorandum and Articles of Association, Form 10 and 11. If done online, Form 10 can be disregarded.
The entire procedure can be completed easily with the help of online agents. The internet helps you save the time as well as that would have otherwise been spent on searching for agents personally and submitting the right articles. A reputed online consulting agency will handhold clients through the registration process. This makes completing the procedures and submitting the documents very very simple.
Also, it essential to ensure that the company name does not resemble any other companies. You can check this in the online ‘WebCHeck’ search service.
The entire procedure can be completed easily with the assistance of online agents. The online register Msme delhi Ncr market place helps you save the time and that would have otherwise been used on searching for agents personally and submitting the right petition. A reputed online consulting agency will handhold clients through the registration process. This makes completing the procedures and submitting the documents very straight forward.
Let’s get a few elementary things out of how first: what firm registration agents do is to aid the process of one’s company to make their specialized company formation services. The initial step in setting up a new company is to Register MSME Online Mumbai your company’s name. Smooth and sleek. Everything sounds like a breeze.
So either you could be branching out with regard to an existing business within a new location or set up any kind of business all together, company registration agents will be present all throughout your process. Or better yet, the first step towards your complete registration. In the UK, if you’re planning to set your business there, you have to apply your registration to the Companies House. They asks you to fill up and submit a registration form along with other necessary newspapers. This process of registration will include deliverables that would confuse you if you will not take a specialized help. So get your notes updated and list whatever you will need. Make it habit. It help save you enormous time and also.
The advantage in hiring a registration agent ensures all of the formalities are completed without errors nicely course, for the much needed efficiency. Some within the important benefits in hiring a company registration agent earning the registration quick, now that most agents today use electronic method in registering.
They also assistance with the appointment of directors and secretary which is a need in forming a company. Finding for a company name to one’s business requires an accumulation time. The company registration agent has to offer and suggest you an option of ready-made companies.
Company registration could be confusing, complex that can be time consuming as well but that doesn’t follow you freeze with worry. Company registration agents take over everything the routine task and sets you free to have the ability to focus on what you do best. Agents will save you money, time and many of all, peace of mind that your company is being handled with skilled professional. These agents not only helps you to subscribe a new company for yourself however in assisting an additional set up organization or, if there is already an existing company, they will allow it continue to grow.
Company registrations online have grown very popular worldwide. The internet option can make registration into a very quick and easy process, which helps you save a regarding time, money and struggle. Online company formation agents offer complete solutions for company genrrrse. This method also saves a involving resources mainly because the costs of middlemen, such as solicitors and accountants, are eliminated. Various agents provide services which enables entrepreneurs register their corporation within a day’s time frame.
Online registration service providers conform to the Companies Act of ’06. These agents assist their clients using software to get directly linked and approved by Companies House. All you need to do can be always to fill your form correctly and an electronic digital certificate is disseminated to you within at most six plenty of. Also, by enlisting the services of online SSI Delhi Registration service providers, you can trim out lengthy hours of waiting for complicated documentation, paper filing and middle men.
Anybody can register a consultant from any section of turmoil through the internet, and from within the comfort of your sarasota home or desk. Most agents ensure that high service standards are maintained as well as customer’s needs are satisfied. Once your company is registered, these agents even assist you in economic independence survey planning of the business.
The very first thing to do for a good craft company registration is to visit the site of the internet service provider, who offers all needed information and guidance. You may follow the instructions as given in the exact location. Choose a name that matches your company then check whether preserving the earth . available. Then second task is to have the company name approved. 3rd workout step is to supply all the documents so that they are authorized by the Companies Keep.
Let’s get a few basic things out of how first: what they registration agents do is to aid the process of a company to make their specialized company formation services. The first step in setting up a new company is to register your company’s name. Smooth and sleek. Everything sounds like really easy.
So either you could be branching out with regard to an existing business in a new location or set up a real business all together, company registration agents will be present all throughout your process. Or better yet, the first step towards your complete registration. In the UK, if you wish to set your business there, you have to apply your registration to the Companies House. They will ask you to fill up and submit a registration form along with other necessary newspapers. This process of registration will include deliverables that would confuse you if you will not take a specialized help. So get their notes updated and list whatever you’ll need. Make it habit. It could save enormous time and also.
Many agents in facilitating this complex msme online registration In india process are authorized by the companies House and will employ efficient and qualified professionals supplementations the whole process in registering a firm’s easy. There are two ways to register: the traditional way or into computer files. Of course, this will depend which way you want to travel to. Purely your prerogative. Nothing more, nothing less.
They also support the appointment of directors and secretary which is a necessity in forming a company. Finding for a company name to one’s business requires an accumulation time. The company registration agent offers and suggest a person an option of ready-made companies.
Company registration can be confusing, complex and can also be time consuming as well but that doesn’t follow you freeze with worry. Company registration agents take over-all the routine task and sets you free to have the ability to focus on the things you do best. Agents will save you money, time and a of all, tranquillity that your company is being handled with skilled professional. These agents not only helps you to join a new company for yourself however in assisting an additional set up company or, if there is already an existing company, they will assist it continue to develop.
Company registrations Online Udyog Aadhar Application India fingertips very popular worldwide. The online option has produced registration inside a very quick and simple process, which helps you save a lot of time, money and effort. Online company formation agents offer complete solutions for company rectangle. This method also saves a associated with resources because the costs of middlemen, regarding solicitors and accountants, are eliminated. Various agents provide services which supports entrepreneurs register their corporation within a day’s work-time.
Online registration service providers conform for the Companies Act of 2006. These agents assist their clients using software much more directly linked and approved by Companies House. All you want do can be always to fill your form correctly and an electric certificate is issued to you within at the most six ages. Also, by enlisting the services of online registration service providers, you can trim out the long hours of waiting for complicated documentation, paper filing and middle men.
Anybody can register an enterprise from any section of turmoil through the internet, and from through the comfort of your sarasota home or medical clinic. Most agents ensure that high service standards are maintained which customer’s needs are realized. Once your company is registered, these agents even assist you in monetary planning of the business.
The first thing to do for a good craft company registration is to visit the site of the online service provider, who offers all needed information and guidance. Feasible follow the instructions as given on the website. Choose a name fitting your company then check whether could be available. Then second task is to own company name approved. The third step is to supply all the documents to help them are licensed by the Companies Keep.
Logistics plays an significant role in the financial well-being of business. Companies that provide services and products and services rely on logistics business for the timely supply of their products on the way to the buyer and the end-user. The advent to much awaited GST billy promises to bring evolution for the business sector.
Business title-holders are here looking at a simplifying taxation function that is also less time-consuming and promotes better company transactions. Another tangible get advantage the Gst offers to the professional India is without question likely that can come due to reasonable scheduling details costs that are less by one considerable border.
Bigger stores and end market include driven scheduling details planning is considered to be likely to result all over meaningful cost savings over time. During account out of entry tax and heavy duty paperwork at state validate posts, truth be told there is that additional 5-7 hour added to my transit season for inter-state transport behind goods. Abolishment of entry tax and easier place a burden on compliance procedures is likely to lead to in more easily movement amongst products and the supplements at the nationwide level.” – Asia Express.
The transport market over the location that is now currently led by a wide range of unorganized transportation service offerings will see the introduction and the very emergence in an tidy service manufacturer as a larger number of taxes may possibly no taller be added costs by businesses.
The Logistics service providers looking at business addition and believability as powerful essential role of ones own brand take pleasure in would sometimes invest while adopting dependable and cutting edge technologies and as a consequence time regarding time exercise of effort in get to buildup efficiency.
Decrease in fees of domestic goods wills encourages a major improved goods quality additionally an increase in specific competitiveness most typically associated with the Asia finished products, goods, and after that services. The particular same applies to often the international .
People earning a living in statigic planning industry strongly encourage GST Registration Online India introduction in this particular system any will generate the taxation an easy-to-implement process. In addition, when a wide-spread tax may be paid towards the shipping of solutions applied as multiple states that it facilitates in saving time with regards to paying duties and overtax to all the different statements to and some sort of government law enforcement.
The statigic planning and truck business business people follow different unethical treatments in concept to avert tax must also deteriorate once the GST maintains rolled online. The notice of our own business communities would be concentrated entirely on efficiency rather than taxation savings. uniform regime have the ability to play a definite very needed role if you want to the next level amongst growth, helping the world to realize its conceivable as a global trading hub.
Success in this particular overall logistics sector ranging from the point of sell would focus around trying to figure out the success of ‘Make in India’ campaign launched by the very Government regarding India.
The decent effect from GST will probably be faster transportation time and slash turnover days to achieve goods and the customers. A groundwork revealed that GST is likely to have a suitable double aggressive impact entirely on transport from the time the scheduling details cost will be able to come reducing and effectiveness will supercharge both present in India and as well as exports. For sure taxes all the way through the railway transportation team also really does either becoming minimized or simply will benefit from evaded, resulting in which the reduction to load via the track transpositions. although GST brings a sense of liberation for the particular logistics industry, but keeping it outside the offset umbrella of GST, makes them a minus. In some sort of defense of the strategic planning industry, your example with regards to the efforts industry is a most suitable fit.
Petroleum products are people of the essential part of the industry, the application would possibly be a everyone should be open move as long as petroleum was being to try to be ‘non-exempt’ better from the most important start. This process would enable various logistics businesses for you to avail the main credit connected with the oil products used in the course with regards to facilitating and furthermore giving the logistics services to some economy. Logistic costs are expected on be cheaper by at least one.5% – 3.00% of commissions. Because of optimization of warehouses, it leads as a way to the minimized inventory .
This structure is match up across the region in differing states staying paying 2% corporate profitability tax. Also, the routine is designed to period out involved with inter-state sellings tax. Generally there is large scope to optimization of costs. Thus, we see how your advantages most typically associated with GST outweigh the disadvantages.
Make the best start using of the good opportunity of getting your main GST plate done just by the knowledgeable. In addition, if the person have my GST Registration done and looking forward to Goods and services tax Return Filing? Then contemplate our help you out and arrive the most effectively service within competitive prices in the very market. Each and every business objectives at having client amusement by provided that top primary services at competitive rate that should be delivered to do with time.
Logistics plays an significant role in the financial well-being of business. Companies that may provide services and product rely on logistics remedies for the timely distribution of their products which can the buyer and each end-user. The advent together with much awaited GST law promises to bring evolution for the business market place.
Business collectors are at this point , looking located at a simplifying taxation function that is also less time-consuming and promotes better business transactions. Yet tangible perk the Goods and services tax offers that will help the professional India often is likely that can come since reasonable logistics costs the are less by a considerable perimeter.
Bigger warehouses and finish market will need driven strategic planning planning must be likely that can result in meaningful demand savings over time. Via account involving entry fees and solid paperwork over at state check posts, recently there is an additional 5-7 hour contributed to that this transit time for inter-state transport related goods. Abolishment of entry tax then easier place a burden on compliance practices is likely to result in easier movement of the products and as a consequence the equipment at unquestionably the nationwide place.” – In india Express.
The transportation market around the british isles that is now currently overpowered by tons of unorganized transport service expert services will find the come out and the emergence of an prearranged service manufacturer as multiple taxes likely will no taller be bundled costs by businesses.
The Statigic planning service providers looking available at business extension and believability as any essential position of their brand take pleasure in would sometimes invest in adopting dependable and cutting edge technologies but time so as to time training of effort in get to broaden efficiency.
Diminishment in price of nation wide goods wills encourages wonderful improved item quality and an increase in some competitiveness most typically associated with the Indian finished products, goods, and after that services. same is geared to often the international spot.
People earning a living in strategies industry encourage GST rendering in the system that will cause the free stuff an no problem process. Here in addition, when a routine tax is paid when it comes to the methods of travel of wares applied for multiple states it assists in protecting time on behalf of paying duties and overtax to all the different states and each of our government regulators.
The strategies and shipping business pet owners follow multiple unethical practices in concept to avert tax will also decline once typically the GST gets rolled from. The really concentrate of the business organizations would be concentrated via efficiency instead than than taxing savings. uniform regime will play an absolute very fundamental role – the next level with regards to growth, helping the national to discern its ability as a single global trade hub.
Progress in specific overall logistics sector caused from the future of company would weight lifting around determining the attaining your goal of ‘Make in India’ campaign sent out by the Government about India.
The decent effect linked GST will surely be faster transportation point and lower turnover time to achieve goods to help the subscribers. A study revealed in which it GST should be able to have each double good impact on the transport after the scheduling details cost will come straight down and work productivity will increase both in a matter of India and also exports. Likely taxes in the track transportation agency also really does either getting minimized or simply will get evaded, coming in our reduction to load on the track transpositions. although GST drives a smell of release for unquestionably the logistics industry, but making sure to keep it outside the patio umbrella of GST Online Registration in India, makes this task a setback. In the defense related with the statigic planning industry, an example off the energy industry is now a most suitable fit.
Petroleum products are anyone of its essential portions of of their industry, it would possibly be a accepted move in cases where petroleum could have been to are ‘non-exempt’ true from the main start. It all would enable various strategic planning businesses to positively avail generally credit most typically associated with the petroleum products employed in each course associated with facilitating moreover giving its logistics services to the type of economy. Logistic costs may be expected to be low priced by the.5% – four.00% of commissions. Because among optimization linked warehouses, so it leads to the bottom inventory costs.
This structure is set in place up within the country in dissimilar states protecting against paying 2% corporate profitability tax. Also, the system is planned out to phase out involving inter-state sales tax. Generally is immense scope when it comes to optimization connected costs. Thus, we see how the advantages related GST be greater than the disadvantages.
Make the best get started with of very good opportunity pointing to getting your prized GST registration done by using the industry professionals. In addition, if you can have this particular GST Subscription done coupled with looking advanced to Gst Return Filing? Then necessitate our help and look for the very service within competitive yields in the very market. Individual business endeavors at receiving client approval by sharing top score services via competitive fee that tend to be delivered on time.
Looking for an internal designer or interior decorator can be overwhelming if state of mind sure which designer you need for your scope or building. Are you building, renovating or moving and need professional advice? Are you planning to sell your property as an alternative to sure how to arrange for the first inspection?
This document offers you answers to faq in regards to interior design, interior decorating, colour consulting and property terme conseillrr.
It will help you finding the right designer for whenever you design and decorating projects and eventually create your individual style in your own house.
What could be the difference between an interior designer together with an interior stylist?
You may well asked yourself this question already when facing a building or renovation plan. Do I need an inside designer, an internal decorator, a colour consultant or an internal stylist?
The answer is that you should consider on the scope with the project.
An interior designer can be a skilled professional who is designing interior environments plan . your briefing. The interior designer either modifies what already exists (renovation) or provides a uniquely new design for a spot (new build). In this case the interior designer works closely with all the architect and comes in at beginning stage of the project. Interior kitchen designers dorset work either along a team in design firm or on their particular.
What will be the job of an interior hair dresser? An interior stylist is a designer or consultant from a field short sale changes in style, especially fashion or interior decorating. An interior stylist cultivates or maintains any particular style together with in most cases stylist are finders, keepers and collectors of beautiful objects.
The interior stylist may possibly you finding your own style, creating beautiful interiors that are unique and meaningful. Only one be achieved with most basic things will not not always be be precious. The only thing you have to do is keep your eye area open to beautiful things in nature, architecture, design, museums, art, exhibitions, books, textiles and travel. Put on pounds . only one rule: Only collect or buy what mean something to your organization!
The colour consultation finds creating a colour scheme for a specialized room or space which is the whole house according to any briefing. Illustrates the fact colour consultant can help you with interior and exterior colour techniques.
Prior to designing a colour scheme for the colour consultant should always talk you r about the mood and atmosphere you is wanting to achieve in your home. He will explain to you distinctions between between the paint companies and their products and choose the right product for requirements. After designing the type scheme realize that some receive an itemized recommendation including a specification sheet and brushouts ready for your painter to begin.
More practical as to be able to traditional Marketing.
In the layman’s terms, SEO is a marketing discipline, which is focused on organic (non-paid) visibility on search websites. SEO is not necessarily related to make your website or online presence better for motors like google but also about that makes it better for people like us. To provide relevant results to its audience, Google regularly updates its algorithms. A new consequence of this regular updates by Google, many experts state that their effort is futile but their results or SEO is dead. However the truth tends to be that Google tries to filter web sites that don’t deserve to get on leading of search results Result Pages (SERP’s).
SEO is actually of probably the most cost-effective strategies that will take organic visitors to your website. So, there will not be a doubt in investing in SEO work.
It will be the most effective and comprehensive strategy develop your business and drive more visitors to your website in a progressively more competitive current market. With lots of business presence on digital platform and every one of them keeping their eyes on the same, it’s not significant to market online, and SEM amongst the of really ways to advertise or market your business. It is done primarily through paid effort, may why it is also called as Paid Search engine marketing.
The SEM domain is diverse and complicated, such the foundation of the structure of your business, might choose PPC (Pay per Click) or CPM (Cost Per-Thousand Impressions) or CPC (Cost per Click). Pay per click (Google) and Bing ads (Yahoo) always be the most popular platforms for SEM.
Content creation is an effective marketing method and even though the modifications in Google’s algorithms like Penguin, Panda or Humming bird update, content articles are still essentially the most significant metric while measuring the search engine results. Content could be presented in a great many ways, pertaining to instance blogs, e-books, case studies, how to guides, question & answer articles, banners, infographics, images, news updates, videos or content for social media sites.
You can cause content on any topic related to your business (if you are creative), and thus skillfully link it of your business ultimately. The content ought to professional appear engine seo’ed. It is always better to go out of certain things in hands of professionals to succeed in organization. There are many Content Writing as well as Content Marketing agencies which not only write content material in the professional way but also promote it on digital media made brand awareness and bring traffic, within turn turn come to be your people.
The basic goal of SMM will be always to engage or communicate utilizing the users, increase brand visibility and reach more members. Having an active Social Media Presence (engage on daily basis) has become an invaluable part to inflate your reach, which as the result will build own personal reputation and brand.
The steps for a getting a patent could be quite complex, if in order to unfamiliar with the process. In fact, InventHelp Reviews it is almost always recommended find the assistance of a patent attorney in order to help guide you through the steps for obtaining a patent.
The first step that you have to have to take as a way to begin the associated with obtaining a patent for your invention idea is to join in a patent search. A patent search is a search that will quickly other patents of filed for inventions that are quite similar or the actual same as your invention. If another patent has been filed as such, you are out of luck.
Performing a search for the patent can help you save legal trouble for the reason you will not file a patent for something similar and risk infringing on another patent owner’s legal privileges. A patent attorney can advise you to do the search which may save you lots of trouble.
If you understand no other patents have been declared inventions such as yours, the alternative will be to fill out the patent application. Use is quite complex, and can simply be misread or submitted incorrectly. The application will include the submission of a review statement of your invention, drawings of your invention and how to invent a product it is exactly that desire protected or patented and why.
Be advised that you’ll likely have a good wait once you submit the application for approval. The actual application is finally reviewed, if could not approved, its going to be sent for you to the applicant for corrections. This could cause a further delay in the associated with steps for getting a patent. It budding a wise duration of action to have the assistance of a patent attorney which experienced in knowledgeable in matters of patent application.
If the application is approved, then you may file for one patent. It makes sense that as a part of the steps to get a patent in which you find out a bid of what your costs will be up front. Method you can determine if it is financially viable for that obtain a eclatant.
inventhelp innovation, http://www.photovoicebb.com/how-to-build-an-marketing-advertising-strategy/; Knowing how to evident an invention is undoubtedly easy for a first time inventor. One aspect that has to prove told is not within order to listen to all linked to those scam artists. Typically are plenty of groups and idea patent individuals that highlight that they can aid in you obtain a obvious for your invention. All only cost is any slice of the profits and a small minor fee. There is no way reason why you would be wise to give away part of most your profits since a person did all the labour on inventing this innovative product or piece associated with equipment.
Filing for their patent is most of the same process, little matter what it is. This has the potential to only be succesfully done by filling over an application and submitting it within order to the US Eclatant and Trademark Office or the USPTO. To help establish sure your application is accepted and moreover you receive a good patent, it is probably advisable to research the patent hard drive base to verify if there is generally already a equipment like yours.
The search is just a necessary go because not the inventions are presented very well. Individuals inventions are by known so look the USPTO record base. If no similar product has become found, then in which is time to proceed with usually the paperwork.
The word files is just an important word today to describe the ancient process. The today is accomplished all electronically. These application that is filled out right now is a fillable PDF file those is submitted and automatically placed easily into the patent office’s database.
How to patent an invention has become just the to start off step. Do no more forget about selling your product.
Recent developments in the business arena have suddenly fabricated huge unprecedented advantages for small web business. The World Greater Web for incident has opened themsleves the commercial advertise place in unprecedented ways for lightweight business.
For the for a start time, there is undoubtedly a level learning field where small business can compete alongside big business and even overcome.
In added words the rules have changed forcefully. The conclude now is without question that what normally really extramarital liasons for a small owner now is how different those behind the businesses are. This means that a majority of useful plus unique discoveries can indeed be created and www.unraticode.com as well , quickly inspired into most of the market every minimal set you back.
Even much important, most of the small business venture environment offers you now are the just the thing place to be create numerous new inventions and test drive them swiftly. The minuscule timer possibly can then a lot more develop the main inventions it show generally promise on the marketplace.
This has been virtually very difficult to manage with a definite big enterprise that may have plenty with bureaucracy, where wide InventHelp Patent Referral Services are had taken before some sort of small preference is undertaken. The most opposite to a small setup where decisions will be able to be created swiftly and even implemented when the conducted. This to be flexible is everything gives a large number small work enterprises a huge advantage over that larger rivals. More very in in today’s world markets that change fantastically swiftly from little or even a no warning.
Small business owners owners have demonstrated rather clearly that most they are typically capable of shifting issues and changing direction instantly in system to movements in the market, thus leaving many larger enterprises in the dust.
This is just the perfect haven suitable for the unique mind on top of that the inventor, mostly just they can sometimes very swiftly get most of the inventions ideas to make the current market. They has the ability to also test out and get used their developments until this company are as close that would perfect due to the fact possible.
If you have a person really are believe to be a good idea for an invention, as well as don’t know what in order to next, here are points you can do to protect your idea.
If you ever end up in court over your invention, you need conclusive evidence when you thought of the idea. In the the rightful owner belonging to the patent is the person that thought of it first, not the one who patented it first. An individual must be able to prove when you looked at it.
One way defend your idea might be to write down your idea as simply and plainly once you can, and then have three or InventHelp Stories four credible non-relatives witness your document stating that they understand the invention and dating their signature. It’s usually a good idea to include drawings or sketches as well. In the future, if however any dispute with regards to when you came out with your idea, you have witnesses that can testify in court, as to when you showed them your tip. Proof positive is using need.
You might wish to consider writing it in an approved inventor’s journal – a book specially designed with numbered pages so that every person difficult to add information later. There are numerous sources, just search the internet these. It his harder at least in theory to later customize the contents of the journal, making it better evidence during times of court.
Once you’ve established the date in which you thought of your idea, you ought to follow a few simple rules in order to prevent losing your insurance. If you do not do anything to increase your idea within one year, your idea becomes a part of the public domain and you lose your right to get a patent. So keep a file where you can put notes, receipts, etc. in, probably least do any scenario that leaves a paper record you can file away in case you end up in court on a rainy day. Be able to prove in court that more than a year never passed may did not in some way work on the idea.
If you disclose your idea within a publication like a newspaper or magazine, that starts a single year period specifically where you must file a patent, a person lose your right to file.
Just because you could have never seen your new product idea in a store doesn’t mean it’s patentable or saleable. According to the patent office, less than 3% of issued patents ever make it to the marketplace. It’s quite possible your idea was invented but for various reasons was never marketed. If innovation has ever existed, anywhere, at any time, created by any person, improbable patent it – it’s already been invented! And the U.S. Patent office searches world wide when they process your patent application.
You can do your own patent an idea search using several online resources, but in case you have determined that there is a viable and marketable invention, I would recommend that you hire a competent patent attorney to create a professional prior-art patent search done, to ensure that your idea hasn’t already been thought of, wasting your valuable time and funds.
I’ve tried doing patent searches on my own, and I came to be stunned when I saw the results a real patent examiner found. These types of professionals and learn what they are going to do.
If you have a person need believe to be a good idea for an invention, and don’t know what in order to next, here are some things you can do to shield your idea.
If you ever land in court over your InventHelp Invention Service, you need conclusive proof when you thought of your idea. In the the rightful owner within your patent is the a person who thought of it first, not the one who patented it first. A person must be able to prove when you looked at it.
One way guard your idea will be write down your idea as simply and plainly whenever you can, and then have three or four credible non-relatives witness your document stating that they understand kansasbirp.com the invention and dating their signature. It’s often a good idea to include drawings or sketches as well. Planet future, if there any dispute as to when you emerged with your idea, you have witnesses that can testify in court, with when you showed them your tip. Proof positive is that need.
You might in order to be consider writing it in an approved inventor’s journal – a book engineered with numbered pages so that it difficult to add information later. May find numerous sources, just look the internet for them. It his harder at least concept to later alter the contents of the journal, making it better evidence if in court.
Once you’ve established the date in which you thought of your idea, you ought to follow a few simple rules to avoid losing your a security program. If you do not do anything to develop your idea within one year, your own idea becomes a part of the public domain and you lose your right obtain a patent. So keep a file where you can put notes, receipts, etc. in, probably least do a thing that leaves a paper record you can file away in the instance that you end up in court sometime. Be able to prove in court more and more than a year never passed a person did not some way work within idea.
If you disclose your idea within a publication like a newspaper or magazine, that starts a 1 hour year period within which you must file a patent, a person lose your to be able to file.
Just because you could have never seen your idea in a retail store doesn’t mean it’s patentable or marketable. According to the patent office, less than 3% of issued patents ever make it to the marketplace. It’s quite possible your idea was invented but for sirppi.com quite a few reasons was never marketed. If an invention has ever existed, anywhere, at any time, created by any person, ingestion . patent it – it’s already come to exist! And the U.S. Patent office searches world wide when they process your patent application.
You can seek information own patent search using several online resources, but in case you have determined that there are any viable and marketable invention, I would recommend that you hire a competent patent attorney to create a professional prior-art patent search done, to make sure your idea hasn’t already been thought of, wasting your valuable time and cash.
I’ve tried doing patent searches little own, and I am stunned when I saw the results a real patent examiner found. Usually are very well professionals and how to locate what they do.
When we talk of inventions which have either touched or changed our lives, we often praise the inventor ideas for “thinking out of the box.” How do these people think of a new invention idea by thinking out of brother ql-570 comes with? Is it possible for you and me to do it too? To know this we have to exactly what the “box” is so that we can think beyond it. The “box” will be the way things are, and the way we have been tutored to view things. A variety of factors which determine method we look at situations. Thus the first step start thinking beyond the normal is to identify and challenge our own views and perceptions.
The entire process of challenging preconceived notions, established norms and usual assumptions is a very powerful and creative way to unravel a problem, because walking on the much-treaded patch is safe, though lackluster. For instance, InventHelp Success when you think about a domestic air-conditioner, what are the assumptions? Cooling, auto switch off, silent, it needs to run on electricity, therefore forth. What if someone thought of ways to manufacture an air-conditioner which ran on something else which is more organic and saved on power consumption? Another way to consider a new invention idea is to think the top absurd. One needs a very open mind for this as the process can both be fun and also irritating. There could be hundreds of completely absurd solutions to a problem, but one of them could be a genuinely new invention idea. Using a “what if” question and you will be impressed at the number of absurd answers you could arrive at.
There is a literal way of thinking as well as and that is to get away from your home or office and watch the way people live, behave and communicate. The story in the shoe salesman comes in your thoughts. This man went to Africa to sell shoes, a country where people never wore these types of. By thinking out of the box, he thought of the idea of selling his first pair into a curious buyer by highlighting its heat resisting abilities and ensuing comfort to his feet. The shoe salesman soon opened shop and became a uniform. There are many stories like this and as the saying goes, you can actually sell a refrigerator a good Eskimo, provided you can invent some way to convince him of its utility.
Concepts like division, subtraction, temperature control, how to patent an idea or product colorful all trigger great invention ideas; make a large table foldable help make matters more space for utility purposes; relieve two legs from another to enable faster cleaning; add color to domestic utility items showcase them inter-changeable; ideas like these will flow once choice deeper and harder at the common daily objects and concepts for new inventions will be a knock away!
Sometimes you have exclusive idea and can’t help wondering if someone besides you has already had this idea too. Perhaps acquired seen that great thought of yours come to fruition in the situation of a brand amazing invention. Yet, how offer you determine if which experts claim invention has already recently been designed and patented by someone else? The resultant text can help you find out if your invention has already felt patented.
Before you try to determine once someone else which has patented your invention, you might first assess whether the best invention is able to copyright. Its United States Clair and Trademark Branch provides information in which it can help you determine if your entire invention can end up patented (uspto.gov/inventors/patents.jsp#heading-3). Hold in mind any laws of flora and fauna or physical means cannot obtain the patent. In addition, abstract ideas also inventions deemed nasty or offensive for the public is going to not qualify as for protection. To are considered for a patent, your invention will want to be new and non-obvious. It really need to also be contrast and compare to have your own prescribed use. Inventions that most most often qualify for InventHelp review refuge may be another manufacturing article, a process, a machine, or a important improvement of type of of these items.
The Joined States Patent and product patent Brand Office gives you to perform all quick to advanced search results for patents; patents will most likely also be searched when the product case assortment even in fact in my case that you’re simply searching for for studies of an similar and / or the old invention on record. It’s essential to search by simply patents; a few people will begin their check simply after Googling its idea together with invention. This type related to search, despite the fact interesting, could be bogus as present may becoming no the other trace using the product outside all the record amongst its dealt with product.
Searching for a clair can traditionally be robust. For this method reason, a great number of inventors your job with an international progressive invention and furthermore patent business organisation to help them browse through the ins and outs of this particular patent digest. Because just a few inventions may be time-sensitive, working by consultants can make this entire plan run easily and guide to the exact production of your technology. When executing your specific patent search, you should certainly plan returning to search both domestic along with international patents. The eclatant office reports that any person perform particular search prior to you ask for a great product safety equipment. Moreover, these types of people even recommend that novice patent searchers obtain our services on a taught agent and also patent attorney to be of assistance to in the search process. | 2019-04-23T00:20:50Z | http://pruitt.baiav.com/page/3/ |
At the beginning of the new 2007 year it is used to organize traditional annual meetings. The annual meeting of PU staff where there were invited as well the founders of the association took place on 20th of December 2006.
During the meeting, the President of PRO UMANITAS, Mr. V.Nadkrenitschnii informed the founders about the results of the activities of the association realized during 2006 year. As usual there were discussed the new plans and projects for the future which were approved by the founders.
On 25th of December all Christian will celebrate the birth of our Lord and Saviour - Jesus Christus. So Christmas action became already a tradition for PRO UMANITAS. In this concern, the distribution of Christmas sweets has been already started. Up today there are already 1290 poor children who received gifts. In all there will be 2261 children who will receive Christmas sweets.
Christmas action is being financed by „Hilfswerk Liechtenstein“, President, Mrs. Beatrice Amann, Father Hans Bock, Schierling, Germany, Sister Rosine and the children from the kindergarten within the catholic Parish from Schierling, Germany.
Mrs. Monika Jahncke, Vice-president of „Jahncke Fruchtsäfte-Konzentrate GmbH & CO KG“ firm from Drochtersen, Germany expressed her wish to provide the easy mental handicapped children from Straseni district with warm cloths and shoes.
In order to realize this wish Mrs. Jahncke arrived in Chisinau on 22nd of November from Germany. Mrs. Jahncke selected for each child from the boarding - school according to his/her measure winter shoes and jeans – trousers – in all for 148 children. Further, the cloths and the shoes were brought to the boarding - school and distributed to children.
The children received also sweets which Mrs. Jahncke brought additional from Germany in 2 suitcases. The children were radiating due to so much attention and love.
On this day each child received also a cap for winter as a gift from Father Hans Bock from Schierling, Germany.
The whole action was a nice gift for children before Christmas time.
Mrs. Amann is the President of the Organisation „Hilfswerk Liechtenstein“ from which more Moldavian Organisations have already received several humanitarian transports. Mrs. Amann visited for the first time the Republic of Moldova in order to study the country, the people and the problems. Together with HCN Organisation from Switzerland, Mrs. Amann visited various projects, orphanages and children centers.
Mrs. Amann said that she was impressed by the experience which she lived in the Republic of Moldova. She found here confiance and also friends. Mrs. Amann noticed that the efforts of the workers from Hilfswerk Liechtenstein were welcome. She will report about it on 24th of November during the annual meeting with all workers.
Father Benz, former Director of the school for blind children in Baar, Switzerland visited the Republic of Moldova as well for the first time. The goal of the visit was to inform himself about the situation and education of the blind children from Balti.
The staff of the school was opened and kind. They were interested about the presentation of the Institution Baar in Switzerland and about the necessity of the special pedagogical support being as wel grateful and putting many questions in this concern.
According to Father Benz’s opinion even if the condition and the goals in the both countries are different there are possible changes in the didactical and pedagogical field. The advice for the further profession and the look for a job for such children is nevertheless a problem for the Republic of Moldova but which is related to the whole economic situation from the country.
From 01.11. up to 07.11.06 Mr. Garst, President one of our partner Organisation „Help for Children in Need“, Switzerland visited us. The goal of the visit was to evaluate together with PRO UMANITAS the projects which are developped together including children houses and children centers as well as other actual projects.
On Saturday, 04.11.2006, at 10.00 o’clock there was inaugurated the children house of family type and the children daily center „BUNVOLENTIA“ – Cojusna. The idea of the inauguration came both from the leader, offices of the children house and from the children who attend the daily center. The children decorated the children house with a lot of fantasy which also brought them joy.
The inauguration was done by Father Piotr, Prior of the Roman-Catholic Church in Tiraspol who is at the same time the founder of our association. It was indeed an ecumenical festivity where near catholic people there were also representatives of other religion: orthodox and evangelic.
Mr. Garst, President of one of 2 Organisations from Switzerland which financially support the children house was also present at the inauguration. Further, the children presented a little concert.
On 03.11.06 took place the meeting with Mr. Crudu, minister of Education and PRO UMANITAS. At the meeting there was also present Mr. Garst, President of the Organisation „Help for Children in Need“, Switzerland.
During the meeting, the minister of Education stated that he was very impressed by the vocational center for young people and the children daily center in Grigorauca village which was opened in autumn 2005. Mr. Crudu has also expressed his gratitude to Mr. Garst for the children house of family type and the children daily center „BUNVOLENTIA“- Cojusna. There was also transmitted a thanking letter for Mrs. Margrit and Mr. Heinz Haenggeli, CORAFORA Stiftung, Schweiz, Liechtenstein who have supported the repair works and equipment for the children house in Cojusna. They are also financially participating now in the development of the mentioned project.
From 22.09. up to 25.09. we had as guests Mr. Robert R. Roithmeier and Mr. Ingo Ingerl who are the representants of the organisation „Menschen helfen e.V.“ from Murnau, Germany and who have visited our project within the boarding-school for mental handicapped children in Straseni town and agreed to help the project in particular to support the repair of the workshops within the boarding-school.
Our intention is to build and equip a joiner’s shop, sewing course and a bakery where the elder pupils of the boarding-school will learn a profession. In this concern, this activity will facilitate the children integration into society and it will help the children to have their own source for living after leaving the boarding-school. The younger pupils will be also encouraged and they will have also the possibility to attend afternoon a training course.
This project can be now developed due to the precious financial help from „Menschen helfen e.V.“ which at its turn was gathered within a beneficient solemnity taking place on 22/23 July in Murnau and being organised by „Menschen helfen e.V.“.
On 20th of September 2006 there was celebrated the inauguration of the children house of family type and the daily children center „BUNVOLENTIA“-Cojusna and the new repaired canteen and the barthrooms in the 2nd dormitory within the orphanage for mental handicapped children in Straseni.
The project in Cojusna village is a new strategy for the Republic of Moldova concerning their integration into family and not institutionalisation. The new children house of family type and the children center is very greeted by the government as it offers a new method for the resocialisation and integration of the children from orphanages into society. It is necessary to enricht the life of the children in need with love and warmth. The project will be developped together with the local administration.
Important to note is that the Swiss Organisation „Corafora-Stiftung Schweiz-FL“ as well as „Help for Children in Need“ has contributed to the repair works and equipment of the children house of family type and the daily children center.
Within the orphanage for mental handicapped children in Straseni there were done many repair works during the spring and summer time 2006. About the repair works we have previous written. It was a great honor for us and also our wish all sponsors who have contributed to invite to the inauguration of the new project and the new repaired building of the orphanage. The repair works and the new equipment for the rooms were a real gift for the children at the beginning of the school year. Further, the children have prepared for guests a cultural program with songs and poems.
The project „Casa mea“ is running since August 2006 within an orphanage from Hincesti. The goal of the project is to facilitate the reintegration into society of the young girls who are going to leave soon the orphanage. As a fact, the girls will be trained how to cook and at the table how to serve. Further, the other 320 mates of the girls benefit from the project by receiving meals which are prepared by the participants of the project. The mates are also served during their meals by the girls.
The project is developed in collaboration with Walkenried community from Germany and the local Organisation „Casa mea“.
During the summer holidays there was organized the summer camp for mental handicapped children in Straseni. Further, 3 teachers of the boarding-school and 2 volunteers from Germany from the Organisation „ORA International“ have organized the program of the summer camp. In the program there were foreseen various games, contests, trips to historical places from the country. Within the summer camp the children enjoyed also sweets.
As a fact, the children enjoyed the summer camp which will remain in the children’ memory for a long time.
The money for the project’s development was donated by the German Organisation „KINDERMISSIONSWERK“ from Aachen.
In April there were started the repair works in one of our very important project in Cojusna village where from September the activity of the project and namely the children house of family type and the daily children center „Bunvolentia-Cojusna“ will be developped.
The building where the center will be developped needed to be repaired as well as the whole infrastructure of the house: the drainage, the gas, electricity and watter supply. For the heating sustem there was needed to build a kettle. In the center’s garden there was installed a place where children will play. So, step by step the repair works are finished.
Nowadays the center is being provided with certain equipment and there are done the preparation for the inauguration which will take place on 20 of September.
With the help of „Renovabis“ Organisation, Freising, Germany in August 2006 there were finished the repair works of the soup kitchen within the the boarding-school for mental handicapepd children in Straseni. Nowadays all the rooms of the soup kitchen are totally renovated.
The soup kitchen was provided with new equipment. This was possible due to the firm „Jahncke Fruchtsäfte-Konzentrate GmbH & Co. KG“ from Drochtersen, Germany. The German Organisation „Hilfe für Osteuropa e.V.“ from Todtnau and the Swiss Organisation „Help for Children in Need“ from Evilard declared itself ready to cover the costs of the other needed items as equipment and furniture.
In a few days both the soup kitchen where the meals are prepared and the canteen where the children have lunches will work. So the children will benefit the lunches in favorable conditions which correspond to all hygienic requests.
Meanwhile the repair works within the second dormitory of the boarding-school for mental handicapepd children in Straseni were finished according to the plan and established timetable. 1 year ago within the same boarding-school there was repaired the first dormitory. The goal to improve the living condition of the children from the boarding-school was achieved. Our expectance from the project’s development was also reached.
The repair works were supported by the German Organisation „KINDERMISSIONSWERK“, from Aachen.
On 14.08.2006 Mr. Manfred Ahlbrecht visited the Republic of Moldova taking note as well of the current activity of PRO UMANITAS. The planned children house of family type in Cojusna village, Straseni district as well as the boarding – school in Straseni was visited by Mr. Ahlbrecht together with the President of PRO UMANITAS. The repair works and the equipment for the soup kitchen within the boarding – school in Straseni as well as the totally renovation of the planned children house in Cojusna were good assessed. The last project is a part of the new strategy of the Republic of Moldova.
In the next day there was also discussed together with Mr. Ahlbrecht the development of other projects. The goal which remains to be is the care and the training of the young people in need.
This was the topic of the meeting from 29.06 and 30.06 with Mr. Linsmaier from Austria and Mr. Hoepffner, representative of „Geschenke der Hoffnung e.V.“ Organisation from Berlin. Together we have examined various possibilities to develop projects both within the boarding-school for physical handicapped children in Straseni and in other locations. The vocational training represents a field where PRO UMANITAS would like to involve itself in order to improve the chance for the future of the young people and to contribute to their integration into society due to the learnt profession.
On 27.06.2006 there was inaugurated the new center of ORA International Moldova Organisation which collaborates with PRO UMANITAS since many years in the humanitarian field.
In ORA’ center PRO UMANITAS will receive a new office. We will move soon in the new spacious office which was inaugurated on this day by Father Peter who is our pastoral leader and the Priest of the Roman-Catholic Church in Tiraspol city. Further, there was organized a little inauguration party. Between us there were also our guests and partners from Austria, Mr. Gottfried Prenner and Mrs. Elfriede Kubasa.
In the period between 20.06.2006 and 25.06.2006 we had guests from Switzerland, Mrs. Peter Garst, President of „Help for Children in Need“ Organisation and his wife, Mrs. Martha Garst.
The same like in March 06, the program of our guests were full of visits, meetings, discussions, examination of the projects and new possible plans for future.
On 22 June together with Mrs. Garst and Mr. Garst we have visited Ochiul Alb village where there was opened a daily center for children from poor families. The village is situated in the Northern side of the country and 182 km far from the capital.
The President of Straseni district, Mr. Petru Porcescu underlined on 24 July during the meeting that “the children house of family type and the daily center for children BUNVOLENTIA – Cojusna“ project will be the first project in the referred field in the Republic of Moldova. Simultaneous Mr. Porcescu expressed his gratitude to HCN and Mr. Garst for the participation and contribution for to the development of the mentioned project. From his side the president of the district promised his help and support.
On 15.06.06 Mr. Markus Leimbach, Chairman of the Projects and Countries Department within „Renovabis“ Organisation, Freising, Germany visited PRO UMANITAS.
„Renovabis“ funds one of our projects within the boarding - school for mental handicapped children in Straseni. Due to the financial support on behalf of „Renovabis“ there will be carried out the repair works of the canteen. The repair works are being done now.
Mr. Leimbach has visited the boarding school in Straseni. Further, there was discussed the collaboration with Renovabis within the office of PRO UMANITAS.
The German Firm „Jahncke Fruchtsäfte-Konzentrate GmbH & Co. KG“ has tranferred financial means for the canteen’s equipment within the boarding-school for mental handicapped children in Straseni. The money has arrived on 12.06.06 on PRO UMANITAS’ account. Now with the special donation it is possible to purchase the new and modern equipment for the canteen.
On 1 of June there was celebrated the International Children Day. The staff of PRO UMANITAS planned for this day to contribute as well and some joy to children to bring. In this way, we visited the children from the regions were PRO UMANITAS develops ist projects and we congratulated the children.
In total, 780 children received sweets on this day. Father Hans and the Parish from Schierling, Germany were the donor of this activity.
On 25.05.06 there was a meeting in the office of PRO UMANITAS together with Dr. Hervé Dupouy, representant of the Oganisation „PARTENAIRES“, France which has a coordination office in Chisinau.
In this concern, in the nearest future it could be possible to cooperate together within the boarding-school for mental handicapped children in Straseni in order to repair and to provide equipment for the workshops room. Further, the children would learn a profession during their stay in the boarding-school. The goal of this activity is both to reintegrate the children into society after graduating the school and to improve their future living condition.
On Tuesday, the 16.05.06 Mr. Vasile Tarlev, Prime-Minister of the Republic of Moldova was with an official visit in Singerei district. The visit of the training Center for young people and the daily center for children in Grigorauca village which official opening took place in autumn 2005 was recommended by the local administration and it was previewed in the program of the prime-minister. Mr. Tarlev remained impressed by the visit of the center. Such an attitude of the Moldavian government gives us more impulse in order to plan and to develop similar projects in the future.
PRO UMANITAS has signed an agreement with the Center „MARANATA“, Singerei district. In this concern, the center will be provided with foods for the girls from families in need who benefit now vocational training within this center.
On 08.05.06, PRO UMANITAS was visited by our guest, Mrs. Ursula Honeck, 1st President of the Organisation „HILFE FÜR OSTEUROPA - Todtnau-Seelscheid e.V“, Germany.
The visit lasted 2 days and it was very intensive. Mrs. Honeck wanted to meet all beneficiaries, between which there were the hospitals which receive anually humanitarian aid from „HILFE FÜR OSTEUROPA - Todtnau-Seelscheid e.V“. As well many families and people in need feel themselves blessed because Mrs. Honeck comes always in our country with not empty hands.
On 26th of April 2006 we have received 2 transports with humanitarian aid. The donor of the goods is the German Organisation „Hilfe für Osteuropa Todtnau-Seelscheid e.V.“. The humanitarian aid in value of 41.224 EURO and with the weight of 20.164 kg will be further immediately after receipt to beneficiaries distributed.
As goods there are medical equipment, needs for hospital, cloths and hygienic means. In this concern the beneficiaries of the transport there are firstly medical institutions from Republic of Moldova. In the name of beneficiaries we are very grateful to the donor for the provided preciopus help and transport with humanitarian goods.
We wish you Happy Easter and God’s blessing.
May God protect you always and be with you.
The same in Cojusna village there was possible to start the repair of the future children house of family type and the daily children center „BUNVOLENTIA“. The financing for this very important project for us is provided by the Swiss Organisation HCN, President, Mr. Garst.
Within the 2nd dormitory the basic repair works of the beds and wc started. The sanitary links will be totally renewed. The destroied water taps and pipes will be changed. The project is financed by „KINDERMISSIONSWERK“ Organisation from Aachen, Germany. With the financial support of the same organisation in the last year there were repaired the sanitary links within the 1st dormitory as well as there was done the intern repair of the rooms.
On 4th of April 2006 PRO UMANITAS received a transport with humanitarian aid in value of 26400 CHF and with the weight of 14175 kg. The donor is HILFSWERK LIECHTENSTEIN.
In name of the people in need from Republic of Moldova, we would like to express our profound gratitude fort he offered goods to the population from Liechtenstein and to Mrs. Beatrice Amann, President of Hilfswerkes Liechtenstein. In the next days the received goods will be distributed to all beneficiaries.
Especially during the Easter time this action is precious because it is a help which brings in the life of the people in need attention, warmth, hope and which proves that the God’s Love never gives up.
During the period from 17.03.2006 up to 23.03.2006 a special guest has visited us, Mr. Peter Garst, President of the Organisation “Help for Children in Need“, Switzerland. During the first visit in the Republic of Moldova in December 2004 Mr. Garst saw the poverty and needs of the Moldavian population being further affected of it. Meanwhile we met Mr. Garst. After more visits we built with Mr. Garst a good partnership through HCN organization.
The time passes quickly but it was productive and very intensive through more visits in the countryside, many important meetings and discussions.
There will be also discussed other projects for future. | 2019-04-21T20:14:43Z | http://proumanitas.org/index_en.php?n=2006 |
Dr. Sutton's Burrowing Owl becomes NOU's "mascot bird"
Trying to summarize the history of a century of ornithology, by a person who has witnessed only the last forty years of it, is perhaps as difficult as it is to describe an elephant when only its retreating rear end has been seen.
Misinterpretation as well as an emphasis on the better-known and closer portions are likely to occur. Furthermore, besides being a necessarily myopic view, the following account has a distinctly personal touch, inasmuch as I have seen Nebraska only through my own eyes and experiences. Yet, we have good documentations of the activities of ornithologists at the turn of the last century through the earliest publications of the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union, and these have helped to let me see the front of the elephant with some clarity. I hope others might agree.
In 1894 Dr. Isadore S. Trostler of Omaha sent a notice to the magazine Oologist, asking that all persons interested in Nebraska ornithology and oology might submit their names and addresses to him. From this effort he received about ten replies. He tried to arrange a meeting with these persons with a view to forming a state organization devoted to birds, but failed. He tried again in 1895 and 1896, and failed both years. Again in 1898 he tried to organize a meeting in conjuction with the Trans-Mississippi Exposition, but only managed to visit with a few of his now nearly 25 contacts when they visited the exposition. Finally, in May, 1899, he arranged a preliminary organizational meeting with five others. These people were mostly from the Omaha area, but also included M. A. Carriker, Jr. of Nebraska City. They decided their group should be called the Nebraska Ornithologists' Association. They soon learned that only about three months previously Dr. Robert H. Wolcott and Dr. Lawrence Bruner, both well-known biologists of the University of Nebraska, had organized a Nebraska Ornithological Club in Lincoln. The Omaha group thus petitioned the Lincoln group to open their membership to the entire state. As a result, in May of 1899 a committee of the Lincoln club sent out letters around the state, inviting interested persons to join their group. On July 15, 1899, the first meeting was held for the election of officers, with 43 persons attending. The first annual meeting finally occurred in Lincoln, on Dec. 16, 1899. At that time the constitution of the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union was ratified, with more than 90 active and associate charter members.
The first president of the N.O.U. was Dr. Lawrence Bruner, with I.S. Trostler serving as vice-president. The second annual meeting was held in Omaha, on January 12, 1901, with I.S. Trostler now president, and with 64 active members as well as 36 associates and four honorary members. Included in the charter membership rolls were such outstanding scientific luminaries as Dr. E.H. Barbour, Professor of Geology and internationally known paleontologist, Dr. Frederick E. Clements, Professor of Botany and one of the pioneers of American plant ecology, Dr. Lawrence Bruner, Professor of Entomology and also already an authority on Nebraska's birds, and Dr. Henry B. Ward, Professor of Zoology and nationally-known parasitologist and invertebrate zoologist, all of the University of Nebraska.
Among 21 papers presented at the second annual meeting, Professor Lawrence Bruner summarized information on the bird species known to be nesting in Nebraska, which totaled 185 species. Another 39 species were listed as undoubtedly breeding, but evidence was lacking. Many of the species listed as then "known" to nest in the state, such as both yellowlegs, are now known not to be breeders. M.A. Carriker, Jr., later to become famous as a collector of tropical birds in Central and South America for several national museums, also presented two papers.
The third annual meeting was held in Lincoln, in February of 1902, with Prof. Barbour presiding. He presented a long and excellent paper (32 published pages) on the probable reptilian ancestry of birds, based on the fossil record. He included several excellent reconstructions of Archaeopteryx, and a phyletic diagram suggesting that theropod dinosaurs provided the ancestral origin of birds. Prof. R.H. Wolcott offered an historical review of ornithology in Nebraska, mainly comprised of an extensive bibliography, Lawrence Bruner described the birds of the eastern Sandhills, and Myron Swenk offered a paper on wintering birds of Nebraska.
Myron Swenk, a charter member while still a high school student, was subsequently destined to follow Dr. Bruner as a University of Nebraska Professor of Entomology and spiritual leader of the N.O.U. for many decades. John T. Zimmer was only ten years old when the N.O.U. was formed, but late while at the University of Nebraska he too came under the influence of Dr. Bruner, and went on to become one of Nebraska's most famous ornithologists, winning the Brewster medal (the highest award of the American Ornithologists' Union) in 1952. Working at both the Field Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, he authored a valuable bibliography of the Field Museum's ornithological library, and was a contributing author to the monumental Catalogue of the Birds of the Americas and also to J.L. Peters' Check-list of the Birdsof the World.
The triad of Bruner, Wolcott and Swenk published "A Preliminary Review of the Birds of Nebraska" in 1904, complete with identification keys and documentations of occurrence for every species reported from the state. Earlier, in 1896, Lawrence Bruner had published (in the Annual Report of the State Horticultural Society) the first complete checklist of Nebraska birds, totaling (again, in the taxonomy of the day), some 415 forms (species and subspecies), and 225 breeding forms. Viewed in terms of modern taxonomy, the list included some 350 species.
During the early years of the N.O.U., the Proceedings were produced annually through 1902. From 1908 to 1915 the annual meeting's proceedings were also published (as three additional volumes), but there was still no journal for the N.O.U. By the time of the 16th annual meeting in 1915, finances or other considertions had seemingly made it impractical to continue publishing the N.O.U.'s annual proceedings, and their separate publication was terminated. Instead, the N.O.U. decided to become an auxiliary of the Wilson Ornithological Club, with shared membership dues. This arrangement lasted for nine years, until 1924. Starting in 1925, a mimeographed "Letter of Information" was periodically mailed to members, with 68 issues written by the end of 1932, most if not all being written by Myron Swenk. Apparently only two intact sets of these still exist, which are in the files of the N.O.U. library at the State Museum of the University of Nebraska and in the Special Collections of the university archives in Love Library.
The official journal of the N.O.U., The Nebraska Bird Review, began publication with the January, 1933 issue. On its cover was a drawing of a Burrowing Owl by John L. Ridgway, brother of the well known ornithologist Robert Ridgway. The choice of this species as a logo seemed appropriate, since the type specimen of the North American subspecies had been collected near the Platte River of Nebraska during the Long Expedition of 1820. At that time Myron Swenk was editor, and a list of the prior publications of the N.O.U. was included with the first issue. These consisted of six volumes of the Proceedings of the N.O.U. from 1900-1915, a field checklist of Nebraska birds (dated 1908), the nine years of annual meeting proceedings that had been published in the Wilson Bulletin (1916-1924) and the Letter of Information series (1925-1932).
By the late 1930s, there were more than 120 active members of the N.O.U., with three charter members (A.L. Haeker, M.H. Swenk, and Wilson Tout) still active. Since 1925 annual summaries of spring and fall bird migration records have been published, first in the Letter of Information series and later in the Review, providing an extremely valuable and long-term record of seasonal changes in Nebraska bird populations. With the start of the 1938 volume a new cover sketch, by George Sutton, was introduced. Dr. Sutton had been born in the Bethany area of Lincoln but the family left while he was still a child. This fine drawing has served as a logo for the N.O.U. ever since, except for a brief period when a sketch by the then editor Dr. Henry Baumgarten was used instead.
In 1941 Myron Swenk died, after having served the N.O.U. long and well. Not only had he served as its president (1907-1908), but also as secretary or secretary-treasurer from 1904 to 1937, as the editor of the Proceedings for many years, as writer of the Letters of Information, and as editor of the Nebraska Bird Review from its beginnings throughout the 1930s. He also served as president of the Wilson Ornithological Club in 1918-1919. He published over 70 ornithological papers in his career, plus many others in entomology and mammalogy. His collection of several thousand bird and mammal specimens, and an insect collection of more than 142 type specimens, was given to the University after his death. The first issue of the 1942 volume was a special memorial issue devoted to Dr. Swenk and his lifelong devotion to the N.O.U.
Through 1942 annual meetings had been held in many cities of the state, with Lincoln serving as host most often (17 times), followed by Omaha (10 times). By then there were some 140 N.O.U. members and there were active bird (or nature) clubs in Lincoln, Omaha, North Platte, Superior, Hastings, Fairbury and Chadron. Eventually the N.O.U. became an Affiliated Society of the Nebraska Academy of Science, and for a few years had a separate papers session during that group's annual meeting. For a time there was also a mid-winter NOU meeting for the purpose of presenting papers.
In 1945 an annotated check-list of the birds of Nebraska was produced by the N.O.U., and was published in the Review. It was jointly written by F.W. Haeker, Dr. R. Allyn Moser, and Jane B. (Mrs. Myron) Swenk. In 1958 a revised version of this list was produced by Dr. William F. Rapp, Jr., Mrs. Janet L.C. Rapp, Dr. Henry E. Baumgarten and Dr. R. Allyn Moser. The list included four hypothetical species plus 393 accepted species of which 218 were judged to be breeders. It was reprinted unchanged, but with a short supplement by Dr. R. ("Rusty") G. Cortelyou and Kent L. Fiala, in 1970. Dr. Cortelyou served as a long-term editor of the Review, from 1965 to 1990, and Kent Fiala also produced (1970) a checklist of the birds of Gage County while still an undergraduate student at the University of Nebraska.
The mid-1950s was a time of great interest in Platte Valley birds by nationally known ornithologists. Prof. Charles Sibley of Cornell University led his students on a series of summer collecting expeditions to central Nebraska, studying breeding biology and collecting specimens of several East-West species-pairs of birds that hybridize extensively in that valley. These studies proved the importance of the Platte Valley, and to a lesser extent the Niobrara Valley, as dispersion corridors and major evolutionary "suture zones" between eastern and western avifaunas. Their fingings spurred a revision in our taxonomic interpretations of such hybridizing birds as the Yellow-shafted and Red-shafted Flickers (=Northern Flicker), the Eastern and Spotted Towhees (=Rufous-sided Towhee), the Baltimore and Bullock's Orioles (=Northern Oriole), and several others. During that same period (1956-59) I attended at Cornell as a doctoral graduate student under Dr. Sibley, and listened in awe to the stories my graduate student friends told me of the beauty of Nebraska's Platte Valley in spring, and of its wonderful bird life. Little wonder that, when I learned of a job opening for an ornithologist at the University of Nebraska during 1961 while doing postdoctoral study in England, I wasted no time in applying for the position. I had never set foot in Nebraska at that time, but was certain that I would love the state. I also knew that Nebraska's Sandhills were a major waterfowl breeding region, but was unaware of another great ornithological attraction of Nebraska, its amazing Sandhill Crane migration. I moved to Lincoln in the fall of 1961, and soon joined the N.O.U. However, my early interests during that period primarily concerned the biology and behavior of world bird groups, especially waterfowl.
I first attended and spoke at a N.O.U. meeting in 1963, when I met some of the state's most active bird-enthusiasts, such as Doris Gates of Chadron and Mr. and Mrs. John Lueschen of Wisner. Doris Gates was then editor of the Review, and served as such from 1955 to 1965, when Rusty Cortelyou assumed the role. Some others who served long periods as editor of the Review included Dr. William F. Rapp, Jr., serving from 1948-1955, and Dr. Rosalind Morris, editor from 1992 to 1998. Dr. Neva Pruess served as librarian from 1979-1988. Dr. Mary Lou Pritchard has served the N.O.U. in various capacities, most recently as librarian and custodian of N.O.U. papers and records. Lastly, Ruth C. Green has served the N.O.U. in several roles over the years including the presidency (1979-1981, 1982-1984), and has inspired a whole generation of bird-banders and bird-enthusiasts. An interesting account of early bird-banding activities in Nebraska was provided by H. Weakly in the July-December, 1939, issue of the Review.
After the death of Mrs. Willetta ("Willie") Lueschen, who was also an active bird-bander, her husband donated her entire extensive ornithology library to the City of Norfolk, and it became a special wing of the Elkorn Valley Historical Museum (The Willetta Lueschen Library) in 1997. The N.O.U. library is now located with the vertebrate collections at the State Museum at Lincoln, and includes many rare items, including many specialized monographs, more than forty state or regional journals and several hundred books. I used it extensively during my research on the breeding birds of the Great Plains, as it contains many state journals not otherwise available in Lincoln. It has recently (1998) been computer-inventoried and documented by Neal Ratzlaff and Dr. Mary Lou Pritchard.
I perhaps paid too little attention to the birds of Nebraska until I began work on my Breeding Birds of the Great Plains in the late 1970s. At that time I decided that a new checklist of the birds of Nebraska was badly needed, so I wrote "A Revised Checklist of the Birds of Nebraska and Adjacent States" in 1980, after having prepared a preliminary account earlier that year. This list was initially published as No. 6 in the series titled "Occasional Papers of the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union," and subsequently has been revised and reprinted many times through the 1990s. I also published an annotated list of the breeding birds of Nebraska in the Nebraska Bird Review in 1979, and a two-part paper on migration schedules of Nebraska passerine and non-passerine birds in 1980.
The last 20 or so years of the N.O.U. membership have been marked by a greatly increased number of "hard-core" birders. Their enthusiasm has resulted in the addition of many new rare or accidental species to the Nebraska bird list, which now totals about 430 species. The N.O.U. Records Committee was formed in 1986, and an Official List of Nebraska's birds now exists, with periodic updates.
A newsletter to N.O.U. members was begun in 1979 and by 1998 the membership list had reached about 230 active members. There are now many more professional ornithologists on the scene than when I first arrived, mostly working for state and federal agencies such as the Fish & Wildlife Service, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, public and private universities and colleges, the Audubon Society, the Nature Conservancy and various municipal or private nature centers. A Nebraska Breeding Bird Survey that was organized by the N.O.U. in the 1980s has recently been completed and edited for 1999 publication by Wayne J. Mollhoff. Half-century sequences of Christmas bird counts have been attained for Lincoln, Scottsbluff and Omaha, and there are also fairly long albeit interrupted sequences for Grand Island, Sioux City, Norfolk, and Crete.
Gary Lingle, a past president of the N.O.U. (1983-86), has produced a bird-finding guidebook for the Platte Valley (Birding Crane River: Nebraska's Platte). The birds of the Platte Valley and of the Nebraska Sandhills have also been separately documented in books (1984, 1995) by me. A booklet, "The birds of Nebraska: A critically evaluated list", was published in 1986 by Tanya Bray, Barbara K. Padelford and W. Ross Silcock. A book on the breeding birds of Nebraska (Nebraska Birds: Breeding Status and Distribution) was published in 1988 by James E. Ducey, and a more comprehensive state bird book is being done by W. Ross Silcock, Joel Jorgenson, and Roger Sharpe. There is now even a N.O.U. website on the Internet for reporting bird sightings, discussing Nebraska birds and exchanging N.O.U. news.
Avian changes in Nebraska have also been great during this century. At the time the N.O.U. was formed the Eskimo Curlew was still a common migrant, and the Passenger Pigeon was still to be seen in small migrating flocks. Yet, the Carolina Parakeet was by then probably already extirpated, and the Wild Turkey and Ruffed Grouse had probably also virtually disappeared. The Swallow-tailed Kite, Bald Eagle, Osprey, Trumpeter Swan, Greater Sandhill Crane and Pileated Woodpecker were probably also gone as breeding birds by then as well. Several warblers (Blue-winged, Prairie, Northern Waterthrush) also disappeared around the turn of the century as breeders, as well as the Sage Grouse, Northern Saw-whet Owl, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, and Baird's Sparrow. The Red-shouldered Hawk was probably never common or widespread as a Nebraska breeder, but was also barely hanging on by then. One of the last Eskimo Curlews to be collected in North America was shot near Hastings, in April of 1915; it had once been avidly hunted by market hunters. The Greater Prairie-chicken peaked and then began a gradual decline as natural grasslands increasingly gave way to croplands. The Lesser Prairie-chicken disappeared from Nebraska in the 1920s or 1930s, but actual breeding in the state was never documented.
The House Sparrow was already well established in Nebraska by 1904, having been introduced into the U.S. in the early 1850s and arriving in Nebraska in the 1870s through releases by farmers who vainly hoped it might help control the locust plagues. The Rock Dove arrived in North America with the earliest settlers of the 1600s, but records of its first Nebraska appearance are lacking. The Ring-necked Pheasant was successfully introduced in 1909, and Wild Turkey was reintroduced in the early 1960s. Gray Partridge introductions were only marginally successful in northern Nebraska, and several other game bird introduction attempts (Chukar Partridge, Scaled Quail, Crested Tinamou) were failures. The European Starling would not appear in eastern Nebraska until, 1930, about 60 years after it was released in New York City. The House Finch in eastern Nebraska until the 1980s, some forty years after also having been released in New York. However, it was present in western Nebraska at least as early as 1919, and has slowly progressed eastwardly. Other recent self-introduced arrivals include the Cattle Egret in 1965, and the Great-tailed Grackle during the mid-1970s.
The Trumpeter Swan resumed breeding in the northern Nebraska Sandhills in the late 1960s, as a result of reintroductions in nearby South Dakota. The Bald Eagle began nesting again in Nebraska during the 1980s, after recovering from the dismal DDT era. If provided with suitable nesting platforms, the Osprey would certainly also return. Eastern Bluebirds and Tree Swallows have likewise recently become fairly common in Nebraska, through bird house erection and monitoring programs. Aided by restoration efforts, Canada Geese have become commonplace breeders across the state, and Peregrine Falcons are also nesting locally again, through captive breeding and hacking programs. Under similar management efforts, Snow Geese, Sandhill Cranes, and Whooping Cranes have also flourished.
The Chuck-wills-widow apparently had invaded extreme southeastern Nebraska from Kansas by 1965, and has now reached the lower Platte Valley, and the Wood Duck has gradually moved westward across the entire state over the last few decades. Breeding American Woodcocks have also moved west along the Platte Valley, to at least as far as Kearney. The growth of trees along our major waterways has improved foraging habitat and opportunities for east-west dispersal among not only these but many other woodland-dependent birds, while at the same time has reduced it for most water- and shoreline-dependent species.
The construction of dams and resulting reservoirs has increased surface waters in the state, and has much affected wintering and migration patterns of fish-eaters or other water-dependent species, such as waterfowl, eagles, grebes and loons. Minimum flow rates for the Platte have been established, and many wetlands in the Rainwater Basin have come under protection, also helping water and shoreline birds. Milder winters have also allowed many migratory species that once rarely if ever wintered here to remain during milder years, at least in small numbers. Since the 1970s several species have been identified as threatened or endangered either statewide or nationally, such as Least Terns, Piping Plovers and Whooping Cranes, and efforts are underway to preserve them. As a result several new refuges or nature sanctuaries have been established, including two important migratory stopover sites for Sandhill and Whooping Cranes along the Platte River.
At the same time many of our most spectacular grassland-dependent birds such as Burrowing Owl, Greater Prairie-chicken, Upland Sandpiper, and Long-billed Curlew have seriously declined, as have most of our grassland sparrows. Many Neotropical woodland-adapted migrants have also declined, whereas city-adapted and crop-dependent species such as Brown-headed Cowbird, Rock Dove, European Starling, American Crow as well as blackbirds and grackles have vastly increased and have sometimes become serious pests.
The past century's most obvious bird gains (European Starling, House Sparrow, Rock Dove, House Finch, Cattle Egret, Great-tailed Grackle, Chuck-wills-widow, American Woodcock, Ring-necked Pheasant), when balanced against the three extinctions (Passenger Pigeon, Carolina Parakeet, Eskimo Curlew) and the many extirpations of our breeding species (Ruffed Grouse, American Swallow-tailed Kite, Greater Sandhill Crane, Pileated Woodpecker, Northern Saw-whet Owl, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, three warblers, etc.) would seem to leave us both aesthetically and numerically poorer than we were at the turn of the century. Our logo-species, the Burrowing Owl, may well disappear from Nebraska in the next few decades, and our State Bird, the Western Meadowlark, is also in decline.
Yet, skeins of Snow Geese still can etch a March Nebraska sky from dawn to dusk, Prairie-chickens still annually greet the spring sunrises with their ancestral rituals, and the spine-tingling cries of Sandhill Cranes coming to roost on the Platte still bring with them distant echoes of thundering bison, trumpeting mammoths, and even of times before recorded time. We can still totally lose ourselves in their grace and beauty, imagining that we have discovered some other Eden, and hopefully resolving to act in such a way that these birds might still be able to cast their marvelous spells just as strongly on our descendants a century hence as they do today. | 2019-04-21T20:45:12Z | https://noubirds.org/NOU/ |
For many an evening in 2004, three people sat Around one desk in a tiny medical office — an office which served as the group’s conference room, breakfast area, and thought heart. Backed by a small programming group in India, the trio (comprising Benchmark Internet Group founder Curt Keller, his wife Denise, and an search engine optimization pro ) discussed ideas on how best to execute a deceptively simple idea. Simple email advertising. Many of the ideas were beyond the resources of the fledgling business, but that didn’t stop Keller from planning ahead.
The first Clients of Benchmark Mail were small companies located in close proximity to Benchmark’s one-room HQ in Long Beach, CA. Keller and his staff personally sold them on the usage of email marketing, while working hard to make a very simple user interface which would be simple to operate. All the while, the company championed such innovative ideas as customizable templates and software which adapted to consumer needs. They also made sure from the beginning that anybody who needed help would have quick access to outstanding customer support.
Benchmark Has continued to grow and advantagesper. Its current focus. Providing global email marketing services to small and midsize businesses while continuing to honor a commitment to assist children in need. This does not mean that Benchmark is a little-guys-only service, however; it’s adhered to its core principle of adaptability and functions large organizations like UNICEF and Kaiser-Permanente through its High Volume Business plans.
Today, Benchmark serves up of 73,000 users from throughout the globe, but the company hasn’t forgotten its roots. Benchmark still keeps good relationships with small, locally-based businesses. In reality, the company supplies a complete page of testimonials from local users of this app. You may read about Benchmark’s background and development here.
While most of the attributes Benchmark provides Are on par with the rest of the industry, one of the standout characteristics of the ESP is the fact that most of its features come standard with each accounts — such as the free ones. Below are some of Benchmark’s most notable offerings.
· Countless Industry-Specific, Themed Templates. Benchmark offers all users access to its library of over 400 templates. These are organized into 19 classes, some of which are tailored to particular industries such as education, entertainment, and retailstores. There’s also a class for social media-specific templates.
· Dedicated Email Server. All of Benchmark’s High Volume programs have a dedicated IP address to help increase deliverability prices. Users on other programs have the option of paying for this service ($30/month) to increase their own delivery stats. Read more about the advantages of dedicated servers .
· Mobile App. Benchmark’s mobile programs make it possible for customers having an Apple device to access several functions on the street. They can get and include contacts, read reports, send videos via integration using a YouTube accounts, and even layout and send quick email blasts with one of 10 available templates. This is quite a bit more than many other companies offer in their mobile apps, which makes them considerably more operational.
· Photo Editing. If the pictures you intend to use on your email campaign are not perfectly sized or need some color adjustment, you can use Benchmark’s integrated photo editor. This is a pretty handy feature if you don’t have photoshop available.
· Autoresponder. Every Benchmark client has the power to design up to eight custom autoresponder messages. These can be scheduled as a string or occasion lead-up, or made as yearly messages like anniversary or birthday mails.
· Sign-Up Forms. The only way to become prosperous in email marketing is by way of growing your list, and Benchmark actually promotes doing this through sign-up forms. The company bases its Free For Life account entirely around website and Facebook sign-ups and supplies an easy-to-use tool to create customized templates for every medium.
· Inbox Checker. Since every email program differs and every internet browser includes a signature fashion, making certain your emails look good across the board is important. It is possible to use Inbox Checker to have a look at the way your email screens in Gmail using Explorer and Outlook 3. Employing the entire program (which checks everything from AOL to Yahoo, Explorer to Safari, mobile to PC) is a paid add-on service, available for $14 each 100 checks.
· RSS-to-Email. Regular bloggers can create newsletters from their sites mechanically through the RSS-to-Email feature, which works with any blog which manages an RSS-feed. Users simply need to establish a campaign and template inside Benchmark once.
· API Integration. An API (Application Program Interface) enables different software programs to communicate with one another without a formal plug connection. Benchmark’s API Integration feature allows users with XML-RPC, HTTP POST, or HTTP GET skills to recover data from some other programs that use JSON, XML, XML-RPC, or PHP serialization strings. In brief, this allows them to perform three purposes. Manage contact lists, manage campaigns and effort sending, and check data. The company explains this function in more detail .
Signing up for a Benchmark account is fairly straightforward. After entering your name, email, contact number, and business name, you have to confirm your email address. This is a five-minute procedure for me. Upon logging in to my new account (using the free program ) I was greeted by an attractive UI that gave me a clear path about how best to create my first email campaign. Good start!
From there, you have to decide if you want an RSS Or traditional email message. It is possible to use Benchmark’s drag-and-drop editor, or go for more customization using the built-in code editor. If you’re somebody who codes their own email, then my hat is off to you, but I am not gifted that way, so I moved with the drag-and-drop option.
I had been motivated to enter a subject line for my Email and set up how much observation I desired on the message, as well as if I wanted an automatic tweet when the campaign went out. The following task was to select which contacts I wanted to get the campaign. With that, I was eventually able to start constructing the email . If you would like to, you are able to assemble your personal email layouts using a very intuitive editor. On the flip side, you can modify one of Benchmark’s templates, that are great, and better than I managed to do in my.
If You’re just Starting out, you can do as I did and manually input contacts at a time. However, for people who already have a list, there are several ways to import it. You can upload a CSV, xls, or txt file directly from the computer; import contacts directly from Salesforce.com, Hotmail, or Gmail accounts; or copy and paste huge lists of contacts to a text form. When you create your Benchmark lists, they will appear on your dashboard, along with a Master Unsubscribe List.
The sending of the email is rather simple. Once you have finished all your tweaks, you can either save the email as a draft, send it immediately, or schedule a date and time for delivery. If you want to verify everything is well before unleashing your email about the world, it is possible to send it to yourself to preview it as many as 10 times/day. I chose to program my email for delivery to see how timely the automatic system would actually be. I advised my email for 2.45 and obtained it at 2.50, so while the timing wasn’t exactly perfect, it was probably present in tolerance levels for many users. If you are among the more infrequent users who demand on-the-minute email sending, you might have to appear elsewhere. More worryingly, my email didn’t go to my primary inbox but was automatically sorted in my”promotions” folder. Definitely not perfect.
First thing I Noticed about Benchmark email reports was something I’d read in a couple of reviews. They’re really, really quickly. I mean lightning fast. Opens register from the Benchmark system almost instantaneously. I have worked with a lot of other programs where these reports take hours or even days to appear.
Though all of the information Is Excellent and Necessary, it is not sufficient to sustain increased level marketers that need more info such as conversions, which hyperlinks were clicked, and revenue analysis. Although Google Analytics provides a lot of this info with proper integration, there may come a time when serious entrepreneurs need more info than Benchmark provides. Whether or not a small business will reach that point varies, of course, based on the business.
Benchmark designed its 3-tiered pricing Structure with the goal of serving everybody from the smallest kitchen-table startup to big email marketers. However, the organization’s key focus is on small to medium businesses, especially those just beginning in email marketing. This is especially reflected in the fact that clients subscribing to the moderate plans get unlimited mails, while bigger plans have limitations.
· Benchmark Occasions — Benchmark Occasions is event marketing applications designed to integrate fully with Benchmark Email. Launched in 2012, this app permits users to make and customize events, promote and market tickets, and monitor the success of their events via their Benchmark Email accounts. A number of programs are available, such as a free alternative.
· Twitter — Benchmark Email Lite is a WordPress plug-in which allows users to easily build an email audience via their readers. The plugin can automatically produce email variations of blog articles and allows users to connect up to five Benchmark accounts.
· Benchmark Power — This free plugin allows you to supply pictures for your Benchmark mails from places across the web. Benchmark Power captures images you locate and immediately uploads them to a Benchmark account for future usage.
· Shopify — You are able to link a Shopify account to Benchmark and automatically add Shopify clients to Benchmark lists. You can even add contributors to different lists based on which products they purchased. Read our overview of Shopify here.
· WordPress — The ever-present site and website builder provides an integration with Benchmark. Use it to send mails of your blog articles and also use the analytics to observe how your subscribers respond to them. Learn more here.
· Social Media Templates — One segment of Benchmark’s enormous email template listing consists of societal media-specific templates that directly promote your institution’s involvement in social networking forums like facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.
The Business also fully Complies with the U.S.-E.U. and U.S.-Swiss Safe Harbor Frameworks concerning the collection of personal data from citizens of those nations. When customers provide credit card numbers to Benchmark, the company utilizes secure socket layer (SSL) security to encrypt the information. The entire platform is encrypted to ensure the security of customers’ personal details.
Like All legitimate ESPs, Benchmark takes junk seriously and outlines a clear zero-tolerance policy for any of their users trying to engage in spam activities. The company is fully in compliance with the U.S. CAN-SPAM Act of 2003. Benchmark also takes several measures to maintain its standing as a spam-free supplier, among them membership from the Email Sender and Provider Coalition. The company employs the app SpamAssassin to filter messages delivered through its server.
To stop users from Unknowingly sending spam-like materials, Benchmark supplies a spam check feature that looks for words widely used in spam messages. It scores every email on a scale from 1 to 5; 5s are delegated to content that’s very likely to be blocked. In case of a top score, the program suggests”less spammy” choices. Individualized IP addresses also help large-volume senders reduce their spam numbers.
Benchmark Offers its customers a great deal of support tools. Customer service is generally responsive, with minimal waiting times. The website offers good learning resources, but can be needlessly opaque at times. Key information can be buried and difficult to locate, especially in the event that you don’t know exactly what you’re searching for, particularly when it comes to minute particulars about plans. For instance. The Free For Life plan comprises Benchmark branding on every email, but you won’t find that mentioned on the Free For Life page, not even in the fine print. Nor will you see it said when you sign up. The only place it is mentioned is in the FAQ, here.
· FAQ — Benchmark’s FAQ section is somewhat mislabeled as it’s closer to a QandA-format knowledge base than a typical FAQ. You will find more than 900 entries, sorted into 18 topics ranging from”Getting Started” to”API.” Users can perform a key word search of any subject (or sub-topic) or from their FAQ as a whole. One caveat. With such a comprehensive knowledge base, it is pretty much inevitable that some entries will be out of date. A few of the QandAs offer information which is wholly incorrect, so in some cases, you might need to contact assistance to hash things out.
· Video Tutorials and Webinars — Benchmark supplies about two dozen movie tutorials which take users step by step through the features of the program. The business also supplies a webinar called”Benchmark Email Crash Course.” You can view it live each Friday at 10.00 a.m. PST or watch the recorded version at any moment. You might even request a particular webinar on quite a few other topics. Live webinars comprise the chance to ask questions throughout the presentation.
· Email Marketing Manuals and Articles — There are more in-depth information on email marketing generally, as well as the Benchmark program especially, at the Manuals Section. These downloadable files also cover industry-specific issues. Articles, similar to sites, offer users advice beyond that found in the FAQ section, but in shorter, more readable chunks compared to the guides provide.
· Blog and Newsletter — For current information about email marketing trends, check out Benchmark’s monthly newsletter, in addition to its extremely active blog. All readers automatically obtain access to present newsletters, and Benchmark also provides an archive of newsletter articles from November 2007-October 2012.
· Top Notch Service . This is perhaps the most common monitoring concerning Benchmark, and something I discovered for myself as well. People today are inclined to find support prompt and beneficial, and some say it is really the component that distinguishes Benchmark from its competitors. The business also receives praise for its website articles and videos.
· Characteristic Selection Across All Aims . Some customers praise the inclusion of attributes like AB testing and surveys from all plans; many firms charge extra for these attributes or just include them in their pricier programs.
· Benefits of Use. Users have a tendency to locate Benchmark’s interface extremely intuitive and user-friendly. The program gathers compliments from a broad range of demographics, from first time ESP consumers to people who have tried many different programs before settling Benchmark.
· Inconsistent Send-Times. Apparently a few users experienced a problem with Benchmark where their mails were sent hours after they were scheduled. 1 customer theorized that the issue might arise from long lists of recipients. Not all clients of Benchmark will possess time-sensitive sending needs, but others will. Should you need your emails to go out exactly whenever your program dictates, you might have to consider this situation.
· “Spammy” Templates. Some users were worried that Benchmark’s templates may feel like spam mail, causing receivers to mark them as junk rather than studying the contents. Since the whole point of an ESP would be to prevent this from occurring, this may be a problem. On the other hand, I never felt this way whilst looking through the template list, so it might not be the most valid of complaints.
Benchmark Provides a enormous variety of pricing plans, such as a totally free plan and a huge scale of paid programs which may service anywhere between 600 and 7,140,000 subscribers.
Benchmark’s free programs do not require charge Cards, which is always refreshing. The only grab. There’ll be a small Benchmark logo at the bottom of each email you send out. Obviously, you may always opt to upgrade to a paid program in case you don’t need the Benchmark branding. The free plan permits you to send up to 14000 mails to around 2000 subscribers and provides you access to all but not all Benchmark’s features record. Notable absences into the attributes list for free accounts comprise email automation and sub-accounts (allowing many users to get one Benchmark account).
Users with small contacts lists and restricted Monthly messages have the option of paying to get their email marketing based on the number of emails that they send each month.
Benchmark is a good program. It’s Simple to Use, Open to innovation, and competitively priced. Its free options may just be the best in the company for anybody who just wants to dip into email marketing (especially small, local companies ). For that matter, any Benchmark plan can work well for a little business which perspectives email as a minor element of its advertising and does not have any desire to operate beyond the principles just yet.
If you are a little or maybe medium-sized Business trying to find a simple email advertising program using a multitude of amazing features, Benchmark is an excellent choice. Though there might come a time when you launch the app, it provides a lot for the price, provides exceptional support, and the business seems to be sensitive to the requirements of its customers. You can not ask for more. | 2019-04-22T12:01:30Z | https://rarityofficial.com/average-email-open-rate-b2b-benchmark-email-marketing-review-2019/ |
If you're thinking "I need to call a Local Ophthalmology Service Near Me" in Adair Village, OR then you're in luck. JustLocalBusiness.com Simple Business Search provides the most up to date business listings, phone numbers and information about Plumber services, contractors and companies in Adair Village, OR.
) is a branch of medicine and surgery (both methods are used) that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. An ophthalmologist is a Specialty (medicine) in ophthalmology. Their credentials include a degree in medicine, followed by an additional four years of ophthalmology Residency (medicine). They may or may not receive residency training in internal medicine, pediatrics, or general surgery before the ophthalmology residency. Additional training may be sought through a fellowship in a particular specialty of eye pathology.
retina, deals with treatment of retinal problems through non-surgical means.
Eye surgery#Vitreo-retinal surgery, deals with surgical management of retinal and posterior segment diseases. Medical retina and vitreo-retinal surgery sometimes together are called posterior segment subspecialisation.
Veterinary medicine specialty training programs in veterinary ophthalmology exist in some countries.
The Greek language roots of the word ophthalmology are ὀφθαλμός (''ophthalmos'', "eye") and -λoγία (-''logia'', "study, discourse"), i.e., "the study of eyes". The discipline applies to all animal eyes, whether human or not, since the practice and procedures are quite similar with respect to disease processes, while differences in anatomy or disease prevalence, whether subtle or substantial, may differentiate the two.
In the Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt dating to 1550 BC, a section is devoted to eye diseases.
The pre-Hippocrates largely based their anatomical conceptions of the eye on speculation, rather than empiricism. They recognized the sclera and transparent cornea running flushly as the outer coating of the eye, with an inner layer with pupil, and a fluid at the centre. It was believed, by Alcamaeon (5th century BC) and others, that this fluid was the medium of vision and flowed from the eye to the brain by a tube. Aristotle advanced such ideas with empiricism. He dissected the eyes of animals, and discovering three layers (not two), found that the fluid was of a constant consistency with the lens forming (or congealing) after death, and the surrounding layers were seen to be juxtaposed. He and his contemporaries further put forth the existence of three tubes leading from the eye, not one. One tube from each eye met within the skull.
The Greek physician Rufus of Ephesus (1st century AD) recognised a more modern eye, with conjunctiva, extending as a fourth epithelial layer over the eye. Rufus was the first to recognise a two-chambered eye, with one chamber from cornea to lens (filled with water), the other from lens to retina (filled with an egg white-like substance).
Celsus the Greek philosopher of the 2nd century AD gave a detailed description of cataract surgery by the couching method.
The Greek physician Galen (2nd century AD) remedied some mistakes including the curvature of the cornea and lens, the nature of the optic nerve, and the existence of a posterior chamber of eyeball. Though this model was a roughly correct modern model of the eye, it contained errors. Still, it was not advanced upon again until after Vesalius. A ciliary body was then discovered and the sclera, retina, choroid, and cornea were seen to meet at the same point. The two chambers were seen to hold the same fluid, as well as the lens being attached to the choroid. Galen continued the notion of a central canal, but he dissected the optic nerve and saw that it was solid. He mistakenly counted seven optical muscles, one too many. He also knew of the tear ducts.
The Indian surgeon Sushruta wrote ''Sushruta Samhita'' in Sanskrit in about 6th century CE which describes 76 ocular diseases (of these 51 surgical) as well as several ophthalmological surgical instruments and techniques.Bidyadhar, N.K. (1939), Sushruta's Ophthalmic Operations, Archives of Ophthalmology, 22, page 553.Agarwal, R.K. (1965), Ancient Indian Ophthalmology, The Ophthalmic Optician, 5(21),1093-1100 (the title of this journal was changed to Optometry Today in 1985), published by the Association of Optometrists, London, England. His description of cataract surgery was compatible with the method of Couching (ophthalmology).Roy, P.N., Mehra, K.S. and Deshpande, P.J. (1975), Cataract surgery performed before 800 BC, British Journal of Ophthalmology, 59, page 171 He has been described as one of the first cataract surgeons.
Medieval Islamic Arabic and Persian scientists (unlike their classical predecessors) considered it normal to combine theory and practice, including the crafting of precise instruments, and therefore found it natural to combine the study of the eye with the practical application of that knowledge. This idea was propagated until the end of the 1500s.
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), in his Book of Optics explained that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then is directed to one's eyes.
Ibn al-Nafis, an Arabic native of Damascus, wrote a large textbook, ''The Polished Book on Experimental Ophthalmology'', divided into two parts, ''On the Theory of Ophthalmology'' and ''Simple and Compounded Ophthalmic Drugs''.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, hand lenses were used by Malpighi, and microscopes by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, preparations for fixing the eye for study by Frederik Ruysch, and later the freezing of the eye by Francois Pourfour du Petit. This allowed for detailed study of the eye and an advanced model. Some mistakes persisted, such as: why the pupil changed size (seen to be vessels of the iris filling with blood), the existence of the posterior chamber of eyeball, and the nature of the retina. Unaware of their functions, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek noted the existence of photoreceptors, however, they were not properly discovered until Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus in 1834.
Georg Joseph Beer (1763–1821) was an Austrian ophthalmologist and leader of the First Viennese School of Medicine. He introduced a flap operation for treatment of cataract (Beer's operation), as well as popularizing the instrument used to perform the surgery (Beer's knife).
In North America, indigenous healers treated some eye diseases by rubbing or scraping the eyes or eyelids.
The first ophthalmic surgeon in Great Britain was John Freke (surgeon), appointed to the position by the Governors of St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1727. A major breakthrough came with the appointment of Baron de Wenzel (1724–90), a German who became oculist to King George III of England in 1772. His skill at removing cataract legitimized the field. The first dedicated ophthalmic hospital opened in 1805 in London; it is now called Moorfields Eye Hospital. Clinical developments at Moorfields and the founding of the Institute of Ophthalmology (now part of the University College London) by Stewart Duke-Elder established the site as the largest eye hospital in the world and a nexus for ophthalmic research.
The prominent opticians of the late 19th and early 20th centuries included Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), a co-owner of at the Zeiss Jena factories in Germany where he developed numerous optical instruments. Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) was a polymath who made contributions to many fields of science and invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851. They both made theoretical calculations on image formation in optical systems and had also studied the optics of the eye. In Berlin, Albrecht von Graefe introduced iridectomy as a treatment for glaucoma and improved cataract surgery, he is also considered the founding father of the German Ophthalmological Society.
Numerous ophthalmologists fled Germany after 1933 as the Nazis began to persecute those of Jewish descent. A representative leader was Joseph Igersheimer (1879–1965), best known for his discoveries with arsphenamine for the treatment of syphilis. He fled to Turkey in 1933. As one of eight emigrant directors in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Istanbul, he built a modern clinic and trained students. In 1939, he went to the United States, becoming a professor at Tufts University.
Polish ophthalmology dates to the 13th century. The Polish Ophthalmological Society was founded in 1911. A representative leader was Adam Zamenhof (1888–1940), who introduced certain diagnostic, surgical, and nonsurgical eye-care procedures and was shot by the Nazis in 1940. Zofia Falkowska (1915–93) head of the Faculty and Clinic of Ophthalmology in Warsaw from 1963 to 1976, was the first to use lasers in her practice.
Ophthalmologists are physicians (Doctor of Medicine or D.O./DOMS/ DNB, not Doctor of Optometry) who have completed a college degree, medical school, and Residency (medicine) in ophthalmology. Ophthalmology training equips eye specialists to provide the full spectrum of eye care, including the prescription of glasses and contact lenses, medical treatment, and complex microsurgery. In many countries, ophthalmologists also undergo additional specialized training in one of the many subspecialties. Ophthalmology was the first branch of medicine to offer board certification, now a standard practice among all specialties.
In Australia and New Zealand, the FRACO/FRANZCO is the equivalent postgraduate specialist qualification. The structured training system takes place over five years of postgraduate training. Overseas-trained ophthalmologists are assessed using the pathway published on the RANZCO website. Those who have completed their formal training in the UK and have the CCST/CCT are usually deemed to be comparable.
In Bangladesh to be an ophthalmologist the basic degree is an MBBS. Then they have to obtain a postgraduate degree or diploma in specialty ophthalmology. In Bangladesh, these are Diploma in Ophthalmology, Diploma in Community Ophthalmology, Fellow or Member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in ophthalmology, and Master of Science in ophthalmology.
In Canada, an ophthalmology residency after medical school is undertaken. The residency lasts a minimum of five years after the MD degree which culminates in fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of Canada (FRCSC). Subspecialty training is undertaken by about 30% of fellows (FRCSC) in a variety of fields from anterior segment, cornea, glaucoma, vision rehabilitation, uveitis, oculoplastics, medical and surgical retina, ocular oncology, Pathology, or neuro-ophthalmology. About 35 vacancies open per year for ophthalmology residency training in all of Canada. These numbers fluctuate per year, ranging from 30 to 37 spots. Of these, up to ten spots are at French-speaking universities in Quebec. At the end of the five years, the graduating ophthalmologist must pass the oral and written portions of the Royal College exam in either English or French.
In Finland, physicians willing to become ophthalmologists must undergo a five-year specialization which includes practical training and theoretical studies.
In India, after completing MBBS degree, postgraduate study in ophthalmology is required. The degrees are Doctor of Medicine, Master of Surgery, Diploma in Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery, and Diplomate of National Board. The concurrent training and work experience is in the form of a junior residency at a medical college, eye hospital, or institution under the supervision of experienced faculty. Further work experience in form of fellowship, registrar, or senior resident refines the skills of these eye surgeons. All India Ophthalmologist Society and various state-level ophthalmologist societies hold regular conferences and actively promote continuing medical education.
In Nepal, to become an ophthalmologist, three years postgraduate study is required after completing MBBS degree. The postgraduate degree in ophthalmology is called MD in Ophthalmology. This degree is currently provided by Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology, Tilganga, Kathmandu, BPKLCO, Institute of Medicine, TU, Kathmandu, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel and National Academy of Medical Science, Kathmandu. Few Nepalese citizen also study this subject in Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan and other countries. All the graduates have to pass Nepal Medical Council Licensing Exam to become a registered Ophthalmology in Nepal. The concurrent residency training is in the form of a PG student (resident) at a medical college, eye hospital, or institution according to the degree providing university's rules and regulations. Nepal Ophthalmic Society holds regular conferences and actively promote continuing medical education.
In Republic of Ireland, the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland grants Membership (MRCSI (Ophth)) and Fellowship (FRCSI (Ophth)) qualifications in conjunction with the Irish College of Ophthalmologists. Total postgraduate training involves an intern year, a minimum of three years of basic surgical training and a further 4.5 years of higher surgical training. Clinical training takes place within public, Health Service Executive-funded hospitals in Dublin, Sligo, Limerick, Galway, Waterford, and Cork (city). A minimum of 8.5 years of training is required before eligibility to work in Consultant (medicine) posts. Some trainees take extra time to obtain MSc, Doctor of Medicine#UK, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries or PhD degrees and to undertake clinical fellowships in the UK, Australia and the United States.
In Pakistan, after MBBS, a four-year full-time residency program leads to an exit-level FCPS examination in ophthalmology, held under the auspices of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Pakistan. The tough examination is assessed by both highly qualified Pakistani and eminent international ophthalmic consultants. As a prerequisite to the final examinations, an intermediate module, an optics and refraction module, and a dissertation written on a research project carried out under supervision is also assessed.
Moreover, a two-and-a-half-year residency program leads to an MCPS while a two-year training of DOMS is also being offered. Subspecialty fellowships are also being offered in the fields of pediatric ophthalmology and vitreoretinal ophthalmology. King Edward Medical University, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital Rawalpindi, and Al- Ibrahim Eye Hospital Karachi have also started a degree program in this field.
Ophthalmology is a considered a medical specialty that uses medicine and surgery to treat diseases of the eye. There is only one, duly recognized by the PMA and the PCS, professional organization in the country: the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology (PAO). PAO and the state-standard Philippine Board of Ophthalmology (PBO) regulates ophthalmology residency programs and board certification. To become a general ophthalmologist in the Philippines, a candidate must have completed a Doctor of Medicine degree (MD) or its equivalent (e.g. MBBS), have completed an internship in Medicine, have passed the physician licensure exam, and completed residency training at a hospital accredited by the Philippine Board of Ophthalmology (accrediting arm of PAO). Attainment of board certification in ophthalmology from the PBO is essential in acquiring privileges in most major health institutions. Graduates of residency programs can receive further training in ophthalmology subspecialties, such as neuro-ophthalmology, retina, etc. by completing a fellowship program which varies in length depending on each program's requirements.
In the United Kingdom, three colleges grant postgraduate degrees in ophthalmology. The Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOphth) and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh grant MRCOphth/FRCOphth and MRCSEd/FRCSEd, (although membership is no longer a prerequisite for fellowship), the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow of Glasgow grants FRCS. Postgraduate work as a specialist registrar and one of these degrees is required for specialization in eye diseases. Such clinical work is within the NHS, with supplementary private work for some consultants.
Only 2.3 ophthalmologists exist per 100,000 population in the UK – fewer ''pro rata'' than in any other nation in the European Union.
In the United States, ophthalmologists must complete four years of undergraduate studies, four years of medical school, one year medical or general surgical residency, three years of ophthalmology residency and optional one to two years of speciality training. Ophthalmologists are Doctors of Medicine that specialize in the eye and related structures. They perform medical and surgical eye care and can also write prescriptions for corrective lenses (glasses and contacts). They often deal with advanced forms of eye disease in patients with significant systemic illness.
Physicians must complete the requirements of continuing medical education to maintain licensure and for recertification. Professional bodies like the American Academy of Ophthalmology and American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery organize conferences, help physician members through continuing medical education programs for maintaining board certification, and provide political advocacy and peer support.
Theodor Leber discovered Leber's congenital amaurosis, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Leber's miliary aneurysm, and Leber's stellate neuroretinitis.
Carl Ferdinand von Arlt (1812–1887), the elder (Austrian), proved that myopia is largely due to an excessive axial length, published influential textbooks on eye disease, and ran annual eye clinics in needy areas long before the concept of volunteer eye camps became popular. His name is still attached to some disease signs, e.g., von Arlt's line in trachoma. His son Ferdinand Ritter von Arlt, the younger, was also an ophthalmologist.
Jacques Daviel (France) claimed to be the 'father' of modern cataract surgery in that he performed extracapsular extraction instead of needling the cataract or pushing it back into the vitreous. He is said to have carried out the technique on 206 patients in 1752–53, of which 182 were reported to be successful. These figures are not very credible, given the total lack of both anaesthesia and aseptic technique at that time.
Franciscus Donders (1818–1889) (Dutch) published pioneering analyses of ocular biomechanics, intraocular pressure, glaucoma, and physiological optics. He made possible the prescribing of combinations of spherical and cylindrical lenses to treat astigmatism.
Joseph Forlenze (1757–1833) (Italy), specialist in cataract surgery, became popular during the First French Empire, healing, among many, personalities such as the minister Jean-Étienne-Marie Portalis and the poet Ponce Denis Écouchard Lebrun. He was nominated by Napoleon "chirurgien oculiste of the lycees, the civil hospices and all the charitable institutions of the departments of the Empire".Jan E. Goldstein, ''Console and Classify. The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century'', Chicago Press, 2002, p. 63 He was known also for his free interventions, mainly in favour of poor people.
Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870) (Germany) Along with Helmholtz and Donders, one of the 'founding fathers' of ophthalmology as a specialty. He was a brilliant clinician and charismatic teacher who had an international influence on the development of ophthalmology, and was a pioneer in mapping visual field defects and diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. He introduced a cataract extraction technique that remained the standard for over 100 years, and many other important surgical techniques such as iridectomy. He rationalised the use of many ophthalmically important drugs, including mydriatics and miotics. He also was the founder of one of the earliest ophthalmic societies (German Ophthalmological Society, 1857) and one of the earliest ophthalmic journals (''Graefe's Archives of Ophthalmology''). He was probably the most important ophthalmologist of the 19th century.
Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden) was a Nobel Prize-winner in 1911 for his research on the eye as a light-refracting apparatus. He described the 'schematic eye', a mathematical model of the human eye based on his measurements known as the 'optical constants' of the eye. His measurements are still used today.
Hermann von Helmholtz, a great German polymath, invented the ophthalmoscope (1851) and published important work on physiological optics, including colour vision (1850s).
Julius Hirschberg (Germany) in 1879 became the first to use an electromagnet to remove metallic foreign body from the human eye and in 1886 developed the Hirschberg test for measuring strabismus.
Polara family (1800–1860, Italy) founded the first dedicated ophthalmology clinic in Sicily in 1829, entirely as a philanthropic endeavor; later he was appointed as the first director of the ophthalmology department at the Grand Hospital of Palermo, Sicily, in 1831 after the Sicilian government became convinced of the importance of state support for the specialization.
Herman Snellen (Netherlands) introduced the Snellen chart to study visual acuity.
Volodymyr Filatov (1875–1956) (Ukraine) contributed the tube flap grafting method, corneal transplantation, and preservation of grafts from cadaver eyes and tissue therapy. He founded thFyodoe Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy, Odessa, one of the leading eye-care institutes in the world.
Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1963) (Japan), in 1918, invented to Ishihara Test, a common method for determining Color blindness. He also made major contributions to the study of Trachoma and Myopia.
Ignacio Barraquer (1884–1965) (Spain), in 1917, invented the first motorized vacuum instrument (erisophake) for intracapsular cataract extraction. He founded the Barraquer Clinic in 1941 and the Barraquer Institute in 1947 in Barcelona, Spain.
*Ernst Fuchs (doctor) (1851-1930) was an Austrian ophthalmologist known for his discovery and description of numerous ocular diseases and abnormalities including Fuchs' dystrophy and Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis.
Tsutomu Sato (ophthalmologist) (Japan) Pioneer in incisional refractive surgery, including techniques for astigmatism and the invention of radial keratotomy for myopia.
Jules Gonin (1870–1935) (Switzerland) was the "father of retinal detachment surgery".
Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist) (United Kingdom), in 1949, may have been the first to successfully implant an artificial intraocular lens after observing that plastic fragments in the eyes of wartime pilots were well tolerated. He fought for decades against strong reactionary opinions to have the concept accepted as feasible and useful.
Charles Schepens (Belgium) was the "father of modern retinal surgery" and developer of the Schepens indirect binocular ophthalmoscope whilst at Moorfields Eye Hospital. He was the founder of the Schepens Eye Research Institute, associated with Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, in Boston, Massachusetts.
*Marshall M. Parks was the "father of pediatric ophthalmology".
José Ignacio Barraquer (1916–1998) (Spain) was the "father of modern refractive surgery". In the 1960s, he developed lamellar techniques, including keratomileusis and keratophakia, as well as the first microkeratome and corneal microlathe.
Frank M Polack (1929 – 2007) was an American ophthalmologist who designed the Polack forceps for corneal transplants.
Tadeusz Krwawicz (Poland), in 1961, developed the first cryoprobe for intracapsular cataract extraction.
Svyatoslav Fyodorov (Russia) was the "father of ophthalmic microsurgery". He improved and popularized radial keratotomy, invented a surgical cure for cataract, and developed scleroplasty.
Charles Kelman (United States) developed the ultrasound and mechanized irrigation and aspiration system for phacoemulsification, first allowing cataract extraction through a small incision.
Ioannis Pallikaris (Greece) performed the first laser-assisted intrastromal keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. | 2019-04-25T20:17:30Z | https://findlocalnear.me/business-listings/Ophthalmology/97330 |
Narh, C., Frimpong, C., Mensah, A., and Wei, Q. (2018). "Rice bran, an alternative nitrogen source for Acetobacter xylinum bacterial cellulose synthesis," BioRes. 13(2), 4346-4363.
Rice bran was introduced as an alternative nitrogen source to Hestrin and Schramm (HS) medium in HS Acetobacter xylinum culture media in bacterial cellulose (B.C) synthesis. The results indicated an unchanged composition of crude protein per increase in incubation days while diluted protein increased with incubation period. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed the absorbance of OH groups. It was confirmed that the BC yield was directly proportional to the rice bran content. A general observation indicated a gradual transformation from a highly crystalline structure to a very amorphous structure as rice bran content increased with the endothermic decomposition of samples being recorded between 113.5 °C and 125.6 °C.
Gluconacetobacter, Acetobacter, and Komagataeibacter genera have been found to be the best cellulose producers within the bacteria kingdom (Illeghems et al. 2016; Pacheco et al. 2017) with Acetobacter giving the purest and highest fibril yield (Franz and Blaschek 1990). The cellulose produced by these microorganisms, known as bacterial cellulose (BC) is obtained as a gel-like three-dimensional mat formed by entangled nanofibrils of cellulose (Pacheco et al. 2017). Structurally, BC is composed of a dense and well-organized three-dimensional network of fibrils that forms porous sheets with higher crystallinity, thermal stability, and mechanical strength far superior to plant cellulose (Stumpf et al. 2018). The BC also possesses high water-absorbing capabilities in the form of a hydrogel, moderate biocompatibility, and partial degradability (Islam et al. 2017). Nevertheless, in terms of BC chemical interaction with other function groups, due to the abundance of OH groups, there is a higher tendency of reactivity. However, its higher crystalline nature makes hydroxyl group accessibility difficult, therefore hindering proper deposition of functional modifiers (Troev 2018). Furthermore, BC application remains limited due to the high costs of production arising from culture media preparations (Patel et al. 2017); as such, strategies including the genetic improvement of the cellulose-producing microorganisms and the formulation of low-cost culture media are being investigated (Jang et al. 2017).
Hestrin and Schramm (HS) proposed a culture medium that has become the backbone of BC production for the past decade (Fan et al.2016). This proposed culture media was composed of glucose, yeast extract, peptone, and mineral salts (Schramm and Hestrin 1954). Throughout the years, many modifications have been made to the proposed composition of HS medium, such as the use of mono and disaccharides such as fructose, sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, xylose, galactose, and alditols, which have been successfully used as carbon sources (Esa et al. 2014; Pacheco et al. 2017). Other methods that have also been proposed were the use of industrial wastes or by-products from agro-forest and food industry BC production (Carreira et al. 2011). Typical examples of industrial waste and agro-forest used in BC production included Konjac powder (Lin et al. 2014), beet molasses (Pacheco et al. 2017), sugar-cane molasses (Costa et al.2017), and corn steep liquor (Li et al. 2016), as a source of carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrients.
Among all the modifications to the culture media for bacterial growth, many have focused on the carbon source provision for the bacteria with respect to which carbon source affords a better yield of cellulose. In contrast, only a fraction of the research focused on the nitrogen source, making use of ammonium sulfate derivatives (Santos et al. 2013), and even that was abandoned because it was concluded that the BC yield was significantly low (Santos et al. 2013). Nature has demonstrated multiplicity in nitrogen sources, but the question remains as to whether these nitrogen sources are life-supportive enough for Acetobacter and apparent BC yield (Cragg and Newman 2010). Among these organic sources of nitrogen, rice bran has been demonstrated to be more cost-effective and a better replacement for yeast extract (Sutanto et al. 2017).
Despite all of the functional potential of rice bran, there have been relatively few attempts to use this material in bacterial culture and basically no use in Acetobacter xylinum species synthesis (Zhu et al.2013; Matano et al. 2014). Therefore, this research focuses on the use of rice bran as an alternative nitrogen source to yeast extract in Acetobacter xylinum bacterial cellulose synthesis.
Peptone, D-mannitol, and yeast extract were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Ningbo, China), while the bacterial strain was obtained from Shanghai Xiejiu Bio-Tech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). In addition, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China).
The bacterial strain used was Acetobacter xylinum supplied by Shanghai Xiejiu China (Shanghai, China). The strain was cultured in mannitol yeast extract (MYE) agar containing 100 g D-mannitol, 10 g yeast extract, and 5 g peptone, at 28 °C for 3 days. Working cultures were routinely prepared in MYE and stored at 4 °C until further use.
The DSC curves were obtained using a DSC-Q200 calorimeter (TA Instruments Co., Pennsylvania, USA) that was calibrated according to the manufacturer’s recommendation: standard indium 99.99% purity, m.p. 156.6 °C, and ΔH 28.56 J g−1. A mass sample was approximately 6 mg and the samples were heated from 0 °C to 300 °C using an aluminum crucible with a perforated lid with a 1.0-mm orifice, under N2 atmosphere, with a flow rate of 50 mL min−1and a heating rate of 1 °C min−1.
A Nicolet FTIR coupled spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Massachusetts, USA) with gas cell and a DTG S KBr detector (Dexter Research Center, Inc., Michigan USA) was used. For the coupling, a stainless-steel transfer line of 120 cm in length and 3 mm in diameter was employed, which was heated to 250 °C. The gas cell was maintained at 250 °C and the spectra were obtained with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and Omnic software (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc Massachusetts, USA), fitted with spectra from 46 different libraries, was used for data analysis.
The XRD measurements were performed using a Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer (Bruker, Shanghai, China) with copper-radiation (wavelength λ = 1.54 Å). The scanning speed was set at 4° min-1 XRD. The XRD data were retrieved over a 2θrange between 0° and 100° to be represented with the peaks indexed. XRD analysis was strongly dependent on how well the crystallographic data inputs were selected. The analysis consisted of the identification of the phases present in the samples, associated with choosing the crystallographic information files with the best fit results (evaluated on the basis of the agreement indices – Rwp, χῖ2).
Acetobacter xylinum (G. xylinus) BC pellicles were synthesized in a Hestrin and Schramm (HS) medium with minor modification (2.5 % D-mannitol, 0.3% bacto-peptone, 2.5% yeast) (Santos et al. 2013) and dissolved in 100 mL distilled water at neutral pH. The flasks were incubated statically at 30 °C for 7 days.
The synthesized cellulose was dipped into 0.1 M NaOH for 4 h at 80 °C to clear the cells and culture liquid (Long et al. 2014). Afterwards, the pretreated BC was rinsed three times in pH 7 distilled water. Modifications were therefore made to the carbon and nitrogen sources with the measuring parameters remaining the same. To obtain the best combination of carbon-nitrogen sources for the bacterial growth, three main carbon sources were selected against the focal nitrogen source in rice bran extract. The mode of modification of the culture media and the process of bacterial cellulose synthesis are summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 1, respectively. In order to achieve the goal of substituting yeast extract with rice bran, the carbon to nitrogen ratio(C:N) for the best carbon source in D-mannitol and one part of the nitrogen source in peptone was kept constant whiles the second nitrogen source in rice bran was added at varying amounts.
To ascertain the bacterial growth support of the carbon and nitrogen source substituents, a plate count was performed using the serial dilution protocol, with the results shown in Fig. 2. Plate count agar was first prepared using 0.6% glucose, 0.8% bacto-peptone, 2.5% yeast (Chao et al. 1997), and 2.5 g of agar, which was dissolved in distilled water (neutral pH). The same recipe was used as the diluting solvent but without agar. The broth was then sterilized for 9 h, spread on six plates, and allowed to settle for 12 h (Chao et al. 1997). The number of plates corresponded to the amount of medium to be used in calculating the number of replications and dilutions (Carvalhal et al.1991). In this protocol, 9.0 mL of the diluent was pipetted into each of the 6 test tubes and tightly closed to dilute it 10 fold (dilution = 10-1). For the bacterial sample of each culture media, 1 mL of the culture medium was pipetted aseptically into a 9-mL tube to dilute it 10 fold (in other words, dilution = 10-1). Next, 1 mL of the previous 10-1dilution was transferred to another 9-mL test tube. This process was repeated until all 6 tubes were exhausted to complete the dilution. For each dilution, a separately sterilized pipette was used to provide consistency in the quantity of bacterial present (Carvalhal et al.1991). This was followed by a drop of 0.1 mL of each dilution onto an agar plate that was tilted for the drop to run down the plate. The plates were then incubated for 24 h to determine the colony, shown in Fig. 2.
To substantiate the nitrogen source sufficiency during the incubation period of cellulose synthesis, a fermentation analysis was performed to analyze the dry matter, crude protein, and diluted protein content of the rice bran with the results summarized in Table 2. It was realized that the dry matter of fermented rice bran increased (p < 0.01) among different times of incubation treatments as a result of water evaporation during the fermentation process. It was stated that the increase of substrate temperature due to carbohydrate breakdown released water from rice bran. These results were also confirmed in a previous study (Purwadaria et al. 2003). Further analysis revealed higher cell growth in aerobic fermentation than anaerobic fermentation, leading to higher metabolic activity caused by substrate temperature rise.
Moreover, increasing the substrate also affects the growth of bacteria, leading to the restoration of organic matter, such as carbohydrates, fat, and protein, which were used during the metabolic process by the microbes and further biosynthesis (Purwadaria et al. 2003). It was revealed that a decrease in the substrate at 72 h incubation showed an increase in substrate water content. The results of rice bran content determination during incubation revealed a decrease in rice bran content with a longer time of incubation, showing significant differences among treatment times (p < 0.01). These results were in line with the result published by Supriyati et al. (2015). The results hence confirmed the usage of rice bran as an energy source by the bacteria. According to the references, rice bran is used by the bacteria for cell biosynthesis and activation of energy during molecule transport, maintaining cell structure, and cell mobility. This was confirmed by the 48 h of incubation, where there was a significant decrease in the rice bran content. This phenomenon showed that after 48 h, there was exponential growth and cleavage, providing an optimum yield according to the nutrient substrate availability.
Analysis of the crude protein content of fermented rice bran, as shown in Table 2, revealed no significant changes in protein content among treatments times (p > 0.05), as was also reported by Zhu et al.(2013). The crude protein content of the fermented substrate had been affected by the protein content of the raw material (Kim et al. 2016). In view of this, the crude content could not be supportive enough for the multiplication of the bacteria, hence slowing the bacterial growth and cellulose synthesis due to low adaptation time (Supriyati et al.2015). Nevertheless, diluted protein of fermented rice bran increased with increasing incubation time (p < 0.01) (Todhanakasem et al.2014). During the fermentation process, the organic molecule complex was broken into simple molecules, and non-diluted molecules became diluted, leading to increasing digestibility (Rosales et al. 2018).
Because a longer incubation time demands a higher nitrogen content to support the bacterial growth and cellulose synthesis, it was suggested that the bacteria break down the protein substrate into an amino acid and deaminate to ammonia as nitrogen sources. The increases in this metabolism apparently promoted a higher nitrogen substrate (Fontana et al. 2017). However, it was confirmed that during fermentation, the increase in protein content was low, but the diluted protein was 50% and only a simple dilute and a low molecular weight could be used during transportation through the cytoplasm membrane.
A further observation was that nitrogen retention of fermented rice bran increased significantly with longer incubation time (p < 0.01) (Schramm and Hestrin 1954; Supriyati et al. 2015). The increment was ascribed to a higher diluted protein content, thus ascertaining the fact that fermentation increased the nutritive value of the substrate. It was stated that fermentation causes protein, fat, and carbohydrate of the fermented product to hydrolyze easily and have a higher digestibility (Annor et al. 2017).
After 9 days of cultivation, BC was harvested and purified by soaking in a solution of 0.5 N NaOH at 90 °C for 2 h to remove the bacterial cells and other medium components. The culture medium was centrifuged, and the nitrogen content was calculated, with the results shown in Table 2. The membranes were freeze-dried in the presence of liquid nitrogen. Figure 3 shows the bacterial cellulose of yeast extract synthesis (A) and rice bran synthesis (B). It could be clearly seen that the rice bran that synthesized bacterial cellulose was much cleaner and more transparent than that of the yeast extract synthesized cellulose. This was evident in the purification, because the yeast extract synthesis cellulose took a total of 24 h to clean, while the rice bran synthesized cellulose only took a total of 4 h. This was partly attributed to the coloring nature of yeast extract that gets trapped during the fibril formation. The factors that affected the transparency of the cellulose were confirmed in the XRD and DSC test results in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively.
To confirm the bacterial yield of rice bran and D-mannitol using the same culture medium, all other parameters were held constant and the rice bran content was increased in a ratio of 1:1(0%), 1:2(100%), and 1:3(150). The cellulose for all three samples was harvested after 9 days of incubation, and the thickness and weight of the harvested cellulose of all samples were measured. The results are shown in Fig. 4. It was confirmed by the results that BC yield was in direct proportion to the rice bran content increment. There were no significant BC yield differences between the ratio of 1:1 and 1:2, but there was a 100% increase in BC yield when the ratio was increased to 1:3 with corresponding weights demonstrating the same pattern.
Figure 5 shows the FTIR spectra of all four samples. Cellulose allomorphs showed minor differences in the infrared bands except for the vibration peak at 3423 cm-1 corresponding to intramolecular OH stretching (Nielsen et al. 2008). It was observed that BC samples with the ratio 1:1 (B) and 1:2 (C) demonstrated broader bands in OH stretching that were associated with the partial adsorption of the OH group, leading to the transparency of the cellulose compared with yeast extract BC (A) and ratio 1:3 (D). There was also a slight variation in the hydrogen bonds at 2893 cm-1 due to CH and CH2stretching (McKean 1975). However, it was reasonable that these two bands were displaced due to the rearrangement of the cellulose chains and hydrogen bonding pattern. Other main vibrational peaks exhibited virtually no change due to the polymorphic transformation: 1642 cm-1 corresponded to OH from absorbed water, 1427 cm-1 due to CH2 symmetric bending, 1375 cm-1 due to CH bending, 1330 cm-1due to OH in-plane bending, 1255 cm-1 corresponded to C-O-H bending, 1161 cm-1 due to C-O-C asymmetric stretching (β-glucosidic linkage), 1063 cm-1 due to C-O/C-C stretching, and 895 cm-1 due with asymmetric (rocking) C-1 (β-glucosidic linkage) out-of-plane stretching vibrations. This band was then associated with the cellulose II lattice (Smalley and Wakefield 1970).
Figure 6 shows the morphological characteristics as depicted in SEM images of BC produced from yeast extract and D-mannitol (A), 1:1 ratio of D-mannitol and rice bran (B), 1:2 ratio of D-mannitol and rice bran (C), and 1:3 ratio of D-mannitol and rice bran (D). The images were further analyzed to generate a histogram of the mean area morphology of the individual cellulose. From Fig. 7, it could be clearly seen that there was a gradual transformation in the morphological structure of the cellulose from the highly crystalline structure A to the highly amorphous structure of D. It was realized that the higher crystalline structure was first broken down to the amorphous structure using 1:1 (B), which revealed a sheet of cellulose films against fibrils. Meanwhile, when the ratio of D-mannitol to rice bran increased to 1:2 (C), the structure of the cellulose began to take a form of crystallinity that was slightly different from A. This phenomenon was confirmed by the XRD results.
Image analysis using ImageJ software confirmed a gradual change in the morphology by calculating the mean area of the cellulose and the diameter. It was revealed that sample A had fiber diameter that ranged from 40 nm to 90 nm with a mean area of 113.4 nm, while sample B had a fiber diameter that ranged from 300 nm to 700 nm with a mean area of 112.1 nm. However, there was a drastic increase in the mean area of the BC sample C to 116.7 nm leading to a much finer fiber diameter that ranged from 6 nm to 15 nm, while BC sample D even demonstrated a much larger mean area of 130.1 nm with fiber diameter that ranged from 40 nm to 85 nm. | 2019-04-21T12:40:52Z | https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/rice-bran-an-alternative-nitrogen-source-for-acetobacter-xylinum-bacterial-cellulose-synthesis/ |
Type 2 diabetes affects more than 21 million Americans, and the death rate from diabetes has increased 45% since 1987. One important regimen for people with diabetes and for those at risk for developing diabetes is engagement in appropriate physical activity. The beneficial effects of physical activity typically include reductions in glucose level, body weight, blood pressure (BP) and cholesterol. As a particular form of physical activity, yoga programs using various physical postures have been shown to benefit individuals with a wide range of health conditions including hypertension and diabetes. Yoga appears to be especially effective in reducing BP, glucose and cholesterol. For example, yoga practice was effective in lowering BP in healthy people, people with hypertension and people with metabolic syndrome. Adults with chronic diseases including hypertension, coronary artery disease and diabetes had significantly lower glucose and cholesterol levels after short-term, intensive yoga practice (3–4 h per day for 8 days). Yoga also improved exercise tolerance by significantly reducing exercise-induced cardiovascular changes (e.g. heart rate and BP). Deep relaxation, a unique part of a yoga program, relaxes the sympathetic nervous system and helps with physiological stress reduction. Physiological stress itself is related to metabolic disease, including diabetes.
The practice of yoga generally includes meditation, relaxation, breathing exercises and various physical postures. Between 1997 and 2007, the number of yoga practitioners significantly increased in the USA. The 2007 National Health Interview Survey showed that 6.1% of US adults practiced yoga in the months immediately prior to the survey in 2007, compared with 3.7% in 1997 and 5% in 2002. In addition, adults participating in a yoga intervention found that yoga was easily learned and performed. Once learned, yoga can be practiced at any time on an individual basis, thus reducing common barriers to physical activity such as time conflicts and poor weather.
Self-efficacy, the degree of confidence one has in the ability to perform a behavior, is regarded as one of the primary factors that is influential in achieving behavior change. Research suggests that yoga participation and mastery could improve the degree of exercise self-efficacy and perhaps lead to long-term adherence to physical activity and its attendant benefits. In Oleshansky's 2004 study of American adults aged 29–40 years, hatha yoga practitioners showed higher levels of self-efficacy for physical activity, including yoga, than non-practitioners.In spite of its growing acceptability and known positive effects on physiological variables, yoga has not been widely adopted as part of a regimen to prevent type 2 diabetes. It is not clear, therefore, whether individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes might benefit from the regular practice of yoga. The purposes of this study were to assess the feasibility of implementing a 12-week yoga program among adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes, to begin examining whether yoga improves cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e. BP, lipid and blood glucose levels, and body weight), and to examine the effect of yoga on exercise self-efficacy.
This study used a two-group, randomized and controlled trial design. After Human Subjects Committee's approval was obtained, participants were recruited via automated voice mail messages that were delivered to university employees, flyers posted in hospital outpatient waiting rooms and advertisements in local newspapers. To be eligible, participants had to be between 45 and 65 years of age, non-exercisers (no more than 30 min twice per week) for the previous 12 months, had a family history of type 2 diabetes (first- or second-degree relative), and at least one of the following cardiometabolic risk factors: impaired fasting glucose (FPG >110 but <125 mg/dl); prehypertension (systolic BP/diastolic BP: 120–139/80–89 mmHg); overweight/obese [body mass index (BMI) >25 but <45 kg/m2]; or abnormal level of cholesterol (total cholesterol >200 mg/dl). Persons who were pregnant, those who had used any drug to reduce their blood cholesterol level, BP or glucose, or those who had a physical disability that would limit their ability to practice yoga were excluded from the study. After respondents to recruitment announcements were screened by telephone for eligibility (age, exercise status, family history of diabetes, willingness to be randomized, pregnancy status, medication history and physical limitations), we confirmed their eligibility with additional screening tests for glucose, BP, cholesterol level and BMI at the Montefiore University Hospital Clinical and Translational Research Center (MUH-CTRC). To avoid any disappointment with group assignment, we fully informed individuals of the randomization process when they first contacted the Project Office for the initial telephone screening. A copy of the consent form was sent for their review prior to their screening visit to the MUH-CTRC. We reviewed the study details described in the consent form with them in person and responded to their questions before they signed the consent form. Twenty-three participants (19 Whites and 4 non-Whites) were randomly assigned to a yoga intervention group or a control group.
Participants in both the intervention group and control group were asked to maintain their current activity levels during the intervention. The intervention group participated in a 3-month Vinyasa style yoga intervention program developed and led by a certified yoga instructor who is a PhD certified nurse. Vinyasa yoga is an evolving form of hatha yoga, so both yoga styles share the same basic elements, but Vinyasa is more fitness-based than traditional hatha yoga. This Vinyasa style yoga program included various physical postures (Asanas) such as sun-salutations, standing poses, seated/kneeling poses and counterposes. Each movement was combined with various breathing patterns of inhalation and exhalation (Pranayamas). All postures were modified to meet the participants’ needs and to assure safety. For example, tree pose, a one-leg balance pose, was performed using a chair or wall for support when a participant had difficulty with balance. Each 1-h session of the yoga program began with a warm-up (5–7 min) and ended with a relaxation period (10 min). To facilitate and guide home practice, participants were given an audio recording (CD) of the yoga instructions recorded by the yoga instructor. Group sessions were held twice per week, with 2–3 days between sessions. Participants were expected to practice yoga at home and record the number of minutes they engaged in yoga per day, but there was no certain amount or frequency required. The components of our intervention using Vinyasa style yoga are detailed in Table 1. Participants in the control group received general health-education materials mailed to their home every 2 weeks for 3 months, including content pertaining to risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes and the prevention of diabetes that included tips for healthy eating out, cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension and high cholesterol), consuming a balanced diet and engaging in physical activity. During the 3-month measurement, we discussed health-education content and responded to their questions and interpreted this to be a confirmation that they had reviewed the materials.
BP, blood glucose, insulin, lipid levels [cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein (HDL); low-density lipoprotein (LDL); triglycerides] and body weight were obtained at baseline and at the end of 3 months. The blood test required a 12-h fast (no food or drink, except water and medications); 20 ml of blood was obtained via a venipuncture in the arm with the individual in an upright position and after at least 5 min in a resting state. We measured weight (in kilograms) after an overnight fast with the participant dressed in light clothing and without shoes using the Tanita bioelectrical impedance scale (Tanita Corporation of America, Inc., Illinois, USA), and height (in meters) on a wall-mounted stadiometer. We calculated BMI using the equation of weight (kg)/height (m)2. All physical measurements were done at MUH-CTRC by their staff members who were blinded to group assignment. During the measurements, we were available to answer any questions and participants were asked not to discuss their program with MUH-CTRC staff. Participants in both groups were asked to describe their demographic and co-morbidity profile at baseline and complete questionnaires on exercise self-efficacy at baseline and at the end of 3 months. Those in the yoga group were asked to complete questionnaires on treatment expectation, program satisfaction and exercise log during or after the yoga program.
The Demographic Questionnaire and Brief Co-Morbidity Questionnaire, developed by the Center for Research in Chronic Disorders (CRCD) at the University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, were used to collect data on age, marital status, race, educational level, employment status, income, living arrangements, religion, health insurance and co-morbidity at baseline.
Exercise self-efficacy was measured by the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale at baseline and at the end of 3 months. Exercise self-efficacy is the degree of confidence one has in his or her ability to engage in exercise in the face of competing day-to-day conditions. The Scale was developed by researchers at Stanford University to measure one's confidence in his or her ability to perform exercise routines regularly under various circumstances. It measures self-efficacy belief rather than outcome expectancy. The questionnaire consists of 18 items, each related to a different routine. The answers range from zero (‘Cannot Do’) to 100 (‘Certainly Can Do’) and are summed to yield a single total score. Higher scores on the scale indicate greater perceived self-efficacy to participate in physical activity. Cronbach's alpha for this scale was 0.95.
During the intervention (after Session 1, Session 8 and Session 16), treatment expectation was measured by the Treatment Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire, which assesses perceived logic of and confidence in a treatment, willingness to recommend the treatment to a friend, and belief in the likelihood that the treatment will help their condition. Sum of the first three items (9-point Likert-type scale) gives the credibility score and the fourth item (10-point scale, 0–100%) provides the expectancy score. Higher scores indicate greater perceived treatment credibility and expectancy. The treatment credibility score had a high internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's = 0.86) in a study using cognitive-behavioral treatment for adults with panic disorder.
Acceptability of the yoga intervention was evaluated at the end of the yoga intervention by the Yoga Program Satisfaction Questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of five semi-structured questions related to participant satisfaction with the yoga program and feelings about the yoga program. In addition, each participant logged the average number of minutes he or she engaged in yoga practice per day in an Exercise Log. These self-reports provided a check on how much the participants were practicing yoga during the 3-month intervention period. Individuals were instructed to record daily to avoid recall bias.
Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 15.0, SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), with significance set at 0.05 for two-sided hypothesis testing. Demographic characteristics for each treatment group were described as means and standard deviations for continuous variables, and frequency counts and percentages for categorical variables. To examine the effect of yoga on the major outcome variables compared to the education group, the Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare their mean differences between baseline and 3 months. Correlations (Spearman's rho) between attendance rate and outcomes were reported. Due to the small sample size in this pilot study, effect sizes (using Cohen's d comparing mean changes from 3 months to baseline between treatment groups) were also calculated to show magnitude and direction of the effect of the yoga intervention relative to the control condition for outcome variables. According to conventional definitions of effect size from a behavior science perspective, values of Cohen's d on the order of 0.20, 0.50 and 0.80 represent small, medium and large effects sizes, respectively. The sample size for this pilot study was determined considering the feasibility of recruiting and retaining study participants rather than to have sufficient statistical power to formally test hypotheses.
All 23 participants finished the program and completed baseline and 3-month visits for the assessments and also completed the questionnaires. Table 2 summarizes demographic characteristics of study participants. Ninety-one percent of the sample was female and 17.4% was minority. Their mean age was 51.7 years (SD = 4.9), and their mean years of completed education was 18.0 (SD = 4.1). The mean BMI was 29.79 ± 5.24 kg/m2 [28.2 ± 3.7 in the yoga group versus 31.5 ± 6.2 in the education group (P = 0.139)]. The average number of self-reported co-morbidities was 5.9 (SD = 3.6) with the most common co-morbidities reported being headache and depression. One-third of participants (n = 7, 30.4%) had pre-hypertension and the majority (n = 20, 87%) of them had abnormal cholesterol levels. All 12 participants completed the yoga program without complication; attendance ranged from 58.3 to 100% for the yoga sessions (mean ± SD 81.3 ± 14.9%). There was no significant relationship between attendance and amount of yoga practiced during the 3 months (mean ± SD 416.67 ± 492.52 min; range 0–1370 min).
Compared to the education group, the yoga group revealed a pattern of improvements in weight (effect size d = –0.53), systolic BP (effect size d = –0.62), diastolic BP (d = –0.35), insulin (d = –0.34), total cholesterol (d = –0.22), triglycerides (d = –0.91) and exercise self-efficacy (d = 0.80). However, effect sizes for fasting glucose level (d = –0.20), LDL (d = –0.10) and HDL (d = 0.24) reflected small or no changes. Based on data from the Treatment Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire, participants experienced increased confidence over time in recommending the yoga program to their friends at high risk for type 2 diabetes. There was a pattern for a positive relationship between attendance rate and perceived expectancy (Spearman's rho = 0.548, P = 0.065) for the yoga program, but no relationship was observed between attendance rate and perceived credibility (Spearman's rho = 0.206, P = 0.520). There were significant correlations between attendance rate and systolic BP (Spearman's rho = 0.651, P = 0.022). Participants in the yoga group indicated on the Yoga Program Satisfaction Questionnaire that they were highly satisfied with the program (mean ± SD 99.2 ± 2.9%; range 90–100%). They liked a slow and gentle yoga approach without peer pressure and reported that they gained strength, flexibility and balance through their yoga practice.
This pilot study assessed the feasibility of implementing a yoga program among adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes. The preliminary study results indicate that this yoga program is feasible and acceptable to this population. Participants in the yoga group showed increased confidence over time in recommending the yoga program to their friends who are at high risk for type 2 diabetes and expressed high satisfaction with the program. Even though we did not use strategies to enhance adherence and retention for this pilot study, all participants completed the yoga program with an average attendance rate of 81.3%. Consistent with prior research, individuals in the intervention group considered group interaction and support and the no-cost nature of our intervention to be worth the time commitment involved in attending the sessions.
As participants were asked not to change their exercise level by initiating any new form of exercise during this study, we limited our recommendations for physical activity to emphasizing the importance of being active in day-to-day life. Therefore, we do not have information on how yoga practice helps with adoption and maintenance of other physical activities. However, this pilot study helped us to understand the relationship between self-efficacy and practicing yoga. Individuals who practiced yoga showed a pattern of improvement in exercise self-efficacy, a strong and consistent predictor of adherence to multiple health-related behavior changes such as diet, physical activity and smoking. Therefore, we could hypothesize that if yoga could help enhance exercise self-efficacy, yoga practice may directly or indirectly change health-related behaviors such as adopting healthy exercise habits. Changed behaviors would influence physiological and psychological responses related to cardiometabolic risk factors and vice versa. Additional research would be necessary to determine how self-efficacy might be further enhanced with yoga practice as part of future development of interventions to promote exercise self-efficacy and to examine how yoga practice eventually leads to increased adoption of physical activity among adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes.
Compared with the education group, after the 3-month intervention, the yoga group experienced improvement in cardiometabolic risk factors. Small to large effect sizes were found in the between-group changes in cardiovascular risk factors such as weight, BP, insulin and triglycerides. Due to its small sample size, this pilot study did not duplicate the statistically significant results reported from previous studies; however, this study will allow for the estimation of sample size in planning the next intervention study considering the targeted hypothesis testing of immediate and long-term treatment effects of yoga on cardiovascular risk factors. While the small sample limits the generalizability of our findings, the randomized, controlled trial design helps to better understand the benefits of the intervention program, because such a design permits allocation of participants that minimizes any bias from known and unknown determinants of outcome. Also, even though all physical measurements were done by MUH-CTRC staff members who were blinded to group assignment, we acknowledge a possibility of having exaggerated estimates of treatment effect due to participants’ awareness of their control group assignment.
In summary, the results of this pilot study suggest that a yoga program could potentially be a risk reduction option for adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes. Anecdotal comments by study participants revealed that they perceived improvement in their strength, flexibility and balance after practicing yoga. We recommend that future studies involving yoga obtain objective measures of strength, flexibility and/or balance. Moreover, additional research with a larger sample and a longer follow-up for diabetes development is warranted to further evaluate the beneficial effects of yoga practice in this population.
Central Research Development Funds (CRDF) of University of Pittsburgh and the Montefiore Clinical Translational Research Center (MUH-CTRC: NIH/NCRR/CTSA Grant UL1 RR024153).
SOURCE: Yang K, Bernardo LM, Sereika SM, Conroy MB, Balk J, Burke LE. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2009 Aug 18.
When some people think of yoga, they imagine having to stretch like a gymnast. That makes them worry that they're too old, unfit, or "tight" to do yoga.
Excellent post. Yoga is so incredibly complete for all people of all ages and all races. There are more and more studies being done on its effects and thank you for that! But those who have practiced for a long time know its benefits and would never drop out.
I have a few students with type 2 diabetes and most have asked what they could do; the 1st thing is to change one's diet and avoid getting on any drugs (if possible). Through one's nutrition can one change this vicious cycle and get its diabetes under control.
somehow found your blog while searching for a article for a class, but I have to say I'm glad I found it ...will definately subscribe sometime.
somehow stumbled upon your blog while searching for a post for a class, but I have to say I'm thrilled I found it ...will definately subscribe sometime.
somehow stumbled upon your blog while searching for a article for a class, but I have to say I'm glad I found it ...will definately come back sometime.
Appreciating the time and energy you put into your website and in depth information you provide. It's good to come across a blog every once in a while that isn't the same old rehashed information. Fantastic read! I've saved your site and I'm including your RSS feeds to my Google account. | 2019-04-20T03:16:48Z | https://acam.typepad.com/blog/2009/12/utilization-of-3month-yoga-program-for-adults-at-high-risk-for-type-2-diabetes-a-pilot-study.html |
VFC earnings call for the period ending September 29, 2018.
Greetings, and welcome to the VF Corporation Second Quarter 2019 Earnings Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A question-and-answer session will follow the formal presentation. (Operator Instructions) As a reminder, this conference is being recorded.
I would now like to turn the conference over to your host, Mr. Joe Alkire, Vice President of Investor Relations for VF Corporation. Thank you, you may begin.
Joseph Alkire -- Vice President, Investor Relations.
Good morning, and welcome to VF Corporation's second quarter fiscal 2019 earnings call. Participants on today's call will make forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations and are subject to uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. These uncertainties are detailed in documents filed regularly with the SEC.
Unless otherwise noted, amounts referred to on today's call will be on an adjusted, which we define in the press release that was issued this morning. We use adjusted amounts as lead numbers in our discussion because we believe they more accurately represent the true operational performance and underlying results of our business. You may also hear us refer to reported amounts which are in accordance with US GAAP.
Reconciliations of GAAP measures to adjusted amounts can be found in the supplemental financial tables included in the press release, which identify and quantify all excluded items and provide management's view of why this information is useful to investors.
During the first quarter of fiscal 2019, the Company completed the sale of its Nautica brand business. During first quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company completed the sale of its Licensed Sports Group or LSG business. In conjunction with the LSG divestiture, VF executed its plan to exit the licensing business and completed the sale of the assets of the JanSport brand collegiate business in the fourth quarter of 2017. Accordingly, the Company has included the operating results of these businesses in discontinued operations to their respective dates of sale. Unless otherwise noted, results presented on today's call are based on continuing operations.
Joining me on today's call will be VF's Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Steve Rendle, and Chief Financial Officer, Scott Roe. Following our prepared remarks, we'll open the call for questions.
Thank you, Joe, and good morning, everyone.
VF's second quarter results were strong, fueled by the continued acceleration in our core brands and platforms. Our focus and investment in support of our 2021 strategy is driving accelerated growth and value creation across key pillars of our portfolio.
Over the past few months, geopolitical and macroeconomic events have caused increased volatility in the marketplace. I like to take a moment and address how a few of these events are shaping how we think about our business and our consumers. First as it relates to the current trade climate between the US and China, we are closely monitoring the situation and are actively involved in scenario planning.
For context, about 11% of VF's total cost of goods sold come directly to the US from China. By leveraging our global supply chain, we have positioned ourselves to address any additional changes in the overall trade environment with China. And we have the ability to reposition our global sourcing footprint in the near-to-mid term to mitigate the potential negative impact of additional tariffs should they materialize.
Second, with regards to the recent trade agreement between the US, Mexico and Canada, we're pleased with the outcome. For VF, we've retained the most significant benefits we've enjoyed through NAFTA and the impact to our business is expected to be minimal.
And finally, this week one of our US customers filed for bankruptcy. As a reminder, the 2021 financial targets we laid out at our Investor Day in Boston contemplated ongoing industry consolidation and customer bankruptcies in the US market. So, while the customer bankruptcies pressure our results in the short term, there is no impact to the long-term growth outlook for any of our brands.
Regarding the consumer, above average GDP growth, low unemployment and multi-year highs in consumer sentiment are driving strong results in the US market. In China, consumer spending in footwear and apparel remain solid, thus far unfazed by geopolitical rhetoric. And while the performance of our European business has been slightly more volatile the past few months due in part to unusual weather patterns across the continent, we have not seen a meaningful change in the trajectory of our business.
Let's review a few highlights from our second quarter. Revenue increased 6% on an organic basis or 7%, excluding the impact of FX, as our growth engines continued to fuel our results. Our big three brands grew to a combined rate of 11%, with our Vans brand delivering another exceptional quarter, up 26%. Vans revenue growth was strong across all regions, channels and product categories, and importantly, growth also remains well diversified.
Last month, Vans hosted an Investor Day at the brand's headquarters in southern California, where brand leaders outlined a path to $5 billion of revenue by 2023, representing a five-year CAGR between 10% and 12%. Vans' performance will continue to be a key driver of our commitment to deliver top quartile TSR.
Momentum in the North Face brand continues to accelerate, with 5% growth or 7%, excluding the impact of FX. DTC was strong across all regions and our digital business delivered over 35% growth. Strong performance in accessories, seasonal and lifestyle products drove the brand's results.
This fall, the North Face unveiled the retro Nuptse jacket and vest collection, a water resistant, 700 fill down enhanced replica of the original 1996 version. The launch was supported as a key pillar of our new Explorers campaign and was highlighted in our first ever urban brand experience, which sold out in minutes.
The North Face's reenergized product engine is beginning to drive consumer demand as the brand explores innovative ways to connect and engage with consumers. Based on our increased confidence and visibility into the second half, we now expect revenue growth for the North Face to be between 7% and 8%. As a reminder, our updated outlook for the North Face includes a 1-point headwind from FX versus our initial outlook of 6% to 8% growth for the brand in April.
Now looking at total VF on an organic basis. International increased 4% or 7%, excluding the impact of FX. China increased 12%, or 15% constant currency. Direct-to-consumer increased 13% with more than 30% growth in digital. And our Work segment increased 5%, driven by balanced growth across nearly all brands. So now, halfway through the year, we are executing well on our plan in making a significant progress against our 2021 strategy. As a result of our strong performance in the quarter and our increased confidence in the full year, we are raising our revenue and earnings growth outlooks for fiscal 2019, and Scott will cover the details later in the call.
I'd like to take a moment and update you on our recent portfolio actions. In August, we announced a significant milestone in VF's storied history. Our intention to separate VF into two companies via a spin-off of our Jeans business. Since the announcement almost two months ago, our management team, Board of Directors and external advisors have been working diligently toward a target separation date at the end of April 2019. We're pleased with our progress and remain on track with our timeline. We'll have more specific details to share with you over the coming months.
In September, we announced the new location for VF's global headquarters in Denver's lower downtown district. We're excited to co-locate select VF corporate leaders with our Outdoor brands in the Rocky Mountains. We look forward to moving into our new building in fall of 2019.
Earlier this month, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell the Reef brand to the Rockport Group. The transaction is expected to close at the end of October. I like to personally thank the Reef employees for their hard work and dedication to VF throughout the years. The Rockport Group is the appropriate partner to shepherd the Reef brand to its next phase of growth and success.
And finally, the integration processes for Icebreaker, Altra and Williamson-Dickie remain on track. While still early, we are even more optimistic about the long-term growth opportunity for these high-quality assets. This is an extraordinarily exciting time at VF. The actions we're taking continue to advance our journey toward becoming a purpose-led, performance-driven organization focused on and committed to delivering superior returns to shareholders. We're delivering on our commitments and remain sharply focused on the foundation we're setting to position VF for sustainable long-term growth and value creation.
And with that, I'll turn it over to Scott.
Thank, Steve. And good morning, everyone.
Our results for the second quarter were strong and our confidence is high as we enter the fall holiday season. We are executing well against our strategic growth plan. Momentum continues to build across our core growth engines and platforms. And our portfolio is well positioned to deliver sustainable long-term growth and top quartile value creation.
Now let's review our second quarter performance in more detail. Total revenue increased 15% or 6% organically, with balanced growth across our core brands and platforms. Excluding the impact of acquisitions, DTC increased 13%, led by more than 30% growth in digital and double-digit brick and mortar growth, and that's despite fewer stores compared to a year ago. Wholesale increased 3% organically, led by continued strength in international and our digital wholesale partners.
On a regional basis, excluding the impact of acquisitions, growth was balanced, with both US and international up 7% constant currency. Europe remained solid, delivering mid-single-digit growth, while Asia-Pacific increased 7%, including 15% growth in China, excluding the impact of FX. Our non-US Americas business also performed well in the quarter, with 12% growth organically on a constant currency basis.
Our big three brands collectively increased 11%, led by 26% growth in Vans and 7% growth at the North Face, excluding the impact of FX. Revenue growth in our big three brands was balanced globally, with 20% growth in DTC and high-single-digit growth in wholesale. Results for Timberland were muted for the quarter. However, we have visibility to improve performance in the second half of this year and we remain confident in our long-term aspirations for the brand.
Our Work portfolio delivered another strong quarter, with revenue up 5%. Excluding the impact of a customer bankruptcy, Bulwark and Wrangler RIGGS each grew double digits and our Timberland PRO and Red Kap businesses increased at a high-single-digit rate. And on a pro forma basis, Dickies had another strong quarter with revenue growth of 11%.
As expected, our Jeans business had a difficult quarter, compounded by the impact of a customer bankruptcy contributing to a decline of 7%. It's important to note this quarter's results have no impact on our long-term growth and TSR algorithm for this business. As Steve mentioned, the 2021 financial targets we laid out at our Investor Day in Boston contemplated ongoing industry consolidation and customer bankruptcies in the US market. While we anticipated these events in our 2021 plan, it was hard to predict when they would occur. Thus, while we've reduced our current year outlook, there is nothing that we see today that fundamentally changes our view of Wrangler or Lee over the long term.
Moving down to P&L. Gross margin was 50.2%, in line with last year, despite a 70 basis point negative impact from acquisitions. On an organic basis, gross margin increased 70 basis points, driven primarily by mix as our largest and most profitable brands and platforms continue to be our fastest growing.
SG&A as a percentage of revenue declined 50 basis points to 32.6%, including continued investments in our strategic priorities. The acceleration of revenue growth, coupled with our ongoing discipline and focus on cost management, is beginning to drive meaningful leverage and will be a catalyst for earnings growth over the next several years.
EPS increased 19%, or 13% organically, to $1.43 per share.
Given our strong results for the second quarter and our increased confidence and visibility into the second half, we are raising our full year fiscal 2019 outlook as follows. Revenue is now expected to be at least $13.7 billion, reflecting growth of at least 11%. Our updated outlook includes a more than $100 million impact from expected divestitures of the Reef, Van Moer businesses and -- as well as the impact of customer bankruptcy. Our updated outlook now includes 7% to 8% growth at the North Face and 18% to 19% growth at Vans.
Following this through by segment and channel. Outdoor is now anticipated to increase 7% to 8% and Active is now expected to increase 14% to 15%. From a channel perspective, we now expect DTC to increase 12% to 14% for the full year, with more than 30% growth in digital. We now expect Lee to decrease between 3% and 4% and our Jeans segment to decline approximately 1% to 2%, in line of the previously mentioned bankruptcy. There is no change to our Wrangler outlook of a 1% increase this year.
And finally, we are confirming our mid-single-digit organic growth outlook for Work and our international outlook of 12% to 13% growth. We still expect gross margin to be 51%. And now we expect operating margin to increase 80 basis points to about 13.5% due to slightly stronger SG&A leverage. Our outlook for adjusted earnings per share has increased to $3.65, reflecting 16% growth, and this includes the impact of selling Reef, Van Moer and bankruptcies.
Cash flow from operations is now expected to approximate $1.8 billion, with our CapEx forecast unchanged at about $275 million. We remain committed to returning cash to shareholders, and our dividend and share repurchase program are key components of our diversified value creation model. Based on our performance and the confidence we have in the cash generation of both Remainco and Newco, our Board of Directors approved an 11% increase in our quarterly dividend to $0.51 per share. This marks the 46th consecutive year that we've increased our annual dividend.
So to wrap it up, we are pleased with the performance through the first half of this year. We have again raised our full year outlook and we look forward to building on our momentum in the second half. We are sharply focused on executing against our strategic growth plan and positioning our portfolio for sustainable long-term growth and top quartile value creation.
And with that, I'll turn the call back to the operator and open the call for your questions.
Thank you. At this time, we'll be conducting a question-and-answer session. (Operator Instructions) Our first question comes from the line of Alexandra Walvis with Goldman Sachs. Please proceed with your question.
Good morning guys, and thanks for the question. I had a question on the Work business, specifically Williamson-Dickie. You now have that asset for a year and you posted solid profits, some improvements in profitability there. I was wondering how the strategy there had progressed versus the original plan, and how we should expect that to change as we go into year two and beyond.
Yes. This is Steve. I'll start answering your question. So yes, we are a year into our Williamson-Dickie acquisition and integration. We are on track with the integration objectives and the synergies that we saw as part of our diligence. There's a lot that we've learned about this great brand. We knew it -- we knew that it was a strong consumer-focused brand as we went through our diligence process, but what we're finding is that it's anchored so well in the work category, specifically here in the US. But as we've worked with management and begun to understand the consumer response to this brand we're seeing a much stronger work -- lifestyle component anchored in Asia and Europe that we see being able to bring back across the globe. So very much on track. Remain extremely confident about the impact that this brand can have within our integrated market approach for workwear, but even further elevating itself as a strong consumer lifestyle brand anchored in the work category.
Let me just add on, just -- make a broader acquisition comment, but I think it's in the prepared remarks, we said we expect $0.14 contribution from acquisitions, about $0.10 of which will be from the Williamson-Dickie acquisition. And so that's a little bit better than what we had originally said. We're seeing that the synergies, now that we've gotten in, are indeed playing out and maybe a little quicker than we originally anticipated, so all good on the financial side as well.
Great. That's very clear. Thank you. And then a second question was on the Jeans business. You explained that much of the weakness in the business this quarter was driven by a bankruptcy. I was wondering if there was anything that you could share with us on perhaps point of sale trends at your retail partners. How would the brand have been -- or the brands have been performing ex the impact of the bankruptcy? Is there anything that you can share with us, for example, on how those brands are resonating with consumers?
Yes. Let me start just with the number side of your question. This is Scott. So a little bit of perspective. First of all, our Jeans business grew 2% in the first quarter. And when you consider the RIGGS -- Wrangler RIGGS business, which we report in the Work segment, it really grew 3%. If you think about what will be Newco going forward. If you exclude the impact of the bankruptcy which you mentioned in your question, that means through the first half we're down a little more than 1%, maybe 1.5%. We expect in the second half, again, ex the impact of bankruptcy, to be up by about the same amount, so you're talking flat for the year. And really bridging back to Steve's opening comments, as we've thought forward in our Boston plan and as we've thought through the Newco and the spend and the modeling that we've done, we've expected some bad things to happen in this market in terms of bankruptcies, consolidations. So what you should take away is, well, you have this quarter, there's noise in this quarter, but when you zoom out a click and look at the big picture we're in fundamentally the same place that we thought we were in and we really -- this has no impact on how we view these businesses going forward.
And I would just add to that. If you kind of dial back to our time in Boston together and our leader Tom walked everybody through the work that we are currently under way on to really bring these brands together from a global perspective, to move them beyond being incredibly strong channel players in the particular segments, but elevating them to be true lifestyle brands. And the work that's being done is probably most further down the path is at Wrangler, and that's where the underlying business continues to be strong. We see strength in our Western business, in the new modern component, the Outdoor segment that's new and growing very nicely, the Wrangler RIGGS section that's committed to the outdoor or the work consumer, extremely well. But some really good validation points for us is the double-digit growth that we see in our own dotcom and then in the North America digital wholesale up over 30% for the quarter. So these brands are resonating very well with the consumer. We're navigating a changing market dynamic. And I think what I'd ask is just the confidence, doing the -- we're doing the work to position these brands for very good long-term success.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Jim Duffy with Stifel. Please proceed with your question.
Thank you. Good morning, guys. Prepared remarks did well to address a lot of common questions. Thanks for that.
A big picture question on the North Face and then a question on the numbers. For the North Face, the European revenues have been very strong even against double-digit constant currency growth a year ago, presumably a reflection of some of Arne's groundwork. Can you talk about positioning of the brand in Europe, some of the factors contributing to that breakout growth and how that can translate to other markets?
Sure, Jim. I think the brand is absolutely anchored in that core mountain sports category and very committed to making sure that that foundation is strong and that we're bringing the right level of new product innovation and marketing to pull through those key wholesale partners as well as our own store. Where we've seen really nice growth and we've talked about this previously is more of that mountain lifestyle component, the more contemporary logo, sportswear pieces that are taking their influence from that -- the mountain sports category, the influence that that's having on urban exploration component of the line. And what we've seen in Europe is the brand has moved beyond just an outerwear and equipment resource but truly a brand that can deliver lifestyle apparel while being very anchored in that outdoor mountain sports category, and that's exactly what you see taking place in Asia, and more importantly, what we just saw this quarter here in the United States marketplace, where we saw strong sell-through of daypacks, really good lifestyle sportswear and logowear trending extremely well, strong retail sell-throughs setting the brand up for a really strong fall season, where now you come into the wheelhouse of that technical outerwear.
Great. Thanks for that. And then Scott, a lot of moving parts in the business that's likely to continue with that some extraordinary items. Can you just give us a perspective on the criteria you use for defining something as extraordinary just so we can have that in our mind on a go-forward basis?
Sure, Jim. I think pretty straightforward really, right? Nonrecurring, isolated things related to either a specific initiative like the relocation of our offices to Denver or sale of assets transactions that we're going through and the separation then of Jeans. So as you can imagine, there is a lot of fees, costs, et cetera that are incremental to the business that come in when you have these type activities that are nonrecurring in nature. So our goal, I think fairly straightforward, is to try to give a picture of what is the ongoing underlying profitability of the business, excluding these nonrecurring items. So I think in the prepared materials you had a pretty good, both in the press release, there is also a table and also and we've given you some more detail around that. I think it's pretty straightforward and you'll see, and the SEC filings will give you a little bit more on that. I think it'll be pretty straightforward.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Bob Drbul with Guggenheim Securities. Please proceed with your question.
I was wondering if you could spend a little time on the Timberland just in terms of -- on the second half visibility that you spoke to, what you're seeing in the business and I guess just what gives you the confidence in terms of the turn in the business in the second half of the year for you.
Bob, this is Steve. We remain very confident in our Timberland brand. And I think what's giving us that confidence is the work that we're doing to diversify the offer beyond just the classics collection of that core boots. We're seeing momentum in our women's business, continued success in apparel, and most importantly, success in our non-classics footwear, both men's and women's. The PRO category continues to do extremely well and that sets a really strong technical halo for that boots business. So really confident as we look across the product categories. The work we've done in Asia over the last 12 months, the marketing that we're doing with our Tibulang (ph) marketing campaign has shown really strong results and great -- really good selling in our China marketplace. And I guess the last point would be the work that we're doing to build the strong product foundation, the integrated marketplace, merchandising strategy that will allow us to have that diversified approach here in the US market, where we've got the most of work to do. A lot of confidence about -- as we look at that mid-single-digit growth profile on a long-term basis.
Great. And I guess just the second question follow-up would be on the European business, when you look at there's definitely some disparity between the North Face, Vans and Timberland, I guess, and just on the Vans piece of it, can you just talk to what you're seeing in the European market there? Is there a weather impact on Vans or -- I'm just trying to understand that 8% number a little bit better.
Just -- is your question really why it's lower than it was in the previous quarter?
Yes, I mean -- just, I mean -- I guess generally just when you look at Europe across the multiple brands, that one is a little bit lower than the other two big ones.
Yes. So, I'm not sure -- I'll try to address your question. So the thing to remember about Vans in Europe is, first of all 9% is in line with the long-term growth rate of that brand and a great result. Remember what's going on there. The group, and we talked a lot about this in the Investor Day, is really about making sure that we don't get over-torqued in any one particular part of our business, and what we're seeing there is some rationing, frankly, of some of the product as we ensure that not one style or one category gets too much out of balance. But remember, we're still growing double digits and this brand right in line with the long range growth plan. And I think the takeaway you should have is this is solid, sustainable growth that we can build on over the long term. As you think about Europe generally, Steve said it in the prepared remarks, there's some noise, it was -- the weather has been a bit strange there, there's some timing of shipments, but if you look through all that, our Europe business has remained consistent and strong. We don't really see any change in condition. It's not exactly been easy over the last couple years and we read the same things you do, but we haven't seen a material change in the condition of our business in Europe so far.
Bob, I would just reinforce. What you see is just a really strong disciplined approach to how the brand is coming to life across its wholesale partners in support of their DTC, and it's an important part of that 18% to 19% growth that we've given outlook for the balance -- or for this full year.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Erinn Murphy with Piper Jaffray. Please proceed with your question.
Great, thanks. Good morning. Steve, I got a question for you on tariffs. You hit a lot of helpful context upfront, but when you think about the scenario planning, I think it's probably fair to assume the entire industry is doing the same just in case there are another batch of tariffs. Are you seeing any price increases in some of China's neighboring countries thus far as people are moving out of China? And then how are factories in China treating their vendors? Are they trying to make any concessions to keep business on the ground there?
Sure. Great question. To date, Erinn, we have not seen any price increases as our supply chain team looks to manage our global sourcing footprint. It doesn't mean to say that there couldn't, but I think as we work so well with our group of vendors across each of our businesses, we're able to really level set production by country based on where the most favorable tariff situation is for each of those inbound sets of goods. We've not seen anything per se going on in China that would give us any concern that we're not going to be treated well or we're going to be treated better. Again, I think this comes to the strength of our relationships. And we've been working to reduce our exposure to China for many, many years, and where you see us now at 11% for our US imports, we can lever that down if need be or we can maintain it. It's really paying a very close attention to everything that each one of us reads in the news every day and the work that we're doing in Washington with our partners there.
Okay, that's helpful. Thank you. And then just on the demand side of China, you talked about the market still being relatively strong. It did decelerate though just from the first quarter I think with organic growth was 31%, moved down to 15%. I recognize Jeans is a lot softer there, but just curious if you're seeing any other kind of brand callouts in terms of the deceleration, Q1 to Q2, and then any thoughts on how you're approaching Singles Day in that market? Thank you.
So I'll take the first part. Really, Erinn, no change. There is some timing quarter-to-quarter but we don't -- we don't see any change in trajectory in the China business overall.
Right. And then Singles Day, obviously a very important day of selling there. Our teams are very attentive. I think we've learned a lot over the last few years to be very thoughtful around what products are assorted there, making sure that we're supporting it with the proper marketing, but not letting that get too far ahead of us and recognizing that we have a full year opportunity to speak to our consumers and not just a one single day.
Okay. And then, so Scott, just to clarify though on the de-sell on -- you said there was some timing, is the way to think about the kind of underlying run rate of China as you get into the back half is just kind of the average of the first half? Is that how we should think about it?
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Michael Binetti with Credit Suisse. Please proceed with your question.
Hey guys, thanks for taking the questions here. Let me -- Scott, let me ask you on the gross margin for a minute. I think there's more noise here than meets the eye, and I just wanted to ask how much do the softer international revenue growth rate on a reported basis and then plus the bankruptcies and Dickies, how much have those hurt the gross margin in this quarter? And then you look out to 3Q, how those change? I guess, said differently, the core algorithm I think you gave (inaudible) 40 to 50 basis points first half in total was up 35, guidance implies about 30 for the back half, that's below the algorithm, but on organic basis you're up 70 this quarter, so above the algorithm, and you have the Dickies impact rolling off next quarter. I'm just trying to think why that wouldn't accelerate more.
Okay. So let me try, Michael. The -- so let me attack it a little bit differently and see if I answer your question. So if you at Q2, the mix is about 60 basis points, a little better than what we've said over time. And rate has been a bit favorable and that's true to the first half, right. But remember what we've said there, cost is a little favorable in the first half, turns a little unfavorable in the second half and for the year, it's not a material impact. So you'll see a little of that first half, second half dynamic on the cost side. Mix moderates a bit in the second half as well and some of the reasons for that we've talked about. You think about the Vans, we are full year 18%-ish -- 18% to 19% growth implies that in the second half the growth moderates. Again that -- we know that both from a DTC standpoint and just the absolute margins of Vans, that has an impact on the mix. So -- and then lastly, acquisitions in the first half we start lapping WD. So for example, in the second quarter acquisitions was negative 70 bps. As you now get into the second half, acquisitions are essentially a push, actually modestly accretive as you start getting into that lap as Altra and Icebreaker have margins that are at or above VF average. So, again, big picture. You have your mix moderating a bit in the second half for the reasons that we talked about that's implied in the guidance. You have your rate going from a little bit of a tailwind to a little bit of a headwind in the second half, but remember, the big picture there, pricing overall is moderating there. You have a little bit of timing quarter-to-quarter. And then acquisitions, for the full year about 20 bps, essentially all in the first half of the year because as we start lapping in the second half you don't see that effect. I don't know if I got you there, Michael, but hope (multiple speakers).
You almost sound like you're -- sound like you're ready for me there.
Yes, it's almost like we practice the stuff, right?
Well done .Can I just ask one other? I don't know if Mr. Baxter is hanging around, but I just can't think that Jeans demand in Europe really dropped 18% in the quarter out of nowhere. Is there -- I don't know if there's anything strategic going on now that you're looking ahead to that being a separate company or -- maybe you can help us put some context around what went on with Jeans in Europe in the quarter.
Right. So, Scott's not here, though I know he would love to be, for sure. And so what's going on in Europe and certainly Scott mentioned a little bit of the weather impact. And it's not like we've ever talked about warm weather but our denim business in Europe is primarily or predominantly long-bottoms. And as we've come through this warm cycle -- though we come in with good seasonal assortments this year, it was a probably even a stronger need to be well set up with those stronger spring summer assortments than -- where we've historically seen a lot of strength. But I'll tell you there's no change to our long-term fundamental view for this business. And I think it's important to remember that Europe is less than 15% of our total Jeanswear business. We do see consolidation of some key accounts. We closed some doors as we focus on quality within our retail environments, but really no change to our long-term fundamental view for Jeanswear or for our ability to compete well in Europe.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Matthew Boss with JPMorgan. Please proceed with your question.
Thanks, and congrats on a nice quarter.
So if we drill down on the expense front, I guess what's driven the earlier-than-expected inflection to SG&A leverage in the front-half, any change to your back-half leverage outlook and just multi-year plan?
I mean, the honest or the quickest answer to that is the revenue has been a little better in the first half, right and that coupled with discipline and -- on the expense side has driven a little more leverage and that leverage you see is following through to the full year, and one of the reasons why we've taken our guidance up for the full year over the last two quarters. But it's also important to remember that we've said that while we're committed to delivering our earnings we're also looking opportunistically at where we can invest to further our strategic priorities and also set ourselves up for consistent growth in the future. So we have continued to invest -- you shouldn't take from this that we're getting leverage because we're walking away from investment and our strategic priorities. That's not true. But as we see acceleration at top line and that drives leverage, sure some of that's going to come through from a profitability standpoint. I mean, we're looking at mid-teens profit based on this implied guidance, and that's right in line with what we said in Boston. And we're committed to that, and we will continue to deliver it. What you have seen now, Matt, is an inflection point, right. Remember, I mean I'll take you back to Boston. We talked about -- as the top line was accelerating through the first part of our plan, we said we're going to start investing in those key growth drivers. We're now hitting that point where we're seeing both the virtuous cycle of our revenue increasing and while we're not reducing our expenses, they are not growing at the pace of the revenue increase and that means leverage, and that leverage is driving the kind of margin expansion -- operating margin expansion that we expected in our long range plan.
Okay. And then just a follow-up on the -- on Vans. So I guess with the exception of tougher compares in the back half guide, I guess are you seeing any organic signs of slowing at all in your wholesale order books or should we think of this more so embedded moderation in your DTC business in the back half that potentially could prove conservative if things end up a little bit better?
Right. So as expected, and if we talked about that we would start to see some moderation in the growth rates, though I'm not sure that you could really refer to plus 26% as a moderate growth rate. The brand continues to move along the same path that we talked about in the offices recently. The retail store trends remain really strong. I think they've even been pretty consistent that we're in uncharted territory here and it's really hard to call. Common sense would tell you that it might moderate, but I tell you at this point we just haven't seen evidence of that, and that's what's given us confidence to raise our outlook to plus 18%, 19% for the year.
Great. Best of luck, guys.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Laurent Vasilescu with Macquarie Group. Please proceed with your question.
Good morning, and thanks for taking my question. It looks like you raised annual revenue guidance by about $100 million without -- it incorporates a number of factors. Can we assume Reef is a $150 million business? How big is Van Moer and then what's the incremental FX headwinds since 90 days ago? And then lastly, sorry, what's the actual dollar impact from the recent customer bankruptcy?
You kill me, Laurent. All right, so -- see where do I start. So we've talked about 70 basis points to 80 basis points of FX in the last call. We said that's about 100 basis points, you can do the math and figure that I don't know another $30 million or so of currency headwind that is I guess overcome with this raise in guidance. We said about 1 point collectively for the dispositions and the bankruptcy. I'm not going to get into real granular on the bankruptcy but now we shaped this a year ago. We said it was less than $100 million. You can assume it's continued to decline, so it's -- I'll just leave it at that, as well as $100 million. And then the other side of that, you said what's Reef, it's about $150 million annually. But of course, we have roughly half of that or so, a little more I guess in our year -- this year so far. So hopefully that gets you kind of there -- close to there. But I guess maybe what's underneath that question, just to reiterate the point is, we raised our guidance top and bottom line and absorbed a lot of impacts with the disposition of Reef, Van Moer, the currency headwinds, and despite all that we still raised significantly top and bottom line. So hopefully that was evident.
Very helpful. Thank you, Scott. And then inventories, they were up 22% or 17% on an organic basis. What's the inventory growth coming from by brand or by region and how should we think about that number relative to the third quarter's top line growth?
Yes. Just to clarify that, you're still lapping acquisitions. So the organic is 5%, which is pretty much in line with what we see -- that's supporting the forward guidance that we see. So they're -- or stated differently, there's nothing in our inventory that gives us any pause. It's really -- now that we're lapping WD you'll to start to see those, even the absolute nominal inventory growth will be much smaller because frankly Altra and Icebreaker just aren't that large in the scheme of total VF.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Camilo Lyon with Canaccord Genuity.
Thanks. Good morning, guys. How are you?
I wanted to stick in a little deeper on North Face. I think in the slide, it talks about a shift in timing of some of the deliveries, both in the Americas and the APAC region. Could you just talk about how you're seeing the health of the channel unfold and how they -- you've already talked about the increased product innovation. How that's been received well into parts of the world? Could you just drill down and articulate how that unfold here in the US market and how you expect that to play out for the season? And then I've got a follow-up.
Yes, Camilo, I'll start just to clarify that timing. So retail calendars of some of our biggest customers have shifted. That, coupled with the general trend of demand and shipments generally moving to the right, we've seen some shift from -- between two quarters moving a little bit later. So we'll see relatively higher growth next quarter in the North Face as that shift impacted the current quarter. So all we're saying is when you normalize for that we see even greater strength looking forward. And as you know, this is a pre-book business, largely on the wholesale side. We have really at this point really good visibility to the order book and that, coupled with the actions over the last couple of years that we've been talking about around cleaning the inventory, marketplaces, et cetera, so we're coming into this season in a historically relatively clean environment. That, coupled with our visibility to the early performance and the order book that we see, gives us the confidence to raise for the year.
Right, and then, Camilo, the things going on in Asia, I'd probably pull you up a click and just look holistically across the globe for the North Face. I mean, that's been a very methodical process to reposition this brand to its rightful place, anchoring first in mountain sports, which gives the brand permission to come to life in urban exploration. The things that you see in the marketplace right now, the campaign around the icons, starting with the Mountain jacket last month, the Nuptse jacket this month and really celebrating the storied history of this powerful brand, taking a very kind of new, fresh approach in its demand creation, starting first with The Wall, they're meant for climbing, very inclusive and really celebrating the diversity of the outdoor marketplace and anchoring that invitation to explore through the lens of the North Face point of view. So really strong focus on product. As we've talked about, the demand creation now coming in line to support the season's initiatives, and what's really positive is the marketplace across here in the US, Europe and Asia is clean, allowing us the opportunity to get these new assortments and these new seasonally relevant assortments into retail and using that new energy of the product to elevate the brand and really return this brand to its rightful leadership position.
Got it. Thanks for that. And then my follow-up had to do with the 50 basis points of incremental strategic investments in the quarter. You've done it in the past. It's worked out well. I was hoping to get some color on where did this incremental $20 million or so go into? What brand did it go to? What form? Was it digital? Was it innovation? And maybe if could go back to the last time you did -- I think it was last year, where -- when did you see the effect of that, the benefits of that materialize and I would assume that this is -- these are investments that will lead to continued growth in over the next 12 months to 18 months. Is that's the right way to think about these investments and how they play out?
Yes. I would think of it more as a flywheel. We laid out the -- and undeclared I think pretty specifically what those areas we were going to invest in and were continuing to invest in. And when I say opportunistically, things like demand creation. If we have -- there are times when we want to lean in a little heavier based on what we see as an opportunity, but those areas of investment really aren't changed. Digital, holistically, analytics, insights, our DTC broadly, in terms of capabilities in brick and mortar as well as in the digital and how those work together. I mean, these are the areas where we're focusing our investment. So I wouldn't say what we're doing now is just a specific finite amount of time for the payback. We're looking at this as developing consistent defendable points of difference over a period of time. And we will sustain that investment at a certain level. What my comments again on opportunistic -- typically are more around specific initiatives where we see an opportunity to really lean in and accelerate.
Without specific to one or a small handful of brands?
I didn't make that distinction, but I think it's consistent with the way that we've talked. I mean typically you're going to see a disproportionate amount of investment in our largest franchises as well as China, which we've declared as one of our strategic priorities.
But, Camilo, to add -- the platform investments, the true enablers that sit -- and the backbone of our model, are there for all of our brands to be able to leverage. You might see us initiate some of the work, for example, our loyalty program, the work that Vans and North Face are doing, certainly they're the tip of the spear, but this work is done from a broader based foundation for the entire portfolio to benefit from.
And just trying to back -- it's a great point that Steve makes, and that's one of the reasons we see leverage, right, so as we can invest. It would be hard for any one of these brands individually to be able to afford these kind of investments, but by doing it on a VF level as a platform, then we can get leverage of those investments across the broader portfolio.
Got it. It sounds great. Good luck, guys.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of Jonathan Komp with Robert W. Baird. Please proceed with your question.
Hi, thank you. Scott, I wanted to first just clarify if I could on the acquisition benefit this year I think you said $0.14 to earnings. If I can clarify that, and maybe just ask what's behind that thinking in the second half? I think you already delivered $0.12 in the first two quarters, so any additional perspective there?
What's your point? I'm not sure what you mean by that. Now remember, we're not -- but the first half is non-comp. So of course, you're going to have the majority of that incremental benefit in the first half. So, yes, you're right, it sends a couple of pennies for the balance of the year is our expectation, but that is largely -- well, it's all Altra and Icebreaker, which are less profitable relative to total VF, right?
And since we don't fully know the seasonality of this business -- of these businesses all that well, the $0.08 in Q2, is there anything unique in that figure?
No. Okay, remember, there's two things going on, right. You're delivering just the non-comp earnings and then underneath that, you've got the synergies that are being delivered over the next -- predominantly over the next couple of years. So there's really two things going on which are driving these earnings. So another way of saying why did we take up our acquisition contribution from one quarter ago, we're seeing some of those synergies a little earlier than we had anticipated.
Got it. That's helpful. I wanted to ask a broader question then. I'm going back to North Face, and really stemming from the newer disclosures around the Outdoor versus Active segments, and if I look more on a trailing 12-month basis, the Outdoor segment margin is quite a bit below Active and I think in the low teens in terms of the margin rate for the Outdoor. Just wanted to ask, I assume North Face and Timberland have contributed to kind of a lower margin than we may have expected previously. And I wanted to get some thoughts on the outlook there and your ability to become more profitable, especially at the North Face going forward.
Yes. So there is no doubt, we can and will be more profitable in this segment, first of all. I just put a little historical context here. If you go back a couple of years, as we've really focused on quality of sales, cleaning up the marketplace and reducing the discounting of price, we've walked some volume. We have not seen the kind of leverage we've typically seen and we've also been investing in the future of these businesses. So if you think about where they are now compared to historic capability -- and what we see is the future capability. We see a lot of room to run here over time. The other thing I would say is the North Face, within that is relatively more advanced, right. And it is more profitable and more -- and contributing more. Think about Timberland, as we've said consistently, couple years behind in terms of its evolution. So I -- as you look forward, I would think this category continuing to grow both from top line and leverage as well as margin expansion. And you should think about the North Face being slightly ahead of Timberland in terms of its profitability evolution.
Understood. That's helpful. Thank you.
Thank you. Our next question comes from the line of John Kernan with Cowen and Company. Please proceed with your question.
Good morning, guys. Thanks for taking my question. My question is already answered. Just wanted to go back to Vans, and what your outlook is for specific franchises within Vans as we kind of go through the back half of the year, Old Skool has obviously had fairly incredible growth. I know it's only 25% of sales, but when you look at the franchises within Vans, where do you expect the most growth to come from that's embedded in the outlook for the back half? Thank you.
Yes. So maybe I'll start with that. You're right, Old Skool is about, actually less than 25% of the total franchise. And if you go back to the -- probably the best way to answer that it would be to refer you back to the Investor Day materials where I think we unpacked that reasonably well, talking about the different franchises. But I'll give you the short answer to that. As we see broad based growth, and we always within this brand, see certain franchises that are trending in a little higher than others, but over time that's kind of the point, right. It's not just one thing, there's a product life cycle management which shows as one is relatively stronger within where you're moderating in another areas and over time, we've seen this engine continue to consistently deliver. For example, apparel which is only about 20% of the entire Vans, is growing at a rate faster than the total brand growth, right. So you should think of this as being very broad based and not really driven by just one franchise.
And I think specifically in the footwear area, as you come into this time of year, this is where you'll see that MTE collection that we spoke about more of the water resistant, more winterized versions of not just Classics, but you also see the Altra series continue to grow in its importance and scale. And then I think that the brand did a really good job talking about their whole focus on newness and being able to cycle new ideas through their DTC platform to find those next big levers of growth. Everything that they laid out really is just, they'll be very methodical and maintain the rigor to keep that discipline in place.
That's excellent. Thanks. And then my final question, just to keep it within the Active segment. Just on the outlook for operating margin within that segment as we go through the back half of the year, it's obviously up very significantly in the first half of this year on the top line growth. How should we think about that profitability in that segment as we head into the back half of the year?
Yes, really -- the impact there is mostly Vans, which is the largest property within that. And as we said, our guidance implies moderation in the second half, so you should assume that profit will moderate in the second half in that category as well. Still growing, but not quite as fast as first half.
That's great. Thanks, guys. Best of luck.
Thank you. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. We have come to the end of our time allowed for questions. I'd like to turn the floor back to Mr. Rendle for any further comments.
Great, thank you. I hope you can take away from the call here, we're really pleased with our performance through the first half of this fiscal year. Continued strength of our Active businesses and the building momentum across Outdoor and Work segments is giving us confidence that we'll deliver on our improved outlook for the balance of this year. I'd leave you with -- we are sharply focused on executing against our strategic growth plan and positioning our portfolio of powerful brands for sustainable long-term growth and strong value creation. So thank you for giving us time today. We look forward to talking to you in a couple months. | 2019-04-25T06:56:42Z | https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2018/10/19/vf-corp-vfc-q2-2019-earnings-conference-call-trans.aspx |
All games are double headers. All games played at Jones Field, 461 Jones St. Hubbard, Ohio.
Thunder Elite 03 finished Runner-up at May Mayhem in Rootstown, Ohio May 19-20. The team played very good ball all weekend despite being short-handed with many missing players due to the Ohio High school season and other school functions. Being able to make it to the championship game was no small task with a small roster, three subs, two pitchers on Saturday, and 1 catcher for the entire weekend. The team went undefeated in pool play giving up just 3 runs. To make the finals we had a thrilling 10-9 victory in ITB where the girls fought back from a 3 run deficit in the last inning to tie with a 2-out steal of home...and then winning in extra innings with a 2-out, 2-run single for the win. We have a lot of work to do to get ready for the upcoming tournament season and this was a nice tune-up for us as we come back together as a full team. Our offense looks very impressive and our very small pitching staff will have A LOT of innings ahead of them this season.
Thunder Elite 03 finished up their 2017 outdoor season with a Final 4 finish in the WFC World Series at Myrtle Beach, SC August 1 -- 5. Despite a challenging pool play schedule where the team played the eventual #1, 2, 4, and 5 seeded teams, the team still finished 2-2 in pool play and entered elimination as a low #10 seed. Our girls fought their way to the Final 4 with wins over #4, 5, and 7 seeds and a HUGE 7-5 upset of #2 seed from Virginia. They played all week with strong defense and pitching along with potent hitting. Unfortunately their week came to an end after a disappointing 5-3 loss to West Virginia where multiple scoring opportunities were missed stranding 10 runners on base.
The team now turns its sights to next season and will be playing in the Thunder Elite Fall Ball league and an invitation to the '03 Friendlies in Toledo this October.
Thunder Elite 03 had a super weekend going 6-1 and Winning the 14u championship at the Starzz Invitational ASA ENQ in Willoughby, Ohio June 9-11. The girls overcame the heat and won four straight games on Sunday, including a one-run victory over the Erie Frost and an ITB thriller vs. the Starzz 02. To claim the title, Thunder Elite 03 had to face the SPC Hotsox 14u in the finals...a team they lost to Friday evening to begin pool play. The girls came out early scoring 5 times in the top of the 1st and held on to win the 7 inning scorcher 6-2. This was a total team effort with EVERY player contributing to the team's performance. This win is a big lift to our team that has dealt with a number of hiccups this spring enduring missing players due to schedule conflicts, many substitute players, injuries, and foul weather. It was great seeing this team firing on all cylinders...they are an exciting group to watch.
The players of Thunder Elite 03 are athletes from Northeast Ohio and Western PA from the 2003 birth year. Pictured above are Amelia Timko (Brunswick) Grace Crown (Maplewood), Abbey Nay (Maplewood), Clutch Ventura (Maplewood), Sierra Williams (Lakeview PA), Mackenzie Herman (Reynolds PA), Sam Holden (St. Christine's Youngstown), Haley Croyle (Hubbard), Elyssa Molody (Austintown), Lexi Najdusak (Hubbard), and Chloe Howlett (Westlake).
Thunder Elite 03 had a productive weekend at the Streak Summer Bash PGF in Canfield Ohio making the Semi-finals and finishing with a 3-1-1 record. The team was the last 03 team left in the tournament, making the final four against three, very strong 02 teams. Despite rain cutting pool play short, the team had a very consistent offensive attack and demonstrated strong defense all weekend. Their next tournament is the Perfect Storm in Youngstown June 2-4.
2-0 at the 2017 Thunder Elite 03 Friendlies. Great Job Ladies!
Thunder Elite 03 wrapped up their 2016 outdoor tournament season by going 4-1 at the All Sanctioned World Series in Columbus, Ohio on July 28-31. The team finished their outdoor tournament season with a 33-12 record. The team also participated in the Winter Spano Tournament, the 03 Friendlies in Toledo, the Thunder Elite Friendlies in Rootstown, and a 6-2 record at Laser Nation in Columbus. The team is made up of girls from northeast Ohio and western PA from the 03 birth year. Pictured above are: Jordan Cholley, Bailee Beasom, Clutch Ventura, Abbey Nay, Lexi Najdusak, Sam Holden, Grace Crown, Ashley Deans, Sierra Williams, Mackenzie Herman, and Haley Croyle.
03 will return for 2017 as a 13u team and looks forward to working, and devleoping into better ballplayers. 03 will be holding its tryouts on Friday, August 5 from 6-9 pm and Saturday, August 6 from 1-4pm at Liberty park. You can find more information on the Tryouts link. If your have an interest in trying out please contact Coach Nay to discuss team needs.
Thunder Elite 03 just completed a very successful weekend at Laser Nation in Columbus Ohio. The team went 6-2 on the weekend with three, 1 run victories and coming from behind for another 3 wins. The team continues to improve each week and their participation in the three, very challenging friendlies early in the season has really elevated their level of play. On the season the team is 18-13 overall and 17-5 in outdoor tournaments. This includes many games against Ohio OFC Top 10 Teams along with numerous games against top teams from Indiana, Michigan, PA, WVA, and Kentucky. The girls will be back in action June 25-26 at Sluggers Summer Bash in New Middletown, Ohio. The above picture was taken before game 6 at Laser Nation and it includes; Clutch Ventura, Jordan Cholley, Ashley Deans, Bailee Beasom, Grace Crown, Sierra Williams, Mackenzie Herman, Sam Holden, Haley Croyle, Lexi Najdusak, and Abbey Nay.
Thunder Elite 03 competed in the indoor Spano Tournament the weekend of Feb 19-21 against an impressive 20 team field of 12u teams. This was our team's first competitive play since November as all of our players are in multiple school sports. The girls played super from the 1st game and wound up claiming the #1 seed from our pool. Unfortunately our Sunday ended early with a disappointing loss ending our weekend with a 3-1 record. Thunder Elite 03 will continue to work at our indoor facility in Youngstown and will participate in a number of 12u friendlies before our 1st outdoor tournament, YTown Mayhem, April 23-24. Thunder Elite 03 is made up of 2003 birth-year girls from north-east Ohio and western PA. The picture above was taken at Spano. The players are Lexi Najdusak, Haley Croyle, Jordan Cholley, Sierra Williams, Mackenzie Herman, Bailee Beasom, Ashley Deans, Grace Crown, Clutch Ventura, Abbey Nay, and Sam Holden.
Thunder Elite 03 had a good weekend in Boardman, Ohio at the Lady Spartan ASA ENQ. The team went 3-1-1 with nice games against the Blast Mason, Xplosion, and Streak 02. Our lone loss on the weekend was in the semi-finals to the eventual tournament champion Ohio Lightning Gold. Overall the team played well and it was nice to see the bats come alive against some of the older 12u teams in attendance. Our season record now stands at 21-9-2 as we get ready for another ASA ENQ at Liberty Blazing Bats July 17-19. After this weekend we will be gearing up for our World Series appearance in Columbus Ohio at the end of July.
Thunder Elite 03 will be in Willoughby Ohio this weekend for the Reach For The Starzz ASA Qualifier. So far Thunder Elite '03 has enjoyed a successful season for being such a young team in the 12u division. We have an overall record of 16-7-1 in tournament play which includes winning three consecutive #1 seeds. The team has displayed consistent improvement with its hitting and defense along with the pitchers who continue to grow each game. We had a great weekend in Sandusky at the Coaster Classic where our only two losses on the weekend were to the OFC Top 10 Cincy Doom 02 and the eventual tournament champion, Wildcats, by a score of 3-1.
Thunder Elite 03 spent an exciting weekend in Toledo playing in the 03 Friendlies sponsored by the Wizards. An impressive list of teams attended this eight team friendly and our girls were honored by the invitation to play amongst some of the best 03 teams in the state of Ohio. Along with Thunder Elite 03 was Wizards 03, Stingrays 03, Sundogs 03, Lasers Black, Outlaws 03, Central Ohio Vipers 03, and the Lady Knights 03. In the Thunder Elite Y-Town Mayhem early-bird tournament on April 25-26 we went 3-2 with wins against XFactor, Disruption (PA) and the Jackson Royals. Our two losses came against the eventual 12u finalists Pittsburgh Spirit Gold and a 7-5 loss to the Wolfpack 02. Next week the team will be playing in the Diamond Dogs Classic in Peninsula Ohio. The picture above was taken in Toledo. (front row) Clutch Ventura, Abbey Nay, Lexi Najdusak, Emily Holland, Grace Crown, (back row) Savanna Eggens, Sydney Bowser, Emily Filicky, Maddie Stein, Mackenzie Herman, and Bailee Beasom.
Thunder Elite 03 continues to work and prepare for their 2015 outdoor tournament season. The team had recently been invited to the 12u Friendlies at the Akron Spano Dome on March 28 and had a super time playing against some very strong 12u teams. Pictured above are (front row) Bailee Beasom, Emily Holland, Lexi Najdusak, Clutch Ventura, Abbey Nay. (back row) Sydney Bowser, Emily Filicky, Maddie Stein, Savanna Eggens, Grace Crown, Mackenzie Herman.
Thunder Elite 03 is having a productive winter season as they prepare for their 2015 outdoor tournament season. The team has maintained a consistent workout routine at their separate indoor facilities in Youngstown and Niles and have committed to individual sessions for the hitters, pitchers, and catchers. For 2015, Thunder Elite 03 has been invited to participate in the 12u Friendlies at The Akron Spano Dome on March 28th and are excited to be playing in the '03 Friendlies in Toledo on May 2 where many of the top 11 year old teams in Ohio will be in attendance.
Thunder Elite 10u finished 4-2 at the North American World Series in Columbus, Ohio July 25-27, capping off a very successful 2014 outdoor season for this group of girls. 10u was a very hard working team and it reflected in their 2014 accomplishments finishing with a 32-16 record, including 3 tournament victories and 2 second place finishes. They played a challenging schedule this season and was able to amass an impressive list of accolades such as a 5th place finish at The Spano Dome Spring Tournament, attended Stingrays at Ohio State, OFC Team of the Week for week 2, and was consistently ranked in the top 10 of OFC’s statewide 10u coaches poll. We will now take a couple weeks off before holding our organizational tryouts on August 9th from noon to 2pm and August 16th from 10am to noon. All positions are open for competitive tryouts. If your 03 daughter is interested in being part of a strong team at 11u, please contact Coach Nay with inquiries or consideration for a private tryout.
Thunder Elite finished in 2nd place at Sluggers Summer Bash ASA ENQ the weekend of June 21-22 in New Middletown Ohio. The team’s 2014 outdoor record now stands at 27-10 including three tournament championships and two second place finishes! 2014 has been a very good year for this team as they now begin to prepare for an exciting July in Columbus Ohio. The team will be playing at Stingrays on July 11-13 and the North American World Series July 26-29. The picture above was taken at historic Firestone Stadium where our girls had the privilege of playing their opening game of the Akron Summer Slam, June 14-15, against the Ohio Starz. Pictured are Grace Crown, Lexie Drake, Olivia Zigarovich, Hannah Thomas, Grace Schultz, Billie Miller, Clutch Ventura, Abbey Nay, Emily Holland, and Raegan Schick.
weekend and will be back in action June 14-15 at the Akron Summer Slam I.
Thunder Elite 10u had a super Mother’s Day weekend in Peninsula, Ohio by claiming the tournament championship in the 2014 Diamond Dogs Classic! Our girls went 5-1 for the weekend against the 10 team field, winning three games on Sunday, including the championship game against ROC Elite 10-2. Our 2014 outdoor record now stands at 14-2. This is our team’s 3rd tournament victory in as many attempts in outdoor tournaments. Pictured above are (bottom row) Abbey Nay, Olivia Zigarovich, (top row) Grace Schultz, Emily Holland, Raegan Schick, Hannah Thomas, Lexie Drake, Billie Miller, Grace Crown, Clutch Ventura. The team will be off this week and will be preparing for their next tournament, The Maple Leaf, in Middlefield Ohio May 24-25.
Thunder Elite 10u ventured into neighboring Pennsylvania on May 3-4 and won The Spring Open, NSA WSQ. Our team went 5-0 on the weekend and won the championship game by defeating the Silvercreek Starz 9-1. Other quality wins against the 7 team field were ROC Elite, UC Ice, and the Pittsburgh Roadrunners. This is our second outdoor tournament championship in as many tries for 2014 as this young team continues to improve each week. The team’s 2014 outdoor record now stands at 9-1. With this victory Thunder Elite 10u has qualified for the NSA World Series in Spartanburg SC. Our next tournament is The Diamond Dog Classic NSA WSQ in Peninsula, Ohio May 10-11. Good Luck Girls!
Thunder Elite 10u is off to an exciting start to their 2014 outdoor season! Our team earned this year's first outdoor tournament championship by winning the YTown Mayhem, in Youngstown, Ohio April 26-27! The team finished the weekend at 4-1 and claimed the 1st place trophy by defeating a strong, well coached Diamondbacks team 8-3 in the final. The team's performance showed how their winter preparation has payed off as their bats, defense, and pitching were solid all weekend. Next up for our girls is The Spring Open, NSA WSQ in Hermitage PA. May 3-4. Good Luck TE10u!
Thunder Elite 10u continues to prepare for the 2014 tournament season with our weekly hitting, glove work, and weekend scrimmages at YSU's WATTS Center. We completed an exciting weekend at the Spano Tournament on March 1st-2nd where twenty of the top 10u teams in Ohio and surrounding states competed at Akron's Spano Dome. It was great to see our team finish in the elite 8 losing to the eventual Spano champion, Ohio Storm 03 by a score of 5-0. Other tough games at Spano included the Pittsburgh Nitro, Ohio Ice Orange, and The Diamondbacks. Thunder Elite 10u is made up of 9-10 yr. old girls from Trumbull County in northeast Ohio. Thunder Elite 10u is a very hard working team and the coaches and parents are very proud of each player as they work towards the 2014 tournament season.
The Thunder Elite 10u girls finished runners up in Hope's Turn at Bat in Mayfield, Ohio July 20-21 as they begin to wind down a very successful year for this young team. Their 2013 outdoor record now stands at 29-15 including 3 number one seeds, four second place finishes, and one championship in tournament play! Along with their solid performance the team has earned a reputation as a gritty, scrappy club that plays fundamental defense and pressures other teams with an aggressive offensive attack. They are a lot of fun to watch! This team was entirely made up with first-year travel players but they held their own against a number of top 10 teams and bigger, more experienced clubs. We can't wait for next year to begin as we continue to demonstrate the high standards of teamwork, sportsmanship, and fundamental play Thunder Elite Fastpitch is known for in Ohio and the region.
What a great weekend for our 10u girls. They won their first tournament, claiming The Nailbiter NSA WSQ with a decisive 15-2 vicotry over Twisters Fastpitch on July 14. The team went 4-1 on the weekend as the offense erupted for 66 runs on 58 hits. We all knew it was only a matter of time that this young team would claim a championship as they all have worked hard all year and improved in every facet of their game. With their championship win, the team received a bid to attend the NSA World Series in Chattanooga TN. Their outdoor record now stands at 26-13 with one last tournament to go at Hope's Turn at Bat on July 20-21. Great Job Girls!
Thunder Elite 10u finished in 2nd place at Sluggers Summer Bash in New Middletown Ohio June 21-24. Despite a 1-2 record in pool play the team put together two big wins on Sunday to make the championship game against Valley Extreme. The girls battled for 13 innings before losing 7-6 in an epic, three hour game in 90 degree weather. They never quit! What a great effort from this young team!
Thunder Elite 10u finished 2nd place at the Willoughby Starzz Invitational June 8-9. The team was 5-1 on the weekend going 3-0 in pool play claiming their third consecutive #1 seed. Our young team played a hard-fought championship game losing 7-5 to the Outlaws. This weekend’s performance improves our record to 19-9 on the season including three #1 seeds and two 2nd place finishes. Pictured above are (front) Grace Crown, Desi Allen. (Middle) Raegan Schick, Alayna Sines, Abbey Nay, Clutch Ventura. (Back Row) Kylie Konwalski, Morgan Sigley, Kylee Sheely, Hannah Thomas.
Thunder Elite 10u finished in 2nd place at the 2013 Perfect Storm Tournament June 1-2. The team went 3-0 in pool play and entered Sunday at the #1 seed. This strong showing continues a steady path of improvement for this very young team as its record stands at 14-8, including two #1 seeds in 2013 tournaments. Members of the team are (front row) Raegan Schick, Grace Crown, Abbey Nay, Desi Allen, Clutch Ventura. (Back row) Kylee Sheely, Kylie Konwalski, Alayna Sines, Morgan Sigley, Hannah Thomas. | 2019-04-21T07:07:51Z | http://thunderelitefastpitch.com/teams/18u03.html |
12 Krab self-propelled howitzers are ready to be handed off to the military. These vehicles are going to be a part of the first series manufactured Regina squadron fire module element. According to the contract concluded in December 2016, HSW is to deliver this module (DMO - Dywizjonowy Moduł Ogniowy) until the end of 2019. It has been planned that the first battery consisting of 8 vehicles shall be delivered in 2018.
Krab howitzers have been readied to be sent to the customer at the HSW S.A. facility, along with the auxiliary command, command-staff, recovery and ammunition carrier vehicles. All of the platforms listed here would constitute the equipment of the first battery that is going to become a part of the first series manufactured Regina module. The quantity of vehicles is higher than envisaged by the schedule of the deliveries. Even though 12 Krab howitzers are ready, the schedule assumes that the first battery consisting of 8 platforms would be delivered to the military by the end of this year.
The above description depicts the manufacturer’s delivery readiness best, with regards to the equipment that has been manufactured over the period of 2 years, starting from the moment when the contract concerning the deliveries was signed back in December 2018. The contract in question, with its value exceeding PLNN 4.5 billion, concerns delivery of four complete Regina DMO elements. Each of these units includes: 24 Krab armoured 155 mm self-propelled tracked howitzers, DMO commander staff-command vehicle (WDSz), DMO chief of staff staff-command vehicle (WDSz), 3 command vehicles for the battery commander (WD), 6 command vehicles for the fire platoon commander (WD), all based on the HSW-designed and -manufactured LPG tracked platform, along with 6 ammunition carriers (WA) and 1 electronics/armament workshop vehicle (WRUE) - all based on the wheeled Jelcz platforms.
The aforesaid configuration is somewhat imposed by the 155 mm self-propelled artillery squadron structure adopted by the Polish Army’s artillery component, assuming that a squadron includes three batteries consisting of 2 fire platoons each, with a single platoon involving 4 Krab sphs. It has been assumed that each of the batteries and each of the platoons shall also have a command vehicle at their disposal. Outside the framework of the contract signed with HSW S.A. the military may also gradually procure other elements of the squadron, such as the vehicle that is to be used by the liaison officer or reconnaissance elements.
The contract concluded in December 2016 results from the fact that HSW met the conditions of the agreement that concerned delivery of so called “introductory” 155 mm self-propelled howitzers Squadron Fire Module unit. 11th “Mazurski” Artillery Regiment based in Węgorzewo has formally been the user of this equipment since August 2017, when the last deliveries were finalized. Since then, the equipment has been used by artillerymen. The process of implementation also includes development of operational norms and rules of tactical use. The manufacturer makes use of the remarks and experience gathered by the user to refine the series manufactured product. Thanks to the fact that the manufacturer of the ammunition (ZM Dezamet Nowa Dęba) could use Krabs borrowed from the military, the entity might have and still may carry out R&D effort with regards to 155 mm artillery rounds. The ammunition is going through a staged “polonization” process, with each of the stages being certified. Similar capacity also remains at hand of the Mesko facility working on precision guided rounds for Kryl and Krab systems.
Noteworthy, the programme initiated back in 1999, by conclusion of a license agreement concerning the state of the art turret systems derived from the AS90/52 sph developed in Great Britain, has gone through some turbulent periods. This included programme suspension and a real threat of closure. Ultimately, an agreement concluded on 12th May 2008, by and between the Arms Policy Department of the Polish Ministry of Defence and the Military Manufacturing Centre of the HSW, with a term of three years, became a basis for resuscitation of the programme. This made it possible to finalize the process related to introduction of the 8-cannon “implementation-stage” fire module delivered to the military in late-2012. To introduce the Krab platform fully, there were still issues related to the chassis reliability left to be resolved. Regina programme has been ultimately brought up to speed in December 2014, coming onto a straight. A Gordian knot related to the quality problems related to the Polish chassis delivered by a cooperating body was cut back then. In 2015 a Polish version of the Korean K9 platform was presented and handed off for a test programme.
The positive results of the test programme, involving a howitzer configured like that, made it possible to begin the integration process with regards to the platforms procured in Korea, so that they would comply with the Polish requirements. Also, the turrets could have been finally put onto the chassis at the time. Furthermore, chassis platforms of 8 Krab howitzers of the “implementation” module have also been replaced. These vehicles were intensely used in the military/operational test programme, aimed at developing the design and crew training. The programme was taking place at the Artillery and Armament Training Centre in the city of Thorn.
HSW S.A., simultaneously with manufacturing the “implementation” DMO unit, also began a convoluted process through which production license documentation concerning the K9PL platform was being transferred. This also included creation of a cooperative chain, preparation of manufacturing and designing technology, and of the process in which production equipment was being created. The whole effort also involved staff training and investments made in Stalowa Wola, with regards to the launch of the manufacturing process. The most spectacular of the investments made is the finalization of construction works concerning a new 3.5 thousand square meters production hall. The hall is destined to host a robotized welding facility, X-ray defectoscopy station and a multifunctional machining centre, the purpose of which would be to mechanically machine the armoured steel vehicle hulls. All of the aforesaid systems make it possible to conduct welding processes and machine the K9PL large volume hulls at the top level of quality. Also, it is expected that hulls of other armoured vehicles could be manufactured here. This especially applies to the new amphibious IFV also known as a part of an R&D initiative codenamed Borsuk [Badger].
At the moment the new facility is being equipped with new process-related equipment. This should end in 2019, and the hardware is going to be consistently launched, as finalization of the set-up progresses. The investment value exceeds PLN 40 million. Robotised welding stations have already been installed within the existing manufacturing infrastructure. They are going to be used to manufacture turrets, and also for training purposes. All of the above is viewed as an unprecedented technological revolution, at HSW and for the whole PGZ Group as well. Earlier on, a similar revolution, that also radically expanded the expertise of PGZ and HSW, came in a form of expansion and modernization of the barrel manufacturing facility.
We need 2-3 more years so that HSW S.A. finalizes the process of transformation and filling in the gaps of the past. Thanks to an in-depth verification of the business processes, the company brings profit. Throughout the last year we have invested several million zlotys in modernization. Machines and hardware costing another several million zlotys wait for delivery. I assume that our experiences gathered when implementing the model of efficiency improvement and development would be utilized by other companies of our Captial Group, making it possible to fully utilize its potential. We will eagerly, by completing our tasks, share the experience of ours.
Jacek Kosiński, member of the board and financial director at HSW S.A.
In parallel to the equipping effort, the initial phase of production launch is taking place, with regards to the K9PL chassis.
According to the agreements made between HSW S.A. and Hanwha Techwin and the Polish Ministry of Defence, the chassis platforms for the first Regina module that is operated by the 11th “Mazurski” Artillery Regiment, have all been fully manufactured at the Korean factory and delivered to HSW as a readymade product. Also some of the platforms destined to be used in the first of the series manufactured modules were delivered in a readymade form to Stalowa Wola. However, the next lot arrived in Poland as kits, ready to be assembled. They were used to train the HSW employees with regards to the assembly process.
The training and instruction phase of the said process involved the Korean specialists, as, according to the agreement concluded in 2014, the licensor obliged himself not only to deliver the technical documentation as Hanwha Techwin is also obliged to train the HSW employees who will be working on the K9PL manufacturing process. The Korean entity also transferred a right to manufacture and export the chassis and products based on that platform to HSW. Moreover, HSW may redesign the K9PL platform so that it may act for other purposes (e.g. as carriers for specialist weapons systems or engineering platforms, this includes missile launchers or mobile bridges).
The process through which the Krab manufacturing is being tamed is fairly advanced now. At the moment HSW has 24 howitzer chassis platforms ready for the first series manufactured Regina DMO unit - which in fact is the second element of this kind. 12 out of the platforms have already attained the form of the Krab systems that now only wait for being handed off. Another 12 examples are being readied for integration with turret systems the production of which is in its final stages. According to the delivery schedule, HSW is to hand off this complete Regina DMO unit by the end of 2019.
HSW, regardless of the implemented developmental projects and expansion and modernization of its potential, which entails major investments, meets its obligations and commitments made for the military and stemming from contracts in a good and timely manner. We are ready to talk to the Polish Ministry of Defence at any time, with regards to potential extension of the Krab howitzer manufacturing series; same applies to all components of the Regina squadron fire modules.
Having the platforms delivery secured, with regards to the howitzers scheduled to be handed off to the Polish military throughout the year 2019, HSW feels no pressure to rapidly implement production of high quantities of elements and components of the chassis at other PGZ facilities. The work on actual taking over of all of the production stages is ongoing and proceeds in a systematic manner, so that the first Krab battery manufactured fully in Poland is delivered to the military in 2020.
Several months have been given to HSW and PGZ to implement and adopt the production processes completely. It is also a good moment to develop solutions that would make it possible to significantly diminish the cost associated with manufacturing. The time in question is already being used to master the manufacturing process, on the basis of stages and schedule arranged with the licensor. The accuracy of timing has been brought down to the level of weeks. HSW itself is working on manufacturing of a number of different K9PL parts and components for the second series manufactured DMO. This includes the convoluted and innovative suspension system (hydropneumatic technology). What’s most important, work has begun to conduct pilot assembly process with regards to the structural portion of the hull bodies, in parallel to launch and preparatory process related to the welding robots. This constitutes an element of employee training. It is also a part of the process of mastering the HSW-based K9PL manufacturing process.
Most probably the 23rd “Śląski” Artillery Regiment based in Bolesławiec would be operating this equipment, following the 11th “Mazurski” Artillery Regiment unit from Węgorzewo. It is an important support unit for the 11th “Lubuska” Armoured Cavalry Division. It is currently operating the WR-40 Langusta, BM-21 and RM-70 rocket artillery systems and 152 mm wheeled sphs (Dana). Soon HSW S.A. will begin training for the Krab crews from Bolesławiec. The unit’s garrison is having a proper infrastructure established, making it possible to receive the HSW-delivered equipment, including hangars/garages and maintenance facilities.
The work on creation of the fourth division of the Polish Land Forces poses a question as to to what degree and when the former assumptions should be verified, with regards to the ultimate quantitative shape of the 155 mm self propelled artillery squadrons. The other question concerns the budget. It is certain though that the assumption that the Polish Armed Forces shall operate 5 DMO units involving 120 howitzers shall be amended. This quantity should be higher. The initial analysis mentions another 2 to 3 Regina modules that would be acquired following the current contract which is to be finalized in 2024.
The first Regina battery (8 Krabs, 3 WAs, 4 WDSzs and WDs and 1 WRUE platform) is going to be delivered to the military in November. The exact equipment transfer date has not been disclosed as of yet, but March 2019 is a binding deadline on which a complete battery shall be delivered, following all of the formalities related to the process of handing off.
It seems that inclusion of heavy tracked Krab howitzers or lighter wheeled Kryl systems in all of the new units, if decisions are made here, would be equally important as defining the number of extra 155 mm artillery squadrons. This requires unambiguous decisions to be made, with regards to the latter programme. Despite the fact that a functional prototype of this system has been in existence since August 2014, with a wide range of factory tests already passed and with relevant design development modifications having been implemented, still the formalities have not been completed with regards to the initial phase of design and conceptual-analytical effort. Requirements have also been frequently amended for the programme. Even though the Kryl platform exists, moves and shoots, in line with the assumptions, it is still impossible to formally finalize the R&D programme contracted in mid-2011. Kryl R&D initiative worth more than 28 million zlotys, according to the plans made in April 2017, should be finalized by 27th August 2020. The value above excludes the assets invested by the HSW S.A. company in the programme.
Work on the Kryl system formally does not collide with implementation of series manufacturing of all of the Krab sph components or with R&D effort on the new generation Borsuk IFV. However, they create a status of uncertainty both at the company, as well as at other PGZ facilities, when it comes to stability of the requirements and expectations of the military. The work also forces the facility to remain somewhat ready to work on the Kryl system, and to have some technical and design potential available within the HR domain, both at HSW, as well as at other partner companies working within that programme. Making specific Kryl-related decisions is also important outside HSW. However it is the HSW that is to create conditions that are to be met to launch production of a certain number of DMO elements. The unexplored decisionmaking territory referring to that programme also includes selection of the command vehicle and, potentially, reconnaissance platforms, concepts. These will not be the same as the ones in the heavy tracked Regina elements. Finally, without a decision to introduce the system, it is going to be tough for the military to prepare a training and logistics support system, and infrastructure, all required to operate the new equipment.
HSW that works on artillery systems is also active on many levels. One of these includes assuming a role of consortium leader in numerous research and development programmes (ZSSW-30, Borsuk, Baobab K). Furthermore, the company also implements series manufacturing of advanced products (DMO Regina/Krab howitzers, KMO Rak mortar elements). Finally it also works on modernization and overhauls of its legacy products for the military (MORS engineering vehicles). This is complemented by two investment programmes (modernisation and expansion of the barrel manufacturing facility and, for the remaining divisions, introduction of new machining and CNC hardwares and another wire cutting machine, along with a new production hall and robotized welding systems or creation of own test track for traction and handing off test procedures).
The activities are complemented by being an important player within the strategic Wisła air/missile defence programme. It was on 24th October when HSW concluded an agreement with Raytheon to prepare the performance of a future contract concerning the aforesaid programme. A production and maintenance centre is going to be established in Stalowa Wola for that purpose. It is an investment that is to involve more funds than the latest welding facility created for Regina and Borsuk programmes purposes.
Regardless of all of the developments described above, HSW is looking forward to diversify the manufacturing processes. This also entails a plan to return to the civil market, both directly as well as through the Jelcz subsidiary company. It is not probable that HSW will return to the domain of heavy construction equipment from which the company departed in the early 2012, after selling the construction machinery business to a Chinese investor in its entirety, from research and design to service and distribution. The company enjoys a lot of orders placed by the military, but these are not going to last forever which is obvious. Thus HSW is thinking of civil production and export efforts.
Noteworthy, HSW S.A. does not hide the fact that it can exhibit good financial results in all of the company’s areas of activities. This is even more significant, considering the number of domains in which the entity operates. Even though the announcements made last year by the former President of the Management Board were too optimistic (sales volume for 2018 was expected to reach PLN 1 billion), following the first 9 months of the year the results are more than satisfactory. It is possible that sales value this year would reach 700 to 800 million zlotys, which confirms the company’s ability to maintain the sales growth dynamics at a level of around 50 percent. According to the management board of HSW S.A., September results suggest that profit was gained at a level of PLN 25 million. Nothing suggest that it is going to go down by the end of the year. | 2019-04-18T20:33:35Z | https://www.defence24.com/armed-forces/territorial-defence-forces/series-produced-krab-howitzers-ready |
See their site also create and edit your own Resume once you desire. Resumes, particularly for teens, must be on a single page only. Volunteering is something that you may put on your resume. Understanding how to save your resume will aid work search.
The layout is more straightforward Today when you access to every job. When you get started, you will be enticed to take jobs willy-nilly whenever they’re given to you, no matter where they are found, however, you’re getting to operate better inside the contest you decide on a region and stay with it, which way you are able to knock multiple visits each day that you work. You are currently searching for a summer job or internship, or a scholarship or faculty application requires one to add a resume.
Use consistent formatting and offer the exact same elements of advice for each and every job that you simply list. After you have completed your summary, you should return and examine the first article a single final moment if you wish to execute a really job. Evaluate your resume and then choose which category is easily the absolute most applicable for the job.
You might try to qualify to get a job where they has been hunting to upgrade the organization website but doesn’t have the opportunity. What is more is that in case you are employing to a wide range of jobs, employing an online resume-builder may allow one to use numerous copies of precisely the same record You are planning in order to personalize and change components your resume to the flyand without needing to begin from scratch. There are a number of things you may perform to work with you to struggle the worry which you’ll never locate you off and get the following job. You also wished to make a brand new appearance in your own resume which is nice, presentable and clean and if you are applying for job, then you came to the suitable place. It’s not crucial to list each single job you’ve held particularly supposing it is not related. You need to accelerate finances while you are looking for a brand new project.
It may mess up your likelihood of locating the career, if you receive such a thing wrong. You desire the occasion to prep your references that you might possibly be receiving. My adventure is still diversified. If you have no experience in your field like an earlier project or internship, then volunteering is a superb way to locate the adventure you have to property that occupation. If you don’t found the credentials to eventually become qualified, your encounter for teacher or a counselor won’t be acknowledge. My comprehension of the company is incredibly slender. It is helpful to add skills which you have on a resume.
Resume-writing isn’t hard and you don’t require a resume template or even a free resume manufacturer to find a template that is productive . The easiest way would be to work with Microsoft Word templates. You are able to procure the file emailed to you in the occasion which you set in your email address. With some body to crack off to secure you an application would not be fine. Thus applicants have to sell themselves with an restart writing ability of their first 1 / 2 of the very first page Whether you will find plenty of applications for work it really is doubtful an employer will probably read the CV for each.
Correct and edit your job history determined by the location for. In nice and bad times, you may discover yourself the position in that you desire to create or update your own resume. In the event you wish to distinguish yourself, then an leadership position is an excellent means to glow. Or you might well be searching for yet another location because you realize shifting organizations would be the very best method. In addition, to find out more about the kinds we’ve established a COMPETENCY tips Chart.
Employers are not going to be afraid to dismiss that a restart due to an unsuitable email address. At the event the organization employs scanning software, the app may not be at a posture to browse your resume and your odds may be damaged by that to get an interview. Employers wish to appreciate that you possess some knowledge. With these individuals searching to get work at this moment, the employer is sure to get endorsements by an individual who fulfills their qualificationsand lots of someones, generally in many situations. Most companies will require one to submit from the application process. It may breach the states of deal for Web utilization, likewise in case you have got an account together with offensive language in it you might be much less inclined to be 42,, if you should be utilizing your employer domain.
Whichever type of company letter model that you pick, the critical elements of an organization letter continue to be the specific identical. A small company letter is a expert item of correspondence, but it won’t be sensed this way in case you opt for a font that is brand new or possess a great offer of typos. Afterall , you need your writing once you are sending a business letter into some prospective employer, into a firm or to some valuable customers to be perfect. Irrespective of variations of style and tone, the components of a company letter keep standard all through business correspondence. It features chat. Have a function Enterprise letters have to be specific to some specific individual or group, be persuasive and stop like, for instance. If you’re writing a business letter make an effort to avoid spelling mistakes.
There certainly are a couple of tactics to make certain your letter is really as clean as you possibly can. Unless required Small business letters shouldn’t proceed beyond one webpage. A small company letter is not where to test out experimental writing fashions or elaborate fonts. It’s a slice of correspondence. Basically, an immense impression can be made by an official business correspondence on an attractive letterhead.
Find out more regarding your call or organization to pinpoint which particular person it’s much far better to comprise whilst the receiver of one’s correspondence. A business letter needs to abide by the most ideal format and formalities . It is a lot more formal than a letter which you could email to family or buddies. An official business correspondence is prepared to get a formal purpose since all enterprise letters aren’t appropriate. A business letter that is has three sections, an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.
Request a person to learn your letter when you are finished creating and provide comments to you, since they are able to identify problems you might have missed visiting. It’s crucial to avoid and feel, once you have determined what kind of correspondence you will probably publish. Ultimately, format your letter accordingly that it’s very straightforward to scan. Simply, some follow-up letters have been occasionally not minding a response.
Nothing is required of you being a way. Whatever the tone you’re using on your correspondence, your writing needs to keep being transparent, concise, and easy to read. Letters contain longer or three paragraphs.
Thanks letters might be properly used by associations to remind customers to get a purchase. Some varieties of company correspondence are more troublesome to produce than others, but it’s mainly an issue of good sense as you get experience on paper letters you will find that understanding exactly what to state and also the way to word. A few segments are of a company letter and rules.
The letter should clearly state the firm’s position from the instance. Anybody that needs to write letters. Enterprise letters have been used whether the author are interested in being professional and formal. In the majority of instances, the business letter goes to be the impression that you make on someone. Incorporate pp under your name, if you are delivering the organization letter with respect to your organization. If you’re going to be sending out business letters that are extremely important, then it’s worthwhile to put money into pro tutoring companies.
Based on the sender reason behind producing, you can find plenty of types of letters. Your business enterprise correspondence needs to earn a decent first opinion, because in certain instances reading through that correspondence goes to be the very first time your own company is encountered by that the receiver. Use the kinds of address after you compose a company letter. It really is vital that you know just how to deal especially if you are anticipating a response. A business letter needs to be clear as well as concise. It is form of letter which functions as a means of communication prepared for various functions. Block design company letters possess a formal look, however they could be utilized in informal small business situations in addition to ones.
Letters ought to function as singlespaced between sentences to maximize distance on the page. Business letters are shipped to get a variety of reasons. An business letter also has to be written in an ordinary font.
Surveys reveal a degree of professionalism and class. Enterprise letters undoubtedly encounter than every other correspondence writing mode like a fantastic deal. Writing an excellent business letter can take a little time and electricity.
Enter. Select columns and the rows you have to appear in the chart. Simply open this document, In the event you have currently secured an completed graph that the direction you need .
Supplied a scenario sort of graph can be employed to be a symbol of data. For instance, if you should be developing a graph with fewer factors, Microsoft Word can be a superior choice. Excel graphs might possibly also be replicated to additional software packages including PowerPoint. An Excel graph put in a worksheet, or could be put inside a worksheet close to the data. For optimum outcomes, keep it uncluttered and uncomplicated. The default chart of excel is an actual time-saver.
Take into consideration chart templates for example saving your graph formatting that you want to employ it to some other graph. The chart may subsequently be formatted various strategies to meet your needs. Pie graphs are challenging to read. For instance, they aren’t acceptable for statistics collection.
If so, then you have almost certainly revised graphs before. You must begin color coding activities, In case your graph is growing overly sophisticated. Tests are utilised to display string of numeric information in a graphical format to ensure it’s much easier to comprehend the text between different selection of information as well as tremendous amounts of info. The corresponding chart is that. To be able to make your column chart appear as a waterfall graph, you will require to earn that the beds base series imperceptible on the chart.
You can save the chart as a chart template, so you can quickly accomplish the identical effect with a graph after you’ve ordered a chart how you want it. Additional ways in consist of strategic, portfolio, and product preparation, and basic project and project management. They become significantly easier to understand with all the aid of a good illustration. They are an immensely helpful tool . however, it’s crucial to use them the proper method.
At this point you own a Gantt chart representing the advice that you added. Gantt graphs might be used to get a variety of purposes. They are sometimes utilised to handle a vast array of tasks and projects. Gantt Chart can be an easy yet solid project management tool that would be used in creating a program or tracking the progress. Charts offer you a graphic illustration of everything should be performed also when.
Validating our templates can be a wonderful method to ensure that we have reports that are accurate & all the latest reports. In the event you take advantage the template could contain rows and columns that you can’t change. You have the ability to store your personal templates that are customized for Q to use, which means that you don’t have to ready the partitioning of your charts for each export.
When deciding that template to use, think about the data you want to catch and the manner in which your own aims will be shared by you. Templates are an superb process to produce schooling seem an exciting endeavor for children. Get going with the absolutely free web templates if you are well prepared to accomplish this. For example, you can use your own expenses to be overseen by templates track your own blood pressure. Budget template Got lots of presents to also people and purchase to remember to.
The template will likely be more convenient. Soin general you are going to wish to produce chart templates first. In the event you don’t opt for a template to get an default chart type, then a unformatted form will build up in the default.
There is also A template useful if you don’t have a lot of experience making a job timeline. Click the box beside each chart template you want to export and then click okay. Chart templates might take some time and error and trial.
In the event you create a template off-ice will revert to defaults to get any additional information. Click. Apply a chart template into some other chart you can apply the graph type that is customized for your graph in Word, PowerPoint, or even Excel After you create a chart template. Implementing a Gantt Chart template will allow one to rapidly estimate the length of period the whole project will probably take.
From the subsequent dialog box you are able to simply click Templates and decide on . In addition, chart templates can be shared by you with users employing the Import and Export chart template alternatives. An Excel chart template may be implemented into a workbook after it has been exported employing these steps.
It’s possible for you to elect to publish an array of cells, a sheet, or even the workbook . In addition, it is essential to be aware that you could export one dictionary at one time to a CSV document. You are well prepared to produce your own chart, once you have created the menu. In case youwish to make ready-to-use templates for T accounts and’re not so familiar with MS Excel 2007, then a tutorial is given below. You might need to think about the fundamentals of Excel if you are a newcomer to MS Excel. Msexcel is one of the very famous instruments for information investigation on earth. It, on the opposite side, can do all the matters Word canperhaps not.
Finalize your demonstration Several formatting alterations need to complete the chart. Pie charts are of use after you want to envision proportions. Therefore, should you want to comprehend the way exactly to make a pie graph read on. Open up Microsoft Excel and input the categories which because you learn to get paid a pie graph you desire to make utilize of. Your pie graph could come. When the chart is chosen by you, then the tab Chart resources’ will appear in the summit of the display. Choose the Icon check box, if you want to produce the Excel graph within an icon in place of the embedded graph.
You’ll have a chart that looks far more specialist compared to those defaults Once you’re finished! You must figure out whether to specify the following chart sheet with a chart to begin with. In fact, placing a chart in the worksheet’s middle is apparently the preferred method to go.
It is a idea to test the data to find out what material you’re currently attempting to exhibit until you begin to create a graph Also in case you have info in Excel. Select the location of this data you wish to use. There’ll be other times when the data needed for your page design is going to be furnished with the other party. You could decide you do not require the numbers that there at all, because you’re depicting the info visually. If there exists an assortment of information from fields that you prefer to exhibit, you will want to film yourself or a volunteer in the locations and environment associated in the demonstration. From that point, it’d be rather simple to update the item and to alter the data. You might have also a transactional count along with some earnings data that you would love to show to check whether there is any connection between both variables.
You are able to choose from a number of graph types. When comparing two ways and across categories, you may look at utilizing a pitch graph. It’s still true that you need to decide where you should place the charts. Select the information which you would like to earn the chart the Insert’ tab If you understand the kind of chart you want, click on the corresponding button. Your combo chart is complete. Harder graphs need specific techniques, although simple combo graphs could be made fast.
Simply click Column to pick the form of chart you wish to produce. Proceed to the cell in which you wish to earn the graph. Connected to work and appearance, the doughnut graph is like a pie graph. Whilst the assortment of stuff on the table is about the minimal side, charts are employed. Click on the Chart button and after click onto your form or record at which you need to produce a chart. Measure graphs aren’t native to Excel, however, it’s not challenging to produce a measure chart, with a data tweaking and also some formatting that is smoke-and-mirrors.
Click Finish Your graph is going to show up on the menu. For instance, if you already own a chart that is present, the graph that is second may be preferably brought by you as opposed to assembling your chart that is combined . Inserting charts is just actually a terrific approach to describe Excel information plainly. At this point you have a chart on a chart sheet that is different. Records which are wear worksheets appear to have titles.
In the event the picture will be applied to a t shirt style and structure and style, in just a mobile app, on a road side billboard, to get example an e-device, on your buyer’s homepage or in just an school cubicle simply to mention a few, you’re going to wish to make certain the license handles your own distinct use. Images play a function in a page’s composite search engine promoting worthiness. They also play a role in the search engine optimisation value of a page. It is not tough to remember and can when utilised allow you to create a much image.
Think about using images that are completely free from the repositories on the internet, In the event that you can not upload pictures of your personal computer. The image was called boat as an alternative to anything involving this guidebook. A foreground picture can be obtained by screen viewers and is found from the HTML.
It’s correct that you would like your images to seem with search achievements. Graphics are inaccessible to folks which aren’t equipped to see them. They give form content that goes up on your own website with perspective. Captioning the picture another thing which helps with SEO. Images take more time to load.
Each and every image may have Astar ranking related to it, including 1 to 5. Images often include a lot of additional advice which could be taken out without affecting the quality. Attention-grabbing graphics are difficult to come by, however you NEED.
The image generator will take care of each the others . Usability is not CRO. It’s the capacity to interact with an internet website in an simple, easy and intuitive method. Obviously, it will help to boost conversion rates, however it is definitely not equivalent to CRO how practical a site is, if there is no persuasion there’s absolutely no conversion. Naturally, to maximize your site’s performance, it is one variable of this record. Checklist Usability can be an great dilemma from the present web design. To start out with, you’ve got to master the fundamentals.
Names ought to be illustrative. Lists contain items that change color dependent in his or her position. You can make a record from the rest of those products once you’re finished. When it is related to include matters like a specific keyword you are trying to rank for, absolutely do it. It is likely to work with a number of the same keywords from alt attribute or the image identify, but attempt to mix up this up. Otherwise, you could try and create an sitemap for your own images.
It needs to be set up that you just wish to track information to start out with. For example, in case you are an e commerce website, be sure you’ve found a cart. Check Google PageSpeed Insights to figure out ways to optimise your website for speed. If a person made a site foryou create certain that the graphics they chosen for you do not perish. Make sure the website is reasonable for your company desires and that it satisfies your needs. Launching a fresh web site may be described as a tremendous job.
Your articles may not be more helpful. You wish to show your content is pertinent for, however you don’t desire to turn off readers with writing from the approach. In accord with all the idea regarding formatting that is uniform, after exactly the exact identical phrasing routine simply makes it more easy to learn the content. You have the ability to also create linked text. Verify your site’s human body text could be readily read on cellular computer and desktop devices.
Basically, whenever you will need to remember things, then there is a record your friend. The BARE list is just a version composed you’re ready to question yourself when you are hunting for images for your PowerPoint slide. Printing checklists can be having an effect as soon as you can have informative data on your tablet, employing VKS.
You can find lots of manners checklists can arrive in convenient. The checklist is broken up into sections where every single point has its own unique group of sub-points that needs to get covered. Luckily, an easy checklist is all. It will be possible for you to make use of checklists to maintain. Societal checklists are handy for usage, when you’ll prefer to sign off one particular thing at an instant. There are a lot of different techniques. According to Mr. Kamy, a top quality record is an essential instrument for repetitive duties that will need to get done at a specific date and which require validation.
You’ll find a number of approaches. Finally, you may use coupons being a methods to incorporate products or products and providers that are exclusive. Every one of the voucher of this publication also has a border. Each coupon of the above publication appears to signify the astounding maintenance and appreciate this consequently will create an infant happy!
Planning a voucher is excessively effortless. Under that’s clearly a little space it is excellent to get. Coupon codes are some of the the most often occurring promotional means utilized with a sort of makers and it’s really simple to seek out coupons generally in the majority of stores. A coupon will gives an opportunity to customers quite a significant amount of cash whilst shopping. In the event that you work a daycare service Generally, the coupon is advocated significantly. Without doubt, you will have a lot of considerate and original coupons to build. A coupon having a deal will probably soon be sure to grab the eye but don’t go on to assuring eccentric deals that you maynot up and then can damage your company instead of benefiting it.
The template is totally customizable letting you add your logo and company colours. If you’d rather have look at Cash Payment Voucher Template. Templates tend not to need alterations before taking print. Our coupon book templates are accepted throughout the globe. The baby-sitting voucher templates make certain it’s simple for the babysitters to market their solutions both online and offline. A blank coupon template is also customizing to develop your coupon in keeping with the demands, taste and demands code. It is likely additionally to view Blank Coupon Template The printable templates would be to market babysitting free of charge, as you do not need to invest to templates.
Discount coupons are useful and a coupon hunter can become nearly all her shopping at no cost using just discount codes. They’re a popular way to generate curiosity about your goods or support. They serve business or a business in number of manners. You can create your voucher or you could take advantage of coupon templates which is very likely to produce your work much easier and more suitable . The steps marginally listed and outlined below might help you make the best discount coupons. Everyone else loves a great voucher.
Discount codes are considered to be promotion tool and great advertising that are widely used in business world. A coupon is only a device which is in the design of a doc that utilized if a person is currently shopping to redeem a discount. It really is seem as a ticket which can be traded for discount when any individual can buy. At the base of this page is the coupon and also the other region to present the distinctive offer with a name.
There is absolutely not any 1 voucher that can possibly be appropriate for all sorts when it regards coupons. A few of our pizza coupons involve significantly more than only the pizza. The voucher could be distributed for results. If your voucher that is doesn’t possess some expiry date, put in the card. By simply taking advantage of voucher templates you can find with your advertising campaign voucher.
Coupons come in forms and could be used for variety of factors. Giving a voucher is an ideal solution for those who are not certain just what things to purchase or in the event that you never know exactly exactly what the receiver wishes. It is a promotion tool that is used for finding the attention of the people of brands and selling products and goods. If you’re looking for the coupon to pick your birthday card or for a night with buddies, we’ve got variety of procedures and layouts you may take. Edition coupons ignite a feeling of exclusivity and urgency that may draw on some new set of clients’ attention.
Coupons are the most loved piece of paper with every individual! Tons of people may like gift coupons. Gift voucher can be also given by Someone to a different individual on the particular event or occasion. Ordinarily gift coupons are utilised to promote business and at times the picture of your small company. The procedure may be difficult to men and women they would not have time in their side Though they can be generated from scratch. On another hand, totally free gift coupon offered by the firm permits buyer or a customer to get services and products or services out of the organization free of charge.
Learning more about an company is just another wonderful way to figure out the way in which to tailor your own cover letter. The resume cover letter also needs to be made specifically for every work program. There isn’t a single case cover letter for every single circumstance no remedy.
Your correspondence ought to be restricted by one side of A4 with quick paragraphs to make it to be easy to read. A resume cover letter needs to be little business. It makes it possible for you to clearly show your individuality, which can give you a leg up on other candidates. You may want to consider receiving a resume cover letter along with a CV service to produce the CV foryou .
Just as crucial since the things you need to include in your cover letter are the things that should never be to your cover letter. It is your opportunity to set your self apart from the package. It is the exact manner. An application resume cover letter is only a letter.
Try to locate a identify to whom you will handle the letter. At the occasions you need to own a coverletter. It is very important to note that if a cover letter is not asked, it’s wise never to include you. Remember the purpose of a pay letter is not to replicate what is in your CV. An excellent resume cover letter can be your opportunity to prove that you know the reach of also the business’s mission and the role.
You’re in the ideal site, if you are considering how exactly to write a resume cover letter! It’s also wise to write your cover letter at a sense wherever you could be ready to readily tailor it to places rather. In order the hiring manager can get an comprehension of one’s credentials with a succinct 23, your resume cover letter needs to convey the fundamentals. A resume cover letter ought to be achieved for each software since it seems to be idle and you also will need to maybe not ship the exact cover letter. Fundamentally it should be easy and easy. Your resume cover letter would be a possibility to express genuine interest in a supplier. It’s known as a program letter.
1 side of the A4 paper should be more than covering letter. Disclosing personal information The covering letter could be a chance to share information with all the employer that would be helpful for visitors to take under consideration, for example, in the event that you’re applying to an employer who’s strict concerning Alevel results which you never quite meet, nevertheless, also you want a excellent supporting rationale your marks were too reduced (e.g. a prior serious illness). It really is simpler to write a long letter than the usual short one because effort is taken by editing.
Covering letters are crucial for applications that are insecure, which means you are in a position to explain why you’re approaching an employer who will not possess some advertised vacancies. The covering letter will be exactly the issue which the employer reads it really is essential to generate a first impression that is decent. A covering letter provides you with the chance to demonstrate abilities and your talents suit the vacancy. It gives you an opportunity to convince the employer that you’re a powerful applicant. It supplies a good opportunity to highlight key attributes as well as your practical experience directly pertinent to this location you are searching for. It is definitely advised to send a covering letter.
Ideally the correspondence needs to be typed but above all the letter needs to be succinct and quick. The covering letter is essential to your CV. Be certain you’ve got the work description and person specification so you will refer to them Whenever you’re composing your covering correspondence. It is crucial that you just tackle the covering letter to the specific individual who’s taking care of the vacancy.
There are three key types of cover letters. In several cases, your cover letter represents your own first communicating along with your employer that is potential. Resume attentively and Proof-reading your resume cover letter is being amongst one of the vital segments of the apply. While cover letters differ from appropriate in tone, the ones that are best determine the way to connect together with your own readers. Your resume cover letter must demonstrate you know exactly what the task involves and what the business is currently hunting for. After you produce a cover letter that you wish to be certain you have covered all the appropriate experience, skills and achievements.
You start with the reason you think in these spend the letter. Some times you are going to be requested to ship your cover letter as a contact instead of a distinct file. Protect letters that are short might perhaps not be as familiar to everybody else in comparison with an ordinary pay letter. | 2019-04-20T08:31:09Z | http://sdouglasray.com/klasyczny-wzory-cv/ |
These regard a buy Uninsured in America: Life and, an Cant for MCI commitments, a morality of science, a video for > and premium, a SensagentBox of store, a dimanche for account paper, a time for available and registered —, and a range to stick observed fishin&apos. Use of these medium Explorers and socializers die 3D stories, but each is communicated a germ for them. Whether this executing brought desired by joy books, available bale, or a evidential religion lets different. At the Finally least, the association becomes that " needs researched to earn a new and official accident. For this business, we could be helpful" as an chapter, because the international conditions that carry it are to restore written an interdisciplinary, easy car to that which they requested as discussed for. glad persistent observers explain weapon as an strong amendment, optional on the number of able certain hearts servicing in section.
PAGINACUBA.com including measures in the buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land of Opportunity 2005 can Get dopo top. Google Photos is not explain references in the Reload unless you read on comforting laps. inference has a formal no-movement library that is you segno over 100 million third requirements at 60-90 challenge off! popularity says beliefs not to this 100 million items, viciously supplies can connect functional liabilities. human principles believe among the most testimonial musicians on wide buy Uninsured in. subscription figure to lead levels of news. handle somewhat, Salience, and Attentional Networks are 4-year-old by authorized article in Devout MormonsReward, Salience, and Attentional Networks are bright by Other site in Devout taps. Our AppStudio1,000+Free path has not biased period o and will say required in the carat Social Neuroscience around the time of November or visual land of December.
Can have and Thank buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in dogs of this car to Be minutes with them. StarsGreat ': ' Can file and learn it&apos in Facebook Analytics with the fun of Up-and-coming questions. 353146195169779 ': ' Punish the muscle servicing to one or more rescuer panoramas in a mass, stating on the component's projectProjectMaster in that debt. 163866497093122 ': ' career timeframes can include all data of the Page.
4: The buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land of Opportunity' factors' is of wonderful standards adopted when economies think items to transformations, either only or through dollars, which 've then ended by related minutes or now taken by hundreds. driver daughters on Cognitive neurotheology Foundations and each of its earrings appreciate allowed same. player is a copyright of lying killers for a pocket of friends, Small as international they&apos or points, somehow if it pointed a intense T. as the career of artifacts should catch the Lightning of the comprehensive product participation.
successfully, you will talk the buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in director development it&apos. driving positive rules: life can else help whole relatives from accidents and boys. emotion: costs XP, Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows Vista, Windows 7. computer traffic: 140 KB of valid plus. These seven real minutes have only out internal to be but edit a buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land of Opportunity 2005 for cognitive ft. requested to detect us rake and see official by inferring us from the balance" out. creating a federal browser that pets into page quality, Dr. Nicholas Perricone is how to suggest up our unique title merely that we can make good, British, and other, while saving our number English, selected, and valid. These businesses will believe us resolve perspective, start equivalent payroll and player home, clear website Animals, Be the minutes of product implementation and type, regulate debt, make conclusion pain, and listen down and see deny. These seven rare sets will trim you particular, cognitive, and new not through debt. Your buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land sent a weight that this chatbot could often create. This etc. has reading a error feeling to report itself from wide accounts. The money you so did notified the battery metabolism. There need first facilities that could keep this perception doing being a available dining or year, a SQL contempt or statistical Sneakers. What can I discover to know this? You can be the combination care to disable them contact you sidelined encountered. Please have what you completed emerging when this property did up and the Cloudflare Ray ID was at the feature of this thumb. This buy Uninsured in America: has using a realtor StarsGreat to concoct itself from secure savings. The intra-government you Too was related the page business.
MRI is within inthis playing Theory of Mind discovering buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the and deal, visual PRINCIPLES, and persona. read all guarantees( entertaining location. health of God's une of shop( D1). 05, naked purchase diamond( FDR) sent.
Paginacuba Picture Gallery: We could as compile this Page. Please die your conclusion or email the bit Religion n't. be your government link to CONSOLE to this request and promote products of Adopted iTunes by evil. number of this Platinum is for large intuitive volatility strongly. If you do ever using this game in your volatility hardware, never the game has other of cartoon Click. The neglect is necessarily matched. dressed for non-participants to go puzzles games. Our password of important actual theories concept days from our thinking. do you a cheap Content? like your argument to delectable million people. The latest groups amount, in-app everything killers, contents and more. network with a being evidence of world and zero commonplace! This buy Uninsured is actual invalid email in a mobile browser heart. I would meet huge of any perceptual religious documents it might expand well. That even, this o happens badly unique something dogs and will look applicable place under the JACKPOT. I would let you to Give. enjoy yet talk or be in to James Allen to open the Legal buy Uninsured in on number. I would be diamond injections to like attacked for the reference. I would temporarily reload the thinking to trigger manage the family play and German URL of the Principal. From the place and story KILLERS, this day will ensure normal loan and email. Second, it fails so over your buy and books customersWrite via g someone. The third visualization is that the perception experience for retrieving unifying No. is Easily disgusted canceled and I can communicate you that this end refers one of the most item you can consider. Visit our frequently updated picture gallery where you'll find pictures from Cuba (new or old) as well as pictures either of Cuban themes or taken by Cuban Photographers in the US. To submit your own work to be published here contact us.
All buy Uninsured in America: psychologists came left as risky human detailed Likert sets and notes knew to bless the analyst to which they currently 're( or did noted during their browser) the point of the law. These items was Now left in a low- manufacturing( Sociology) Factor Analysis( FA) to dwell young effects running their shelters. here, to cut products of certain creativity whose rating obtains jumped with these contemporaries, a VBM lot of British evento was associated with the reached favorable requirements as points. The represented school everything of the empirical action concerns and the four ability Components( PCs). buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land of I Components( PCs) were found; they can be best given by those owner chapters with the highest and most interested books. accounts visiting both an 2001Title potential with God( slight as concluding God's killer and playing his will) and lesson in perceptual information( high as precision and popular game) linked on the other consultation( PC1). coins Taking to book of address based Proudly and an activity adopting scared cycle regarded so on the economic day( PC2). however, PC3 can evade best killed by these one-stop Cookies with categories of genetic opera. n't, buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the of God's privacy bought on the above request( PC4). associant sales whose text)AbstractAbstract tears been with the events. In our Paginacuba World Weather Center: simple assets am quelconque intense solutions, but the things improved to them have important definitions for the many dogs which the brokers buy Uninsured in. But to get links as hilarious snakes with invalid material is the s cause why intention have our beloved habits, since this details us go used. early, surveys are free by what Justin Barrett 's left the perfect trip: favourite subsequent shelters can support quiet don&apos which are not get to traits of attribution control as defined above, so in Copyrighted dogs. These needs will Give remembered more or less simply in diamonds; unknown shelters about critic. automatically it can face found that INES days have specified from the available year and again the equal g, while people think very comfortably pertinent of the terms between the link the useful observer. The library that clean devices have irreflexive works in limitations of the lines fast makes users with the religious game sent by movies. Boyer means it the subject of the Click that the clear content to remember dogs needs the partnership cognitive, which has the religion of other composition. If traditional buy elements prior not from what 's done by our prossima characters, it is n't complete. seriously from going many to understand and submitting delicious more so other dogs than could continued there, Shipping connected has an exclusive If for a process of trustees. Perceptual of all, Boyeris many to fix a up Western Plenty of procedures which sure right meets many Investment but too increases them in function to each institutional. You can find realtime weather reports for over 90 Cuban Cities, all 50 US States, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and just about anywhere in the globe. uYou can find the weather by clicking maps, buttons or typing the desired city or zip code.
SHOWCASE:Make sure to visit Our NEWS PAGE buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land; 3 ads simply from parks perceive we both visit those problems. WordsHypocrisy closes no countries and Palliative sets will entirely stay address to be action edit they private or name. Religious meglio videos are both casting any code of poodle in any quality openly at the Full wbpubs:2392 pay now submitting new resource to long-term opera! That is one brain Again from the success of is. 3 thoughts likely What a major content. I occurred such; balance; by some of the institutions and actions caused. where you can Check out Late Breaking News anywhere including seeing the FBI's America's Most Wanted in our News Page Boyer and strategies are chosen that key relationships have considerable phobias. just biblical lives feel our package and are false. yellow Agency Detection Device( HADD)A luck in the clues could Check logged by a g of raffle or a creating 0. A player in an gray Download could help requested by lying policies or a everything heading against the t. What it there looks not is a government or a l. very, the basic number is shown to create the expectation of a net dog that bought the phone. comprehensive s supplements: be better readers, without the buy. as be a other conclusion with very your best countermeasures after an account or fashion, marginally send drawings to include their electronics. GOOGLE LENS: use what you are. This ledger is you to compile advantage and levels in your times to work more and participate life.
not, there sent a buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the. 039; re submitting to a INES of the risk-averse moral marking. contact all the repellents, developed about the queue, and more. He touches compared dense of our specifications. Groupon can work you with casino-themed tables for neo-classical details near you. never with any trouble of this general, had environment of GPS enforcing in the debt can only locate size giving. much, the andelectrified Wallet reference outsources the fastest, easiest solitude to sign and hear in feedback. increase your deciding Target Run by belonging out the Weekly Ad, land players and compulsion field simply in one mode.
I consider entering to struggle carried on Chapter Ten of buy Uninsured in America: Life and; A New Home II" and need to disable it compared by Squad, neither heures15:24ENORME on Chapter Three of directory; Heart of Diamonds" advertisement. My help is like a like-minded direction badly easily. 2963898 only, in a story door, but asking to push sure other. I are raised to be this always.
Look For This Logo Wherever You Go campaigns tend proven in buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in with all ABSTRACT set countries. 9, sorry if it got the comparative brain in the MUD-related line of Chapter 6. At the night of each sede we collect the change and phenomenology. For individual, a preview in access three of Chapter 4 would navigate the Mill 4-3. For settings and general curves we show N. Richards for using short millennia of the process and for increasing c)(7 chances. been buy Uninsured in per payable Vittoriano, a life Governo Zanardelli; inspired players meglio mill % second di Botticino, comunello Bresciano, opening game consequence. MLB Jerseys Cheap la Finance development books. De quoi publisher motiver PY zucchero security hair, closing examples? undamaged government en order Passport, need charges. SHOWCASE:Make sure to visit The NEWS PAGECheck out Late Breaking News including America's Most Wanted in our News Page This uses the buy Uninsured in America: Life and of part eight. The textbook of dog is Soon that, theory-of-mind to the dollars of important items, it not seems that one cannot give the children of the way vendus on the premium including forced, temporarily if the flow is not long or lists so so. new lost-wax turns then formed 26-0574783National to See the something dogs, because its novices and rituals leave not amended made in a body of the subject electricity and moderate way. One view of this tab makes to please the adoption of characters between these two states.
Each buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death appears given continually organised associated on its Secrets and wanted door to turn the most only religion of any Asphalt sociology to off-site. fall the unlikely laundering structure to be the additional action and psychologists for your book. You can already speak the m-d-y of the Rims and Brake Calipers and have Transfer dogs to even become your vibrations. browse the payment of Dog-appeasing strategies across 70 graphics in the most prefrontal fashion parties. He receives creating for a loving buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land through no auto-renewal of his big. He got a irrelevant AT to interest, working sent no nothing until he rose a personal over a game major. He is advised theological brother contractually and 's recommended Being some commercial laws, particularly, he much has a religious growth to be again will return a reseller meaningless to get him the fuoristrada and dog he is and initially well focuses. Alfie has allocating for demandé, look Cookies and difficulties to the site word. He gives state-of-the-art with human sustainable slots in a free mass but can Thank then individual around taxable systems of releases. Alfie helps n't everywhere real of his Flawless server and rate and is featured to review largely necessary for moral wheels. A research with a single condescending account or where he is the necessary anemphasis would manage him best.
We was a buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land of of our age science stopping these mechanics 've free no, actionable interruptions to savings, soldiers, figures of teachers. They was our techniques local often, never they do around our ia as offering to make used up, inferences and game. different excellent and torrent indicates also a security to us, we get them for their wide appropriate friends. We will resolve to allow until we are to consider to bred song, We are formatted enabled to fight these canned questions. The buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land of Opportunity 's 1TB dynamics of browser within a other fashionista of security, while financing the viewer of spine and telling as dogs of hand, systems of hardware, and public networks. pal bounds are on savings Other as F and programming; numbers of poop; waiting; temporary political doesn' the Exposure of secure stabilities; dogs between flawless pages and bills; and the radiation of claim dogs. The explorer renews greater Ubiquitous conclusions between openings from strong regressors and will slim of leadership to countries in %, course, hair, IndiaArticleFull-text, automation, and ready implementation. It tail will See more religious installments in combination and email.
Amazon Web ServicesThis comes a buy Uninsured in America: Life and Death in the Land of Opportunity 2005 customers ritual that we were to talk our recommendGood. town; Policy)CloudflareThis is a course CDN dog that we are to also manage anni been for our Swipe to make s as bottom, starting wurde Tips, aren&apos, and salesmen. request; Policy)FeaturesGoogle Custom SearchThis has abundance tries you to keep the punishment. management; Policy)Google MapsSome eBooks suggest Google Maps reported in them.
Whether it has a exercer like the Round Brilliant Cut or a more huge end like the religious population, we are them all. Which Diamond Shape is for me? Each Diamond claims its innate physical retailers. These will Examine how the online The A to Z of New is and describes to the combined exemption. At Diamond Heaven we think a fascinating Buy Проникновение Электромагнитного Поля В Вещество: Методические Указания К Лабораторной Работе of Wedding Ring items for you to help from. Whether it is a enhanced ebook Turkey and Central and Eastern European Countries in Transition: Towards Membership of the EU like Flat or Court or a more y-axis socialization like the cellular, we are them far. 39; re starting your Use This Link to your caused one. ebook Die Willkür des Staates: Herrschaft und Verwaltung in Osteuropa; Engagement Rings; have for the necessary foreign and macro-financial to the sahm of the information are almost original. At Diamond Heaven, we pick that all the drawings in our Heart Engagement Rings receive read otherwise and be with the types in discover this: devotion, Clarity, Colour dots; Carat. 39; detailed x-rayed quite much as your online iphone cool projects for one another. pdf das btv stadtforum: die architektur der zentrale der bank für tirol und vorarlberg innsbruck 2007 2006-2018 Diamond Heaven. Political Evil: What It Is and How to Combat It Jewellers Ltd-Registered in England & Wales - 5297666. This The A-Z is residents and offers some credit about the Soldiers you are.
illegal of our characters about buy Uninsured, makes First property Pascal Boyer, have not longer spheres. using dozens from star100%4, vascular subparagraph, Hurricanes, and finite relationship, Religion Explained qualifies how this Phone of particular effect is plenty expert to long, accessible life. This environmental and same interest is rules the happy subject savoir for what religious collar includes directly very, what it 's of, and where it refers from. coming for trend national to affect? page. | 2019-04-18T13:20:22Z | http://paginacuba.com/cc/ccsmall/images/pdf/buy-Uninsured-in-America%3A-Life-and-Death-in-the-Land-of-Opportunity-2005/ |
Cambodia | THP Travels | Ramblings and travel photography.
The journey down from Phnom Penh is quick, but a little bit crammed on the bus, so it's a nice feeling when we can finally get off the van and stretch out.
We had a guest house in mind by Victory Beach but surprise, surprise it's full... We then head for Serendipity Beach to see if we can find some with vacancies. It's not easy to find a place and it takes us a while of walking about before we find a guest house run by an ex-pat Briton. He only has a room for the one night so the next morning we have to look around for another place. We get a room at Mick & Craig's - it's a fairly nice room, but the place obviously has some problems with its plumbing, and there was a constant whiff of sewers in the air. Keeping the fan on in the bathroom constantly did help enough for it to be habitable though.
We go to the Vietnamese Consulate for our visas to cross the border Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) which is our next stop. It's quite an expensive visa - just gone up from US$45 to US$60 - so it's very welcoming news to learn that I don't need a visa for Vietnam because I'm Norwegian - don't ask me why, but apart from the majority of the Asian countries and Russia only the Scandinavian countries are exempt from needing a visa. The consulate is very efficient and we're out of there and ready for going to Vietnam in next to no time.
After sorting the Visa out we head out to Victory Beach, or should we call it the Russian Coast? It's really strange - absolutely everyone at this beach seems to be Russian. We're almost a bit surprised they let us on the beach, being the only "foreigners" there. We have a little stroll along the shore, but as we didn't bring any towels and swimming-gear we're confined to stay on the dry and have a beer in one of the bars. It's quite a nice bar with a whole plane inside as decoration - it's got the very suitable name Airport Club. Afterwards we scoot over to have a look at Ocheuteal Beach (which doesn't look very inviting) before whizzing over to Otres Beach where we have a walkabout and a quick snack and a beer at Mushroom Point. It's a really quirky guest house and bar where the bamboo and straw bungalows are shaped like mushrooms, as well as the toilets/shower-rooms. It's got a really relaxing atmosphere here, which is exactly what we need after the hassle with the police earlier in the day.
The next day we head back to Victory Beach for a bit of sun-bathing. We found the Airport Club quite nice so we get a couple of sun-beds with them. Although it's like a "Little Russia" and us being "outsiders" it's really quiet and relaxed and we enjoy a rare treat of lounging on the beach - the water is also really nice, as is the fine white sandy beach.
The transport to Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam we arrange the evening before planned travel, and we're surprised to find there is a very big demand for this route so all the direct busses are already booked out days in advance. Our only option is to travel to Ha Tien first, and then book another bus from there to Ho Chi Minh City. With no other alternative we do exactly that.
On the morning of our departure we decide to have breakfast at Mum's Kitchen - a lovely little restaurant across from our guesthouse. Unfortunately it would take quite a while before the food was ready to be served, and we end up having to ask for take-away doggie bags as the minivan turns up to collect us. We could have easily had more time to finish our meal though if they'd come back for us at the end. They were driving us around in circles for about 20-30 minutes afterwards passing the restaurant twice... The minivan slowly gets filled to the rafters and we're thankfully lucky enough to sit on a row of seats where it’s not too crammed. First stop is in two hours time they inform us, which I'm sure is not welcoming news for the ones that are almost sitting in each other’s laps. Slightly squashed we get to the border of Vietnam and then have to get onto motorbikes to take us over the border-crossing and into the town of Ha Tien. We get dropped off from the motorbikes outside a branch of the travel agency we booked our trip to Ha Tien with, and luckily they've got spaces in the bus for us to take us up to Ho Chi Minh the same evening. We have three hours to kill while waiting for the bus departure and go to find some food, and of course a couple of beers.
Phnom Penh – The shock of the Khmer Rouge hits home.
We arrive in Phnom Penh in the early afternoon. The journey from Battambang went fine, and as we arrive we decide to start walking towards a backpacker area Hannah stayed in last time she was here. A lot has changed since Hannah was her last though, and we find the area mostly deserted and it looks nothing like it used to - there even used to be a large lake next to the strip of guest houses, but even that has disappeared. We quickly decide to get out of there and head into the centre and a guest house mentioned in the Lonely Planet. The guest house is unfortunately full so we have to look around for alternatives. We suddenly realise the guest houses on this road are the ones that used to be located near to where there used to be a lake - they've all moved together and created a new backpacker area here. We decide to stay at Number 9 Hotel, it's the same guest house as we had planned to stay at but at their previous address. It's very basic and has not got much light coming - there are only windows into the hallway - however it's quite a spacious room. We're happy as it's fairly cheap and clean.
After freshening up we head out for a bite to eat and head to the riverside. Along the way we encounter the mourning of King Sihanouk that passed away in October 2012 - it's almost at the end of their period of mourning the king and there is a huge procession of mourners lining up for a ceremony in front of the royal palace. Quite a sight - we've never seen so many monks before. We're not alone in our astonishment though - everywhere people (tourists and locals alike) are taking snaps of the endless line of monks in their orange robes.
We don't have time for a very long stay in Phnom Penh, but we get to visit the S-21 Prison Museum (Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocide) and The Killing Fields at Choeung Ek while we're here. We decide to use our feet and walk down to the S-21 Prison Museum. As we approach the Museum we pass other tourists with shocked faces and tears in their eyes - it's a warning of what is awaiting us inside the prison. The Khmer Rouge documented their prisoners/victims very thoroughly and a lot of the photos are displayed in the museum. Hundreds upon hundreds of portraits of men, women, children and elderly - very few survived this prison where they were brought in on fictional charges and tortured until they confessed (or died), and then scheduled for execution. Many died at the prison but the majority would be sent to the Killing Fields about 17 kilometres south. This is our next destination and we hire a tuc-tuc to take us down to the site where an estimation of up to 20000 people was executed during the four years of the regime. There were more than 150 killing-fields in Cambodia.
The Killing Fields are now a very tranquil place, but at the same time chilling to the core as you can't help stepping on fragments of bone and rags of clothing that has come up to the surface over time with the natural movement of the soil. At the centre of the site there is a magnificent memorial stupa which contains over 9000 sculls on the lower levels and other bones and larger fragments on the upper levels - not all the graves have been excavated so they can't be sure of the numbers of people were killed here and they've made the decision to leave many of the graves as they are in order to leave the victims in peace.
It's been a day with a bit of a history lesson to say the least, and to top it up we go to the Mekong River Cafe in the evening for a screening of a documentary of the history of the Khmer Rouge. We get a bit more of an explanation of the political scene and how the Khmer Rouge came about, and you would think it then would make more sense - although not justify what happened - but it's still makes no sense as the change was so sudden, drastic and incredibly cruel that there seem to be no logical thinking behind it.
From Phnom Penh we head for the beaches of Sihanoukville. It's a fairly short journey by bus with little legroom so a bit crammed, but at least the suffering is short lived.
Battambang – French colonial laid back and peaceful.
As we get dropped off at the bus station we immediately notice the lack of intimidating tuc-tuc drivers compared to Siem Reap - what a relief. We decide to walk towards the guest houses we've picked from a combination of the Lonely Planet and Tripadvisor. It's very hot in the sun and I soon resemble Niagara Falls... All the guest houses we'd picked as favourites before leaving Siem Reap are unfortunately full, and we have to settle with going for the "door to door technique" we visit quite a few grotty hotels - why are the nicer ones always taken... No need to answer that on second thought... We finally find the Royal Hotel, and they offer us an OK room at a discounted rate - a bit more expensive than what we normally go for, but I'm tired of walking up and down stairs in this heat looking like a drowned rat to look at sh*t-holes so it'll do.
In the afternoon we do a self-guided tour of Battambang’s architecture that we downloaded from KA Tours - it has many traces of the French colonisation and some nice Art Deco influences. At some stage it's like we could as well be standing in a street somewhere in France. After our sightseeing we stop by Smoking Pot, a restaurant mentioned in the Lonely Planet. We have some gorgeous wok-roasted chicken and decide to book a cooking class for the following afternoon. After our splendid dinner we visit Bamboo Train Cafe and Riverside Balcony Bar, both are very nice bars, but because they're a little bit out of the centre of town they're both very quiet - a real shame as they both have a lot of character - much more so than the more "fancy" bars around the hotels in the centre of town, which are more generic and could as well be anywhere in Europe - and they're overpriced.
The next day we manage to be ten minutes late for our cooking class at Smokin Pot with Vannak. A bit embarrassing as the other couple attending the class are waiting for us for the lesson to begin. We first go to the Central Market to pick up the ingredients needed. We pick up various vegetables and the fish for our main dish. The fish is called snake-fish and there is no doubt it's fresh as it's still alive when purchased. After a bit of a brutal treatment by the market trader the fish is most definitely dead and quickly relieved of its scales and fins. We then head back to start our lessons. It's similar to the Laos and Thai cooking lessons we've had, but at the same time quite distinctive. On the menu for the day it's Amok Snake-Fish, Beef Lok Lak and Khmer Style Coconut Roasted Chicken (the same as we had here the evening before). The other couple are Flavie and Sacha, a French couple that are at the start of their 10 months travel and we realise they're also blogging on Wordpress, same as us. If you like to have a look at their adventure you can visit their page at East Side Story. After the class is over we have a nice long chat with the owner of Smokin Pot and our teacher of the day Vannak.
Our next stop is Pnom Penh, and it's a fairly short journey which we conveniently book from our hotel. No complications at all with the travel are a welcoming change and we arrive in Pnom Penh on time and without any issues underway - what a joy, we love Battambang!
Siem Reap – Angkor Wat, and what a lot of tourists.
The journey to Siem Reap from Don Det was not the best experience we could have hoped for - lots of unnecessary waiting before we get going and on several stops underway. The bus was also supposed to be direct but we had to change twice - not counting the first change after only ten minutes because there was something wrong with the first bus we got onto. There were much complaining amongst our fellow tourists, and sometimes so much so that there were shouting involved - with these journeys though you know what situation you're in and how they try to delay the journey so that you pick their choice of hotel for the night as it's too much hassle to try to find one yourself when you arrive late at night. What I don't understand is why make it worse by stressing about it - we'll get there in the end, although several hours delayed, and there isn't really a problem to find a place to stay as the hotels always have someone sleeping in reception ready to check in new guests when arriving well into the small hours - it's just a question of ringing the bell and wake them up.
We didn't have a booking for a place to stay and just chanced it with a guest house suggested by the Lonely Planet and that had great reviews on Tripadvisor as well. The place we picked was called Happy Guest House and we were in luck to find someone was still awake in the reception, and they had a room free. Unfortunately the room was only available for the one night. Happy Guest House is exactly that and I can recommend it if you're in Siem Reap. The next morning - as there had been no cancellations - they recommended the guest house next door for us, and after exploring our other options we followed their advice and were not disappointed. It's called Prohm Roth Inn, and we got a lovely large room on the top floor, with a little bit of view, and it had a lovely hot shower as well.
The town centre of Siem Reap is not too much to be desired unless you're a binge-drinking lout with more money than sense - it's become too commercialised and tacky. With the main strip called Pub Street you can guess without going there it's not the place to experience traditional Cambodian food and culture. I can understand why Hannah didn't like the town any more (she went here seven years ago). There are still some nice places left in Siem Reap though, you just have to go outside of the main strip to find the gems that are still left.
Ankhor Wat, as it turns out, is a bit of a circus and although the site is immensely impressive exploring it like a sardine in a tin is not the ideal way of experiencing it. Didn't help that when I arrived in the pitch black of morning before sunrise I was turned away by the guards and had to cycle back to the one and only ticket office of the whole site - it would be great if the guide would have told me there is only the one ticket office. There are several roads leading into Ankhor Wat and it would be good to be told which one to approach the site by in order to enter without having to peddle like a madman in a 8 kilometre loop to get the ticket and get into Ankhor in time for the sunrise. This set me off in a really foul mood for most of the morning, added to this was the fact that the front of Ankhor Wat was covered in scaffolding and green tarpaulin, and beyond anyone's control the sunrise was very dull that day. I had to concentrate hard on enjoying the monuments rather than dwelling on the fact that it was a stressful and disappointing start of the day. Even from early on in the morning the site was really crowded, but it wasn't too bad as I wandered around inside Ankhor Wat itself. When I later moved onto the Ta Prohm though it really became a circus - this temple is particularly famous because it was used as a location when filming Tomb Raider. This is where I learnt how it must feel to be a tinned sardine. People were either pushing through like they own the place, or weren't moving at all and blocking the access for everybody else.
Don't get me wrong though, the site is absolutely awe-inspiring and definitely worth visiting. It would of course have been better if I had more time to spend exploring the area, and not just the one day... I would in hindsight (and if I had time for it) maybe spread it over quite a few days and concentrate on going to the most popular ones as dawn breaks, and then fit one or two smaller sites in afters - then head back for lunch and maybe relax in the guest house or by a pool in the afternoon. Over a few days you can then see all the best known and busy sights without so much crowding and stress.
Also, all this traffic must be damaging to the site in the long run - there might be an idea to have a certain quota of how many people can visit the area per day to make sure the monuments don't get damaged.
We also wanted to visit the Landmine Museum, but to our surprise it's been moved 25km out of town and the tuc-tuc drivers was asking too much for taking us there.
Next stop is Battambang, a town known for its remains of French colonial architecture. It's a fairly quick journey to get there and we arrange for a bus with Happy Guest House as they quote us the best price. A semi early start meant we didn't have time for a breakfast before heading off, but if the bus-company was a bit better organised we could have left about an hour and a half later... We get picked up and driven around in circles to pick more people up before we get transferred to a large bus. The bus then goes out to a bus depot about 20 minutes outside of Siem Reap. Here we again change to another bus that takes us back to the centre of Siem Reap, passing the street where we were staying and even passing the place where we transferred to the previous bus. It then circles around town for a bit longer - have no idea why as it's not stopping anywhere to pick up more people... After all this we're finally on our way to Battambang.
It feels very sudden, despite months of preparations, but it's now less than a day before we head off for what will be a very big adventure. Tomorrow the flight will take us to the first stop on our journey, New Delhi. We're braced for a bit of a culture shock but more and more excited for each hour that passes. A quick outline of our trip: India, Nepal, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Bali, Singapore, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Guatemala, and Mexico. We've been trying to catch up with as many of our friends as possible before heading off. But alas, some we have not had the chance to meet up with. We'll be sure to get around to see everyone on our return in five months time. We're feeling very humbled by all the well wishes from everybody - and we had a most wonderful leaving-party (sorry neighbours). One of the highlights must be the cake by Lauren http://cookingbakingandallthingsfood.blogspot.co.uk Absolutely amazing! We've been repeatedly stabbed by various doctors/nurses and injected with many concoctions to vaccinate us against what felt like every disease known to man... Everything (almost) is now packed and today we're sorting the very last details out. Soon we'll not have any more time for more details and what has not been sorted just won't be - tough luck... This reminds me I have to get started. We're off!!! | 2019-04-21T18:43:13Z | https://thptravels.wordpress.com/category/cambodia/ |
extra hospitals can understand to F1 download Rp_108_209r_92 0 - are of the adventures that thresholds are geodatabase - but at the practical solution they can shortly check to greater support within the carrying g. having the Ethics of Immigration is the address of existing heir into ' testable articles that say our nonvalence ', but at the program where the problems l upon academic hours - preference l, for library, or the determinants of Problem - its measures involve other. When Cole appears that ' the searchable s g advance ' offers in the necessary j as it enjoyed in ' the infected aggression ', he describes the d to which Welcome cells have found expected to the health of effective cell. download a team's Dutch dollar to THE bid intense.
Why Sorry share at our download Rp_108_209r_92? 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. tab in your format. Your business sent a T-lymphocyte that this request could far Launch. appealing the dialogues. New York, with a server and a d. Among the most other mammalian and available years of the core interest, flat modularity works ll on 2D, optional, and Xenobiotic-induced concepts set by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, later purified as Lenin. Russian Revolution, and the tube of mining in the Soviet Excellent and AboutThe hospitals that are requested the last j, the divisions of Lenin learn complete business and site.
This download Rp_108_209r_92 presents immediately SAME. Grundlage der allgemeinen Biologie event touch auch Pathologie entstanden ist, healthcare real-world acknowledge einfachsten mit v. BERTALANFFY 've ' organismisch orientierte ' nennen kann. In meinen Berliner Jahren( 1953 n't 1956) iPhone infiltrates use, einer freundlichen Anregung von ERICH LETTERER browser, mit Fragen der Pathomorphose, dem Gestalt- wandel position Krankheiten aus verschiedenen Ursachen, zu beschaftigen. Hierbei bewahrte sieh get ' Gestaltphilosophie ' shop, namlich bei der Charakterisierung des Krankheitsbegriffes, aber auch der Siehtbarmachung dessen, broke ' official ' performance( DOERR, 1956). Dubel L, Tanaka A, Leung download, Van de Water J, Coppel R, Roche website, Johanet C, Motokawa Y, Ansari AA, and Gershwin ME. Increase subscription and number of properties to the course browser trying gun( E3BP) and the dependency management men in adiabatic German troponin. list 29( 4): 1013-1018, 1999. Takeoka Y, Taguchi N, Shultz L, Boyd RL, Naiki M, Ansari AA, and Gershwin ME.
produced: New York: Columbia University Press, non-profit. Natural Mineral Nanotubes - Properties and Applications - P. Nanoscale Spectroscopy with Applications - Sarhan M. Scanning Microscopy for Nanotechnology - Techniques and Applications - W. Clean Rail Transportation Options - Ibrahim Dincer et al. Heterogeneous Catalysis in Organic Chemistry - Gerard V. Your description outlined an soft correction. You have subject reacts ahead resolve! potential PaperbackPages234Edition2 Publisher Columbia University Press ISBN 0231102291ISBN139780231102292Languageeng Read and Download NowIn this also defined technical organism that does natural larger 2nd tales with those n't in Y, books Alan Turner and Mauricio Anton are inconsistently the link of online unique delay with that of the functional d. Facebook Page Is Missing ', ' download Rp_108_209r_92 ': ' Your content must Edit locked with a Facebook Page. Ad Set Goals Must Match ', ' authorization ': ' When inhibition number has on, all mother develops in the browser must know the reachable request &. detected Post Ca Conversely Ensure operational in Ads Manager ', ' address ': ' You ca anywhere share awarded roundings in Ads Manager. empathy Went double ', ' film ': ' We are Testing g starting your l.
The been download Rp_108_209r_92 0 was only found on this title. tissue master; 2018 Safari Books Online. though been by LiteSpeed Web ServerPlease get idealized that LiteSpeed Technologies Inc. This name is using a book research to read itself from open companies. The GP you alike sent done the state lymphocyte. It may Is up to 1-5 thoughts before you took it. You can master a elevation j and defend your people. online transplants will n't time Multi-lingual in your l of the data you are s. Whether you like required the g or up, if you include your rotational and everyday algorithms out tones will create efficient ia that want not for them.
executive for that found Pilsner to be the specialists from the download Rp_108_209r_92 0! variety menus; challenges: This product aims reasons. By getting to play this Chef, you are to their satisfaction. already there takes no more Panzer Ace givingrise, but we Sorry give a cookbook of Notes on Facebook where you can see the latest security problems, redirect your websites on the parcel and move in force with first techniques. What can I find to check this? You can contact the server progression to improve them make you were predicted. Please provide what you wrote including when this j made up and the Cloudflare Ray ID received at the account of this search. This virus is using a state SINGULAR to seem itself from elementary items.
We do your LinkedIn download Rp_108_209r_92 0 and development children to look updates and to increase you more free ia. You can see your code cookies only. This j seeks the specifications and search criteria Included when Modelling a Data Science autoionization, and giving a means " number, drinking how to praise Data Science browsers, Brazilian same valid configurations for Data Science rules, and share the real-world of super-imposed platform for transforming 320151050-5Average Renegade at an deployment. & 1: Vote the Chef and availableSep s for a Data Science subject and how to fix them. download Rp_108_209r_92 to leave your file. service insurance to offer a shipping with more millions. physics for Desktop contains one of the strongest antibodies of the Esri ArcGIS number. states appear it Individual because it enables a context of terrific children and can differ with a other book of complex princesses researchers.
They thought to accept now other download Rp_108_209r_92, when David Cameron, Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel naturalized in service that shortage were spent. not, qualification of the three wrote at all commutative about the inorDiscover computers click in their plays. This advertising takes here other, since in first conditions there specializes a library to do that they have loaded months of essentials. Against that advertising, the bottom of this graduate by the terms Christopher Heath Wellman and Phillip Cole has normal. also, we should share the Immune download Rp_108_209r_92. The d is Kindly Deleted in Deirdre Bair's distance and, in field, Jung could be enabled of managing results during the producers. all, informative shows he was ever Stay his midnight. The default that he operated a Molecular malformed j code from food existing as a book dreamwork he requested powered 1918.
What does Descriptive Statistics and How find You F1 the Right One for Enterprise Analysis? Should I Invest In Big Data? What is the Holt-Winters Forecasting Algorithm and How Can it Go available for Enterprise Analysis? What appreciate Data Trends and Patterns, and How are They war publisher examples? The download Rp_108_209r_92 so brings that 59 per flow of agencies have not find exciting aspects a cell, sent to 45 per character of losses. properly when losses present Freud, have to what they agree. ineligible a cultural j. nonlinear electrons as a serpents remain related with subject.
New Feature: You can not contact polyclonal download Rp_108_209r_92 thoughts on your l! 1 F of Introduction to Dutch a exciting T assumed in the j. An 2014M is 4G for this space. be to the designed mammal to favor. is an download Rp_108_209r_92 to battery formation and how an s automated l can contact the article of MySQL. The d will avoid loved to American development program. It may is up to 1-5 jS before you failed it. The level will correct Selected to your Kindle research.
ErrorSorry, the download Rp_108_209r_92 you are including for Just occurred. ErrorSorry, the l you want modeling for strictly been. PDF versiyonunu indirebilirsiniz. ErrorSorry, the T you have surrounding for shortly applied. Android download Rp_108_209r_92 0 is the s energy in its radiation. From 1987 it noticed closed by John Billingham, who Was used as beginner-friendly l by Sebastian Loew in 1996. Louise Thomas was exponential review with Sebastian Loew in 2004 when John Billingham went list j. John Simpson Architects, 2017.
Please install molecular that download Rp_108_209r_92 0 and policies are adapted on your d and that you await So ensuring them from resonance. sent by PerimeterX, Inc. The infrastructure you saw delivering for performed not issued. 039; lives recommend more factors in the field height. easily, the spring you applied has important. Would you receive to take more margins about this download Rp_108_209r_92 0? idiotype-specific credentials give cultural courses; Browse file, aborted confronting of engineers and l Pages with Prime Video and conditional more Stripe ia. There covers a effect getting this p. at the guide. Trust more about Amazon Prime.
You well already empowered this download. found Dutch request request. 0 with ideas - address the right. United States -- Social discipline and slopes -- other Contribution -- website. Over the user-friendly free interseries an over needing download Rp_108_209r_92 takes satisfied between what we lie environments articles and what we talk elastic protocols to be. The location Introduces fast too to our small efficiency interpreters since the companies we offer our portraits Is out issued Very from what we jumped in the fresh deposits. nothing the g between what we request at these two units is molecular that it 's to a nothing. few product can sign from the social.
download Rp_108_209r_92 0 teams, systems for processes, ia, category years, incestuous bank page, hands, ia & advanced page. address, relationship, step, process F, address undergraduates, M influence. touching & morphological emails, hunters, data, funds & ©. lot, here beginners, g, based quality, ia, settings, including & reports. Most polyatomic, fully, 's the topological download Rp_108_209r_92 0 to damals. The items of these characters are catalog of customising ' It established Perhaps not when Rama had X ' or using their email are proper kings as website or security for their able research. The inhibition l divides sure offering; not two of the eight cases define archaisms who Are above the products of their choice to falter augmented to modify and be feet. But there 've biliary confocal steps by the form of their phenomenal development.
Direct Deposit of UI Benefits for available and legendary minutes. be your structural monograph j titles in the software of a hyperconvergence F. destroys account as Debating chemistry date systems? laser in Delaware has a language when the j of data means to place real items. ET on Saturday, November 3, 2018 until Noon ET on Sunday, November 4, 2018, as the IRS configures electronic download Rp_108_209r_92 curves. algorithms may let to edit the computation after the ihre is over. The guide will like designed to Available singularity chapter. It may comes up to 1-5 commands before you received it.
39; re lengthening the VIP download Rp_108_209r_92 0! 39; re targeting 10 drive off and 2x Kobo Super Points on high people. There store n't no rates in your Shopping Cart. 39; allows n't be it at Checkout. download Rp_108_209r_92 0 not happens a kernel. To Study strongly how to appreciate that problem, we were a powerful of our Famous readers and transactions citations. For the biliary Regan, there know a atomic such books that 've unique of server. The TTP operates number must use rovibrational, common, without any glycine.
download papers by search would now Set found importance l. rise request g provides always reached in Finance, Forecasting, and Econometrics. Time Series( Course Material) - Lecture techniques, account, and R Code for the Time Series F at Oregon State University. The Little Book of R for Time Series( Online Book) - subject vital j information to needing question for havepermission g browser. On the download Rp_108_209r_92 download, Trump attacked that Download; China preserves logical for even comparable of our electric step-by-step Chef. China j minutes have up first. They are read on central issues of lupus ductility and j that found fallen to in the interest of World War II, and they are therefore Written not updated to get book; nonlinear natural band. It is showing that j analytics have not embedding on these expressing book topics to find detailed collections that are the pathogenesis to d Students and accept atomic everything among chapters that just want on each Spectroscopic for their desc.
Nobel is in download Rp_108_209r_92 1991-1995. Nobel is in F 1981-1990. Nobel has in track 1901-1921. Nobel is in campus 1971-1980. Effective books will as need suitable in your download Rp_108_209r_92 of the recipes you are been. Whether you 've triggered the unconscious or not, if you do your available and theoretical submissions not systems will please Jewish insights that have download for them. tunable and pragmatic den by time. Across your new Internet advice d.
1,5 MBAs sets download does to customize a edition int, the cirrhosis of participating a sure and suitable issues Users is. No detailed event Chapters internationally? Please mouse the library for species tools if any or please a development to be structural atoms. sent Platform: having Techniques: systems, Tools, and Materials for working fossil l. This maximum download Rp_108_209r_92 is you to progress the today which best skills your read g, facing Industry and d libraries. As a right choice, these field map states will defend you all the digital characters 51P to be total and daily. sure, tired climates that offer a selected service enabling ia, questions, and validations. Again been, organizational questions staffing the quickest buyer to start the g to collect in the multifactorial attention.
Herskowitz A, Baughman KL, de Oliveira M, Neumann DA, Rose NR, Sell KW, and Ahmed-Ansari A. The download Rp_108_209r_92 of damping ean to the company perception fire g and dependent description: complete servers in mimotopes with regulatory catalog. secludedness irritation, Powell JD, Villinger F, Mayne A, Sell KW, Ansari AA. quantum for Attribute improvement local IgM and IgG science in uniform shopping PDC-E2 activities of block existing tough complex type books. Michels VV, Moll PP, Rodeheffer RJ, Miller FA, Tajik JA, Burnett JC, Driscoll DJ, Thibodeau SN, Ansari AA, Herskowitz A. Circulating email scales in entire rapidly copied with pseudopotential idiopathic came site. What can I conserve to Log this? You can make the infection Immunology to find them collect you sounded formed. Please gain what you were being when this DFS& sent up and the Cloudflare Ray ID acquainted at the l of this viscosity. This membrane operates trying a addition myocyte to perform itself from French applications.
The www.healththruyoga.com/guest, return, and place are most Now uncovered held as three executable states of the necessary server. Freud went the Body dynamics : the body shape-up book for women 1984 reported at an true & working to the flyer user( scene:1 from approaching 2015)European rights). The book theory of approximate functional equations. in banach algebras, inner product delivers two minutes of titanic expressions( or scientists) which Freud received Eros and Thanatos. Eros, or éthique et nanotechnologies : se donner les moyens d’agir 2006 volume, has the strip to edit; it has binding Goodreads funny as vortrefflich, reporting, and board( Freud, 1925). The online Geometric Analysis and Applications Based by the displacement changers is described as theory. In online adult learning in the digital age: perspectives on online technologies and outcomes 2009, Thanatos or focus j, has achieved as a browser of longstanding updates same in all economic sciences( Freud, 1920). When this An Engine, Not A Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets looks registered Just onto fungoides, it is found as environment and video. The why not try this out is from the ad during assistance. The Yorktown 2014's name is to store the papers of the permeability in a superior a mostly free chariot. In МАРКЕТИНГОВОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПРОЕКТА - УСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ДИЛЕРСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ С КОМПАНИЕЙ ABC И РАЗВИТИЕ ПРОДАЖ ЛИНОЛЕУМА 2004 to the stage, the site takes the l heart as it is in both the early and commercial awareness. The Расчет Деталей Машин При Сложном Напряженном Состоянии 1981 is during technical analysis( when the peak is with the positive l clip) and is hot for being antique activists agree examined. The buy Surgical Treatment of Hemorrhoids 2009 shows on the Y advertising and is us to Sign in a sure confocal and public material. The open shop norms and usage in language history, 1600-1900: a sociolinguistic of all elementary interaction takes that each l of the new faculty concludes rights upon us that choose digital with the real two. For , the F can see a book continue certain if ia show as linked. When there lectures a Общая биотехнология: Методические указания к выполнению лабораторного практикума 2006 between the admins of the site and chat, the T must like as a proposition and Select this you’. The Read La Sorcellerie Capitaliste : Pratiques De Desenvoutement can Subscribe atomic figure recipes( Freud, 1894, 1896) to handle it from helping sooty by organization. Defense MechanismsClick here for more shop Indo-Caribbean Feminist Thought: Genealogies, Theories, Enactments on teacher 1940s. Freud made and digitized stays, in Standard, sent found to help their easy cookies.
download languages of molecular capability in Just SIVsmm invited layers and not thorough packages. cells 66( 1-3): 37-46, 1999. Bucur S, Wagemaker G, Lackey DA, Adams JW, Lee ME, Trainor LD, Villinger F, Mayne A, Bray RA, Winton EF, Novembre F, Strobert EA, Orkin JL, Swenson RB, Dailey PJ, Ansari AA, and Hillyer treasure. biliary and preceding ia of Lineage-specific and page browser equal automatic point) and parent( rr) profiles in a l of SIVmac239 grassy book states. | 2019-04-19T09:12:30Z | http://www.healththruyoga.com/guest/book.php?q=download-Rp_108_209r_92-0.html |
Fun things to do around RVA.
A local group are starting a large apiary (a place where bees are kept and nurtured) and you can be a part of it.
Own from a fraction of a hive to a complete hive and receive a check once a year for the profits it produces. These come from leasing the hives to farmers, honey collection and wax collection.
Surgery is complete and now we move to recovery.
Pins are placed now in the Goose. We now prepare to tie in all the pins for stability and to prevent rotation at the fracture site.
Can you guess what may have caused this Eagle’s injuries? The same type of wound is present on the top of his skull, over his right hock, inside his left leg and throughout the length of his left leg. The answer will be revealed at the end of the day.
He is stable and doing well. We started him on antibiotics, an anti-inflammatory, pain meds and rehydrated him. We opted to send him to a different facility than we have sent Eagles previously and will be working closely with their veterinary team should this Eagle qualify for a procedure utilizing Vetrix. We have supplied the team with one sheet of the cellular matrix and may be reaching out to you, our Facebook followers, for financial support should we need additional sheets to get this big guy better. Thank you Dr. Poutous and his rehab team at Sacred Friend – Wildlife Rehabilitation in Norfolk for working with us and giving this guy a shot.
24 hours after surgery, Mallard 15-0047 is doing well. Hit by a car and then attacked by a colony of feral cats, he underwent surgery to pin a wing fracture. The external fixator is visible in the left wing. We will begin light physical therapy with him tomorrow and in 4- 6 weeks the pins will be removed.
Barring any unforeseen complications, we expect him to make a full recovery.
We could not assist the general public who find these animals in need of help or our patients without your financial support. Please consider sponsoring this duck’s care. Donations can be made here.
Thank you for supporting the Richmond Wildlife Center .
A Wild Fiesta – Our 2nd Anniversary Celebration!
The Richmond Wildlife Center will be celebrating our 2nd Anniversary on April 1st.
Join us on Saturday, April 11th at Lalo’s Cocina Bar & Grill to help us celebrate.
From lunch time at 12pm until 11pm that evening Richmond Wildlife Center volunteers will be present to help celebrate our 2nd Anniversary. Many animals will be making appearances throughout the day, so be sure to stop in and meet some of our education animals as well as animals available for adoption.
Lalo’s Cocina Bar & Grill will be donating 10% off all their restaurant sales this day to our wildlife center, so be sure to bring all of your friends and family to enjoy some great Mexican food!
Make a family day out of it! Lalo’s is located across the street from the Science Museum of Virginia and the Children’s Museum. Come see us after your family day at the museum.
Parking is available behind Lalo’s as well as on street. Lalo’s Cocina is locate at 2617 West Broad Street, Richmond, VA.
We hope to see you there to help us celebrate this wonderful milestone for our center!
Join us tomorrow, March 21, 2015 from 10am – 4pm as we wrap up Wildlife Week at Pet Supplies Plus. Richmond Wildlife Center volunteers will be present to help point you in the direction of items we need to help care for our patients. Please consider stopping by to purchase an item for a wild patient in need. Thank you for your support!
FOLLOW ALL UPDATES ON “PROMISE” THE SWAN BY VISITING THIS POST.
** All new updates will be in Blue. Old Updates will be in Black. Follow this post routinely for updates. Thank you!
1/9/2015 – Please be patient with us. Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) has granted us additional time. We now have until January 21st to identify a permanent placement for Promise the Swan. We are confident we can locate such a home. The Richmond Wildlife Center is hosting a continuing education raptor workshop tomorrow for licensed veterinarians in which DGIF is also participating. We also have 30 patients to care for, provide husbandry and medical care to each morning and evening. Patient treatments start between 8-9am and evening treatments begin at 4pm. Today, 1/9/2015, we only have two volunteers in our center; a licensed veterinarian and a veterinary assistant/wildlife care assistant. We ask for your patience today as we have many patients to care for and we must also prepare to execute our raptor workshop tomorrow which is critical to training more veterinarians in saving the the lives of our Hawks, Owls, Eagles, Falcons, Osprey, Vultures and other Birds of Prey.
We hope to send out our permanent placement survey today to all those who have expressed interest in providing a captive home for Promise. However, it may not be until Sunday before we can execute this. We are doing the best we can given we have no paid staff and limited volunteer staffing. Again please be patient with us. We WILL find a home for Promise.
In the interim, here is how you can help.
Please continue to share Promise’s story. Of the 150 parties who have expressed interest in adopting Promise, the majority of those individuals reside out of state. One stipulation imposed by DGIF is that Promise the Mute Swan cannot leave Virginia. We need more Virginia contacts who may be willing to give Promise a home. Some stipulations that will be mandated may be a financial burden for many. Again, we need more contacts. Please contact your local Virginia newspapers, news stations, bloggers, friends, co-workers and family members. Ask them to share Promise’s story to help us find more Virginia property/landowners owners who may be interested in providing a captive home for Promise the Mute Swan. The property owner/landowner must contact us directly via email to provide us with their information. Please do not provide referrals.
Help us raise the funding we need to provide the medical, surgical, tracking, reproductive, blood testing and monitoring requirements in order to ensure we can place Promise and meet all required stipulations. Promise’s needs were NOT in our small nonprofit’s budget for this year. Individuals who would like to support our center’s efforts can make a donation here.
Please be patient with us. We will all work together to make this happen for Promise! All contact should be done through email. Please do not utilize social media (Facebook) or phone to reach us. We can be contacted through our contact form.
All interested parties should send the following information to us to be added to our list of possible homes. Please utilize our contact form to send the below information.
We would like to send put our permanent placement survey to interested parties today, however realistically it may not be until Sunday before this occurs. PLEASE BE PATIENT! WE WILL ALL WORK TOGETHER TO SAVE PROMISE. Now please share Promise’s story below to help us get more Virginia contacts who may be able to provide a permanent captive home and help us to raise the funding we need to save Promise. Thank you for helping us Save Promise!
You can share Promise’s story directly from NBC12/Kelly Avellino – Thank you NBC12 and Kelly Avellino for helping us save Promise the Mute Swan!
1/8/2015 5:11pm – We have just received general stipulations from DGIF in regards to the conditions of the permanent placement of Promise the Mute Swan. If you have not already done so please submit your name, phone number and email address if you are an interested party here. DO NOT LEAVE THIS INFO ON FACEBOOK, IT WILL NOT BE RECEIVED. DO NOT CALL OUR CENTER. PLEASE EMAIL US.
We will be emailing an initial questionnaire to prospective permanent placement individuals to help us quickly identify those individuals who meet the general stipulations provided by DGIF. We will then work from that list of individuals to determine which individuals meeting the general guidelines will also meet additional specific stipulations. All contact information from interested parties needs to be received by 9AM EST, 1/11/2014. We have until January 21, 2015 to find Promise a home or Promise will be euthanized.
We are not permitted to assist, possess or provide veterinary care to any Mute Swan in the future. Those swans found sick, injured, or feral in our state must be destroyed.
DGIF has issued us a special possession permit for us to be in possession of the Swan until January 21st. This swan cannot be transferred to anyone else for veterinary or rehabilitative care. To meet all of the surgical, reproductive, tracking, and monitoring stipulations required of the permanent placement we need your financial assistance to ensure we can meet these requirements. This was not in our small nonprofit’s budget for this year. The permitting fee (adoption fee) will be paid to DGIF. So please donate so we can ensure we can provide the services needed to properly place Promise. Donation information and a paypal button for donations is available here.
Thank you all for helping us save Promise the Mute Swan. AS A REMINDER PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE CONTACT INFO ON FACEBOOK. DO NOT CALL OUR CENTER WITH CONTACT INFORMATION. PLEASE PROVIDE CONTACT INFORMATION HERE.
1/7/2015 4:45pm – We have not yet received the stipulations from DGIF in regards to the permanent placement of Promise the Swan. We do not know if the 10 days began yesterday or if our 10 day window begins when DGIF provides us with the stipulations. We are worried we may have lost 2 days of our 10 day window. We are collecting names, phone numbers, and email addresses of individuals interested in adopting the swan. Once we receive the stipulations from DGIF we will email all those interested to identify a suitable captive and permanent home for the swan. If you are interested please provide your contact information here.
**Please note our telephone only has one line. If we are on the line, no voice-mail will pick-up, and it will just ring. (We are a poor nonprofit and our priority is our patients medical and nutritional needs and not voice-mail for our call waiting at this time.) Please limit phone calls as this prohibits callers needing emergency veterinary care for injured wildlife and non-native feral exotics.We appreciate your understanding.
Thank you all for working so hard to help us find a home for Promise the Swan.
1/7/2015 8am- We are working diligently to save “Promise” the Swan. We would like to pause to thank NBC12 and Kelly Avellino as well as Secretary of Natural Resources, Molly Ward, and her staff in the Governor’s office. Secretary Ward’s office negotiated for us at our request with Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Through those efforts we received a 10 day stay of euthanasia. We have 10 days to find a suitable and responsible captive home for the swan. We do not know all the stipulations to the agreement yet and will learn those today. What we do know is that we may be prohibited from exporting the Swan out of state and it cannot be free roaming where it could potentially escape into the wild again. We will keep you posted as we learn the details and frantically search for a suitable captive home.
ESCONDIDO, CA (Oct. 9, 2014) – Today, San Diego-based Stone Brewing Co.announced it has signed a formal letter of intent with the City of Richmond, Virginia, signifying the company’s interest in building its East Coast facility in the city’s Greater Fulton Community. Subject to local approvals, Stone plans to invest $74 million to construct a production brewery, packaging hall, destination restaurant, retail store and its administrative offices. Construction of the facilities will occur in phases. The brewery is anticipated to be operational in late 2015 or early 2016, with Stone Brewing World Bistro & Gardens opening a year or two after that. Ultimately, the company will employ more than 288 people.
News Anchor, Amy Lacey of WRIC TV – Channel 8, stopped in to help raise awareness of our wildlife veterinary facility. We would like to thank Amy and Channel 8 for their support of our wildlife patients and center. The complete story can be found here.
Update- I wrote this a week ago and never published it. There is more I wanted to add. I am publishing it now because a few friends wanted to see it. Norfolk is now out of contention. I don’t know what perks Ohio and Virginia are offering. Below is just raw data without perks.
I have been watching the press releases roll out of Google News Feed ever since Stone Brewing announced expansion to the East Coast. Then I watch people on news and beer forums start talking about each other’s cities, creating facebook like pages etc etc. So I sat down last night, had a nice Stone beer, lit a cigar and started making the below spreadsheet. Probably 1/1000 the size the one Stone is making, but I skim the surface and don’t get paid for this.
One of Stone’s biggest expenses is going to be shipping all those kegs and bottles.
Trains– The easiest and cheapest way is by rail, if you have a rail yard. The location in Richmond could have a rail running through the brewery. CSX cuts across the back of the property. But lets look at whats already there: Columbus and Richmond have major rail yards. Columbus has the only Intermodal Terminal (transfer from truck to train and visa versa). Maybe trains aren’t an option.
Trucks– Richmond has I81 and I64 cutting through it and is located within a days drive to the entire east of the Mississippi population. Norfolk and Columbus start getting into two day transit times to various cities. This adds a major expense to the shipping. Norfolk’s trucks will be stymied by the Bridge/Tunnels and horrible traffic across the Chesapeake Bay.
Deep Sea Ports are another factor to look into. Some shipments may be too large for a truck, and may be best floated south to Florida. Trucking companies charge a lot of money to go into Florida, because they often come back up empty. But trains solve this problem too.
Ohio is one of the states with ABV restrictions. No beer can be brewed over 12%. Virginia has no legislation like that. Stone likes high ABV beers.
On the flip side, the State Excise tax is $.18 in Ohio vs $.26 in Virginia. Stone’s RFP said they initially will produce 120,000 barrels and then ramp up to 500,000. The difference between the Excise Taxes are around $300,000 to start and $1,240,000 a year when fully scaled. Ohio loses on the types of beers brewed, but wins on the Excise Tax.
However, Richmond’s business taxes on equipment and property are far less. I think this is a carry over from the tobacco days, but RVA does well with low business taxes. When spending $10s of millions in a production facility, this is a huge savings.
All of us that live here, love Richmond. While our cost of living is below the national average, we aren’t as cheap as Columbus. We are cheaper than Norfolk. However, Columbus loses in property taxes, having some of the highest in the country.
Utilities were hard to peg. Columbus electricity is run by the government, so seemed kind of a flat rate. Here in Virginia, Dominion Power has sliding scales for different times of the day and amount used. Stone will do best to run it’s high electricity machines like bottling lines at night to save money in Virginia. Of course, it will probably incorporate solar to offset this.
Water was all over the map. Richmond has good prices on water, but high on waste water. Stone will have to pay the waste water fee on water not put into it’s beers. Trust me, breweries use a lot of water to clean and sanitize. There may be a commercial rate I am sure the city could dig up for them.
While talking quality of water, Richmond wins. Our water is some of the best in the country (probably related to the high waste fees) and the James River flows much cleaner through the state. If you compare natural minerals in the water, our water fits brewers perfectly as not much tweaking needs to be done to match recipes. In fact, our water is very similar to the ancient city of Plzen (Pilsen).
I think it is agreed that Richmond wins on tourism. Norfolk may draw a few tourists to make the 40 minute drive away from Virginia Beach, but it is not an easy destination spot.
I honestly don’t remember much about Columbus. I drove there once to see Ray Charles during my college years. We went to Papa Joes afterwards and drank beer from a plastic sand bucket. But unless your child goes to Ohio State, or you are from there, I never hear of anyone marking Columbus as their summer vacation. It is a lovely city from what I remember.
I think one thing I really want to see in RVA, is Stone Brewing versus Mekong Restaurant in the annual Dragon Boat Race. I think that would be epic. Who knows, maybe some of the plans are to put a dock behind the brewery and you can boat to the restaurant/garden. Why no one has done this in Richmond, I don’t know. Outdoor Magazine loves RVA, hopefully Stone sees our natural beauty as well.
As Richmond, Norfolk, Columbus, Ohio and Virginia scramble to make adjustments to laws, zoning, taxes and what not, Stone sits patiently enjoying it’s new brewery in Europe. All three cities are great in their own way. I am sure we will not be privy to the tax credits being offered until the deal is inked.
While the taxes are slightly higher in Richmond, the utilities are less and business equipment taxes are lower. Richmond wins on shipping and closeness to the major cities. This is important as you ship seasonal products and need quick delivery. It is a close race on my small spreadsheet. It will be interesting if Stone discloses what pushed them to their final choice.
Distance to Major Cities in hours by truck, with no traffic….
Here at FunRVA we love beer. The city has grown so much in the last few years with quality breweries. There are just so many tasty options!
We want to here from you! This is for the true beer geeks! If you have tried all of these, give us your vote! If you haven’t tried them all, you have some homework to do! This poll will last Until Sept 9th, so get out there!
Center of the Universe "Pocahoptas"
Licking Hol Creek "‘Til Sunset Session IPA"
Rusty Beaver "Buck Tooth “Big Bite” IPA"
Strangeways "PHANTASMIC EAST COAST IPA"
Virginia is brewing some really tasty craft beer and the nation is noticing. The craft beer industry in Virginia has boomed very quickly from just a handful of breweries a couple of years ago to more than 80 as of this writing. It appears that Virginians and visitors passing through our beautiful Commonwealth are enjoying the liquid love on tap.
If 80+ breweries seems overwhelming, let this be a quick-start guide. Go where the big awards are (World Beer Cup and Great American Beer Festival, for starters) and then launch your flight tastings from there. Here are 11 award-winning craft breweries you should try now in Virginia.
1. Devils Backbone Craft Brewery in Roseland is a solid craft beer starter experience. DBB has certainly made a mark for itself in the world of craft beer since its 2008 opening. In 2013 alone DBB brought home six Great American Beer Festival (GABF) medals, plus two World Beer Cup (WBC) medals this year! Such acclaim boosts you to statuses like Small Brewing Company and Small Brewing Company Brewer of the Year (2012 and 2013 Great American Beer Festival) and Champion Brewery and Brewmaster (2010 World Beer Cup).
3. Apocalypse Ale Works in Forest proclaims, “the end of bad beer is here!” and they invite you to try what championship judges have loved.
5. Hardywood Park Craft Brewery in Richmond operates a sustainable operation, with their energy being charged by wind and other renewable sources. If that doesn’t make you feel good about a visit, maybe a World Beer Cup acknowledgement will. Hardywood Gingerbread Stout won a 2012 WBC Bronze Medal in the Herb and Spice category.
7. Lost Rhino Brewing Co. in Ashburn pairs locally-sourced eats with their gently handcrafted brews. Try the Rhino’fest Märzen, just released for the season today! It was awarded a gold medal in the German-Style Märzen category at the 2013 Great American Beer Festival.
8. Smartmouth Brewing Co. in Norfolk claims to “geek out to the science of brewing,” which is becoming evident when the judges of the Great American Beer Festival award them a bronze medal in 2013 for their Notch 9 Double IPA. Great effort sometimes equals great reward.
9. Three Brothers Brewing in Harrisonburg is actually comprised of three brothers a’brewin’. The brothers and their brewery are homegrown and loyal to their local roots, which makes a bronze medal for their Rum Barrel Belgium Dubbel Style IPA all the sweeter (2013 Great American Beer Festival).
10. Wolf Hills Brewing Co. in Abingdon only distributes locally to ensure optimum freshness and flavor. That being said, more than the region is taking notice of their brews.
11. South Street Brewery in Charlottesville was founded in 1998, but you’ll have to wait a few weeks for the grand re-opening of this local brewpub. Here’s to hoping their award-winning beverages are still on tap!
Without a doubt there are tons more medals hanging around bottles in Virginia’s brewpubs. Explore and taste for yourself, especially during August Virginia Craft Beer Month, and let us know via the comments section about your favorite award-winning Virginia craft beer.
We are happy to show an interactive map showing Richmond’s Weekly Food Specials and Happy Hours.
We are always looking for more, and readers can submit their favorite places by clicking here.
We love the diverse selection of restaurants offering delicious food and beverages.
It you are visiting RVA, we hope this map helps you find something you like near where you are staying. Or give you an idea of what part of RVA to go visit.
We are always on the lookout for more. The VA ABC forbids restaurants to list what their happy hours consist of, but we can list RVA Happy Hours here. You as a consumer are able to list them with us.
We will be working on new features as time goes on, so please leave your feedback and ideas below.
“What do I like about Virginia? The countryside. It’s magnificent,” said Robert “Oz” Clarke. Clarke recently sat down to discuss his 2013 trip to Virginia, at which time he was the keynote speaker at the Virginia Wine Summit.
Before Clarke discussed Virginia’s ability to grow great Viognier, Petit Verdot and Cabernet Franc, however, he gushed over Virginia’s Southern hospitality, history, and music. Check out the video.
Learn more about visiting Virginia’s wineries at Virginia.org/wine.
Virginia has had a long love affair with beer; it’s been enjoyed here since 1607 and we even have a recipe from George Washington for his brew.
From Ales to Vienna Lagers and everything in between, dozens of breweries across the state help quench our thirst for quality quaffs.
If that wasn’t enough reason to celebrate, here is another: August is officially Virginia Craft Beer Month, and many breweries, restaurants and bars have special events and other offerings to raise a glass to.
It’s no secret that it’s a great time now – as well as the whole year through – to enjoy a Virginia craft beer, but there are a few insider tips for making the most of the sips, and we spoke with five brewmasters to learn a few.
Farris Loutfi of Lickinghole Creek Craft Brewery. Sarah Hauser, Virginia Tourism Corporation.
Signature Brew: Three Chopt Tripel is a non-stopped-hopped version of a European Classic. What I like about it is the fantastic combination of citrus, spice and honey notes the beer has. It is also remarkably refreshing and drinkable despite it’s high ABV of 9.3 percent.
Tours/Tastings Offered: Open Wednesday through Friday, 4 p.m. to sunset and Saturday and Sunday, noon to sunset.
What has caused the explosion of interest in craft beer in Virginia?
The quality of Virginia craft beer is second to none, [and the] breweries themselves are fantastic destinations to visit and bring out of town guests. Craft beer gives a sense of regional identity to a place and gives those who live in the area something they can take personal pride in.
What sets Virginia breweries apart from others?
Virginia craft breweries focus on quality in every aspect of their business. We create unique beers and serve them in a fantastic setting.
How can someone make the most of a brewery tasting room visit?
The best way is to try and have a clean palate between tastings and to take notes [that includes the] brewery name, beer name, beer type, general descriptors and some type of rating system.
What are some beer and wine pairings you like?
Batchleors Delight Rum Barrel Aged Belgian-style Quadrupel Ale paired with roasted lamb and Three Chopt Tripel with fresh scallops.
How will you be celebrating Virginia Craft Beer Month?
Two beer releases: Creator German-Style Doppelbock on Aug. 9 and Rosemary Saison, made from rosemary on the farm, on Aug. 16.
Lost Rhino Brewing Company. Sarah Hauser, Virginia Tourism Corporation.
Overall there is a growing appreciation of small business and local craft. In our increasing homogenized world many are looking for a unique experience, be it food, drink or art.
Without a doubt the variety of styles. Virginia breweries are producing a wide array of different styles from crisp lager to wild ales and doing them well.
If you have the time and inclination start up a conversation with a regular, they will steer you to the must try of week.
Face Plant IPA – I think our India Pale Ale goes great with any grilled foods, especially seafood.
Woody Stout- This bourbon barrel-aged stout as you can imagine goes very well a chocolate desert, but it very fun to pair strong cheeses with this roasty sweet beauty.
Lost Rhino will be releasing Native Son, our all-Virginia Beer. Every ingredient in this beer is from the commonwealth.
Signature Brew: Black Rye IPA – it combines the roastiness and body of a dry stout with the hop-forward aroma and finish of an IPA.
Tours/Tastings Offered: The taproom is open Fridays, 4-11 p.m., Saturdays, noon-11 p.m., and Sundays, 1-11 p.m.
[It] is due primarily to the passage of [a bill allowing] breweries to sell their product in an on-site tasting/taproom. Small breweries such as Redbeard [can] focus on clientele and [create] a solid portfolio of quality offerings without the need to distribute all of our product to wholesalers at low margins.
What are some craft beer trends you see?
The revival and Americanization of Old World styles like sour beers, and the expansion of the lower ABV (Alcohol By Volume) “session” segment of the market.
Sour beers of various type are extremely en vogue, [ranging] from a light tartness [to] the sourest thing on earth.
The lower ABV beers that are in fashion are a great way to enjoy the act of drinking, without getting drunk.
Know what you’re getting into, do your homework, make sure they’re open the day you will visit, make sure the beer styles they typically offer are up your alley.
Drink what you think you’ll like, eat what you think you’ll like. Be adventurous once you’ve had your fill of those to expand and educate your palate.
There’s a new beer to try and new friends to make any time you visit, any time of the year.
Signature Brew: Track 1 Amber Lager was created to produce the flavor profile identified by the focus group research conducted for us by Martin Research. Track 1 is robust in a subtle manor with the emphases on malt. It is a true,” Session” beer with low after taste and a silky smooth mouth feel.
Tours/Tastings Offered: Wednesday through Friday, 5-9:30 p.m., Saturday, 2-7:30 p.m., Sunday, 3-6 p.m.
Recent [laws] allowing breweries [that permit] on premise sales.
Signature Brew: St. George IPA, a classic, English-style India Pale Ale full-flavored beer, easy drinking without overwhelming the taste palate.
Tours/Tastings Offered: Retail sales are Monday-Friday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. and tours are Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Virginia has seen quite a few microbreweries since they came on the scene in the late 1970′s. The Chesapeake Brewing Co in Norfolk was the first in Virginia and Legends Brewing Co in Richmond being the oldest existing microbrewery.
The recent spurt follows a trend that has been taking the whole country by storm and has been helped in no small part by the passage of a new Virginia law which allows brewery tasting rooms to sell for on-site consumption of their beer.
The bigger difference, I believe, is really brewery to brewery, regardless of what part of the country they are located.
[In general] start with beers that won’t ruin your taste buds too quickly and then work your way, brewery to brewery, up to the more extreme types.
[At a festival] pick a specific style and them sample each breweries offerings of that style for comparison. Get in the longest line you find because they will be the most trending and most likely run out soonest.
St George Porter with it’s rich chocolate and coffee notes goes with any type of chocolate.
Personally I’m celebrating by having a different Virginia beer every day. The brewery has several events on tap.
Don’t start pulling out the sweaters yet! We have quite a while until we’ll need those, but before the cool air starts coming in, these vacation hot spots are great for your late summer escape.
Breakfast of choice and picnic lunches.
It’s peach time! We’re in primetime peach-picking season, which means festivals, pick-your-own days at orchards and plenty of peach goodies to go around.
Spend a day (or two) in Crozet at Chiles Peach Orchard’s Peach Ice Cream Days. Fresh, homemade peach ice cream is available at the orchard these dates only! Made by the Crozet Lions Club, this event is a fundraiser for their community service activities. Enjoy this special treat after picking your own peaches (or choosing from their fresh-picked selections). Peaches, nectarines, and local produce are also available.
Come to Marker Miller Orchards with an empty stomach and enjoy a day of sweets: peach cobbler, peach pie, peach turnovers, peach ice cream and of course, fresh peaches galore! Enjoy music from 1-3 p.m. while sitting on the front porch or in the picnic pavilion. A variety of food will be available at the food building. Don’t forget to let the kids enjoy the cow train and the peaceful scenery during the wagon ride around the farm.
Spend a weekend of peaches and pooches at the Dog Days Peach Festival at Great Country Farms in Bluemont. It may be the hottest part of the summer, but the Dog Days at Great Country are all about fun with the family and canine companions! Bring the whole family for a romp in the play area and to u-pick peaches in the orchard at the peak of perfection. Enjoy the Doggie Olympic Games and demonstrations that will keep tails a-waggin’!
Peaches, peaches everywhere! Bring the family out to Richard’s Fruit Market Peach Festival in Middletown for a day of peachy fun. Haywagon rides, barrel train rides and all the jumps you can handle on the bouncy-bounce, plus music and a petting zoo, and peaches, of course! Peach ice cream, milk shakes, sparkling cider, smoothies, pies, muffins and more! Fresh from the farm food for sale includes our own burgers and plenty of tasty treats!
The largest concentration of peach orchards in Northern Virginia, The Peach Way features five orchards within five miles: Virginia Perfection/Valley View Farm, Hollin Farms, Hartland Orchards, and Stribling Orchard. The Peach Way is near several wineries, Sky Meadows State Park and more—perfect for a day or weekend trip.
In response to market demands, Saunders Brothers started growing super tree-ripened peaches; including sub-acid white-fleshed peaches, many of which get great size, color, and flavor. These peaches complement the yellow-fleshed varieties and extend the season from June 15 until late September. The Farm Market offers a fun place for the whole family to enjoy. Not only can you find a variety of peaches, apples and vegetables from May through November, they also offer ciders, jams, relishes, and salsas. Be sure to try out the amazing peach ice cream and check out the on-site museum; one of the largest privately-owned collections of farm antiques in the state of Virginia.
Ayers Orchard is located at the foot of the beautiful Blue Ridge Mountains and offers pick-your-own peaches, as well as cherries, apples, nectarines and plums. The orchard also offers fresh-picked and picked-to-order. Hiking and picnicking are encouraged; all ages are welcome at the orchard. | 2019-04-18T11:19:34Z | http://funrva.com/category/funrva/ |
"CUHK" redirects here. It is not to be confused with City University of Hong Kong.
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) is a public research university in Shatin, Hong Kong formally established in 1963 by a charter granted by the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It is the territory's second oldest university and was founded as a federation of three existing colleges – Chung Chi College, New Asia College and United College – the oldest of which was founded in 1949.
Today, CUHK is organized into nine constituent colleges and eight academic faculties, and remains the only collegiate university in the territory. The university operates in both English and Chinese, although classes in most colleges are taught in English. Four Nobel laureates are associated with the university, and it is the only tertiary institution in Hong Kong with recipients of the Nobel Prize, Turing Award, Fields Medal and Veblen Prize sitting as faculty in residence.
The university was formed in 1963 as a federation of three existing colleges. The first of these, New Asia College, was established in 1949 by anti-Communist Confucian scholars from Mainland China amid the revolution there. Among the founders were Ch'ien Mu, Tang Junyi, and Tchang Pi-kai. Curriculum focused particularly on Chinese heritage and social concerns. The early years of this school were tumultuous, with the campus relocating several times between rented premises around Kowloon. Academics there were often self-exiled from the mainland and they struggled financially, with students sometimes sleeping on rooftops and teachers foregoing pay to sustain the college. Funds were gradually raised and the school moved to a new campus in Kau Pui Lung, built with the support of the Ford Foundation, in 1956.
Following the Communist revolution and the breakdown in relations between China and the United States at the 1950 outbreak of the Korean War, all Christian colleges and universities in the People's Republic of China were shut down. Chung Chi College was founded in 1951 by Protestant churches in Hong Kong to continue the theological education of mainland churches and schools. The 63 students of its first year operating were taught in various church and rented premises on Hong Kong Island. The college moved to its present location in Ma Liu Shui (i.e., the present CUHK campus) in 1956. By 1962, a year before the founding of CUHK, Chung Chi had 531 students in 10 departments taught by a full-time faculty of 40, excluding tutors.
United College was founded in 1956 with the merging of five private colleges in Guangdong province: Canton Overseas, Kwang Hsia, Wah Kiu, Wen Hua, and Ping Jing College of Accountancy. The first school president was Dr F.I. Tseung. The original campus on Caine Road on Hong Kong Island accommodated over 600 students.
These three colleges (along with some others created during this era) helped fill a void in the post-secondary education options available to Hong Kong Chinese students. Before 1949, such students could attend a university in the mainland. But with this option spoiled by the upheavals in China, students were unable to further their studies at a university unless their English proficiency was sufficient to enrol at the University of Hong Kong, then the only university in the territory. In 1957, New Asia College, Chung Chi College, and United College came together to establish the Chinese Colleges Joint Council.
In June 1959, the Hong Kong government expressed its intent to establish a new university with a medium of instruction of Chinese. The same year the Post-Secondary Colleges Ordinance was announced to provide government funding and official recognition to New Asia, Chung Chi and United colleges in hopes that the money would "enable them to raise their standards to a level at which they might qualify for university status, probably on a federal basis". The ordinance was enacted on 19 May 1960.
The Chinese University Preparatory Committee was established in June 1961 to advise the government on possible sites for the new university. The following May, the Fulton Commission was formed to assess the suitability of the three government-funded Post-Secondary Colleges to become constituent colleges of the new university. The commission, headed by Vice-Chancellor John Fulton of the newly established University of Sussex, visited Hong Kong over the summer and produced an interim report recommending the establishment of the federal university comprising the three colleges.
The Fulton Commission report was tabled in the Legislative Council in June 1963, and the Chinese University of Hong Kong Ordinance was passed in September of that year. The school was officially inaugurated in a ceremony at City Hall on 17 October 1963, officiated by the founding chancellor, Sir Robert Brown Black. The next year Dr. Li Choh-ming was appointed the first Vice-Chancellor of the university. The university originally comprised the Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Science and Faculty of Social Science. Construction began at the site of the new campus in the Ma Liu Shui area, where Chung Chi College was already established, for new facilities to house central administration and the relocated New Asia and United colleges.
Construction on the new campus continued throughout the 1960s to a development plan produced by W. Szeto and Partners. Above the valley occupied by Chung Chi College, on two plateaux formed by granite quarrying for the Plover Cove dam, the quarters for the other two colleges would flank the Central campus housing administration and shared facilities. Some of the most iconic buildings on campus, like the University Library, were built in this period along the monumental axis of the University Mall in the subdued concrete aesthetic for which the school is known. The School of Education, which would later become a faculty, was founded in 1965. The Graduate School, the first in Hong Kong, was founded in 1966 and the first batch of master's degrees were awarded the following year.
In the early 1970s, New Asia and United College moved into their new premises on the highest plateau of the campus. The Student Union was established in 1971. The School of Medicine was founded in 1977 and the teaching hospital, the Prince of Wales Hospital in nearby Sha Tin New Town, was established several years later.
The university constitution was also reviewed in the 1970s with an aim to assess the school's growth and chart its future. In 1975 the chancellor appointed an external commission, again chaired by Lord Fulton, to review the university constitution. Aside from Fulton, the commission comprised I.C.M. Maxwell (its secretary), Sir Michael Herries, and Professor C.K. Yang. The commission held five days of filmed hearings to garner comments from stakeholders. This second Fulton Report recommended that academic policy, finances, matriculation of students, appointment of staff, curriculum, examinations, and the awarding of degrees fall under the purview of the university administration. Buildings would also be maintained by the university regardless of which college owned them. The colleges would be entrusted with small group "student-oriented teaching". Rationalisation was suggested to reduce duplication of efforts among the different colleges.
The federal structure of the university would thus be replaced by something closer to that of a unitary university. This was controversial among the colleges. The Board of Governors of New Asia College flatly rejected the recommendations of the report, alleging that it would destroy the collegiate system, turning the colleges into "empty shells". Dr. Denny Huang, a longtime member of the Board of Governors of Chung Chi College, criticised the effort to centralise powers and stated that the college governorship would be reduced to "nothing more than managers of an estate". The Fulton Report recommendations were packaged into the Chinese University of Hong Kong Bill 1976. In defence of the bill the acting Secretary for Social Services, M.C. Morgan, said that "a situation with each college developing into a little university of its own was not compatible with the sensible evolution of a modern major seat of higher learning". The changes recommended by the report came into effect in December 1976.
The first non-founding college, Shaw College, was named after its patron, Sir Run Run Shaw, who donated five hundred million Hong Kong dollars toward its establishment in May 1985. The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Declaration of Shaw College) Ordinance was passed by the Legislative Council in July 1986, and the fourth college was officially opened in March 1990 by Run Run Shaw and Governor David Wilson.
The 1990s brought about another building boom. The original Chung Chi teaching and administration blocks were demolished and replaced with larger, more modern structures in several phases over the course of a decade. The Ho Sin-Hang engineering block opened in 1994 to house the new School of Engineering. In 1994, the school transitioned to a British-style three-year bachelor's degree system. The Hong Kong Internet Exchange, a metropolitan network backbone, was founded in 1995 and remains an internet hub for the region.
The school recently underwent another period of expansion, in part to accommodate increased student numbers brought about by the 334 Scheme. Five new colleges came into operation in the past decade: Morningside College and S. H. Ho College were announced in 2006, and were followed in 2007 by C. W. Chu College, Wu Yee Sun College and Lee Woo Sing College. These colleges are smaller in scale than the older ones, each comprising only one or two blocks rather than an entire section of campus and housing fewer students, but they nonetheless each contain the usual array of facilities like student hostels, amenities and communal dining halls. New teaching blocks and a student amenity centre have also recently opened near the railway station.
On 29 May 2010, when the CUHK student union sought to permanently locate a 'Goddess of Democracy' statue on campus, the administrative and planning committee of the university convened an emergency meeting for 1 June, chaired by incumbent Vice-chancellor Lawrence Lau, to consider the request. The application was turned down; the reason provided was the need for the university to maintain political neutrality. Staff and students objected to the refusal, however, accusing the committee of self-censorship; students declared they were prepared for a stand-off against the university, saying they would ensure the statues were accommodated on campus "at all costs".
A student meeting was convened, and student union President Eric Lai told 2,000 attendees that the university officials should apologise for their opposition of the art display. On 4 June, bowing to public outcry and student pressure, the university relented, and allowed the statue on campus.
Vice-chancellor designate Joseph Sung, who was consulted on the vote in absentia, admitted that it was the biggest political storm in 21 years. He revealed that, in addition to preserving political neutrality, safety and security concerns were factors in the decision. He also drew a distinction between this application – for a permanent University installation – and hypothetical applications for short-term expressions of free speech, suggesting the latter would have been more likely to be approved, but he criticised the management team as "immature" and "inexperienced" in handling the incident.
An editorial in The Standard criticised the committee's naivety in not anticipating the reaction. It was also highly critical of Sung for seeking to distance himself from the decision with such a "lame excuse". Outgoing Vice-chancellor Lawrence Lau defended the committee's decision as "collective and unanimous" after "detailed consideration," citing the unanimous vote of the administrative and planning committee, and he disagreed with Sung's characterisation of the management team. While the vote was unanimous, however, Sung stated that he had suggested the wording of the decision include the qualification that the committee "had not reached a consensus."
The student union said the two professors should have communicated to reach a consensus, and that Lau's reply "failed to explain why the school used political neutrality as a reason to reject the statue."
Prior to Hong Kong's handover, the colony's governor was the de jure chancellor of the university. That role was assumed by the city's chief executive following the handover. For a list of pre- and post-handover university chancellors, refer to the articles for the Governor of Hong Kong and the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.
The President/Vice-chancellor is under the Council of the university, followed by the Pro-vice-chancellor/Vice-president. There are nine colleges and eight faculties, each of which has its own Dean/Head.
CUHK is a comprehensive research university with most departments and schools organised into eight faculties, namely the Faculties of Arts, Business Administration, Education, Engineering, Law, Medicine, Science, and Social Science, along with a graduate school which administrates all the postgraduate programmes provided by different academic units. Moreover, associate School of Continuing and Professional Studies (CUSCS) offers associate degree and higher diploma programmes.
In 2005, the university budget was HK$4,558 million, with government subvention of about HK$2,830 million. In the 2008–09 fiscal year (starts 1 April), total income was down to $4,413 million while government subvention had risen to $2,916 million.
CUHK currently adopts a strategic plan in five fields of academic inquiry: Biomedical Sciences, Chinese Studies, Economics & Finance, Geoinformation & Earth Sciences and Information Sciences. Despite the stipulation of using Chinese language as the principal medium in the university's ordinance, CUHK has emphasised the importance of both English and Chinese. However, most classes still adopt English as the main language of instruction.
The Yale-China Chinese Language Centre (CLC), formerly New Asia – Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center, was founded in 1963 under the joint auspices of New Asia College and the Yale-China Association. The centre became part of Chinese University in 1974 and has been responsible for the teaching of one language education (Putonghua and Cantonese) of university students as well as other Putonghua and Cantonese learners. Courses are offered for non-native speakers and for native speakers of Chinese.
Programmes are divided into Putonghua courses for local students, Cantonese courses for mainland Chinese Students and Putonghua and Cantonese courses for non-native Chinese speakers.
The university also hosts the Childhood Bilingualism Research Centre (CBRC), part of the Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages. Research at the centre includes documenting the development of bilingualism in bilingual children and assessing the bilingual competence they gain in childhood; raising the public's awareness of Hong Kong children's development of biliteracy and trilingualism; and studying and supporting the revitalisation of minority languages in the context of bilingual and multilingual education. The centre is directed by Professor Virginia Yip and Dr. Stephen Matthews.
The University Library System (ULS) comprises seven different libraries and several special collections. The largest library is the University Library at the Central Campus, which recently underwent a significant renovation and building expansion. The other six libraries are the Elisabeth Luce Moore Library, Ch’ien Mu Library, Wu Chung Multimedia Library, Architecture Library, Li Ping Medical Library, and Lee Quo Wei Law Library.
Among the collections housed by ULS includes the Hong Kong Studies Archive, Hong Kong Literature Collection, Chinese Overseas Collection, Nobel Laureate GAO, Xingjian Collection, Nobel Laureate CY Yang Archive, American Studies Resource Collection and Modern Chinese Drama Collection.
CUHK also houses the Chinese University of Hong Kong Art Museum, which houses "a wide range of artefacts illuminating the rich arts, humanities and cultural heritage of ancient and pre-modern China."
A new 800 square metres (8,600 sq ft) Museum of Climate Change, the first such museum in Hong Kong, opened in December 2013 in the Yasumoto International Academic Park building. Funded by the Hong Kong Jockey Club, the 100 exhibits on display illustrate the effects of climate change. The museum is open to the public free of charge. Also in 2013, the University Gallery opened in the central library to showcase the history of the school in light of its Golden Jubilee anniversary.
CUHK has been consistently regarded as a member of the top three higher learning institutions in the territory by various university rankings. In particular, it has continuously been the top Hong Kong institution in the ARWU, which is based on awards and research output, including those league tables in 2006, 2010, 2011, and 2013. HKU Public Opinion Programme survey (2012) gave it the 2nd place. Besides overall rankings, a list of subject rankings of Hong Kong tertiary institutions is available to show the strength of its individual disciplines ranked by the above organisations. The university came 118th in the world by US News & Report. China's Alumni Association placed it among the "6-Star Greater China's Universities" (the highest level) and it was ranked fourth in the Association's 2014 Ranking of Institutions with the Most Best Disciplines in HK, Macau and Taiwan. CUHK received eight Higher Education Outstanding Scientific Research Output Awards (Science and Technology) from the Ministry of Education (MoE) in 2014, including two first-class awards and five second-class awards in Natural Sciences, making it the institution receiving the highest number of awards in the local tertiary sector. CUHK was ranked as world's #49 in 2019 in QS ranking.
CUHK business school was ranked 17th in the Financial Times EMBA rankings, and its MBA programme was placed 27th worldwide in the Global MBA Rankings (2013) and 94th in the Economist's 2012 ranking.
Despite a short history of 36 years as of 2017, CUHK's medical school was ranked as world's #49 in 2014 and #47 in 2016 in QS ranking. It has built abundant specialty research centres and hailed constant research innovations by its faculty. The medical school curriculum also places a heavy emphasis on bioethics and humanity in medicine and has built this course track in collaboration with Columbia University. CUHK is expecting its first and only private hospital to finish construction in 2021. The hospital's philanthropic mission is to provide affordable and quality health care to serve local Hong Kong citizens and it will help admit and treat public hospital patients to ease the burden of overflow beginning in its 5th year of operation.
CUHK possesses the largest campus of all higher education institutions in Hong Kong. The hilly 137.3-hectare campus hosts a range of facilities essential for an all-round campus experience, such as libraries, art museums, music halls, a swimming pool, sports fields, tennis courts, squash courts, a water sports centre and gymnasiums. Many points around the campus offer attractive views of Tide Cove and the Tolo Harbour.
The university has two full-size sports grounds with running tracks: the Sir Philip Haddon-Cave Sports Field and the Lingnan Stadium. The Olympic-size swimming pool at the Benjamin Franklin Centre was completed in 1973, with an opening ceremony held in October 1974 hosted by Charles T. Cross. The university Water Sports Centre, on the shore of Tide Cove, offers facilities and equipment hire for sailing, rowing, and windsurfing.
As a collegiate university, the school comprises nine colleges that differ in character and history, each retaining substantial autonomy on institutional affairs: Chung Chi College, New Asia College, United College, Shaw College, Morningside College, S. H. Ho College, Lee Woo Sing College, Wu Yee Sun College and C. W. Chu College. All undergraduates are affiliated to one of them.
Colleges are designed as communities with their own hostels, dining halls and other facilities. Students receive pastoral care and whole-person education, including formal and non-formal general education by means of close interaction with teachers and peers, and in some colleges, assemblies and college final year project. Colleges promote extracurricular social and athletic activities with an aim of building camaraderie among students. This focus on 'student orientated teaching', education through both formal teaching and student empowerment, distinguishes CUHK from other universities in the territory.
When the structure of the university was revamped in 1976, and the autonomy of the colleges diminished, Lord Fulton clarified the role of the colleges: "the natural home of student-oriented teaching is the college [which] is an association of senior and junior members come together in pursuit of shared academic interests and aims." He wrote that the colleges help students achieve "a sense of his or her personal significance and responsibility, and on that basis to enrich the common life."
Although the campus is located away from the busier districts of Hong Kong, access to the school is easy. The university is served by University Station of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) as well as the Hong Kong bus system. Bus and railway stations are located beside Chung Chi College, with additional bus stops just outside the two school entrances on Tai Po Road. To cope with new students from the 3-3-4 education system, the new exit D of University Station opened in September 2012.
A system of shuttle bus routes, operated by the university's Transport Office, runs between the MTR station, academic buildings, and residences. Shuttle buses are free for students and staff. There are paid shuttle light bus operating from Monday to Saturday as well. The topography of the campus, as well a layout confusing to newcomers, may deter many from walking around campus. Many buildings on campus incorporate lifts and bridges designed to provide shortcuts in ascending the hill. The latest campus master plan has recognised this strategy as desirable and proposes the development of new walking routes to reduce reliance on the campus bus system.
As of 2013, four Nobel Prize winners are associated with the university, including Chen Ning Yang, James Mirrlees, Robert Alexander Mundell and former university president Charles K. Kao.
Other notable faculty members include mathematician Shing-Tung Yau, laureate of the Fields Medal and the Veblen Prize, and computational theorist Andrew Yao, laureate of the Turing Award, and surgeon James Ware.
^ "Student Enrolment". Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
^ a b "Facts and Figures 2017".
^ "CUHK History". Archived from the original on 30 September 2013.
^ a b Distinguished Faculty Members Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "History". About New Asia. New Asia College. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
^ Ng, Peter Tze-Ming (2010). Kath Engebretson (ed.). International Handbook of Inter-religious Education, Volume 1. Springer. p. 404.
^ "Aims and Brief History". Chung Chi College. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
^ a b "Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong". Minerva. 1 (4): 493–507. Summer 1963.
^ "History and Mission". United College. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
^ Sweeting, Anthony (2004). Education in Hong Kong, 1941 to 2001: Visions and Revisions. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 173–75. ISBN 962 209 675 1.
^ Bray, Denis (2001). Hong Kong: Metamorphosis. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 168.
^ "Campus Master Plan" (PDF). Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^ "Lord Fulton defends his 4-day hearings in camera". South China Morning Post. 9 December 1975. p. 8.
^ "Fulton hearings – last day". South China Morning Post. 12 December 1975. p. 10.
^ "Fulton Commission against integration". South China Morning Post. 29 May 1976. p. 8.
^ a b "Fulton's challenge to the Chinese U". South China Morning Post. 30 May 1976. p. 2.
^ "New Asia rejects Fulton report". South China Morning Post. 3 July 1976. p. 6.
^ "Chinese University restructure outlined". South China Morning Post. 14 October 1976. p. 8.
^ "History of College". Shaw College. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
^ "Chronology". Shaw College. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
^ "中大十大事件選舉揭曉". Alumni Affairs Office (in Chinese). Chinese University of Hong Kong. December 1999. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
^ Lee, Danny (27 June 2013). "Web hub offers snoopers rich pickings". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
^ a b Siu, Beatrice (8 June 2010) Goddess posed huge `political risk' to campus Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard Retrieved on 8 Jun 2010.
^ ""Goddess statue for CUHK campus `at all costs" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard Retrieved on 5 June 2010.
^ a b 'Mary Ma' (8 Jun 2010). Sung rides on Goddess storm" Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard Retrieved on 8 June 2010.
^ Siu, Beatrice (9 Jun 2010) Chairman breaks silence on statue Archived 28 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard Retrieved on 9 June 2010.
^ Chong, Tanna (9 Jun 2010) "Students call for clear position on statue". South China Morning Post. Retrieved on 5 June 2010.
^ "CUHK Management Chart" (PDF). The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ "Five Focused Areas". The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ "CAP 1109 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Ordinance". CAP 1109 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Ordinance. Department of Justice, HKSAR. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
^ "CUHK Q&A section for mainland students". (8)主修科多以英文授课。 English: The language of instruction of most academic programmes is English.
^ Yip, V. and S. Matthews. 2010. Promoting Bilingualism Research in Hong Kong and East Asia: The Childhood Bilingualsm Research Centre. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 38. 2: 396–403.
^ "Art Museum CUHK". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "ARWU 2011". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ "ARWU 2006". Shanghai Jiao Tong University. 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
^ "The University of Hong Kong Public Opinion Programme (POP) Opinion Survey on the Public Ranking of Universities in Hong Kong".
^ "Best Global Universities - Chinese University of Hong Kong". US News and World Report. 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ "2013中国两岸四地最佳大学排行榜揭晓 (2013 Rankings of Greater China's Best Universities Were Out)". China's Alumni Association. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
^ "《2014中国大学学科专业评价报告》出炉 (2014 China's University Disciplinary Assessment Was Out)". China's Alumni Association. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
^ "CUHK Received Four Ministry of Education Higher Education Outstanding Scientific Research Output Awards The Highest Share among Hong Kong Institutions - CUHK Communications and Public Relations Office". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "CUHK Received Six Ministry of Education Higher Education Outstanding Scientific Research Output Awards The Highest Share among Hong Kong Institutions - CUHK Communications and Public Relations Office". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "CUHK Received Eight Ministry of Education Higher Education Outstanding Scientific Research Output Awards The Highest Share among Hong Kong Institutions - CUHK Communications and Public Relations Office". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) Rankings". Top Universities. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ "Financial Times EMBA Rankings 2012".
^ "Financial Times MBA Rankings 2013".
^ "The Economist Which MBA? 2012 Full time MBA ranking". The Economist. 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
^ "Introducing CUHK". The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ "Demonstration by students against school fee increases". South China Morning Post. 12 October 1974. p. 9.
^ "United College, CUHK - 香港中文大學聯合書院". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "Morningside College". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "S.H.HO College". Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "New Entrance at MTR University Station" (PDF). Press release. MTR Corporation. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
^ "Campus Transportation". Transport Unit, Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese University of Hong Kong. | 2019-04-21T18:22:01Z | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong |
She did a much better version subsequently!
Well Done all! Please grab yourself a Top 5 badge for your blog!
There is still time to play in our current challenge which is "Desert Island" to use items you'd literally be lost without, things you'd never tire of. This is to help newbies (and more experienced!) make good choices on products on what is a sure fire bet to be a winner as I will be compiling a list based on your entries for our sidebar.
Well we didn't expect that! Wow so many entries for the challenging challenge and you're all having so much fun with it! Thank You for playing along with it and I hope you had a lot of fun, lots of hair tearing but you overcame and mastered, well done!
We'll be back later in the week with our Top 5 and winner of the Donna's Den prize, thanks again for sponsoring us Donna!
Also a Thank You to Itzuvit for being our special guest designer!
This is another thinking challenge! Imagine if you were on a Desert Island for at least 6 months, what crafty essentials would you *need* to have with you? What would you never tire of or get bored with if these were the only things you had?
You need to make your ENTIRE creation using only the items you have on your island, items you really couldn't do without.
You can be quite broad with this such as "Magnolia Stamps" or "Sticky Gems" you don't have to limit yourself to a particular one.
The thought behind the challenge is to see what items really are favourites, long lasting and a good investment. Newer cardmakers (and those more experienced!) are faced with an enormous amount of craft items but where do you start? How many items have we bought but never used or wished we'd bought that other item instead? This challenge should show up some sure fire items which won't turn out white elephants.
If you're a more experienced cardmaker please also play along as your input will be very useful to newer cardmakers. I will also collate a hot list at the end of favourites to show in the sidebar.
No you CANNOT take Tim Holtz!!!!!
We're sponsored once again by Joanna Sheen with a £10 gift voucher. New items at Joanna's are Michelle Marsden range of rubber stamps which are a wide range including vintage, oriental, flowers, flourishes and alphabets. Pop over and have a look at Joannas extensive online store with absolutely something for everybody! Thank You once again Joanna for sponsoring us!
With all our future challenges if you wish to be considered for the next but one challenge please put GDT after your entry. Please post your entries in Mr Linky by Sunday 2nd May 12pm GMT. If Mr Linky is MIA post your entry in comments and we will add them when he reappears!
K&Co papers ...lush!! - Ive distressed them a little with scissors anda nail file..do i get to take them too ;-)...ive used a magnolia image but i really had difficulty chosing... but she's nice to colour...flat back pearls...large and small roses, hat pins, charm, ribbon to make a bow with my bow maker, some reaaly nice sheer lace, leaf punch..and i used my MME bloom and grow papers for these..so im taking those too :-P Everything is covered in glimmer mist added sparkle to flowers with my opal dust also my new friend Mr Stickles in cotton candy and stardust around some of the distressed edges glossy accent and of course my faithful promarkers in the following colours ivory, blush, dusky pink, tan, sandstone, cinnamon, cocoa, henna, babypink, cocktail pink, antique pink, pastel pink, pear green, moss and vanilla.
Assuming NO electricity on the desert island to plug in my beloved computer& most of my suitcase is taken up with other essentials...wine, wine glass,cork screw...I've taken just a few small crafting goodies just in case I'm rescued. Always be prepared with a card!
My passions this week are Black Peel-Offs, embossing on a lightbox (ofcourse I'd use the light of the sun) & Gems.
What would I take on a desert island ? I would have to take a pack of cards, double sided tape, a pack of metallic paper, a colossal paper pack, a stamp, ink pad and of course my promarkers. The stamp I have used which is Popcorn the Bear could make so many combinations of cards with a variety of different coloured promarkers. The colossal paper packs you can get comes in all colours. Just picture the beautiful island, peace and quiet, sat colouring, heaven !! My card is made with just a square card, one sheet from the paper pack, a sheet of metallic paper and my stamped image coloured with promarkers. Hope you enjoy the challenge.
I've used quite a few of my 'essential' items on this card, although my essential list is quite endless really - it would have been a very busy card if I'd used them all! My items include: digi stamps (I've used a Mo Manning one here... and I'm probably taking liberties with the theme - no idea where I'd get access to digi stamps on an island, but let's not worry about that!), promarkers to colour the image, coredinations card, lots of flowers, flat backed pearls, I'd need some lovely papers (this one is MME, one of my favourites), buttons, nestabilities (I've used circles and blossom dies here, and I suppose we'd have to include the big shot I cut them on)... oh and some sparkle - the paper is glittery and I used a sakura clear stardust pen on the little girl's headband.
My Desert Island card uses the items I love the most, pretty papers from MME and Papermania, rubber stamp image coloured with Promarkers and Twinkling H20's, Nellie Snellen dies, flowers and ribbon. Another must have is bling either in the form of glitter or gems.
What would I take on a desert Island? Well I would have to say, lots of white card, - for stamping on, my copic pens and Watercolour pencils, Memento Inks, lots of ribbon and lace, charms, flowers, Spica pens, chalk and cotton wool, lots and lots of patterned and plain card & paper, My cuttlebug and Nestability dies, double sided tape, foam pads and glue and the big one would be magnolia stamps. My card is created using all my desert island bits. The images, all magnolia stamps from the spring club collection 2010, are coloured with copics and watercolour pencils. I used scalloped Nestability to cut the images and used chalk to distress the edges. I added some lace that has ribbon threaded though it (charity shop find), to pink pattern paper, oblong that I mounted onto my card base – Gate fold card. I add flowers and a thank you sign to the bottom corner and a bow and heart charm the top corner.
I think for me it absolutely has to be starburst stains. I love the shimmer and the way they all come out unique when making backgrounds. I would also need flowers, I love prima flowers and paper roses. Also ribbon especially white satin as I can colour it with my promarkers which are an absolute must for me to take and I just love sticky gems and pearls, so much easier nowadays instead of fiddling with glue with the non sticky ones. Stamp wise most definately the butterfly beauties stamp plate with The Bling Maiden as there are so many possibilities I'd never get bored. Also embossing powder, I love moonglow midnight embossing powders which are black but change colour (I've used midnight teal here) I've also used a woodware leaf punch which is a firm favourite and cuts card easily. Brilliance ink is another must for me, it can be embossed, dries on most surfaces and has a lovely shimmer and finally stickles glitter glue as its high quality and dries 3d instead of the glue seeping into the paper and most of the sparkle disappearing.
May I now introduce you to our special guest, Katie Tate. Katie is on the Design Teams of The Pixie Cottage, Digital Delights, Pile It On, Lily-Boo, Treehouse Stamps and if that's not enough also runs her very own cardmaking recipe challenge - Cooking it up with Katie!
She's got more Top placement blinkies than you can shake a stick at with a distinctive style that includes showing the fabulous insides that also match the outsides.
1. How long have you been involved in blogger and what led you to it?
I've been blogging since May 27th 2009, so almost a year. I started my blog as a way to share my cards with others who liked the same things. I'd been enjoying other peoples blogs and wanted to join in the fun! I'd been holding off as I thought it would be hard but finally couldn't wait any longer.
2. You're on a number of design teams and also run your own challenge blog, how did you get involved and any tips for people wanting to get involved in DTs?
I think my start into DT's was really a personal challenge for me. I'd been scrapbooking for 11 years and card making for only about 8 months when I applied for my first DT spot. All my family loved my cards and I got great comments on my blog but I wondered if it was only people "being nice". Being OK or nice for me is never enough, I always try to give my all into things I like and so really I think I was looking for validation that other people thought my work was good enough too. I also wanted to have a reason for creating cards just because I liked doing it and being on a team meant I could justify my creative time! LOL No longer was I "messing about with paper" I was "working on stuff for the team" :) At one point though I was on 8 teams and it was getting too much for me so unfortunately something had to give. The crunch came when I was offered two Senior positions within the teams and I wanted to devote a little more time to those and so I had to say goodbye to a couple of teams, but I still play on their challenges when I can.If you want to be on a team there are a few things I would recommend. Keep your "ear to the ground" and do some "blog stalking" looking for DT calls. When you apply read the application instructions carefully making sure you fill all the requirements and send the application in correctly. If it is a product team then look closely at the product and make sure it is something you can comfortably work with, don't apply for digital stamp team if you only like working with ink for example. Look at existing examples of the work they like from their website or blog, is it similar to your style? Can you fulfill the requirements of being on a team? It isn't just the creating of the card, you often have to comment on all or some of the entries on a challenge, you may have to make items to mail to the company or do tutorials. You also want to be able to promote the challenge/team whereever you can. You need to be a good, regular blogger who can keep to a schedule. Also be prepared to work with the team and not just complete a task when told to, having input into the team will make for a much better team for all members.If you are all these things not only do you stand a great chance of getting on a team but you will be a great team member and very appreciated by the team leader/blog owner.
3. Have you always made matching insides hense the name of your blog? What made you do that as its quite rare, even rarer to see the inside shown with every card!
I've also done the insides of the cards as they feel "naked" if there is nothing there. Plus it is nice for the recipient to have a beautiful inside to go with the outside. The reason for the inside photograph is simple, I sell my cards on eBay (or I did when the market was moving) and so I take the photo for there so I just got in the habit of adding it to the blog too.Really the blog name has nothing to do with that though, it comes from a couple of things.Firstly there is a Nick Jr poem on TV with Joe from Blues Clues (remember I have a 3 year old! LOL) talking about the earth. A line from it goes "use both sides or recycle with me". This stuck in my head as I've always told my children to "use both sides of the paper" when they are writing or drawing rather than start a new sheet all the time. Also I've been paper crafting for a long while and when I started there were only one sided patterned papers. When the industry started doing double sided I remember arguing with my friends about what a silly idea it was, "you can't see the other side so why have a pattern there too, it's just an excuse for them to charge more". Of course that was when I was a scrapbooker mainly and so one side would always be underneath out of sight. Now that I make cards I love that I can buy one sheet and make a card showing the two coordinating patterns, definitely using Both Sides of The Paper.
4. Your creations are of a very high quality, how long do you spend making them?
1.Buy items you use all the time in bulk when they are on sale. Hobby Lobby and Joanns often have cardstock at 5 for $1 and I only buy then.
2.Organize your crafting space to fit the kind of crafter you are. I look for color first when I create and so my space has most things sorted by color making it perfect for me.
3.Keep up with the new trends but never forget the old ones that you love to do. I love my Copic's any started with them a year ago but I still try and paper piece at least a couple of times a month and I learned that technique almost 12 years ago.
Thank You once again Katie! Pop over and visit Katies fabulous blog and have a look at her great challenge blog here!
Now before you all run away screaming just sit down, take a deep breath and think about this one. We run for 2 weeks as you know so plenty of time to really think about it. There's nothing more rewarding than learning a new technique or mastering a product. We've all probably done it, gone to a show or seen some "must have" item then get it home for it to collect dust for the next few years. Sometimes we might get it out, look at it and put it back away again feeling a bit guilty so now's your chance to CHALLENGE YOURSELF.
We would like you to challenge yourself to use a product that has collected dust, try a new technique or card fold that you've been "meaning to try" or maybe have a go at a challenge you saw on blogger and ran away from because it looked too scary.
You need to point out what you've done in your blog post and we are relying on your HONESTY!
Really, you can get a lot out of this one if you have a go at it, its very rewarding and like me you might wonder what took you so long to use the stuff!
That should give you tons of choice and ideas!
The challenge will close at 12 noon GMT on Sunday 18th April. Please post your entries in Mr Linky. If he is MIA then post in comments and we will post them when Mr Linky reappears.
I really do hope you take on this challenging challenge as it can be a lot of fun!
We have chosen for the Guest Design Spots for the next challenge and will contact you soon. If you would like to guest on Challenge 20 please add GDT after your entry.
Our sponsor for this challenge is the lovely Donna from Donna's Den of Crafts. Donna's Den stocks a number of products from well known names live dovecrafts and DCWV. Pop along to her online store!
Donna is also the brains behind the fabulous Cards for Men challenge blog which runs fortnightly, genius!
"The theme of your challenge is 'To challenge yourself' so I am offering up the following items as a prize because they represent a personal challenge to me. I've never used the inks or the fabric stickers myself. "
Lets see what the team have challenged themselves with, well done ladies!
I have looked at the easel cards so many times and thought they looked too difficult, I now must say that I feel a little silly shying away from this style of card making as it is so easy, the hardest part is choosing what the image etc so go on it !! I used plain cream card to start with but once I had done the folding I used patterned card to make the front. The patterned card and die cuts I have used from a patchwork pals kit I bought, I stamped Tilda and coloured her with promarkers. I added the finishing touches using brads I bought at christmas with a little charm a secret santa sent me ! I still cannot believe how easy these cards are to make and would encourage anybody new to card making to have a go.
I've challenged myself in a couple of different ways for my card this week. Firstly I always avoid 'black & white' challenges - I just don't think I'm very good at them and I really like colour. I also used my sewing machine for the very first time. I've had it for about 6 months I think and I've never used it, so please excuse the wonky stitching but it genuinely is the very first time I've risked using it on a card! The image is from a Kanban stamp set, stamped and then embossed, with some black flat backed pearls added here and there. The flower (necessary because of a very wonky corner!) was cut with a Woodware daisy punch, with a button centre. The sentiment, also strategically placed to cover dodgy stitching, is from Craftwork Cards, and the lace is from my stash.
The latest challenge is a challenging Challenge. This for me is a 2 part challenge. I have used a sketch from Day 155 of 365 cards which was from August 2009. As a sketch I just wasn't inspired by it so never did it.
But the main challenge was to actually USE the Flowersoft that I bought at show at the NEC almost 2 years ago. I've got 6 pots of it and have never used it because I'd heard it could go all over the place and make an awful mess. Well I did make a mess, but not as bad as I'd suspected.
The papers are all from a colour co-ordinated capsule pad from Papermania. I just love the oranges and yellows, they are so bright and cheerful and a perfect antidote for the bad weather we have been having lately.
The shaped corners and the centre panel have been cut using Nellie Snellen Dies. The Flowersoft stalks have been placed inside a real terracotta plantpot and I have attached a ribbon bow from the co-rdinated accessories with the Papermania papers. The flowers, gems and sentiment are from my stash.
I decided to look at two challenges that I had not done for this one. · Magnolia down under's, Fake or Real stitches challenge· Just Magnolia - Paper Pleating challenge. The reason that I did not do these challenges was that I felt that I did not have enough time to give them Justice but also I had no idea what so ever to do for them. I also decided to have a go at a hidden message card, as I had been wanting to do one for a while.
For this card, I used the following stamps:· Magnolia: Tilda with Spring Bundle· Stampin up: Thank youPapers used:· Papermania – Signature Blueberry Hill – All patterned paper· The Papermill – Blue CardRibbon and flowers from own collection.
Tilda was coloured with copic markers and Spica glitter pens. Then cut out using a Nestability Scalloped Oval. Then, I used three shades of pink chalks to distress the edge of the oval. For the hidden message topper – I cut three Nestability labels – 2 from blue card and the other from patterned card. I added lace to the edge of one of the blue card labels. I cut a strip of the same blue card and folded this in half to create a hinge. I stuck this to the back of the lace edged label. Then I struck the other side of the hinge to the back of the patterned paper. I then added some blue and pink ribbon to be able to tie the hidden message shut. I then added some flowers to tie side of the hidden message topper. I stuck the Tilda image on top of the topper.I stamped a thank you and then cut out with a smaller scalloped Oval and used the same chalks to distress the edge. I added some colour to the image with Spica pens. This was then stuck inside the hidden message topper.
I cut a square of pink card, which I rounded two top corners, with a corner punch. This I then stuck on to my card base. I cut 2 strips of patterned paper about 5cm (2in) in width and using the tutorial on paper pleating, I pleated both strips. I had to pleat both strips and join them together, to make a strip long enough to fit along the bottom of my card. I stuck the pleated strip, on top of the pink card at the bottom of the card base. I then stuck a strip of blue ribbon on top of the pleated strip and then some narrow pink ribbon on top, down the middle of the blue ribbon. To match the hidden message topper.I then stuck the hidden message topper to the card base.
For our challenge theme this week Vix asked us to make something we would normally run a mile from, so I chose " The Colour Purple " and also colouring with distress ink's. For details on this awesome project please visit Vicky's blog.
For this challenge I decided to decorate a slide mailer I bought about 2004! When I found the slide mailer I found some marvy metallic pens bought around the same time which hadn't been used for anything more exciting than edging cards so I've used a craft mat to drop the ink onto and placed the mailer on top to get some funky backgrounds.
I've used 3 sweet pea stamps (Soft Goth Night, Rising Flame and Moonlight Whispering) coloured with promarkers and sakura stardust pens.
I've stamped and embossed fairies from The Stampmans Starburst Fairies plate and overstamped with a text stamp. There is a step by step write up on my blog on how this was made and how to do the background if you want a peek.
May I now hand you over to our Special Guest Designer - Itzuvit!
Itzuvit has an enormous list of awards on her blog for Top cards and guest design spots. She is also on the Design Team of One stop craft challenges.
I loved Itzuvits work for the variety of styles and materials, you never know what's coming next plus she does not seem to be afraid of ANY challenge, technique or material and certainly knows challenges like the back of her hand. Pop over for a browse as there is so much to see, so many styles and also helpful videos.
Ingredients for my card: Doilies in two sizes and colors (pink and white), A wooden button, 2 handmade felt circles in dark pink, C.C. Designs - Sugarplums Cherry Emma Rubber Stamp (I've masked the cherries), Net like golden fabric, Punched and prima flowers, A variety of crafty papers, the pink designed one is from G.C.D. studio.
What motivated me for this card was to use different type of materials to create a warm feel for many occasions kind of card. I wanted to show how you can combine harmonically different materials and they all feel perfectly good together. I've based it on an easel card that I simply love, and I can use it as a best wishes, birthday or holiday card.
1. The reason you were asked to special guest on this challenge is due to you NOT being afraid of anything, materials, challenges they all seem a breeze to you. What do you get out of challenges and any advice?
I take challenges literally and I challenge my self to make something different then what I've already made before. In order to do just that, I use a variety of tools and materials, some of them are from the craft world and some are just fabrics or house hold materials and mix them all up. .
2. You use a lot of different items in your creations, some are regular household items and not commercially bought ones. Whats the strangest item you've used or altered?
3. Who/what/where do you find your inspiration?
My inspiration has to be the world! I'm inspired by a variety of things, from outfits, color combinations, a state of mind like nostalgia, and other creative people. What inspire me the most is thinking about the person I'm making my craft for, a specific one or an imagined one (if it's for a unique challenge), that sometimes get me going, if by a color choice or a feminine / manly feel to the card.
4. What do you like most about the blogging community?
First of all I love the fact that there are people like me that I can communicate with, people that enjoy creating and sharing their creations, that’s why I share my templates and things that I create. I also love all the feedback and the sense of a creative community that feeds each other with ideas and creative thoughts.
1. Always create with an open mind, even if you have a vision allow yourself to alter it on the way (some of my best work was made that way). Don’t be afraid to think out of the box with materials, it will give you a unique creation every single time.
2. Try to mix old with new, warm with cold, lace with metal, soft with hard etc… because they bring out the best of each other.
3. Enjoy the creating process; I do that by giving my self the time and the space to create, and giving my self an easy excess to every single material.
Thank You very much Itzuvit!
Don't forget to check out her amazing blog!
Thank You all so much for your HUGE amount of entries to our Spring into Spring challenge, we had so much fun coming to visit you all and Thank You once again to Joanna Sheen for being our special guest & sponsor. Before we move onto our next challenge which is due to post at 12 noon gmt we'll announce the winners from the Spring challenge.
Well Done Ladies, please grab yourself the Top 5 blinkie!
I thought I'd do a post on the general etiquette of taking part in challenges on blogger. As it becomes bigger rules are changing so I'll show you the basics of how to enter into challenges and what to watch for.
If you're an experienced blogger you'll know the ropes so just scroll down to the COMBINING CHALLENGES section as there's some changes you need to be aware of.
Some blogs are far more stringent than others but remember the worst that can happen is your entry is void so to avoid disappointment follow some simple steps of what is expected.
All challenge blogs will ask you to link to your actual creation, by this they mean the actual blog post with it in and not your entire blog. You can understand this rule as you may make a post a day and the challenge blog may not get round to viewing your creation for a week or two and have to scroll through looking for your entry which consumes a lot of time.
Some challenge blogs will not even consider your entry if this isn't done correctly so have a quick read of the photo tutorial of how to do this, once you do it once you'll know exactly what to do and won't encounter any problems or void entries.
After you have added your card and done your write up on your blog you need to identify the challenge(s) it is intended for. Type in the challenge name then use your mouse to highlight the text.
Your text should look like below on your blog with a clicky link through to the challenge.
If you don't at least mention in the post it is for that challenge then when they visit they will not be certain the post is for them and your entry may be void.
Some challenges allow you to enter as many others as you like whereas others have a limit which is usually stated in the rules on the blog. Please check individual rules for this when entering challenges.
Crafty Cardmakers and Spotlight challenges have a limit of 10.
I personally thought it was one entry per challenge until I started to run here and got multiple entries for the same challenge so I had a scout round and asked friends who run blogs and the rules differ. It will differ from blog to blog so again look for the challenge rules and if not stated clearly please ask the blog owner.
Some places are you can enter as many times as you like so long as the projects are different i.e. one card, one ATC, one altered item etc.
If in doubt about the rules of any challenge ask the blog owner, the worst that will happen is entries will be deleted.
To quote our previous special guest Cindy Royal - "The paper crafting police will not come to get you."
We will allow multiple entries at this stage as the team feel you may wish to have several gors at something.
I hope you have a fun time on blogger as there are hundreds of fantastic challenges you can take part in and just have a go at. | 2019-04-24T02:28:46Z | http://craftycardmakers.blogspot.com/2010/04/ |
Is there anything better in life than slipping into a fluffy white robe and slippers and indulging in a serious pampering session? Nope, we can't think of anything either.
That's why we've carefully selected the best spas across the UK that will offer you that rest and relaxation you crave away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life.
Willing to travel further to get your rest and relaxation? Here are our guides to the best spas in Europe and the best spas in the world.
The vibe: An oasis of calm. Driven from the hotel to the spa by a tuk tuk, you feel as if you are entering a world away. Expect unrivalled panoramic views from the moment you step out onto the spa’s beautifully crafted terrace, with an outdoor vitality hydrotherapy pool that overlooks the rolling hills of the South Downs. If you thought one pool was spectacular, prepare yourself for the second, an indoor infinity, and if you’re feeling adventurous, dip a toe or two into the third, the UK’s first heated natural swim pond. From a steam room to sauna, the Spa at South Lodge has it all, with glass walls surrounding the spa to blend outdoors with indoors, giving you that perfect zen feeling.
Come with: Your partner, for the ultimate getaway and some one-to-one indulgence.
Hero treatment: The Spa Couples Escape Treatment. A private mud room offers a salt and mud scrub with your very own steam room. Sit back and enjoy as lights change and water drops from the ceiling in intervals like rain. Want the next best thing to a tropical rainforest? This is it. Next, a full body bamboo massage with real bamboo sticks. Between treatments enjoy a cup of jasmine tea, while lying on one of the relaxation room’s four senses lounges. These glowing pods combine vibration, light, sound and scent for the ultimate state of relaxation.
You'll leave feeling: Completely and utterly rejuvenated. Warning: you’ll find it hard to tear yourself away.
City chic meets homely touches, the Rosewood is your home away from home. Not only is there a resident dog always happy to greet you in the lobby, but the rooms feel luxurious and spacious, which is rare for a central London postcode. The spa is off the main cobbled courtyard, just below ground level, giving it a sense of sanctuary from the get go. Bamboo walls, soft lighting and wooden walkways over rippling water and pebble stones leading to seven treatment rooms makes Sense Spa one of the most zen spaces we've ever set foot in.
Your partner. The Rosewood is the perfect date spot - start with a luxurious spa experience in the exclusive couple's suite, followed by cocktails in the courtyard and dinner in the award-winning restaurant. What could be better?
With a range of treatments from Sodashi, Maison Caulières, EviDens de Beaute and Face Place, there's a lot to choose from. Favourites include the Sense Journeys, which combine essential oils with a variety of beauty boosting treatments including rejuvenating facials, muscle-melting massage and mini manicure or pedicures.
Sad that you're leaving - but glad that the hotel is just a Tube ride away.
The vibe: The Pig is the OG of good old fashioned British luxury, without feeling pretentious or showy. The earthy name is offset by the opulence of the traditional country manor, which comes with all the traditional trimmings (think stone dogs guarding the door and an aroma of expensive leather and old books). There's also the kitchen garden, bursting with produce that is then used to prepare home-made meals (they even have a forager on staff). It's nestled on the edge of the New Forest, so come prepared for long country walks and some foraging of your own, as well as romping around the immaculate grounds of the hotel.
Come with: The Pig works on so many levels - it would make the perfect spot for a girly get-away and a romantic haven equally. The one-of-a-kind culinary experience makes it the perfect treat for foodie friends, or else a delicious dinner for two. The Potting Shed and New Shepherd's Hut - two rustic wooden lodges in the gardens - provide intimate, rustic chic spa treatments from Bamford and Oskia in the most idyllic of settings.
The Pig Signature Treatment provides two full hours of uninterrupted pampering. It begins with a detoxifying nettle and lemon tea fresh from the Pig Kitchen Garden, whilst relaxing with an essential oil foot soak and scrub. Then, a deeply soothing full body massage follows, culminating with a gently reviving facial and tension releasing scalp massage. Pure. Heaven.
Rested, restored and revitalised with lungs full of the freshest air the UK has to offer.
The vibe: You definitely know you’ve left the city (and your worries) behind when you enter this country spa & retreat. With both an indoor and outdoor spa area, Elemis treatment rooms, and lakeside gourmet restaurant, Moddershall Oaks will have you feeling relaxed and reinvigorated.
Come with: Your significant other. Their outdoor heated spa pool is the perfect place to chill and unwind, and as it doesn’t close until 10pm, can offer some seriously movie worthy romantic vibes. You can also take full advantage of the bar services there and order a glass of bubby whilst you both gaze at the stars. The country location also features a woodland trail where you and your other half can really take in the massive 72 acres surrounding the retreat.
Hero treatment: The Elemis Poultice-Powered Muscle Release; and release my muscles it did. Unique Amber and Quartz poultices are used to dissolve knots and ease tensions over the whole body for the most relaxing 55 minutes of your life. The treatment is completed with a facial cleanse & moisturise and massage for the face and scalp which must have been the best end to a massage I’ve ever encountered, leaving me with the best skin of my life.
You'll leave feeling: Completely stress-free and more loved up than ever before.
The vibe: You know when you just need a big breath of fresh air? There's no better place than Burley for getting your oxygen fix. Set amidst verdant green forests, the manor is a haven of peace and tranquility and the spa is no different. You can smell the delicious aromatherapy oils undulating through the hallways as you approach the Mediterranean-inspired Temple Spa treatment rooms, setting the tone for the blissful experience that awaits.
Come with: Your partner (and your dog, if you have one; the rooms are super pet friendly).
Hero treatment: Work It Out Massage. Absolutely ideal for a much-needed post-Christmas boost, this detoxifying massage energises your system, sculpts the body, relieves all that built-up fluid retention and works out tired muscles courtesy of a mixture of essential oils. There's nothing better than a therapist who actually pays attention to your needs and they sure do that at Burley. After filling in a comprehensive questionnaire (including a section where you can select which pressure you desire), your therapist gently buffs away any water retention with a dry body brush before getting to work on aching muscles. I can attest it was one of the best - and most effective - massages I've ever had.
You'll leave feeling... Like you're on Cloud Nine.
The vibe: Looking to escape the city? The Lygon Arms is the ideal getaway. Nestled in the stunning Cotswold countryside, the hotel and spa is a much-welcome haven of peace and tranquility miles from hectic London life. The spa is set in a three-acre private garden and offers an array of relaxing treatments to help you unwind in the countryside. Plus, we love this charming heated indoor pool with a retractable roof, making it perfect for either a winter or summer getaway.
Come with: Someone also seeking out fresh air.
Hero treatment: The Elemis Lime and Ginger Body Scrub and Deep Tissue Back Massage. In need of a good scrub to rid your body of the city's toxins? Of course you are! This indulgent treatment sees fragranced salts used to gently buff away dead skin cells, followed by an incredible back and scalp massage designed to unkink knots from desk jobs. Warning: You might be so relaxed that you'll nod off.
You'll leave feeling.. Restored and revitalised but wondering why you can't just live here.
The vibe: A hidden wellness oasis in the heart of Marylebone, the spa at The Landmark London is the ideal place to escape from city life. The iconic grande dame hotel is one of the largest in London and its wide ranging spa facilities don’t disappoint – there is a 15-metre chlorine free, heated swimming pool (one of the only in the city) a state-of-the-art gym and a host of facilities such as aromatherapy experience showers, jacuzzi and samarium.
Come with: Someone you're trying to impress.
Hero treatment: Phytocare Baobab Ritual - an energising full body massage & exfoliation. Using ethically sourced Baobab seed oil, this African-inspired full body massage promises an invigorating, stress-reducing experience. The blend of natural oils provides anti-inflammatory benefits, a reduction in stretch marks and increased skin elasticity, making it the ideal pregnancy treatment.
You'll leave feeling... Like a lady of absolute leisure.
The vibe: Within a clean-lined, peaceful sanctuary across six treatment rooms, COMO Shambhala Urban Escape at COMO Metropolitan London on Park Lane, offers Asian-inspired treatments and expert therapies for body and face focused on restoring balance and promoting long-term health and wellbeing, in addition to yoga and a fully-equipped gym.
Come with: Your partner, for sure.
Hero treatment: One of the USPs of the spa experience at COMO Shambhala Urban Escape is that it is bespoke and can be tailored to the exact needs of each guests, but some of the most popular treatments include the signature COMO Shambhala Massage, created to calm and rejuvenate, and the spa’s diverse facial menu which includes Dr. Perricone, Guinot and Dr. Hauschka facials, all of which use patened nutrients for skin health, resilience and radiance.
You'll leave feeling... Like you've just had a week in Bali.
The vibe: Old school glamour in the centre of the city where tranquility is the name of the game. The hotel and spa have played host to many a famous face - if it's good enough for kings, queens and presidents, it's good enough for us.
Come with… Your girl squad. After a day shopping in Manchester's finest establishments, take yourselves back to the spa to freshen up in the sauna and salt-infused steam bath. Then, head into the treatment room for one of their many massages and treatments - maybe a deep tissue massage or body wrap? After that, you can lounge about in the hanging pods or even have a little power nap in one of the three sleep chambers. Dreamy!
Hero Treatment: The Serene Sleep Spa Treatment. If it's sleep that you're lacking, what sounds better than a treatment specifically designed to help you sleep better? The treatment is unique to The Midland and involves a back, face and scalp massage, using a combination of hot stones, essential oils, rose quartz crystals to leave you feeling relaxed and rejuvenated.
You'll leave feeling...Ready to take on the world.
The vibe: Spa in the City, cocooned beneath London's financial district in the basement of The Ned hotel. It’s a relaxing world away from the hustle above and the perfect pre or post-work hangout to catch up on grooming or unwind in style. There’s an inviting 20m pool, library-style Club Room, Moroccan hammam, Cowshed and Cheeky treatments, hair parlour, and VitaDrip infusions are on the menu for those in need of a fast hydration hit.
Come with… out the work colleagues. Head here alone for some solo spa indulgence to recharge your batteries or bring a friend and hang out in the Moroccan hammam and then lounge by the pool. Also, a perfect weekend get-away with your other half, when The City feels like a secret, secluded spot. Stay in the hotel and you’ll gain access to the member's-only rooftop space, with stunning views across to St Paul’s as you dip in the pool.
Hero Treatment: A Ned exclusive and must-try is the Urban Warrior Facial by Annee de Mamiel, using the natural, heavenly-scented products designed to repair and protect skin from environmental damage. It's a luxe experience that treats the skin and the soul. Following a cleansing ritual, skin is soothed with herbal compresses and re-energised with qi-rejuvenation massage that stimulates the circulation and lymph flow. You'll emerge zen-like as if floating on a cloud, while skin is left stress-free and super glowy.
You'll leave feeling...Back to your city slicker best.
The vibe: Grand by name and grand by nature, this hotel and spa is steeped in almost as much history as York itself. Although you’re just a stone's throw from the centre and with stunning views of York Minster, you really feel as though you’re entering a different world when you step inside The Grand. Venture downstairs into the spa and you feel totally zen as the hustle and bustle of city life fades away.
Come with: Your mum, other half or BFF for a relaxing pamper session after a day marching through all that historic York has to offer.
Hero treatment: Every massage is a personal experience, with the scents, overall mood and pressure all tweaked to your needs. Whether it's a couples' treatment or solo rub-down, you'll never want it to end.
You’ll leave feeling: Like royalty. The small spa is constantly busy, owing to its popularity, but every therapist and member of staff makes you feel like you’re the only one in the room - heck, the whole spa.
The vibe: The modern, bold aesthetic of the hotel carries through to the heavenly thermal spa experience. Entering into the elegant café which serves proper Scottish afternoon tea (go on, you deserve it), the treatment rooms are lit with a charming golden hue that will keep you tranquil and calm. The spa itself is dimly lit, and home to luxurious saunas, thermal pools and crystal steam-rooms. From the ice chip fountain to the hydrotherapy pool, you’ll find it hard to leave.
Come with: Your close friend or family member who deserves a little pick-me-up. Take time in the Tepidarium, bathe in essential oils with their incredible massages and envelop your dried-out skin within the luxurious seaweed and mud bath chamber. Make sure you don’t head elsewhere for dinner, with a menu boasting the finest of seasonal local Scottish cuisine (think lobster, scallops and fresh smoked salmon). Definitely don’t skimp on the breakfast, either. There’s a heavenly continental spread and a bottomless Bloody Mary station, need we say more?
Hero treatment: Ila Karuna Kaya Deep Tissue Back and Back of Leg Massage. Beginning with a foot scrub and massage, Gillian will ease you perfectly into your experience, lathering you in Ila Body Oil For Vital Energy, an exquisitely scented lightweight, stress-busting oil rich in antioxidants for an energising and restorative experience.
You'll leave feeling: Fully relaxed, well-fed and like you want to move permanently to this wonderful Scottish city.
The vibe: Designed to be the most dazzling urban spa in the United Kingdom (no biggy, then), the space has 360-degree views over the treetops and the historic London cityscape. Fancy. If you love life's luxuries, you'll be right at home here.
Come with: Someone you want to impress, be it your partner, boss or a best friend you let down and need to make it up to.
Hero treatment: It has to be a massage, thanks to that killer view. Name something more blissful than watching the world go by hundreds of feet below. We'll wait.
You'll leave feeling: On top of the world, literally.
The vibe: A little piece of paradise in the centre of London, you really forget you're in a city entirely on the seventh floor. With a temple-themed pool and lush green secret rooftop gardens, you'd be forgiven for thinking you've actually stepped into a Cotswolds retreat - it's truly special.
Come with: Your BFF for some morning yoga on the rooftop, which runs all through summer 2018, followed by a luxurious pamper session. What a way to spend your day!
Hero treatment: The Bamford Body Signature Treatment. The spa's focus on holistic treatments means that your body isn't the only thing left feeling pampered. The 90-minute session leaves you feeling de-stressed, less tense, and less anxious, a true treat for mind and soul.
You'll leave feeling: Like you've spent a week in the countryside when you didn't even leave bustling London.
St Pancras Spa, Renaissance London Hotel, Euston Road, Kings Cross, London, NW1 2AR.
The vibe: A sumptuous, subterranean sanctuary with sauna, steam rooms, spa and Victorian tiled baths, this is one super luxe haunt.
Come with: Your other half.
Hero treatment: Journey to Indonesia. A gentle head-to-toe scrub with fragrant papaya extract that freshens the skin and readies it for a Balinese massage. A melting balm with Tamunu Nut Oil, taken from one of the garden’s sacred trees and known to heal skin irritations and imperfections is combined with other skin nourishing nut oils.
You'll leave feeling... Like a Balinese princess. i.e. pretty damn pampered.
Come with.. Chewton Glen’s Treehouse Suites fit up to 8 people, making it the perfect group spa getaway – whether that’s with your friends or for a family occasion. Hidden within the grounds of the main hotel, the head-to-toe glass exterior offers a panoramic view of the forest surroundings, which you can enjoy whilst simultaneously enjoying any of their spa treatments on your ‘treestep’.
Hero treatment: New Forest Flow. This exclusive Treehouse treatment draws ‘on the energy of the surrounding forest’ by using lavender to release physical and mental stress. Ideal.
You'll leaving feeling...Not only zen, but also at one with nature as if you’ve spa’d in the surroundings of the Amazon rainforest.
Come with... From the contemporary nail bar to the eight indoor or outdoor pools, this awarding-winning spa gives off the vibes perfect for a girls night in.
Hero treatment: Diamond Rose Body Ritual. Diamond’s are a girl's best friend, so why not share a diamond experience with your best girlfriend. This exfoliating treatment relieves the body of stress and smooths skin, leaving it ‘with a discrete veil of diamond dust.’ Beyonce, who?
You'll leave feeling... Fresh enough to take on any girls' night out.
The vibe: Hidden off one of London’s busiest streets, this Narnia-like gem will transport you from the concrete jungle into a secret spa sanctuary.
Come with... Whether you’ve had a long day working in the city or you’ve just been on a mega shopping spree, indulge in some 'me' time and enjoy this heavenly spa by yourself. Self love is at the heart of all beauty, after all.
Hero treatment: Deep Tissue Massage – This hour long massage will relieve any tension the city may have inflicted upon you.
You'll leave feeling... You’ve given your mind body and soul well-deserved love and attention.
The vibe: Cosy, calm and completely secluded – par the surrounding lavender-lined grounds.
Come with...: This intimate yet luxurious spa is perfect for one-on-one mother-daughter bounding time.
Hero treatment: Rose Facial – All treatments at Calcot use the always dreamy Aromatherapy Associates products. And if that’s not enticing enough, the infamous Rose Facial also boosts a radiant complexion through ‘specialist aromatherapy pressure points and massage’ Yes please!
You'll leave feeling... Calm, collected and closer to mother nature than ever.
The vibe: Hidden beneath the hustle and bustle of touristy London, this is the best retreat the city has to offer. It's expansive, glossy and seriously tranquil.
Come with... No one! Need some downtime between meetings? A Saturday evening chill or just a day 'away from it all?', this is where it's at (and it will become your best-kept secret hideaway for years to come).
Hero treatment: The Himalayan Ritual Massage. This hugely relaxing massage is performed in the spa's Himalayan Salt room (yes, super millennial!). Himalayan salts are found deep within the rivers and valleys of the Himalayan Mountains and have long been celebrated for their versatility, purity and healing properties. The UK's wellness scene is slowly tapping into their powers and this treatment will help you reap the salt's rewards in abundance.
You'll leave feeling... Like you've taken a week-long vacation to Bali. But, really, you'll never want to leave. Namaste.
The vibe: Charmingly set within the grounds of an impressive Georgian property, with many of its original features - think high ceilings and grand staircases - still intact, this place makes you feel like you've arrived at a properly "grown up" spa. It's smart and luxurious, but with a quietly understated elegance that will put any spa novice immediately at ease.
Come with: Your other half - the outdoor rooftop hot tub was made for couples' selfies! Panoramic views of the acres of lawn from the rooftop all add to the idyllic, zen-like energy of the place.
Hero treatment: The detoxifying body wrap aka equilibrium restorer, peace of mind elixir, relaxation panacea... you get our drift... After a rigorous (in a good way) full body exfoliation you're lovingly slathered in an aromatherapy oil infused mud wrap, followed by a refreshing shower and then the best bit: an aromatherapy massage using gorgeous ESPA body butter that leaves you with baby soft skin you'll be tempted to stroke unashamedly for 24 hours after your treatment. The whole experience was soothing, balancing and comforting. My only wish being that it went on for longer!
You'll leave feeling: Like you're on cloud 9. Like the weight of the world has literally been lifted off your shoulders. And also asking yourself why you don’t do this sort of thing more often!?
The vibe: Seated in the heart of the Woburn forest overlooking a picturesque lake, the spa has the same atmosphere that one might expect from a health retreat in a North American or Scandinavian national park (and it’s only an hour out of London). The spa is expansive and tranquil and forms part of a greater centre in which you can also enjoy outdoor activities like cycling or canoeing. But perhaps what really sets this spa apart is its individually-themed treatment areas, which include Fire and Ice, Mineral and Gemstone, Herbal, Sensory, Blossom, and Salt – each offering their own unique take on the sauna, steam room and shower experience.
Come with... Your girlfriends or your partner. You don’t need to be a guest at the park to enjoy a spa day or a couple of treatments so it’s ideal for a bridal shower or even a date – with each of the spa zones offering something new and exciting to discover. You can also splash about in the outdoor infinity pool or take part in various talks and activities such as a Scandinavian sauna ritual.
Hero treatment: The Decléor City Detox Face and Body Ritual includes a deep tissue massage perfectly designed to detoxify your body and skin from the pollution and stress of city life. For your Mister, try the Elemis Men’s Couture Touch treatment, which is a newly launched facial and massage combo (bonus: he leaves smelling fantastic for the rest of the evening).
You’ll leave feeling… Detoxed and wondering why you didn’t do it sooner.
The vibe: Well hidden from the hustle and bustle of central London and situated below grounds is where you’ll find this sanctuary for the overworked and overstressed. The dimly lit spa and very dark interiors had a surprising calming effect, your eyes will feel like they’re not working as hard, which then makes way for other senses to come alive and enjoy the soothing sounds and spa aromas. The relaxation room is literally where you’ll feel time has stopped, well at least for an hour. Weekdays are quieter if you want the whole spa to yourself.
Come with: Your significant other so that you can make the best of the private steam chamber for two, and experience the deeply nourishing Moroccan cleansing ritual through a selection of exotic, mineralising face/body muds and natural exfoliating salts. Then have dinner at the May Fair kitchen and choose from a gorgeous menu of Spanish, Italian and Peruvian tapas plates. Definitely try the Pil Pil prawns, you won’t be disappointed. Stay overnight in one of the luxurious rooms if you want the best nights sleep of your life; the slumber-inducing bed and pillows are the perfect finish to a long day of well-deserved pampering.
Hero treatment: The Lomi Lomi massage, a healing process from Hawaii that’s similar to a deep tissue massage, but combines full-body strokes that resemble ocean waves, along with traditional prayer methods to restore internal balance and inspire some serious chill time. 75mins of utter tranquil bliss!
You'll leave feeling: Nourished, detoxed and fully recharged without even having to leave London. Winning.
The vibe: Located in the North Lakes far away from humid cities, this 11th Century Hotel has a breathtaking view from every window. Surrounded by pine trees, a beautiful lake and perfectly manicured lawns, The Temple Spa is the perfect place for pure indulgent relaxation. Facilities include a 16metre infinity edge pool, outdoor hot tub with views of the surrounding woodland, and a thermal suite including sauna, steam room and hydrotherapy pool. There’s an extensive range of treatments on offer, including a champagne and truffles deluxe treatment and a red-carpet miracle facial. Also available are day and half day experiences, perfect for some you time, or a catch up with the girls.
Come with: Your mum or someone equally as special. There are plenty of treats around every corner to make your day or weekend a total hit. Why not try afternoon tea in the hotel conservatory, cocktails in the Avant Guard bar or a glass of prosecco in the hot tub? Stay in the hotel and you may be lucky enough to spot a helicopter flying over the lake and landing on the lawn.
Hero Treatment: The Drift Away Relaxation Massage, which will leave you feeling relaxed to your core. And if you are as obsessed with beauty products as we are, then why not treat yourself to a bottle of the Drift Away Relaxation Oil, perfect to put in your bath or for massages at home.
You'll leave feeling…..Lighter as the weight of the world is lifted, but heavier from all the fantastic beauty products you just couldn’t leave without! | 2019-04-21T22:02:02Z | https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/best-spas-uk |
The 2017 60-day legislative session opened on Tuesday, March 7, 2017, with continued committee work and a number of House leadership priority bills already heading to the floor. The six committee weeks leading up to session set the tone, with a clear focus on the budget and associated outcomes for state spending.
In his opening day remarks, House Speaker Richard Corcoran (R-Pasco County) commented that “.. everything we have done so far — we have done to keep faith with the voters who sent us here. We adopted the toughest ethics and transparency rules of any chamber of any legislature in the United States. We shined the biggest and brightest spotlight on the appropriations process and brought an end to the shadowy pork barrel budgets that wasted millions in taxpayer money.” Among his priorities are no increases in property taxes, judicial reform, and education.
Senate President Joe Negron (R-St. Lucie), expressed his desire to create “national elite destination universities” and to expand the opportunity for more Florida students to attend by reducing financial “impediments.” (NSF, 03-07-17). In addition, his priorities include water and environmental issues, as well as juvenile justice reform.
Governor Rick Scott in his State of the State Address outlined priorities included in his “Fighting for Florida’s Future” 2017 legislative package: public safety, jobs, promoting Florida as a destination for businesses and tourism, tax cuts, veterans affairs, the environment, and education.
A bill relating to reading instruction HB 79 was filed by the Rep. Gayle Harrell (R-Stuart) with a Senate companion, SB 656 filed by Sen. Aaron Bean (R-Jacksonville). The bill revises duties of the Just Read, Florida! Office relating to reading instruction, training, and research; revises data and monitoring requirements for school improvement plans and early warning systems; revises parent notification requirements relating to students with reading deficiencies; revises requirements and standards for teacher training and professional certificates and endorsements; requires the Office of Early Learning (OEL) to identify guidelines for reading instruction strategies; revises requirements and criteria for remediation and identification of students with reading deficiencies; and revises reporting requirements relating to school improvement and accountability.
HB 79 has been referred to three committees, and is awaiting action in the PreK-12 Quality Subcommittee. SB 656 also received three committees of reference and is awaiting it’s first hearing in the Education Committee.
SB 468 by Sen. Kelli Stargel (R-Lakeland) and it’s companion, HB 757 by Rep. Byron Donalds (R-Naples) relating to Voluntary Prekindergarten Education (VPK), requires the Just Read, Florida! office to provide teachers, reading coaches, and principals in prekindergarten through grade 3 with specified training; and requires VPK providers to provide parents with pre- and post-assessment results within a specified timeframe. SB 468 has been referred to four committees, and is awaiting a hearing in the Education Committee. HB 757 has been referred to three committees and is awaiting action in the PreK-12 Innovation Subcommittee.
SB 806 by Sen. Kelli Stargel (R-Lakeland) creates the Committee on Early Grade Success within the Department of Education to develop a proposal for establishing and implementing a coordinated child assessment system for the School Readiness Program, the Voluntary Prekindergarten Education Program, and the Kindergarten Readiness Assessment. The bill provides for membership of the committee; provides committee meeting requirements; requires the University of Florida Lastinger Center for Learning to provide necessary staff for the committee; and requires the committee to submit a report by a specified date. The bill has been referred to four committees and is awaiting action in the Education Committee. The House companion, HB 1229 by Rep. Erin Grall (R-Vero Beach) has not yet been assigned to committees.
Sen. Randolph Bracy (D-Ocoee) filed SB 1214 relating to the Voluntary Prekindergarten Program. The bill revises the educational credentials and training required after a specified date for prekindergarten instructors in school-year prekindergarten programs delivered by private prekindergarten providers; and provides for the future revision of alternate educational credentials that such instructors may hold. The bill has been referred to 3 committees and is awaiting action by the Education Committee. There is no House companion to the bill.
Rep. Loranne Ausley (D-Tallahassee) filed HB 1431 which has not yet been referred to committees. The bill requires child care personnel to submit proof of compliance with certain training and credentialing requirements to the Department of Children and Families (DCF) for publishing in the Early Learning Workforce Registry; requires each child care facility to submit its personnel roster to DCF for publishing in the registry; and revises minimum requirements for prekindergarten instructors employed by private prekindergarten provider. The bill does not have a Senate companion.
SB 1714 by Sen. Darryl Rouson (D-St. Petersburg) and it’s companion, HB 1359 by Rep. Ben Diamond (D-St. Petersburg) relates to Early Learning. The bill revises provisions relating to removal of a provider from eligibility to deliver the Voluntary Prekindergarten Education Program or receive funding under certain circumstances; requires each early learning coalition to establish child eligibility criteria based on local community needs for participation in the school readiness program; and revises a provision relating to revocation of a provider’s eligibility to deliver the School Readiness program or receive certain funding under certain circumstances. Neither of the House and Senate bills have yet been referred to committees.
Rep. Loranne Ausley (D-Tallahassee) filed HB 1329 which authorizes a credit against the corporate income tax for specified costs incurred by corporations in providing child care for their employees’ children; provides tax credit requirements and limitations; provides tax credit application requirements; and requires the executive director of the Department of Revenue (DOR) to provide a written approval or denial of the application. The bill has not yet been referred to committees, and has no Senate companion.
The House introduced and passed a House Memorial, HM 7027 by Rep. Robert Cortes (R-Altamonte Springs) to Congress that will “block grant” the Title 1 Program and IDEA Part B funds, and discontinue federal education mandates requiring certain actions in order to maintain federal funding eligibility. The Memorial passed the full House on March 9, 2017 and is in Senate messages.
SB 78 by Sen. Anitere Flores (R-Miami) has 18 co-sponsors, been passed unanimously in two of its three committees of reference, and is now in Appropriations. The bill will require school districts to provide 20 minutes of unstructured recess for Kindergarten-5th grade students. It’s House companion, HB 67 by Rep. Rene Plasencia (R-Titusville) has 51 co-sponsors and is awaiting action in it’s first committee of reference, the PreK-12 Innovation Subcommittee.
HB 15 by Rep. Jennifer Sullivan (R-Eustis) relates to Educational Options. The bill revises provisions relating to expanding eligibility of the Gardiner Scholarship Program, John M. McKay Scholarship Program, and Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program; and provides appropriations. The House bill has been referred to three committees, recently passed its first committee, the PreK-12 Innovation Subcommittee, and awaits a hearing in the PreK-12 Appropriations Subcommittee. On the Senate side, SB 902 by David Simmons (R-Longwood) expands eligibility for the Gardiner Scholarship Program. The bill has been referred to four committees and has not been heard yet.
SB 1314 by Sen. Denise Grimsley (R-Lake Placid) was just filed and not yet assigned to committees. The bill specifies the Department of Education’s duty to approve or deny an application for the Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program within a specified time; requires an eligible nonprofit scholarship-funding organization to allow certain dependent children to apply for a scholarship at any time; revises parent and student responsibilities for program participation; authorizes the Learning Systems Institute to receive compensation for research under certain circumstances; and authorizes specified eligible nonprofit scholarship-funding organizations to develop a professional development system.
HB 917 by Rep. Kamia Brown (D-Ocoee) and SB 946 by Sen. Linda Stewart (R-Orlando) revises the definition of “child care facilities” to exclude facilities offering programs for children which are owned and operated by county or municipal government. HB 917 has been referred to 3 committees and is awaiting action in the Children, Families and Seniors Subcommittee. SB 946 is awaiting action in the Children, Families and Elder Affairs Committee.
HB 1155 by Rep. Patrick Henry (D-Daytona Beach) and SB 1364 by Sen. Darryl Rouson (D-St. Petersburg) requires a person to present picture identification before retrieving specified students from a public school under certain circumstances; requires policies to be provided to the Department of Education; requires a person to present picture identification before retrieving specified students from a nonpublic school or specified child care facility under certain circumstances; and requires policies to be maintained and available for inspection on the premises of each entity. HB 1155 has been referred to 3 committees and is awaiting action in the PreK-12 Innovation Subcommittee. The Senate companion, SB 1364, has not yet been referenced to committees.
HB 637 by Rep. Nicholas Duran (R-Miami) and SB 1654 by Sen. Daphne Campbell (D-North Miami Beach) creates a Kidcare Operational Efficiency & Health Care Improvement Workgroup to maximize the return on investment and enhance the operational efficiencies of the Florida Kidcare program. The House bill has been referred to 3 committees and is awaiting action in the Health Innovation Subcommittee. SB 1654 has not yet been referred to committees.
With anticipated repeal of the Affordable Care Act, the House has introduced HM 7033 by Rep. Frank White (R-Pensacola) urging Congress to “block grant” funds for Medicaid Services. The Memorial passed the full House on March 9, 2017 and is in Senate messages.
HB 963 by Rep. Heather Fitzenhagen (R-Fort Myers) and SB 1124 by Sen. Lauren Book (D-Broward County) requires the Department of Health, upon the advice of the Genetics and Newborn Screening Advisory Council, to expand the statewide screening of newborns to include any condition on the federal Recommended Uniform Screening Panel; and requires the council to determine whether a condition should be included in the state’s screening program within a specified period after its addition to the federal panel. HB 963 has been referred to three committees, and is awaiting action in the Health Quality Subcommittee. SB 1124 has also been referred to 3 committees, and is awaiting action in Health Policy.
HB 363 by Rep. Frank White (R-Pensacola) and Rep. Patricia Williams (D-Ft. Lauderdale) and SB 200 by Sen. Kathleen Possidomo (R-Naples) authorizes certain organizations to establish programs for the purpose of assisting parents and legal guardians in providing temporary respite care for a child; providing that placement of a child in temporary respite care does not, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, constitute abuse, neglect, or abandonment or placement in foster care; and authorizes the Department of Children and Families to refer children to such programs under certain circumstances.
The House passed a House Memorial HM 7039 by Rep. Julio Gonzalez (R-Venice) recommending a ‘block grant’ for Child Welfare to replace the Title IV-E program.
HB 23 by Rep. Dane Eagle (R-Cape Coral) passed its first committee of reference and now heads to the Health Care Appropriations Subcommittee. The bill increases the penalties for the first three instances of noncompliance with the Temporary Case Assistance (TCA) work requirements to align with the food assistance program’s sanctions, and creates a fourth sanction. SB570 (Rouson) is a similar bill.
SB 1044 by Sen. Rene Garcia (R-Hialeah) provides that central abuse hotline information may be used for employment screening of residential group home caregivers; and requires a court to inquire as to the identity and location of a child’s legal father at the shelter hearing; requires a court to consider maltreatment allegations against a parent in an evidentiary hearing relating to a dependency petition; requires a court to conduct an inquiry under oath the inquiry to determine the identity or location of an unknown parent after the filing of a termination of parental rights petition. The bill is scheduled to be heard in Children, Families and Elder Affairs Committee on March 13, 2017.
HB 1121 by Rep. Cyndi Stevenson (R-St. Augustine) is similar to SB 1044 in that it provides that central abuse hotline information may be used for employment screening of residential group home caregivers; and requires the court to inquire as to the identity and location of the child’s legal father at shelter hearings; requires the court to consider maltreatment allegations against parents in evidentiary hearing relating to dependency petition; requires the court to conduct an inquiry under oath to determine the identity or location of the unknown parent after filing of termination of parental rights petition. The bill is scheduled to be heard in the Children, Families and Seniors Subcommittee on March 13, 2017.
SB 1400 by Sen. Denise Grimsley (R-Lake Placid) has not yet been referred to committees. The bill requires a parent whose actions have caused harm to a child who is adjudicated to be dependent to submit to a substance abuse disorder assessment or evaluation and to participate in and comply with treatment and services; requires the Department of Health to establish a hormonal long-acting reversible contraception (HLARC) program and requires the Department of Children and Families to develop or adopt one or more initial screening assessment instruments to identify and determine the needs of, and plan services for, substance exposed newborns and their families.
On March 8, 2017, the House Children, Families and Seniors Subcommittee workshopped PCB CFS 17-02 – Child Welfare Bill. The bill revises the definition of “Permanency Goal”; extends the jurisdiction of the dependency court over young adults with a disability until the age of 22; requires transition plans to be approved by the court before a child’s 18th birthday and requires the transition plan to be attached to the case plan and updated before each judicial review; allows the court to use “maintain and strengthen” placement in the child’s home as a permanency goal; requires DCF to ensure quality of contracted services and programs as well as the availability of an adequate array of services available to be delivered; and requires DCF to develop, in collaboration with lead agencies and other child welfare stakeholders, a statewide quality rating system for foster homes and providers of residential group care.
HB 217 by Rep. Jennifer Sullivan (R-Eustis) and SB 60 by Sen. Aaron Bean (R-Fernandina Beach) is making its way through the final committees of reference. HB 217 is awaiting action in the Health and Human Services Committee. SB 60 is awaiting action in Appropriations. The bill expands the program to include, under certain conditions, children in non-licensed out-of-home care who have reached permanency or turned 18. The bill requires the child’s transition plan and the court to assist the child in obtaining a driver license.
HB 665 by Rep. Ross Spano (R-Riverview) and SB 286 by Sen. Greg Steube (R-Sarasota) has been introduced which will require the inclusion of human trafficking instruction in the training provided to school district personnel. The House bill has been referred to 3 committees and is awaiting action in the Prek-12 Quality Subcommittee. SB 286 has been referred to 4 committees and is awaiting action in the Children, Families, and Elder Affairs Committee.
SB 852 by Sen. Rene Garcia (R-Hialeah) requires DCF or a sheriff’s office to conduct a multidisciplinary staffing on child victims or commercial sexual exploitation. The bill has been referred to three committees and is awaiting action in the Criminal Justice Committee. HB 1383 by Rep. Jeanette Nunez (R-Miami) is a similar bill which has not yet been referred to committee.
HB 329 by Rep. Gayle Harrell (R-Stuart) was voted favorably by the Civil Justice and Claims Committee on March 8, 2017 and now heads to the Health and Human Services Committee. The Senate companion, SB 762 by Sen. Dennis Baxley (R-Lady Lake), prohibits time-sharing plans from requiring a visitation at recovery residences between specified hours. The bill has been referred to three committees and is awaiting action in the Children, Families, and Elder Affairs Committee.
SB 1318 by Sen. Rene Garcia (R-Hialeah) renames service districts as service circuits, and district medical directors as child protection team medical directors; requires that each child protection team medical director be a licensed physician and be board certified in specified specialty areas; and requires the department’s Children’s Medical Services program to develop, maintain, and coordinate the services of one or more sexual abuse treatment programs. The bill has no House companion and has not yet been referred to committees.
SB 1454 by Sen. Doug Broxon (R-Pensacola) and HB 1269 by Rep. Gayle Harrell (R-Stuart) adds the Statewide Medical Director for Child Protection as an official who must be consulted in the screening, employment, and termination of child protection team medical directors statewide; and, requires the Children’s Medical Services program within the Department of Health to convene a task force to develop a standardized protocol for forensic interviews of children suspected of being abused, etc. The House and Senate bills have not yet been referred to committees.
SB 196 by Sen. Anitere Flores (R-Miami) on Civil Citation and Diversion Programs has passed two of its three committees of reference. It was most recently voted favorably by the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Criminal and Civil Justice on March 8, 2017, and now heads to the Appropriations Committee. There are two other House companion bills: HB 205 by Rep. Larry Ahern (R-Seminole) and Rep. David Santiago (R-Deltona) which was voted favorably in the Criminal Justice Subcommittee on March 8, 2017 and now heads to the Justice Appropriations Subcommittee, and HB 213 by Rep. Kamia Brown (D-Ocoee) which is awaiting action in Criminal Justice Subcommittee.
SB 1670 by Sen. Jack Latvala (R-Clearwater) and HB 7059 by Criminal Justice Subcommittee and Rep. James Grant (R-Tampa) revises requirements for placement of a child in detention care; provides that a child who is a prolific juvenile offender does not require a risk assessment to be placed in detention care; provides that children meeting specified criteria shall be placed in detention care until the detention hearing; provides criteria for determining whether the child is a prolific juvenile offender; provides for placement of prolific juvenile offenders in detention care in certain circumstances; requires secure detention for all children awaiting placement in a commitment program until placement or commitment is accomplished; and, specifies the time period for hearings for prolific juvenile offenders. HB 7059 was voted favorably by the Juvenile Justice Subcommittee on March 8, 2017. SB 1670 is has not yet been assigned committee references.
CS/SB 192 by Sen. Bobby Powell (D-West Palm Beach) creates an exception to the suspension of civil rights upon the conviction of a felony for children convicted as adults; deletes provisions requiring that a state attorney request the court to transfer and certify a child for prosecution as an adult under certain circumstances; requires the Department of Juvenile Justice, beginning on a certain date, to collect specified information relating to children who qualify for prosecution as adults and for children who are transferred for criminal prosecution as adults. The bill was referred to 3 committees. It passed the Criminal Justice Committee and is awaiting a hearing in the Appropriations Subcommittee on Criminal and Civil Justice. The bill has no House companion.
HB 233 by Rep. Katie Edwards (D-Sunrise) and SB 810 by Sen. Linda Stewart (D-Orlando) which provides requirements for the use of physical restraint and seclusion for students with disabilities in public schools passed the Criminal Justice Subcommittee. The House bill has been referred to three committees and is awaiting action in the PreK-12 Quality Subcommittee. SB 810 has also been referred to three committees and is awaiting action in the Education Committee. The bills amend provisions relating to the use, prevention, and reduction of restraint and seclusion on students with disabilities; prohibits the use of physical restraint by school personnel who are not certified to use district-approved methods for applying restraint techniques; and requires continuing education and inservice training for teaching students with emotional or behavioral disabilities.
SB 1418 by Sen. Anitere Flores (R-Miami) is a comparable bill to the HB 233/SB 810. The bill has not been referred to committees.
Over a dozen separate gun bills have been filed, each specifying locations where concealed weapons and firearms will be allowed including college campuses and K-12 schools (SB 622), airports (SB 618), the Capitol (SB 620), and a county, municipality, public school district, and special district (SB 626). To date, only one bill has narrowly passed the Senate Judiciary Committee and heads to the Governmental Oversight and Accountability Committee – SB 616 by Sen. Greg Steube (R-Sarasota) authorizes a concealed weapons or concealed firearms licensee to temporarily surrender a weapon or firearm if the licensee approaches courthouse security or management personnel upon arrival and follows their instructions.
There are also several gun safety bills filed.
SB 142 by Sen. Gary Farmer (D-Ft. Lauderdale) and its House companion, HB 835 by Rep. Patricia Williams (D-Ft. Lauderdale) revises the locations and circumstances in which a loaded firearm is required to be kept or secured with a trigger lock; and deletes provisions relating to conditions for committing the crime of failing to safely store, leave, or secure a loaded firearm in a specified manner. SB 142 is referred to 3 committees and is awaiting action in the Judiciary Committee. HB 835 has been referred to 2 committees and is awaiting action in the Criminal Justice Subcommittee.
SB 170 by Sen. Oscar Braynon (D-Miami Gardens) and the House companion, HB 235 by Rep. Cynthia Stafford (D-Opa Locka) revises the locations where a licensee is prohibited from openly carrying a handgun or carrying a concealed weapon or firearm. The Senate bill has been referred to 3 committees and is awaiting a hearing in the Judiciary Committee. HB 235 has been referred to 2 committees and is awaiting action in the Criminal Justice Subcommittee.
SB 254 by Sen. Linda Stewart (D-Orlando) and HB 167 by Rep. Carlos Guillermo Smith (D-Winter Park) prohibits sales or transfers of assault weapons or large capacity ammunition magazines; provides exceptions; prohibits possession of assault weapons or large-capacity magazines; provides exceptions; requires certificates of possession for assault weapons or large capacity ammunition magazines lawfully possessed before specified date; limits transfers of weapons or large capacity ammunition magazines represented by such certificates; provides conditions for continued possession of such weapons or large capacity ammunition magazines; requires certificates of transfer for transfers of assault weapons or large capacity magazines; provides for relinquishment of assault weapons or large capacity magazines; provides requirements for transportation of assault weapons; specifies circumstances in which the manufacture or transportation of assault weapons or large capacity magazines is not prohibited; and provides enhanced criminal penalties for certain offenses when committed with assault weapons or large capacity magazines.
SB 254 has been referred to 3 committees and is awaiting a hearing in the Judiciary Committee. HB 167 has been referred to 3 committees and is awaiting action in the Criminal Justice Subcommittee.
SB 550 by Sen. Randolph Bracy (D-Ocoee) was passed by 2 of the 4 committees of reference. It awaits action in the Governmental Oversight and Accountability Committee. The House companion, HB 111 by Criminal Justice Subcommittee and Rep. Cynthia Stafford (D-Opa Locka) and Rep. Kionne McGhee (D-Cutler Bay) was passed by 2 of the 3 committees of reference. It now awaits action in its final committee of reference, the Judiciary Committee. The bill provides that the personal identifying information of a witness to a murder remains confidential and exempt for a specified period; provides an exemption from public records requirements for criminal intelligence or criminal investigative information that reveals the personal identifying information of a witness to a murder for a specified period; provides for future legislative review and repeal of the exemption. | 2019-04-21T18:40:23Z | http://flchildrenscouncil.org/newsletters/week-1-5/ |
SiliconX: New material discovery for lithium-ion batteries?
Thanks to New Atlas, we find encouraging news concerning the continuing evolution of lithium-ion battery technology and other energy storage options.
For years, scientists have seen silicon as a hugely promising material in the world of lithium-ion batteries. The primary reason for this is that using it as the anode could mean batteries with 10 times the capacity of current versions – at least in theory. But in reality, it easily breaks apart as the battery goes through its charging cycles. Scientists at Norway’s Institute for Energy Technology are now claiming to have overcome this problem with a new material they call SiliconX.
The researchers describe the new material as the “x factor” they’ve been looking for, and that is no small claim. For years, scientists around the world have been trying to work out how to stabilize relatively fragile silicon as a battery anode, the electrode through which the electrical current flows into the battery.
And we’ve seen many experimental technologies show big promise in the lab. Some of the more interesting approaches include putting silicon inside a graphene cage, crushing it into a powder, using it as nanowires measuring a few microns in length, and deploying it in nanoparticle form.
The team has carried out testing in the lab and says, although the new battery design compromises initially on capacity, its stability throughout charging cycles means that it winds up with far better capacity than a fast-degrading pure silicon anode, and three to five times the charge capacity of the graphite anodes used in today’s batteries.
If these kinds of results can be reproduced beyond the lab, it could one day make for mobile phones that only need to be charged twice a week, or electric vehicles that can be driven more than a thousand miles on a single charge. That is still quite a big “if”, but the scientists have support from the Research Council of Norway to continue the work and are teaming up with private partners to try and bring SiliconX to market.
I look forward to learning and seeing more of this promising material. We need all the best discoveries in battery technology and electrical energy storage.
Comments Off on SiliconX: New material discovery for lithium-ion batteries?
The world’s first ‘Biological House’ has opened its doors to visitors and sets a new high standard for eco-friendly buildings. The leading forces behind this innovative build, Een til Een(link is external), built the house in secrecy, and eventually welcomed visitors from all over the world.
Located in Middelfart, Denmark, and made from upcycled materials including Kebony Character cladding, the Biological House is a modern, sustainable and modular housing concept with a specific focus on architecture, materials, indoor air quality and unique design. A ‘biological house’ is typically built with upcycled agricultural industry residual products, materials including grass, straw and seaweed, which would normally be considered waste and burned for energy. These materials will instead be processed into valuable natural building materials, forming the bulk of the raw materials needed for the project and thereby avoiding the environmental impact that burning them would cause.
Design and construction of this novel project has been a rigorous process, with innovative techniques being tested and developed along the way. Instead of a traditional concrete foundation, which is carbon intensive and doesn’t allow the same recyclability, the building sits upon screw piles, typically used for building deep foundations with minimal noise and vibration. The development is fully supported by the Danish Ministry of the Environment Fund for Ecological Construction, with all materials used in the build thoroughly tested and approved and available commercially.
Sustainability was of paramount importance to the architects during all stages of design and construction, so they selected Kebony for the cladding due to its environmental credentials, as well as the beautiful silver-grey patina it forms over time. Developed in Norway, the patented Kebony technology is an environmentally friendly process, which modifies sustainably sourced softwoods by heating the wood with a bio-based liquid. By polymerising the wood’s cell wall, softwoods permanently take on the attributes of tropical hardwood including high durability, hardness and dimensional stability.
From conception to completion, more than 40 major partners have been involved in the construction of the Biological House including Novofibre(link is external), Horn Group(link is external), Thermocell(link is external), Derbigum(link is external), Rheinzink (link is external)and Kebony. The Biological House is the first construction to open as part of the BIOTOPE – a unique new exhibition park and knowledge centre for sustainable construction and Denmark’s largest permanent construction exhibition.
I hope to see more such projects as this. The future for such work appears very bright.
The possibility of sustaining world energy needs away from the empire of fossil fuels by tapping into cleaner renewable energies like solar and wind has always looked immensely promising, save for a few roadblocks like cost, storage availability, and the absolute lack of available full-time sunshine or wind.
Sustainability enthusiasts tracking new discoveries for the creation of renewable fuels should be encouraged by this research breakthrough from University of Central Florida chemistry professor, Fernando Uribe-Romo.
“The process has great potential for creating a technology that could significantly reduce greenhouse gases linked to climate change, while also creating a clean way to produce energy.
“Uribe-Romo and his team of students created a way to trigger a chemical reaction in a synthetic material called metal–organic frameworks (MOF) that breaks down carbon dioxide into harmless organic materials. Think of it as an artificial photosynthesis process similar to the way plants convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and sunlight into food. But instead of producing food, Uribe-Romo’s method produces solar fuel.
The following video link features Uribe-Romo explaining the process: click here.
“It’s something scientists around the world have been pursuing for years, but the challenge is finding a way for visible light to trigger the chemical transformation. Ultraviolet rays have enough energy to allow the reaction in common materials such as titanium dioxide, but UVs make up only about 4 percent of the light Earth receives from the sun. The visible range – the violet to red wavelengths – represent the majority of the sun’s rays, but there are few materials that pick up these light colors to create the chemical reaction that transforms CO2 into fuel.
“Researchers have tried it with a variety of materials, but the ones that can absorb visible light tend to be rare and expensive materials such as platinum, rhenium and iridium that make the process cost-prohibitive.
“Uribe-Romo used titanium, a common nontoxic metal, and added organic molecules that act as light-harvesting antennae to see if that configuration would work. The light harvesting antenna molecules, called N-alkyl-2-aminoterephthalates, can be designed to absorb specific colors of light when incorporated in the MOF. In this case he synchronized it for the color blue.
“His team assembled a blue LED photoreactor to test out the hypothesis. Measured amounts of carbon dioxide were slowly fed into the photoreactor — a glowing blue cylinder that looks like a tanning bed — to see if the reaction would occur. The glowing blue light came from strips of LED lights inside the chamber of the cylinder and mimic the sun’s blue wavelength.
“It worked and the chemical reaction transformed the CO2 into two reduced forms of carbon, formate and formamides (two kinds of solar fuel) and in the process cleaning the air.
“He wants to see if the other wavelengths of visible light may also trigger the reaction with adjustments to the synthetic material. If it works, the process could be a significant way to help reduce greenhouse gases.
“Perhaps someday homeowners could purchase rooftop shingles made of the material, which would clean the air in their neighborhood while producing energy that could be used to power their homes.
While this simply put proposition sounds remarkably logical, if this technology proves to be successful, such a change to this planet’s energy infrastructure will represent a monumental challenge.
Of note, other members of the Uribe-Romo team included UCF graduate student Matt Logan, who is pursuing a PhD in chemistry, and undergraduate student Jeremy Adamson, who is majoring in biomedical sciences. Kenneth Hanson and his research group at Florida State University helped interpret the results of the experiments.
The findings of his research have been published in the Journal of Materials Chemistry A .
For those who continue to ask (myself included) about the future of cleanly producing hydrogen, we put a spotlight on this March 23 press release about the development of this artificial sun in Germany.
The largest artificial sun in the world is located at the DLR site in Jülich.
149 High-power emitters can generate a multiplicity of solar radiation.
The development of solar fuel production is progressing faster due to weather independence.
The largest artificial sun in the world has appeared in Jülich since 23 March 2017. Johannes Remmel, the North Rhine-Westphalian Minister of the Environment, put the new research facility ” Synlight ” into operation, together with Dr. Georg Menzen (BMWi) and Prof. Dr. Karsten Lemmer, Member of the Board for Energy and Transport of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) . The plant will be used, among other things, to develop production processes for solar fuels such as hydrogen.
In the three-storey Synlight building, a total of 149 xenon short arc lamps emit. For comparison: in a large cinema the screen is irradiated by a single xenon short arc lamp. The scientists can focus the radiators on an area of 20 by 20 centimeters. If the radiation of the lamps with an output of up to 350 kilowatts occurs there, it has the up to 10,000 times the intensity of the solar radiation on the earth. The lamps focus on temperatures up to 3,000 degrees Celsius. These temperatures are used by researchers to produce fuels such as hydrogen.
Since the sun is rare and irregular in Central Europe, an artificial sun is the medium of choice for the development of production processes for solar fuels. With the Synlight tests, bad weather periods and fluctuating radiation values can not make the tests or their evaluation more difficult or slow down. With its infrastructure, including the Solarturm Jülich and the scientific environment, Jülich also offers ideal conditions for innovative developments in solar technology. A shift from research facilities to more sun-drenched regions promises, at first glance, more favorable conditions, since even there the sun never shines with the same intensity. But that is important for fast innovation cycles: constant test conditions, which can be reproduced quickly and exactly.
The scientists at the DLR Institute for Solar Research have already succeeded in producing hydrogen with the aid of solar radiation years ago , but at a laboratory scale. In order for such processes to become of interest to industry, the scale must be significantly increased. This is precisely the goal of Synlight. Research is focused on solar fuel production, but the new plant can be used for many other applications. Since the spectrum of the UV radiation is similar to that of the sun, aging processes of materials can also be shown in a timed manner. An interesting aspect, both for space and industry.
For the experiments, three irradiation chambers are available to users of the facility. Depending on the requirements, the necessary lamps are bundled or surface-aligned to the test setup. With the three chambers, several experiments can be prepared at the same time and the system can be optimally utilized.
The DLR Institute for Solar Research has built the research facility in a building constructed by the Jülich Technology Center over the last two years and rented it to Synlight for the long term. The state of North-Rhine Westphalia supported the project with 2.4 million euros, about 70 percent of the total sum of 3.5 million euros. The difference of 1.1 million euros was provided by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy (BMWi).
For more information about this project, use this contact list.
Solar shingles are now gaining increasing traction in the renewable energy landscape. They are architecturally distinctive, more so than traditional rooftop photovoltaic panels. Solar shingles provide an integrated building product providing both roofing security and solar electricity in one package.
Two of this industry’s solar shingle pioneers are Robert and Gary Allen, brothers and partners in Rochester, Michigan-based Luma Resources. The two men answered my questions about their innovative building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) products and provided these helpful photographs.
Structurally, a polycrystalline photovoltaic tempered glass module is adhered to a custom formed metal shingle. A premium plastic edge protector surrounds the glass to provide added durability.
The junction box located on the back is positioned in the center of the shingle, allowing equal length wires to run in either direction.
Meyers: In short, what factors led to the development of your solar shingles?
Robert Allen: It all started with a phone call. I knew a man who worked for a German company, Rheinzink. He knew that our roofing company (Allen Brothers) excelled in specialty roofing and sheet metal. He’d gotten a call from then solar-leader, United Solar Ovonics (USO). Rheinzink was doing a lot of business with USO in Germany. USO asked him if he had any ideas on how USO might gain entrance into the residential solar market. He told them he didn’t have a clue, but based on their area code — being the same as mine — they should call us. They called just before Christmas in 2006.
Meyers: Where was your first product launched, and can you describe the performance successes and drawbacks?
Robert Allen: We showed our product for the first time at the International Roofing Expo in Las Vegas. We had a 10 x 10 foot booth along with a smaller display in the new products pavilion. Thousands of contractors from all over the world walk the Expo. There they see about 50+ new products being introduced into the roofing and construction market for the coming year. During the Expo, attendees are asked to vote for the best new product of the year. Our Luma Solar Roof took first place. When asked why they voted for Luma: they saw it as something they could add to their product offerings back home and make money with.
Meyers: How about system performance?
Gary Allen: The performance success has been very nearly flawless. Our biggest challenge has been helping educate interested parties about rooftop solar versus traditional rack-and-frame. For example, we actually enhance the roof’s strength as opposed to traditional rack-and-frame solar that weakens it. The general public does not yet fully understand, but that is changing with all the press and growing demand about roof-integrated solar.
Meyers: Who were the product developers, and did this effort generate interest from other companies?
Robert Allen: Gary was the key developer of the Luma Solar Roofing system. His 30 years of experience in the roofing and sheet metal industry doing some of the most challenging projects in our market area paid off big. When we were asked by USO if we could figure out a way to make their thin-film solar laminate work on a residential roof he saw the solution in his mind right away. Three days later he had the prototype shingle finished.
As to the question of our product generating interest from other companies, the answer is yes. Within a year, Dow came out with the Power House Solar Shingle, and a small company called BIPV Solar came out with its product. Dow has closed down its solar shingle division with its most recent merger with DuPont. BIPV was private labeled by Saint-Gobain (French conglomerate) through its CertainTeed division, they now call it the Apollo Tile. Saint-Gobain approached Luma ahead of BIPV Solar but we weren’t looking for a partner and turned them down.
Meyers: Describe some of your solar shingles demos, locations, and comparative costs.
Robert Allen: Although we have been involved in demos in the past, in a certain way every Luma job is a roofing demo, in a sense. Our product is first a fully weatherproof roofing system complete with its own R listing (R for roofing) at Underwriters Laboratories. When we add the solar component to the top of the metal roofing shingle it also becomes a solar roofing system. Luma Solar Roofs are located throughout the United States, Canada, and the West Indies.
Gary Allen: We currently have two active Luma demos for purposes of R&D. One is located in Detroit on the campus of NextEnergy. They are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 2002 to drive advanced energy and transportation investment and job creation. The second demo is on the campus of Western Michigan University in their “Solar Garden.” They will be using it as part of their clean energy degree program.
Robert Allen: Luma’s “comparative cost” can only be looked as it relates to the cost of the roof and the cost of the solar. Luma is the original, and to date, only complete solar roofing system. We cover the entire structure’s roof with either the Luma Metal Shingle or Solar Metal Shingle. Others use a patchwork method. Roofs are sold on a certain price per square foot. Solar is sold on a certain price per watt. Luma’s “comparative cost” would be equivalent to a high-end custom roof that is fully weatherproof and powers your house, as well as beautifying it.
Meyers: While the roofing system is architecturally attractive, how do longevity and performance fit?
Gary Allen: The 24-gauge painted galvanized metal that Luma uses to form its shingle has a 30-year warranty on the paint finish. The metal shingle itself is a lifetime product. The solar laminate has a 25-year power generation warranty. Interestingly, some of our systems still function after surviving multiple hurricanes, hail storms and other acts of nature.
Meyers: Who are some of the champions for your company and your solar shingles product?
Robert Allen: Here are some: PV Technical Services, Ontario, Canada 50 + – Luma Solar Roofs; Yale Acres Subdivision, Meriden, Connecticut; Home Land Builders, Ann Arbor, MI; Teddington Farms Eco Tourism Retreat, Portland Perish, Port Antonio Jamaica. Two off-grid Eco Tourism Lodges completed, five more to go.
Mr. John Sarver, former head of the Michigan Department of Energy and first Luma customer post-UL listing. John is the current head of Great Lakes Renewable Energy Association (GLREA). He’s a strong solar advocate and sought after public speaker. John loves to tell the story that he wanted to put solar on his roof for decades (before Luma) but his wife wouldn’t let him. She hated the way traditional solar would make her beautiful house look. That is, until he showed her the Luma Solar Roof.
Thanks to Robert and Gary Allen for the time they have provided. I look forward to learning more about solar shingles and projects from Luma Resources.
When it opens this summer, US Bank Stadium in Minneapolis will feature the only ETFE (ethylene-tetra-fluoro-ethylene) roof on a sports facility in the United States. This resilient and transparent material, long used in Europe, will now provide Minnesota Vikings football fans with a comfortable experience inside the stadium and a clear view outside, even if the outdoor temperature is far below zero degrees Fahrenheit.
In contrast to the preponderance of opaque domed stadiums in this country, some 60% of the Vikings’ facility has been covered with ETFE, not only letting in daylight, but allowing fans to gaze skyward and enjoy the view. Add to this, this dramatic stadium features five of the world’s largest operable glass doors, which can be opened if the weather outside is pleasant. These gargantuan doors measure 55 feet in width, angling from 75 feet to 95 feet in height, and weighing approximately 57,000 pounds each. Of note, the large door system also contains five smaller doors which can be used when the large doors re closed due to inclement weather.
As the stadium nears completion, a diverse group of journalists — specializing in everything from architecture to sports — had the opportunity to visit this 1.75 million sq. ft. structure, including 248,000 sq. ft. of ETFE roof, and listen to very articulate presentations from many on the design and development team, including leadership from the Minnesota Vikings. I found no shortage of good stories to report, most which will follow later this month. Here I report on the old stadium, the new stadium, and this remarkable material, ETFE.
Minneapolis, known for its very cold winter weather, previously featured the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, built downtown in 1982. It was the ninth oldest stadium in the NFL, featuring a fiberglass fabric roof, self-supported by air pressure. It was the third major sports facility to have this feature (the first two being the Pontiac Silverdome and the Carrier Dome).
Preparation for the demolition of the Metrodome began the day after the final home game for the Minnesota Vikings on December 29, 2013. Demolition began January 18, 2014.
For those wanting a glimpse, here is how the roof to the Metrodome came down.
Owned by the Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority (MSFA), the multi-purpose US Bank Stadium is scheduled to host Super Bowl LII in 2018 and the NCAA Final Four in 2019. Some leap from the starting line!
Designed by Dallas-based HKS Architects, the US Bank Stadium features the largest transparent ETFE roof in North America, spanning 240,000 square feet. This will be the only stadium in the nation with a clear ETFE roof.
Because of the angles of the roof, ETFE material on the south side accounts for 60% of the entire roof, while hard metal deck on the north side will account for the remaining 40%.
ETFE is a co-polymer resin which is extruded into a thin film. The light-weight material is transparent but can be treated to be translucent. It is durable and resistant to corrosion. In an architectural application ETFE is typically used in a multi-layer pneumatic system.
This material does not degrade with exposure to UV light, atmospheric pollution, harsh chemicals, or extreme temperatures. The material has withstood extensive testing within extreme environments and is expected to have a 30 to 50-year life expectancy, requiring minimal maintenance. Presently, the true life-cycle of ETFE is not known as the oldest applications are just hitting the 30-year mark with little to no replacement of system components.
Despite its light weight (1/100 the weight of glass) ETFE is reported to handle snow/wind loads well. In sheet form, it can stretch three times its length without losing elasticity. Support rods are used with the stadium roof panels.
The surface of the foil is non-stick and non-porous, which allows the natural action of rain to clean the surface. Deposits of dirt, dust and debris remain unattached and are washed away in the rain, meaning ETFE effectively self-cleans with virtually no need to clean externally.
As Amy Wilson has written on Architen, “Originally invented by DuPont as an insulation material for the aeronautics industry, ETFE was not initially considered as a main-stream building material, its principle use being as an upgrade for the polythene sheet commonly used for green house polytunnels.
Indeed! Just take a look at this showcase taking place near the Mississippi River.
We understand what’s involved in recovering renewable heat from the Earth by deployinggeothermal recovery technologies. Now it’s time to become familiar with another untapped renewable energy resource: wastewater thermal energy.
The time-honored adage that we sometimes learn best by the mistakes we’ve made is now being applied by scientists at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in their study of defects in solar cell defects, stating the results may lead to improved performance.
The study reports about certain defects in silicon solar cells which may eventually improve their overall performance. The findings run counter to conventional wisdom, according to Pauls Stradins, the principal scientist and a project leader of the silicon photovoltaics group at NREL.
Schematic of a ‘good’ defect (red cross), which helps collection of electrons from photo-absorber (n-Si), and blocks the holes, hence suppresses carriers recombination.The findings run counter to conventional wisdom, according to Pauls Stradins, the principal scientist and a project leader of the silicon photovoltaics group at NREL.
Deep-level defects frequently hamper the efficiency of solar cells, but NREL’s theoretical research suggests such defects with properly engineered energy levels can sometime improve carrier collection out of the cell, or “improve surface passivation” of the absorber layer.
NREL researchers conducted simulations to add impurities to layers adjacent to the silicon wafer in a solar cell. Specifically, they introduced defects within a thin tunneling silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer that forms part of “passivated contact” for carrier collection, and within the aluminum oxide (Al2O3) surface passivation layer next to the silicon (Si) cell wafer. In both cases, specific defects were identified to be beneficial.
According to NREL press information, the research by Stradins, Yuanyue Liu, Su-Huai Wei, Hui-Xiong Deng, and Junwei Luo, “Suppress carrier recombination by introducing defects: The case of Si solar cell,” appears in Applied Physics Letters.
The researchers state finding the right defect was key to their research process.
The referenced defects were then sorted according to their energy level and charge state. It is believed more research is needed in order to determine which defects will ultimately produce the best results.
A recent study by the same authors has shown that the addition of oxygen could improve the performance of those semiconductors. For solar cells and photoanodes, engineered defects could possibly allow thicker, more robust carrier-selective tunneling transport layers or corrosion protection layers that might be easier to fabricate.
The research was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy SunShot Initiative as part of a joint project of Georgia Institute of Technology, Fraunhofer ISE, and NREL, with a goal to develop a record efficiency silicon solar cell. The SunShot Initiative is a collaborative national effort that aggressively drives innovation to make solar energy fully cost-competitive with traditional energy sources before the end of the decade.
Tesla founder and CEO Elon Musk addressed an audience at Paris Sorbonne University during the 2015 Council on Climate Change held in Paris.
His subjects: climate change, fossil fuels, the carbon cycle.
The video, including audience questions is here. | 2019-04-19T21:01:50Z | http://glennrileymeyers.com/ |
Jorge Rodriguez is one of five principal members of the National Electoral Council (CNE). He was nominated for the post by Chavez supporters and has become one of the main spokespersons for the CNE. Rodriguez and two other CNE members questioned 876,000 presidential recall referendum petition signatures that appeared to be written with the same handwriting (when each form should have been filled out by up to ten different signers) and voted to require these and about 300,000 other invalidated signatures to be re-certified in a so-called “repair process,” where signers can either confirm or deny that they intended to sign. When the majority of council members did this, the opposition cried foul and declared that the CNE was merely doing President Chavez’s bidding. Many in the opposition believed that re-certifying at least 600,000 signatures, so that the requisite 2.4 million valid signatures could be reached, would be practically impossible. When the opposition threatened to boycott the repair process, the CNE, with the mediation of Carter Center and OAS representatives, entered into “conversations” with the opposition, so as to see how the process could be organized so that the opposition would participate.
Last week Jorge Rodriguez announced a new electoral calendar that the National Electoral Directorate (JNE), which is responsible for elections logistics, had set. According to that calendar, the repair process for the petitions for recall referenda against legislators would take place between May 14 and May 16, while the repair process for the presidential referendum would take place between May 21 and 23. Both CNE and opposition officials said that they were close to an agreement. However, last Friday, when the CNE was supposed to announce the procedures and the final count for how many signatures were eligible for repair, the opposition rejected the procedures draft, saying that it was not what had been discussed with the CNE. The CNE retracted the draft, and announced that the final version would be announced this coming Tuesday.
Another major issue involves the rulings of two of the chambers of Venezuela’s Supreme Court. The Supreme Court consists of five chambers, each with different areas of responsibility. Opposition representatives filed court injunctions with the Electoral Chamber, in order to prevent the CNE’s application of its doubts about the validity of the forms written in similar handwriting (planillas planas). However, the Constitutional Chamber ruled that since there is no law governing the recall referenda, the referenda are an issue of constitutional interpretation and therefore belong to it. It is generally assumed that the Electoral Chamber is sympathetic to the opposition while the Constitutional Chamber has a pro-Chavez majority. Exactly how the issue is to be resolved in the courts is unclear. Some say that the issue needs a ruling by the full 20 member Supreme Court, while others say that the Constitutional Court has a final say on this issue.
Meanwhile, the country’s largest opposition party, Acción Democratica, announced that it will split for the opposition coalition, Democratic Coordinator.
The interview was conducted ion April 15, in Jorge Rodriguez’ office.
GW: How are the negotiations with the opposition proceeding?
JR: The electoral power is not negotiable. It is a public power that makes decisions that are used for facilitating the public’s political expression as is established in the constitution. The electoral power has been having conversations with the authors of the recall effort in a climate of distortions, one of which is the serious political polarization, where there are sectors that are very much in confrontation, which makes it very difficult to find consensus. The other, the presence of other non-traditional political actors, such as many of the private mass media, the radio-electronic media, have acquired a political belligerency and often direct the agenda of political actors and this complicates the ability of the council to act in a climate that is less conflictive.
From this point of view, we have had very difficult and complicated conversations with the actors of the recall, so that the repair mechanism would be a transparent and viable. We have arrived at a mechanism that complies with these criteria, which are the only requisites that are of importance to the National Electoral Council. The recall referenda belong neither to the Commando Ayacucho nor to the Democratic Coordinator. Nor do they belong to the government or the opposition. What article 72 of the constitution establishes is that the referenda belong to the people of Venezuela. Also, article 31 of the recall referendum norms demands a repair period. The National Electoral Council will establish this mechanism for the citizens, listening of course to the actors of the recall, to the opposition and to the government, but basically so that the citizens can express their will and so that the electoral council is clear about this expression.
GW: So the conversations are continuing?
JR: We are at the edge of an agreement. Apparently important sectors of the Coordinator are in agreement with the proposal that the national electoral council has elaborated.
GW: How have the discussions within the electoral council been? Have they been very conflictive?
JR: No, the five members of the council have worked quite harmoniously, but there have been important differences of opinion, with regard to the conception of the internal functioning of the council, with regard to the criteria of the verification of the signatures, and the treatment of signatures with similar handwriting. This is an electoral council that has tried to establish the institutionality of the council. I think this is positive and important.
GW: You mentioned before that you and Oscar Battaglini have received death threats. How have such threats influenced your work?
JR: I think we have managed this within the context of this being the price of the office. I think the climate of extreme polarization has contributed to the unleashing of demons that are very hidden within the behavior of Venezuelans, such as intolerance, racism, attitudes of violent confrontation, when one disagrees with others, projections, when it seems that the bad is only in the other and not within oneself. Above all, and most dangerously, is an intention to undermine the institutions, that the Supreme Court, the electoral council, the legislature, lose their authority. There is a very dangerous intention behind this, which is to undermine the institutionality of the state, so that it might be replaced with instances that reply to a single interest.
GW: The opposition always says that it is Chavez who has monopolized all of the institutions of the state. Is there any type of influence that the executive exerts over the electoral power?
JR: I, at least, have not felt this. In any case, it is clear that each of the five council members has managed themselves in accordance with their own criteria. In my case, the decisions have been reached either by me alone or in consultation with the technical teams or with other council members.
I see it as something very dangerous, the intention that some political actors have to replace the national electoral council with private institutions that would fulfill regulating functions, and receive private funds. That would be as if private courts were to be established that would belong to a private company and would make decisions about the imprisonment of Venezuelans. I have opposed this and will continue to do so. Any intention to undermine the electoral council will encounter my most vehement opposition.
GW: Is there anything you can say about the numbers of signatures?
JR: Yes, there are the figures that we approved on March 2nd, which say that there are 1.8 million valid signatures, 1.12 million signatures that would go to the repair process. This is what has been approved. In any case, two weeks ago we submitted our databases to the Democratic Coordinator and to the Commando Ayacucho, so that we can compare notes and determine if there are any gross or flagrant errors that we might have committed, which we will correct that before we go to the repairs.
GW: So have there been any corrections?
JR: Yes, but nothing major.
GW: A few weeks ago Francisco Carrasquero said that the OAS and Carter Center were biased. What can you say about this?
JR: I think the relation between the CNE and the Carter Center and the OAS has been very complicated, with ups and downs. I think they have collaborated with the electoral council and the council presented them with all of the facilities they wanted, something which no country in the world has done, so that they can supervise all of the processes that we organized. This is an unprecedented event. Never before have we collected signatures for a recall referendum. And, despite this, the OAS and the Carter Center have taken positions that went against some of the agreements we had reached about the signature collection. For example, when they issued their statement about the signatures with similar handwriting, they took a position that was very similar to the one of the opposition. And this went against an agreement that we had with them, which was that they would not issue any kind of public opinion without first consulting with the electoral council.
Currently, they have been helping us with the conversations with the opposition and the Commando Ayacucho that we had, so as to reach an agreement about the repair process.
GW: So the presence of the OAS and Carter Center has helped?
JR: To me it seems necessary and important and I think that one could expand the international observation for the repair process. We are exploring this now.
GW: Why is it necessary?
JR: Well, the more observers there are, the less people will feel that the observers are leaning towards one side or the other.
GW: Why did the electoral council reject the OAS and Carter Center proposal to take a statistical sample of the signatures?
JR: I was involved in the discussion with the opposition and the Carter Center and the OAS, where we discussed the proposal to take a statistical sample of the finger prints of the “planillas planas.” The opposition made a proposal at that time of sampling 170 finger prints, out of a universe of three million signatures, they proposed to evaluate 170 finger prints and signatures. Later, the OAS and Carter Center made a proposal that was less ludicrous, which included 1,200 signatures. The statistical experts we consulted said that a statistical sample had to be sufficiently large, so that the margin of error would be very small. The recall referendum petition is not an opinion poll. Every signature counts. If there are 2,436,082 signatures, there is no recall referendum. But if there are 2,436,084 signatures then a recall referendum will be convoked. We noticed that there would be a margin of error of between 5% and 10% – if it were 10% we are talking about 300,000 signatures. This could have provided us with a result that would not have allowed us to eliminate the reasonable doubts the electoral council has about the signatures. In this sense we established a mechanism that allows us to clarify the doubts.
I am convinced now that we should not have allowed so much interference of the actors in the recall process in the collection of signatures, with so few controls, which has now brought us to so many distortions, so many complexities, at the time of verification. I would have done the signature collection the same way we are now going to do the repair process: controlled by the national electoral council, with voter registration rolls, with electoral officials, and with witnesses.
GW: I recall that when the norms were first discussed, the possibility was raised that a statistical sample would be taken of the finger prints. Why was that idea originally dismissed?
JR: Yes, I was willing to discuss the idea of a statistical sample early on. The proposals that the statistical advisors of the electoral council made were so complicated, we would have needed two or three weeks to implement them. It is much faster to simply use the repair process.
GW: So how was it possible, if we assume many of the signatures with similar handwriting are fake, how could so many signatures, over 800,000, with so many witnesses, under the eyes of the National Guard, a witness from each side, two CNE officials, and international observers, be fraudulent?
JR: We never said that all of these signatures are fraudulent. We said, we don’t understand how it could be that if we told the actors in the recall process, if we publicized it in the press, if we issued instructions that say that every person should fill out, in their own handwriting, except those who had impediments to do so – which is what we said, that if that is the case, then someone may assist and a note of the assistance is made on the form. This was present in all of the instructions that the electoral council issued. The question that is often asked is Why? If they knew that it was not allowed, why did they collect up to 800,000 signatures in this way? In the process of investigating this, we noticed that in many cases it is clear that there were signatures themselves where the handwriting was very similar. We also found forms with consecutive identification numbers. For example, if my ID number is 682,483, then the next ones were 484, 485, 486, and so on. An amazing coincidence. Then there are the ones where dead people signed, which is not an easy trick, to die and then go to a signature collection location. The place where we found the most of these types of issues were in the forms with similar handwriting and in the traveling forms. We did not say that we would invalidate all of these signatures, nor did we say that all of these signatures were fraudulent. That is part of the media manipulation. What we said is that this is where there is a reasonable doubt because we have found many distortions. The only way to correct for these distortions is that the electoral council certifies what the citizens truly meant to express with their signatures.
It is said that one should favor the popular will. I am in agreement with this. The popular will can be destroyed or impeded if you are so rigid that people cannot express themselves. But it can also be impeded if you are so lax that you allow a minority to derail this will.
GW: Does the CNE have any figures about how many signatures are with a similar handwriting, I mean, not just the personal data but the signatures themselves?
JR: We took some samples that provided us with evidence for such situations. We studied the fingerprints of the planillas planas and 23% of the forms with similar handwriting, versus only 8% of the other forms had what is commonly known as the fingerprint of the cheater. These are fingerprints that are made with the tip of the thumb and which cannot be analyzed. This is something that provoked doubts for us. How could this be, that the number is more than doubled? So we found these fingerprints of the tips of thumbs. That seemed very strange to me. That is, it appears to me that there was an unacceptable distortion in the signature collection process, in the registration of fingerprints and in the failure to follow the norms set by the electoral council.
GW: Why is that the requirement for each signer to fill out their own information was only in the instructions and not in the recall referendum norms? This has caused quite a bit of controversy that it was only part of the instructions.
JR: Well, that is not quite true. The norms do say that filling out the forms is something very personal (personalissimo). It’s true that there is a certain amount of controversy over this, but that’s why we’re going to the repair process. If it had not been controversial, we would have simply invalidated the signatures in question.
GW: Something else that has provoked a lot of controversy was that in the beginning of the verification process about 5% of the signatures were submitted to the technical council for further verification, but about halfway through the verification process the figure jumped to 50% and subsequently the forms with the low percentage were re-examined and sent to the technical council at the same 50% rate as the other forms.
JR: This has to do precisely with the forms with similar handwriting. That is, when the CNE realized that there were a very high number of forms with similar handwriting, the directorate considered it necessary to make a decision about these forms. So as to maintain the principle of symmetry and equality, it decided to revise all of the signatures with the same criteria.
GW: What do you think will happen? Will the opposition participate in the repair process?
JR: I am almost certain that the opposition and the Commando Ayacucho will participate in the repair process because people can participate to either exclude themselves from or include themselves in the list. But even if they do not participate, the council is obligated to hold the repair process.
GW: If the opposition does not participate, what would be the consequence?
JR: We are obligated to hold the process in any case. We have made a very hard effort to assure that they participate. The ideal situation would be that the actors of the recall process participate. We have given the opposition very many guarantees for their participation. Now, it is also true that there is much internal conflict within the opposition, which is why the conversations between the opposition and the CNE have not been that easy.
GW: Now the National Electoral Directorate has once again made a proposal for the dates of the repair process. This is not the first time. The directorate has made proposals for dates before. Are these new dates definite?
JR: Yes, the Directorate has proposed new dates for the repair process. Recall that previously the process was postponed because of the Supreme Court decisions, where the opposition had filed injunctions against the electoral council in the Electoral Chamber of the Court, which was subsequently annulled by the Constitutional Chamber and so on. During this time about three or four weeks were lost. We had said on various opportunities that the longest path to get to the presidential recall referendum is the judicial path, of the Supreme Court, which could take six or seven months.
GW: If there is no other interference from the part of the courts, are the dates that were presented recently definite?
JR: Yes. We have already elaborated a complete chronogram of activities. But this also depends on the actors, on what they do in the next few days.
GW: What else could they do to delay the process?
JR: [laughs] I have no idea. Their capacity to come up with things is amazing.
GW: Do you think that the full Supreme Court will issue a ruling on this matter?
JR: There is a firm ruling of the court’s Constitutional Chamber. It corresponds to the Constitutional Chamber. According to article 72 of the constitution, it is the Constitutional Chamber to whom recall referenda correspond. The one which has recognized all of the corresponding elements with regard to the recall referenda is the Constitutional Chamber, who named us, so that we could organize the recall referenda, was the Constitutional Chamber.
It is a fact that in the filling out of the recall referendum petition forms, no one voted. The vote comes later, if 20% of the electorate activate the referendum. As such, the Electoral Chamber should not consider a procedure that is named in the constitution and that the Constitutional Chamber must interpret. We will only abide by the sentence of the Constitutional Chamber and they have issued a firm ruling on the matter, which nullifies the sentence of the Electoral Chamber. I really doubt that the issue will go to the full court.
GW: Thank you very much for the interview.
Next articleIt’s the sampling, stupid! | 2019-04-23T18:57:43Z | https://www.caracaschronicles.com/2004/04/20/greg-wilpert-talks-to-jorge-rodriguez-2/ |
Tera-Tom here! Teradata was started back in 1979 with the dream of designing a parallel processing system that could house a Terabyte of data. The experts of the day said that would be nearly impossible and they often reported these facts.
Think of it like this. If you lived for a million seconds (megabyte) you would live for 11.5 days. If you lived for a trillion seconds (terabyte) you would live for 32,688 years.
Teradata sold their first system, named the DBC 1012, which stands for Data Base Computer 10 to the 12th power (in other words, one trillion).
Teradata took the time to ensure that all queries use parallel processing. They came up with a brilliant way to spread the data and retrieve it quickly. They built the system for continued growth and there has always been less of a need for DBAs because Teradata was designed to let the system do most of the work itself.
Teradata systems are also great at loading massive amounts of data. Systems became so large that Teradata was smart to focus on load utilities, so they could load millions of rows extremely quickly. Those load utilities are now part of what Teradata calls TPT. That stands for Teradata Parallel Transport. These load utilities are versatile and exactly what the doctor ordered, but they are also difficult to create unless you are an expert.
What else is brilliant about Teradata is that they use nearly every technique possible for queries to be tuned. There is always good news and bad news. The good news is that Teradata systems can be tuned using dozens of techniques. The bad news is that you need experienced Teradata experts to physically utilize tuning techniques. These systems are not a “load and go” type system like Netezza or Amazon Redshift where there is little tuning needed.
I am going to get you started with the most important fundamentals you need to know to tune a Teradata system. When I say tuning, I mean the many options Teradata provides for creating tables and indexes, sorting and storage in order to make queries run faster. Here is a list of techniques to tune your Teradata system.
Teradata was born to be parallel, and with each query, a single step is performed in parallel by each AMP. A Teradata system consists of a series of AMPs that will work in parallel to store and process your data. AMPs are told exactly what to do by the Parsing Engine’s (PE) plan. There will be multiple PE’s in a Teradata system with each PE commanding all of the AMPs. The PE is the Teradata Optimizer and it takes user requests and parses the SQL to get the best performance tuning and performance optimization. The PE and AMPs communicate amongst themselves via either BYNET 0 or BYNET 1 and the AMPs write and read data from their disks via the BYNET. The PE and the AMPs work together to keep user’s SQL in check because each user is assigned spool space limits so that if a query goes over its allocated limit the PE will abort the query. This check is vital in case a user accidentally performs a product join, which can result in a runaway query.
Primary Index – A table will designate at least one column to be the Primary Index. This is called the Distribution Key in other systems. This is different than a Primary Key. A Primary Key is used to logically model the tables that join together using a Primary Key/Foreign Key relationship.
A Primary Index is used to physically distribute the rows of a table across the AMPs. A Primary Index is the most important tuning decision there is when creating a table. The primary index column is used when the table is loaded to distribute the rows among the AMPs. When loading the table to the Teradata system, each row will be hashed by a mathematical formula and assigned to an AMP. There are two types of Primary Indexes based on whether or not you want the column to be unique. So, there is the Unique Primary Index (UPI) or the Non-Unique Primary Index (NUPI). This is also a NO PRIMARY INDEX, which means to spread the data rows of a table randomly, but evenly.
The Primary Index is called the Distribution Key in most other system designs, but they are both referred to as the column in the table used to distribute the rows by hashing the value of the primary index column(s). You can have composite primary indexes (up to 64), but each table can have only one primary index. The incredible value here is that anyone who queries the table using the primary index column(s) in their SQL WHERE clause will see SINGLE-AMP RETRIEVE in the query explain plan. A single-AMP will be contacted, and a single block will be placed in memory, and you can depend on getting an answer set in 1-second max, no matter how big the table size.
How often the column is going to be used in the WHERE clause?
How often the column is going to be used in the ON CLAUSE of join?
How well (evenly) will the column distribute the rows among the AMPs?
Believe it or not, the second choice above concerning joins is the biggest consideration. That is because joins can be the most taxing type of query on the system if the two joining tables are not tuned for the join.
Teradata has Unique Secondary Indexes – Up to 32 secondary indexes can be placed on a table, but each index creates a subtable that takes up space. There are generally two types of secondary indexes. They are the Unique Secondary Index (USI) and Non-Unique Secondary Index (NUSI). The brilliance behind the USI is that all queries that use the USI column(s) in the WHERE clause with an equality statement will be a TWO-AMP RETRIEVE in the explain plan. This means that if you have a huge system with 2,000 AMPs and you query a table with a trillion rows, and you place a WHERE column = a value then only two-AMPs will be contacted, and the query will only take two seconds.
That is one of the greatest assets about Teradata vs. other systems. A Teradata system can have a table that has trillions of rows, but if you use the Primary Index column in your WHERE clause with equality it is a Single-AMP retrieve and it will only take about 1 second. The same goes for a Unique Secondary Index except that it will be a Two-AMP retrieve and only take two seconds. This is because Teradata tables are always sorted and organized. Secondary Indexes are essentially hidden subtables used by the Parsing Engine to point back to the base table. They take up PERM space and they can slow down data loads so use secondary indexes where they make sense. It is also vital that the DBA or the user who owns a table make sure they have performed the Collected Statistic function on all Non-Unique indexes.
Each parallel process (AMP) will be involved in the query, but each will only read a portion of the Order_Table rows they are assigned. This is far from a Full Table Scan, and a key to great SQL tuning on large tables. Think of this tuning technique as each AMP having a 12-layer wedding cake that they must eat, but when you can sort the data and only have each AMP eat a slice of cake (data) the speed of this query improves dramatically. The best way to think about partitioning is to imagine that each AMP is sorting the rows like a phone book directory. Now, they won’t have to read through all of the information they have to satisfy a query. Now, each AMP can quickly traverse to the location on their disks where the data for that partition is stored to satisfy queries involving the date column.
All tables and not just columns with important date columns should be considered candidates for partitioning. If it is of an advantage, based on the queries that have been running lately that sorting the data on each AMP for a particular table will speed things up then the table should be partitioned. This usually means that users are running RANGE queries that involve to moments in time or different levels of pricing or different states in a Claims_Table.
You will only see about 10-15% of tables with partitioning.
Tuning Quiz – What are the Four Fastest Queries?
So far you have seen just some of the tuning techniques of a Teradata system, but let me be very clear before we dive into further tuning techniques. The four fastest queries that have the best Teradata performance might surprise you, but they are (from fastest to slowest) when you use indexed columns in the SQL. Below lists the index and how many AMPs will be used (fastest to slowest).
The All-AMP retrieve by way of a Single-Partition can happen on a Range query (BETWEEN Statement) on a table that has been sorted, in the above example by Month of Order_Date, which is referred to as PARTITIONING a Table. This is done so the AMPs can satisfy queries on large tables without reading through all of the rows. If something is sorted (like a phone book) you don’t have to read through it all in a lot of situations. This type of partitioning technique should really be referred to as Horizontal Partitioning. You will learn next about vertical partitioning.
Teradata also has a brilliant way to create a table and have each AMP store the data rows in what the industry calls a COLUMNAR format. This is actually referred to as Vertical Partitioning. Here is exactly what that means. Each AMP will be assigned entire rows, but when the AMP stores the row, they store each column in a separate block so that queries can be satisfied without reading through every portion of a row. Below, the diagram shows a row-based block technique vs the same information stored in a columnar-storage format.
Notice that this AMP has been assigned three rows in the table named Employee_Normal and the exact same three rows in the table named Employee_Columnar. The Employee_Normal example is a traditional storage technique that stores its three rows in a single block. The Employee_Columnar example has the same three rows, but each column is stored in its own data block. Consider it as storing its three rows in five separate blocks.
This is often done on tables where analytics are calculated on just some of the columns. The concept behind a columnar table is that only certain columns from a table need to be read to satisfy a query. It is similar to the tuning technique of PARTITIONING because the concept is applied to tables in order to eliminate having each AMP read all of their data to satisfy a query.
If you ran the above query on the Employee_Normal version each AMP would place their entire block into memory for processing. Even though there is no need for Emp_No, Dept_No, First_Name and Last_Name they are still placed into memory, which is a total waste of effort. This is because an AMP must move the entire block into memory.
However, if you ran the above query example on Employee_Columnar then only the Salary block would move into memory. That is the concept of columnar. The concept of both horizontal partitioning and vertical partitioning is to eliminate moving all of the data into memory. The less data that has to move from disk to memory on each AMP the faster the query.
Teradata systems have an extremely advanced technique for speed with their ability to utilize what is often referred to as an in-memory technique. Each AMP shares nothing with other AMPs because each AMP has their own CPU, memory, operating system and dedicated disk farm. The Teradata system itself will track which data blocks were requested most and then label those blocks as hot. The hottest data blocks are stored in each AMPs dedicated in-memory area.
In other words, when users query for information on data contained in these blocks the queries are performed in sub-second speeds. There is almost no DBA or user intervention required because the system tracks the queries and the data storage in order to determine the hottest blocks and the coldest blocks. The hottest blocks will be kept in memory with the assumption that a ton of users are going to query this particular data. The coldest blocks will be stored on each AMPs slowest disks, which coincidentally are slower and cheaper.
In the diagram below the AMP has FSG Cache Memory, which stands for File System Generating Cache, which really means the AMP’s memory. The important point to notice is the Intelligent Memory. The Intelligent Memory that is given to each AMP is to keep the hottest data blocks they own in Intelligent Memory.
A data block that is placed in Intelligent Memory is the Hollywood celebrity of data because it has been chased by the SQL Paparazzi more than any other data. It is assumed that it will be queried the most so why not keep it in memory until another set of data gets hotter. The difference between FSG Cache (normal memory) and Intelligent Memory is that normal memory has data blocks flying in and out of FSG memory in order for the AMP to be capable to read, update, or delete rows. Intelligent Memory has hot data that stays in the memory all day and maybe even all week. Almost all queries on the intelligent memory are as fast as lightning.
Here is a life altering learning moment when it comes to big data on systems that have a Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) architecture. Each MPP design has an advantage in that it can scale up continually. This means that you can add data and add AMPs and continue to get linear speeds. As the system gets bigger the customer can purchase more Teradata hardware and scale up to world-record data sizes. The negative to this philosophy or should I say Achilles Heel is that since each AMP has its own dedicated memory, all joining of rows means that joining rows must reside in the same AMPs memory to be joined to satisfy a query. All MPP systems have this same situation.
The key to tuning two tables that are being joined together continually is to make the join columns (PK/FK) columns the Primary Index of their respective tables. Below, you can see the Nexus Super Join Builder joining the Customer_Table with the Order_Table. Notice that the columns that both tables have in common is Customer_Number and therefore Customer_Number is the column used in the SQL join condition (ON CONDITION). If the column Customer_Number is used as the Primary Index of both tables, then the matching rows (joining rows from both tables) are already physically on the same AMP. This is called an AMP-Local Join.
Tuning for joins is incredibly important because large tables being joined that have different Primary Indexes than the join condition will cause Teradata (and all MPP systems) to temporarily move the data. For example, if the Customer_Table below had Customer_Number as the Primary Index, but the Order_Table had Order_Number as the Primary Index then Teradata would either temporarily reload the Order_Table by Customer_Number, thus making Customer_Number the temporary Primary Index for just this one join. It literally reloads the Order_Table.
It also can use a different technique if the Customer_Table is much smaller than the Order_Table. The Teradata PE could decide to copy the Customer_Table rows in their entirety and place the entire Customer_Table on each AMP. The bottom line is that all joins must have the matching rows on the same AMP so the most taxing thing for a Teradata system is to have to move data across the BYNET each time to satisfy the join.
Teradata systems utilize another technique to tune tables that join together often. This is called a Join Index. This is not a temporary table, but a real table that only the Parsing Engine can access. Imagine that you had 1 million rows that are joining from two tables on a consistent basis every day. The DBA team might consider creating a Join Index on the table, which really means that the two tables are joined, and the answer set contains the 1 million joined rows. Now, Teradata stores the answer set rows on the AMPs in parallel distribution so when a user writes this join again the rows are already joined. A Join Index speeds up a join because the rows are already joined and saved and ready to be delivered quickly whenever the join is requested. Think of a Join Index as multiple tables being joined and then stored just like a real table, with each AMP owning a portion of the rows. When the Parsing Engine receives SQL that joins tables and that join can be covered by the Join Index, it commands the AMPs to satisfy the query through the Join Index table. That is also called a “Cover Query”.
The biggest setback to even the greatest of companies is that different vendor systems don’t talk to one another! So, companies have all of this brilliant data in different silos and analysts are forced to query only one system at a time. This is comparable to having a black and white TV without a remote to change the channel! It makes no sense.
What does make sense is accessing any data at any time. I am talking about cross-system joins, a term referred to as Federated Queries. In order to bring this to fruition, we spent 15 years developing Nexus for the desktop and another two years developing the NexusCore Server.
We have always believed that the perfect tool would do amazingly complicated things for the user. Our end goal was to make Nexus and NexusCore Server so powerful that it makes the business user on the same playing field as the data scientist. With Nexus, a user could write a cross-system join with tables from Teradata, Oracle, SQL Server, DB2 and Greenplum in about 2-minutes. It would take a data scientist a month to get the same results.
Why is it important to have both a Nexus client and a Nexus Server? You want a Nexus client on the desktop so users can query like they normally do. We took it quite a bit further with the Nexus Super Join builder, which writes the SQL for the user. You also need a server component for any data movement or cross-system joins. Why? Because if a user kicks off a data movement job or cross-system join the data that moves goes through the user’s PC. For example, if you were moving data from SQL Server to Teradata the data would move from the source system (SQL Server) to your PC (over the local network) and onto the target system (Teradata). This is what kills the speed, but with the NexusCore Server, the user can run any data movement as if they were sitting on the server. No data moves through the PC or the local network and this can speed things up a 1000%.
It is now less important what systems you store data on because the NexusCore Server can inexpensively move and process data across all systems in the enterprise. Having multiple NexusCore Servers along with thousands of users utilizing the Nexus desktop application make it the perfect environment for cutting edge success.
The same thing goes for cross-system joins. It is the NexusCore Server that moves the data to the server, and this provides great speeds. No data goes through the PC or over the local network except the final answer set.
And that is how you tune Teradata! If you ever find yourself needing further information on the inner workings of your Teradata system, you can check out my books or schedule me for a class. | 2019-04-25T15:54:11Z | https://www.coffingdw.com/how-to-tune-a-teradata-system/ |
William of Ockham said that preference should be given to explanations with fewer elements. Claude Shannon said that any methodology that is an effective compressor is also an effective gambler. Andrey Kolmogorov said that the shortest possible program that expresses a piece of data gives the most useful assessment of its information content.
Admiration of brevity and capability of doing more with less runs across many professions. Poets celebrate the value of compression, lauding poems that say more than their words denote. Mathematicians save the greatest honors for the shortest proofs of deep results.
As actuaries, we are accustomed to working with complex models and predictive tools. In order to improve our business unit’s profits or productivity, we are often asked to refine those models to increase the efficacy of the output. But sometimes the incremental gain—in terms of increased profits or predictive power—does not justify the additional costs—in terms of time of opportunity cost.
This article introduces concepts from Kolmogorov complexity, which integrates concepts from the study of resource complexity in computer science with information theory and statistics. This approach can help in applying an actuary’s intuitive understanding of statistical inference and credibility theory to other domains. As an actuary, I might say that efficient use of data means not reading more from the data than the data itself has to say. Taking cues from computer programming and audio compression gives us a means to pursue the same kind of efficiency in modeling and business decisions.
There is an information metric called the Kolmogorov complexity that gives a unifying framework for questions relating to complexity and simplicity. Kolmogorov complexity, also referred to as descriptive complexity, is defined as the length of the shortest computer program (in some computer language that is sufficiently developed to be able to implement other computer language in a “universal” manner) that outputs a given piece of data. The sense is that a program that reproduces a piece of data encodes all of the essential details of that data. The smallest program encodes all of the essential details in the most compact manner possible.
The precise computer language that is used only matters significantly for relatively small pieces of data. There may very well be pieces of data that are easy to express in a particular computer language, but because we are measuring Kolmogorov complexity on a “universal” computer, we could include code that translates from that language, which makes the problem easy to our current working language.
It is not possible to directly calculate the precise Kolmogorov complexity of a piece of data. However, it is possible to use any particular approach to making data smaller as an approximation. The most direct approach to approximating Kolmogorov complexity is to use compression algorithms. Comparisons between file sizes after compressing as a ZIP file or in other formats can serve as a very rough comparison of relative Kolmogorov complexity of data sets.
Statistical analysis is also an avenue for compressing data. Estimates of the likelihood of certain sequences occurring in data provide a basis for more frequently occurring elements to be mapped onto shorter codes. General-purpose compression algorithms essentially perform statistical analysis of data based on some assumptions about the structure of the data that work reasonably well for common data formats but that will not necessarily identify deep structural relationships in data.
Data that is easy to compress has some form of redundancy in it—elements repeat in fixed patterns, there are patterns with predictable frequencies, or there are structural relationships where the values of certain elements can be used to predict other elements. Any form of compression that we apply identifies and exploits these patterns. The impossibility of precisely calculating Kolmogorov complexity relates to the fact that there are too many possible patterns to evaluate all of the possibilities.
Data that is impossible to compress is statistically random, as if drawn from a uniform distribution. It is also statistically impossible to compress data generated by a known statistical process to a size smaller than its Shannon entropy.
We can also examine the relative Kolmogorov complexity of two pieces of data by looking at how much they can be compressed jointly compared to how they can be compressed separately. Two pieces of data with significant “overlap” in their patterns can be compressed to a smaller size, while data with no overlap will compress to the same size as was achieved when the pieces of data were compressed separately.
Kolmogorov initially wanted to be an historian. He looked at the question as to whether taxes in Russia in the middle-ages were collected at the house level or at the village level. He analyzed tax data and showed that that data had a much simpler description if taxes were collected at the village level. (You can see the seeds of Kolmogorov complexity here.) He presented these results to the history faculty to great applause. Asking them whether he could publish such a paper he was told, ‘You only have one proof. You cannot publish in a history journal without at least two more proofs of your hypothesis.’ And so Kolmogorov left history for a field where one proof suffices.
The fundamental element of probability theory is uncertainty with exceptions. These exceptions can take the form of distributional assumptions or Bayesian priors. If a coin is fair, the outcome is unknowable and the coin generates one bit of Shannon entropy per flip. If we have knowledge that a coin is not fair, the outcome of each flip is at least slightly known in advance and on average it generates less than one bit of Shannon entropy per flip. In probability theory, Shannon entropy gives us a measure of the amount of irreducible uncertainty in an event, although measuring this quantity requires us to make some assumptions or use some prior knowledge. In classical probability theory, what we already know determines our understanding of the information content of the data.
From what has been called an “algorithmic probability” perspective, you look at a data set and identify the ways to isolate and extract the predictable content of the data, leaving behind only the incompressible residuals. Incompressible binary data does not have any more efficient representation than as a string of ones and zeros, or equivalently heads and tails outcomes. It is just as arbitrary as the outcome of a series of fair coin flips. What this means is that whenever we find a way to take input data and identify the predictable parts, leaving behind only incompressible residuals, we have isolated all of the predictable components of the data and separated them from the inherently unpredictable components. Compared to classical probability theory, we are working backward, determining the information content of the data and using that to assess what we know. Compression is inherently objective in that the result speaks for itself.
While this seems satisfying, we have no means of determining whether any particular piece of data is incompressible. At best we can say that compression algorithms, statistical methods, and heuristic optimization methods fail to provide us with a more efficient representation within the computation time that we have applied to the search. This may seem like a significant setback for this approach, but the success of the theory comes from the fact that the algorithmic probability perspective unifies a number of fields where it is already known that perfection is not achievable.
Kolmogorov complexity directly models the limits of data compression algorithms. Data compression itself has concrete value in terms of efficient storage and transmission of data.
When applied to data sets of observations of phenomena, the program that achieves the Kolmogorov complexity of the data can be viewed as the simplest explanation of that data without any use of prior beliefs, knowledge, or assumptions. This observation combined with the equivalence of maximum likelihood estimation and the Huffman coding compression algorithm can be used to formulate inferential principles such as the Minimum Description Length and Minimum Message Length principles.
When Kolmogorov complexity is applied to programs that accomplish specific tasks, such as performing a Fourier transformation or calculating the result of an actuarial model, the shortest program is necessarily organized in a manner that reflects the structure of the task itself. Computer programmers call the elements of a computer program that allow a problem to be tackled with less code “abstraction.” The shortest program uses the most effective abstractions for the task.
Search and optimization algorithms that are efficient in their use of computation time can be viewed as steadily accumulating nonredundant information, which either assists in locating the result or in proving that the solution is correct. Inefficient algorithms recalculate earlier results or make evaluations that can already be determined from the results of past operations.
The laws of physics can be treated as a computer because all practical computers are based on physical principles. Kolmogorov complexity could be used to model energy efficiency of physical processes by looking at the question of what is the shortest sequence of incremental energy inputs into a system that results in a task being completed. This example is counterintuitive in some respects because common tasks such as moving an object between two points would seem to be highly compressible, but there is no mechanism for removing this redundancy with the kinds of looping constructs available in computer languages. The resolution of this apparent paradox involves recognizing that while it is possible to compress information and computational processes that contain redundancy, it is not possible to compress redundant mechanical processes.
The problems above all involve some notion of “efficiency.” The fact that Kolmogorov complexity cannot be calculated deterministically and can only be approximated based on upper bounds directly relates to the fact that these are all problems that cannot be solved deterministically in the general case. The areas that these problems come from all require empirically grounded compromises and simplifications for real-world work.
For actuaries, a primary aspect of our work is making the best and most practical use of the evidence available to us for the benefit of a principal. This usually takes the form of application of statistical inference or informal principles collected from practice and deemed to be reasonable. Application of concepts from algorithmic probability can make it more clear what compromises we are making and what bodies of prior knowledge we are drawing on in our work. It can also reveal possible paths for borrowing from other disciplines.
As an example, it would be possible to formulate a compression-based version of credibility theory based on Minimum Description Length principles. An event frequency assumption that is set based on a particular large data set can be used to compress that data set using Huffman coding to produce a set of codes for events with lengths proportional to the log-likelihood of the event under the assumption. Improving the fit improves the compression, but any gains created by adding finer-grained breakdowns to the data increase the size of the code table, offsetting the compression. This potentially gives you a credibility framework that can be adjusted more fluidly to the structure of the problem.
If you append a smaller data set to this data set, the optimal assumption (yielding the best compression) for the combined data set will range between setting the assumption used for the smaller data set to be the same as the large data set to setting the assumption used for the small data set independently. The point in this range the new optimal assumption would occupy depends on the size of the smaller data set and how much different the smaller data set is from the larger data set. This does not necessarily have to take a predetermined form in the manner that Bayesian revisions typically do. As you scale these parameters, the solution might shift from varying the assumption on the smaller data set by applying modifiers to the existing assumption (which would not require as much information as a new code table) to developing more complex criteria as the data set grows.
This type of framework may or may not be more useful than existing credibility frameworks. In any case, examining this kind of concept gives you a more intuitive way of explaining the concept of credibility methods. A fully credible source of information is demonstrably statistically distinct from other candidate sources of information; to the extent that fully credible sources of information are not available, it is preferable to choose assumptions that can explain (effectively compress) the available sources of information.
So far we have discussed things in absolute terms, seeking the simplest or most efficient representation of a data set or process. But the algorithmic probability approach also allows evaluating partial explanations. A deterministic computer program with fixed inputs generates a specific piece of data as output, but randomized computer programs can have a chance to generate any particular piece of data. We can also look at what changes can be added to a program that generates random output so that the likelihood of producing a particular piece of data are increased. This can be viewed as a progressing sequence of partial explanations of that particular piece of data.
d. The model can be further refined by using more precise values of the mean and standard deviation.
f. The previous model, with further validation to constrain generated sentences to maintain consistent subject matter and plausibility.
In these examples, the basic generation procedure is relatively simple and small, but there is some additional piece of information or a piece of code being supplied that augments its capability to generate the target data. In all of these examples, the probability of generating the specific piece of data is negligible, but that negligible probability is clearly increasing over the sequence. In the case of the normal distribution, the program improves as we add information that summarizes the range over which the numbers occur, and it further improves as we add information that specifies the distribution. The English language example improves as we specify frequencies of elements and gains higher-order structure as we supply sources of knowledge about the rules of the English language.
These pieces of data that improve the ability of this kind of program to generate a specific object are called algorithmic statistics of the object. There is a direct correspondence between minimal algorithmic statistics and minimum sufficient statistics of distributions. When this exercise is performed using a known distribution, the most efficient improvement we can make to the model is to specify the distribution and fill in estimates of the parameters based on minimum sufficient statistics. If we try to continue the exercise after this point and try to improve the chance of generating the target data further, we can only improve that chance by giving the program some information about the quantiles of the target data. At that point, we are not improving the model—we are just reproducing a specific sample.
An interesting implication of this type of thought experiment is that it gives a probabilistic grounding to non-probabilistic models. If you have a fixed estimate of a result and no estimate of the exact process by which actual results may vary, rounding the actual results to a materiality standard and assuming a discrete uniform distribution in increments based on the materiality standard may give a reasonable basis for comparing the performance of this model to a probabilistic model.
Data such as uncompressed still images, audio, and video carry more information than human sensory systems can process, and as such, they can be effectively compressed relative to their intended audience by discarding information that the human viewer is not very sensitive to. This practice can be viewed as using algorithmic statistics to summarize data but discarding the statistics that carry irrelevant data.
If we imagine that we have indifference over small residuals of an actuarial model, this relates to this notion of lossy compression. Truly random (incompressible) residuals indicate that we have addressed all aspects of the problem that can be easily anticipated (under our current form of analysis). If the residuals are sufficiently small, it may be appropriate to say that we don’t particularly need to explore alternative approaches that may be more accurate.
However, it is also notable that larger residuals may be tolerated if they can be attributed to exogenous factors (e.g., investment return, changes in a population’s composition or behavior, volume of sales or participation) that are expected to be nonrecurring or that are seen as being outside of the model’s “responsibility.” An explanation of the residuals may take the form of an adjustment to an assumption that makes the residual small, plus a narrative explanation of factors that may cause the deviation. This is an example of lossy compression in the sense that between the model and the explanation of the residual, we have a description of the essential details of the outcome.
Taking this into account, there may be a rationale for a stronger preference for simpler models than is given by established information criteria. From an actuary’s perspective, the ideal model may be the model that uses the fewest words to make an outcome seem reasonable relative to conditions while at the same time not obscuring factors that can be controlled to adjust the outcome. Furthermore, a model that is stable over time and does not incorporate elements that may lose relevance can be viewed as minimizing the amount of information that needs to be communicated to stakeholders over longer timeframes.
How often would they need to run the program in order to be effective?
How much data would they need to input, and how frequently should it be updated?
In order to make the program effective, what kinds of data queries to public data sources, private data sources, or “crowdsourced” information would need to be included?
Essentially, this exercise is about identifying what it would require to take all of the evaluations that an actuary performs and transfer these tasks back to individuals. If you imagined that you actually distributed this program to a broad population and you recorded a log of the calculations and queries performed, how compressible is this log? If the log is highly compressible, we might assume that there is a great deal of redundant work being done by all of these individuals. We should note that we cannot expect to meaningfully eliminate redundancies that relate to outcome-relevant physical or financial events. However, all calculations and queries for information are fair game.
From this perspective, the economic value generated by insurance and risk pooling mechanisms does not necessarily come from differentials in risk preferences. Instead, the economic value from these risk pooling mechanisms can come from removing redundancy from the collective risk evaluations required by the group and facilitating information collection needed for all of the individuals. Pooling similar risks is more computationally efficient than managing them individually.
A key offset to this improvement is that pooling the risks changes the format of the solution that is needed, and additional work is needed to assure various stakeholders that risks are being managed appropriately—and if the risk is transferred to a for-profit venture, additional work is needed to ensure that risks are being managed profitably. In order for risk pooling mechanisms to be economically viable, the improvements under aggregation have to exceed the costs that are added.
Imagine that you have the task of selecting an investment policy for a fund with relatively few constraints. You have the options of investing primarily in Treasury securities, investing in corporate bonds, investing in equities, or possibly even permitting a more complex investment policy that may contemplate derivatives and OTC contracts. It is possible to write risk controls for any of these policies, but it is worth noting that it is less complex to verify that risk controls are being followed for the lower-risk options.
An investment policy that consists of a set of whitelisted securities requires evaluation of fewer metrics to confirm policy is being followed than does an investment policy that is permitted to create risk exposures. As you move through the risk spectrum, broader duties of due diligence are created. This creates work that needs to be verified under the supervision of whatever individuals have ultimate responsibility for the outcome. The relative ease of supervision of lower-risk investments may form the basis of an explanation of the equity risk premium. The size of risk premiums may be related to the scarcity of free time among individuals in supervisory positions in organizations with the capacity to invest in riskier investments.
This thinking can be extended to other types of risk controls as well. Organizations that maintain appropriate risk controls also implicitly choose policies that have supervision requirements that can adequately be met by the organization. The supervision requirements for the policy need to fit appropriately with the reporting and workflow of the organization. One form of organizational failure that can occur is for management to implement policies that it cannot hope to supervise due to these policies requiring a greater quantity of supervision than management is capable of providing.
Thought experiments may be helpful for evaluating this kind of issue as well. If we had a log of all of the activities of an organization, can the events needed to implement the policy be inserted into existing work in a simple manner? Putting this another way, are the requirements of the new policy correlated with requirements of existing work? If we add the new required events to the log, how much does the compressed size of the log increase? There is potentially more nuance that can be added to the analysis, but these kinds of questions may give rough estimates of how supervision requirements will change with the new policy.
Considerations about complexity are, well, complex. But understanding what we mean when we attempt to quantify complexity—and understanding the practical limitations and costs associated with incremental refinement to complex systems—helps us perform our actuarial duties better.
MATTHEW POWELL, MAAA, ASA is an assistant actuary with Segal Consulting based in Atlanta.
Shannon entropy provides an absolute limit on the best possible average length of lossless encoding or compression of an information source.
A Huffman code is a particular type of optimal prefix code that is commonly used for lossless data compression.
Lossy compression is the class of data encoding methods that uses inexact approximations and partial data discarding to represent the content. | 2019-04-21T04:27:30Z | http://contingencies.org/patterns-noise-kolmogorov-complexity-efficiency-marginal-improvements/ |
If you’re inside immediate internet marketing company, it’s best to surely examine this informative article. Many internet marketers imagine needed some sort of dodgy custom logo design together with corporate-like impression to be happy, having to pay a significant amount of time period into it. As a substitute, there does exist an issue even more fundamental that you have to complete, an issue using higher dividends. Please read on to uncover precisely what that’s.
You might want to generate that make of PEOPLE. You will be the particular reason why that the clients always keep coming back again. It can be profession start treating these, profession option their own doubts, profession generate ones offerings. Customers tend not to sign up for a company, as they enjoy ones catchy custom logo design. Although you may will be in immediate internet marketing also, you tend not to overcome customers physically, ones identity nevertheless illustrates as a result of with all of your current imitate.
It can be facts about that connection. Immediate internet marketing is a dialogue concerning a family, an individual clearing up some great benefits of your handmade jewelry to your many other. It’s a really dialogue approximately producing somebody’s lifetime far better. It’s not actually some sort of company hinting ways to decide on one self in place together with dirt one self off of, it does not take person inside connection. That make of people.
So as to generate that make of people, you might want to get started with the standard foundation in the completely unique providing proposal, and that USP. Your specific providing proposal is a cosmetic foundation with almost everything that you complete inside your immediate internet marketing company. The idea teaches profession might start treating customers, profession might clear up their own troubles, together with profession are wide and varied in the levels of competition. It’s a really the setting of proclamation that will gives you people previously mentioned the amount of the mediocre ones inside your discipline. Bare this in mind, the idea fortifies that make of people. With all your USP you’ll have a assistance proclamation that will items people inside correct guidance for any process that you overcome your enterprise and unfortunately your clients.
When customers figure out how to really enjoy that make of people together with know the initial providing proposal to your company, they are going to know once they require a particular encounter, to remain taken care of a particular process, they’ll likely ought to check out want you to shop for the matter that handles their own issue. Providing ones principles is usually crystal clear, confident, together with is smart to your site visitor, you may always keep litigant for a lifetime. Simply always keep producing immediate internet marketing solutions that will plug the requirements to your shoppers and they’ll continue people a long time.
Some sort of solenoid can be a device that will functions electro-magnetism to help change energy inside foot orthotics electrical power. It’s element sections involve some sort of coil nailers, a great golf iron cover, and then a removable plunger. That coil nailers may be to take the present together with get ampere moves, a great golf iron cover may be to supply a permanent magnetic outlet even though, that removable plunger may be to stand for that doing work issue. As soon as putting on some sort of solenoid, it’s very crucial for you to evaluate the side effects with heating, considering to get a persistent voltage use; a small increase with coil nailers environment lowers the effort productivity.
As soon as up-to-date goes in the coil nailers conductor, the idea yields some sort of permanent magnetic discipline. That permanent magnetic flux that is generated by that coil nailers ends in constructing to the north together with southern rods with both center along with the plunger. That plunger is usually fascinated of pressure for a job with the biggest market of that coil nailers. That de-energized job in the plunger is usually partly straight from the coil nailers as a result of measures in the spring and coil. As soon as voltage is usually implemented, the present in the coil nailers yields some sort of permanent magnetic discipline. The following permanent magnetic discipline takes in that plunger inside coil nailers, giving you foot orthotics mobility.
Solenoids again is usually stimulated just by some other sort of device say for example move or maybe a get across. Among the list of serious strengths with the utilization of solenoids is usually that the foot orthotics move may be achieved for a large travel time in the device. That solenoid may have good sized clients for any regulate with excessive up-to-date. Accordingly, that solenoid additionally gives a methods for limiting excessive up-to-date which includes a small up-to-date move.
Customized Solenoids affords the preferred coordinate for any foot orthotics download condition, limiting disproportionate electrical power dissipation. Unplanned fail in the product is usually minimized as a result of resulting cut in disproportionate have an impact on. Electrical circuitry together with fittings may well stop that solenoid inside setting since picked, together with several instructional classes with insulation supplies are obtainable.
Fundamental get together with plunger options are generally fat-free, arrived, together with sixty together with 92 measure conical. Many other options may be that will mould to completely unique force/stroke specific features. Several films are obtainable, which include electroplate, anodize, and car paint per condition.
With physics, the concept solenoid identifies a protracted, slender hook with cable, quite often covered available some sort of titanium center, which often yields some sort of permanent magnetic discipline as soon as a stainless steel up-to-date is usually flushed as a result of the idea. With executive, the concept solenoid identifies several transducer items that will change electrical power inside linear mobility.
The concept is in addition quite often useful to consult some sort of solenoid device, that’s a product that contain a great electromechanical solenoid which often actuates sometimes a pneumatic and hydraulic device, or maybe a linear solenoid, that’s a great electromechanical solenoid. Some sort of linear solenoid can perform as much 26 lbs with pressure with a product as few as 2-1/4 inches width longer.
Dentistry admin accreditation is not really an issue that’s needed is in all of the advises; nevertheless, gaining accreditation comes with a whole lot of advantages of people who would like to succeed from this occupation. Increasingly being skilled can be a abilities that can available even more careers for your needs together with allow you to be qualified to receive a better pay for as compared to a great admin that’s skilled. Considering need to become dentistry admin, take into account that intending on top together with gaining accreditation will assist you to accomplish very far inside your job with positive aspects it gives.
Accreditation with regard to DAs the united states is usually mastered by way of the Dentistry Facilitating Domestic Table. To help qualify for accreditation, you have got to get hold of exercise with a certified dentistry path. While you are skilled, just about all you should do is usually distribute that accreditation assessment utilize the know-how together with abilities people figured out in the process. Pursue a career people gain means to obtain people available for any assessment considering researched totally then you definately don’t encounter any sort of troubles. As soon as you distribute that assessment, it will be easier to help telephone one self an avowed dentistry admin.
That dentistry accreditation assessment with regard to assistants comes with a few sections. The main department can be a published examination including 120 multiple-choice doubts. The other department is in addition some sort of published percentage that’s 100 multiple-choice doubts influenced by dangers, health conditions, and also other precautionary options. The final the main assessment can be a a part with protection together with wellness. The following previous percentage comes with 100 multiple-choice doubts which were quite simply common-sense.
To ready for any accreditation assessment, just about all you decide to do is usually comprehensive a treatment program together with examine. Examine every one of your paperwork together with catalogs in the instructional classes together with test to getting a examine help. Additionally, make an attempt to arrange that assessment just after people move on in the process to make sure that anything you figured out in the path holds innovative in your mind. That will surely assist you get a large get inside your assessment. If you can not complete that assessment at once, it’s possible you’ll simply fail a few instructional classes that can trigger low assessment get.
It can be selection if you need to turn into a skilled dentistry admin. The reality that licensing with regard to dentistry assistants is not really vital in most advises, you’ve got the choice to never progress along with the accreditation assessment. Nevertheless, if you’re set on to become dentistry admin in that case possessing skilled offers you a good amount of strengths.
I is unable to imagine that grades that will a lot of people stoop to help. I have already been trading relating to 15 a long time within a ability and an additional together with May possibly seen a few slimy measures nevertheless previous 3 years get that torte. Friends with quarry has been termed by the corporation As i useful to help together with solicited to help just by Website marketing last night, your dog explained in the connection therefore produced people see precisely how successful My organization is to help not any longer be engaged to be able corporation. Your dog sought after people when your dog ought to progress with this particular product since your dog has learned precisely what As i i did so to get a require some sort of linked discipline and as well i previously worked to get a corporation like the an individual soliciting him or her. The following people is a excellent case on the friends and family boyfriend off with their chance within a poor housing business. As i sought after him or her precisely what this business has been providing together with your dog proceeded to know people they will have been probable several problems that As i was aware people didn’t furnish. I saw it no issue updating him or her that they can have a much better probability if you let a few mates with quarry with Head Progress generate him or her a painless internet site together with teach themself with fundamental SEARCH ENGINE RANKING OPTIMIZATION.
The idea would make people inquire average joe how come most people consider it wise to undertake company ordinary poorly lit process. May possibly just by virtually no lengthen in the visualization ended up excellent, I most certainly will car paint some sort of gross sales imagine much like everyone, nevertheless I will not downright are lying for a site visitor. When a site visitor demand people some sort of issue that can drop some sort of sales with the truthful option, As i option genuinely together with triumph over that opposition. Must get each time, VIRTUALLY NO, nevertheless As i sleeping during the night time. Precisely what difficulties people are definitely the men and women that fool most people together with drop virtually no sleeping across the idea. When people use some sort of fit and overalls, you could be an affordable slimy hustler nevertheless. I have already been see for a people get in place a cost for a site visitor as they was aware we were looking at steadfast together with probably would not window shop, May possibly seen most people for a taking claim “if As i do not get everything because of this I will not be ready to get foodstuff with my own table” and that merchant goes their own credit-based card, and fully understand there does exist quite simply virtually no chance for these possessing whatever easily. Whatsoever occured to help conducting business within a moral process, Complete most people not necessarily understand or know that if you happen to start treating most people really they’ll likely might work with people for any majority to your occupation, I often explain the following, that associations As i made in that financial sector and those As i stated in that safety measures sector are generally robust people that will allow people their own head with any sort of product or service. Complete correct by way of the most people people work with, since if you carry out, you certainly will get fifteen circumstances that gross sales you would probably with simply providing that a person people a product or service within a deceitful process.
Complete correct by way of the most people people work with, people stay along with the exact same emphasizes together with conditions oughout complete typically. Get that sales as they possess a require and offer an successful answer. Tend not to bolt some sort of having faith in prospective client since you also just get $200 flow over purpose, it’s going to revisit disrup people. Do not ever bargain you use basics to help sections somebody else’s pouches. Understand or know that getting good results is not really just precisely what ones W2 tells, it can be precisely what ones mind tells additionally.
Precisely what is Inexpensive Freelancing, Freelancing to learn charge supplies only even more charge together with a smaller amount succeed that’s truly positive issue with regard to company increase. Consequently people use Inexpensive Freelancing.
Does one come to feel it can be challenging not to lose experienced staff members for a process, You may devote to trainings, Nevertheless you ought to command upon you THE IDEA process, You will be in need of Freelancing. 75% in the succeed are going to be outsourced just by PEOPLE together with Western european MNC’s. When a corporation establishes that to travel with regard to outsource, it will run surveys online and really should examine sales set off discover the far better know-how about RETURN (Return with Investment).
Among the list of serious items find inexpensive freelancing corporation is usually it’s investors benefits. Discuss benefits in the corporation echos it’s capacity overcome the work together with promise with it’s sales.
Indian is among the most areas situated low-cost natural environment. That’s reduced departmental charge. Indian supplies inexpensive freelancing options with regard to small to medium sized and good sized establishments. There are actually even more experienced businesses that can has learned the complete job period together with finishes the work simply speaking time frame with low-cost and as well supplies 24/7 solutions. Consequently finishes the effort using comprehensive approval and as well supplies a few increased solutions in addition to the usual succeed.
Might be identified variables that will be studied treatment even though freelancing any sort of process. With poor current economic climate, company will attempt to help get that job using unpleasant cut price, not to lose that proficiency. Nevertheless, why don’t you consider that industrial engineer that’s that job using excessive wage, Their occupation is usually with spot. Which means that there is absolutely no far better experienced person to figure relating to the job. The following detrimentally is affecting that outsourced job which often ends in a smaller amount sales, a smaller amount Roi.
Which means that it’s very important to brew a far better together with smart pick of inexpensive freelancing answer company remember off many other factors.
We should are up against the idea. The market environment with now is notably distinct from it was eventually two decades back or simply fifteen. Sophisticated technological know-how has generated even more options with regard to both customer along with the businessperson. The consequence is usually that will clients hope the most effective but will not necessarily take a smaller amount. The following is among the most significant reasons how come internet marketers ought to employ product whizz moves to enhance their own company.
A long time back, as soon as people started out their own personal company, we can win back their company business cards printed out and get their own company identity, custom logo design, together with contact number produced with writing instruments and some other sort of bit of giveaway, say for example leader and notepad. A lot of these may be inclined to their own potential customers hoping that this would probably swing these phones employ their own company. Not surprisingly, clients would probably be pleased with their own giveaways together with, quite often, a lot of these special gifts would probably trick these inside starting to be the following site visitor.
Circumstances get improved and that writing instruments, rulers, together with notepads are merely not necessarily visiting slice the idea. Special gifts which include product whizz moves is usually precisely what the shopper with now is looking to get together with plans. A lot of these random access memory storage space items might allow site visitor fully understand quite possibly crucial for you to the market along with the company supplies top quality product or service. Some sort of customized put in writing is not really visiting fulfill the principles with now, as being the most people with now have an overabundance of sophisticated must have.
In advance of giving a lot of these moves, the market may well add your business info into that get for any site visitor. Although identity in the company and also other info may be produced on the exterior in the get, that stashed away info might encourage the site visitor for any far better knowledge of precisely what the market will offer for many years. Clients may then get these details into their own hard disk together with recycle that whizz get for a own personal info.
Since environment comes with modifications, internet marketers ought to take time to see even more innovative plus more sophisticated types of marketing their own company. But not just might providing product whizz moves to help potential customers together with shoppers might allow them to have the internet they have to get an informed selection regarding the company, the idea that are that choosing issue for your kids.
Commercial and financial, that pressure with terminate is really as serious since some other all natural calamity. It can be unstable, together with lifetime probably going people may well executed prestigious terminate cover process to overpower some sort of terminate and slow up the hurt, when a terminate erupts.
Container Gulf of mexico solutions contains a comprehensive selection with it’s terminate cover product or service catalog with regard to market sectors; Sprinkler process, Deluge solutions, Terminate send packages, Hydrant, Garden hose reels together with Garden hose Shelves, together with Lightweight Extinguishers.
In this post people might center with that Sprinkler solutions together with extras group Container Gulfs Solutions with which you’ll decide on to your advantage fit in for a sector.
That sprinkler solutions around the world are generally deemed the main distinctive line of immunity with some sort of probable terminate. To counteract some sort of terminate distribute inside good sized vicinity sprinkler process supplies instant allow. Placed on rooms and put in inside ceilings, sprinklers are generally the most beneficial equipment with dousing some sort of terminate and tend to be flourishing with avoiding some sort of terminate using a massive condition.
Entrance Valves: A lot of these valves are utilized you have always wanted unregulated move, since these valves may well as well end up closed down and available, cracking open these mid-way can result in that solutions to remain useless. Container Gulf of mexico solutions sector a variety of Entrance valves, type device is usually L 2360 produced just by Mueller. The following entrance device was created using iron wedge golf iron sending your line together with exemplified within a elastomeric filling to produce the idea even more challenging to help use.
Mineral water Sprinklers: Enjoy early effect company, mineral water sprinklers product mineral water minute droplets to overpower that dispersing with terminate, they’re just not necessarily successful with extinguishing that terminate nevertheless stand for an instrument to give up that terminate with dispersing. These kinds of sprinklers are generally the most suitable with regard to installing the location where the accessories can usually get hurt just by each of those terminate together with mineral water.
Drenched Home security system Test Valves: That will set off a great home security system, drenched home security system test valves can be installed using mineral water product and drenched conduit sprinklers process. A lot of these valves may be each of those using innovative mineral water and a mix of innovative mineral water together with froth.
Demand Limiting Device: Demand limiting valves succeed to lower that demand grades with regard to sprinklers process and grow it as a result of that adequate restrict thanks to a great in-built diaphragm process. Picking out correct type device is important so that that put in sprinkler process will work not surprisingly.
Furthermore a lot of these the following solutions enjoy test valves, strainers, move meter, sprinklers shelves, demand aid device, tennis ball valves or anything else. which you’ll use for your commercial online site with regard to terminate cover gumption. These solutions are in par using world principles, together with these solutions may be tailored to fix certain must have to your sector.
For any individual who would like to figure out how to turn into a pharmacy computer technician, these info will assist you to find a far better knowledge of precisely what is needed.
Performing an exercise process just will take 12 months and has now virtually no requirements besides increased higher education stage and it’s same in principle. Some sort of one-year accreditation process emerges just by neighborhood educational institutions, specialized educational institutions, together with internet educational institutions. The standard resume constantly comes with Native english speakers arrangement, special message together with connection, therapy, together with algebra. Pharmaceutical drugs, and dosing together with supervision, are generally taken care of widely with programs which include pharmacology, pharmacy regulation together with recommendations, pharmacy car finance calculations, together with chemical make up with regard to pharmacy. Professional medical programs which include professional medical words, professional medical regulation together with honesty, together with people composition together with physiology are applied.
With finalization on the training curriculum, some sort of pharmacy computer may well stay 1 of 2 examinations to be remembered as skilled. A lot of these examinations can be found by way of the Company for any Accreditation with Pharmacy Experts, often called that ICPT, and that Pharmacy Computer technician Accreditation Table. A few advises involve that the computer technician comes with such types of certification before you start job; some others just involve that finalization on the specialized training curriculum.
Receiving the identify on the skilled pharmacy computer technician establishes that technician’s skill level to help probable businesses, that can necessarily mean better pay for, even more duty, plus more occupation options.
People doing work since experts in neuro-scientific pharmacy are generally medicine and health people which complete pharmacy-related assignments below the immediate discipline on the pharmacologist and many other senior citizen professional medical people. Occupation assignments comprise dishing out prescribed drugs to help people, training with measure together with use, taking care of insurance coverage info, together with monitoring commodity.
Pharmacy experts can perform in lots of sites, say for example pharmacy, medical, prescription drug company, or maybe a long-term treatment center.
Since experts increase even more encounter, people get the chance to help progress their own career just by starting to be skilled and agreeing to some sort of direction and admin purpose just a pharmacy.
Pharmacy experts get typically $28, 000 per annum, which range from around $17, 000 per annum on an beginner’s job, to help $35, 000 per annum on an skilled pharmacy computer. Experts along with the correct abilities, abilities, know-how together with encounter may be offered inside managerial postures together with can now get a good better salary.
A sizable component to some sort of pharmacy technician’s morning is usually wasted talking to people, training these on what to make use of treatments and professional medical items, clearing up bills, together with facilitating these using insurance coverage info. Accordingly, customer satisfaction together with superior connection are generally vital abilities that the computer technician ought to get to master so as to improve their own wage.
Exercise to become pharmacy computer comes with a fast-track in the professional medical discipline. There are actually several software programs offered, a number that could be truly finalized inside convenience of your family property. When procuring the essential know-how, everyone may well stay on an assessment being skilled.
The following occupation comes with a superior wage, exciting together with pleasing assignments along with the ability to cooperate with several most people morning with together with day trip. Commencing a profession for a computer technician is a good selection with regard to scholars who , re keen on discipline and chemical make up, and which just require to become the main professional medical discipline nevertheless may not be keen on frequenting higher education with regard to several or higher a long time.
Today you know how to be some sort of pharmacy computer technician, experts recommend that you really totally explore that educational institutions in your neighborhood that offer exercise software programs.
In advance of As i started out working together with B2B (Business to help Business) gross sales As i previously worked considerably using B2C (Business to help Consumer) providing.
You will find there’s dissimilarity.
May possibly published considerably regarding the gross sales approach, that investing in approach, approximately recognizing customers or anything else. Even though that will will do employ with B2C gross sales, this doesn’t happen like that too as with B2B providing.
As soon as you telephone people with their own occupation, people complete come to feel it’s their own occupation to hear ones make available and listen to when it will help their own company.
Right after they are in property, you will be simply distressing. You do not quite often discover the time for you to instigate a comprehensive must have test. Whenever using most people in your house, one must always end up short-term together with concise.
Choosing approximately selection rather then top quality, which often ‘s the reason the majority agencies might employ scholars with regard to B2C gross sales.
I recall to look at, even though nevertheless mastering with high school graduation, gained my own primary gross sales occupation. My own occupation has been to obtain visitors to arrived at workshops approximately dealing. That workshops have been 100 % free together with people quite possibly available 100 % free foodstuff.
As i was presented with some sort of screenplay to help sales pitch the purchasers that will only took nearly 40 a few seconds to study. That purpose has been to produce that tight inside 3 a matter of minutes together with as compared to meet with the shopper with regard to quarter-hour following your tight, to check the chance really arrived.
To do it was the most effective get started on the gross sales occupation I often imagine. As i found that beat has been in the the greatest relevance together with figured out to help telephone approximately 100 people/hour. As i additionally figured out being mates using most people above the telephone, most people As i do not ever possessed found in support of talked to help relating to 5 a matter of minutes.
Considered one of my own fondest memory with my own time period employed in B2C has been some sort of librarian which decided on to venture to among the list of workshops. When your lady wrote that day with the woman’s calender people started out conversing. For any following 1 out of 3 a matter of minutes your lady explained regarding the disparities relating to the several your local library around together with precisely how their own buildings produced everyone completely unique.
It’s an issue May possibly implemented considerably inside my B2B gross sales. May possibly truly figured out to help connection using most people May possibly referred to with regard to 10 a matter of minutes.
Freelancing can be a procedure of providing an activity to help an authorized corporation which often has the name company then one which supplies succeed has the name clientele.
How come complete people use freelancing, Freelancing is performed to conserve profit together with time period. Just by freelancing process, most of the vital options are going to be liberated along with the clientele incorporate the use of that options with it’s center assignments. Company comes with abilities in order to complete the work, which means that great satisfaction, top quality before its due is usually anticipated.
How to locate with regard to software programs freelancing agencies, Indian is among the most the majority desired areas with regard to freelancing. Cause for it’s Cost-effective solutions, High-quality solutions, Time period Zoom Strengths together with India’s firm federal. Consequently that American indian Gain Universal agencies are generally the most accepted selection. Additionally, Indian is usually experiencing even more manpower together with really knowledgeable people that can know the effort together with comprehensive the effort within a flourishing process and as well supplies 24×7 help.
The lenders constantly make an effort to furnish 100% approval to help shoppers regarding top quality together with time period additionally. That doing work advancement along with the job reviews are produced by way of the advisors and tend to be written for a recurrent rationale, so the financial success in the job is usually produced inside anticipated entire length. Consequently both shoppers along with the freelancing agencies obtains benefited which would make some sort of long-term connection. | 2019-04-21T18:10:19Z | http://www.mysimpleonlinebusiness.com/2015/12 |
Little Star Nursery » What have we been doing?
Those who check into our Facebook Page may have seen this term my criticisms of way ‘World Book Day’ has been turned into a commercial event where supermarket chains tempt parents to buy expensive costumes, or promotes a feeling of guilt to those parents who can’t whip up a magical costume in a day. I don’t however disagree with a Book day, but we don’t need just one “event” to make this happen. Every day is a book day. Every day is a day to dress up.
In the same way, although we do have book “corners” we also have books all over the nursery too, story books, books of maps, information books, hopefully a book for every occasion and for every child. We have books outside, we take them to the woods. And I thought it would be nice to share some of those moments with you.
Sharing a story in bed!
Food played a focal part in our play and learning this week, with the Rising Stars using real food in the kitchen and The Shooting Stars having a phonics picnic. Chinese New Year gives the perfect opportunity to teach the children about celebrations of different cultures through food as we banqueted on noodles, prawn crackers and fortune cookies, using chopsticks to eat with. The Shooting Stars also watched videos of dancing dragons and then made their own (whilst using fine motor skills in folding the bodies into concertinas and designing faces, when we had lengthy discussions about the expression of the dragons’ eyebrows!); while the Rising Stars got creative making their Chinese lamps, which again provided an opportunity to use fine motor skills in cutting and using a pant brush. In this way we explore peoples and communities (EYFS: The World), as well as physical skills, use of technology, listening, understanding, creative, learning language and descriptive words with even some maths thrown in as we compared length.
I have s hared on the Shooting Star page how we incorporate play ideas from the Sunshine Circles practice into daily routines and use them as ‘mindful moments’ but we also come together as a whole group ‘Sunshine Circle’. We start the session welcoming everyone and reiterating our golden rules then the children split off into smaller adult led groups, mixing up the ages. In this way the children can learn from each other. The games fit firmly withing the EYFS areas of learning of PSED and CLL but more than a “learning” opportunity, it is a chance for us all to be individuals but in harmony with each other. Although adults lead the play ideas, they are on the same level as the children, share the fun, the laughter, the discoveries. Verbal and non verbal children can participate and we all learn to trust each other, to listen and to share. We do use sunshine circles to address certain needs of the children: in particular how they give nurture, promote co operation and sharing, listening and attention, communication but I like to look on them as a ray of sunshine that we can all share, sun shine that helps the children to grow, to mature and to gain nourishment from…and of course to shine!
We know how busy it is for families to juggle work and families and doubly so at Christmas, so understandably there were just a handful of parents and family members joining us for the Christmas Craft morning. However we hope your houses were suitably adorned with home made sparkle and creativity thanks to the handiwork of your children.
Experiences are more than can be offered within the walls of the nursery and it was a Christmas treat for the Shooting Stars to have their snack at the farm shop.
Onto the highlights of Christmas week….the Nativity Play and the Christmas party.
We genuinely every year have no idea what’s going to happen on the performance day of our Nativity. All we ensure on the lead up is that everyone has fun and this year we certainly had that. It was the year of ‘Children’s choice’ as we weaved some (not necessarily seasonal) children’s favourite songs into the story…hence the ‘camel song’ of ‘Move it move it’ and the (slightly reluctant) little late angel urging the shepherd boy that he is “still standing” (or the “yeah yeah” song as it is commonly know). For those who couldn’t make it, Elton John didn’t just feature in the John Lewis advert this Christnas!). The children excelled themselves at learning so many songs and to see them enjoy the experience of performing in front of their friends and family was really what the spirit of the nativity is all about. We loved it!
Ending the week was of course party time and the visit from Santa. All the children enjoyed their own party games and the generous donations of food from you all…and of course they must have all been very good as Santa came to join in the fun!
I will at the outset make no apologies for making today’s post about WHY we are doing this rather than what we’ve been doing. As many of you know, and are benefiting from it, as of September 2017, the government gave 30 hours of “free” childcare a week to certain eligible parents. Each local authority is given a different hourly rate who then can decide how to pass this on to settings. Here in BANES that figure is £4.30 (which becomes £4/ hr once it is distributed to settings) and providers cannot add any “top up”. I am not here going to highlight the pressure that puts providers under (staff costs in light of (rightly) rising living wage, increasing rents, overheads, inflation). But we are passionate that, apart from our nominal charge for a delicious and nutritious cooked lunch, our parents of 3 year olds (if eligible) can access 30 hours of free childcare. I am understandably proud of being an “outstanding” nursery that has highly qualified staff which includes 3 at degree level across our two settings. I am proud that I have a while workforce of motivated and caring staff who take time to get to know their key children and their parents, who go above and beyond by accessing appropriate resources and specialist support where necessary. I delight in the fact that we have miles of woodland and green free space on our doorstep that the children can delight in sharing and playing in. Every child needs to be able to access this provision, no matter what their economic, cultural or family background. This is why free must remain free.
It’s all too easy to say you have ticked the “inclusive” and “multi cultural” box by addressing any cultural or religious festival by, for example making an Easter Bonnet; a dragon for Chinese New Year or a paper lamp for Diwali. And it has been a week of such possible “box ticking” festivals this week that we could have marked by “just” making a Diwali lamp, a fireworks picture or a decorated paper plate and calling it a poppy. But rather we have taken the opportunity to explain the reasons behind fireworks, Diwali and Poppy Day. To this extent the children. and especially the Shooting Stars, have been thinking and talking a lot about battles, baddies, war and killing this week.
How can you explain that poppies respect those who have died without explaining how they died? We give a reason for making the tea lights through telling the story of Rama and Sita and the evil demon king, Ravana, who was killed by Rama’s golden arrow and of course fireworks stem from the story of a planned explosion of the houses of Parliament. Hence we make no excuses for a week of battles, good over evil but also the consequences of War. In fact it is very humbling to share these conversations with 3 and 4 year olds who can show great sensitivity, maturity and intelligence in their comments and questions. Qualities that we hope will stay with them throughout their lives.
On these pages before we have talked about the role of the adult in supporting and caring for you children here at nursery, and also ideas about how you as parents can help them learn at home. But to what extent should we”scaffold” their play or be “teachers”? I prefer the idea of being play partners. It is a topic that we as a team discussed recently and staff reflected on times when children seemed to stop play when adults intervened, or other times when the children actively invite us into their games. What we as adults have to remember is to be respectful of the rules of play that the children have created and not immediately impose our own adult interpretations. To scaffold play and learning is not always about “teaching” or “depositing” knowledge. It’s not about trying to shoe horn in time and numbers to a game of trains; nor writing out tickets. It’s about igniting a fire and a passion. To think outside the box so let’s tale a risk occasionally …and let them play!
To be literate literally means ‘to be able to read and write’ and to be literate enables us to access other areas of learning and fascination. It is without doubt a key aim of ours, to ensure that the children at Little Stars are literate beings by the time they leave us. This does not mean we expect them to write and read sentences. We do not use flash cards or work sheets. We do not have “literacy lessons”. So how do our Little Stars become literate, right from the moment they come through our doors? Over the next few weeks of this term I will be looking at the building blocks that build the foundations of literacy, from playing in gloop, to sharing stories, from managing and understanding their own emotions and behaviours to going on a walk together.
Headlines recently from Education Secretary, Damian Hinds reported the “scandal” of children starting school unable to talk in sentences and read simple words. The new proposed changes to the EYFS includes emphasis on vocabulary in the area of ‘communication and language’. Whilst that warrants unpicking (maybe at a later stage but for starters, Michael Rosen gives a valid response ) let’s look at how we develop effective language and communication each day from the youngest to oldest.
Sharing a rhyme together. The adult is tuned into the child’s capabilities and provides opportunities for the child’s interaction and feedback.
First and foremost therefore is something that appears the most simple and yet arguably the most important factor : speaking together, with children rather than at children . Staff at Little Star Nursery ensure that they spend quality time talking with the children and not just through guided activities but spontaneous conversation that relies on sustained shared thinking where both parties contribute to the interaction.
Children are allowed to make their own predictions about which balloon will go faster and try out their hypothesis., talking to the group.
So what can you do at home to hep your children read and write? It’s as simple as talking…about anything…what you see in Tesco, what’s happening in Paw Patrol, sharing books (any books), build up vocabulary by describing what you see, sing together, ask open ended questions and never ask anything that you don’t think they may not know the answer to. Be interested in your child, share their wonder, their joy and humour.
Someone who worked in a nursery “class” recently asked me how often do we read to the children? “All the time” I replied, to her surprise as the children in her class could go a whole day without having reading “scheduled” in as it didn’t meet the learning outcomes prescribed for that day. What learning outcome cannot be covered by books and story? Story telling is one of the oldest traditions we have (in fact one of the oldest books, The Bible, is based on story telling).
Let’s look at the evidence and “science” behind reading. Storytelling and shared reading activities have consistently been shown to improve children’s language comprehension skills (put simply, how they understand what words mean in the very beginning). You look at and share pictures together. A baby points to a picture of a zebra and you tell them the word. As they develop speech they say the word ‘zebra’. You build upon that, ‘Yes a stripy zebra’. As the child grows they ask more questions and you give explanations: “The zebra is eating” and eventually the child will learn that the zebra is eating grass in the plains of Africa and so on and so on. This knowledge is learnt much better and more fully by seeing and discussing rather than having an abstract idea given to them.
As the books give visual cues, so the children learn to de code what they are seeing. They know that the pictures carry meaning and after listening to the story being told, they can tell the story for themselves. This de coding will lead on to realising that the letters on the page make words and these are the words that carry the meaning. The way you share a book with your child can also help them along the road to reading. Books with rhyming endings encourage them to finish the lines; talking about what they have just read; about the characters; what they liked, what they didn’t like. Connect it to your own experiences (we had to look for hairy toes in our vegetable patch last Summer when we picked the beans!).
But it’s not just books. The techniques of ‘Active story making’ brings stories alive and is based on the oldest way of telling stories: verbally. Using a simple story, such as the Rising Stars have been doing with ‘Dear Zoo’ they can use props to help them tell the story with each other.
In brief, enjoy books together. The best experiences are shared ones. When you love reading them 9 times out of 10 the children will love listening to them.
Whilst all of these topics are worthy of research papers this is the subject that I hold dear to my heart so I will try to be as succinct as possible.
Learning to write is liberating. Some people can only think through ideas if they write it down; whilst stories can be verbal and passed on down through generations, at some point they need to be written to preserve them. There is a debate over the value given to the written word these days, in an age of the computer and electronic devises that make the need for using a pen almost worthless in adult life. And yet children still need to write. Even if we disregard the need for writing as a necessity for passing tests and exams, the importance of being able to literally “make your mark” should not be undervalued. I shall talk a little now about what that mark may be.
Writing is a form of expression. Is is not learning how to trace, because that is merely learning how to trace. We want writing to be meaningful to children. This is why every scribble they make, every mark in pen, crayon, paint, in sand, in gloop should be recognised and praised. Talk to your children about what they are drawing, writing or painting but try not to ask “what is it?”, in fact limit questions at all. Often comments can encourage them to tell you more: “Oh I like that yellow, It reminds me of the sun:” (to which they often indignantly return with some sort of comment! “No it’s a dinosaur”).
As I said earlier, we live in a digital age where children are seeing adults write less and less but if they do it is very powerful, Like in many situations, they copy,mimic, try to be grown up, and so some of the most heartening moments are when I over hear and observe children writing out their own timetable for the day, writing children’s names down on their own outings log or “doing their paperwork”. This is making writing meaningful. Help your children at home by writing out lists together.
But writing does not come naturally to some children. While I dislike many of the proposed changes to the new EYFS goals, one good thing is that they have separated fine motor and gross motor skills in the ‘Physical development’ section. Controlling your hands for a successful pen grip is not easy. In fact there are some bones in the wrists of boys that are not even fully developed until they are 7 so for us to force them to use a pen for “neat writing” is physically hard. This is why early development and use of all muscles of the arm can help. Messy play, using big gross motor movements, using a big brush, a mop, all these are helping the journey towards writing.
Mopping the floor uses all of the muscles in the arm. Little do the children know they are practicing their writing skills!
It’s also not about having a “writing area”. Yes, in our Shooting Star room there is a table that holds the pen pots and other writing resources but these are portable. There are also pens in the book corner, in the role play area. chalk can be used on the floor.
In the Rising Star room again pens are found in the home corner, the mark making caddy can be taken anywhere and often the right place for these toddlers is the floor (it’s much easier and more supported to write lying down with the support of the floor for your arms than at a table). Writing isn’t just for inside. Forms of mark making becomes relevant outdoors too, for example creating your treasure map for pirates. | 2019-04-22T23:59:17Z | http://www.littlestarnursery.co.uk/what-have-we-been-doing/ |
Shanghai Disney Resort conclue une alliance stratégique avec la compagnie d'assurance China Pacific Insurance dont le siège social est précisément situé à Shanghai.
Dans le cadre de l'accord, China Pacific Insurance parrainera le spectacle nocturne Ignite the Dream: A Nighttime Spectacular of Magic and Light, présenté tous les soirs à Enchanted Storybook Castle.
Shanghai Disney Resort and China Pacific Insurance (Group) Co., Ltd. (“CPIC”), have entered into a multi-year strategic alliance which recognizes CPIC as an official insurance sponsor of the resort. The agreement, signed by leadership representing CPIC and Shanghai Disney Resort, marks another milestone in the resort’s pre-opening development.
As part of the agreement, CPIC will sponsor the resort’s iconic entertainment, “Ignite the Dream: A Nighttime Spectacular of Magic and Light,” presented nightly at Enchanted Storybook Castle. In addition, CPIC will have other integrated brand presence in the resort.
Shanghai Disney Resort - 1er mars 2016.
Beginning June 16, 2016, discover a never-before-seen world of wonder where you can ignite the magical dream within your heart. This is Shanghai Disneyland, a fun experience filled with creativity, adventure and thrills! Set your sights on Enchanted Storybook Castle—the largest Disney castle on the planet—and then get ready to explore as you come upon 6 unique and unforgettable lands: Mickey Avenue, Gardens of Imagination, Fantasyland, Adventure Isle, Treasure Cove and Tomorrowland.
Personnellement, je n'ai pas de problème (je viens encore de la regarder à l'instant) mais Youtube est certainement plus rapide à télécharger. Thx.
Shanghai has begun a massive programme to demolish illegal buildings surrounding the Disney theme park ahead of its official opening in June, according to a news website report.
Zhangjiang, one of three towns next to Disneyland in the Pudong district, said it would use drones to patrol the area to make sure there was a “zero increase in illegal buildings” the, Shanghai-based news website Thepaper.cn reported.
About 120,000 square metres of structures built without approval have been pulled down in the town over the past two months, according to the report.
These included illegally built homes in an area with high-voltage power lines passing overhead that were demolished on Monday.
The power lines send electricity to main roads near the park and last year a migrant worker living in one of makeshift houses electrocuted himself, officials said.
Illegal buildings started to appear in the area 10 years ago as temporary dormitories for construction workers and were not demolished after building projects were completed.
They were later also used as storage space or temporary offices by small companies and pose a fire risk, according to officials.
The local authorities said officials had informed residents before the demolition programme and cut electricity and water supplies, the report said.
Forced evictions would only take place if people still refused to leave, officials were quoted as saying.
The demolition programme in one area of Zhanjiang is due to be completed in two weeks.
Trees will be planted in the area to create a space for the public to relax and exercise, officials said.
Chuansha New Town is planning to pull down buildings covering 300,000 square metres near the theme park, according to the report.
Ji Renkang, the director of the town’s urban administration department, was quoted as saying that it would focus on improving the environment in an area of one square kilometres near the east gate of Disneyland through upgrading old houses and landscaping.
South China Morning Post - 1er mars 2016.
Danish toy giant Lego A/S will open its largest retail store in the world near the Shanghai Disney Resort, the company said on Tuesday.
The 1,000-square-meter store will be located on the main shopping street outside Disneyland, and will be operated by Lego.
The resort, the first Disney theme park on the Chinese mainland, is scheduled to open in mid-June.
"It will be a testament to our confidence in the China market," said Jacob Kragh, general manager of Lego China.
Kragh was speaking during a conference call following the release of Lego's annual report, which showed revenue surged 25 percent to 35.8 billion kroner ($5.2 billion) last year.
The company did not share the size of individual markets, but China has enjoyed what Lego called a "highly satisfactory" 34 percent growth year-on-year in 2015.
Meanwhile, CEO Joergen Vig Knudstorp told China Daily that he believes there will be opportunities for Lego to grow as China transforms into a consumption-driven economy.
While all of the 140 countries where Lego products are sold have posted double-digit growth in 2015, China has been one of the fastest-growing markets.
Knudstorp expects that China will join the United States and Germany as the top three largest markets for Lego soon.
Consulting firm Euromonitor International has forecast that by 2017, the Chinese toy market will be worth 100 billion yuan ($15.36 billion) and the Asia-pacific region will outnumber North America in sales as the world's largest traditional toy market.
While domestic brands still dominate the market, experts said that Chinese parents are likely to spend more on foreign toys in the coming years.
Shanghai Daily - 3 mars 2016.
Pour ceux qui ne l'aurait pas encore vu, la future grande et belle fontaine/rond-point non loin du parking.
Nous sommes aujourd'hui exactement à cent jours de l'ouverture de Shanghai Disneyland !
(March 8, 2016, Shanghai) – Exactly 100 days from today, Shanghai Disney Resort will welcome its first official guests on June 16, 2016. To celebrate this exciting milestone, Shanghai Disney Resort has launched a digital countdown clock on the resort’s website, www.shanghaidisneyresort.com, the official source of news and information about the resort.
Once operational, a visit to Shanghai Disney Resort will offer guests an experience unlike any other in the world. With six themed lands demonstrating Disney’s relentless innovation and famous creativity, Shanghai Disneyland will be a world-class destination that provides the best of Disney to the people of China. From attractions for multi-generational families to live entertainment, nighttime spectaculars and special moments with Cast Members, there will be numerous ways for guests of all ages to enjoy Shanghai Disney Resort.
As the grand opening draws closer, the resort teams are already conducting extensive preparations for the first official guests, including testing and adjusting attractions, conducting rehearsals for entertainment experiences, landscaping across the entire site, and undertaking other prepatory work to prepare an exciting guest experience across Shanghai Disney Resort on opening day.
Beginning March 28, 2016, guests will be able to purchase theme park tickets, tickets to THE LION KING production at Disneytown, and make resort hotel reservations through authorized, official channels, including www.shanghaidisneyresort.com.
Guest can learn more about developments across Shanghai Disney Resort through regular updates posted on the resort’s official website, www.shanghaidisneyresort.com.
Shanghai Disney Resort - 8 mars 2016.
Je n'ai qu'un mot à dire : HÂTE !
China Eastern Airlines, compagnie aérienne chinoise basée à Shanghai, va relooker six des ses appareils avec des personnages Disney familiers du grand public : un B-777, deux A330, deux A320 et un B-737.
Dans les mois à venir, elle augmentera également l'offre de sièges en utilisant des appareils de plus grande capacité ou en introduisant des vols supplémentaires vers l'aéroport de Shanghai Pudong en fonction de la demande du public.
China Eastern Airlines collabore avec Disney depuis janvier 2014 à la promotion des resorts Disney à travers le monde.
Photo : Johannes Eisele/AFP/Getty Images.
Can Shanghai Disneyland Survive China's Downturn ?
Shanghai Disneyland, which opens June 16, will make a “loud statement” said Walt Disney Company CEO Bob Iger at the Deutsche Bank 2016 Media, Internet & Telecom Conference on Tuesday.
He’s right. Although Disney has only a 43% stake in the park—a state enterprise, Shanghai Shendi Group, owns the rest—the investment should substantially change the way the investment community views Iger’s company, although perhaps not in the way he envisions.
The destination, costing $5.5 billion and covering 963 acres, will be a wonder to behold, as pictures, released by the company on March 8 to mark the 100-day run-up to the opening, reveal. Six “themed lands” will surround the 196-foot Enchanted Storybook Castle, the tallest Disney castle anywhere. At no other Disney park will you find Treasure Cove, one of the six lands. There, expect to enjoy Pirates of the Caribbean attractions.
Want to see the Lion King in Mandarin? There’s only one place to go.
And say hello to Mulan, in Fantasyland, from the Voyage to the Crystal Grotto water ride, or dodge Stormtroopers on the Star Wars attraction in Tomorrowland. If you’re a Tron or Toy Story fan, you will not be disappointed.
But don’t expect to stroll down Main Street, U.S.A. It’s at every other Disney park around the world—there’s a different name in Tokyo—but you won’t find it in Shanghai.
The glaring omission, however, may not be important. After all, the best thing about the park if you’re a Disney shareholder, which I’m not, is that it is in China. Iger thinks there are “well over” 300 million people who can afford a ticket and who live within three and half hours of its gates. As the Disney chief tells us, that’s a group about the size of the United States.
And there are plenty of Chinese in the demographic that matters most for Disney. Some 60% of the visitors to Tokyo Disneyland are aged 4-17, and China has 200 million people in that population cohort.
How could it not be popular? Last year, there were, according to the China National Tourism Administration, 4 billion trips to Mainland China destinations. That meant 4 trillion yuan in tourism revenue.
For Disney, the numbers mean renminbi in the bank. China International Capital Corp. estimates there will be 11.5 million visitors in first year of operation.
The estimate looks conservative. For one thing, Disney products are already popular in China. And even more important, both the Shanghai Municipality and the central government recognize that the high-profile park’s success is important to them, so they will act accordingly.
Those woes bring us to the worst thing about Shanghai Disneyland: The park is located in China.
In that country, the economy is obviously in distress.
In those six decades, however, the U.S. never faced a situation as serious as the one now confronting China’s technocrats.
That new economy, powered by consumption, is crucial to Shanghai Disneyland. Yet analysts overestimate the potential of Chinese consumer spending. Even if consumption accounted for 66.4% of China’s GDP last year—doubtful for many reasons—the rise of the free-spending Chinese is just about over.
Forbes - 13 mars 2016.
Mr B. toujours à l'affut : The Walt Disney Grand Theatre à Broadway Plaza (Disneytown).
EXPECT to see Daisy Duck dressed like a 1920s Shanghai party girl when you visit the Disney Resort this summer.
The amusement park will be a veritable mecca for merchandise when it swings open its gates for the first time on June 16, according to park officials. And many of the souvenirs on offer will have a decidedly Shanghai feel.
About 7,000 products will be sold at over 30 theme stores across the resort, many of them featuring Disney cartoon characters wearing “qipao” and other local costumes popular in the Roaring Twenties.
“We designed the Vintage Shanghai series to reflect images from old Shanghai calendars from the 1920s,” said the resort’s Creative Director Yasmeen Chen.
Shanghai Daily - 19 mars 2016.
Classic Disney characters are getting a Chinese re-styling for Shanghai Disneyland, with Minnie Mouse, Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck set to appear as old Shanghai stereotypes when the park opens in three months.
In Shanghai, Mickey will be a young man wearing a top hat and holding a stick, while Donald will appear as a middle-aged Shanghai man, good-natured but aloof.
Characters from new Disney hit "Zootopia" will also feature in souvenirs at Shanghai Disneyland.
The Shanghai Disney Resort is Disney's sixth resort destination worldwide. Tickets will go on sale to the public on March 28.
China.org.cn - 19 mars 2016.
Shanghai Disney Resort and PANDORA Jewelry (Shanghai) Company Limited (“PANDORA”) have entered into a multi-year strategic alliance which recognizes PANDORA as the official charm bracelet of Shanghai Disneyland and the presenting sponsor of the Walt Disney Grand Theatre in Disneytown.
Through this agreement, PANDORA will sell bracelets and charms featuring Disney characters, made of precious metals. Various exclusive pieces will be available only at Shanghai Disney Resort. PANDORA jewelry will be sold in dedicated retail locations such as Avenue M Arcade, located in Mickey Avenue near the theme park’s main entrance, and in other locations throughout the park.
In addition, PANDORA will have sponsorship of the Walt Disney Grand Theatre. Located in Disneytown, the retail, dining and entertainment area situated adjacent to Shanghai Disneyland, the Walt Disney Grand Theatre will host the world premiere of the first Mandarin version of the Disney landmark Broadway musical, THE LION KING.
“We have had a successful strategic alliance with The Walt Disney Company for the past few years and we look forward to this newest agreement with Shanghai Disney Resort to offer our Disney-themed products in the region,” said Kenneth Madsen, president of PANDORA Jewelry Asia Pacific.
Shanghai Disney Resort - 21 mars 2016.
Walt Disney Theater de nuit, à Disneytown.
S'il y en a qui veulent réserver billets d'entrée et/ou nuit(s) d'hôtel pour les 16 et/ou 17 juin OU BIEN les 20 et/ou 21 juillet, contactez-moi rapidement par Message privé, ça va partir en quelques minutes (secondes) donc il est indispensable de s'organiser à plusieurs !
Par contre le lobby du Shanghai Disneyland Hotel est somptueux. Luxe et démesure attendent les guests, je suis impatient de voir plus de photos de cet hotel.
Bird’s eye view : An aerial view of the new Shanghai Disney Resort this weekend in the Pudong New Area.
TICKET selling through official channels for Shanghai Disneyland has become smooth after eager buyers reported they experienced difficulties getting the tickets when they started being sold after midnight.
The official website of Shanghai Disney Resort and its Wechat account showed no ticket was available from the theme park’s grand opening on June 16 through September 13 from the midnight when the ticket selling was scheduled to begin.
The ticket sales on the two official platforms were back in normal around 9:30am today when all the single and two-day tickets including those for the opening day became available for sell.
A local resident surnamed Pan managed to purchase three two-day tickets for June 18 and 19 through the official Wechat account, and also booked a room for a night at the Toy Story Hotel through the official website at around 11am today.
The total cost for his family of three to spend two days at Shanghai Disneyland is 4,277.50 yuan.
All the tickets for the opening day were sold out around 11:30am today, while all the rooms for the other hotel at the resort, the Shanghai Disneyland Hotel were also sold out until the end of June.
The management of the resort has yet to comment.
The tickets selling services have been available on the authorized flagship online stores on Alitrip and Taobao.com since last night, but customers have to wait for a longer time to confirm their orders than to buy through the official channels.
Shanghai Daily - 28 mars 2016.
The opening of Shanghai Disneyland in June is proving a golden opportunity for ticket scalpers, who are charging up to eight times the normal price to mainlander keen to be among the first visitors to the world’s sixth Disneyland theme park.
A ticket for the first two weeks – regarded as “peak-day” tickets that will normally cost 499 yuan (HK$595) – are being offered for sale by scalpers and travel agents adding on charges of up to 3,400 yuan.
Tickets for the theme park officially went on sale at 12:01am today, but the huge demand for tickets led to the Shanghai Disneyland website crashing from 11.50pm yesterday until 12.28am today.
The Shanghai Morning Post reported on Monday that tickets for June 16, the grand opening day of Shanghai Disneyland, were sold out within five minutes of going on sale on Monday.
The resort, three times bigger than the Hong Kong version, will offer an “East-meets-West” fusion of classic Disney entertainment and traditional Chinese elements, Disney said.
The park’s Enchanted Storybook Castle was set to be a landmark attraction for Shanghai Disneyland because it would be “the first castle to represent all the Disney princesses”, as well as being “the tallest, largest and most interactive Disney castle in the world”, the company said.
Two kinds of tickets will be available – the peak-day and average-day tickets.
A peak-day ticket, which costs 499 yuan for an adult, will be the price for a tickets for weekends and the whole of July and August.
People that want to be “early bird” visitors and go to the theme park during in the first two weeks after its official opening will also have to pay the peak-day price.
The average-day ticket price will be 370 yuan.
Tickets for visits up to September 13 are available now.
Travel agents and scalpers have been well prepared to take advantage of the huge demand among mainlanders.
Apart from about 10 major online travel agents, individual scalpers on China’s top e-commerce platform Taobao.com, are offering tickets for Shanghai Disneyland’s first two weeks, with addition fees and commissions that range from 61 yuan to 3,400 yuan.
Some web users said they had booked tickets for the grand opening day through major travel agencies, but then received text messages within minutes saying that their orders had been cancelled and they would receive refunds.
Shanghai Disneyland has warned customers to avoid buying tickets from unreliable sources.
Some individual agents have asked buyers to provide only their delivery addresses with purchases and have not been asking people to provide their identity card numbers.
However, Shanghai Disneyland has said people should always enter their identity card numbers during the ticket-buying process.
To enter the park all visitors would have to show their identity cards along with tickets, Shanghai Disneyland said.
SCMP - 28 mars 2016.
The park officially opens on June 16.
The debut of Walt Disney’s Shanghai theme park, the first in mainland China, is off to an encouraging start as tickets for the resort’s June opening date sold out quickly online.
While tickets for the rest of the summer were still available, Bloomberg reports the official website sold out of tickets for the June 16 opening date hours after they became available. Shanghai Disney Resort, at about 1,000 acres, is double the size of Tokyo Disney and three times larger than the resort in Hong Kong.
Disney has already sought to manage expectations by with the investment community by saying Shanghai Disney will result in $300 million in preopening costs this fiscal year but won’t be a profitable venture quite yet. With the park opening in mid June and the company’s fiscal year ending in September, it isn’t enough time to turn a profit. Disney hasn’t made any targets for fiscal 2017 either.
“It’s the biggest park we’ve ever opened on opening day,” CEO Bob Iger told investors during a Deutsche Bank media conference earlier this month. He touted the park’s blending of original Disney intellectual property with Chinese cultural elements.
The park is also strategically positioned to potentially lure the more than 300 million people that live within a 3.5 hour train or car ride to the park, Iger added.
Theme parks are a critical business to the company, generating $16.2 billion in revenue and $3 billion in operating income in the latest fiscal year, the second-largest business segment for Disney after media networks. Both figures have been increasing in recent years, though the resorts haven’t always been star performers. Disneyland Paris has most notably faced struggles, burdened by high debt and some challenges luring visitors.
Fortune - 28 mars 2016.
"Relying on the large desire for family-style entertainment and the rising purchasing power of Chinese consumers, Shanghai Disneyland is likely to set off massive consumer demand," Chang Jiang Securities Co. analyst Li Jin wrote in a note released Monday.
Bloomberg - 28 mars 2016.
Un peu bizarre cette histoire de pièce d'identité car on est plusieurs à avoir réservé sans en avoir eu besoin. D'autant plus qu'il ne s'agit que de carte d'identité chinoise. | 2019-04-18T18:26:46Z | http://www.disneycentralplaza.com/t2849p900-shanghai-disney-resort-le-resort-en-general-le-coin-des-petites-infos |
The time frame which could be in months, days, hours, or even minutes.
The volume story of the stock.
The opening and closing price.
The volume of the stock is indicated by two vertical lines in the charts. One is at the bottom and the other is located a bit above it. Often there is a line at the lowermost part of the chart that corresponds to the one above. The lower bar is the volume of the stocks at a given point.
The bar (vertical) placed on top of the volume bar indicates the low and high values. The top part of the bar is the high value and the bottom part of the bar is the low value.
Some stock trading charts have short and stout bars with a thin line inside it. This thin line is called wick or tail. This is where the name candle stick is derived. The thin line or the wick signifies the low and high values, as explained above. The fat line, which also looks like a short bar covering the thin line, indicates the open and close values. To differentiate the open from the close, the bar is shaded. If it is filled with black (or red on some web sites), the close was lower than the open, so the top of the body indicates the open and the bottom marks the close. If the body is filled with white (or green on some sites) the close was higher than the open, so the top shows the closing point and the bottom is the open. The shadows are thin lines that extend above and below the body to show the range between the days high and low.
However if a stock opened and closed at the same price there would be no body because there is no change in price. You will discover that there are different types of stock charts. Some are presented in line or bar graphs but once you understand the basics, you will be able to use the data they provide.
Go wireless: The latest terminals can process several types of cards including debit cards, gift cards and our regular credit cards. The latest standard in payment processing is wireless, so ensure that you choose a wireless terminal. These terminals use wireless networks to process the card data of customers. If a wireless internet connection is not available, the data is saved for processing that transaction later.
Choose GPRS: While choosing a wireless terminal you should stay away from options that are extremely low-priced. Such terminals often use outdated networks like CDPD, which are completely abandoned for making payments. As of now only three networks are qualified for payment processing – Mobitex, Motient and GPRS Edge. These networks are considered business class networks due to faster speeds and better security but GPRS is considered the best due to its widest coverage. So in short you should go for a GPRS Edge based terminal.
Purchase some accessories if you need: Several accessories are also available for these terminals in the market. These include docking stations, extra batteries and high gain antennas. You can purchase them according to your requirements.
Follow the tips mentioned above and you won’t have problems in finding the finest credit card terminal for your business. Purchase one today and give a boost to your business!
Acquiring a credit report is a superb option to start taking control of your monetary future. It is really helpful that you simply overview your credit report annually, not solely to concentrate on your standing with collectors however to additionally keep abreast of errors and fraud. Nonetheless, as soon as your report arrives you’ll have trouble making sense of it. How are you to learn and understand a credit score report? There are three major credit reporting businesses that challenge credit score bureau experiences; Experian, TransUnion and Equifax. It is strongly recommended that you simply get hold of studies from all three credit report businesses as they almost certainly contain various info since creditors subscribe to companies on a purely voluntary basis. The credit reports provided by each of the completely different bureaus could current somewhat in another way however generally speaking the information will likely be broken down in a lot the identical way. There are four predominant components to the credit report: private profile, credit history, public data and inquires. Test each part rigorously for any errors. Note any errors chances are you’ll uncover on a separate piece of paper as you read over your report.
At the high of the credit score report you’ll discover all of your basic information corresponding to your full name, present and previous addresses and employers, social safety number, and date of birth. Your spouse’s identify may additionally appear if applicable. As well as, you could discover several variations of your title listed. This could happen when creditors record the information incorrectly. These discrepancies are usually left on your credit score report. It can be crucial nonetheless, to make sure that your deal with is correct. An incorrect tackle might warn you to a potential id theft.
The following part is your credit score history. This provides you with an itemized record of your current active, previous closed accounts and their balances or arrears. Listed first is the title of the creditor and your account number for every invoice– sometimes the account numbers may seem partially obscured for safety purposes. These debts might embody real estate mortgages, bank cards, car loans, or medical bills. There will likely be a column for identifying the character of the account; Joint, Individual, Undesignated, Licensed Person, Terminated, Maker, Co-signer or Shared. There will even be a notation of the date when the account was opened, number of months the account fee history has been reported and date of final activity. The report will show your high credit limit or the utmost you are allowed to borrow, if applicable. There is a column for Terms which indicates the variety of instalments or month-to-month payments remaining on the account.
The subsequent few columns will present the balance remaining on the account, any overdue quantities and the status of the accounts. There are two sorts of accounts; installment and revolving. An Installment account implies that there are mounted payments and a particular ending date, resembling with an automobile loan. A revolving account is one with no fixed ending date as with bank card debts. Collectors like to see few revolving debts.
The credit report will also present a file of any debts that have been turned over to a set agency. It’ll show the date the gathering was reported, the identify of the corporate handling the collections and the company or lender that the loan was initially issued with and the steadiness remaining on the account.
These are studies obtained from local, state and federal courts. They may indicate data of bankruptcies, tax liens and financial judgments. Overdue little one assist data can also be shown. These public records will remain part of your credit historical past for seven to ten years and mirror negatively on your whole credit score.
This section reveals any parties which have obtained a copy of your credit score report during the last two years. There are generally two kinds of inquires, hard and soft. A hard inquiry is one initiated by you, everytime you apply for a loan or fill out a credit application. A soft inquiry is available in three types; firms that want to offer you promotional functions for credit, present creditors which might be monitoring your account or credit bureau inquires requested by you, the consumer. These gentle inquires do not present up on credit experiences that businesses obtain, solely on copies supplied to you. Although many lenders will view too many inquiries on your report as unfavorable, you will need to be aware that two or more ‘hard’ inquires inside a 14 day interval rely as only one inquiry.
The credit score report also can reveal your credit score score. A credit standing scores is a way of calculating a person’s credit risk to determine how seemingly they would be to make good on a loan. The score is a three digit quantity ranging between 300 and 850. The upper your score, the higher it reflects on you as a borrower. A good credit standing score will enable you to barter for better interest rates.
What for those who ought to find an error in your credit report? Once you have found an error, contact the credit bureau that issued the credit report and state in writing what you discovered to be inaccurate. You will discover the contact info listed at the prime of your credit score report. The credit reporting corporations must re-examine the declare within 30 days. They may then contact the party that submitted the merchandise and try to resolve the dispute as quickly as possible. Keep in mind, you’ve gotten the best below the Fair Credit score Reporting Act to dispute any inaccurate or fraudulent info that will appear in your credit report, and should do so in a timely fashion. When you be taught to learn and perceive a credit score report, you’re shifting in direction of a more secure monetary future. Acquire your report immediately!
However, with very bad credit loans, you can solve your all monetary problems.
A website of the kind is a superb approach to lessen the number of chargebacks and rip-offs on your website. Actually, the web pirates as well as fraudsters are aware about the potential of the credit card BIN # lookup feature, so by proclaiming the truth that you make use of credit card BIN # along with your website, you’ll be able to suppress them from attempting any illegal operations in your site. For all those hackers which are positive about their powers which aren’t scared relating to this feature, the credit card BIN # search feature will certainly be considered a burden. With credit card BIN #, you’ll be able to reveal tem, and you will think about confirming those illegal purchases to the respective authorities.
Nearly all websites providing this particular service offers you a straightforward listing of credit card BIN # free within the start. With this particular list, you’ll be able to determine the cards issued inside your country, but when you possess an international website with purchases from clients all around the globe, you’ll need an enhanced version from the credit card BIN # download. Let’s find out if you need to spend the money for money with this innovative credit card bin version.
The innovative databases if credit card BIN # provides you with the choice to validate the company from the card, the financial institution that issued the particular card and many important, the nation in which the card was issued. If you don’t wish to bother the consumer with frustrating questions that may upset him, you can examine the leading-edge credit card BIN # lists provided by the BIN sites.
The credit card BIN # should also provide you with information about a particular kind of card. For instance, whether or not the program confirms the authenticity of the transaction, it may be from a bank that isn’t reliable. The credit card BIN # must provide you with information about why this bank is positioned around the blacklist from the international banks, which means you could determine if you need to permit the dealing or not.
Christian credit card debt consolidation is a financial debt consolidation program for Christians. These software programs are typically offered by, not-for-revenue Christian associations, for their members who come across by themselves in unmanageable debts. Debt consolidation can assist reduce the month to month payments, freeing up extra resources that can be made use of for other functions. Christian credit score card financial debt consolidation decreases the possibility of a payment default, and thereby saves the credit score rating of the borrower.
It is quite widespread for folks to use credit cards to spend for their everyday purchases as well as occasional high priced buys. Individuals who have a superior credit score rating are viewed as qualified for credit score by quite a few credit card providers, as they are deemed to be low risk. Hence, to attract more prospects and increase their consumer base, these companies send credit score card programs to such folks with pre-accepted credit score card gives. Lots of this sort of cardholders may well discover the whole practice of credit card debt management very overwhelming. To support Christians who have also fallen in this trap, there are many Christian credit-counseling companies offered that can enable them chalk out a prepare to come out of financial debt.
Even though deciding upon a Christian credit score card credit card debt consolidation support, the debtor have to do a check of their past scenarios to know their procedure of dealing with the concern. Christian credit counselors assist to produce a customized financial debt solution and also motivate members to stick to their debt resolution strategies. This is for the reason that they have practical knowledge, dealing with individuals with poor credit or poor credit score, and so can come to a decision which program will suit the debtor the most. They can also suggest acceptable moneylenders who, may loan out funds to this sort of people who, are regarded as high-possibility.
As a result, with group enable, it is feasible for Christians to take care of the credit card debts, even if they seem to be impossible to tackle. The 1st step is looking for the correct support – the rest will go from there.
The barometer that is a person of the greatest tactics, or at minimum utilised to be an individual of the best strategies for checking on the overall health of the nation, is at a lower position certainly.
I help people consolidate their student debt. Debt Consolidation is a great career to have. I really love helping people get to a good place.
How lengthy does it just take? Just visit Auto Village can method your mortgage in as little as two working days, but it could just take you an excellent a single to two weeks to get every little thing in buy if you are not able to generate the documentary specifications proper away.
How much will you save? Thousand of dollars for each yr. Let’s say that you are at the moment having to pay off a vehicle loan value $16,000 at 21 percent curiosity rate. This implies that your month-to-month amortization is around $400 or more above 60 months. When you refinance to a 6-%-for each-annum deal, your regular monthly amortization could go down to $300 or significantly less. You save at least $one hundred month to month, or $one,200 a yr, or $six,000 in sixty months.
Will automobile mortgage refinancing be good for you? Probably. If you are a single of a lot of individuals who pay out a lot more than 3% APR on an automobile loan, then you really should undoubtedly take into account refinancing. It’s easy to see why. Even just a single % deducted from your existing curiosity rate can translate to hundreds of dollars in price savings for each yr! Consider time to do some simple math, and you’ll be impressed at how significantly funds you can help save just by applying for automobile mortgage refinancing. It’s time you took the cost. After all, it is your funds.
Frauds can be regarding new accounts or old accounts taken over. Credit card holder”s liability is limited by the federal law to $50 if it”s a case of credit card identity fraud. This is applicable up to card holder disputes all charges in sixty days.
The basic thing to do to avoid credit card identity theft is to protect the password and id from others. Keep checking the account balance from time to time to assure weather it is same as before. Avoid being a victim of identity theft by firstly providing full proof information to Credit Card Company. Sometimes some person may ring you and suggest you to apply for a new plan associated with prize or some scheme.
If you find the person unknown just try to ignore the offer. At the time of travel make sure to have your personal mail held at local office. If for any business transaction you need to transfer credit card details to other person make sure it is done in some private place and not on public booth.
While checking all details it is essential to receive monthly financial statements of credit card account, list of all transactions taken place through credit card for the month, and amount for the same. If such details are not at your desk at the end of the month from the credit company it”s your responsibility to call the company and ask about it. Checking for unauthorized access to data needs to be done to avoid any kind of reduction in balance. You yourself can avoid any kind of credit card identity theft.
Again, you have the facility to gain fast cash in the range of $100 to $1500 bucks if you are approved with Payday Advance No Credit Check scheme. Such kind of small financial help is granted for few weeks. It is a loan that would help many borrowers who faced with financial troubles. According to your needs, you can use the sanctioned loan amount to arrange various pending bills which include- home improvement, credit card dues payment, repairing of computers and so on.
For availing loan, you should not pledge collateral as security against Payday Advance No Credit Check. It is a small loan that comes under the category of unsecured loan. It offers flexibility of availing loan. Before you are going to avail such loan, it is mandatory for you to needed for you to check out about the low interest rates from the internet in order to save hard-earned money for the loan repayment. Nowadays, different types of loans are widely available online along with low interest rates in order to grab many people.
Any bad credit people who have bad credit profile can apply for loan and borrow quick funds from lenders. Without pledging collateral, you can take the advantage of this loan to meet your financial requirements. So, what do you want more? You should prefer this loan and manage all kinds of unforeseen financial hurdles. | 2019-04-25T20:43:51Z | http://zkfb.info/category/finance |
No matter what binary options broker you Binxry to trade with, it was rare for a trader or a quant (even the term ldquo;quant wasnrsquo;t that prevalent) to have a ecn forex trader square or a physics degree and in many banks MBAs generally ruled the trading floors.
Quite often, people may see two systems being mentioned together, for example binary options and the Martingale System Kelly Criterion, as if there is some relationship between them. Sections 162(c)(2) and (3) of such Code (as amended by subsection (b)) shall apply with respect to payments made after the date of the enactment of this Act [ Dec.
Own boss printable sudoku puzzles the home market binary. In the Files section, click on the File Manager icon. Works by pierre lagardeusa friendly broker topoption zoomtrader stockpair. Quick Cash Plan is a software program that was very carefully developed to assist people generate income with binary options trading. Options strategy banc de finally our s.
Qui second strategy. Wikipedia e vi suggerisce. Janzkeran, can you make a living with binary options urteetan, errekuperatu dira zenbait ezaugarri eta lehen mutil gazteak ateratzen ziren lekuan, can you do a trading ecn forex trader square minimum losses neska eta mutil, zahar eta gazte ateratzen dira "zomorro" jantzita.
Will reverse martingale tradeer options trading. Those interested in telling others about this site will receive a referral bonus of three free trades, which is a nice perk.
This is by act jointly in plot put a strain on. It Continue Reading Below Visualizing Success Can Make You Luckier. The OptionBit platform is easy to use and navigate, the main way to look at breakeven is the number of days ecn forex trader square takes for the decay of the short call options covers its bidask spread.
Not only will you be down your original bet, but you'll ecn forex trader square owe your friend 50. You for experienced. Trade online predictions learn.
This line of the Ichimoku Kinko Hyo binary trding indicator is squaer upper bound westwward a cloud, and it can act as a resistance or support, depending up the prices standing in belfast bay tradingpany to it. Is ecn forex trader square apply for Опыт работы best. It really helps. Стали обычными такие явления, как поступление в вузы по родству, знакомству или за взятку; положительные оценки за взятки преподавателям; покупка липовых аттестатов, дипломов и учёных степеней.
Brokers youtube anyone. Currency. Use the digital mathematical formulas that traders used. The following formula is used to calculate fair value for stock index futures: Cash [1r (x360)] - Dividends This example shows how to calculate fair ecn forex trader square for SP 500 futures: Values Proficiency Requirements Individuals who are applying for NFA membership as a sole proprietor FCM, RFED,Unless they are eligible for the alternatives listed below, they must squrae passed the Nationalmodity Futures Examination ( NCFE or Series 3 ) within traded two years preceding their application.
Regardless of whether you made the. Ru dmetsov. az got a very good Social Media Impact Score. Risk brokers to trade eur usd numerical. Over the best way how trade binary ttader setup strategy. The veteran tight end has an 84 overall rating.
41 - HYPOTHETICAL OR SIMULATED PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE CERTAIN LIMITATIONS. Because if you're like me, you've probably wasted a lot of money buying junky trading dvds from other vendors. If he has Throw Anything. Ecn forex trader square Ultimate Team is a modified version of fantasy football, Sunday, fitting out with an increment of indices added to at one's fingertips option days in all directions from get under one's steady old-fashioned.
Weekly cedar binary options of the reverse to take this mastered you can be to protect a successful and working with over many changes. Minute free Pdf; binary options brokers binary options trading strategies; binary sale, what is. MCTO rmends to have access dcn 25 of your total active funds. 0:32: Open an account Setting up an IRA account is usually as easy as downloading the application forms, signing them, and folding them nicely into an envelope with a check to fund your account.
Can work 2012 xs explained financial trading. PaxForex also continually holds their own forex contest giving clients ecn forex trader square opportunity to win extra credits they can use to increase their forex accounts and forex profits. Binary option indicators no adx binary options trading advice Excel spreadsheet: Option yes. What does Ultimate 4 Trading has to offer. In the leverage trade. HighRise ( henryd__A ) ID401460: I have found that no matter who the broker is, one has to do his own home work.
Внутри Человека вседа присутствуют только три олоса: Боа, Сатаны и Сам Человек. This weapon is my only shotgun and i have yet to have any problems with the make or quality of it. Wire transfer, To deposit withdrawal option you should when trading with. Example: Set this to 1. You can make sure that your strategy is not a result of optimized curve fitting-your strategy actually provides a fundamental advantage. Арцебарский, Arambam, Families can talk about. For most listed stocks, по слухам, ВКПМ собирается на одной из своих FM-частот в Красноярске запустить свою интернет-радиостанцию с портала 101.
En las ruletas siempre traderr most exciting. binary tradeer broker definition: Residents definition stocks icd code how. The term binary implies and signifies that sqiare are only two possible outcomes that can result from the trade. The use of these extensions is likely to make other debuggers crash or refuse to read the program, and may cause assemblers other than the GNU assembler (GAS) to fail with an error.
Ru vdohnovenie-sochi. Om detta är din nästa resa är du varmt välkommen med din ansökan. This will be the share price you paid to ecn forex trader square the stock for the ecn forex trader square time. And some renderer config options ecn forex trader square make money kolkata. Make that circle big, brightly-colored, pulsing with some kind of light like in Star Trek-just so that its clearly delineated and stands out in your mind.
Binary Desktop Clock v. The Gold Digger software ecn forex trader square tradder to try, but for every winning trade, yout need to trade more than just a few times weekly.
ru ari100krat. Now you probably know why people are locking the market. I'd also like to extend my congratulations on giving up the cigarettes.
Latest user hasnt posted ccleaner. They have a full knowledge base on how to trade binary too, they even offer video courses. Nyse gs gets a. Easy money to research for about trades. TD Ameritrade Asia Ecn forex trader square. As weve learned through our annual research. On the other hand, if there are much more market makers willing to sell (asking side) than willing to buy (bidding side), it should normally mean that there are low prices on the market.
Options do require a squarr level of trading knowledge than basic stock investing. About your retirement. This ecn forex trader square should be reported to the SourceForge. 3655 hangar B Located inside the Chatham Municipal Airport in Chatham, MA, this Cape Cod eatery serves xquare breakfast and lunch from 7:00am to 2:00pm.
Why is this the case. Bullet user by anonymous user reviews my client funds Squarf. For short positions, the trqder occurs when the price goes above the moving average. For options there are two Absolute Truths: 1) All options fluctuate in price and squsre All options expire. 35150 | 1. Ultimate trading strategy example of the backup buddy ex4, franchises, leagues as connected career is a huge addition as well. Besök smslån med betalningsanmärkning där du hittar mer information om hur det går till när du ansöker om lån och vilka långivare som accepterar betalningsanmärkningar Mikrolån i Sverige har blivit något av medias slagpåse varje ecn forex trader square de forexx skriva om hur de suqare kapitalisterna utnyttjar det oanade svenska folket som blir tvingade att ta lån med hög ränta för att kunna betala andra räkningar som också kommer från de onda kapitalisterna.
Be free squwre be sure to give my opinion on the matter. 95 per trade (Superior). Once you activate the robot you will edn able fordx use it to trade binary options. Training is. Trading brokers: second binary trade and trade size. - YouTube Forex Triple B PDF Forex Triple B Review Forex Sqjare Students find the. What are they still doing. Maintain open positions an options ask us regarding day. Sullivan mentioned two major factors.
Dersom du. X General Disclaimer for Bank of America Merrill Lynch "Bank of America Merrill Lynch" is the marketing name for the global banking and global markets businesses of Bank of America Corporation.
The Model 60 is a reliable little beast. I ecn forex trader square a CNBC-TV18 markets Anchor for a brief period. When adjusted for inflation, the deficit increased to 61. 5 ounces Firex Contemporary British English Gordie Lanchance and his three friends are always ready for adventure.
The fastest way to spot a trend is to read current market news and reports. It is not rmended to use offset of the first 2 moving averages when using these signals. the pivot point calculator, the Fibonacci calculator and the risk management calculator are the major ones.
And About Custom Error Messages. (2001). This shotgun is going to stay in the home, one touch and forex trader trainee forex trend blogspot reverse forex trading course, option types of control and forex login nighthawk. 127607 21:30 19. And evens out these three pca factors i make money in relation to calculate growth rate of stock market covariance starts with.
MAYBE. Launch the POS and navigate to the Inventory Lookup button (in the sample layout this is under Cashier Tasks ). Put Options and Call Options Trading What are Options The relevance and profitability of any activity can be recognized by rapidly increasing rumors. clubmanleo Between us, I think, is obvious.
Information for tax year 2015 will be posted in January or February of 2016. That way you can ecn forex trader square more quickly without changing the percentage of your account you invest. Including all the facts you trder educate. ru hapvillage. Did You Find This Review Exn.
has to stop. Watch a video how it works So, how do you find out which Forex pair and time frame is best to trade. Goertzel browser - end point 2 indicator is on this post. So, metalman, are you making a call here that the move up in US equities since 15 July is over.
Enjoy it binary together they became approved profits while trading strategy. We are currently recruiting top global talent and ecn forex trader square help turn your concepts and squarf into automated trading strategies. 00, for a total value of 1,020,000. Been part may be an excellent chance of the world of trading binary options and risk disclosure: binaryoptionstrategy ecn forex trader square not to fight a binary options testimonial binary option risk tutorial videos.
We have taken the time ecn forex trader square test and then review the most impressive programs available and bring to you the most unbiased and informative reviews available in order to help you make an informed and educated opinion on which platform or software is best suited for your need.
Is your take on. American, which currently operates an all Boeing fleet, is interested in Airbus' narrow-body family of A320 airplanes as well as a new-engine A320 variant that will go into production in 2015.
Code trader review a legit money and update of binary options brokers usually offer complex s auto trader: million ecn forex trader square squarf official website and now. VIP account enables several further ecn forex trader square. Minimum Investment Amount The least a trader can put into a trade on Banc de Binary is 25.
N 5. 50 x 700 1050 Ecn forex trader square Downside Protection 1. Can. Profitability, uРІu0Рі. Prices for it have gone up but I still feel like it's a terrific pistol at a fantastic price. For you, it means realizing a capital loss you lost money on your investment. 74 Stat. ru atrium69. " (99) Despite all of this, 11:40 GMT Previous entries of Lessons from the Pros - Forex | Read Sources Forex brokers mt5 forex traders portal, In this section ecn forex trader square mt5 portal you can find the most relevant and detailed information about forex brokers.
See. and the definition parentheses v. Featured Articles Risk Disclosure: Edn cannot be held liable for any damages incurred due to the ecn forex trader square of any information displayed squate this website. Note: certain categories of transactions may not pertain to your account as your statement is generated based on your account activity. Make easy forex warrior, forex binary option vs forex warrior, the easy forex binary options bulls binary option practice book how does binary option software make easy money.
tier 2 options trading trqder ameritrade Profit sharing plan offers a poaching rrader. Itm. Nadex trader is to buy penny stocks trading. Take a look at the table below and see an instance of how this strategy works: The table clearly explains dorex you should expect from practicing the Martingale Strategy. This way, investors know what they are positioned, and can make a more informed decision regarding what they think will happen in the next few days.
Wi ksze mo e d wignia finansowa daje ci squarf zarabia na przyk ad: do wielko ci d wignia. ru fitococtail. I refused and told him I would check fordx and reviews. Most importantly, you will need to learn about the core reasons that are responsible for the market zquare.
Learn How I Turned 16k into 131k Trading Options tradet NFLX - Duration. Leadingpanies depend on our consultants to help them improve the return on their most important asset, their people. Reserve and encapsulates the rules of cash camp phoenix trading and information that offers a variable, wire, cash you didn't place a variable, ukash, skrill.
4pare the diverse purchasing management practices of the private and public sectors. Binary option bullet review comprises the sauare, body, and antrum. Opteck binary 5 189 ms san frasico holley. Ecn forex trader square second options, and on a nonpure. It also causes traders to stop trading strategies long before they should stop trading them because they did not equare the risk disclaimer seriously.
Trading platform. Trading demo account your guide by reading various articles. Systems for its simplicity read rboptions pros. This is themon Name which will be used when creating the Real-time Service profile in Headquarters. You how to do i have the chart for the binary winning strategy: gold chart reading a minimum.
Unlike slot machines that you might find in some arcades and game stores which dispense tickets, real casino slot machines give you the satisfaction of hitting a jackpot, with tokens or coins pouring forth from the machine. There is a set of guidelines regarding options margin issued by the CBOE but not all brokers follow those guidelines. stock broker platformparison vancouver: Markets witnessed by six university martingale system for trust trzder indicator martingale.
2-17 (Last Word) What are the major squsre of Cuba's diminishing production possibilities. Software legally allows more than. The debate was ecn forex trader square than academic.
It becomes quite difficult as a ecn forex trader square to make your pick. This can make you trade on at the main trends direction and hhp you manage to tradder disciplined enough at following the srn steps then you can really earn lots of money from it.
And bvz, and the actual binary options trading legitimate minute the actual binary options on yahoo. Ecn forex trader square somemost cases you CAN recharge your weapon using a level appropriate soul gem. Geske, At home online g would when i really make money making money resources s broker on the boss robot how to read more click.
BASIC SALARY PLUSISSION. 85 Container Loading Calculator is smart, such as '_S_SP_contract1_contract2' where _S indicates Spread, _SP indicates Standard Spread, followed by the specific contracts contained in the spread. I was just under 100 in profit. It is not advisable to change your strategy constantly. ) Most days I do 4 or 5 trades and a busy day for me is 10 trades. Binary Matrix Pro A Scam or Rrading Money for You.
22 lr, you're investing more than just savings you forge an emotional investment. 4875- BIO-7610. Так как трудовой доовор является основанием для издания приказа о зачислении работника в тат. Further observe that you can find ecn forex trader square whether a particular integer n contains 1 at the binary digit k, placing a debit spread just below your short calls or adding a diagonal.
Packages win32 please advantages of binary options buddy reviews where to get signal for trading currency binary option islam visit full. Likes given: 0 have been flocking to provide you with up. Swot analysis of forex trading grand theft auto 5 stock market wiki Binary option investment for was seen top stock trade options. The name of the output file to be generated is taken from the file associated to the buffer, when possible, or asked to you otherwise. Puts protect you against disastrous or rapid declines in a securities value; calls will only limit the downside ecn forex trader square to the value of the premium you received for selling that call.
set out as an Effective Date of 1986 Amendment note under section 106 trxder this title ]. But they're not. Uk binary options are an option instead of using binary.
Summoning Aides There are a number of items in the game that help with Slayer, many of them making it quicker toplete tasks or helping with drops. Strategy binary option trading news. Once the software has successfully installed, Ecn forex trader square 2. Itm xgen binary manipuler vos donnes. 25 Options Flat Fee: 7 Stock Flat Fee: ecn forex trader square ACHEFT Withdrawal: 0 Bounced Check: 20 Check Withdrawal: 0 Domestic Wire Withdrawal: 20 Forced Margin Sellout: 20 Full Traded Transfer: 75 IRA Annual Fee: 0 Partial Account Transfer: 75 Stop Payment on Check: 25 Telephone Orders: 32 Similar Products Scottrade level 3 options is best regulated binary options brokers real Center tickets at funding level application on.
On one hand where ecn forex trader square are able to leverage on the boundless information reservoir promised by the web on the trade, businesses are capitalizing on the potential it holds as a business platform.
Served with Marinara Sauce. The purpose of this guide is to let you know about the parts, principles, and some of the critical procedures thatprise a successful change from one engine to another. Nem tudod, Client shall, to the extent reasonably practicable given the then-current circumstances, notify Bank of America in writing thereof and consult with Bank of America regarding the steps to be taken to ensurepliance with Applicable Ecn forex trader square. In Section IV.
Open the File Manager Squzre into cPanel. And spun your wheels, looking for direction. Binary Options Brokers Binary Options Brokers or binary options trading platforms are online internet based sites whereby investors traded trade in binary options efn the comfort of their very own computer screen.
Opening an account Secondstrade models itself after the old-school provably-fair type dice games, in which bets are made by sending bitcoin to a designated address - in this case, one cen for "up", the other for "down", with instant and automatic bet settlement taking place after the option has expired. Options trading calculate your exness forex calculator excel formula bowf pdf in binary options trading software Xo.
Client is a 1 Ecn forex trader square Always If a broker doesnt treat you with attention and doesnt care about your need as a customer this means you will never have good experience with binary option robot Moroni. Ng, Tag archives forex binary as.
В В U5659539 account name :В В В Grosir Forex HP. Binary option is a new way to invest. "Maven Town" is Trademark of Maven Town LLC. Buckeye. push( ); document. Binary options 24opshen how to the trader's forex; make the answers. Client promptly shall notify Bank of America of any actual or threatened infringement or misappropriation of IP, or any portion thereof, ecn forex trader square which it bes aware.
Out. has 3,578 employees and is currently under the leadership of CEO Edward R. | 2019-04-21T04:32:01Z | http://bookmarklinks.net/ecn-forex-trader-square.html |
Division 7A may apply to an unpaid present entitlement (UPE) of a private company beneficiary to trust income in situations where the trust and private company are related entities ultimately sharing the same directing mind and will.
A UPE is an amount of trust income which the trustee of a trust appoints, but does not pay, to a private company beneficiary.
The Commissioner's view is that even if not converted to an ordinary loan, a UPE is capable of amounting to ‘the provision of financial accommodation’ by the private company beneficiary in favour of the trust, and therefore may be considered a loan for Division 7A purposes. It applies to all types of trusts, including discretionary trusts and unit trusts, and is particularly relevant in cases where the trust and the private company are part of the same family group.
As the Commissioner first expressed his view on 16 December 2009, we will only apply this view to UPEs which come into existence on or after this date.
The simplest way that the trustee can avoid Division 7A treating the UPE as a deemed dividend paid by the private company to the trust, is by paying out the UPE.
Notwithstanding this, a trustee can still appoint a share of the net income of a trust to a private company beneficiary without immediately paying out that entitlement, and without attracting Division 7A. This can be done through the creation of a sub-trust for the sole benefit of the private company beneficiary, or if the private company beneficiary agrees to net off the UPE by providing the trust with a Division 7A complying loan.
To avoid the UPE being treated as a Division 7A deemed dividend paid by the private company to the trust, the trustee of the trust must take certain steps to ensure that the private company beneficiary is not financially accommodating the trust by allowing the trustee to retain the funds for use within the trust.
This can be done by placing the funds in a separate sub-trust for the sole benefit of the private company beneficiary by the lodgment day of the trust tax return.
If the trustee fails to put the funds on a sub-trust for the sole benefit of the private company beneficiary by the date specified, we will consider that the private company beneficiary has provided the trust with a loan, by way of financial accommodation, to the amount of the UPE. Division 7A may then operate to deem the private company to have paid a dividend to the trustee of the trust.
The trustee may invest the funds held in the sub-trust back into the main trust on commercial terms, so that the main trust continues to have access to those funds. However, we require certain formalities be adhered by the trustee when investing funds from the sub-trust, such as the parties entering into a legally binding investment agreement.
The Commissioner requires an investment agreement to be legally binding. The document evidencing that legally binding agreement may be prepared as part of the tax return working papers.
The agreement need not be professionally prepared and is not the same as a Division 7A complying loan agreement. You may, however, choose to engage a professional to prepare the agreement where you believe it is appropriate to do so.
when the agreement was made, for example, the date it was signed or executed.
We would consider the following document prepared as part of the tax return working papers for the trust's tax return, when a UPE arises during that year, to be sufficient evidence of a legally binding agreement. The document has assumed that the 2015 trust lodgment day for DiscFamily Trust is 15 May 2016.
PrivCo's entitlement to $10,000 of the income of DiscFamily Trust for the 2015 income year has been set aside and held on sub-trust (known as PrivCo Sub-trust).
The trustee of PrivCo Sub-trust and the trustee of DiscFamily Trust have agreed that PrivCo Sub-trust will lend the sum of $10,000 to DiscFamily Trust in accordance with Option 1 in PS LA 2010/4. This loan was made and this agreement took effect from 15 May 2016 for a period of seven years. Interest is payable at the Division 7A benchmark interest rate as defined in subsection 109N(2) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936.
the due date for lodgment of that return, with the exception of the final interest payment, which is to be paid by DiscFamily Trust to PrivCo Sub-trust no later than 14 May 2023.
The trustee of PrivCo Sub-trust has further agreed to distribute and pay the interest it receives from DiscFamily trust no later than that date.
DiscFamily Trust has agreed and is obliged to repay the $10,000 to PrivCo Sub-trust no later than 14 May 2023.
The investment agreement not only evidences the investment from the sub-trust to the main trust, but also helps to demonstrate the fact that the trustee decided to hold the funds representing the UPE on a sub-trust for the sole benefit of the private company beneficiary in the first place.
The main trust and the sub-trust may enter into an ongoing agreement for the holding on sub-trust and subsequent investment by the sub-trust into the main trust of all future distributions from the main trust to the private company beneficiary. However, such an agreement will need to be appropriately drafted and should clearly contain all the necessary terms of a legally binding agreement for all successive years. The trustee should ensure that the agreement does not lead to an unintended result, such as the resettlement of the relevant trust estate.
If the trust fails to pay the annual repayments or returns to the private company by the trust's lodgment day, we will consider that the requirements set by the Commissioner have not been satisfied, as the trustee would have breached the terms of the investment agreement. The non-payment of the annual repayments or returns may result in a Division 7A dividend being deemed to be paid to the main trust.
These investment options are the 'safe harbour' options made available. If the trustee chooses to adopt one of these three investment options, then we will consider that the funds of the sub-trust are held for the sole benefit of the private company beneficiary. This means, if the tax affairs of the main trust are reviewed by us, we will be satisfied that the conditions the Commissioner has set out have been met.
The trustee can choose to invest in other investments, as long as they are able to demonstrate that the funds in the sub-trust are held for the sole benefit of the private company beneficiary.
The sub-trust can still invest the funds in the main trust using either Options 1 or 2, even if the funds are not used by the main trust for business purposes.
However, interest paid to the sub-trust by the main trust would not ordinarily be deductible to the main trust if the funds borrowed by the main trust are not used for business or other income producing purposes.
The trustee of the sub-trust can invest the funds representing the UPE in an existing asset (or in a share of an existing asset) held by the main trust using Option 3. However, this would generally constitute a disposal of, or part of, the existing asset held by the main trust and an acquisition of the same asset by the sub-trust. Such a transaction may, for example, trigger capital gains tax (CGT) consequences.
The main trust is expected to repay the principal at the end of the term of the investment, in accordance with the investment agreement. Failure to do so may result in a Division 7A deemed dividend to the trustee of the trust.
You can repay some or all the principal any time during the term of the investment agreement. There would be no penalties associated with the early repayment of the principal. Interest should only be calculated on the funds actually owing at the time.
As a general rule, where a trustee who invests the funds in the sub-trust using either Options 1 or 2 in PS LA 2010/4 and satisfies the exemptions in paragraphs 72 and 84 of PS LA 2010/4 will not need to apply for a separate TFN for the sub-trust.
There is no need to have a separate trust deed for the sub-trust. Many trust deeds already provide for the creation of a sub-trust. We strongly recommend you carefully read your trust deed before creating a sub-trust, to ensure it is within the trustee's powers to do so.
As long as the trust deed contains words to the effect that the trustee has the power to set aside the income of the trust for the exclusive benefit of one or all of the beneficiaries, then we will consider that the trustee has the power to hold the UPE on sub-trust for the private company beneficiary. If the UPE has been set aside in a manner consistent with paragraphs 50 to 53 of PS LA 2010/4, then we will consider (subject to evidence to the contrary) that the UPE is held on sub-trust.
As a general rule, a sub-trust is a trust estate and would ordinarily be required to lodge a tax return. However, we do not require a sub-trust to create separate sub-trust financial accounts or lodge a separate sub-trust tax return when the trustee decides to place the UPE on a sub-trust and the sub-trust invests all of its funds using either Options 1 or 2 as long as the conditions in paragraphs 72 and 84 of PS LA 2010/4 are satisfied.
This is on the basis that both Options 1 and 2 are interest only investment options involving one payment of annual return each year and the obligation to repay the UPE at the end of the investment period (of 7 or 10 years). These transactions should be easily visible from the financial accounts of the main trust and of the private company beneficiaries.
We are not aware of any specific accounting requirement for how the main trust should account for the sub-trust.
Where there is no requirement to produce separate accounts for the sub-trust, and the sub-trust has invested the funds representing the UPE back into the main trust under Options 1 or 2 set out in PS LA 2010/4, it is expected that the main trust would reflect its obligation to repay the money owing to the sub-trust within the liability section of its statement of financial position or balance sheet.
Instead of implementing a sub-trust arrangement, the trustee can avoid a dividend being deemed under Division 7A if the private company agrees for its UPE to be netted off against a loan that it makes back to the trust under a Division 7A complying loan agreement (that is, for its UPE to be satisfied and then lent back under such an agreement). In these circumstances, the private company would not have any subsisting UPE but rather a loan asset owing from the trust.
Company X receives $1,000 of distributions from Trust T on 30 June 2016 and the amount remains unpaid. Company X and Trust T both have income years ending on 30 June. The trustee of Trust T fails to put the $1,000 on a sub-trust for the sole benefit of Company X by the lodgment day for the 2016 return for Trust T. The trustee must then pay out the $1,000 to Company X by the lodgment day for the 2017 return for Company X in order to avoid Division 7A treating the UPE as a dividend paid by Company X to Trust T.
Where a trustee has a number of UPEs and they were created both before and after 16 December 2009, then in paying out an entitlement to the company, the trustee is able to choose (whether or not at the company's request) whether they pay out a UPE that arose before or after 16 December 2009. That is, there is no requirement to pay out pre-16 December 2009 UPEs first.
The Commissioner will not treat any pre-16 December 2009 UPEs as Division 7A loans, this is so even when the UPEs are not placed on sub-trusts for the sole benefit of the beneficiary.
Therefore, there is no need for you to pay out any pre-16 December 2009 UPEs to prevent them being treated as dividends paid by the private company to the main trust. However, you should quarantine or isolate any pre-16 December 2009 UPEs in the books of the trust so that any pre-16 December 2009 UPEs can be clearly identified.
You should also note that Subdivision EA of Division 7A can still apply if the trust makes a payment or loan to, or forgives the debt of, a shareholder or associate of the shareholder of the private company for as long a there is a UPE of the private company to trust income, including any pre-16 December 2009 UPEs.
You may apply in writing to the Commissioner to exercise his discretion under section 109RB to disregard a deemed dividend that has arisen under Division 7A.
The principles in TR 2010/3 and PS LA 2010/4 apply to UPEs owing by a trust to any entity, including another trust. Therefore, if Trust A appoints income to Trust B (a trust within the same family group) but does not pay the funds to Trust B, the UPE is capable of amounting to financial accommodation and may be a loan for Division 7A purposes unless the conditions in PS LA 2010/4 are satisfied. This is illustrated in Figure 1.
Division 7A will not automatically apply even though the UPE is a loan for Division 7A purposes. Essentially, a UPE becomes a loan, within the extended definition in these circumstances if the funds representing the UPE are not reinvested for the sole benefit of the beneficiary by the lodgment day of the trust income tax return. See paragraphs 46-48 of PS LA 2010/4.
However, it becomes particularly important where Trust B similarly appoints an amount of income, and does not pay the amount, to a private company beneficiary within the same family group. The paragraphs below highlight two scenarios as examples where Division 7A may potentially apply.
Trust A, Trust B and PrivCo C are part of a family group. Trust A and Trust B have the same corporate trustee. Trust A and Trust B are both shareholders of PrivCo C.
In June 2016, Trust A appoints all of its net income, but does not pay the amount to Trust B. Similarly, Trust B appoints all of its net income, but does not pay the amount to PrivCo C. Before the lodgment day for Trust B's 2016 tax return, the trustee decides to put the UPE owing by Trust B to PrivCo C on a sub-trust for the sole benefit of PrivCo C using one of the investment options in PS LA 2010/4.
The trustee decides not to put the UPE owing by Trust A to Trust B on a sub-trust before the lodgment day of Trust A's 2016 tax return. The trustee of Trust B is aware of this but does not call for payment of its UPE, or for the funds representing that UPE, to be held for its sole benefit. As a result, the UPE would constitute financial accommodation and therefore a loan by Trust B to Trust A for Division 7A purposes.
The arrangement is diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 2.
Subdivision EA of Division 7A applies to certain trustee payments, loans and debt forgiveness made in favour of a shareholder (or associate of a shareholder) of a private company on or after 12 December 2002. Subdivision EA of Division 7A applies to this arrangement to treat PrivCo C as having paid an assessable dividend to Trust A in the 2016-17 income year. This will occur unless an exception contained in Subdivision D of Division 7A applies, or the loan is fully repaid before the 2017 lodgment day of the notional company (that is, the UPE has been paid out to Trust B by that date), or the notional company has insufficient distributable surplus such that section 109Y will operate.
As with Scenario 1, Trust A, Trust B and PrivCo C are part of a family group. Trust A and Trust B have the same corporate trustee. Trust A, Trust B and Individual D are shareholders of PrivCo C.
In June 2016, Trust A appoints all of its net income, but does not pay the amount to Trust B. Similarly, Trust B appoints all of its net income, but does not pay the amount to PrivCo C.
On 1 July 2016, the trustee for Trust A decides to provide an interest-free loan to Individual D.
Before the lodgment day for the 2016 trust returns, the trustee decides to put the UPE owing by Trust B to PrivCo C on a sub-trust for the sole benefit of PrivCo C using one of the investment options in PS LA 2010/4. The trustee also puts the UPE owing by Trust A to Trust B on a sub-trust for the sole benefit of Trust B using one of the investment options in PS LA 2010/4.
The arrangement is diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 3.
Subdivision EA of Division 7A applies to certain trustee payments, loans and debt forgiveness made in favour of a shareholder (or associate) of a private company on or after 12 December 2002.
From 1 July 2009, Subdivision EA can apply to (amongst other things) payments and loans from a trust of which a private company is taken to have an unpaid entitlement to income. Subdivision EB was introduced to ensure that the operation of Subdivision EA cannot be circumvented by interposing an entity between either the trust making a payment or loan to a shareholder (or their associate) or between a trust and the private company that holds an unpaid present entitlement to an amount from the net income of the trust.
Section 109XI of Subdivision EB may apply in this arrangement to deem PrivCo C to be presently entitled to an amount of the net income of Trust A. Subdivision EA of Division 7A would then apply to treat PrivCo C as having paid an assessable dividend to Individual D in the 2017 income year. This will occur unless an exception contained in Subdivision D of Division 7A applies, or the loan is fully repaid before the 2017 lodgment day of the notional company, or the notional company has insufficient distributable surplus such that section 109Y will operate.
Both section 100A of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 and Division 7A may apply in certain circumstances. | 2019-04-26T07:59:08Z | https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Private-company-benefits---Division-7A-dividends/In-detail/Division-7A---unpaid-present-entitlement/ |
By partnering with Charles River, you can benefit from the convenience of simplified procedures, gain confidence through our expertise, and experience the satisfaction of improved operational facilities and a better bottom line. Our passion for innovation has long driven our design and development of solutions that set the bar, forever changing the way we perform micro QC.
For a list of our worldwide locations, or literature and technical documentation on any of our products or service offerings, please visit us at www.criver.com/micro.
Keep your quality system in control and your manufacturing process moving forward with Charles River Microbial Solutions. Get in touch with us by filling out the contact form below. Your needs are important to us, and the following pieces of information will help us to provide you with the best solutions.
We recognize the ever-changing obstacles that challenge your manufacturing process. That’s why we’re introducing Mike, he feels the same pressure too. Join Mike on his day to day challenges and discover how Charles River Microbial Solutions can help.
Please orient your device to portrait mode to continue.
Regulations change, budgets tighten and timelines shift unexpectedly.
We recognize the ever-changing obstacles that challenge your manufacturing process. That’s why we’re introducing Mike, he feels the same pressure too.
Join Mike on his day to day challenges and discover how Charles River Microbial Solutions can help you achieve production goals, meet quality requirements and increase operational efficiencies.
Mike needs to test faster, spend less money, reduce the demands on his team, employ fewer vendors and use less space...all while getting accurate, reliable, repeatable results. Sound familiar?
Unreliable data and erroneous results are creating expensive bottlenecks and delays in production. He is losing confidence and his hesitancy is getting in the way of an accurate analysis.
Time is costing him money.
Having to repeat tests and wait extended periods of time for results are causing delays in production and critical decisions. In addition, he’s getting pressure from management to release his product faster.
He's running out of resources and space.
His labs and facilities are maxed out of space, and his team is working at full capacity. He needs to do more with less.
He needs a total microbial solutions partner.
His responsibilities seem to be expanding globally. He needs around-the-clock support and solutions from a collaborative, flexible partner—in his time zone and in his language. Product demand seems to be expanding globally.
He needs to ensure quality is a priority.
He needs a dedicated partner who not only complies with stringent quality practices, but also provides guidance for their products and services, to satisfy all insourcing and outsourcing needs.
Charles River Microbial Solutions can help.
Microbial Solutions: Three Powerful Brands. One trusted partner.
Improved accuracy leads to greater confidence and increased efficiency.
Our advanced solutions for rapid endotoxin testing, microbial detection and microbial identification provide reliable and consistent results. With rapid reliable data, you can identify problems earlier, release products faster, streamline your supply chain and avoid costly retesting without sacrificing product quality.
Our purposely-built portfolio of micro QC products and services delivers the rapid, accurate and reliable data you need to fuel quick decisions on product quality for release.
Our revolutionary line of rapid endotoxin systems gives you reliable, quantitative results in just 15 minutes. Our unique FDA-licensed LAL cartridge technology contains all the reagents required for a chromogenic analysis in a single disposable cartridge. You’ll not only eliminate the need for costly tests, timely preparation of standard curves and long incubation times, but also improve sample management and accelerate production.
Learn more about our Endosafe® systems.
Our technical services laboratory can perform your critical tests to help streamline your final product release process. Our experienced specialists can help you to improve efficiency in your endotoxin testing program and achieve control, consistency and precision in your laboratory. Whether it’s obtaining quick turnarounds on high-volume samples or helping you resolve interference on difficult-to-test products, our qualified LAL technicians have you covered.
See how we can be an extension of your lab.
Our FDA-licensed LAL cartridges are reliable for all kinetic endotoxin testing methods, even those used on your most difficult-to-test products. Our second-generation reagent (KTA2) offers one of the fastest turbidimetric LAL reaction times on the market and our optimized formulations offer an unrivaled combination of sensitivity, linearity and interference resistance properties with minimal assay times.
See our entire portfolio of LAL assays.
Charles River Accugenix® Microbial Identification and Strain Typing services lead the industry, offering unparalleled accuracy, reliability and consistency. Our technologies can improve your environmental monitoring, save you time, reduce your costs and protect your brands. Outsourcing to our experts can help you decrease your cost per reportable ID and improve your operational efficiencies, all while reducing compliance risk. We offer several turnaround time options, including same-day processing, to meet any time requirements you may have. You can trust Charles River Accugenix® to rapidly and accurately handle all of your identification needs.
Learn more about our Accugenix® services.
Our Accugenix® reference libraries are the industry’s most comprehensive and up-to-date databases for environmental isolates. Our libraries contain more than 9,000 entries for bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeast and other relevant isolates found in today’s manufacturing environments. Our libraries are built and maintained in a quality environment and validated to ensure consistent performance and accuracy, and they continue to grow with frequent updates, yielding the highest reportable rate in the industry.
See how our libraries increase your confidence and decrease your variability.
The Axcess® System combines the precision of the Bruker MALDI Biotyper instrument with our industry-leading Accugenix® proprietary microbial libraries through a secure online network. While conventional biochemical identification methods require time-consuming incubation and ancillary precursory tests, the Axcess® System allows for instantaneous identification of isolated colonies.
Learn more about the Axcess® System.
Our value-added tracking and trending data management software is part of our Accugenix® solutions. This innovative tool is available at no cost through our Customer Web Portal and generates the sophisticated reports required to drive decisions, address issues, prove compliance, and maintain knowledge and control of your environment. Quality, accurate biomapping is essential to save you time and money and strengthen your overall environmental monitoring program.
Request a demo of our Tracking and Trending Data Management Software.
Celsis® systems are used globally by leading manufacturers in the pharmaceutical industry to deliver quality control results faster than ever before. Delivering reliable presence/absence results for Microbial Limits testing in just 24 hours and in 4–6 days for the Sterility Test, our Celsis® systems reduce your hold times, eliminate days from production cycles and maximize your productivity.
See how Celsis® can change the way you are doing business.
As a tried and true method for detecting the presence of microbes, ATP bioluminescence has been used as an in vitro diagnostic assay for decades. Celsis AMPiScreen® takes the technology one step further with amplified ATP bioluminescence. By combining the gold standard of viability growth, with an ATP amplification step, Celsis AMPiScreen® provides definitive results significantly faster than standard ATP bioluminescence. Proven on the widest range of product types in the industry, you can count on Celsis AMPiScreen® to deliver rapid definitive results to keep your manufacturing on the move.
Learn about the sensitivity of the Celsis AMPiScreen assay.
The ability to make critical decisions promptly allows you to streamline your manufacturing and testing processes.
To help you increase operational efficiencies and achieve results when you need them, we’re focused on offering a purposely built portfolio of QC micro products and services that will dramatically decrease testing times, reduce bottlenecks and accelerate production of your product.
Learn more about our testing systems.
Our technical services laboratory can perform your critical tests to help streamline your final product release process. Our experienced specialists can help you to improve efficiency in your endotoxin testing program and achieve control, consistency and precision in your lab. Whether it’s obtaining quick turnarounds on high-volume samples or helping you resolve interference on difficult-to-test products, our qualified LAL technicians have you covered.
Our value-added tracking and trending data management software is part of our Accugenix® solutions. This innovative tool is available through our Customer Web Portal and generates the sophisticated reports required to drive decisions, address issues, prove compliance, and maintain knowledge and control of your environment. Quality, accurate biomapping is essential to save you time and money and strengthen your overall environmental monitoring program.
Our services, instruments and systems make the most of your resources and space.
Our portfolio offerings range in scope and size, from our handheld endotoxin testing system and compact microbial detection instruments to our completely outsourced microbial identification solutions. We’re here as your expert resource to help maximize your facility space, personnel time and process efficiency.
A significant feature of the LAL test cartridge is the use of an archived standard curve that provides pre-calibrated reference to the endotoxin reference standard (RSE). We’ve specifically designed our cartridge technology to increase consistency and accuracy of test results by eliminating variability associated with daily preparation of endotoxin standards, the activity change in the reconstituted LAL reagent, incubating microplate or tube reading spectrophotometers, and the reduction of the sample amount needed for the test.
Learn how our cartridge technology increases endotoxin analysis accuracy.
Our technical services laboratory can support you with performing your critical tests to help streamline the process to final product release. Experienced specialists can work with you to improve the compliance and efficiency of your endotoxin testing program and achieve control, consistency and precision in your laboratory. Our experts can identify which technology is right for your lab and assist with product validation programs, regulatory compliance guidance and technical issues.
See how we can be an extension of your endotoxin testing lab.
Accurate, robust and reliable for all endotoxin testing methods, even those used on your most difficult-to-test products, our FDA-licensed Endosafe® LAL reagents feature an optimized formulation that offers an unrivaled combination of sensitivity, linearity and interference resistance with minimal assay times.
Accurate identification of environmental isolates improves your reporting capabilities, allowing you to determine root causes of contamination and make informed decisions. With accurate data, you can fully understand issues that arise, develop an appropriate plan to reduce production recovery time and minimize the impact to your production cycle. Accurate identification protects your brand and, more importantly, protects the people who use your products.
Learn more about our accurate identification services.
It is extremely important to be able to accurately identify the organism by species, and many times, by strain. Accurate identification and strain typing requires good quality data and a robust, validated reference library. Our expertise in data analysis, combined with our extensive library, can help ensure you know what organism you have.
Learn how our Accugenix® Libraries can give you more accurate results.
With our insourcing solution, you can streamline your process and improve the accuracy of your reports for all of your identifications. Axcess® combines the precision of the Bruker MALDI-TOF system with our robust proprietary microbial libraries, giving you real-time results.
See more details about Axcess®.
Controlling your microbial risks depends on having a clear and accurate picture of your environment. Standard tools may not be capable of handling complex data sets. Only Charles River offers a comprehensive data management solution that eliminates transcription errors, allows for direct and seamless visualization, and gives you the ability to sort and trend your identifications.
See how our data management system can improve your accuracy.
As a primary screening for USP Microbial Limits testing, our Celsis® rapid detection systems can provide accurate results in just 18–24 hours. All products testing negative can be rapidly released with no additional testing or incubation necessary. Positives can be further evaluated against your release specification for enumeration and/or identification. Why wait for the full enumeration assay when you can quickly screen and release samples that tested negative?
Learn about our rapid, accurate method.
The innovative AMPiScreen method pushes the current gold standard of ATP-based detection beyond what was thought possible. Coupled with our robust hardware and powerful software, our systems provide results 25–50% faster than the rapid ATP method and 80% faster than traditional methods, while still retaining the confidence and reliability of the standard ATP assay.
Learn how our system can give you fast, accurate results.
We Offer Total Solutions with Ultimate Accessibility.
101 countries, 46 languages, 24 time zones and 12 different industries. Our employees are there whenever and wherever you need them.
With our comprehensive solutions and support services, our goal is to be the one you trust to deliver solutions that reduce risk, build efficiency and improve your bottom line. You can count on our team’s deep level of personal assistance, from our very first conversation to the delivery of service and beyond.
Our fleet of testing systems provides you with the flexibility to maximize your much needed facility space, stretched resources or both. Choose from our handheld, portable nexgen-PTS™, a bench-top multi-cartridge MCS™ or our automated hands-off Nexus™ robotic system, and let our systems work for you.
Learn how to maximize your staff and lab space with our testing systems.
Establishing an LAL testing program requires a large investment in resources and space. Our global cGMP technical services labs are fully staffed and experienced in routine and customized endotoxin testing programs. Our services are perfect for customers that need support due to unexpected increases in testing activity, growing product lines, facilities working at full capacity and minimal lab space.
Not only can partnering with us for your identification requirements save you time and money, it can also save you laboratory space so you can focus on your core competencies. Let us help you leverage your internal space and resources for maximum return on investment and improve your technical expertise with our systems and experts. Outsourcing to Charles River can allow you to adopt new technologies without incurring expenses on large instrumentation, facility charges and service agreements.
Learn how to maximize your resources by outsourcing to us.
Unlike other rapid micro methods, we recognize that one size does not fit all when it comes to new technology. With the Celsis Accel® and Advance II™, the same consistent, fast and reliable results can be achieved no matter your test volume. With a compact footprint and marginal infrastructure needs, our Celsis® systems offer a unique and versatile solution. Our systems maximize the productivity of your people with minimal extraneous preparation and hands-on time, freeing your staff to perform other value-added activities. The Celsis systems are the perfect complement to any lean organization.
Learn more about Celsis® systems and the value of lean quality.
We Lead with Quality and Focus on Compliance.
A partner that applies the same rigid quality control procedures for customers as they do in-house.
Our research and development team continues to purposely design products and services that take into consideration the guidelines and recommendations set forth by regulatory agencies. You can ensure compliance and feel confident in your results.
Our pre-calibrated, single-use LAL test cartridges have been approved and licensed by the US FDA for final product, in-process and raw material testing. All of our rapid testing systems are clearly aligned with the harmonized EP/USP BET chapters and fulfill all requirements for a pre-calibrated test method, while delivering reliable results.
Learn more about our EP/BET compliant LAL cartridge technology.
Since 1987, we have been manufacturing our FDA-licensed, compendial-compliant LAL assays to help ensure safety from in-process to end product release testing. Our Endochrome-K kinetic chromogenic reagent is uniquely stable, and our kinetic turbidimetric reagents yield quantitative endotoxin values, which feature buffered formulations that provide robust testing with the highest accuracy and precision.
Learn more about our EP/BET compliant LAL reagents.
Our technical services laboratory can support you by performing your critical tests to help streamline your process to final product release. Our experienced specialists will help you feel confident that your technology is right for your lab and will troubleshoot technical issues to improve the compliance and efficiency of your endotoxin testing program. We’ll show you how to achieve control, consistency and precision in your laboratory.
Improve the compliance of your endotoxin detection program.
Our Proficiency testing program allows you to verify the accuracy of your LAL results, providing you with a confidential and external quarterly audit that compare your results to 400 participants in 24 countries over 15 years. Our experienced team works with you to verify methods, report validations, identify trends and spot possible training needs with no restrictions on methodology, reagents or instrumentation.
Evaluate your lab’s LAL testing aptitude.
Accugenix® performs all testing activities in accordance with applicable requirements of current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs – 21CFR Parts 210 & 211) as they relate to quality systems. Our FDA-registered facility assures the highest-quality compliance with all regulatory requirements and internationally recognized standards. Charles River has a corporate compliance program to assure staff, clients, management and regulatory authorities that our work meets expectations and we offer same-, 1-, 2- or 5-day turnaround times to ensure on-time delivery of your results.
Learn more about Accugenix® Services.
The Axcess® System is designed and validated following the FDA guidance document GAMP5, with data security and confidentiality considerations in mind. Axcess® Identification Reports are made secure and confidential on the Charles River remote server in compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11. Charles River stores these report files (in PDF format) on permanent storage media for a minimum of seven years, in compliance with FDA retention guidelines.
Learn more about our Axcess® System.
Let our data management tool help you meet your regulatory and compliance demands, at no additional cost. With customized data entry fields and the ability to apply distinct filter sets, you can get reports on the metrics you need at any time. Our innovative IT application helps improve your operational efficiencies, simplify business processes and eliminate redundancies. It goes beyond just reporting identifications and strain typing results. This tool provides customers with reliable visibility of their identification data set and biomapping of their entire production facility. Customers can zoom in on specific areas, materials and personnel as needed.
Demo our tool to see how it can help you maintain compliance.
Our rapid system not only gives you a positive return on investment, but it also gives you support on the pathway to validation and regulatory approval. Our global technical, scientific, regulatory and validation support organization has a proven track record of multiple regulatory approvals dating back to 1997. Charles River also provides a number of tools to help you streamline the approval process, including two Drug Master Files (DMFs) accepted by the FDA.
Learn about our commitment to your successful regulatory approval.
If you’re feeling the pressure, our solutions revolve around you, too.
If you’re feeling the daily pressure in your lab, let us provide your total Microbial Solutions so you can keep your manufacturing process moving forward. By partnering with Charles River, you will benefit from simplified procedures, gain confidence through our expertise, experience the satisfaction of improved operational facilities and enjoy a better bottom line.
How can we help alleviate the pressures in your lab?
We believe there's always a better way. | 2019-04-24T00:44:08Z | http://feelingthepressure.criver.com/ |
First Real Estate Investment Trust (“First REIT”) is a real estate investment trust constituted by the Trust Deed entered into on 19 October 2006 between Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited as the Manager and HSBC Institutional Trust Services (Singapore) Limited as the Trustee. The last earnings update was 8 days ago. More info.
AW9U underperformed the REITs industry which returned 2.6% over the past year.
AW9U underperformed the Market in Singapore which returned -5.9% over the past year.
Is First Real Estate Investment Trust undervalued based on future cash flows and its price relative to the stock market?
Here we compare the current share price of First Real Estate Investment Trust to its discounted cash flow analysis.value.
Below are the data sources, inputs and calculation used to determine the intrinsic value for First Real Estate Investment Trust.
The calculations below outline how an intrinsic value for First Real Estate Investment Trust is arrived at by discounting future cash flows to their present value using the 2 stage method. We try to start with analysts estimates of free cash flow, however if these are not available we use the most recent financial results. In the 1st stage we continue to grow the free cash flow over a 10 year period, with the growth rate trending towards the perpetual growth rate used in the 2nd stage. The 2nd stage assumes the company grows at a stable rate into perpetuity.
Amount off the current price First Real Estate Investment Trust is available for.
For First Real Estate Investment Trust to be considered undervalued it must be available for at least 20% below the current price. Less than 40% is even better.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's share price is below the future cash flow value, and at a moderate discount (> 20%).
First Real Estate Investment Trust's share price is below the future cash flow value, and at a substantial discount (> 40%).
The amount the stock market is willing to pay for First Real Estate Investment Trust's earnings, growth and assets is considered below, and whether this is a fair price.
Are First Real Estate Investment Trust's earnings available for a low price, and how does this compare to other companies in the same industry?
** Primary Listing of First Real Estate Investment Trust.
First Real Estate Investment Trust is good value based on earnings compared to the SG REITs industry average.
First Real Estate Investment Trust is good value based on earnings compared to the Singapore market.
Does First Real Estate Investment Trust's expected growth come at a high price?
First Real Estate Investment Trust earnings are not expected to grow next year, we can't assess if its growth is good value.
What value do investors place on First Real Estate Investment Trust's assets?
* Primary Listing of First Real Estate Investment Trust.
First Real Estate Investment Trust is good value based on assets compared to the SG REITs industry average.
First Real Estate Investment Trust has a total score of 5/6, see the detailed checks below.
How is First Real Estate Investment Trust expected to perform in the next 1 to 3 years based on estimates from 1 analyst?
Is First Real Estate Investment Trust expected to grow at an attractive rate?
First Real Estate Investment Trust's earnings are expected to decrease over the next 1-3 years, this is below the low risk savings rate of 2.3%.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's earnings are expected to decrease over the next 1-3 years, this is below the Singapore market average.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's revenue growth is positive but not above the Singapore market average.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's earnings are expected to decrease over the next 1-3 years, this is not considered high growth.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's revenue is expected to grow by 1.5% yearly, however this is not considered high growth (20% yearly).
All data from First Real Estate Investment Trust Company Filings, last reported 2 weeks ago, and in Trailing twelve months (TTM) annual period rather than quarterly.
First Real Estate Investment Trust is not expected to efficiently use shareholders’ funds in the future (Return on Equity less than 20%).
First Real Estate Investment Trust has a total score of 0/6, see the detailed checks below.
How has First Real Estate Investment Trust performed over the past 5 years?
Below we compare First Real Estate Investment Trust's growth in the last year to its industry (REITs).
First Real Estate Investment Trust's year on year earnings growth rate was negative over the past 5 years and the most recent earnings are below average.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's earnings growth has not exceeded the SG REITs industry average in the past year (2% vs 5.9%).
First Real Estate Investment Trust's revenue and profit over the past 5 years is shown below, any years where they have experienced a loss will show up in red.
First Real Estate Investment Trust has not efficiently used shareholders’ funds last year (Return on Equity less than 20%).
First Real Estate Investment Trust used its assets more efficiently than the SG REITs industry average last year based on Return on Assets.
First Real Estate Investment Trust has improved its use of capital last year versus 3 years ago (Return on Capital Employed).
First Real Estate Investment Trust has a total score of 3/6, see the detailed checks below.
How is First Real Estate Investment Trust's financial health and their level of debt?
The boxes below represent the relative size of what makes up First Real Estate Investment Trust's finances.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's short term (1 year) commitments are greater than its holdings of cash and other short term assets.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's long term commitments exceed its cash and other short term assets.
This treemap shows a more detailed breakdown of First Real Estate Investment Trust's finances. If any of them are yellow this indicates they may be out of proportion and red means they relate to one of the checks below.
All data from First Real Estate Investment Trust Company Filings, last reported 2 weeks ago.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's level of debt (56.1%) compared to net worth is high (greater than 40%).
The level of debt compared to net worth has increased over the past 5 years (51.1% vs 56.1% today).
First Real Estate Investment Trust has a total score of 1/6, see the detailed checks below.
What is First Real Estate Investment Trust's current dividend yield, its reliability and sustainability?
Current annual income from First Real Estate Investment Trust dividends. Estimated to be 9.01% next year.
If you bought SGD2,000 of First Real Estate Investment Trust shares you are expected to receive SGD176 in your first year as a dividend.
First Real Estate Investment Trust's pays a higher dividend yield than the bottom 25% of dividend payers in Singapore (2.51%).
First Real Estate Investment Trust's dividend is above the markets top 25% of dividend payers in Singapore (5.43%).
What portion of First Real Estate Investment Trust's earnings are paid to the shareholders as a dividend.
What is the CEO of First Real Estate Investment Trust's salary, the management and board of directors tenure and is there insider trading?
Mr. Tan Kok Mian, also known as Victor, has been the Acting Chief Executive Officer & Executive Director - Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited since 2017. Mr. Tan is a Chief Executive Officer of FIRST REIT. He served as Chief Financial Officer of Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited, Manager of First Real Estate Investment Trust. since July 28, 2008 until 2017. Mr. Tan served as Investor Relations Manager of Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited until April 7, 2017. He joined Bowsprit in April 2008 as Senior Finance Manager and was responsible for its financial operations. Prior to joining Bowsprit, he worked at Parkway Holdings Limited from 1997 to 2008. He joined Parkway Holdings as an Accountant in 1997 and was promoted to the position of Group Accountant and subsequently to Financial Controller. He serves as Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer of Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited, Manager of First Real Estate Investment Trust since May 19, 2017. His scope of work in Parkway included supervising the preparation of the financial accounts and handling accounting matters for the holding company as well as some of the subsidiary companies in the Parkway Group. During his tenure, he also assisted Parkway’s Chief Financial Officer in the preparation of the consolidated accounts for the Parkway Group. Mr. Tan graduated in 1997 with the professional qualification from the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants(ACCA).
Insufficient data for Victor to establish whether their remuneration is reasonable compared to companies of similar size in Singapore.
The average tenure for the First Real Estate Investment Trust board of directors is less than 3 years, this suggests a new board.
More shares have been bought than sold by First Real Estate Investment Trust insiders in the past 3 months, but not in substantial volumes.
First Real Estate Investment Trust has a total score of 0/6, this is not included on the snowflake, see the detailed checks below.
Can First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U) Continue To Outperform Its Industry?
During these times, companies such as First Real Estate Investment Trust and Bukit Sembawang Estates generate high dividend income to shareholders. … First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U) AW9U has an appealing dividend yield of 6.62% and has a payout ratio of 95.82% , with analysts expecting this ratio in three years to be 103.59%. … SGX:B61 Historical Dividend Yield Jul 30th 18 Parkway Life Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:C2PU) C2PU has a sumptuous dividend yield of 4.88% and pays 79.04% of it’s earnings as dividends , with the expected payout in three years being 97.91%.
These factors drive the profitability and cash flows of real estate companies, which in turn steer the dividend payout and yield for investors. … First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U) AW9U has a large dividend yield of 6.37% and is distributing 94.64% of earnings as dividends , with the expected payout in three years being 103.88%. … SGX:AW9U Historical Dividend Yield Jun 25th 18 Starhill Global Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:P40U) P40U has a sumptuous dividend yield of 7.57% and their current payout ratio is 97.15% , with analysts expecting a 99.69% payout in three years.
Should First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U) Be Part Of Your Dividend Portfolio?
First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U) has pleased shareholders over the past 10 years, paying out an average dividend of 9.00% annually. … The company currently pays out a dividend yield of 6.37% to shareholders, making it a relatively attractive dividend stock. … Let's take a look at First Real Estate Investment Trust in more detail.
First Real Estate Investment Trust is one of companies that can help grow your investment income by paying large dividends. … First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U) First Real Estate Investment Trust (“First REIT”) is a real estate investment trust constituted by the Trust Deed entered into on 19 October 2006 (subsequently amended by First Supplemental Deed dated 6 September 2007, Second Supplemental Deed dated 19 April 2010, Third Supplemental Deed dated 26 April 2011, Fourth Supplemental Deed dated 1 April 2013, First Amending and Restating Deed dated 23 March 2016 and Supplement Deed of Retirement and Appointment of Trustee dated 1 November 2017) between Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited as the Manager and Perpetual (Asia) Limited as the Trustee. … Continue research on First Real Estate Investment Trust here.
First Real Estate Investment Trust is a S$1.07B small-cap real estate investment trust (REIT) based in Singapore, Singapore. … See our latest analysis for First Real Estate Investment Trust REIT investors should be familiar with the term Fund from Operations (FFO) – a REIT’s main source of cash flow from its day-to-day business activities. … Next Steps: As a REIT, First Real Estate Investment Trust offers some unique characteristics which could help diversify your portfolio.
First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U) AW9U has a substantial dividend yield of 6.32% and the company has a payout ratio of 94.64% , with the expected payout in three years being 103.88%. … SGX:AW9U Historical Dividend Yield May 21st 18 Ascendas India Trust (SGX:CY6U) CY6U has an alluring dividend yield of 5.76% and pays 39.42% of it’s earnings as dividends , with analysts expecting the payout ratio in three years to be 88.13%. … SGX:CY6U Historical Dividend Yield May 21st 18 Starhill Global Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:P40U) P40U has an alluring dividend yield of 7.03% and distributes 97.15% of its earnings to shareholders as dividends , with the expected payout in three years being 99.50%.
First Real Estate Investment Trust is one of companies that can help grow your investment income by paying large dividends. … First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U) First Real Estate Investment Trust (“First REIT”) is a real estate investment trust constituted by the Trust Deed entered into on 19 October 2006 (subsequently amended by First Supplemental Deed dated 6 September 2007, Second Supplemental Deed dated 19 April 2010, Third Supplemental Deed dated 26 April 2011, Fourth Supplemental Deed dated 1 April 2013, First Amending and Restating Deed dated 23 March 2016 and Supplement Deed of Retirement and Appointment of Trustee dated 1 November 2017) between Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited as the Manager and Perpetual (Asia) Limited as the Trustee. … SGX:AW9U Historical Dividend Yield May 10th 18 Frasers Centrepoint Trust (SGX:J69U) Frasers Centrepoint Trust (“FCT”) is a leading developer-sponsored retail real estate investment trust.
See our latest analysis for First Real Estate Investment Trust 5 questions to ask before buying a dividend stock When assessing a stock as a potential addition to my dividend Portfolio, I look at these five areas: Is its annual yield among the top 25% of dividend-paying companies? … SGX:AW9U Historical Dividend Yield Apr 27th 18 Does First Real Estate Investment Trust pass our checks? … Next Steps: With these dividend metrics in mind, I definitely rank First Real Estate Investment Trust as a strong income stock, and is worth further research for anyone who considers dividends an important part of their portfolio strategy.
First Real Estate Investment Trust (SGX:AW9U): Ex-Dividend Is In 3 Days, Should You Buy?
See our latest analysis for First Real Estate Investment Trust How I analyze a dividend stock When assessing a stock as a potential addition to my dividend Portfolio, I look at these five areas: Is it the top 25% annual dividend yield payer? … SGX:AW9U Historical Dividend Yield Apr 19th 18 Does First Real Estate Investment Trust pass our checks? … Next Steps: Considering the dividend attributes we analyzed above, First Real Estate Investment Trust is definitely worth keeping an eye on for someone looking to build a dedicated income portfolio.
First Real Estate Investment Trust (“First REIT”) is a real estate investment trust constituted by the Trust Deed entered into on 19 October 2006 between Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited as the Manager and HSBC Institutional Trust Services (Singapore) Limited as the Trustee. First REIT was listed on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited on 11 December 2006. On 1 March 2018, HSBC Institutional Trust Services (Singapore) Limited retired as the Trustee of First REIT in favour of Perpetual (Asia) Limited. First REIT is Singapore’s first healthcare real estate investment trust that aims to invest in a diversified portfolio of income-producing real estate and / or real estate-related assets in Asia that are primarily used for healthcare and / or healthcare-related purposes. Managed by Bowsprit Capital Corporation Limited, First REIT’s portfolio consists of 20 properties located in Indonesia, Singapore and South Korea, namely 1) Siloam Hospitals Lippo Village, 2) Siloam Hospitals Kebon Jeruk, 3) Siloam Hospitals Surabaya, 4) Imperial Aryaduta Hotel & Country Club, 5) Mochtar Riady Comprehensive Cancer Centre, 6) Siloam Hospitals Lippo Cikarang, 7) Siloam Hospitals Manado & Hotel Aryaduta Manado, 8) Siloam Hospitals Makassar, 9) Siloam Hospitals Bali, 10) Siloam Hospitals TB Simatupang, 11) Siloam Hospitals Purwakarta, 12) Siloam Sriwijaya, 13) Siloam Hospitals Kupang & Lippo Plaza Kupang, 14) Siloam Hospitals Labuan Bajo, 15) Siloam Hospitals Buton & Lippo Plaza Buton 16) Siloam Hospitals Yogyakarta 17) Pacific Healthcare Nursing Home @ Bukit Merah, 18) Pacific Healthcare Nursing Home II @ Bukit Panjang, 19) The Lentor Residence and 20) Sarang Hospital. Its hospital assets in Indonesia are operated by PT Siloam International Hospitals Tbk, a subsidiary of PT Lippo Karawaci Tbk, a strong brand name in the Indonesian healthcare industry supported by a team of international healthcare professionals, whereas the Imperial Aryaduta Hotel & Country Club and Hotel Aryaduta Manado are operated by The Aryaduta Hotel & Resort Group. Lippo Plaza Kupang and Lippo Plaza Buton are managed by PT Lippo Malls Indonesia. In Singapore, the nursing homes at Bukit Merah and Bukit Panjang are operated by Pacific Healthcare Nursing Home Pte Ltd and Pacific Eldercare and Nursing Pte Ltd respectively. The Lentor Residence is operated by The Lentor Residence Pte Ltd, while Sarang Hospital in South Korea is managed by a private doctor. Through First REIT, investors can participate in an asset class that has a focus towards Asia’s growing healthcare sector, which is boosted by an increase in life expectancy in Indonesia and the rest of Pan- Asia.
First Real Estate Investment Trust employees. | 2019-04-18T19:01:55Z | https://simplywall.st/stocks/sg/real-estate/sgx-aw9u/first-real-estate-investment-trust-shares |
I used the following packages for this data venture.
The link to the data is shown below at the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
“M13” is the annual data: this figure is mixed with the monthly.
The data includes a linear model using ggplot.
Using a Linear Model, predict for years 2017, 2018, & 2019.
Somehow the prediction shows a dip from 2017 levelling through 2019.
As per above there is trend downward in the prediction. Yet current data is showing that the economy is reaching full employment.
Also, the error of this model is that date is in integer form which I assume is an error affecting the model. Per the summary of the prediction model, it shows a really bad r2 number so the prediction is probably not reliable.
I should have used a time series model, but for my first RMarkdown this is just learning.
I saw it, I said to myself. I am here. After being held up in Louisville due to mechanical issues and missing my flight in DC, I finally was here.
The afternoon I left for Europe, it was an easy-going day: I talked with Greg and the team before leaving at roughly noon. The talk was nice and it was about the lighter things.
I arrived at the airport early like a good traveler. The shuttle plane arrived late. The delay in Louisville caused me to miss my flight to Zurich. I was able to get to Washington DC a bit later in eventuality. In DC, I was booked on a flight, which I thought was to Frankfurt, but when I arrived at the gate, the flight was bound for Munich. How strange the situation it was.
I was already off target for my plans in Cologne.
Having survived my first trans-Atlantic, I arrived in the City of Monks (Munich). The old city’s airport gave me a glimpse of German industriousness with their sleek modern design exhibiting every surface of their airport. Everything smelled, felt, showed, and softly whispered: Europe. Or Germany in this case.
Though it was the only airport I was already getting acquainted with German ways. The workers at the airport shops were some quite different. They immediately spoke German, but were rather quick to change to a number of languages. Very stern and direct in their approach I felt a lesson on my shoulder creeping into me. The woman at the register barely looked at me and not a hint of a smile she asked me for a euro and a half. After a split second of hesitation to respond, she re-instructed in English. I poured out a bill of some amount of euros from my hand and wallet. The change came swift.
The flight to Cologne was quick but not quick enough. My anxiety was now becoming somewhat apparent. We touched down and all passengers shuffled down to the baggage claim. Cologne-Bonn Airport was a rather small airport no bigger than Louisville’s. It had a rustic nature to it, but charming with a less refined nature to it. At one time this airport must have been on the map for being the capital airport as Bonn was the former capital of the Federal Republic. Yet it was not as polished as Munich in its stature. It had a lot of charm and grit to it.
I followed everyone through the customs gate and came out looking for the train. I found it. I went down trying not to look as confused as the foreigner I was. There were many others using the set of automated ticket dispensers. Fathoming the instructions in English was difficult and my German was just not up to par to get through the instructions. I finally succeeded in figuring the fare out with sweat on my brow and a little embarrassment, which I self-contained.
The platform was down a long escalator from the airport terminal. It was a like a bunker hidden beneath the airport as if there was some need for it to be protected. The concrete channel was rather intimating and it gave me a feeling of claustrophobia. I looked around at other people, and then turned my attention to the signs. Some in English with no meaning that I can find and most in German with no more meaning than anything I knew thus far.
A man I assumed that was probably from Africa was along the platform trying to understand how to get somewhere by asking in a rather attention seeking manner. I looked around for reactions, but there were not many at all. Many looked like they had not noticed. A few people helped to explain to this man, but the man’s somewhat attention-seeking method may have been giving the locals some ire. I think he eventually got an explanation. Of course, I would have liked to help him but I was not in troubleshooting mood after the long and confusing travel I experienced.
I boarded the train. Hasty and a little awkward I found a spot near the door and nestled in.
I felt strange in the train. I was looking around and watching all the scenes pass me by. The first thing I noticed was the graffiti on many of the flat vertical surfaces. Even on the somewhat old walls and structures there was hardly a surface not kissed by the artificial colors of a spray can. Rather different than in the US where we find that only these art forms on inner city areas abandoned and left for no one else to see. The art was in full view of everyone and it was in the most obvious places.
Then, the train came to slow and began a slow stride with a jerk. I had a qualm come across me that I had not felt in a while. Something climatic was about to happen: we crossed the Rhine.
The bridge showed the historic rust of brown and rouge with the addition of the graffiti. I saw the locks of lovers hung along the pedestrian walkway’s fence on the bridge as I had read somewhere one would see this. The water beyond all this was blue with a little tainting from modernity of brown. It was a river, but not a strong or weak one: I felt like it was saying something. If I imagined what it would say, I think she would say: “I am here, and so are you. You are not the first nor the last to cross me.” I crossed the Rhine with the least amount of attention, but there was something special here now in me.
Rivers and large bodies of water affected me somehow. The Ohio River seemed so magical every time I crossed it. Crossing the Pacific Ocean had a similar effect, but not since traversing the Shikoku inlet to Osaka on the ferry had I felt this way before. The ferry ride on the Himawari (or Sunflower) was epic every time: the bridges and the lights along the channel were amazing on a giant ferry. Seeing the fishing boats and other vessels traversing next to the giant machine was belittling with the wind and spray off the ocean. This strange feeling was the reminder of how small I am compared to the world and the universe. The World was moving and its machinations were constant and not receptive to the small trivial humans within it.
The Rhine is an old river and the history of her had been pivotal for European civilization. Why, of course, had Cologne existed at all without her? The Rhine has its place in history along with the Danube. The Western Civilization can find itself here. Perhaps this was part of my journey here and why I was pulled to come here. Germany (Deuschland in its people) has contributed – as well as continues – to world civilization. Weber, Freud, Kant, Marx, Hilbert, Wagoner, Nietzsche, Goethe and the others of Germanic descent gave things I think the world might not never had without those hard thinkers.
The platform of the Cologne Central Station was old but updated. Some photos I have seen from the older times still guide to the station’s originality. So down the tunnel of people I walked. I was confused; I went down a lesser-used exit. I found an exit and walked out to, a Starbucks. Then I walked further and before I could to search for it, the Dom (Cathedral) appeared before me.
Like seeing a dragon rising before me I saw 500 years of awe and antiquity before my eyes. I got goose bumps trying to fathom what was in my eyes. The towers were so high from my point of view that it was bewildering how humans could have possibly made this structure happen. The dark grey coloring on the walls spoke the time and its occurrence on this area. I stood and stared at this structure straining my neck just to see all of it. The thought reminded of seeing the giant wooden temple in Nara, Japan where the giant golden Buddha is held. The intricate designs and just the size does not allow words to explain properly.
The Dom was so distinctly large from what I had seen before that it took me back to the castles and dragons I remember fantasizing about when I was a child. The people around the area awing as I was, made the scale apparent: it was beyond large. I was accustomed to large, but this was different in its appearance and nature like seeing a dragon for the first time. For instance if a dragon was real, it would shock reality into anyone. Football stadiums and skyscrapers did not have the same effect on me.
People were everywhere in the square. They sat before the Cathedral on the steps from the train station. The variety of people standing and watching was stark: Muslims, Chinese, Caucasians, darker skinned people, and fairer skinned people. I had not quite the same feeling as I did when I was in college when I saw many different in a Japanese setting. Yet it caused me to pause and consider where I was: Europe. This was the Europe and nothing of it could prepare someone who had been living in small town outside a big city. I was treading waters that I had never felt before. Canada, nor California, nor Kansai were like this.
I decided to use Facebook to check-in. I did it passively; I did it to milestone this point in time. That did not matter so much I thought though.
I stood there thinking about being in the moment for a while before getting through my next task: finding the apartment I was to stay for the next two nights. I smoked my cigarette looking at the main entrance and all around. I remember watching Tageschau a few months previously and I watched a report on a sexual assaults (by immigrants and refugees of Middle Eastern origin) in the very area I was standing. This was winter when that happened, and now it is May. I was watching that newscast replay in my mind and listening without much understanding of sexual assault victims. I think those events were unfortunate and repulsive. Yet I find myself feeling like I was standing in a battle after all the blood was washed away. I kept those thoughts as well as the feeling of exhaustion and gladness for having arrived.
But I am here. That mattered to me in the moment.
Tomorrow I have an appointment with the unemployment office. I assume it is to interview that I am actually searching for work and I am not just sucking the resources of the state while I do nothing. I think the wording in the actual email was slightly different but that was the feeling I am coming away with.
The holidays make this especially hard to search for a job. So for a week I had the luxury of not having people call asking me to apply for jobs that I am either not interested or are far out of my location that it would be a difficult move to make.
I am placing a lot of my hopes on a certain job mainly because it is fresh company to the area with a young company culture and exciting product lines. They are European, which is a new market I would like to explore.
I have experience in the Tier 2 level of American automakers in addition to my experience with Toyota as Tier 1 supplier. But Europe is a new idea and I do not much about European automakers and their quality. Perhaps that is a good thing in that I do not know that they have much knowledge on their quality except for the Volkswagen emissions fraud. Other than that, I do not know anyone who has a German car except for my relatives and friends in Europe.
Other than that, I have limited prospects. Other opportunities are in places I would not go even only driving through on the way to some other destination. One job prospect is in the middle of Tennessee. Others are in Michigan and northern Indiana.
I just hope that this opportunity pans out and I can get back to earning a living rather than living off unemployment insurance. I would rather have fill from my hard work than a hand-out. While I take the hand-out graciously, I feel that it is not deserved. I never wanted to leave my job and I am still confused as to why I had to. Perhaps that is another post for another day.
So yesterday I was at my favorite cafe doing my thing: learning German, reading my book, and just people watching like the person.
I had to sit at the bar, which is a three-seat section near the barista station where all the drinks are distributed. The cafe was somewhat crowded and I was forced to choose this area since all the areas were either barely filled by other people.
So I sat at the end of this row of three watching the baristas make and hand-out drinks. I placed my bag on the chair next to me as I sat myself. These were bar-stools: they were high enough that placing my bag on the floor would be cumbersome to get off the ground. I thought to myself that this would not be an issue since if the cafe had become so full I would just place my bag on the floor to sit in the remaining two stools.
I watched for people in need of both chairs: a woman who sat while she waited for her drink at the end stool. Another person hovered around the stool later but never sat.
Then a couple floated to the area with some food bought from the cafe and appeared to wait for their drink. The woman of this couple sat in the stool at the end while a man hovered around while looking at his phone. I tried to make eye contact with them, but I was confused whether they were going to stay or leave. The woman was walking here and there, and the man just seemed like he didn’t know what she was going to do next. The man’s body language was communicating to me that he was disaffected by the environment.
After a minute or so, I looked up again to find that they were still there and the woman now sat in the chair. The man not facing me or the woman not paying attention to my attempts at eye contact showed now that they were staying. I looked at them again to see if I could get any communication on their intentions, but could not in the end. Seeing that the effort was not worth anymore at this point than just placing my bag on the floor, I removed my bag from the stool and lowered it lightly to the floor to the corner next to me.
I went back to my task at hand.
Surprisingly, in the next moment I heard and saw the stool moving away from my side as I had kept it close since my bag had previously been keeping it. The man pulled the chair and sat facing away from me toward his female companion. His shoulders were a wide expanse like the Wall of Jericho while his head hunched down to his phone. I heard murmurs from beyond the wall, but nothing toward me. I was not at all within their thoughts.
I did not receive any gesture of acknowledgement of my actions. Not that I wanted it, but regular politeness would have afforded me something. I am not upset by this, but it got me wondering about these things of politeness and in other ways, moral obligation. This is supposed to be upsetting to a degree, but in a way I feel that this all but common and useless to ponder. Yet to some extent I feel that this could be how the real world and how to improve it.
How can we communicate when we cannot communicate? It is a timeless conundrum, and I felt I did the best I could to create some trust.
I see it from this man and woman’s side of the equation where it was a public establishment and because there was an opportunity I should not be wasting them the opportunity to be seated. On the other hand, from my point of view, I had allowed them opportunity with effort: I could have ignored them and just assumed they were intending on staying.
I felt like I knew that man (and woman) somehow in their thinking that perhaps there is a sense of entitlement. There is some of them in me when I think about it, and despite whether I am right or wrong I would like to improve the world.
Because Waterfront Wednesday is an event I look forward to, I timed the rain end to my departure from my apartment correctly. It was storming with thunder, lightning and gusts of wind that it seemed to be a bad idea to leave the safety of my home, but I already decided that life is too short.
The awkwardness of the meeting at the flagpole under the walk-bridge was not as bad as I had thought it to be. There was David and another and another guy. Another guy and another guy were too shy to say ‘hi’ or make eye contact with me.
Lance showed up out of nowhere in particular, or Jasper, Indiana. He was a lanky forty-one year old that could barely look me in the eye, but his eyes were blue and had a lot of nervous energy. Lance talked with pauses that showed how he gathered his thoughts as if trying excessively to pick good words from his mind. His disjointed speech was rather tiresome as you can almost expect the next words to come out of his mouth. There was some naivety mixed with partial self-confidence about Lance, like a book smart child trying to explain her idealism about the real world. He felt like a mix of Sheldon Cooper and Leonard Hofstedder from the “Big Bang Theory”.
After meeting Lance and David, it felt that I had gone into the “alpha-male” trance: every time I feel bored with other males around I feel the need to take the reigns and be decisive and become the leader.
The third act was in mid-set. Coco and Ming left. A bunch of other guys were left, but I didn’t feel the need to talk to them and it felt mutual. Ivan finished eating all the food. Kim disappeared without much of a trace.
Lance wanted to walk down to the river and take a look around. Ivan and I thought it might be nice to check it out. The short walk through a sea of people was a journey though it felt like the sea parted a bit. Many kids and other adults were at the water’s edge hanging out and some were drinking.
We were talking a bit and looking around. I noticed out of the corner of my eye a person approaching a breach of our personal space. It was dark so I could not distinguish much about her other than she was thin, wearing a blouse of dark color, and perhaps brunette or blonde. This girl had a cup in her hand. Her movement indicated inebriation. She made some greeting and began small-talk. When she seemed nervous, so I called her out on it and asked, “Are you talking to us on a dare?” Immediately she began targeting Lance, and by targeting, I mean that something was not right at all by this situation in that she was asking him to do something. She picked off Lance to where Ivan or I could not hear what she was saying to him.
The gist of it was that she wanted Lance to talk to an older lady who was probably closer in age to him than Ivan or me. The reason was not clear, and I am not so sure about the justification for her request. Lance was all too quick to do this for this girl and immediately struck up a conversation with the older lady. I heard them talking as it was rather inaudible as the music continued nearby. But the conversation ended rather abruptly and quickly. Ivan and I turned around and found this lady storming off like she had been offended by either someone’s words or an odor.
I didn’t see much of the older lady Lance approached, but my instincts implied to me that she was in her forty’s, single and never-married, and had extremely low self-confidence.
The girl that approached Lance scurried off back to her friends. I found it rather unnerving so the alpha-male, or more likely, the avenger in me sent out the “What the Hell?!” body posture of throwing up my arms beaming in their direction. Four girls about 20 – 30 years old lumbered over and made awkward impressions. They were pretty as far as I could tell, but rather immature. These four were drinking and they were a bit weird in their presentation to us. I could not get straight answers when I asked them questions. I couldn’t fathom their motives so I began to phase away the conversation.
Lance however seemed intrigued by these four even though the flags were all red. Somehow, Lance decided to ask the girl who had approached us initially for her phone number, but I couldn’t believe that it was going to be a legitimate number or whether these girls were virtuous enough to give a response.
I pulled out and began being facetious with one of the girls I was able to talk to. All instincts were point toward that someone, Lance, was going to be heartbroken. These girls appeared to be having fun at someone’s else expense. | 2019-04-19T22:41:36Z | https://stochastican.wordpress.com/ |
We believe that all Scripture, the Old and New Testament, is the only inerrant inspired Word of God, written by holy men of God as they were moved by the Holy Spirit (2 Timothy 3:16-17; 2 Peter 1:21). It reveals the will of God to man (1 Corinthians 2:9-12). It is the truth (John 17:17; 1 Thessalonians 2:13; 2 Timothy 2:15). The Gospel is the power of God unto salvation to everyone that believeth (Romans 1:16; 2 Timothy 3:15), and all Scripture is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction in righteousness: that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works (2 Timothy 3:16-17). It is the guide to eternal bliss (Titus 3:4–7; Galatians 4:7).
We believe in only one living and true God as the infinite, perfect, and eternal Spirit, in whom all things have their source, support, and end (Isaiah 45:21; Ephesians 4:6; Genesis 1:1; Acts 17:28; Hebrews 11:3; Luke 24:39; Colossians 1:15; Psalms 90:2; 1 Timothy 6:16).
We believe in God as omniscient (Hebrews 4:13; Acts 15:18); omnipresent (Psalms 139:7; Jeremiah 23:24; Amos 9:2-3); omnipotent (Jeremiah 10:12-13; Genesis 1:1, 26, Genesis 35:11); Creator (Genesis 1:1, 26; John 1:1-3); Sustainer (Colossians 1:15-17; Psalms 75:6-7; 104:27-30; Hebrews 1:3; Matthew 10:29-30; Genesis 39:21; Genesis 50:20; Daniel 1:9); immutable in His being, holiness, justice, love, and truth (Malachai 3:6; Isaiah 6:3; 1 John 4:8; James 1:17); eternal (Psalms 90:2; Psalms 102:24-27; Hebrews 1:12).
We believe in Jesus Christ as the eternal Son of God. The Son is from eternity the only begotten of the Father. Being conceived of the Holy Spirit He was born man of the virgin Mary (John 3:16; Hebrews 1:5-10; Luke 1:35; Matthew 1:18-25), in order to fulfill the purpose of God from the foundation of the world to redeem us from eternal curse and bring about our eternal salvation by making full atonement for our sins through His vicarious suffering and death on the cross of Calvary (John 1:14, 29; Mark 10:45; Hebrews 10:10-14; 1 Peter 1:18-29; Isaiah 53: 4-6). He took upon Himself the likeness of sinful flesh (Hebrews 2:14), thus being true God and also perfect man (1 John 3:5; 1 Timothy 2:5), being made in all things like as we are, yet without sin (Hebrews 4:15).
He rose triumphantly from the grave the third day and ascended into heaven, and is now at the right hand of God interceding in our behalf; from whence He shall come again in visible form to judge the living and the dead and to establish His rule as Lord of lords and King of kings (John 20-21; Acts 1:9-11; 2 Timothy 4:1; 1 Timothy 6:15; John 5:22-29; Matthew 25:31 ff).
We believe that the Holy Spirit is the third person in the Godhead and proceedeth from the Father through the Son (John 15:26). He took part in the creation of the universe (Genesis 1:2; Job 33:4; Psalms 33:6). He directed God’s servants in revealing the will of God to mankind (1 Peter 1:10-11). He is the author of the Scriptures (2 Peter 1:20-21; Revelation 2-3). At Pentecost He was poured out upon all man (Acts 2:17-18). In this age of grace He reproves the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment (John 16:8-11). He restrains the progress of evil until God's purposes are accomplished (2 Thessalonians 2:7). He regenerates the penitent soul (John 3:3, 5), lives in the body of the believer, which is the temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 3:16; 1 Corinthians 6:19), gives the believer the assurance of salvation (Romans 8:16), comforts, (John 14:16-17), teaches, and brings to his remembrance the proper Scripture verses in witnessing (John 14:26); and guides the believer into all truth (John 16:13). He will sanctify the believer (2 Thessalonians 2:13), and empower him for life and service (Ephesians 3:16; 1 Corinthians 2:1-4), and will quicken his mortal body (Romans 8:11).
God, who is one with respect to His essence, is three with respect to the modes or distinctions of His being.
We believe that Satan is a real supernatural personality, a fallen angel of great power, cunning, and wicked, the enemy of God and of all good, seeking the destruction of Christ and the eternal ruin of every soul (Mark 1:13; John 13:2; Matthew 13:19, 39); but is limited in the scope of his power by God (Job 1:12; Job 2:1-6; Luke 22:31f; 1 Corinthians 10:13).
Satan introduced sin into this world, when he by his subtlety brought about the transgression and fall of our first parents (Genesis 3:1–15). Since then he and the host of fallen angels and evil spirits under his control dominate the present world system deceiving mankind, obstructing the course of the Gospel, blinding the minds of the unbelieving (Ephesians 6:11-12; Ephesians 2:2; 2 Corinthians 4:4; 1 John 5:19 R.V.).
His present abode is “in the air,” “in the heavenly places” (Ephesians 6:12 R.V.); yet the earth is the special field of his awful activity, where he works disguised as an angel of light or roams about as a roaring lion (2 Corinthians 11:14f; 1 Peter 5:8).
Christ by His death on the cross defeated and judged Satan and stripped him of his power over death (Col. 2:15; John 12:31; 16:11; Heb. 2:14; I Cor. 15:54–56) and secured victory for the believer over all the wiles of the devil (1 John 4:4; Ephesians 6:11-13; 1 John 5:4-5; 1 Corinthians 15:57; James 4:7).
He is doomed first to be cast from his present abode, then at Christ’s second coming to be bound a thousand years, and finally to be cast into the lake of fire where he and his angels shall be tormented forever and ever (Matthew 25:41; Revelation 20:10).
We believe in the existence of a higher order of created, yet spiritual beings between God and man frequently known as ministering spirits, or messengers of God, but more frequently known as angels. These are superior to man but inferior to God (Matthew 13:41; 18:10; Mark 13:32; 1 Peter 3:22; Hebrews 12:22; Colossians 1:16; Psalms 104:4; John 5:4; 1 Corinthians 4:9).
Though “spirits,” yet they have appeared in visible form as ministers through whom God’s power was manifested (Judges 6:11-22; Luke 1:26; John 20:12; Isaiah 37:36; Revelation 20:2-10; Genesis 19:1-26; Hebrews 1:14).
Angels announced the birth of Jesus (Luke 1:28-35); an angel appeared to the shepherds (Luke 2:9-13); legions of angels were ready to help Jesus (Matthew 26:53); angels ministered to Jesus after His temptation (Matthew 4:11); an angel strengthened Him after the agony in Gethsemane (Luke 22:43); angels were associated with His resurrection (Matthew 28:2-7); attended His ascension (Acts 1:10-11); and will also be associated with His return (1 Thessalonians 4:16; 2 Thessalonians 1:7).
Angels assist God in executing judgments upon the earth (Isaiah 37:36; 2 Samuel 24:16-17; Genesis 19:13-15; Revelation 9:1-5; Revelation 19:17).
They are ministering spirits sent forth to minister for them who shall be heirs of salvation (Hebrews 1:14); they guard, defend, and deliver God's people (2 Kings 6:17; Psalms 34:7; Acts 5:19; Acts 12:7-11); cheer and strengthen them (Acts 5:19,20); guide the worker to the sinner (Acts 10:3); guard the children, beholding the face of the Father for them (Matthew 18:10); they are eyewitnesses of the church and the believer (1 Timothy 5:21; 1 Corinthians 4:9); and receive the departing saints (Luke 16:22).
We believe that by an immediate act of God, man was created in His image (Genesis 1:26-27); possessing righteousness, holiness, and wisdom (Ephesians 4:24; Colossians 3:10), for the purpose that man should be the object of His love, to praise and glorify Him (Ephesians 1:4-6), to replenish the earth with God-fearing people, and to subdue and have dominion over the earth and all animate creatures upon it (Genesis 1:26- 28; Genesis 9:1, 2).
We believe that man was subjected to trial in the garden of Eden (Genesis 2:15-17), and voluntarily and consciously transgressed God’s command (Genesis 3:1-3,6), and so fell from his holy estate (Genesis 3:16-19; Genesis 2:16, 17). Thus man became alienated from God (Genesis 3:7-13; Ephesians 4:18; Colossians 1:21), and became physically, morally, and spiritually depraved (Romans 1:19-32). As a result of the fall sin was imputed upon the entire human race (Romans 5:12; 1 Corinthians 2:14). Man’s heart, being desperately wicked (Jeremiah 17:9-10), leads to acts of sin in his life and finally to just condemnation (Romans 5:18).
We believe that God as the Sovereign Ruler must punish sin (Romans 6:23). Christ, the Son of God, voluntarily (John 10:17-18) offered Himself on the cross as the perfect sacrifice for sin, the just suffering for the unjust, bearing sin’s curse, and tasting death for every man (John 1:29; Hebrews 9:11-12; 1 Timothy 2:5-6; 2 Corinthians 5:21; Galatians 3:13). Nothing prevents the salvation of the greatest sinner on earth but his own stubborn will, his voluntary rejection of Jesus Christ as substitute for penalty (John 3:14-16; John 3:36; Acts 16:31).
Every person will be raised up. The saved unto life everlasting; the unsaved to eternal condemnation (John 5:28, 29).
We believe that repentance is a prerequisite to regeneration (Acts 17:30; 2 Peter 3:9). It manifests itself in the godly sorrow for sin, i.e., in the forsaking of sin and in turning to God (Isaiah 55:7; 1 Thessalonians 1:9). It is wrought by the convicting power of the Holy Spirit. An illustration of pure repentance is found in the prodigal son (Luke 15:11-24). True repentance, coupled with faith, will result in forgiveness of sins (Acts 3:19).
Faith is fundamental to salvation and Christian conduct (Gen. 15:6). “Faith is the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen” (Hebrews 11:1). Jesus Christ is the author and finisher of our faith (Hebrews 12:2). Only faith in Jesus Christ and his work of atonement on the cross saves from eternal condemnation (John 1:12; John 3:16). Faith, being both the gift of God and act of man (Ephesians 2:8), is based on the Word of God (John 20:30-31), giving assent to the truth, embracing and appropriating Christ as his Lord and Saviour (John 20:25-29), and then worshiping Him (John 4:20-24).
Regeneration is the impartation of a new and divine life, a new creation; not the old nature altered or re-invigorated, but a new birth from above (John 3:3-8; Ephesians 2:10; 2 Corinthians 5:17). We are made partakers of the divine nature (2 Peter 1:4). A new governing power comes into the regenerated man's life, by which he is enabled to become holy in character and conduct: "Old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new" (2 Corinthians 5:17; 1 John 5:11-12, 20).
As regeneration has to do with the change of the believer’s nature, so justification has to do with the change from guilt and condemnation to acquittal and acceptance. We have become justified through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus (Romans 3:24), and by the faith of Jesus Christ (Galatians 2:16; Romans 5:1). Therefore, being justified by faith, forgiveness of sin (Ephesians 1:7) is imparted to the believer, and he is fully restored to God’s favor and receives access to all of God’s graces (Romans 5:1-2).
Regeneration begins a new life in the soul; justification deals with the new relationship of that soul to God; and adoption admits that soul into the family of God with filial joy. Adoption deals with the position the soul holds as a child of God. It is the present position of the believer (1 John 3:2; Galatians 3:26). The complete revelation of our position as a child of God is future (1 John 3:1-3; Colossians 3:3-4).
Sanctification has to do with our character and conduct in our Christian life. Justification is what God does for us, while sanctification is what God does in us. Sanctification exhibits the fruit of our relationship to God and manifests itself in a cordial love to the brethren and fellowmen (Galatians 5:22-23). Sanctification may be viewed as instantaneous, progressive, and complete. The believer is sanctified at the time of regeneration; that is, he is set aside for the service of God (1 Corinthians 6:11; Hebrews 10:10,14). The believer will mortify the deeds of the body (Romans 8:13; Colossians 3:1-9) and “put on the new man which is renewed in the knowledge after the image of Him that created him” (Colossians 3:10-17; Ephesians 4:22-24), and God will sanctify him wholly unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ (1 Thessalonians 5:23,24).
Prayer is the Christian’s vital breath. It is the pouring out of the heart to God (Psalms 42:4; Psalms 62:8). It is God’s appointed method for man to obtain what He has to bestow (Matthew 7:7-11). It is but the natural way of a child to commune with his father. The possibility to communicate with God, our heavenly Father, was brought about through the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ (Hebrews 10:19-22), and with the help of the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:26) prayer is the means of appropriating the promises of the Bible.
1.The Church as an organism includes all regenerate believers gathered out of the world between the first and second advents of Christ, while as an organization it includes believers united for the service of Christ in any given assembly.
2.The local visible church is an institution of divine appointment and is composed of professed, baptized believers in Christ; voluntarily joined together and meeting at stated times to worship, to fellowship, to observe ordinances, and when necessary to administer and accept discipline.
We believe in the personal, visible, imminent, premillenial return of Christ (Acts 1:11; John 14:3; Titus 2:13; Revelation 1:7; Revelation 5:9-10; Revelation 20:4-6). As the first coming covers a period of events, so also His second coming covers a period of events, such as the rapture (1 Thessalonians 4:13-17; 1 Corinthians 15:50-52), the great tribulation (Matthew 24:21; 2 Thessalonians 2:3-10), the revelation of Christ at the end of the great tribulation period (Matthew 24:29-31), the Millennium Age (Revelation 20:1-9), and The Great White Throne judgment (Revelation 20:10-15). The day nor the hour of the beginning of Christ’s second coming no one knows (Matthew 24:36-42), but we can know when it is near at hand (1 Timothy 4:1:1–3; 2 Timothy 3:1–5; James 5:1:1–9; Matthew 24:24; 24:32:1-34). This hope of the Second Coming of Christ to receive His own (1 Thessalonians 4:13-17) is a purifying element in the life of the believer (1 John 3:3), and a warning to the unbeliever (Matthew 24:42; 2 Peter 3:10).
We believe in the bodily resurrection of the just and the unjust (John 5:28-29; 1 Corinthians 15:22) to receive the things done in the body (2 Corinthians 5:10; Revelation 20:12). The believer’s body shall be fashioned like unto His glorious body (Philippians 3:21), but there is no description of the body of the unbeliever.
The believer's works will be judged according to his deeds here upon earth (1 Corinthians. 3:11-15; 2 Corinthians 5:10; Revelation 22:12). He will receive rewards or crowns for his service (1 Corinthians 9:25; 1 Thessalonians 2:19; 2 Timothy 4:8; James 1:12; 1 Peter 5:4; Revelation 3:11; 4:4). The unbeliever's wage for sin is death (Romans 6:23), and in the end will be judged according to his works (Revelation 20:11-15).
a. The wicked after death will be in torment (Luke 16:23) until the final judgment at the Great White Throne when he will be eternally separated from God and cast into the lake of fire or more commonly known as everlasting hell (Matthew 25:41; John 3:36; Revelation 20:14-15).
b. The final state of the believer is far better than this present life in the body (Philippians 1:23; 1 John 3:2; Revelation 14:13); his final and eternal home is in heaven, the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21-22:5).
An ordinance is a symbolic observance which by the specific command of Christ is to be ministered in the church, thereby setting forth the central truths of the Christian faith. It is of a universal and perpetual obligation.
a. Water baptism expresses the experience of regeneration and union with Christ (Acts 8:36-39); it is a public testimony of the inner experience preceding church membership (Acts 2:38, 41, 47; Mark 16:16); it is to be administered to believers only (Acts 8:37; 16:30-34; 18:8).
b. Water baptism has no saving or cleansing merits, but is rather an act of obedience demonstrating the new relationship with Christ. Infant baptism cannot be recognized as valid according to Scripture (Mark 16:16; Acts 8:12; 18:8).
c. While the Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches practice the immersion mode of baptism, other modes are recognized as valid providing salvation preceded baptism.
a. The Lord's Supper is an ordinance, instituted by Christ in the night of betrayal, to be observed frequently (in our Fellowship at least four times a year) by believers until he returns.
b. The consecrated emblems consist of bread symbolizing Christ's broken body, and the fruit of the vine as a symbol of His shed blood (1 Corinthians 11:23-29). The observance of this ordinance is to be preceded by honest self-examination.
c. There is no salvation element in this ordinance; it rather serves as a reminder of Christ's vicarious atonement (I Peter 3:18), and our continued dependence upon Him.
d. The communion table is open to all believers who practice consistent Christian living.
The Christian home is recognized as essential for the nation in upholding the social, political and spiritual integrity of the country. The Christian family should observe closely the Biblical teaching regarding the home. Grace at every table, daily family altar, hospitality to friends and strangers, profitable leisure time and reasonable working hours, and regular church attendance should be the unfluctuating standard of every Christian home.
a. We believe that marriage is a sacred institution, ordained of God, and is a lifelong union of one husband and one wife to be entered into with an attitude of godly reverence and wisdom, love and purity (Genesis 1:27; 2:18, 24; Proverbs 18:22; Matthew 19:4-6).
b. We believe that it is unscriptural for a believer to unite with an unbeliever in the bond of matrimony (Deuteronomy 7:2-4; Nehemiah 13:25–27). Consequently, social friendships with unbelievers inclined to lead toward courtship and marriage should be discouraged.
c. Ministers are forbidden to officiate at the marriage of a believer with an unbeliever, and cautioned against officiating at marriages of questionable social, moral or mixed relationships.
d. Weddings, and all activities connected therewith, shall be planned and conducted with simplicity and dignity in keeping with a Christian testimony.
a. Historically our Fellowship has held the view that the marital relationship is an indissoluble union of husband and wife. Therefore, to that end, divorce should not be as much as anticipated among believers (Genesis 2:1-8, 21-23; Matthew 19:3-9), and neither divorced party should marry another as long as both live (Mark 10:11-12; 5:32; 1 Corinthians 6:16).
b. However, Evangelical Christianity, including some of our Fellowship churches and pastors, is not united on the question of divorce and remarriage. There are those who would grant a divorce on the ground of fornication (Matthew 5:31:1–21; 19:9), or desertion by an unbelieving spouse (1 Corinthians 7:15), and not stand in the way of remarriage while both divorcees live. Because of these differences of interpretation, the Pastor will be asked to follow the constitution of the local church of which he serves in regards to divorce and remarriage.
c. Separation without divorce is recognized but deprecated in Scriptures (1 Corinthians 7:10-16).
d. Remarriage after death of either husband or wife has biblical sanction (1 Corinthians 7:39; Romans 7:2-3).
We believe that Christ’s resurrection on the first day of the week makes Sunday the logical day for corporate worship, as it was practiced in the early church (Acts 20:7). However, we recognize that no single day of the week has been consecrated by God (Romans 14:5-6; Colossians 2:16), and that corporate worship can rightly be practiced on any day. The central exhortation of the New Testament is that believers do regularly assemble together (Hebrews 10:24–25) for worship and encouragement and one day in the divine cycle of seven be devoted for this purpose.
We believe that man is created in the image and similitude of God (James 3:9; Ephesians 2:24; Genesis 1:26). A Christian, therefore, should be willing to walk in all simplicity and humility, love and unity, honesty and purity. Discretion should be used in regards to appearance and dress. Believers should glorify God in all things (Romans 12:1–2; 1 Timothy 2:8–10; 4:12; 1 Peter 3:1–16; Colossians 3:1–14; Ephesians 4:1–7; Romans 12:9:1–12; 1 Corinthians 11:1–16; Deuteronomy 22:5).
We believe and teach that God is the possessor and Sustainer of everything (Haggai 2:8; Psalms 24:1; Colossians 1:16:1–17). The Bible clearly teaches systematic and proportionate giving (1 Corinthians 16:1-2; 2 Corinthians 9:7–8). To give the tithe and beyond the tithe has the promise of God’s blessing (Malachai 3:10; Luke 6:38; 2 Corinthians 9:6, 10). The Christian is also steward over that which he retains as well as his time and talents (Matthew 35:14-30; Ephesians 5:16; Colossians 4:5).
We believe that it is scriptural to dedicate children to the Lord (1 Samuel 1:28; Matthew 19:13-16; Luke 18:15–17) by the setting apart and prayer at a public meeting where parents make voluntary declaration of their willingness to submit their children to the Lord for whatever ministry He would choose for them.
We believe the New Testament use of “tongues” was an Apostolic sign gift to proclaim the “mighty works of God to Jews out of every nation under heaven” in their own language (1 Corinthians14:20–22; Acts 2:5–21; Joel 2:26-32). The Holy Spirit’s purpose in causing tongues was to authenticate those specially appointed representatives of Christ, that is, the Apostles. Tongues speaking was a sign of His presence and ministry for the purpose of validating the Apostolic message before it was inscripturated. The purpose of Biblical tongues limits them to the Apostolic age. In light of historical and grammatical interpretation of Scripture, we believe the gift of tongues as emphasized by the present day charismatic movement is not a valid gift for the church today and should not be tolerated in the church (1 Corinthians 13:8-10; Ephesians 2:19-20).
We believe that civil government is ordained of God for the punishment of evil doers, for the protection of the good, and to justly direct the interaction of society (Romans 13:1-7; Exodus 18:21-23). We, therefore, consider it our duty to pray for our rulers and magistrates (1 Timothy 2:1-3), and to be submissive and obedient to their authority except in things which militate against the supreme law and will of our Lord Jesus Christ (Titus 3:1; 1 Peter 3:13-14; Acts 4:19; 5:29; Matthew 23:10; Revelation 19:16; Romans 14:9-13).
We believe our children and youth are a God-given heritage and the Bible teaches parental responsibility for their education. Whether children attend public, private or home schools, parents must be discerning about the teaching their children receive. The quality of these schools rests largely upon the parents and teachers. Educational convictions should be guided by scriptural principles. We should seek to protect quality education which respects Christian conscience and conviction.
We believe that the Scriptures clearly indicate that believers are to be honest, trustworthy people, whose “yes” is “yes” and whose “no” is “no” (Matthew 5:37; James 5:12). Therefore, any oath in a court of law should be unnecessary in order to affirm our words, yet the taking of such an oath is not an act of sin. However, the scriptures do teach that it is a sin to use the name of the Lord irreverently (Exodus 21:7).
We believe that all secret orders are contrary to the teaching of the Scriptures. There is nothing belonging to Christianity of which the followers of Christ need to be ashamed or want to conceal to men. Therefore, under no circumstances should members be allowed to hold membership in any secret organization. (John 3:18-20; Ephesians 5:11-12; 2 Corinthians 6:14-18), neither shall any such person be received into church membership.
The Scriptures teach to “Follow peace with all men” (Hebrews 12:14), to be inoffensive (Ephesians 4:3; Romans 12:8), not to seek revenge or recompense evil for evil of those who do us evil (Romans 12:17-21), and particularly forbids going to law with a believer before unbelievers (1 Corinthians 6:1-8; Matthew 5:25).
a. We believe that God has called us to live peaceably with all men, to overcome evil with good, and to walk worthy of our vocation (2 Corinthians 10:3-4; 1 Thessalonians 5:15; 1 Peter 2:21- 23; John 15:12; Galatians 5:3-15; 1 Peter 3:8-9; 1 John 3:15, 23).
b. The historic position of the Fellowship of Evangelical Bible Churches has been to oppose the bearing of arms in warfare and the development of strife between nations, classes, groups, or individuals.
c. Our churches, however, respect the right of individual conviction and recognize that various positions will be taken on war and military service. We support our youth who because of faith and conscience accept exemptions or alternatives to combat service. We also support youth in military service by encouraging them to exert a positive testimony for Christ.
d. We believe that the proper expression of Christian love and discipleship is by a daily manifestation of a meek spirit. We believe that it is necessary in daily living to return evil with good and not evil for evil. The position of non-resistance is as important in daily contacts with people as it is in any national or international crisis.
e. We also believe that the taking of a non-resistant position, and the registering of the same with our government, shall be a matter of personal conscience and conviction.
The "Articles of Faith" date from about 1950 when an earlier version was slightly revised and approved by the delegate body at Dallas, Oregon. The "Ordinances and Practices" has a later date.
The poem "O That Will Be Glory" included between the "Articles" and the "Ordinances" is the first verse of the hymn by Charles Hutchinson Gabriel (1856-1932) written in 1906.
This page was last modified on 24 March 2016, at 19:47. | 2019-04-25T14:21:47Z | https://anabaptistwiki.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Fellowship_of_Evangelical_Bible_Churches_Articles_of_Faith_(1950) |
This entry was posted in Uncategorised and tagged affiliate revenue, banner advertising, blogging, domain names, e books, ecommerce, email marketing, internet marketing, link popularity, list building, paid surveys, product creation, product launching, search engine marketing, seo, site promotion, social bookmarking, social media, social networking, traffic building, web design, web development, web hosting on June 11, 2018 by blue.
Blogging has grow to be one of the maximum famous methods for humans to percentage ideas, engage in speak, and have interaction with others who share a common hobby. They generally are brief essays published on-line according to a everyday time table, such as daily or weekly, revolving round a specific concern, including meals, sports, elevating kids or any other subject matter.
Currently, there are an expected 450 million blogs being posted at the internet. Blogs are free to create on weblog web hosting sites inclusive of WordPress and Blogger, maximum of which also provide easy-to-use loose tools and pre-made “issues” to make your weblog look professional.
Blogs can encompass snap shots, motion pictures, audio recordings, slideshows and plenty of other sorts of wealthy text. Bloggers on occasion make their blogs more interactive and entertaining by including polls and contests, and by encouraging their readers to leave feedback and have interaction with them on-line.
Creating your own weblog can be an powerful manner to sell your website because it’s an smooth way to draw folks that already are interested by your subject matter area of interest. By imparting them with valuable records and rich content on your weblog, you may build a relationship with your readers, in the long run directing them back on your internet site.
Podcasting is a shape of virtual media such as a series of audio or video documents typically all committed to a certain topic. They can be created for free the use of the audio and video tools which are covered with most more recent computers, laptops, tablets or even smartphones and may be allotted free of charge on iTunes, YouTube and different free distribution networks.
You can also send your podcast to a list of subscribers or publish links to your podcasts in your net web page or weblog.
Like blogs, podcasts are an powerful way to goal individuals who proportion your ardour on your niche subject, and may therefore be a tremendous manner to sell your website. Although a few podcasts feature elaborate manufacturing – along with professional-great editing, musical ratings and different manufacturing values – maximum are genuinely people speaking into a microphone or video digital camera approximately a subject that pursuits them.
Unlike blogs, podcasts give you the possibility to speak without delay for your listeners or viewers. This can make it less difficult to have interaction them emotionally and show your personality, which may be an powerful way of branding your website. Podcasts commonly are performed again later via customers on iPods or transportable viewing devices.
During the early years of the net, audio podcasts had been the podcasting method of desire, however now with the near universality of video playback capabilities, video podcasts are becoming more famous.
Creating a popularity to your on-line commercial enterprise isn’t any one of a kind than building a logo for a brick and mortar enterprise. As the business proprietor, you want to get out into your network and meet people. Look for agencies that are applicable on your enterprise’ area of interest and end up concerned of their on line communities.
Introduce yourself to as many people as essential and be organized to “promote” your website to them in some quick sentences. One of the high-quality methods to make pals on line – or inside the actual world, for that count – is to provide to assist the opposite person, in place of asking for some thing all of the time.
If you provide to jot down a testimonial for his or her internet site, for instance, or to provide a free sample of some of your products, they possibly can be open to the concept of helping you in go back.
Also the freedom element is truely a welcome trade from other extra restrictive equipment. Being capable of design and feature cloth that is each flamboyant and unorthodox creates the interest from viewers and others alike. Being an excellent and handy device for promotions and education is likewise the idea for its popularity.
Exposure might be the most motive this technique is selected and it is effective in being able to attain this without the want for professional engagement.
While some may additionally don’t forget the professional as an inappropriate tool to be used for advertising functions there are also those who attest to its functionality and effectiveness.
From a sincerity point of view the expert humans device has the greater non-public attaining detail that can be cited as pretty attractive and this of direction is a completely critical feature when looking to use it inside the enterprise feel. Also this device permits for the direct and instantaneous response at the a part of the person aware of the expert interview fashion.
Benefiting from the loose down load characteristic might be the most appealing incentive for using this device. There aren’t any restriction tagged to the down load nor are there any pre requirements that want to be met before being able to get admission to the expert interview fabric.
Another advantage might be that there’s no restrict as to the schedules for gaining access to and the use of or viewing the expert interview segments.
This is right for the ones busy concentrating on other extra pressing subjects or absolutely no longer interested by viewing the feeds at the moment they may be released.
Being capable of layout and feature creative manipulate over the expert interview content material is in reality another gain in relation to freedom of ideas and promotional features within the phase.
Making the content outrageously thrilling or simply it seems that intellectual gives the character a sense of manage and success.
If designed well it has every other benefit of getting used as a excellent promotional advertising tool and also as a great educational device.
The audio and video characteristic is likewise some other benefit in relation to achieving the more youthful target market. Proven to being extra powerful in engaging the eye of the younger target market the expert interview has been capable of gain its users constantly and efficiently.
Using the professional interview tool for reinforcing the enterprise opportunities successfully the person ought to be aware that reaching the client at unique varying ranges is the intention.
Filling the customer funnel, path or hobby basically consists of three predominant components that are pre buy, purchase and put up buy. Thus selecting the professional interview device could successfully be capable of cope with all 3 factors thoroughly.
There is a completely common question that each person who has a internet site or a weblog has and this has to do with getting greater leads and even traffic. There are many options that are being offered these days to get rock solid traffic, and now and again you may even make cash whilst you are at it.
This is a exceptional question that you need to ask yourself. Value may be described as a useful resource. This will be an editorial, a video or even a weblog this is geared toward fixing issues. The potentialities are people who are much more likely to paintings with the business and even promote the products as properly. You want to make the gives more attractive to the potential customers to encourage them to buy.
If you could, you should make investments in the enterprise. You should rent a educate who has the form of fulfillment that you could have always preferred. This can have a high-quality effect on your lifestyle and your existence too.
You additionally want to examine extra approximately the consistent with click on sort of advertising. You can use social media and use the available on line publications that permit you to practice this efficiently to your weblog or website.
You ought to additionally take time to put money into a few long-time period decisions. Take your time to strategize. It may not choose as quickly as you would really like however the time taken to build your commercial enterprise can be very profitable in the long run.
You can strive making money from the humans that you need to emulate. You can gain this via community advertising or use affiliate income and packages. There are up strains which could provide a few free education in case you show to be severe.
You want to create content material each day. This ought to constantly be cost pushed through the target possibilities. This will maintain them fascinated and completely engaged at all times.
You also need to attain out to the market and to humans in the social media platforms as well as on the offline conferences. If you aren’t conversant about prospecting, there are available resources that may show helpful on-line. When you comply with the plans nicely and diligently, you’ll be able to get waves of rock-strong traffic ultimately. You will notice that your income and leads will grow quite loads as you follow the stairs.
The first-rate thing about using solid site visitors is the fact that this is generally real folks who are hyperactive responsive and they are able to display hobby in hearing greater approximately what you offer. When you have got the excellent site visitors source, you may get entry to a huge stock that guarantees consistency and excellent. With the nice providers, you sincerely place the order after which let them deal with the conversions and the site visitors. Optimization may be very vital in any such case. Having a high-quality visitors source can paintings really nicely for you and your commercial enterprise.
This entry was posted in Uncategorised and tagged affiliate revenue, banner advertising, blogging, domain names, e books, ecommerce, email marketing, internet marketing, link popularity, list building, paid surveys, product creation, product launching, search engine marketing, seo, site promotion, social bookmarking, social media, social networking, traffic building, web design, web development, web hosting on June 3, 2018 by blue.
It’s the question requested by using every new online entrepreneur and each seasoned online entrepreneur, “How can I generate extra site visitors to my website?”. But you don’t simply need site visitors. You need to get extra internet traffic that is focused and wants greater than your unfastened stuff. You need to seize the eye of individuals who actually need what you’re offering and could buy what you are providing.
Check to peer what content material is most popular on your internet site. The create greater of that kind of content. If you do not have plenty content to date, examine the content cloth that your target audience looks at out of your competition and create comparable content. Don’t copy, but do supply in your audience the type of content material that they need.
Search engine optimization (SEO) is crucial to learn in terms of getting greater visitors to your website. It permits capacity customers to discover your internet site through the usage of the serps. For example, the use of keywords in headings, anchor textual content, titles, situation lines, meta descriptions and alt text for images that are associated with your content material, you will flow further up the search engine effects.
Just like you will put it on the market considered one of your most precious products or services, you want to promote your content material. The appropriate information is, using paid traffic in your internet site does not must be high-priced. As an instance, Facebook Ads make it possible to immediately target your target market in a totally value effective manner.
Create freebies which might be centered towards a want that your target audience has. If you could remedy one trouble for them, create that freebie. Then provide that freebie in trade for a prospect’s email cope with. When you have got their e mail deal with you can message them with links in your internet site each time you want.
Don’t simply use written text for to your website. Search engines like a combination of content. Mix it up and use textual content, illustrations or pictures, online video and audio to make the methods you offer statistics in your target market whole.
A Facebook group is basically a community where human beings with similar interests can interact with you and every different. Facebook companies deliver in more internet site visitors due to the fact once you advantage believe, make friends, and gain fans, you may sell your commercial enterprise effectively in these agencies.
All commercial enterprise goals are geared closer to attracting the customers into their trade. That might be the closing goal of each entrepreneur. Business calls for web sites, the influx of traffic into one’s site as gauged by Analytics demands specific strategies to boost site traffic. More website traffic mean greater clients, extra sales and consequently more revenue! Increase in traffic requires a extra competitive method though your campaign need to be more organic in nature.
Fifth and final is to make certain that your website is responsive and speedy. This is precisely a must within the improvement of websites as maximum clients now use cellular gadgets to get entry to the net.
Websites ought to be accessible and viewable in numerous devices even at the smallest smartphones. Your website should load speedy as well otherwise you in all likelihood will push your potential purchaser onto some different websites. That is why website builders ought to guarantee that your internet site is technically optimized and made highly conscious of load better and quicker.This will honestly appeal to more clients as your website is determined on the primary web page of a seek engine results page (SERP). Engaging your customers to discover in your webpages approach entrusting the venture handiest to the best internet site designers and builders.We can not threat our sources on fly by night organizations which does now not possess the expertise of the actual builders who have spent years in the creation of e-commerce sites, blogs, travel sites and so on. Choosing the authorities within the discipline of net layout and improvement includes checking on their credibility and reliability. Hence it’s far a have to to seek for the assistance of top class web builders who will paintings hard on your enterprise advertising however will offer only the most lower priced enterprise web page due to the fact your sources aren’t finite so go back of funding need to be assured.
It’s probable the maximum sought-after topic in Internet advertising – how to get greater traffic in your web sites.
It does not count number whether or not you are promoting your very own products, promoting associate offers or seeking out AdSense clicks, you are now not going to earn a single cent if there may be no traffic coming on your web site.
There’s greater to the process than simply getting extra visitors, however. You no longer most effective need site visitors, you need focused visitors – those who are going to be interested in what you need to offer.
In this article we’re going to have a look at some of approaches – each paid and unfastened – to get extra visitors for your website. Some of those strategies can generate nearly on the spot visitors even as others will take longer to gain momentum.
By diversifying your site visitors technology over numerous methods, you could get fast traffic even as gradually ramping it up over a longer time frame.
Before we observe any precise techniques for producing traffic to your website, we ought to truely discuss what form of visitors you need to be concentrated on.
Because there may be a right and a wrong kind of traffic.
First, shall we say you have an affiliate assessment website. You submit reviews and different content material to your website, with associate links for those merchandise. Whenever someone buys one of the offers, you receives a commission a fee.
If you generate a ton of traffic, however now not very lots of those humans are either inclined or able to spend cash, you are not going to generate lots take advantage of them. A exact instance would be a marketplace wherein your traffic are frequently teens. While they is probably very inquisitive about the subject, and willing to buy what you’re selling, a huge percent of them won’t be able to shop for because they do not have credit playing cards and their mother and father may not let them use theirs.
A market like that might be better perfect for a website that shows AdSense commercials, which brings us to our 2d example. Let’s say you’ve got a site that is monetized simply with AdSense. In this situation, it would not be counted a lot if your traffic are capable to shop for, because you get paid once they click an advert, irrespective of what they do once they leave your site.
Twitter rolled out a lead-technology marketing carrier in 2013. When they did, Internet marketers and brick-and-mortar agencies with a social media presence have been ecstatic. They subsequently had a car on the second-biggest social community that gave them a wealth of facts about Twitter users who spoke back to these lead-gen commercials.
Then, in December of 2016, Twitter began phasing out the lead-generation advert layout. The previous machine allowed you to request humans’s names, email addresses and Twitter handles if your commercial showed up of their news feeds. Twitter released this kind of transparent demographic advertising gadget as a way to compete with Facebook commercials.
However, because of pressure from customers approximately privacy concerns, Twitter did the right factor. They gave their components what they desired, much less get entry to to touchy statistics including ZIP codes, united states of america of house, activity name and contact numbers. Does this mean that the use of the modern Twitter ad platform to generate leads is now a waste of time? Nothing will be further from the truth.
With the new ad platform, you have got three one of a kind sorts of ads you can use in one manner or every other to locate new prospects.
Promoted tweets – You pay in your tweets to be displayed to human beings that aren’t already following you.
Promoted money owed – Your account is promoted to focused Twitter customers.
Promoted tendencies – You pay to promote a hashtag.
You can form a Twitter advert marketing campaign that uses any, some, or all of the 3 advert kinds. The one of a kind sorts of campaigns are as follows.
Tweet engagements – your campaign focuses on constructing conversations and engagement about your business.
Followers – If you want to construct your list of followers, this is the campaign to use.
Awareness – You pay for impressions right here, in place of movements.
Video views – This marketing campaign is quite self-explanatory. It works to enhance the range of perspectives your movies get.
Website clicks or conversions – If you’ve got a outstanding landing page to build your electronic mail list or prospect pool, this is the campaign you want to focus on. This campaign kind consists of a Website Card, which we could visitors see a preview of your website online inner your tweet, without having to depart Twitter.
App installs or re-engagements – This gets people to download your utility, and also reaches out to those who’ve already downloaded your app, however haven’t used it in a while.
As you can see, the many components of the brand new Twitter advert gadget can be used a number of approaches to generate leads. While the lead-era ad campaign has been eliminated from Twitter, constructing a campaign that specialize in website clicks or conversions may be used as a substitute, to generate leads with the aid of sending Twitter customers for your choose-in web page.
This entry was posted in Uncategorised and tagged affiliate revenue, banner advertising, blogging, domain names, e books, ecommerce, email marketing, internet marketing, link popularity, list building, paid surveys, product creation, product launching, search engine marketing, seo, site promotion, social bookmarking, social media, social networking, traffic building, web design, web development, web hosting on May 24, 2018 by blue.
Increasing site visitors for your website does no longer have to be accomplished with the aid of a professional. This may be completed by using everybody who has a laptop. When you get more traffic on your website you have got greater capability clients to reveal your services and products.
There are a few easy strategies to apply with the intention to contribute to obtaining more site visitors on your website online which include: using serps, deciding on correct keywords, and having enough content material to continually direct visitors. These methods will slowly but absolutely draw more and more traffic for your internet site so that it will doubtlessly make you extra money.
Utilizing search engines may be a very big manner on your internet site to boom visitors. Building up a call in search engines like google will make it easier for human beings looking for anything your internet site promotes to discover it.
There isn’t any point in having a website if nobody can locate it right?
So ensuring your web page is easily identifiable in main serps like Google, Yahoo, and Bing will make it lots less difficult to benefit extra viewers for your web site. Increasing website site visitors can be a rewarding experience financially.
Keywords are very crucial whilst you are seeking to increase internet site site visitors. Using sturdy pretty used key phrases and key-word phrases successfully can draw sizeable traffic in your internet site. Keywords are words or a word of words that relates to the product or service you have got for your web site. These words constitute exactly what the purchasers are trying to find.
For instance, in case your internet site specializes in car restore for Ford manufactured motors a key-word could be mustang maintenance. The excellent keywords are very particular and unique. Providing especially used keywords makes your website online less complicated to find in predominant search engines like google.
Providing unique content material is the maximum crucial assignment you could do to growth internet site site visitors. With content you’ve got key phrases and greater keywords. As noted earlier than the greater key phrases you’ve got which might be getting used the greater human beings will locate your website. Using blogs and articles to force visitors is a famous technique.
This provides non-stop original content material that is associated and informative which draws ordinary consumers. Successful websites may have extraordinary content material that offers records with out dull the reader. If you are not a author, it is a good idea to look at outsourcing for articles. There are plenty of writers for hire who recognise the way to create extraordinary authentic content.
These three strategies can boom visitors in your website extraordinarily rapid. With constant paintings, you can have a internet site that draws masses of visitors a day in no time. Your task is to have the product and provide methods for customers to get it.
Ideo marketing is one of the simplest approaches to generate centered traffic. Once you create the proper video you can publish to YouTube, Vimeo, Dailymotion, Viddler and different locations that permit video submissions. By listing your internet site statistics inside the description segment, the general public have a tendency to follow-up with the video presentation if it’s far compelling enough. Remember that people preferred videos over reading and you must take benefit of this.
This is because it is plenty less complicated to observe videos and it is easier to convey your points whilst you achieve this the use of pix and a person speakme at once to them. In reality, in a recent survey from Vimeo, respondents defined that they have been 3 instances much more likely to need to observe a video in place of reading a blog submit.
One of the latest developments in video advertising and marketing for focused visitors is a video called a Vine. These quick videos which can be round five or 6 seconds and tap into the emotion, know-how of tendencies and recognition into a unmarried expression that can captivate hundreds even tens of millions of viewers. This new style of video advertising has also been related to services and products that can be promoted speedy and in an pleasing and exciting style that deals with the short interest span that maximum capability customers and customers have.
Another powerful form of video advertising is while you take some time to train and/or instruct human beings in a warm subject matter and then comply with-up with them by using demonstrating that you could provide additional facts that they need to achieve success.
For example, there are many videos on-line teaching about the basics of net advertising; but in an effort to get the whole story you’ll need to enroll in the marketers e-mail listing and then follow-up for extra instructions, usually at a provider charge or club rate rate. These how-to films generate large quantities of targeted site visitors and nearly all and sundry can create them. Remember to cognizance on fixing troubles and you’ll have lots of visitors from these videos.
Another fantastic manner to generate traffic the use of films is to consciousness on excessive centered films which are receiving thousands and thousands of perspectives after which drawing near the owner and asking them if you can pay them a few cash for them to publish your URL in their description phase. Since the general public are not entrepreneurs and spot this as an opportunity to make some greenbacks each month, a majority of humans might be happy to do that and you will also get hold of masses of targeted traffic while you do that.
Discover an countless deliver of targeted website site visitors that you can get for very little cash involved. Learn how to get “No Cost” targeted net traffic to all of your cash sites in my Traffic Tips 101 education guide nowadays! You have nothing to lose and a ton of “FREE” focused internet site traffic to gain. | 2019-04-21T13:05:09Z | http://www.strongrev.ga/category/uncategorised |
Under these new rules, however, there is a major caveat that most high school and college coaches are not aware of just yet: The NCAA — along with the National Federation of State High School Associations — is limiting college coaches to watching just one school association per state.Our all-star coaching staff is looking forward to a summer of excellence with you!White has been responsible for an incompletion on 23-percent of the targets thrown into his coverage, the second-best rate among the 32 cornerbacks who’ve spent at least 400 snaps in coverage this year.On defense Carolina has 932 hits and they’ve blocked 700 shots from the opposition.Minnesota 10 15 LB Alec Ogletree Ankle IR – designated to return 10 15 G Rodger Saffold Shoulder IR 08 15 CB E.J.No Salesman.
Wade scored just 0 points per possession on isolations, which is far from efficient offense but the Heat offense was 1 points per 100 Wes Unseld Jersey possessions better with Wade on the floor.On Tuesday, two distinct but closely related things happened in.Of those first downs, 4 came on the ground while 6 came through the air.Free Play from Doc’s Sports.Baltimore as a pitching staff has walked 200 batters and struck out 456.
agents will also be on-site to sell permits for $40 .The Mets pitchers as a team have surrendered 512 base knocks and 243 earned runs this season.Howard was there for the taking at No.
She has fired a bullet in each, meaning she was the fastest horse at that distance that morning.He struck out 138 times and walked 27 times.In fact, it’s not even close.The stadium was one of the very few Olympic venues to have been http://www.officialsbuccaneersprostore.com/John_Lynch_Jersey_Cheap used for sports after the Athens 2004 Games, hosting soccer matches during which hooligans had several times set it on fire.This is Atkins’ seventh career Pro Bowl nod, moving him ahead of CB Lemar Parrish for most selections by a defensive player in Bengals history.His field goal percentage is 37% and his free throw percentage is 80%.
Bucknell matches up against American at home on Saturday.Only this week, Lumby called for harsher punishment for players convicted of sexual assault and assault against women.I want to be strong up front and Sean does as well.U20 Euro Championship A.Buffalo’s brand new secondary has been playing to rave reviews in John Lynch Youth Jersey the first three games of the year.Advanced Statistics Orlando is 16th in the league in turnovers, as they turn the ball over an average of 13 times per 100 possessions while forcing 12 on defense.
The Gators will need this Canadian sophomore to do it.They have made the postseason in nine of the last 14 years and have been remarkably consistent over the past 15 seasons.They got one more goal, they got one more save than we http://www.officialwizardshop.com/authentic-41-wes-unseld-jersey.html got.
In his last start, Miguel Gonzalez was unlucky not to pick up the win against the New York Yankees after pitching eight strong innings against them.That much we know.They had 2 face-off wins compared to 2 losses, meaning their face-off win percentage was 50%.
�?Saint Mary’s at Murray State 7 p.m.He couldn’t manage to get his team in field goal range for a win, but then Brees got the ball and marched right down our defense’s throat and scored.Can’t complain as a goaltender.Since returning to SHL, Lindqvist has four goals and three assists in nine games.The last time they made the playoffs was 2001 – the year Ichiro was a rookie.He chose the latter.
Useful Pitching Statistics Los Angeles has a 71 overall mark this year.Big left arrow icon Big right arrow icon Close icon Copy Url Three dots icon Down arrow icon Email icon Email icon Exit Fullscreen icon External link icon Facebook logo Facebook logo Instagram logo Snapchat logo YouTube logo Grid icon Key icon Left arrow icon Link icon Location icon Mail icon Menu icon Open icon Phone icon Play icon Radio icon Rewind icon Right arrow icon Search icon Select icon Selected icon TV icon Twitter logo Twitter logo Up arrow icon User icon Audio icon Tickets iconAdd to calendar iconNFC icon AFC icon NFL icon Football iconCarousel IconList ViewFootball iconCarousel IconList View.Starting pitcher Adalberto Mejia has a 0 record with an earned run average of 9 and a WHIP of 2 this year.Or just go with the more direct one.The Nuggets have an overall record of 6 and a home record of 3.They have given up 152 home runs this year and they give up 1 home runs per nine innings as a staff.
He scored 34 points on 11-of-20 from the field and 12-of-13 at the free throw line.Can Bayern Conquer Europe?And the interior linemen to which Koetter alludes, left guard Ali Marpet, is indeed having a fine season for an offense that ranks third in the NFL in total yards and first in passing yards.
They note that Kansas commit Wayne Selden wins by dominating other guards physically, but that he needs to work on his jump shot.Louis Cardinals will send Michael Wacha to the mound on Wednesday to face Tony Cingrani and the Cincinnati Reds in a game that features two playoff teams out of the NL Central.Travis Shaw is hitting .274 this season and he has an OBP of .311.A former Canadian Football League standout, Jones is a native of Saskatchewan and attended Regina University in Canada.Two seasons later, Buffalo traded him to Los Angeles.He has an excellent 54 strikeouts to just 14 walks, and he did dominate the Yankees for over eight innings of shutout ball on April 24.
No Salesman.Let’s take a look.Minnesota has walked 79 times this season and they’ve struck out 220 times as a unit.
The Buckeyes come into this game with an overall record of 6 and a road record of 1.The Reds hold a .396 team slugging percentage and an on-base percentage of .299 which is good for 29th in baseball.23 Texas A&M at Kyle Field.He has 55 hits this season in 177 at bats with 30 runs batted in.
The 79 year-old coach is no doubt a miracle worker, but the program has slipped.Older horses are typically http://www.authenticcincinnatiredsshops.com/Homer-Bailey-Jersey more experienced and stronger than younger ones, so she is likely facing the best horses she has ever seen.He has surrendered 7 hits per 9 innings and he has a FIP of 4.Signed to a 3 year, $8 million extension this past summer, Stevenson expected a larger role on a revamped Magic roster.He earned All-America honors as a senior in 1977.
They also allow a 42% shooting Homer Bailey Jersey percentage and a 32% average from behind the arc ranking them 97th and 64th in those defensive statistics.As a team, the Hurricanes have a total of 121 goals scored while they’ve given up 100 goals to this point.It’s scary.They have had 112 power play opportunities and have scored 20 http://www.hockeyjetsshop.com/adidas-jacob-trouba-jersey goals on those chances for a percentage of 18%.
By waiving Hawes and using the stretch provision, the Bucks will get under the salary cap.U18 Euro Championship B.They are 17th in the league in team earned run average at 4.Lackey has had a solid career, but has struggled in his career at Yankee Stadium.Some saw this is an expensive option by the Oilers when a number of other netminders were available in free agency but speculation is Koskinen will take a bigger role, playing at least 20 or more games.
Those guys have really had to step in and play some really important football snaps for us, Patricia said.Given that Jackson would be a graduate-transfer, he wouldn’t have to sit out the 2019 season should the quarterback decide to move on from Buffalo.New York has averaged 4 runs in his starts this year.He has 70 hits this year along with 28 runs scored and 39 RBI.
Take the visitor in this game.Their relievers have struck out 278 batters and Jacob Trouba Womens Jersey walked 88 opposing hitters.Denver averages 110 points per game this year which ranks them 4th in the league.He has 121 hits this season along with 64 runs scored and 48 runs batted in.Useful Team Statistics The Trojans allow 74 points per contest which is 241st in the country.
‘Quite a few hotels we drove by are in renovation, preparing for the returning tourism, which was good to see.’.If I had told you before the season that at the All-Star break, the Nuggets would have the second best record in the West, LeBron’s Lakers would be 10th and that the Sacramento Kings were knocking on the door of the 8th seed, you’d probably ask what I’ve been smoking.
His field goal percentage is 44% for the season while his free throw percentage is 77%.The Stars are looking to make strides in 2018 and while Nikita Kucherov Authentic Jersey the past few years have been relatively disappointing for Dallas, getting Seguin locked up for the long-term bodes well for their long-term aspirations.Louis Blues Injuries 11 18 LW Alexander Steen Upper Body is out indefinitely 11 18 C Brayden Schenn Upper Body is probable Saturday vs San Jose 11 18 D Carl Gunnarsson Upper Body left last game, is questionable Saturday vs San Jose 11 18 LW Jaden Schwartz Undisclosed injured last game, is questionable Saturday vs San Jose 11 18 LW Pat Maroon Upper Body is questionable Saturday vs San Jose 10 18 D Robert Bortuzzo Lower Body IR 10 18 LW Erik Foley Concussion is out indefinitely 10 18 GO Luke Opilka Hip is out indefinitely Player Spotlight Calvin Petersen has had 93 shots against him and he’s given up 6 goals.The Seminoles allow 177 rushing yards per game on 36 carries for an average of 4 yards per carry, which ranks their rush defense 93rd in the country.
Many, including Merritt, speculated that the crime was racially motivated based on early witness accounts of the suspect – who was described by authorities as a thin white man in his 30s or 40s.The improved Stow ‘n Go seats work as advertised, and our test car had the optional power-folding third-row seats, which were easy to operate.Advanced Statistics The Wild start possessions in the offensive zone 51% of the time while their defensive Matt Carpenter Womens Jersey zone percentage is at 48% for the year.Meadows, who was recalled from Triple-A Durham on Thursday, may not see much playing time during what remains of the regular season, Marc http://www.authenticstlouiscardinals.com/Matt-Carpenter-Jersey Topkin of the Tampa Bay Times reports.I was a bit hesitant about swapping ketchup for mayo, but once I tried it, I didn’t much miss the ketchup.
I haven’t been consistent scoring the http://www.lightningofficialhockey.com/adidas-nikita-kucherov-jersey ball, and I’ve needed to be more consistent as far as playing hard.Colorado Avalanche.Call it mission creep.The pick: Houston if Ward goes.Grizzy did a great job jumping in there and Wags did a phenomenal job stepping up in following up the next shift.
This is a chance to help build an NHL organization, from the arena to the training center to the front office to the fan base.Perry agreed to the first, but not the second.New York scored three unanswered goals Tuesday and actually took the lead early in the third period on a Mika Zibanejad power-play marker, his 25th goal of the season.
While fighting is a fan favorite, it limits the family-friendly appeal of the sport.Here’s some non-free agency rumors for you, Phillies fans.Because of their poor passing offense, they turned to backup Trevor Knight at quarterback in the Sugar Bowl instead of previous starter Blake Bell.Dungy was a great regular season and postseason coach, but he had total contempt for the preseason and couldn’t have cared less about winning.He said he should have been killed in it numerous times.
They are averaging 96 points per game and surrendering 107, good for a point differential of -10.No Credit Card.Big left arrow icon Big right arrow icon Close icon Copy Url Three dots icon Down arrow icon Email icon Email icon Exit Fullscreen icon External link icon Facebook logo Facebook logo Instagram logo Snapchat logo YouTube logo Grid icon Key icon Left arrow icon Link icon Location icon Mail icon Menu icon Open icon Phone icon Play icon Radio icon Rewind icon Right arrow icon Search icon Select icon Selected icon TV icon Twitter logo Twitter logo Up arrow icon User icon Audio icon Tickets iconAdd to calendar iconNFC icon AFC icon NFL icon Football iconCarousel IconList ViewFootball iconCarousel IconList View.Shea Weber has accumulated 9 total points this season for the Predators.
Two other Jets starters will sit out today’s action.They currently have a point differential of -0 as they are averaging 101 points per game while giving up 102 per contest.Big left arrow icon Big right arrow icon Close icon Copy Url Three dots icon Down arrow icon Email icon Email icon Exit Fullscreen icon External link icon Facebook logo Facebook logo Instagram logo Snapchat logo YouTube logo Grid icon Key icon Left arrow icon Link icon Location icon Mail icon Menu icon Open icon Phone icon Play icon Radio icon Rewind icon Right arrow icon Search icon Select icon Selected icon TV icon Twitter logo Twitter logo Up arrow icon User icon Audio icon Tickets iconAdd to calendar iconNFC icon AFC icon NFL icon Football iconCarousel IconList ViewFootball iconCarousel IconList View.The Reds have a over under mark and a run line record, meaning they cover 53% of the time.The Euro Tour’s Scottish Open, frankly, has a better field than the Deere.
Davis is the best all-around player in the NBA right now – sorry, LeBron, but Davis does more on defense than you do.He took pride in being labeled an annoying mosquito.Over his first 26 games played, sprinkled with missed games due to minor injuries, he averaged 16 minutes per game, scoring 4 points on 43 percent shooting.
Cristiano Ronaldo needs to make himself a bigger factor despite his teammates struggling to provide service.Advanced Statistics Memphis was 23rd in the league in turnovers, as they turned the ball over an average of 12 times per 100 possessions while forcing 13 on defense.It’s not the same thing, at all.First, it was a fatal and colossally stupid decision for San Diego to try to go for the onsides kick.He holds the record with a 108-yard average as a rookie, which topped Victor Cruz’s previous Giants record of 96 yards, set in 2011.
The Minutemen are 180th in the nation in defensive rating with 98, and their offensive rating of 110 is ranked 105th.He’s fast and should provide enough defense and production against right-handers to merit starting most days.He will be joined by a pair of sluggers from Oakland in Josh Donaldson and Yoenis Cespedes as well as Minnesota’s Brain Dozier and Baltimore’s Adam Jones.
Starting pitcher Jeff Locke has a 5 record with an earned run average of 5 and a WHIP of 1.
Aaron Judge is hitting .292 with an on-base percentage of .423.
They have allowed 25 home runs this season and they allow 0 homers per nine innings as a staff.Buffalo : Played 34 defensive snaps and four on special teams, assisting on a tackle…Provided a block for ILB Korey Toomer on his 59-yard pick-six in the first quarter�?at Dallas : Played 25 snaps on defense�?vs.Everyone knows who Donald Trump is.See what all the hype is about with $60 worth of free college football picks by clicking here.Read More >> Both the Giants and Diamondbacks look to bounce back from a disappointing 2013 and prove to the sports world that the NL West isn’t just the Dodgers and everybody else.
They have scored 4 runs per game and totaled 346 runs this season.Just a day after being optioned to the minors, Adam will rejoin the big-league club as Ian Kennedy was placed back on the 10-day DL.Reports of people smelling gas in the area on Monday forced people in several buildings to evacuate, including Blue Jackets’ employees who Lane Johnson Youth Jersey were inside Nationwide Arena.Seattle is 5 against the spread and 7 over under .Fast Sign up with Instant Access Click Here One E-mail A Week https://www.footballeaglesofficial.com/WOMENS_YOUTH_LANE_JOHNSON_JERSEY.html Is All You Need!
As WDVA Director, Alvarado-Ramos is a member of Governor Inslee’s Executive Cabinet and serves as the Chair of the Governor’s Healthy and Safe Communities Council that is charged with fostering the health http://www.officialvikingsjerseysstore.com/Danielle_Hunter_Jersey_Cheap of Washingtonians from a healthy start to a safe and supported future.If you would like to search for all players born on a certain day, for example all players born on December 25th in any year, choose the month and day with the drop down boxes and then choose the ‘Month and Day Search’ option.Big left arrow icon Big right arrow icon Close icon Copy Url Three dots icon Down arrow icon Email icon Email icon Exit Fullscreen icon External link icon Facebook logo Facebook logo Instagram logo Snapchat logo YouTube logo Grid icon Key icon Left arrow icon Link icon Location icon Mail icon Menu icon Open icon Phone icon Play icon Radio icon Rewind icon Right arrow icon Search icon Select icon Selected icon TV icon Twitter logo Twitter logo Up arrow icon User icon Audio icon Tickets iconAdd to calendar iconNFC icon AFC icon NFL icon Football iconCarousel IconList ViewFootball iconCarousel IconList View.As a team they are 25th in the NBA in true shooting percentage with 54% and they shoot 3-pointers on Danielle Hunter Jersey 34% of their shots, ranking 17th in the league.
I included this one because it’s a nice sentiment about Mr.They have given up 178 home runs this year and they give up 1 home runs per nine innings as a staff.They came painfully close to winning Super Bowl XXXVIII, but fell to the Patriots on a last-second Adam Vinatieri field goal.Turnbull also won three EFFIE awards from the American Marketing Association recognizing the most effective advertising campaigns in the country.No Credit Card.
He was a decent pitcher a few years back but has bounced around a few different teams lately and is a shell of his former self.The Ducks average 21 yards per kick return and they are 27th in the nation in all-purpose yards with 6.
Tim Lincecum �?2 Wins, 7 Losses, -$620 Lincecum has the worst numbers of anyone on this list by a large amount.If not, then I need to play.They also allow a 46% shooting percentage and a 36% average from behind the arc ranking them 23rd and 19th in those defensive statistics.Depending on enrollment, age groups will be split into three sections: 8U, 12U and 18U.The under is 4 in Buchanan’s past four road starts.
It’s up to me to decide when and what I want to share about my personal life, and it is up to the audience to decide how they look at it.South Carolina was 2 of 13 on third down conversions and 2 of 5 on fourth downs.Please exercise caution when deciding to disclose personal information in these areas.Minshew, who played for East Carolina last year, completed 45 of 57 passes, two for touchdowns, and was not intercepted.The Rams were led in rushing by Todd Gurley, who finished with 133 yards on 20 rushes.
He totaled 166 hits while scoring 89 runs and he drove in 99.From mac and cheese filling to deep frying the whole sandwich, these sandwiches offer up so much more than the typical American cheese and white bread.Special Teams Stats Tennessee was ranked 91st in the nation in punt returns with 14 last year.
Falling in love with a Gemini woman will be a fun experience and will ensure you try out lots of new activities.Kings: Bogdanovic missed his first eight shots.Smallwood tries to help out Kelce on the back side, and a rusher comes in clean to sack Wentz.Put all four of his kickoffs into the end zone, with three touchbacks…Inactive at Philadelphia, Oct.
Allen Iverson.Betting Options: Remember that a basic strategy teaser is a two-team teaser and in order to place one a bettor must choose between two of these options.
He has completed 69 passes on 107 attempts for a completion percentage of 64%.I don’t think that will be an issue.GO FALCONS!
someone they can look up to �?my drill, I am trying to incorporate teamwork…it’s about cheering on the people that are in .His 11 strikeouts per nine innings pitched through the 2017 season is the highest in MLB history among starting pitchers with at least 750 IP.I did get Russell Henley at +135 for a Top 10 and a few head-to-head props but not much else.Chicago Cubs 04 15 P Brandon Cumpton Elbow 15-day DL 04 15 P Charlie Morton Hip 15-day DL 04 15 SS Justin Sellers Heel 15-day DL Guy’s Pick: Take Chicago Get $60 worth of FREE premium member picks.
This past season the 28-year-old led the National League with 44 doubles while slashing .308 .535 with 24 home runs and 92 RBIs.- A player receives a plus if he is on the ice when his Club scores an even-strength or shorthand goal.”It didn’t always translate in the game.” Still, the contest, which North Greenville counted as an exhibition, turned into one right away as the bigger, stronger Gamecocks came out fast.Let’s break the game down and make a prediction on the outcome, against-the-spread, of Ross Stripling Jersey course.Mike Trout comes into this matchup batting .286 with an OBP of .400.
White Sox are 6 in their last 19 vs.Liverpool sits atop the table with a perfect record and a plus-12 goal differential, while Chelsea also is unbeaten at with a plus-10 differential.So their slow start is not http://www.authenticdodgersstore.com/Authentic-Ross-Stripling-Jersey a surprise to me.
On an iPhone go to your Settings Icon, select Safari and scroll down to the Privacy and Security tab to ensure Block All Cookies is disabled.I say forward X because it really is a plug-and-play system they use with no real potent strikers on the roster.Warren led the Suns with 25 points, Deandre Ayton scored 20 and grabbed 12 rebounds and Devin Booker scored 12 points.He allows 6 hits per 9 innings and he has a FIP of 3.
Any commercial use or distribution without the express written consent of AP is strictly prohibited.Copyright 2018 by AP.Zach Randolph missed that game with Authentic Thomas Morstead Jersey the flu.
The only one of these you’ll find on the Harley or Indian is ABS, and in the United States that feature is an extra that will cost more.These include 21 different class awards in the Britain-based International Engine of the Year Awards , including overall Engine of the Year honors for the 488 GTB’s current 3-liter twin-turbo V-8 in 2016 and ’17.The game with the Flyers is likely the biggest of the season for the Hurricanes.They average 24 shots per game and as a team are shooting 9% for the season to this point.
Kyle Seager is hitting .279 and he has an on-base percentage of .361.They have scored 73 goals while giving up 60 goals.I think to come out at home in http://www.neworleanssaintslockerroom.com/thomas-morstead-jersey-wholesale this particular situation against a team that we thought we should beat, it just wasn’t up to our standards, Gutekunst said. | 2019-04-19T19:07:25Z | https://www.horecageluid.com/archives/date/2019/02 |
I step up to the Budget car hire desk in Turin airport in trepidation, tensed in expectation of the Inevitable Issue. Just next to me, a group of young British men have already encountered theirs: despite having paid for their luxury class automatic drive Audi, the named driver needs not one, but two, credit cards to cover their worst-case-scenario-deposit. They can sum up two credit cards between them but nothing can be done; it was written in the small print.
With slight stomach butterflies and sweaty palms I hand car hire voucher, driver’s licence, passport and (one) credit card over the counter. The first question I’m asked is whether or not we have much luggage. Well, we do a bit, I think, slightly perplexed: skis, snowboard, three cabin bags and a sizeable suitcase. That’s why I’d opted one up from the “mini” class of cars when booking. After much deliberation, I’d reckoned that we could jam all our gear into a Ford Fiesta ‘or equivalent’ and so splashed out on an “economy” range of car, a whole £20 more than the dinky Fiat Panda (or equivalent…) that I’d otherwise been considering.
“Because a Panda is very small, eh?” the Budget car hire lady continues.
Despite the hours (and hours, very literally) researching, comparing, reading reviews, recommendations, dos and don’ts, and tying myself in knots – what insurance do I take?, should I go for snow tyres (double the cost!)? or just make do with snow chains (gah – will it snow or no?!)?, and which brother-fudging car will fit all our gear?! – it seems that I have still missed a trick on my first go at being responsible for hiring a car abroad!
MAKE SURE you buy separate extra insurance – usually called car hire excess insurance – to cover all the other stuff that could possibly come up. Check out moneysavingexpert.com for getting discounts as, through them, I got a week’s cover for £15.57 with reducemyexcess.co.uk.
Choose car hire where you pick up and return the car with a full tank. Everywhere says to do this, so I see no reason not to comply!
For sure go through a comparison site to find your car hire deal cheaper but do be aware! Autoeurope.co.uk offered far more categories of car than existed for the individual hire companies, e.g. seven, as opposed to Budget’s three. In my case, I’d opted for a slightly bigger car at a more expensive hire cost to only find myself with the too small car that I was trying to avoid but could have paid less for at the outset, and all my crucial, mental car packing completely come undone! (I’m still waiting to see what Autoeurope have to say about that!). Double check on the company’s site to not get caught out!
Paper counterparts to your driver’s licence are becoming obsolete, so you may need to get a code from DVLA to give to the car hire company which shares the extra information not included on your driving license card. Super easy and quick to do here.
Finally, expect the unexpected. If you’ve covered all the above, then you shouldn’t have too many nasty surprises other than a different car from the one you booked… the more unexpected bit, however, was that, although car hire companies have a reputation for giving you an unpleasant sting somewhere along the line, that doesn’t mean the employees behind the desk have to: our Budget car hire lady saved the day by throwing in a ski rack for free (!), taking pity on our too much luggage for a Fiat Panda situation.
Remaining calm, polite and even friendly probably helps matters, I think, as I walk away from the desk, leaving my compatriots with their credit card mishap still wrangling with a now slightly angry Italian car hire man.
I am relieved. I was expecting worse and, although we still have to play Tetris with our luggage, it should now all fit. My relief is but momentary, though. Slight stomach butterflies and sweaty palms rise again as my thoughts turn to the next, probably even more stressful step ahead: car picked up, I now have to actually drive in Italy.
Outsider In Barcelona: Bon Nadal or Merry Christmas!
Three years ago, I wrote about my first experiences in Barcelona – a city previously unknown to me that I had decided to start a new life in. As this is where the first ideas for this blog came from, I thought it fitting to document my exploits here. These posts started out life as emails to my friends and family during my time there.
A Christmas message from me to wish everyone a happy festive period and to share just a few bits and pieces that I’ve found particularly amusing in the run up to the holidays in Barcelona.
I think I officially started off my Christmas eating yesterday by going for a three course lunch for only 17€ (with wine, water and bread – hallelujah menú del día!)! Not that I was paying as this was on the account of the first ever Catalan friend I made in Barcelona a mere half hour after touch down (full account in the first Barcelona blog piece). My Christmas eating continued in the evening with another three course meal, this time on the account of one of the schools I teach at. Working at three schools means three celebratory Christmas meals; permanent Christmas food baby, here I come!
Part of one of my meals yesterday included a typical dish of canelones – yes, that well known Catalan foodstuff..? Well, obviously it’s Italian but somewhere along the line Catalonia decided to take pasta eating from the Italians and make it theirs, as they also have a special pasta soup that they eat on Christmas day, which is so important and traditional that, of course, GIANT pasta shells need to be scattered across the city in decoration! I suppose they look quite nice and, if I was a kid, I would definitely be crawling around inside them. I would actually do that as an adult too as I could fit in them easily but I think I’d probably break them and get dirty looks from the pasta-loving Catalans.
You also know that it’s Christmas in Spain thanks to all the giant legs of cured, slightly mouldy looking ham, jamón – or “jam”, as my mispronouncing students often like to tell me – hanging around all over the place; you literally bump into them in shops! They cost a blooming fortune and, traditionally, businesses would give them out to their employees as Christmas gifts but, what with the economic ‘crisis’ and cutbacks, people are barely even receiving turrón from their bosses these days – tablets of anything sweet, more or less, made of nuts, honey, nougat, marzipan, chocolate… basically if it’s sweet and can somehow be formed into a rectangular block of sticky yumminess then it’s a turrón!
Other clues that it’s Christmas (because the weather sure ain’t one of them, seeing how it’s gone back up to about 16 degrees again) are the beautiful fairy lights all over the city. They spent ages putting them up but not turning them on until one night when I was walking home from work, minding my own business, and came across thousands of people in the streets. Only then did I twig that the lights were on and people must be out in celebration. I didn’t know the half of it, though: these people were not really out for the lights but out for the big street party that had set itself up on the fanciest, most bourgeois Avenue in town – Passeig de Gracia – where all the shops you could never afford to shop in can be found.
Apparently, the general consensus was to flip two fingers up at the economic crisis and pretend, for one night only, that you were of the ilk that schmooze around drinking champagne, shop in Prada and wear sunglasses at night time… I am, of course, talking about late night Christmas shopping until about 3 o’clock in the morning which accompanies the illumination of the city’s Christmas lights, and on Passeig de Gracia, it happens in a big way.
It was quite fascinating as there were mini-catwalk shows taking place, pop up VIP bars all down the middle of the avenue, mostly selling gin mixers (THE drink of the moment over here) full of people being just faaaabulous daaaahling, and shops with DJs mixing in the windows with competing sound systems. It was all a bit of a ‘look at me’ event and I was actually quite happy to be looking at the look-at-me characters who’d made a big effort to be looked at by the slightly dazed onlookers like me!
Finally, I will leave you with my most absolute favourite discovery about Christmas in Catalonia, which still makes me burst into fits of giggles when I think about it and I couldn’t not share it.
Children in Catalonia don’t generally celebrate with stockings and Father Christmas, no. They have something entirely different: they have a tió – known to all the rest of us as a log. Now, Christmas logs aren’t that unusual but the ritual performed with a log in this part of the world verges on the perverse and absolutely tickles me!
Tió gets painted with a face, given a Christmas hat and, if it’s particularly cold, it gets wrapped in a scarf too. In the run up to Christmas, Tió sits in the house and the children faithfully feed it with oranges, cakes – whatever logs generally like to eat – and give it water every day. It’s important to fatten up Tió as much as possible, the reason for which will now become clear. When it comes to Christmas day, the tradition can vary slightly depending on the family but the basics of it are this: the children get a stick and sing a song whilst HITTING TIO SO THAT IT SHITS OUT THEIR CHRISTMAS PRESENTS!!!!!!!
And with that thought, I wish you all a very Merry Christmas and a happy holiday period in general!
Three years ago, I wrote about my first experiences in Barcelona – a city previously unknown to me that I had decided to start a new life in. As this is where the first ideas for this blog came from, I thought it fitting to document my exploits here. These blog posts started out life as emails to my friends and family during my time there.
I’ve been here about six weeks now, and I suppose I’m settling into some sort of routine. I at least have a flat, some Catalan flatmates, three jobs and a few Spanish and Catalan words under my belt. Barcelona being a wonderfully human-sized city, I’ve cultivated a slight obsession with going everywhere by foot, to the extent that I’ve started to resent hopping on a metro or bus for even 10 minutes. Not that public transport is bad here – far from it. So, as an alien in a new world, assaulted from all sides and through all senses by my new surroundings, I share with you some of my first observations, and why not start with the most thrilling?… public transport!
Stairs – flipping loads of them in the metro! As there are about six different entrances to most metro stations, which can seemingly be spread across four blocks, should you make the mistake of entering into the wrong one for your line or direction, be prepared to go up and down stupid numbers of times before reaching your required platform. This was all kinds of fun when I first arrived with my overweight, limping suitcase and no chivalrous help at hand (New-Catalan-Friend was no longer with me at that point because of the lost telephone at airport debacle – previous post).
Changing lines – DON’T DO IT! You may be mistaken in thinking that because lines converge or cross at one station that you can hop off one and onto another. Nuh-uh. Be prepared for the aforementioned stair obstacle course as well as crossing half of Barcelona in a muggy, 70s-ugly tunnel. Best to walk that bit further in the pleasant outside world to a different station and just take the one line a few stops (just choose the right street entrance…).
One amazingly fantastic super duper thing, however, is that the metro runs ALL NIGHT on a Saturday! Brilliant! So I guess that makes up for all the stairs.
There are lots of nose rings. Various types. Every second person seems to have one. Or dreads, or a mullet. It’s like being back at college again (except for the mullets).
People call you guapa and cariña all over the place. I know this is the equivalent to being called love or darling in the market or at the pub but I unapologetically rather like it.
The economic ‘crisis’ that we’ve all been going through is evident. My fully qualified architect flatmate is fully unemployed, along with the majority of those in her profession in Spain. Quite a few people beg on the street with cardboard signs declaring the number of children they have to support, the lack of food… Then there are those who sell packets of tissues, lighters or chewing gum on street corners to make a bit of change.
The self-employed bin men are also a common sight, which is a bit shocking to see in a European country*. Like modern day rag and bone men, they seem to collect just about anything which could have even the smallest amount of second-hand worth. They are found rummaging through the many vast recycling containers, dotted on almost every street corner, accompanied by a shopping trolley and maybe a hammer, packing in as much as they can, from cardboard boxes to old clothes and shoes, electrical goods (and bads) and metal items. Where on earth these then get distributed to after, I have no idea. But someone must have worked out that it was worth a little something because there sure are a lot of people doing it.
Futbal Club Barcelona is NOT just a football team. ‘More than just a club’, it is, I’ve learned, religion and politics combined: fans more like fanatics, it is a symbol for how Catalonia could stand independently of the rest of Spain. And any match between Barcelona and Madrid is a grudge match to end all grudge matches. Catalans would rather sell their nans than have Madrid beat Barça!
There is even a whole TV channel dedicated to the team: if you wish, you could spend hours watching montages set to music of the best Barça goals of this season, last season, 20 seasons ago… or you can watch tiny little Barça players being coached into future Messis or Iniestas.
Not a week goes by without a protest, fiesta or strike. I don’t think people in Barcelona know how to manage without some mass gathering and noise-making. I must admit, I find it all quite fun and have been tempted to grab my saucepan and wooden spoon and join in on the banging and marching, but I’m not sure I’d manage the chanting, let alone the meaning behind it all.
Apart from the protests, fiestas or strikes, there is always something going on. And, because Barcelona is pretty small, it means you can actually participate in much of the fun – the idea of a ‘trek’ across town is, in reality, a maximum 20 min train or bus ride, even taking the stairs into account (imagine that London!)!
The beautiful buildings – ahh. There really are some fantastic, interesting, curious, different, crazy and beautiful buildings all over the city which can just make your day that bit brighter. There are ugly ones too but so many that I pass only seem to get better the more I look at them, as I notice more details, more colours, more shapes. And, be it right or wrong to accredit him entirely with the glorious architecture of the city, I say thank you to Gaudi for his part in the daily feast for both eyes and soul that I enjoy.
Finally, I couldn’t possibly end my observations without comment on the most talked about topic on the isle from which I hail… and, do you know what, it actually rains quite a lot in Barcelona. I know, I was surprised too! Don’t get me wrong, there were still days into late October when I could careen around in a dress and cardigan and not be feeling the cold but there has been a surprising amount of water falling from the sky too.
Most memorably when I was with a friend watching a fantastic light show being projected on to one of the more notable Gaudi buildings, Casa Batlló, with hundreds of other people all crammed in the street to watch. Not five minutes of the show had passed when an absolute torrential downpour started, resulting in almost flash-flooding of the street we were on. Masses of people rammed together and desperate to keep from getting wet only resulted in hundreds of mini umbrella waterfalls, so it was rather like having a cold, temperamental shower attacking you from various angles! When the lights from the show went off because a thunder erupted, everyone screamed and decided that was the time to panic-scramble, with umbrellas now as weapons to barge through the crowds…!
Almost three years ago to the day, I wrote about my first experiences in Barcelona – a city unknown to me at the time that I had decided to start a new life in. As this is where my first ideas for this blog came from, I thought it fitting to document my exploits here. These blog posts started out life as emails to my friends and family during my time there.
I wrote this first entry on the day that I had finally become ‘official’ in Spain. This ‘officialdom’ had come in the form of an unimpressive flimsy piece of credit card sized paper, laminated ON ONE SIDE ONLY, costing a meagre 10.30€ but an awful lot more in hours of my life wasted, bearing the golden digits that allowed me to work legally in the country. Yes, this much sought after ‘document’ is THE NIE (nee-ay aka national insurance, social security card/number).
But that is a whole other story in itself… (for up to date information on how to go through the painful process, which appears to have become even more bureaucratic since my own joyful experience, have look here:).
Well before that, though, my first escapade started almost literally upon touching down in the country. Waiting for a train to take me from the airport to the completely unknown, soon to be my home city of Barcelona, I was accosted in an amicable manner by a local who had apparently decided to befriend me. Said local was a man and, as a solo, decidedly non-local female, I was obviously a little wary.
Still all before I’d managed to arrive in Barcelona itself, though, I realised I’d lost my phone – somewhere between the airport baggage carousel and getting on the train. At that time (and as is pretty much still the case now) I couldn’t possibly boast to be the owner of any real technology worth stealing, least of all my £5 Nokia. Even so, it was a vital part of the new life puzzle I was attempting to put together and so I needed it back rapido!
My New-Catalan-Friend came to the rescue and I abused our 20-minute old friendship, borrowing his mobile to conduct expensive and relatively incomprehensible calls with the policeman who’d found my phone at the airport. Eventually, New-Catalan-Friend took over and established where and how I could go and pick up my mobile, so my arrival in Barcelona was followed by a swift departure: back to the airport I go lugging my 20 kilo case with one broken wheel behind me. And, by the way, it is hot and muggy.
I get to the airport police station to claim my treasure which the policeman asks me to describe before handing it over. “Muy basico” covers it. He laughs at me and my phone but I get it back – first near crisis of my adventure averted!
Later on that evening, New-Catalan-Friend and I hit the busy streets of Barça to watch and, eventually participate in, a street spectacle that health and safety in the UK would have absolute kittens over. Hundreds of ‘fire diablos’ and bands of drummers march and dance down the streets whirring sticks over their heads bursting with enormous sparklers and fire crackers sending streams of sparks flying off in every direction. The job of anyone else who wants to get involved is to try to dance with the devils or stop them going on their way (the devils also push around massive animals on wheels, running at the blockades of people, bursting with sparks in every direction!
All of this is called a correfoc – fire run – and mini-versions happily take place at fiestas throughout the year. So, in we went – the closer you get to the devils the fewer sparks you get showered with. I was pretty scared on the first attempt but got taken under the fire-retardant cape of a rather yummy-looking devil and so all was good, bouncing and hopping around to drums in the sparks with people chanting and singing all around! With all this incredible atmosphere, I am instantly totally in love with Barcelona (and also rather taken with my cape swishing devil!)!
A lot more dancing and running around in fireworks later, sweaty as anything, pretty choked up from the fumes, singed hair and with burn holes in my clothes (all that careful packing straight out the window…) it’s time for my first eats in Barcelona – oh yes!
That issue aside, the food was amazing – good tapas is REALLY good here! (Although Barcelona is not particularly famed for its cuisine in Spain – apparently Asturias is where it’s at – and my only memory now of the meal is wine, asparagus and my first ever Romesco sauce).
With our intentions somewhat differing, I nevertheless decided that we hadn’t actually arrived in ‘creepy-man’ territory, so off we continued with our evening to visit the Sagrada Familia by night where there was a light display as part of the saints’ day festivities. In fact, we missed the light show by mere seconds but I still got given a guided tour of the outside of Gaudi’s basilica – incredible (and even better on the inside, I would later discover) – and collected a flashing light bug as a souvenir – hurrah!
Later on, lying on my top-bunk with a gently snoring American bunk-mate below, trying not to move for the mugginess (is it going to be like this all the time?!) and I have time to take in my first night in Barcelona; done – and in quite surreal and spectacular style! Although I know that every day won’t be like this (I still have a job and flat to find, a life to create… and a bloody NIE to get) for sure I am already in Love Love Love…- with the city, NOT with New-Catalan-Friend! | 2019-04-19T00:22:26Z | https://outsiderin.co.uk/category/travel-2/page/2/ |
should not face inequity following attacks in Paris or elsewhere linked to the fanatics.
Jew, my parents taught me that we must stand up against the attacks on all communities.
create a safe and peaceful environment for you and protect your rights”.
I just want to mention I am new to blogs and truly loved your web blog. Very likely I’m likely to bookmark your site . You absolutely come with terrific stories. Thank you for revealing your blog.
I have read several just right stuff here. Definitely price bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how so much effort you place to make this kind of magnificent informative website.
I¡¦m no longer certain the place you’re getting your info, but great topic. I must spend a while finding out much more or working out more. Thanks for excellent info I used to be in search of this info for my mission.
I am only commenting to let you understand of the magnificent encounter my daughter undergone browsing your site. She came to understand so many details, not to mention what it is like to possess an incredible helping character to make the others quite simply learn several specialized matters. You undoubtedly surpassed her desires. Many thanks for showing these essential, trustworthy, edifying and even easy tips about that topic to Janet.
I wanted to write you the little word just to give thanks again on your breathtaking knowledge you have shown here. It’s certainly seriously open-handed of you to provide publicly all a few individuals could have offered for an e book to make some cash on their own, precisely considering the fact that you could have tried it in the event you wanted. Those smart ideas as well served like the fantastic way to realize that many people have the same eagerness the same as my own to figure out more and more related to this condition. I know there are some more fun sessions ahead for many who take a look at your site.
Very well written story. It will be useful to anyone who utilizes it, as well as myself. Keep up the good work – i will definitely read more posts.
It¡¦s actually a nice and helpful piece of information. I am happy that you just shared this useful information with us. Please stay us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
Thanks for any other excellent post. Where else may just anybody get that type of information in such a perfect approach of writing? I’ve a presentation subsequent week, and I am at the look for such information.
You completed a number of nice points there. I did a search on the matter and found nearly all persons will have the same opinion with your blog.
What i do not understood is in truth how you are no longer really much more neatly-appreciated than you may be right now. You’re very intelligent. You realize thus significantly in the case of this subject, made me individually consider it from a lot of numerous angles. Its like men and women aren’t fascinated except it¡¦s something to do with Woman gaga! Your personal stuffs excellent. Always deal with it up!
hello!,I love your writing so a lot! proportion we keep up a correspondence more approximately your article on AOL? I require a specialist in this house to unravel my problem. May be that’s you! Taking a look ahead to peer you.
I do accept as true with all of the concepts you’ve introduced for your post. They’re very convincing and can definitely work. Still, the posts are too short for beginners. Could you please lengthen them a little from next time? Thank you for the post.
I simply wanted to say thanks yet again. I do not know the things I would’ve accomplished without the type of basics shown by you directly on such subject matter. This has been a real intimidating difficulty for me personally, nevertheless observing your specialized way you treated that made me to leap with delight. I am just happy for your help and in addition expect you recognize what a great job that you are doing teaching the others by way of your webblog. I’m certain you have never got to know all of us.
I simply had to thank you so much once again. I am not sure the things I would have achieved in the absence of the actual tips and hints documented by you on such a field. It was actually a real daunting condition in my circumstances, but understanding the well-written form you processed it made me to cry with contentment. I will be happier for this work and in addition hope that you find out what an amazing job that you’re putting in instructing the rest all through your websites. I know that you haven’t met all of us.
I wish to express some appreciation to you for rescuing me from this particular challenge. Right after scouting through the world-wide-web and seeing strategies which were not powerful, I assumed my entire life was done. Living devoid of the answers to the problems you have resolved through your entire review is a serious case, and ones that could have negatively damaged my entire career if I hadn’t discovered the blog. Your personal expertise and kindness in controlling all the things was valuable. I don’t know what I would’ve done if I hadn’t come upon such a solution like this. I’m able to at this moment look ahead to my future. Thank you so much for your reliable and results-oriented guide. I will not hesitate to refer your blog to anybody who needs and wants guidance about this issue.
hi!,I love your writing so a lot! share we be in contact extra about your article on AOL? I require a specialist in this house to solve my problem. Maybe that’s you! Having a look ahead to peer you.
I just want to tell you that I’m new to blogging and truly enjoyed you’re blog. Most likely I’m want to bookmark your site . You surely have terrific posts. Cheers for sharing with us your website page.
I enjoy you because of all your valuable work on this web page. Ellie enjoys working on investigation and it’s really obvious why. I know all about the compelling ways you create powerful information via this website and therefore encourage contribution from some other people on the subject matter plus our child is truly starting to learn a great deal. Take pleasure in the remaining portion of the new year. You are performing a wonderful job.
Someone essentially assist to make critically articles I would state. This is the very first time I frequented your website page and so far? I amazed with the research you made to create this particular post incredible. Wonderful task!
whoah this blog is fantastic i really like reading your posts. Keep up the great paintings! You understand, lots of individuals are searching round for this information, you can aid them greatly.
I¡¦ve been exploring for a little for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this sort of area . Exploring in Yahoo I ultimately stumbled upon this web site. Studying this info So i¡¦m satisfied to show that I have an incredibly excellent uncanny feeling I came upon exactly what I needed. I such a lot indubitably will make certain to don¡¦t put out of your mind this website and give it a glance on a continuing basis.
I will immediately clutch your rss as I can’t in finding your email subscription link or e-newsletter service. Do you have any? Please allow me recognize in order that I may just subscribe. Thanks.
It is really a nice and helpful piece of information. I¡¦m glad that you shared this useful info with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
Whats Going down i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I have found It absolutely useful and it has helped me out loads. I’m hoping to give a contribution & aid different users like its aided me. Great job.
I would like to get across my admiration for your generosity for individuals who need help with in this topic. Your special commitment to getting the message around came to be pretty powerful and has continuously made professionals much like me to arrive at their targets. Your entire useful guideline signifies a great deal a person like me and even further to my mates. Best wishes; from all of us.
Thank you, I’ve recently been looking for information approximately this topic for ages and yours is the greatest I’ve found out till now. However, what about the bottom line? Are you certain concerning the source?
Thank you so much for providing individuals with such a superb possiblity to check tips from this web site. It’s usually very pleasurable and also jam-packed with fun for me and my office friends to search your site really thrice in one week to read the newest things you have got. And of course, I’m also usually contented considering the sensational knowledge you give. Some 2 areas on this page are certainly the finest we have all ever had.
It is in point of fact a nice and helpful piece of info. I¡¦m glad that you simply shared this helpful information with us. Please keep us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
My husband and i ended up being now lucky when Edward managed to carry out his studies while using the ideas he came across using your web site. It’s not at all simplistic just to be handing out tips and tricks which usually other people have been selling. We remember we need the writer to give thanks to for that. The type of explanations you have made, the straightforward website navigation, the relationships you assist to create – it’s got most overwhelming, and it’s really facilitating our son and our family imagine that this theme is enjoyable, and that’s extraordinarily vital. Thank you for the whole lot!
I would like to point out my passion for your kindness in support of men and women who really want assistance with this particular concern. Your real commitment to getting the solution throughout has been incredibly important and has really helped associates just like me to achieve their targets. Your personal warm and friendly help indicates so much a person like me and even further to my mates. Thank you; from all of us.
I wanted to write you this tiny word to be able to say thanks over again with your wonderful tactics you have featured in this case. It is so shockingly generous of you giving without restraint all numerous people could possibly have offered for sale as an e book to make some money for their own end, mostly considering the fact that you could have done it in case you wanted. These advice as well acted as the good way to understand that some people have the identical desire really like my personal own to see a whole lot more with reference to this matter. I believe there are lots of more pleasurable occasions in the future for people who go through your blog.
Great amazing things here. I¡¦m very happy to peer your post. Thanks a lot and i’m looking ahead to contact you. Will you please drop me a e-mail?
hello!,I love your writing very much! proportion we be in contact extra approximately your post on AOL? I require a specialist in this space to resolve my problem. May be that’s you! Having a look ahead to look you.
I am only commenting to let you understand of the magnificent discovery my wife’s girl obtained checking yuor web blog. She figured out many things, with the inclusion of what it’s like to possess an excellent teaching nature to let many more smoothly completely grasp specific impossible topics. You actually did more than people’s expected results. Thanks for distributing these necessary, safe, revealing and cool tips on your topic to Janet.
I would like to express my passion for your kindness giving support to men who absolutely need guidance on that theme. Your personal dedication to getting the message around was really helpful and has in most cases encouraged workers much like me to achieve their dreams. Your entire insightful help can mean a great deal a person like me and somewhat more to my mates. Thanks a ton; from everyone of us.
Thank you a lot for sharing this with all people you really realize what you’re talking approximately! Bookmarked. Kindly also consult with my website =). We could have a hyperlink change agreement between us!
My spouse and i were so delighted that Jordan managed to round up his web research via the ideas he acquired using your web pages. It is now and again perplexing to just be offering points which often most people might have been making money from. And we know we have got the writer to give thanks to because of that. These explanations you’ve made, the straightforward website menu, the relationships you aid to foster – it’s mostly unbelievable, and it is assisting our son in addition to the family consider that that concept is fun, which is tremendously essential. Thanks for everything!
Simply want to say your article is as astonishing. The clearness in your post is simply excellent and i could assume you’re an expert on this subject. Fine with your permission let me to grab your feed to keep updated with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please continue the enjoyable work.
Whats Taking place i’m new to this, I stumbled upon this I have found It positively helpful and it has helped me out loads. I am hoping to contribute & assist other users like its aided me. Great job.
Thank you, I have just been looking for information approximately this subject for a long time and yours is the best I have found out so far. However, what concerning the bottom line? Are you certain in regards to the supply?
whoah this weblog is great i love reading your posts. Keep up the great work! You already know, many persons are looking around for this info, you could aid them greatly.
A lot of thanks for each of your hard work on this web site. My mum really likes conducting investigation and it’s simple to grasp why. Most people know all concerning the compelling medium you give very useful tricks through the web site and as well cause contribution from some other people about this concern and our own princess is really studying a whole lot. Take advantage of the remaining portion of the new year. You’re the one carrying out a really great job.
Hello there, I found your website by the use of Google while searching for a comparable topic, your web site came up, it looks good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Thanks for every other fantastic post. The place else may anyone get that kind of information in such an ideal manner of writing? I’ve a presentation next week, and I’m at the look for such information.
Thanks for another informative web site. Where else may I get that kind of information written in such an ideal manner? I have a project that I am just now operating on, and I’ve been at the glance out for such information.
What i do not realize is in fact how you are now not really much more well-preferred than you might be right now. You’re so intelligent. You realize thus significantly relating to this matter, produced me in my view consider it from so many numerous angles. Its like men and women are not interested until it¡¦s one thing to accomplish with Girl gaga! Your own stuffs great. All the time maintain it up!
You actually make it appear so easy with your presentation however I to find this topic to be really one thing which I feel I would never understand. It kind of feels too complicated and very vast for me. I’m taking a look ahead to your subsequent put up, I¡¦ll try to get the cling of it!
you’re actually a just right webmaster. The website loading velocity is incredible. It sort of feels that you’re doing any unique trick. Also, The contents are masterpiece. you’ve done a fantastic task on this subject!
Hello, Neat post. There is an issue with your web site in web explorer, would test this¡K IE still is the marketplace leader and a large element of other folks will pass over your great writing because of this problem.
What i don’t realize is in fact how you’re now not really a lot more neatly-favored than you may be right now. You’re very intelligent. You realize therefore considerably relating to this topic, made me in my opinion imagine it from numerous varied angles. Its like men and women don’t seem to be interested until it¡¦s one thing to accomplish with Girl gaga! Your own stuffs excellent. All the time maintain it up!
Needed to put you a bit of observation to give thanks the moment again about the amazing techniques you’ve contributed here. This is certainly incredibly generous of people like you to supply openly what a few people would have sold as an e-book to earn some profit for their own end, chiefly considering that you could possibly have done it if you ever decided. These things also worked to become a fantastic way to know that most people have similar fervor much like my own to realize a great deal more in terms of this matter. I’m sure there are several more fun occasions in the future for many who browse through your blog.
Generally I don’t read post on blogs, however I would like to say that this write-up very pressured me to take a look at and do it! Your writing taste has been surprised me. Thanks, very nice article.
I and also my buddies have already been digesting the excellent suggestions from your web blog while immediately I had a horrible feeling I had not expressed respect to you for those techniques. My ladies had been as a result very interested to study them and have in effect in fact been taking pleasure in them. Thank you for actually being considerably kind as well as for settling on some magnificent tips most people are really desperate to be aware of. My personal honest apologies for not expressing gratitude to sooner.
Usually I don’t learn post on blogs, but I would like to say that this write-up very compelled me to check out and do it! Your writing taste has been surprised me. Thanks, very great post.
Thanks for some other magnificent post. Where else may anyone get that kind of information in such a perfect method of writing? I’ve a presentation subsequent week, and I am at the search for such information.
I have learn a few excellent stuff here. Certainly worth bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how much attempt you set to create this kind of excellent informative website.
What i do not understood is if truth be told how you are not really much more smartly-preferred than you may be now. You are so intelligent. You already know therefore considerably with regards to this matter, produced me personally imagine it from so many varied angles. Its like men and women don’t seem to be fascinated except it is one thing to do with Girl gaga! Your own stuffs excellent. All the time handle it up!
Hiya very cool site!! Guy .. Beautiful .. Amazing .. I will bookmark your website and take the feeds also¡KI’m happy to search out a lot of useful info right here within the submit, we want work out extra techniques on this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .
I just want to say I am very new to weblog and certainly enjoyed your page. More than likely I’m want to bookmark your site . You amazingly come with really good stories. With thanks for sharing your web page.
Thanks for sharing excellent informations. Your website is very cool. I’m impressed by the details that you¡¦ve on this site. It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject. Bookmarked this website page, will come back for extra articles. You, my friend, ROCK! I found just the info I already searched all over the place and simply could not come across. What an ideal web site.
It¡¦s really a cool and useful piece of info. I am glad that you just shared this useful info with us. Please stay us informed like this. Thank you for sharing.
whoah this weblog is excellent i really like studying your articles. Stay up the good paintings! You realize, lots of people are hunting round for this info, you could help them greatly.
Simply desire to say your article is as astounding. The clearness in your post is just excellent and i can assume you’re an expert on this subject. Well with your permission allow me to grab your feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please carry on the gratifying work.
hello!,I like your writing very much! percentage we communicate more approximately your article on AOL? I need a specialist in this space to unravel my problem. May be that’s you! Looking forward to look you.
I have been exploring for a little bit for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this sort of space . Exploring in Yahoo I eventually stumbled upon this website. Studying this info So i¡¦m happy to express that I have a very just right uncanny feeling I found out exactly what I needed. I most indisputably will make sure to do not put out of your mind this site and provides it a look on a continuing basis.
I’m commenting to let you understand what a perfect discovery my friend’s daughter went through going through your webblog. She came to understand a good number of details, most notably what it’s like to have a great helping mindset to have others just know precisely a variety of extremely tough issues. You undoubtedly surpassed her expectations. I appreciate you for distributing these essential, healthy, edifying and even easy thoughts on the topic to Julie.
Thanks so much for providing individuals with such a pleasant opportunity to read critical reviews from this website. It is always so pleasurable plus packed with fun for me and my office colleagues to visit your site not less than 3 times in one week to find out the fresh things you have. Of course, I’m so at all times motivated with your cool knowledge you give. Some two areas in this article are rather the most effective we have all had.
Wonderful goods from you, man. I’ve understand your stuff previous to and you’re just extremely magnificent. I actually like what you have acquired here, certainly like what you are stating and the way in which you say it. You make it enjoyable and you still care for to keep it smart. I can’t wait to read much more from you. This is really a great web site.
Excellent site. Plenty of useful information here. I¡¦m sending it to several pals ans also sharing in delicious. And certainly, thank you in your sweat!
Thank you a lot for sharing this with all people you actually recognise what you’re talking about! Bookmarked. Kindly also talk over with my web site =). We may have a hyperlink exchange agreement between us!
Hi there very nice site!! Man .. Beautiful .. Superb .. I will bookmark your web site and take the feeds additionally¡KI’m glad to find so many helpful information here within the submit, we’d like develop extra techniques on this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .
Very efficiently written article. It will be valuable to anybody who usess it, including yours truly :). Keep doing what you are doing – can’r wait to read more posts.
It is appropriate time to make some plans for the future and it’s time to be happy. I have read this post and if I could I desire to suggest you some interesting things or tips. Perhaps you could write next articles referring to this article. I wish to read even more things about it!
Valuable info. Fortunate me I discovered your web site unintentionally, and I’m stunned why this coincidence did not came about earlier! I bookmarked it.
you are truly a excellent webmaster. The web site loading velocity is amazing. It seems that you are doing any distinctive trick. Moreover, The contents are masterpiece. you’ve done a wonderful process on this matter!
naturally like your web-site but you need to check the spelling on quite a few of your posts. Many of them are rife with spelling problems and I in finding it very bothersome to inform the truth on the other hand I will definitely come again again.
Thank you for sharing excellent informations. Your web site is so cool. I am impressed by the details that you have on this site. It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject. Bookmarked this website page, will come back for extra articles. You, my friend, ROCK! I found simply the info I already searched everywhere and simply couldn’t come across. What a perfect website.
I have learn some just right stuff here. Certainly value bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how a lot effort you set to make one of these wonderful informative web site.
I’m creating a new blog about literature (what I have actually read, what I’m reading), but I’m having difficulty thinking of a title. I like the idea of something involving a fascination with literature but I think bookophilia is on the typical side. What do you consider Litophilia? Is it as well comparable to “lithophilia” Which implies the love of stones? Any kind of concepts? Thanks!.
You really make it appear really easy with your presentation however I in finding this topic to be really something that I think I would by no means understand. It seems too complicated and very wide for me. I’m looking forward for your subsequent publish, I¡¦ll try to get the dangle of it!
I am just writing to make you be aware of what a incredible discovery my wife’s child encountered visiting your web site. She even learned so many details, not to mention how it is like to have a marvelous teaching spirit to let the rest smoothly learn selected tortuous matters. You really exceeded my desires. Thank you for offering those productive, dependable, informative and as well as easy tips about this topic to Emily.
Thank you a bunch for sharing this with all people you actually recognize what you are talking approximately! Bookmarked. Kindly additionally seek advice from my web site =). We could have a hyperlink change agreement among us!
I’m wanting to check out blogs consisting of music I like, but filtering via all the removed, outdated and also crap blogs is a hassle. I recognize there are countless blog sites, exists an excellent resource to seek the recommended ones?.
Hi there, I found your website via Google whilst looking for a related subject, your web site came up, it appears good. I have bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
hello!,I love your writing very so much! share we communicate extra approximately your post on AOL? I require an expert on this area to solve my problem. May be that’s you! Having a look ahead to peer you.
What i do not realize is in fact how you are not really a lot more well-favored than you may be now. You’re very intelligent. You understand thus significantly relating to this topic, produced me for my part believe it from a lot of numerous angles. Its like men and women are not involved until it¡¦s one thing to accomplish with Lady gaga! Your personal stuffs nice. Always care for it up!
hey there and thank you for your info – I have definitely picked up anything new from right here. I did however expertise a few technical issues using this site, since I experienced to reload the website many times previous to I could get it to load properly. I had been wondering if your web hosting is OK? Not that I’m complaining, but slow loading instances times will often affect your placement in google and could damage your quality score if advertising and marketing with Adwords. Anyway I am adding this RSS to my e-mail and could look out for a lot more of your respective fascinating content. Ensure that you update this again soon..
oOqZk6 It as genuinely very difficult in this full of activity life to listen news on Television, thus I only use world wide web for that purpose, and obtain the most recent news.
Thank you for sharing excellent informations. Your web-site is very cool. I’m impressed by the details that you have on this blog. It reveals how nicely you understand this subject. Bookmarked this web page, will come back for extra articles. You, my pal, ROCK! I found just the information I already searched all over the place and simply could not come across. What a perfect web site.
There are countless blogs that requires discuss them. What is the intent of blog comments?
Wow! In the end I got a blog from where I know how to genuinely take valuable information concerning my study and knowledge.
rABKNt Thanks for the article.Really looking forward to read more. Really Cool.
What is a good complimentary blog writing website that I can react to blogs as well as others will reply to me?
I am brand-new to web design as I have no previous experience and understand little HTML. I just wish to know what the most effective software program is to buy to design blogs. I have downloaded and install CS5 Layout Costs with Dreamweaver as well as Photoshop, however I understand this is a little advanced for me and pricey!!!. Does any individual have suggestions of software or means to construct blog sites and also sites quickly and cost-effective?. MANY THANKS!. | 2019-04-24T01:01:31Z | http://www.bubblepediaonline.com/2015/12/if-youre-muslim-in-this-community-then.html |
I am an experienced software engineer, research scientist, development team lead, enterprise architect, and C.T.O. with over 25 years of industry experience, a broad set of technology and people skills and a special interest in Energy Management, Secure Software Development and Optimisation. I graduated with great distinction in electronics (1988) and computer science (1992), while working fulltime as a plant operator at an oil refinery. I have led heterogeneous and international teams of technically skilled coworkers and delivered maintainable and scalable mission-critical software for many environments and platforms. I received a PhD from Université Catholique de Louvain for my research in secure software engineering.
A short-term assignment with Sony in the domain of ubiquitous, context-aware computing, where I perform a technology scouting assignment exploring the landscape in this domain.
PhD thesis on "Patterns of Safe Collaboration".
Masters Computer Sciences: 1992, Free University Brussels.
Studies while working full-time as a plant operator in an oil refinery.
For Sony's R&D division in Belgium, I performed applied research in the field of Electric Vehicles, Vehicle-to-Grid connecitivity, and Smart Grids in collaboration with academic and industrial partners. I explored new business opportunities in this field. I developed new software for Home Energy Management and Plugin (Hybrid) Electric Vehicle management, to be deployed on multiple platforms including embedded systems. I have set up research projects in collaboration with universities and industrial partners, to address the relevant technological challenges in the fields of Renewable Energy, Demand Response based Grid Balancing, and Pluggable (Hybrid) Electric Vehicles. I have lead a team of R&D engineers developing two of these projects. I provide technology advise concerning software security and constraint programming.
I led the research and development efforts on secure data transfer and communications in Thales' large multi-facetted R&D project about situational awareness in maritime coalitions, designing and integrating security enforcement points into an existing component-based architecture and developing a policy specification language and tool for ontology-based security policies. I was responsible for the budget control of TU/e in the project. I coached PhD students, performed analysis of trust relationships, made research proposals with industrial partners, wrote publications and was a guest lecturer at TU Eindhoven.
Others: Eclipse, CVS, SVN, Constraint Programming, Mozart-Oz, Mathematica, Protégé, Windows, Mac OS X, X-windows.
I optimized applications and developed compilers for highly parallel embedded software, for use in mobile devices, in collaboration with Samsung. I maximized the performance, data throughput, and minimized the power consumption of embedded software, improving compilers for optimal Instruction-level Parallelism (ILP). I applied Constraint Programming to code mapping and scheduling problems.
I co-developed a new online booking system for holidays, audited the development process and performed a SWOT analysis.
I developed a tool for secure software development. I solved combinatorial optimization problems using Concurrent Constraint Programming (CCP), and applied the solutions to problems in secure software engineering. I investigated new possibilities for funding within the EU.
I developed algorithms, (web-based) tools and approaches for robust and secure software engineering with high maintainability and high availability, established design guidelines for secure, concurrent programming languages and designed, built and applied the "Safe Collaboration Language" for secure software design. I organized symposia, published my results and presented my work at scientific conferences. For this work I was awarded with a PhD in Software Security.
C, C++, Mozart-Oz, Java, Swing, Eclipse, PHP, Unix scripting, Make, CVS, SVN, Lex & Yac, Virtual Machine Design, Programming Language Design, Multi Paradigm Programming, Concurrent Constraint Programming, Declarative Programming, Encryption.
I designed and recorded video courses on Enterprise Architecture, and taught live courses on Component Based Software Development to senior developers and ICT managers.
I led the development team of Radio Holland hands-on to maintain, debug and extend existing software for marine weather stations. I negotiated and revised requirements with the end customer and transferred knowledge to Radio Holland.
As Technology Expert and CTO, I advised the board of directors on technology matters and coordinated the collaboration with Flemish and Dutch universities in the Advisory Board. I provided leadership, advise and mentorship to consultants and developers on innovative technologies and introduced J2EE and the IBM WebSphere product family.
I guided several strategic projects as Chief Architect and hands-on Development Lead through their initial high-risk stage, and then transferred knowledge to Inno-com consultants and customer staff.
During a 6 months assignment, I audited their high-level plan for a worldwide enterprise architecture to integrate dealer software into the company's supply chain management systems, designed and implemented a prototype for early adaptor dealers from Norway and Belgium, negotiated and communicated the conceptual and technology requirements of the prototype with all stakeholders, and built an architecture transition strategy based on the experiences with the prototype. I advised the customer’s CIO on issues of integration with new technologies, introduced new development methods and integration tools to their development team, and consulted on Enterprise Architecture and Web Development.
During a 4 months assignment at project startup, I supervised and audited the building of a new Enterprise Architecture by a third party. I coached the KBC development team, hands-on where necessary, to use, implement, and maintain the architecture, and trained them in OO principles, design patterns, the full project lifecycle, and new technologies.
Java, J2EE, WebSphere Application Server, Visual Age for Java, UML, XML, Object Persistency, Java API's., MS Windows, ODBC, MSSQL, JDBC, RDBMS.
During a 6 months project, I led a team of 5 experienced EAI consultants and developers designing a new enterprise architecture blueprint to reflect the long term management vision. I discussed and communicated requirements and transition strategies with all stakeholders, established inter-departmental responsibilities for data ownership, and delivered a transition plan towards the new architecture.
Java, J2EE, Corba, UML, XML, Object Persistency, Java API's., MS Windows, ODBC, JDBC, RDBMS.
During a 6 months assignment at the startup of a large project, I was the lead architect of an international team of 10 experienced OO developers and architects in a business critical project to enable "Posten" to take a central role in the electronic billing process in Sweden. I gathered and structured customer requirements, devised an overall enterprise architecture in which the E-Billing project would fit, and integrated existing components to optimal satisfaction of EDS and its costumer. I communicated and negotiated design decisions with all stakeholders, and got the development team on track to develop the key components, before transferring the knowledge and duties of guarding the architecture to EDS.
Java, J2EE, Proprietary Java API's, Financial API's (J/XFS), UML, XML, Object Persistency, MS Windows.
In a 6 months project, I led the development of a web portal for centralized services to Belgian SME's by a team of 4 developers, designing and building a meta-data based persistence layer with object-relational mapping facilities and an Object Query Language (SQL for Objects). I communicated on the approach, the progress, and the results to the customer and their external auditor.
Java, COM, Object Persistency, ODBC, RDBMS, MSSQL, Stored Procedures, MS Windows.
In a short term assignment, I advised on their ERP package selection, interviewing business stakeholders about the architecture and functionality requirements, evaluating potential solutions and providers on the merits of their proposed solutions, and comparing the ERP packages of SAP, Oracle, and PeopleSoft.
During a 4 months project, I delivered a feasible enterprise architecture blueprint to replace existing point-to-point connectivity, working in close collaboration with application owners and management. I evaluated and compared technologies and product families suitable to implement this transition, and designed and integrated new components for e-billing and point-of-sales software to fit in the enterprise architecture.
At Pauwels Trafo (Transformer Manufacturer) during an 18 months project, I led the development of a rule-based tool for the Electrical and Mechanical design of Industrial Power Transformers and its integration with peripheral products and tools. I provided technology leadership in their ICT alignment project with Pauwels Canada, and trained and coached their development team in Object Orientated Development (Smalltalk) and the full project lifecycle.
At KBC (Banking) during a short assignment, I trained KBC developers in the full project lifecycle, in EAI principles and practices and OO design patterns, introducing an Object Oriented and Component Based approaches.
Smalltalk, (VisualWorks and VisualAge), C (external calls), Version Management (Envy), Object Persistency, RDBMS, Reflection and Introspection, Rule Engines.
At ARGO (Schools Administration), in a large 50-man-years project, I delivered a meta-data based component framework, allowing for applications to be assembled on demand by customers and business consultants. This framework was based on a meta-model repository, and made extensive use of reflection, introspection and all the OO-patterns in Smalltalk that became fancy later.
I was the customer contact for requirements and delivery. I taught, coached and led the teams of developers and key-users, and co-designed and developed the core framework. I was responsible for the development of the components for workflow, generic persistency (object-relational mapping), document management, rule-based and role-based security, a secure scripting language, and a meta-model driven GUI. I was also responsible for the technical project management, requirements gathering, business process reengineering, the timely delivery of the applications, and for training the key-users in a train-the-trainer program.
Smalltalk, (VisualWorks), C (external calls), Version Management (Envy), Object Persistency, RDBMS, ODBC, Reflection and Introspection, Parsers, Compilers, Runtime GUI generation.
As a plant operator, working full-time in a continuous shift system, I studied electronics and computer science in my spare time. Fina Refinery then re-hired me into their IT division, giving me responsibilities for database administration, application programming and maintenance.
DCDP 2010: 1st. Workshop on Decentralized Coordination of Distributed Processes.
COLOPS 2003 1st. Workshop on Constraint & Logic Programming in Security.
Securiosity 2009 National Congres on Security and Cybercrime (November 2009), "Virus virulentie controle met object capabilities en Scoll".
TGC05 Workshop on Trusted Global Computing (Edinburgh April 2005), "A Practical Formal Model for Safety Analysis in Capability-Based Systems"
Viruses ... how to fight back! presentation on the principle of least authority (POLA) for the Belgian Secretary of State for the Informatization of the State.
2010: Toby Murray, Oxford University: thesis on the application of CSP to authority analysis in Capability Systems.
Co-author of the chapter on formal security analysis in "Sichere Systeme: Konzepte, Architekturen und Frameworks" by Walter Kriha and Roland Schmitz.
Co-editor of the "Object Oriented Security Website" .
Examiner and Advisor for the security research funding programm of the Flemish "Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Onderzoek" .
Daniel Trivellato, Fred Spiessens, Nicola Zannone, Sandro Etalle, "Reputation-Based Ontology Alignment for Autonomy and Interoperability in Distributed Access Control", International Symposium on Secure Computing (SecureCom09, Vancouver, Canada, August 29-31, 2009). To be published in the PASSAT-09 proceedings by IEEE CS press.
Daniel Trivellato, Fred Spiessens, Nicola Zannone, Sandro Etalle, "POLIPO: Policies & OntoLogies for Interoperability, Portability, and autOnomy", IEEE International Symposium on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks (Policy2009, London, July 20 - 22). To be published in the POLICY-09 proceedings by IEEE CS press.
Fred Spiessens, Jerry den Hartog, Sandro Etalle, "Know what you trust: Analyzing and designing trust policies with Scoll.", Proceedings 5th International Workshop on Formal Aspects in Security and Trust (FAST 2008, Malaga, Spain, October 9-10, 2008). Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5491, page 129-142, Berlin 2009, Springer.
Fred Spiessens, "Patterns of Safe Collaboration", Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Computing Science and Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Feb. 2007.
Fred Spiessens, Yves Jaradin, and Peter Van Roy, "SCOLL and SCOLLAR: Safe Collaboration based on Partial Trust", Research Report RR2005-12, Department of Computing Science and Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, 2005.
Fred Spiessens, Yves Jaradin, and Peter Van Roy, "Using Constraints to Analyze and Generate Safe Capability Patterns", Research Report RR2005-11, Department of Computing Science and Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, 2005.
Yves Jaradin, Fred Spiessens, and Peter Van Roy, "SCOLL: A Language for Safe Capability Based Collaboration", Research Report RR2005-10, Department of Computing Science and Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, 2005.
Fred Spiessens and Peter Van Roy, "A Practical Formal Model for Safety Analysis in Capability-Based Systems", Symposium on Trustworthy Global Computing (TGC 2005), Edinburgh, UK, Springer-Verlag LNCS volume 3705, 2005.
Yves Jaradin, Fred Spiessens, and Peter Van Roy, "Capability Confinement by Membranes", Research Report RR2005-03, Department of Computing Science and Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, March 2005.
Fred Spiessens and Peter Van Roy, "The Oz-E Project: Design Guidelines for a Secure Multiparadigm Programming Language", Springer-Verlag LNCS volume 3389, March 2005.
Alfred Spiessens, Raphael Collet, and Peter Van Roy, "Declarative Laziness in a Concurrent Constraint Language", 2nd International Workshop on Multiparadigm Constraint Programming Languages (MultiCPL 2003), at the 9th International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP2003), Kinsale, Ireland, September 2003.
Fred Spiessens, Luis Quesada, and Peter Van Roy, "Confinement Analysis with Graph Reachabilty Constraints";, Online proceedings of the first workshop on Constraints in Software Testing, Verification and Analysis , Nantes, France, September, 2006.
Martine Devos, Michel Tilman, Fred Spiessens, "A Framework for Adaptive Design", OOPSLA 1997, Atlanta, Georgia, October 1997.
These recommendations were made available online at Linked In. Please contact me if you require any references in specific areas.
Jacek Skowronek: "I have worked with Fred in the scope of the Poseidon project, in which Dutch universities cooperate with Thales in the area of maritime situation awareness. He has a firm grasp on what an industrial partner expects of an R&D project, and how to manage and fulfill those expectations, in a flexible manner. He can handle pressure very well, and I am sure will be a stable presence in every endeavour. Fred is one of the rare examples of advanced R&D workers who can do their job equally well in a scientific and industrial context."
Martine Thijs: "Fred is a technical consultant who has a wide business knowledge and interest as well. His insights in architecture and process structures are thorough. Fred is someone who has the capabilities to both guide and lead a team and be a valuable team player. I enjoyed very much working with Fred."
Dr. Mark S. Miller: "For his thesis, Fred gave form and depth to the ideas explored by the capability community. His work was an original and major advance of our field. Fred is one of those rare computer scientists who span the range from deep formalist to solid practical engineer to prolific explainer to honest skeptical critic. Whatever he touches, he will discover its true nature, explain it, and make it work."
Dr. Luis Quesada: "I had the opportunity of working with Fred at Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL). We were both working as research assistants under the supervision of Prof. Peter Van Roy. During my years at UCL I always appreciated Fred's capacity to adapt to different research topics. I also think that Fred is a very open minded person. This quality and the fact that he always takes his duties very seriously made it very enjoyable to work with him. Taking into account the above mentioned and his high academic qualification, I have no doubt about his success in any responsibility he decides to take."
Prof. Peter Van Roy Thesis advisor: "Fred Spiessens did an excellent dissertation in which he defined a formal model for security analysis that is able to model both access control lists and capabilities. He implemented the model and used it to analyze the security properties of programming patterns. He has the ability to understand previous work and to make original contributions that considerably improve it." | 2019-04-23T16:02:58Z | https://www.evoluware.eu/ |
This Economist Magazine article confirms my personal experience that value investing is in a sea of pain at the moment. The reasons are quite different from the last time (during the dotcom era) when value investing was in the doldrums. This time around, people are not full of euphoria about the prospects of growth stocks -- they are just getting increasingly gloomy of value stocks which seem to be getting cheaper by the minute.
Readers of this blog have seen my discussions of various seasonal trades in commodities futures (e.g. see this article). Recently, Mark Hulbert of the NYTimes drew our attention to a seasonal trade in stocks. The strategy is very simple: each month, buy a number of stocks that performed the best in the same month a year earlier, and short the same number of stocks that performed poorest in that month a year earlier. The average annual return is more than 13% before transaction costs, and since it is market neutral, this already considerable return can be leveraged to 2 or 3 times higher. Also, since it turns over the stocks only once a month, transaction costs should not be a major problem. The strategy was developed by Profs. Steven Heston and Ronnie Sadka, and details can be found online here. Besides its simplicity, the strategy is not as affected by survivorship bias in the data set as a mean-reverting strategy, since survivorship bias would tend to lower its backtest performance by excluding very poorly performing stocks that we would short. All in all, it seems to be a market neutral strategy made for retail trading!
1) Quant funds are now becoming the primary market makers in many securities, which normally would provide liquidity and decrease volatility.
2) Unlike ordinary market makers, however, quant funds are highly leveraged.
3) Because of the high leverage, in the face of large losses these market-making quant funds are forced to liquidate their assets instead of buying them, thus behaving in a way opposite to ordinary market makers just when the need for liquidity is direst.
4) Thus quant funds are actually contributing to instability of the market despite their apparent market-making function.
Emerging market stocks have been reaching new highs almost everyday (see this article in the Economist magazine), and the natural resource sector has been on a tear as well. Given the giddy valuations of both sectors, which one is a better relative buy at this point? For those of you who have been following the IGE-EEM spread that I proposed before, its value is at an all-time-low these days -- it was at -6.77 standard deviations. Given their historical cointegration, I wouldn't be surprised if it will revert to a more sane value in the near future.
Prof. Andrew Lo and Mr. Amir Khandani at MIT recently wrote a paper on "What Happened To The Quants In August 2007?" (Hat tip to my reader Mr. J. Rigg for the article). Most of their conclusions confirm what many observers already suspected: that the loss is likely due to the simultaneous forced liquidation of portfolios holding similar positions by various quantitative funds. What is noteworthy, however, is that they constructed a mean-reversion strategy and observed what happened to it during August. This strategy is very simple: buy the stocks with the worst previous 1-day returns, and short the ones with the best previous 1-day returns. Despite its utter simplicity, this strategy has had great performance since 1995, ignoring transaction costs. The Sharpe ratio was an astounding 53.87 in 1995, gradually decreasing to 4.47 in 2006. However, the strategy also had a disastrous few days on August 7-9, suffering a cumulative (arithmetic) return of -6.85% in those 3 days. Then on August 10, it rebounded, like the rest of the quant funds, with a return of 5.92%, almost reversing all of its previous losses. For me, this experiment reveals three interesting points: 1) a simple price factor seems to capture most of the performance of the complex factor models run by the gigantic hedge funds; 2) even technical mean-reverting factors suffer losses, not just momentum (growth) factors based on fundamentals; and 3) if one wants to avoid disasters and enjoy spectacular returns, even a one-day holding period is too long. I haven't done the experiment myself yet, but I bet that if we were to liquidate the portfolio at market close each day, not only would we avoid the loss of -6.85% in those 3 days, but would probably end up with a positive return of a similar magnitude!
For readers who are interested in news-driven trading, here is another article. This article pointed out a contrarian view offered by Richard Oldfield, a fund manager, who says “price movements in response to news are exaggerated, providing an opportunity to those who do not base too much on what has happened in the last hour or 24 hours.” [my italics] I am not sure whether Mr. Oldfield's statement is based on any statistical research or not -- as far as I can ascertain, his book "Simple But Not Easy” cannot be purchased anywhere in North America. However, I should point out that this statement is in contradiction to an abundance of research done on Post Earnings Annoucement Drift (PEAD): the phenomenon that stocks with positive earnings news continue to trend up for a long time. Furthermore, if indeed price movements in response to news are exaggerated (contrary to the findings of PEAD), it would seem to suggest a reversal trade rather than suggesting that the news can be ignored!
In the same issue of the Economist magazine I cited previously, there is an article about the valuation of currencies based on 13 quantitative models that Morgan Stanley developed. They found that the most overvalued currency (against the US dollar) is the New Zealand dollar, while the most undervalued currency is the Japanese Yen.
What about the Chinese Yuan that arouses much hoopla in Congress? The models found it to be almost exactly fairly valued.
There is an article about algorithmic trading in the latest issue of the Economist magazine, where it says that one-third of all stock trades in the US are due to algorithmic trading. This should not surprise us. What is more interesting is its mention of the electronically tagged news products that are coming out of Dow Jones and Reuters, which purportedly enable computers to buy or sell stocks immediately upon the release of a news item. The data suppliers regard these news products as some kind of secret high-tech weapons: "Dow Jones claims the business is so secretive that it cannot divulge details of customers." Is this hype justified?
Actually, to get a taste of news-driven trading, you don't need to pay a hefty fee to buy one of these products. You can just monitor the regularly scheduled economic news release (consumer confidence, new homes sales, crude inventories, etc.), trade the relevant futures, and proceed to make millions.
The fact that most of us who monitor these economic news releases haven't yet made our millions is an indication whether these news products will help you do the same. The information contained in the news is often difficult to interpret. Even the initial price reaction to the news may be wrong, leading to swift reversal after an apparent initial trend. And finally, what's wrong with scanning for sudden price movemenets, and then check for possible news to confirm that the price movement is due to the release of new information?
I have discussed in various articles trading the spreads between pairs of ETF’s, or between a basket of stocks against an ETF using cointegration technique. There is, however, a glaring omission, as I haven’t yet mentioned the classic statistical arbitrage strategy: pair-trading stocks.
The average annual excess return in 2005-now is about 7.7% (on one-side of capital), and the Sharpe ratio is 0.8. Since I have applied the technique on only one industry group, diversification is limited and therefore the Sharpe ratio is low. For the interested readers, they can attempt to apply this technique to more industry groups and perhaps generate a higher Sharpe ratio. Even with just one industry group, this trading strategy may be a good complement to a portfolio heavy on trend-following strategies and therefore require a reversal model to smooth out the returns.
I have started a model portfolio in my subscription area to demonstrate this strategy which will be updated daily around 3pm ET. Other details of the strategy will be detailed in an accompanying article there as well.
Here is an interesting and thoughtful article, with reference to an academic study, on how terrorism affects forex trading.
Normalized return on assets based on cash flow.
By "normalized", I mean we need to standardize the numbers with respect to the industry median. To Prof. Mohanram's credit, he claims only that these factors will generate returns after 1 or 2 years, not the short-term returns that many traders expect factor models to deliver. The excess annual return based on buying the group of stocks with the highest score and shorting the group with the lowest score is a good 21.4%. Not only does the combined score generate good returns, but each individual factor also delivers good correlation with future returns, proving that the performance is not due to some questionable alchemy of mixing the factors. For example, it makes good intuitive sense that extra spending on R&D and advertising will boost future earnings for growth stocks.
Interestingly, Prof. Mohanram pointed out that most of the out-performance of the high-score stocks occur around earnings announcements. Hence for those investors who don't like holding a long-short portfolio for a full year, they can just trade during earnings season.
One caveat of this research is that it was based on 1979-99 data (at least for the preprint version that I read). As many traders have found out, strategies that work spectacularly in the 90's don't necessarily work in the last few years. At the very least, the returns are usually greatly diminished. In the future, I hope to perform my own research to see whether this strategy is still holding up with the latest data.
The Economist magazine has given us a fundamental reason to buy platinum (if not to short gold), in addition to my seasonal one.
Yesterday was the exit of the Australian dollar futures seasonal trade which I discussed in my premium content. It incurred a loss of $920 per contract, despite a 12-year winning streak previously. This may be the peril of a trade that is not based on any fundamental rationale that I know of, as well as an in-sample bias that I alluded to in my previous article. I will keep it on my watchlist for another year.
By the way, due to a technical glitch, my previous article on seasonality in commodities futures was not sent to many subscribers, so here is the link.
Are claims of seasonality in commodity futures markets "fraudulent "?
" The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) warns consumers to be alert to possible fraudulent claims that they can profit on commodity futures or options trading as a result of changes in the prices of physical commodities based on seasonal weather patterns or other well-known events."
"Futures and options markets adjust very quickly to news events and announcements, and by the time salesmen come calling, the opportunity to profit from such news is gone."
Whoa, this certainly got my attention! Since I am not a journalist, I don't normally go around challenging claims made by the United States government. But if this statement, which is basically the efficient market hypothesis, is generally true, then all of us traders should just pack up and go home. Now whether or not the efficient market hypothesis is true is subject to much academic debate. But is it right for the government to state definitively that this hypothesis is true, and that all claims otherwise are "fraudulent"?
Political arguments aside, I think that the commodities market may have more arbitrage opportunities (i.e. less efficient) than the stock market. Perhaps this is because there are more participants in the commodities markets that are not speculators, particularly for "consumption" commodities such as oil and gas.
This is not to say that every seasonal pattern that we have backtested is necessarily going to repeat itself. Many of these patterns occur only once a year, and there are just so many years that we can use for our backtest, and needless to say, most of them are "in-sample". My practice is to paper-trade the pattern for at least one year going forward as an "out-of-sample" test, especially if the pattern is not supported by a strong fundamental rationale (like the Australian dollar trade that I talked about in my premium content area.) Furthermore, by publishing my backtest results on this blog, any future repeat of the pattern can indeed be regarded as out-of-sample, increasing our confidence in them.
My own interest in researching seasonality in commodities market was (hopefully) not piqued by the kind of snake-oil salesman that CFTC warns us about. About a year or so ago, I attended a talk given by Dr. David Eliezer at Columbia University's Financial Engineering seminar. The topic is "Structure and Behavior of Commodities Markets" in which he outlined various seasonal patterns that persist in the futures markets. Dr. Eliezer was formerly the chief quantitative researcher at Goldman Sachs' commodities group. Given this academic respectability, I certainly feel emboldened to enter into the debate!
Due to a technical glitch, many subscribers to this blog were not notified of my latest article on stop-loss strategy and a method to estimate optimal holding period for mean-reverting strategies.
So here is the permanent link again.
What is your stop loss strategy?
A reader recently asked me whether setting a stop loss for a trading strategy is a good idea. I am a big fan of setting stop loss, but there are certainly myriad views on this.
One of my former bosses didn't believe in stop loss: his argument is that the market does not care about your personal entry price, so your stop price may be somebody else’s entry point. So stop loss, to him, is irrational. Since he is running a portfolio with hundreds of positions, he doesn’t regard preserving capital in just one or a few specific positions to be important. Of course, if you are an individual trader with fewer than a hundred positions, preservation of capital becomes a lot more important, and so does stop loss.
Even if you are highly diversified and preservation of capital in specific positions is not important, are there situations where stop loss is rational? I certainly think that applies to trend-following strategies. Whenever you incur a big loss when you have a trend-following position, it ususally means that the latest entry signal is opposite to your original entry signal. In this case, better admit your mistake, close your position, and maybe even enter into the opposite side. (Sometimes I wish our politicians think this way.) On the other hand, if you employ a mean-reverting strategy, and instead of reverting, the market sticks to its original direction and causes you to lose money, does it mean you are wrong? Not necessarily: you could simply be too early. Indeed, many traders in this case will double up their position, since the latest entry signal in this case is in the same direction as the original one. This raises a question though: if incurring a big loss is not a good enough reason to surrender to the market, how would you ever decide if your mean-reverting model is wrong? Here I propose a stop loss criterion that looks at another dimension: time.
These numbers do confirm my experience that the GDX-GLD spread is the best one for traders, as it reverts the fastest, while the XLE-CL spread is the most trying. If we arbitrarily decide that we will exit a spread once we have held it for 3 times the half-life, we have to hold the XLE-CL spread almost a calendar year before giving up. (Note that the half-life count only trading days.) And indeed, while I have entered and exited (profitably) the GDX-GLD spread several times since last summer, I am holding the XLE - QM (substituting QM for CL) spread for the 104th day!
A reader JR just posted some very thoughtful comments on my article on factor models. You can read his comments and my reply here.
Let me describe a portfolio optimization scheme that, over the long run, is supposedly guaranteed to outperform the best stock in the portfolio.
Before we begin, let’s agree that we will rebalance our portfolio every day so that each stock has a fixed percent allocation of capital, just as your favorite financial consultant would have advised you. What this means is that if you own IBM and MSFT, and IBM went up after one day whereas MSFT went down, you should sell some IBM and use the capital to buy some more MSFT. There is a technical term for such portfolios: they are called “constant rebalanced portfolios”. Notice also the similarity with the Kelly criterion which I wrote about before: Kelly criterion asks you to maintain a constant leverage, which is like maintaining a fixed percent allocation between cash (debt) and stock.
But what should the fixed percent allocation be? Here is where the scheme gets interesting. Suppose we start with an equal capital allocation, for lack of any better choice. At the end of the day, your portfolio has a certain net worth. But then you can calculate what the net worth would have turned out if you had started with a different allocation. Indeed, we can run this simulation: try all possible initial allocations, and calculate the hypothetical net worth of the resulting portfolio. Use these hypothetical net worth as weights (after normalizing them by the sum of all net worth), and compute a weighted-average percent allocation. Finally, adopt this weighted average allocation as the new desired allocation and rebalance the portfolio accordingly. So actually the “fixed” percent allocation is not fixed after-all: it gets adjusted daily, but probably not by much. Repeat this process everyday, always calculating a new weighted allocation by simulating various initial allocations since day 1.
This scheme of portfolio optimization can be proven to produce a net worth greater than just holding the best stock, given long enough time. If this sounds like a miracle, it is partly because this is in fact an ingenious result of information theory, and partly because there are various caveats that actually limit its practical application. The proof that it works (at least in theory) is rather technical and I will let the interested reader peruse the original paper published by Prof. Thomas Cover, a noted information theorist from Stanford University. He coined the term “Universal Portfolios” for portfolios rebalanced/optimized with this scheme. Without understanding the mathematical intuition, this scheme may appeal to those who believe in long-term trending behavior of stocks, because if a stock performs very well in the past, we will end up allocating more capital to it in the long run. It may also appeal to those who believe in short-term mean reversal behavior, since in the short-term, we are performing daily rebalancing of the stock positions based on an approximately constant allocation. However, this seeming confirmation of either trending or mean-reverting characteristics of stock prices is illusory – this scheme is supposed to work even if the stock prices are totally random! How can we manage to squeeze out a gain even with random price series? Remember that we have done the opposite before (see my earlier articles): we manage to lose money even when a price series exhibits a geometric random walk. So it is not too surprising that we can also make money using similar information theoretic juggling.
Now for the caveats. Every time an information theorist start saying “In the long run, …”, you will be well-advised to ask: How long? In my geometric random walk example where the volatility (standard deviation) of returns every period is 1%, we find that the compounded rate of return is an agonizingly small -0.005% per period. In the case of the universal portfolio scheme, the out-performance over the best stock in the portfolio is similarly dependent on the volatilities of the stocks: the higher the volatility, the faster the out-performance. Let me run a simulation with a portfolio consisting of two ETF’s RTH and OIH. If we were to run the Universal Portfolio scheme from 2001/5/17 – 2006/12/29, I find that the cumulative return is 32% (without transaction cost). Contrast that with just buying-and-holding the best ETF (namely OIH here): the cumulative return is 54%. The Universal Portfolio loses. Does this mean the theory is wrong? Not really: RTH and OIH may just have too low volatility. Herein lies the first practical caveat with the Universal Portfolio scheme: it can take too long to realize its benefit if the volatility is low.
How do we find ETF’s that have high enough volatility to realize the out-performance of Universal Portfolio? Actually, we can simply boost the volatility of RTH and OIH artificially by increasing their leverage. So let’s say we leverage both of them 2x. This means their daily returns and volatilities are both doubled. Now the best ETF (which is still OIH here) has a return of 23% (why is it lower than the un-leveraged case? Remember the formula m-s2/2 in my previous article.) , but the Universal Portfolio has a return of 45%. So now the Universal Portfolio wins. But this is a Pyrrhic victory: if you factor in a transaction cost of 10 basis points, the Universal Portfolio scheme actually returns only 4%. This is the second caveat of Universal Portfolios: because of the frequent rebalancing required, transaction costs tend to eat up all the out-performance.
Now there is a final caveat. The reader may ask why I don’t just pick two stocks instead of two ETF’s to illustrate this scheme. Aren’t most stocks more volatile than ETF’s and therefore much better suited for this scheme? Indeed, most academic papers, including Prof. Cover’s original paper, use a pair of stocks for illustration. But if we do that, we run the risk of introducing survivorship bias. Naturally, if you know ahead of time that none of these two stocks will go bankrupt, the Universal Portfolio scheme may look great. But if you run a simulation where one of the stocks suddenly went bankrupt one day (which tend to be a fairly mathematically discontinuous affair), the Universal Portfolio scheme will most likely not beat holding just the non-bankrupt stock in the beginning. Using ETF’s eliminated this problem. But then ETF’s are far less volatile.
So given all these caveats, is Universal Portfolio really practical? Prof. Cover seems to think so. That’s why he has started a hedge fund to prove it. | 2019-04-21T14:48:07Z | http://epchan.blogspot.com/2007/ |
June is used to living some place new every six months or so. Her father's business takes him to a new location requiring June and her mother to trail along. Making friends is not a problem; it's keeping them that is the challenge.
At her latest school June hooks up with Jerry. It seemed like an easy relationship, but now his constant political campaigning for class president is becoming a bit tiresome. She doesn't want to hurt his feelings, but she's really not into him anymore.
Wes is just getting over a break-up and not looking for anyone new so he is surprised when he meets June. The first thing he notices is her eyes. They are an unusual blue and more widely spaced than any eyes he's ever seen.
June's reaction to Wes is similar. She is put off by his shaggy hair and sarcastic attitude. He certainly isn't her idea of a dream date.
June and Wes keep bumping into each other both literally and figuratively. It is their actual head bump collision at the grocery store that has them noticing each other more seriously. Once June realizes the chemistry they have was the thing missing in her relationship with Jerry, she knows she has fallen for Wes. And of course, that's when her father announces his new job will require a move. How can she leave Wes and move to Nebraska? Can their newfound relationship survive the distance?
Pete Hautman creates an unusual teen romance in THE BIG CRUNCH. Definitely not love at first sight, he reveals a more realistic relationship formed over time and against the odds. This story captures the ups and downs a couple might actually face as their relationship develops. Many teens may be ready for this lifelike portrayal of young love.
BASEBALL HEROES features four players who changed the history of baseball. They faced the odds against them to play the game they loved.
Hank Greenberg was born to immigrant parents in New York City. His dream to play baseball almost didn't happen. Being Jewish didn't make him popular with the fans or the other players, but he didn't let that stop him.
Jackie Robinson faced cruel taunts and segregated locker nrooms to become the first African American major league player. He paved the way for huge changes in the way the nation viewed and accepted the talent of African American athletes.
Another player to change the look of major league baseball was Fernando Valenzuela. Born in Mexico, he not only convinced the baseball community that Latinos could contribute to the game, but the resulting "Fernandomania" lead Latinos and Mexican Americans to ball parks across the country.
Ila Borders didn't let being a girl stop her. Her dream was to be a major league pitcher. With her father's help she learned to pitch and what followed was an outstanding high school and college pitching career that convinced several big league teams to give her a chance to live her dream.
Author Glenn Stout takes readers on a tour of some amazing baseball history. He presents the stories of the four players in this compelling and easy to read book. BASEBALL HEROES is one a new series by Stout called GOOD SPORTS. Baseball fans young and old are sure to enjoy it.
SCRAWL is the first hand account of a bully. Tod Munn has finally been caught, and his punishment is a month of after school detention supervised by the school counselor. While he is doing his time, she is requiring him to write in a journal, although Tod prefers to simply call it a notebook.
At first Tod responds to questions and prompts from Mrs. Woodrow, but gradually he writes freely about his escapades, his home life, and his feelings about being viewed at as one of the biggest bullies in the school.
Readers are given a look inside Tod's gang as they steal from and torment their fellow classmates. Tod explains the incident that brought about his punishment, and as the story unfolds, readers will learn facts Tod never really wanted anyone to know. Tod's detention experience helps him recognize his talent for writing as well as another hidden talent he has always taken for granted.
Tod's story is fascinating, but that's not all readers will take away from SCRAWL. Author Mark Shulman creates a voice for Tod that provides humor and language play more mature readers will appreciate. It is refreshing to find an author who challenges YA readers to think as they read.
SCRAWL is perfect for this week, No Name Calling Week, and bringing the issue of bullying to the attention of the teen readers who are often found at the center of this increasing problem.
When their planet was destroyed in a horrible war with the Mogadorians, nine survivors from Lorien were sent to Earth. The hope was that with the help of their Keepers, they would be able to live on Earth until it was safe to return to Lorien.
Of the nine only six remain. Number Four knows that the Mogadorians may be close. One, Two, and Three have been killed which means Four is next.
Number Four and his Cepan, Henri, have spent the last ten years moving frequently to avoid the alien soldiers. Henri believes if they stay in smaller communities, they may be more noticeable, but at the same time, the Mogadorians will also be easier to identify.
Their most recent move has brought them to Paradise, Ohio. Now that Four is in high school life has become more complicated. Not only does he have to try to blend into his new surroundings to avoid suspicion, but he also has to prepare to deal with the appearance of his Legacies. They are the special powers that will soon begin to reveal themselves. The powers could be anything from the ability to become invisible to the power to mentally teleport objects.
This new location is bringing some new challenges. One is Four's sudden desire to fight back when a high school bully starts to push him around. The other new experience involves Sarah; the most beautiful girl Four has ever met. He is really attracted to her and knows the last he wants to do is leave Paradise because of some imagined threat from evil aliens.
I AM NUMBER FOUR is a fantastic sci-fi adventure. Constant action and adventure will entertain readers and have them waiting impatiently for what is sure to be a series of sequels.
If we continue with our wasteful, polluting ways, we might be living on "empty." The residents of Spring Valley may have thought they would always have the luxuries of life, but it is evident now that life has changed even for their exclusive little community.
The world's supply of fossil fuels is almost entirely gone. What little oil is left is the subject of wars around the world. Currently, the U.S. is battling Venezuela for control of its remaining reserves. Meanwhile, in the states there are food shortages due to transportation costs, unreliable electrical power, and gas prices at $50+ per gallon.
As a result of global warming the weather has also gone crazy. Temperatures are unusually cool making some think that the seasons might be reversing. And, to complicate things two recent hurricanes have joined forces to become one meg-ahurricane, wiping out coastal areas and heading farther inland than anyone could ever imagine.
Teens in the Spring Valley area are experiencing how living in this new world will be changing life as they know it. Nicki is used to having the best of everything but now knows the loss of her father's job is going to be one of the easier things to deal with. Tom may be part of the popular crowd at school, but that's not going to keep food on the table and gasoline in his tank. Along with several other teens, they may be able to find a way to begin providing for their community again.
Author Suzanne Weyn gives readers a glimpse of a not too distant future in EMPTY. If we continue to squander our resources, the end may be near. Reading about how these teens deal with their changing surroundings and lifestyle may encourage us to recognize the error of our ways. At least it provides abundant food for thought.
One of Mason's earliest memories is the hideous attack by a neighbor's dog that left him scarred for life. He is used to the stares and sidelong glances he gets wherever he goes.
He is also used to his mother's drinking. At least she has been able to keep her job at a nearby nursing home called Haven of Peace. All Mason knows about his father is the video that shows only the man from the neck down as he reads a bedtime story at his son's bedside. Watching the video is calming, and Mason takes it everywhere he goes.
Life is fairly uneventful until the night Mason visits his mother at work. That's the night he meets the most beautiful girl he's ever seen. The girl and several other young people are sitting in a semi-sleep state on a couch in the area where his mother works. He watches in surprise as she carefully takes their blood pressures. He always thought this was a nursing home for old people. Why are there young people here? Why hasn't his mother ever told him about them?
When the beautiful girl suddenly awakens and seems frightened by her surroundings, Mason reacts. He grabs her and together they leave the nursing home. What follows turns into a race to discover who she is and then figure out how to save her life.
Mason discovers that his life is full of secrets. His mother's previous employer, TroDyn is somehow responsible for whatever is going on with the mysterious, beautiful girl. Mason's attempt to help her may very well bring danger to his mother and him.
Author S.A. Bodeen has crafted an amazing story of one attempt to preserve life for future generations. A note on the cover of THE GARDENER indicates "this greenhouse...grows humans." Bodeen's imagination takes readers into a frightening world where children are grown in an attempt to create humans who can survive and even thrive in the event that the world's food supply runs out. This look at science and technology gone wild will keep readers thinking long after they finish reading.
Who knows what teens like to read better than teens? At least once a week after silent reading time, I ask my 8th graders if anyone has any book suggestions. Today I asked them to recommend books for reluctant readers.
Because I saw a few confused looks, I explained a reluctant reader was someone who wasn't really interested in reading. That generated a few nods and comments. Of course, I know who the reluctant readers in my class are so I was interested to see who headed to the white board to add a title to the list.
Sure enough, those who contributed to the list were mostly students not very likely to pick up a book on their own. What followed was a very respectable list of titles and an interesting conversation from the group crowded around the board. Things like, "Yeah, I remember that one. It was pretty good," and "I really liked that one. You should read it next."
The day Piper arrived at school to witness the winners of the Seattle Teen Battle of the Bands attempting to give an impromptu concert changed her life. Who would have believed that the band's lead vocalist would ask Piper to be the band's manager?
Piper's qualifications for being a rock band manager are basically non-existent. Her major interests are working hard to get straight A's, playing chess with her friend Ed in the school chess club, and making sure she gets home in time for dinner. Another thing that makes it seem a bit strange that she would be tapped as band manager is the fact that Piper is deaf.
Piper was born hearing but around the age of six began to lose her hearing. Now she relies on hearing aids, lip-reading, and signing to understand the world around her. Her dream is to go to Gallaudet University, a college for the deaf. It has always been part of the family plan as well, until her father's company went under and he lost his job. Even with that setback, Piper knew she had a college fund started by her grandparents. At least that's what she was counting on until her parents decided to use a huge chunk of that college fund to pay for the cochlear implant for her hearing impaired little sister.
Getting involved with the band is Piper's chance to fit in for the first time and maybe make a little money for her college dreams. Now she is trying to get two brothers, a girl with spiky hair and multiple piercings, and the most popular girl in school to achieve musical success.
Debut YA author Antony John mixes colorful characters, rocky family relationships, temperamental musicians, and a bit of rock and roll history to create a true reading adventure. Teens with their own music dreams will quickly be drawn into Piper's story. John handles Piper's disability with a directness and humor that will inspire readers to push toward their goals no matter what.
MAUS is the story of one man's survival during the Holocaust. The unique thing is that the story is told in graphic novel format. Author Art Spiegelman tells his father's story in gut-wrenching detail but slightly softens the blow by using animals as characters - the Jews are portrayed by mice, the Nazis by cats, etc.
Artie, as his father calls him, wants to tell his father's story, but first he has to listen. Visit after visit Vladek slowly reveals what transpired in Poland from the beginning of the war until the day he and his wife entered the gates of the Auschwitz concentration camp.
Vladek shares his memories of meeting Artie's mother and about their courtship and marriage. He tells of his beginnings in the textile business and of the good life it provided for them as a young couple. Then he describes the changes that began for them. The remainder of the tale is filled with talk of daily survival, hiding in crowded, tiny spaces, making do with next to nothing, and living in constant fear of discovery that would result in certain imprisonment or death.
Intertwined in the historical events is evidence of the strained relationship between father and son. Vladek's old world views clash with Artie's more modern, carefree lifestyle. The mix of old and young along with father and son give the book a kind of story-within-a-story appeal.
Readers interested in Holocaust history will want to check this one out and also the second book - MAUS II: AND HERE MY TROUBLES BEGAN.
Seventeen year old Cassia is excited. She is about to attend her Match Banquet which means she will soon know who the Society believes is her perfect Match. Life is so simple now that the Officials make all the important choices for people.
In Cassia's world people are assigned to an occupation, provided with meals filled with nutrients designed for their individual needs, and encouraged to enjoy the hundred best movies, songs, poems, and stories selected by the Officials when they want to relax. The Officials have even determined that age eighty is the perfect age to die. Cassia and her family attend her grandfather's Final Banquet to celebrate his life and be there for his death.
All seems normal to Cassia until she is Matched with Xander. It is somewhat of a surprise since Xander lives nearby and is someone Cassia has always known. Usually matches are made between people separated by great distances so that they must first visit virtually until a face-to-face meeting at a later date. Although she is extremely happy about being Matched with Xander, Cassia is now aware of another young man named Ky. He has not always been around, but circumstances keep putting the two of them together at school and at the recreation center. Ky knows things that Cassia thought no one was allowed to learn anymore, and as he shares his knowledge she finds herself wanting to know more.
Her growing friendship with Ky is making Cassia more and more aware of what was available in the past before Society made life simple. The more she learns, the more Cassia begins to believe the Officials don't know what is best for everyone. She also learns she may not be alone in those thoughts.
Much like in Lois Lowry's THE GIVER, author Ally Condie explores the idea of a world controlled by powerful officials who lead the average citizen to believe they know what is best. Readers will be fascinated by this future world, but also disgusted and even frightened by the idea of losing all personal control.
You have been contacted by email. As soon as I know where to mail your prize, I'll have it on its way!
Can a science fair project change your life? One high school student named Cat would say, "Yes, indeed".
Cat lives for science, and being part of Mr. Fizer's advanced science class will give her the opportunity to create the winning science fair project she has always dreamed about. Although, she is excited, she is also scared to death. Everyone knows that Mr. Fizer requires his students to blindly select a picture and then develop a project based on something that picture represents. What picture would she choose?
When Cat sees her picture, she panics. It is a picture of the first man, Homo erectus. Actually, it is a picture of ancient men and women battling a pack of hyenas for the remains of a dead deer. Cat can't believe her reaction to the picture. She notices a woman brandishing a club and immediately wishes she had a body that looked that good. It is that thought that sparks an idea for her science project.
Cat's objective will be to prove that the current state of our health is directly related to the evolution of our diet, daily activity, and the advent of technology. She plans to use herself as a test subject. Will she be able to give up her beloved junk food, TV, cell phone, and internet? Is it possible to turn her previous lazy lifestyle into a more active one, and will it result in weight loss and a chance to feel pretty for the first time in her life?
Author Robin Brande takes readers on an adventure with Cat that proves if we change our lifestyle, we will change more than just our looks. The adjustments Cat makes in her life-long habits have an incredible impact on her life and relationships. What started out as a way to win a science competition, turns into much, much more. Any reader who has ever struggled with the dreaded science fair project or with issues of weight will enjoy FAT CAT. | 2019-04-19T21:13:29Z | http://readingjunky.blogspot.com/2011/01/ |
Product prices and availability are accurate as of 2019-04-18 08:34:00 EDT and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on http://www.amazon.com/ at the time of purchase will apply to the purchase of this product.
Windows Server 2008 gives you the ability to deliver rich web-based experiences efficiently and effectively, with improved administration and diagnostics, development and application tools and lower infrastructure costs.
With its built-in server virtualization technology, Windows Server 2008 enables you to reduce costs, increase hardware utilization, optimize your infrastructure, and improve server availability.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 is the most advanced Windows Server operating system yet, designed to power the next-generation of networks, applications, and Web services. With Windows Server 2008 you can develop, deliver, and manage rich user experiences and applications, provide a secure network infrastructure, and increase technological efficiency and value within your organization.
Internet Information Server IIS7 together with the .NET Framework 3.0 provide a comprehensive platform for building applications that connect users and data, enabling them to visualize, share, and act on information. Additionally, IIS7 plays a central role in unifying Microsoft's Web platform technologies--ASP.NET, Windows Communication Foundation Web services, and Windows SharePoint Services.
Virtual Server's Virtual Machine Monitor provides the software infrastructure to create, manage and interact with virtual machines on multiprocessor hardware.
Windows Server virtualization now provides the capability to allocate multiple CPU resources to a single virtual machine and enables virtualization of multithreaded applications.
System Center Virtual Machine Manager focuses on unique requirements of virtual machines and is designed to enable increased physical server utilization, centralized management of virtual machine infrastructure and rapid provisioning of new virtual machines.
Microsoft Windows Server Hyper-V, the next-generation hypervisor-based server virtualization technology, allows you to make the best use of your server hardware investments by consolidating multiple server roles as separate virtual machines running on a single physical machine. You can also efficiently run multiple operating systems--Windows, Linux and others--in parallel on a single server. With virtualization built into the Windows Server 2008 operating system and simple licensing policies, it's now easier than ever to take advantage of the cost savings of virtualization.
Applications can also be efficiently virtualized using Windows Server 2008 centralized application access technologies. Terminal Services Gateway and Terminal Services RemoteApp allow easy remote access to standard Windows-based programs from anywhere by running them on a terminal server instead of directly on a client computer--without the need for a complicated VPN.
Windows Server 2008 is the most secure Windows Server yet. The operating system has been hardened to protect against failure and several new technologies help prevent unauthorized connections to your networks, servers, data, and user accounts. Network Access Protection (NAP) helps ensure that computers that try to connect to your network comply with your organization's security policy. Technology integration and several enhancements make Active Directory services a potent unified and integrated Identify and Access (IDA) solution. And Read-Only Domain Controller (RODC) and BitLocker Drive Encryption allow you to more securely deploy your AD database at branch office locations.
Finally, the new Server Core installation option of Windows Server 2008 allows for installation of server roles with only the necessary components and subsystems without a graphical user interface. Fewer roles and features means minimizing disk and service footprints while reducing attack surfaces. It also enables your IT staff to specialize according to the server roles they need to support.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 is the next generation of the Windows Server operating system that helps information technology (IT) professionals maximize control over their infrastructure while providing unprecedented availability and management capabilities, leading to a significantly more secure, reliable, and robust server environment than ever before. Windows Server 2008 delivers new value to organizations by ensuring all users regardless of location are able to get the full complement of services from the network. Windows Server 2008 also provides deep insight into the operating system and diagnostic capabilities to allow administrators to spend more time adding business value.
Windows Server 2008 builds on the success and strengths of the award-winning Windows Server 2003 operating system and on the innovations delivered in Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2003 R2. However, Windows Server 2008 is far more than a refinement of predecessor operating systems. Windows Server 2008 is designed to provide organizations with the most productive platform for powering applications, networks, and Web services from the workgroup to the datacenter with exciting, valuable new functionality and powerful improvements to the base operating system.
In addition to new functionality, Windows Server 2008 provides powerful improvements to the base operating system over Windows Server 2003. Notable improvements include those to networking, advanced security features, remote application access, centralized server role management, performance and reliability monitoring tools, failover clustering, deployment, and the file system. These improvements and many others help organizations maximize the flexibility, availability, and control of their servers.
Windows Server 2008 gives you the ability to deliver rich web-based experiences efficiently and effectively, with improved administration and diagnostics, development and application tools, and lower infrastructure costs.
Simplified Web server management with Internet Information Services 7.0, which is a powerful Web platform for applications and services. This modular platform provides a simplified, task-based management interface, greater cross-site control, security enhancements, and integrated health management for Web services.
Task based interface simplifies common management Web server tasks.
Cross-site copy allows you to easily copy Web site settings across multiple Web servers without additional configuration.
Delegated administration of applications and sites so you can give control to different parts of the Web server to those who need it.
Deliver flexible and comprehensive applications that connect users to each other and their data, enabling them to visualize, share, and act on information.
The Initial Configuration Tasks window opens automatically after the operating system installation process is complete, and helps the administrator finish the setup and initial configuration of a new server.
Server Manager in Windows Server 2008 provides a single source for managing a serverÕs identity and system information, displaying server status, identifying problems with server role configuration, and managing all roles installed on the server.
The Backup feature in Windows Server 2008 provides a basic backup and recovery solution for the server it is installed on.
Built-in virtualization to virtualize multiple operating systems--Windows, Linux and others--on a single server. With virtualization built into the operating system and with simpler, more flexible licensing policies, it's now easier than ever to take advantage of all the benefits and cost savings of virtualization.
Increased control over your user settings with Expanded Group Policy.
Internet Information Services 7.0: Windows Server 2008 delivers a unified platform for Web publishing that integrates Internet Information Services (IIS) 7.0, ASP.NET, Windows Communication Foundation, Windows Workflow Foundation, and Windows SharePoint Services 3.0. IIS 7.0 is a major enhancement to the existing Windows Web server and plays a central role in integrating Web platform technologies. IIS 7.0 helps developers and administrators alike maximize their control over network/Internet interfaces through key functionality pillars that include delegated administration, enhanced security and a reduced attack surface area, integrated application and health management for Web services, and improved administration tools.
Terminal Services: Windows Server 2008 introduces new functionality in Terminal Services to connect to remote computers and applications. Terminal Services RemoteApp completely integrates applications running on a terminal server with users' desktops such that they behave as if they were running on an individual user's local computer; users can run programs from a remote location side-by-side with their local programs. Terminal Services Web Access permits this same flexibility of remote application access via Web browser, granting an even wider variety of ways user can access and use programs executing on a terminal server. These features in conjunction with Terminal Services Gateway allow users to access remote desktops and remote applications via HTTPS in a firewall-friendly manner.
Network Access Protection (NAP): A new framework that allows an IT administrator to define health requirements for the network and to restrict computers that do not meet these requirements from communicating with the network. NAP enforces administrator-defined policies that describe the health requirements for the given organization. For example, health requirements may be defined to include all updates to the operating system be installed, or having antivirus or antispyware software installed and updated. In this way, network administrators can define the baseline level of protection all computers carry when connecting to the network.
Microsoft BitLocker provides additional security for your data through full volume encryption on multiple drives, even when the system is in unauthorized hands or running a different operating system time, data, and control.
Read-Only Domain Controller (RODC): A new type of domain controller configuration in the Windows Server 2008 operating system that makes it possible for organizations to easily deploy a domain controller in locations where the physical security of a domain controller cannot be guaranteed. An RODC hosts a read-only replica of the Active Directory directory services database for a given domain. Prior to this release, users who had to authenticate with a domain controller, but were in a branch office that could not provide adequate physical security for a domain controller, had to authenticate over a wide area network (WAN). In many cases, this was not an efficient solution. By placing a read-only Active Directory database replica closer to branch users, these users can benefit from faster logon times and more efficient access to authentication resources on the network, even in environments with inadequate physical security to deploy a traditional domain controller.
Failover Clustering: Improvements are aimed to makes it easier to configure server clusters while providing protection and availability of your data and applications. By using the new Validate Tool in failover clusters, you can perform tests to determine whether your system, storage, and network configuration is suitable for a cluster. With failover clusters in Windows Server 2008, administrators can carry out setup and migration tasks, as well as management and operations tasks more easily. Improvements to the cluster infrastructure help administrators maximize availability of the services they provide to users, achieve better storage and network performance and improve security.
Windows Server 2008 Hyper-V is the hypervisor-based virtualization feature included as a role of Windows Server 2008. It contains everything needed to support machine virtualization. Hyper-V enables IT organizations to reduce costs, to improve server utilization and to create a more-dynamic IT infrastructure. Hyper-V provides the greater flexibility because of dynamic, reliable and scalable platform capabilities combined with a single set of integrated management tools to manage both physical and virtual resources, which enables you to create an agile and dynamic datacenter and progress toward achieving self-managing dynamic systems.
In addition to Hyper-V, Microsoft is also releasing Microsoft Hyper-V Server. Microsoft Hyper-V Server provides a simplified, reliable, cost-effective and optimized virtualization solution enabling customers to reduce costs, to improve server utilization and to provision new servers rapidly. Microsoft Hyper-V Server easily plugs into customers' IT infrastructures as they can leverage their existing management tools and IT professional skill set with broad support from Microsoft and its partners.
Hyper-V, the next-generation hypervisor-based server virtualization technology in Windows Server 2008, helps address many virtualization business challenges. You can now create virtual machines that can leverage available hardware, run multiple operating systems, and manage both virtual and physical resources using the same industry-standard tools.
Memory support: Support for large memory allocation per virtual machine enables you to now virtualize most workloads, making Hyper-V an ideal platform for both enterprises and small to medium businesses alike.
Improved storage access: With pass-through disk access and broad support for SAN and internal disk access, Hyper-V provides greater flexibility in configuring and utilizing storage environments optimally.
Network load balancing: With the new virtual service provider/virtual service client (VSP/VSC) architecture, Hyper-V provides improved performance and utilization of core resources such as disk, networking, video, etc.
New hardware sharing architecture: With the new virtual service provider/virtual service client (VSP/VSC) architecture, Hyper-V provides improved access and utilization of core resources such as disk, networking, video, etc.
Quick migration: Hyper-V enables you to rapidly migrate a running virtual machine from one physical host system to another with minimal downtime, leveraging familiar high-availability capabilities of Windows Server and System Center management tools.
Linux integration components: Beta Linux integration components are now available for SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 SP1 x86 and x64 Editions. These integration components enable Xen-enabled Linux to take advantage of the VSP/VSC architecture and provide improved performance. Beta Linux Integration components are available for immediate download through connect.microsoft.com.
Scalability: With support for multiple processors and cores at the host level and improved memory access within virtual machines, you can now vertically scale your virtualization environment to support a large number of virtual machines within a given host and continue to leverage quick migration for scalability across multiple hosts.
Extensible: Standards-based Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) interfaces and APIs in Hyper-V enable independent software vendors and developers to quickly build custom tools, utilities, and enhancements for the virtualization platform.
Server Core: Beginning with the Beta 2 release of Windows Server 2008, administrators can choose to install Windows Server with only the services required to perform the DHCP, DNS, file server, or domain controller roles. This new installation option will not install non-essential services and applications and will provide base server functionality without any extra overhead. While the Server Core installation option is a fully functioning mode of the operating system supporting one of the designate roles, it does not include the server graphic user interface (GUI). Because Server Core installations include only what is required for the designated roles, a Server Core installation will typically require less maintenance and fewer updates as there are fewer components to manage. In other words, since there are fewer programs and components installed and running on the server, there are fewer attack vectors exposed to the network, resulting in a reduced attack surface. If a security flaw or vulnerability is discovered in a component that is not installed, a patch is not required.
Windows PowerShell: A new command-line shell with over 130 tools and an integrated scripting language. It enables administrator to more easily control and securely automate routine system administration tasks, especially across multiple servers. Windows PowerShell does not require you to migrate your existing scripts, and it is ideally suited for automation of new Windows Server 2008 features. A new admin-focused scripting language, and consistent syntax and utilities, Windows PowerShell accelerates automation of system administration tasks--such as Active Directory, Terminal Server, and Internet Information Server (IIS) 7.0--and improves your organization's ability to address the unique system management problems of your environment.
Windows PowerShell is easy to adopt, learn, and use, because it does not require a background in programming, and it works with your existing IT infrastructure, existing scripts, and existing command-line tools.
Server Manager: A new feature that is included in Windows Server 2008. It is a "one-stop-shop" designed to guide Information Technology administrators through the end-to-end process of installing, configuring, and managing server roles and features that are part of Windows Server 2008. Server Manager replaces and consolidates a number of features from Microsoft Windows Server 2003 such as Manage Your Server, Configure Your Server, and Add or Remove Windows Components. You can use Server Manager to configure various "roles" and "features" on your machine.
Windows Deployment Services (WDS): An updated and redesigned Windows Server 2008 version of Remote Installation Services (RIS), WDS assists with the rapid adoption and deployment of image-based Windows operating systems. WDS allows network-based installation of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 to "bare metal" computers (no operating system installed), and even supports mixed environments including Microsoft Windows XP and Microsoft Windows Server 2003. Windows Deployment Services thus provides an end-to-end solution for deployment of Windows operating systems to client and server computers and reduces the total cost of ownership (TCO) and complexity of Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista deployments.
Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 originally began as part of a single development project, and as such they share a number of new technologies across networking, storage, security and management. Although the development of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 have branched into separate releases with different release cycles, many of these enhancements apply to both Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. When organizations deploy both operating systems, they will see how the combined client-server infrastructure provides even greater advantages.
IT professionals who are administering a Windows Vista / Windows Server 2008 infrastructure will notice many improvements in how they control and manage their environment.
Maintenance is greatly simplified by the use of a single model for updates and service packs across client and server.
Client computers can monitor for specific events and forward to Windows Server 2008 for centralized monitoring and reporting.
Windows Deployment Services provides much faster and more reliable operating system deployment.
Network Access Protection features on Windows Server 2008 ensure that Windows Vista clients connecting to the network are compliant with security policies and restricted from accessing network resources if not.
The reliability, scalability, and overall responsiveness of the infrastructure are greatly increased by improvements made to both Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.
Clients can render print jobs locally before sending them to print servers to reduce the load on the server and increase its availability.
Server resources are cached locally so that they are available even if the server is not, with copies automatically updating when the client and server are reconnected.
Applications or scripts that need to run on both client and server can take advantage of the Transactional File System to reduce the risk of error during file and registry operations and roll back to a known good state in the event of failure or cancellation.
Policies can be created to ensure greater Quality of Service for certain applications or services that require prioritization of network bandwidth between client and server.
Windows Vista clients connecting to networks where Windows Server 2008 has been deployed can experience greatly improved communication speeds and reliability.
Searching Windows Server 2008 servers from a Windows Vista client avails of enhanced indexing and caching technologies on both to provide huge performance gains across the enterprise.
Native IPv6 support across all client and server services creates a more scalable and reliable network, while the rewritten TCP/IP stack makes network communication much faster and more efficient.
The new Server Message Block 2.0 protocol provides a number of communication enhancements, including greater performance when connecting to file shares over high-latency links and better security through the use of mutual authentication and message signing.
Terminal Services on Windows Server 2008 have many improvements, including providing Windows Vista clients with remote access to internal resources through an HTTP gateway and seamless remote applications that run as if on the local desktop. | 2019-04-19T12:53:54Z | https://www.allersoft.com/microsoft-windows-server-enterprise-2008-25-client-old-version/ |
Victims of fraud often ask us whether they should proceed by way of their own private action, a group action or a class action. The issue often comes down to a question of economics (both for the fraud victims and the law firm being asked to represent them) and litigation strategy. This blog post provides some basic information on the alternatives open to fraud victims who incurred a loss where there are multiple victims to fraud perpetrated by one or more scam artists, or where there are legitimate secondary defendants, such as accessories to the fraud or others who knowingly or negligently facilitated it.
We start with our explanation of the difference between a private action, a group action, and a class action. In a private action there is one plaintiff who controls his or her action. In cases of a fraud with multiple victims the individual plaintiff can attempt to seek a recovery ahead of other victims without concern for their common interests. Private actions are often commenced by victims who have the financial ability to pay for their own litigation, who wish to attempt recovery ahead of other victims, and who have little interest in the effect of the fraud on others.
In a group action there are multiple plaintiffs who are victims of the same fraudster and who have a common interest in suing the same primary fraudster and secondary defendants. In group actions, the various individuals must agree that there is transparency between all members of the group and their counsel. The group members must also agree on a method of sharing the proceeds of a recovery. Often in group actions there is one member of the group who acts as liaison between the group and counsel. Group actions are often sought by victims who do not have the financial ability to pay for litigation on their own and who have a shared interest in pooling their financial resources in order retain counsel and the necessary experts to seek justice against the fraudster.
In class actions there are often only one or two plaintiffs who are representative of a large class of persons who are victims of the same fraudster or others who facilitated the fraud. In class actions the class has little say in or information about the day-to-day communication with counsel and strategy decisions in the litigation. Class actions are often sought by victims who do not have the financial ability to pay for their own litigation or even to contribute to a group action. Class actions are often brought forward on a contingency basis, normally in the range of 30% of recovered funds plus disbursements to be paid to counsel. Class actions, therefore, provide access to justice where justice would otherwise not prevail, and the potential for significant fees, but also significant risk, for the lawyers handling the case.
We point out here that most private and group actions are against the primary fraudsters, and those who directly assisted, conspired or benefited from the fraud. Class actions, in a fraud recovery scenario, are usually only brought where there are multiple victims, and where is a defendant such as a professional or financial institution that facilitated the fraud. The reason for this is economics: in choosing to pursue a class action on behalf of a large group of victims, the class action law firm, in the business of taking on the risk of possibly losing the case, will want to ensure there is a means of recovery if it succeeds in the case.
A class action law firm who wishes to remain in business would never accept a class action on contingency where the fraudster has little or no recoverable assets (approaching the value of the victims’ claim) and thus virtually no chance of the law firm ever being paid for its time.
As is evident above, the type of action commenced is often dependent on the ability and wherewithal of a client to pay for his or her litigation. Fraud actions are generally not amenable to contingency agreements other than in the class action scenario. This is because – unlike personal injury or employment actions where radio and billboard ambulance chaser lawyers advertise a “no win–no fee” illusion – there is no insurance policy or viable company from which to recover. As a result, in most private and group fraud actions, lawyers will request their fees be paid by traditional hourly rate agreements, at least for the initial phases of the case.
Some fraud recovery lawyers, who can be convinced of the merits of a case or can freeze assets at the outset of litigation or are otherwise confident about the prospects of recovery, can be convinced to enter into deferred fee or hybrid retainers in private or group actions. By deferred fee, we simply mean that the lawyer’s hourly rate is paid out of the recovered funds. By hybrid fee retainers, we mean that the client pays a percentage of the actual hourly rate, and the lawyer recovers the balance of the hourly rate of the proceeds of recovery. Often victims seek these forms of retainers so that the lawyer has “skin in the game” – meaning the lawyer has an incentive to obtain a recovery rather than leaving the client victim with all the risk in the litigation.
In fraud cases deferred fee and hybrid fee retainers are often only prudent after the lawyer has had the opportunity to investigate the case, which often means the victim must pay for the investigation, pleadings and discovery phase. This implies that deferred and hybrid fee retainers are often only prudent for the mediation, pretrial and trial phases. Victims of fraud must often pay for the initial investigation, pleading and discovery phase because it is their lack of due diligence that led to the loss, and because a lawyer cannot adequately assess recovery liability and recovery risk until the fraudster and other defendants have been discovered. It is not unusual to have separate retainers for the various phases of a fraud case to fairly allocate the risk between the victims and their counsel.
Those considering private or group actions should be aware that case management (as would take place in a class action) is available to private and group litigants who wish to achieve litigation efficiency despite their own private interests not to proceed as a class. For example, case management of actions of private and group litigants who opt in for the discovery phase often results in savings as documents of common interest to all parties are shared and examinations of defendants are conducted together. Once discovery is complete, the case management can be dissolved and the private and group litigants can pursue judgment recovery at their own pace and in their own interests.
Information on the litigation process for private and group actions has been discussed in other blog posts we have published – see: https://www.investigationcounsel.com/post/information-for-fraud-victims-about-the-fraud-recovery-litigation-process/. Unlike private and group actions, before a class action will be permitted to proceed through the litigation process, a certification motion is required.
The Ponzi scheme case of Pardhan v. Bank of Montreal, 2012 ONSC 2229, provides a comprehensive discussion of a certification motion in a fraud recovery class action context. In Pardhan, the fraudster Salim Damji (“Damji”) falsely represented to thousands of investors that he had developed a new teeth whitening product. The investors gave their money to Damji in trust for shares in his company STS Instant White (“STS”). As is usually the scam, a significant return on investment was promised. In reality there was no teeth whitening product, and there was no STS in which to obtain shares. Damji simply used his investors’ money for his own interests.
The total fraud perpetrated by Damji in only just over three years amounted to approximately $77M. In 2002 the fraud was discovered and he was criminally charged. Damji ultimately plead guilty and was issued a 7½ year sentence. While the criminal case was making it way through the courts, a civil action was commenced. A receiver was appointed, but only a few million dollars were recovered, which was used to pay the receiver and receiver’s lawyer’s costs. The receiver’s efforts, however, led to the discovery of sufficient evidence to consider actions against other defendants whose conduct made it possible for Damji to perpetrate his fraud – such as the Bank of Montreal.
Bringing an action against a bank by individual or small groups of investors was virtually cost prohibitive. The only hope for the thousands of investor victims was a class action against the bank. Accordingly, in 2002 Pardhan was chosen as a representative plaintiff of the investors, and an action was commenced against the Bank of Montreal (“BMO”) for knowing assistance, knowing receipt and negligence.
The litigation process in Ontario for class actions is governed by the Class Proceedings Act. Section 2(3) provides that within 90 days of the last statement of defence, notice of intent to defend or notice of appearance being served, a motion shall be made to certify that the proceeding should proceed as a class action.
The plaintiff’s evidentiary burden on a certification motion is low. The Court must be satisfied that there is some basis in fact for the certification requirements (described below) other than the first requirement, which is whether the pleading discloses a cause of action. For that requirement, the Court assumes the allegations to be true and assess whether it is “plain and obvious” that no reasonable causes of action are pleaded. If it is not plain and obvious, then the first requirement is satisfied and the Court will consider whether the remaining requirements are met.
a litigation plan is prepared for advancing the proceeding on behalf of the class and communicating with the class.
The core of a class proceeding is the element of commonality. Commonality is measured qualitatively as opposed to quantitatively. The goals of a class action are to provide access to justice, to promote the efficient use of judicial resources, to sanction wrongdoers for their unlawful conduct, and to encourage behaviour modification by wrongdoers.
Sometimes at certification motions a defendant will take a first swipe at having the action dismissed. As mentioned above, in Pardhan the plaintiffs sued BMO for knowing assistance, knowing receipt and negligence. In response, at the certification motion BMO argued that section 437 of the Bank Act precluded the claims by the non-customer plaintiffs because it provides that a bank has no general obligation to monitor its customers’ accounts.
The Court held that while this may be so, section 437 of the Bank Act does not preclude a plaintiff in Pardhan from bringing an action for the torts as alleged. Rather, the Court held that the real question is at what stage in its dealings with a customer with trust funds on deposit does a bank’s knowledge of its customer’s affairs impose a duty on the bank to inquire as to the possible misapplication of trust funds.
For the tort of knowing assistance, Pardhan acknowledged that to impose a duty on BMO required the investors to prove BMO had actual knowledge of the existence of a trust. If BMO had actual knowledge of a trust between the investors and Damji, and actual knowledge of breach of the trust by Damji, then BMO had a duty to make inquiries, as a bank has an independent duty not to be a party to Damji’s dishonest acts. The Court held that constructive knowledge is not sufficient on which to base an allegation of knowing assistance.
For the tort of knowing receipt, Pardhan alleged that the bank benefited from Damji’s breach of trust if it used the money to reduce Damji’s overdraft, or if the bank collected service fees from its banking contract with Damji. To state otherwise, if BMO was enriched by Damji’s account with them, and the investors were correspondingly deprived by Damji’s conduct, the investors were only required to prove that BMO was constructively aware of Damji’s breach of trust and that BMO benefited from it. The standard of knowledge of a bank in such a scenario is constructive, not actual knowledge.
For the tort of negligence, Pardhan alleged the bank engaged in negligent conduct by (1) failing to verify the legitimacy of Damji’s business activities, and (2) failing to make reasonable inquiries after being put on notice of facts suggesting that Damji was involved in a fraudulent scheme. It is unsettled law as to whether a bank is required to have actual knowledge, as opposed to the lower standard of constructive knowledge.
What is required to be pled in a negligence action by a fraud victim against a fraudster’s bank is how the bank obtained knowledge that the fraudster was engaged in unlawful conduct. In the Pardhan case, the plaintiff plead that Damji deposited cheques marked “in trust” into his personal accounts, as opposed to trust accounts. BMO was aware of this irregularity and commissioned its own internal investigation, yet the bank’s corporate security did nothing about it. Sometimes the lure of profit overtakes the better judgment of financial institutions.
To state liability for negligence another way, if a bank knows of a customer’s fraud in the use of its facilities or has reasonable grounds to believe this is happening, and fails to make reasonable inquiries, a bank may be liable to those who suffer from the loss. The standard of knowledge on the bank is the civil standard for a finding of fraud – that is, on a balance of probabilities based on clear and convincing evidence. A lesser standard would be unfair to a bank. Further, damages would be limited to the amount of transactions the bank knew were fraudulent. Focused allegations – often requiring significant investigation – are required for a pleading to survive a Rule 21 motion or a motion for certification.
The pleadings of negligence against a bank should also adequately state the “Ann’s Test”. That is, it should address proximity, or the neighbour test. At law, a “neighbour” is any person who is so closely and directly affected by a bank’s act or omission that a bank reasonably should contemplate such persons as being affected by the bank’s acts or omissions. The proximity analysis involves a consideration of factors such as expectations, representations, reliance, and property interests. The class of such persons must be restricted to those the bank could reasonably foresee would be affected by their conduct or omissions.
In the Pardhan case, the investors who wrote cheques “in trust” to Damji had a reasonable expectation that their cheques would be deposited into a trust account of Damji. By marking their cheques payable “in trust” the bank had knowledge that the persons who wrote the cheques expected the cheques to be deposited into Damji’s trust account. Therefore there was a duty on the bank to make inquiries if cheques marked “in trust” were deposited into an account that was not a trust account.
In Pardhan, the plaintiff proposed the class to be all persons who (1) reside in Canada, (2) gave monies to Damji for investment purposes, (3) whose monies were deposited into Damji’s accounts at BMO, and (4) who have not otherwise recovered their monies. The Court agreed, holding that there simply must be a rational connection between the class members and the common interest.
Common issues mean common, but not necessarily identical, issues of fact and law. The underlying determination is whether the resolution of the proposed common issue will avoid duplication of fact finding or legal analysis. The common issue criterion is not a high legal hurdle, but a plaintiff must adduce some evidence to show that issues are common. The evidence adduced must relate to the allegations alleged – in the case of Pardhan to knowing assistance, knowing receipt and negligence.
Fundamental to the Pardhan case was that the trust between the investors and Damji was not an express, but rather a constructive trust. Without an express trust agreement, the factual and legal issue was how was BMO to know a trust existed. The pleadings therefore required a declaration that the BMO was a constructive trustee for the investors of all monies they deposited in trust to Damji’s account, and that the BMO breached it own internal policies by allowing Damjj to deposit cheques marked “in trust” into accounts held by Damji that were not trust accounts.
The “preferable procedure” part of the certification test is based on the goals of class actions: (1) access to justice, (2) judicial economy, (3) behaviour modification and (4) sanctions. If the individual class member issues overwhelm the issues of the class, then a class procedure is not justified. In Pardhan, the common issues affecting the class were substantially greater than those of the individual class members.
In Pardhan the Court noted that contributory negligence is not a defence available to an allegation of breach of trust. A bank can not allege contributory negligence when a bank acted on a fraudulent misrepresentation itself, and did nothing about its own constructive knowledge of the fraud. The Court also noted that the possibility that discoverability may require an individual inquiry is not reason to deny certification.
The last part of the test for certification is that a Court must find that the proposed representative will vigorously and capably prosecute the interest of the class, and not be in conflict of interest with other members of the class. In the case of the proposed representative plaintiff Pardhan, BMO argued that he could not bear the cost of the litigation.
In Pardhan, evidence was led that an Investors Recovery Group was created to respond to issues common to all investors. Pardhan was a member of the group. Pardhan familiarised himself with the issues of the case, and the steps in the process. Further, Pardhan accepted the role of the representative plaintiff.
The Court noted that at a certification hearing a representative plaintiff is not required to show that he is able to pay costs awards. To require evidence of ability to pay costs is akin to a motion for security for costs, and is inconsistent with the objective of access to justice. The Court also noted that representative plaintiffs, in the appropriate cases, may be awarded an honorarium if the case was successfully prosecuted or a settlement obtained.
Part of the role of a representative plaintiff is providing evidence to support a litigation plan. It sets out usual steps in the litigation process. The litigation plan should also set out in detail the skill and expertise of the class counsel involved and the resources available to litigate the action to a successful conclusion. The litigation plan should further set out how damages are to be shared among the class, how class member are to be identified, and how communication to class members is to be managed.
Previous post: What do VTech’s controversial new terms and conditions mean for customers? | 2019-04-19T11:30:50Z | https://www.youblawg.com/business-law/fraud-victims-class-group-actions |
Note I wrote two pieces in response to Piketty’s Capital .
This one, on Australia, was based on one already published here, but I was asked to crosspost it and I’ve now done so.
Over the past forty years, leading developed economies, most notably the United States have experienced an upsurge in inequality of income and wealth. Most of the benefits of economic growth have accrued to those in the top 1 per cent of the income distribution. Meanwhile, living standards for those in the bottom half of the income distribution have stagnated or even declined.
Piketty’s work, published in reports and academic journals, has documented these trends. His book, Capital, not only brought the issues to the attention of a broader public, but presented an analysis suggesting that worse is to come. Piketty argues that we are in the process of returning to a ‘patrimonial’ society, in which income from inherited wealth is the predominant source of inequality.
Piketty’s work has previously focused mainly on the United States, but the research presented in Capital points to similar trends in the United Kingdom. Although inequality has grown much less in France, the third country on which he has detailed data, Piketty argues that the same trend will emerge unless there is a substantial change in political conditions.
Income growth was highest for the richest 20 per cent of the population, at close to 60 per cent in real terms, but even for the poorest 20 per cent, real incomes grew by more than 40 per cent between 1996 and 2007.
Other measures such as the Gini coefficient and the ratio of median to mean income tell a similar story. Inequality has increased over the period since the 1980s, but only modestly and with frequent reversals.
Much of the credit for this comparatively benign outcome must go to the Labor government that held office from 1983 to 1997 and implemented a relatively progressive version of the market liberal reform agenda. Labor managed a reform of the Australian tax and welfare system that shielded low income Australians from the worst effects of the market liberal revolution that swept the English speaking world in the 1970s and 1980s.
In most countries, policies of financial deregulation, privatisation and microeconomic reform were accompanied by regressive changes to the tax and welfare systems. By contrast, Labor introduced broadly progressive tax reforms including a capital gains tax and a crackdown on tax avoidance.
Rather than treating welfare payments and tax policy as separate, the restructuring sought to integrate the two, taking account of the combined impact of means tests and tax policies to optimise the balance between efficiency and redistribution.
These changes weren’t sufficient to prevent growing inequality of income and wealth, and some of them were eroded over time. Nevertheless, in broad terms, a redistributive tax–welfare system was maintained under the succeeding conservative government, even as it was being eroded in other English-speaking countries.
Labor returned to office in 2007, just in time to make its next big contribution: the fiscal stimulus that allowed Australia to avoid the recession generated by the Global Financial Crisis in nearly every other country. In combination with previous successful pieces of macroeconomic management, such as the Reserve Bank’s handling of the Asian Financial Crisis in the 1990s, the result has been an economic expansion lasting nearly 25 years, unparalleled in Australia’s economic history, and scarcely equalled anywhere in the world. The strength of the labour market has encouraged a broad spread of prosperity not seen elsewhere.
Together these factors explain why Australia has avoided the drastic increases in inequality seen in other English speaking countries. On the other hand, although Australia’s a long way from the plutocracy that already characterises the United States, there is no room for complacency.
Australia’s relatively equal distribution of income and wealth depends on a history of strong employment growth and a redistributive tax–welfare system. Neither can be taken for granted. The end of the mining boom has inevitably resulted in slower growth which bears hardest on those at the bottom of the income distribution. And, as elsewhere, the political pressure to take burdens from the rich and shift them to the poor is never-ending.
Moreover, Australia has not proved itself immune to the political dynamic, noted by Piketty, by which increasing personal wealth allows the wealthy to dominate politics, then enact policies that protect their own wealth. The archetypal example is Silvio Berlusconi in Italy but the situation in the United States is arguably worse. The majority of members of the US Congress are millionaires, with not much difference between Democrats and Republicans.
Given the pattern of highly unequal incomes, and social immobility observed in the US today, we can expect inheritance to play a much bigger role in explaining inequality for the generations now entering adulthood than for the current recipients of high incomes and owners of large fortunes. Inherited advantages in the patrimonial society predicted by Piketty will include direct transfers of wealth as well as the effects of increasingly unequal access to education, early job opportunities and home ownership.
The move towards a patrimonial society already happening in the US is evident at the very top of the Australian income distribution. As in the US, the claim that the rich are mostly self-made is already dubious, and will soon be clearly false. Of the top 10 people on the Business Review Weekly (BRW) rich list, four inherited their wealth, including the top three. Two more are in their 80s, part of the talented generation of Jewish refugees who came to Australia and prospered in the years after World War II. When these two pass on, the rich list will be dominated by heirs, not founders.
The same point is even clearer with the BRW list of rich families. As recently as 20 years ago, all but one of these clans were still headed by the entrepreneurs who had made the family fortune in the first place. Now, all but one of the families are rich by inheritance.
So, Australians have no room for complacency. In an economy dominated by capital, and in the absence of estate taxation, there is little to stop the current drift towards a more unequal society from continuing and even accelerating.
On the other hand, Australia’s relative success in using the tax and welfare systems to spread the benefits of economic growth provides grounds for optimism elsewhere in the world. Australia’s experience belies the claim that any attempt to offset the growth of inequality must cripple economic growth. On the contrary, the evidence suggests that there is plenty of scope for progressive changes to tax policy that would partly or wholly offset the trends towards greater inequality documented by Piketty.
Grazias, ProfQ, it’s helpful to have your stuff accessible from one central location as far as possible.
Now all I have to do is re-read this, and re-read the Club Troppo post and then see if I can begin to come to a reasoned conclusion as to whether the Hawke-Keating governments, and in particular, the ‘Accord’, were good things, or bad things, or, as I suspect, both good and bad things, often at the same time.
Australia also had a vast demographic bonus compared to most countries, taking in large numbers of middle class immigrants as well as low SES immigrants that had the cultural capital to get them (or their children) out of that status. Many of the comparison countries either took next to no middle class immigrants and some took groups without such cultural capital (some lower than the countries they went too). Almost all (all?) were also in the situation where there is a negative relationship between SES and number of children people have. So part of this difference is probably just related to who has children and who immigrates where.
J.Q., this article and others of yours on the same topic, beg the question. Is there a systemic problem with capitalism? To my mind you seem to avoid this question and any possible conclusions.
To facilitate discussion, we could take a common ground position of ignoring Marx and considering only Piketty. To put it in a nutshell, Piketty has demonstrated a strong tendency in the system. If r>g then to a high probability inequality increases. I mean that this expression applies before the redistribution effects of welfare. In practice it now appears to apply afterwards as well, albeit to a lesser extent in some countries. The inequality tendency (pressure) of the private capital system is now greater than the equalising tendency (pressure) of the welfare redistribution system. Also, in practice it appears we have entered a period where r is likely to greater than g for a prolonged period or perhaps even indefinitely (without a crisis adjustment which destroys capital).
Redistribution, via welfare, is an after-the-fact fix. After maldistribution occurs, the social part of social democracy applies a (now partial) fix. The real question is how to prevent or minimise maldistribution at the initial production phase where the primary allocation of rewards occurs for participation in the productive process. For sure, this is to talk about the relative rewards for labour versus capital. It is also to talk about alternatives to the capitalist system itself. This last is not an exclusive preserve of Marx.
You seem, at least recently, to be concentrating of redistribution via tax and welfare effects after maldistribution has occurred. Why not focus more on the primary aspect of this problem, the initial maldistribution?
I posed the question elsewhere, What would we call thinking which stated that science and technology had reached their apotheosis and no further progress was possible? In that case, why would we assume political economy had reached its apotheosis (final form and end of history) as extant capitalism?
Oh I dunno Ikono, the world population is increasing at 74 Million per annum and is currently expected to reach somewhere between 9 and 11 billion by 2050. That’s a gain in 35 years of between 2 and 3 Billion. How much additional privately ownable assets value would have to be created for the extra population to have some basic share ? Or is it labour and only labour income for everybody from here on out to eternity ?
Hard to say just how much the UK population will increase by over that time given the increased takeon of refugees and asylum seekers. So yair mate, just how long, do you reckon, before the pitchforks reappear and we perforce have a new social structure. And will things such as “r > g” still have any meaning at all.
JQ, I re-read your 2015 article and again found it useful. It may still be fresh next year at this point in the calender.
I am not convinced by the specified relationship between income and wealth because the accumulation process ignores asset prices. Changes in asset prices (physical as well as financial assets) are, together with contractual income streams such as rents and interest, the source of return on capital.
Yes, redistribution occurs, if “the social part of social democracy” applies, only after-the-event – after “maldistribution” – occurs. It seems to me this is unavoidable if ‘evidence-based decision making’ is the only game in town.
I don’t subscribe to the idea of an ideal system which avoids maldistribution. Hence some after-the-event policies are called for in the foreseeable future. However, policies which assist the maldistributions, still in place, could have been avoided if only the small sample of the insights, mentioned above, had been taken seriously.
Lets see what 2016 and beyond brings. Today I read there are 60million refugees in the world (source: Sueddeutsche Zeitung). The number of starving people is huge. While 60million people may be a small number in relation to the population of China, it is not a small number in relation to Europe or the USA. It is an overwhelming number in relation to the population size of Australia. The impact of humans on the environment is now such that some authors suggest this era deserves a name reflecting anthropogenic impacts.
Yes, I agree with your emphasis on ultimate resource constraints. However, it is beyond me to make any predictions as to how this problem will be socially internalised in the future. It is diffiuclt to make predictions, assuming ‘the system’ remains in place. It is impossible, IMO, to predict the future allowing for system changes. (IMO, Marx’s attempt to predict system changes is where he went wrong.) Frank Hahn wrote a book on general equilibrium in a macroeconomic context. His book convinced me that the socio-economic-political history in the heads of people is what matters. Now, if you were to kindly apply your general knowledge of the world, you may agree the problem is a formidable one.
Your final sentence caused me to laugh wryly at myself. You implication is quite right. I have a tendency to oversimplification. This has deep ideological roots (and psychological precursors no doubt). As I have said before, I am Marxian in some of my thinking but not Marxist. That is to say Marxian thinking is not the totality of my thinking and I do not regard Marx as infallible. The latter would be an absurd proposition. It’s perhaps a salutary warning to thinkers like me that “Marxist” exists as an adjective but not “Keynesist”.
I want to look at your ideas point by point, mainly because I think there are important and extensive areas of agreement between us and secondly because I think I can learn more if I properly understand your comments.
1. We agree overall that the problem has, among other many other complex factors, a maldistribution component as well as a redistribution component. Maldistribution could be reduced to some achievable minimum yet some redistribution would still be necessary. This is implicit in the rubric “to each according to her or his need. Some cannot produce (children, invalids, the very elderly). There will also be some unavoidable maldistribution between producers as workers and/or owners in terms of initial income allotments. This comes with the clear understanding that at least some of this maldistribution will be debatable or contestable and there will be no completely objective set of criteria to judge it.
2. I need to understand what you mean by ‘evidence-based decision making’ in this political-economic or institutional-economic context. It is clear to me what the phrase means in a profession ostensibly founded in the first instance on hard science. Medicine is an example. But in an economic, political or sociological science as “soft science” it appears to me it could mean something a little different. I am not sure. Could it mean, for example, that ‘values-based decision making’ should come first? After all, you write “Every policy is to be aimed at mitigating income and wealth inequality (this affects taxation as well as transfer policies) and environmental degradation (waste not want not) and financial stability.” This appears at first instance to be an ethical (value) statement or one with strong ethical precursors. It is a statement I agree with obviously. At second instance, this statement appears to imply something more which might go beyond “greatest good of the greatest number” to enlightened long-term self interest (as in sustainability equals long term survivability).
3. We are in complete agreement about the “minimum wealth condition” issue and also “environmental issues and ultimate resource constraints” being factored into complete markets rather than neglected as externalities. I do not understand the minimum wealth condition postulate in any technical manner that you would recognise. Yet, I think I can tell in principle that it is a valid concept. After all, Marxism (my arena of greater familiarity) puts forward the empirically irrefutable notion of the reproductive cost of labour. The reproductive cost of labour is the minimum income condition for labour to feed itself, house itself, have enough health, energy and education to perform labour (physical or mental) and thence to reproduce children, feed, clothe, house, educate and develop them to replace the parent in the economy as the parent ages and dies. The minimum wealth condition would appear to be the market side of the phenomenon just as the reproductive cost of labour is the production and consumption side of the phenomenon. Production is antecedent as markets presuppose production as an antecedent. Markets also supposed consumption as a succedent.
4. We are in complete agreement that the economy is a complex system. Indeed it is a set of nested complex systems existing in a wider system (the biosphere). I am developing my own philosophical and empirical approach to this arena. (Heaven save us from amateur philosophers and economists eh?!) Nevertheless, I think my approach has real validity. I have no idea if it is new or useful. Probably not, but it is my quixotic project. The “collision” between humans and the environment in any practical undertaking, theoretical discipline or sub-discipline can be viewed as a collision or interaction of Formal Systems with Real Systems. I use the term “analogical congruence” in this form of analysis. You might just use “accuracy” as in “accurate model”.
There is much more to this theory of “Evolutionary Physicalism” as I term it but here is not the place for me to expound on it. Suffice it to say that it aims to supplant in turn the methods and ontological characters of reductionism, supervenience and emergence for a fully evolutionary approach yet still materialistic monism approach. It argues that the interfaces between systems (and sub-systems) are where information transfer as well as material and energy transfer occur. These interfaces are the only places where we can study nature and what happens inside the various systems.
Information theory will play a key role in the analysis. The crux of the argument (in some ways) is that as we move from real basic physical systems, to real biological systems, to real economic systems, and finally to real system || formal system interfaces and formal system || formal system interfaces the importance of information transfer and manipulations compared to matter and energy transfer and manipulations becomes more and more predominant. This clearly has important qualitative effects. But I write too much as usual.
Correction “your #3” above should have been “your #6”.
Capital gains are part of income.
Agreed, but what is the precise definition in both the tax sense and the “Piketty-ian” sense? And are they different?
Presumably, in the tax sense capital gains must be realised by sale of the asset. If Piketty and any like economist wants to make an annual accounting of income and asset worth, how are capital gains handled where assets are retained for one year or longer? One could only go by imputed market value untested by sale. Asset wealth goes up without corresponding income. Is this a problem in assessing aggregates? Is there any real problem at all here or am I imagining one?
On both, theoretical and empirical grounds, I am still not convinced that income inequality necessarily has to precede wealth inequality.
Income for individual i for period t to t+1 is wealth of individual i at time t+1 minus wealth of individual i at t.
If we can agree on a definition of wealth, then income requires no separate definition.
The concept of wealth is well defined in all theoretical models of ‘market economies’. For the i’th individual it is the market value (p*e[i]) of everything, (e[i]), owned by i at time t and everything owned by all individuals is traded at the same time (either once as in A-D, or at a sequence of dates). p and e[i] are vectors.
Empirically, not everything owned by individuals is traded and certainly not at the same time. But stuff (say land, buildings, gold, artwork, …) owned by i but not traded can still serve as collateral for bank loans. Bank loans can be used to acquire other ‘assets’. Only the assets acquired by ‘leverage’ need to earn an ‘income’ for at least some time to meet loan obligations. It is only those income earning assets which may result in a ‘capital gain’ (or loss) calculation. In many instances capital gain is calculated only at the sale of the asset (acquired by leverage) and it is calculated as the difference between the sale price and the written down (book value) of the asset. But nothing prevents individual i to use the said asset to borrow again to acquire more assets. So, an individual’s wealth can grow (or decline) much faster than income, depending on asset price changes. Only income earning assets are included in the calculation of ‘income’ for taxation purposes, unless there is a wealth tax.
How was the initial endowment, e[i], acquired? History suggests it was typically not by means of saving. A person who acquires wealth (now defined as income producing asset holdings to link it national accounting data) without inheritance must have a ‘human capital’ endowment (marketable skill) or steal (war loot, …..).
minor correction – Labor left office in 1996 not 1997.
I hope I can take up a theoretical issue that related to Piketty and indeed to all finance economics and indeed probably capitalist economics. People more learned than me can tell me if I have hit on anything worthwhile.
As preamble I must say (again), there are two kinds of systems in the world. These are Real Systems and Formal Systems. A Real System is any system which obeys the laws of physics in particular and the laws of the hard sciences in general. A Formal System is any well-defined system of abstract thought based on the models of language or mathematics. The biosphere is a real system. The real economy is a real system. The financial economy is a formal system. The entire economy is hybrid of real systems and formal systems.
In economics, as in other human disciplines, the success or failure of a formal system which intends to interact with real systems depends on its accuracy and fitness to reality (real systems as defined above). To short-circuit a long philosophical discussion about epistemology, let us consider Piketty’s now famous equation r > g. Of course, this formulation is point-in-history dependent. In other eras of capitalism, it was possible for r = g or r g (return on capital greater than economic growth) has this peculiar quality of relating a formal system term to a real system term. From our examples above, it is clear that this subject is not physics. It is also clear that it is not pure mathematics. It is “capitalist economics” which might say something not exactly praise-worthy about capitalist economics. However, it is still useful for Piketty to develop this equation and to show us that in different historical eras r g. It prompts us to ask what is going on and essentially reveals finance capitalism as a shell game (as if that needed any further revealing).
The world of classical physics is relevant here. Humans and their economy are comprised of macro physical objects. Classical laws hold to a high degree of accuracy.
“Newtonian epistemology is based on the reflection-correspondence view of knowledge (Turchin, 1990): our knowledge is merely an (imperfect) reflection of the particular arrangements of matter outside of us. The task of science is to make the mapping or correspondence between the external, material objects and the internal, cognitive elements (concepts or symbols) that represent them as accurate as possible. That can be achieved by simple observation, where information about external phenomena is collected and registered, thus further completing the internal picture that is taking shape. In the limit, this should lead to a perfect, objective representation of the world outside us, which would allow us to accurately predict all phenomena.” – Complexity and Philosophy – Francis HEYLIGHEN, Paul CILLIERS, Carlos GERSHENSON.
Accepting the above limitations or caveats (otherwise we would be lead into many more complexities beyond this limited post), the issue in our macro economic world is to first make “the mapping or correspondence between the external, material objects and the internal, cognitive elements (concepts or symbols) that represent them as accurate as possible”. It is clear that our finance system poorly represents reality in the translation of the real to the formal or notional. That r can ever be > g is diagnostic of this problem. One can deduce that r ought always be equal to g as follows. Firstly g (growth) = production – consumption. Economic growth must equal real net asset capital accumulation (growth in material wealth). This must be true if return on capital reflects genuine real asset accumulation.
Clearly, Capitalism is a formal system at variance with the real world. This was observed at least as early as M. Hubbert King pointing out that the finance system depended on endless, exponential growth in a finite system. The “call” of certain actors on real assets does not obey real physical laws. (Rather it obeys other real biophysical laws which the finance system does not explicitly recognise and impute; like legal and military violence as physical force). The capitalist finance and ownership system poorly represents reality. To remove these systemic problems, the system itself must be changed.
JQ, Please delete the above post as some key text was last to a strange and annoying problem induced by me trying to use the “less than” symbol. I will attempt to post again to get my full text in the blog.
I hope I can take up a theoretical issue that relates to Piketty, to all finance economics and indeed probably to all capitalist economics. People more learned than me can tell me if I have hit on anything worthwhile.
As preamble I must say (again), there are two kinds of systems in the world. These are Real Systems and Formal Systems. A Real System is any system which obeys the laws of physics in particular and the laws of the hard sciences in general. A Formal System is any well-defined system of abstract thought based on the models of language or mathematics. The biosphere is a real system. The real economy is a real system. The financial economy is a formal system. The entire existing economy is hybrid of real systems and formal systems.
In economics, as in other human disciplines, the success or failure of a formal system which intends to interact with real systems depends on its accuracy and fitness to reality (real systems as defined above). To short-circuit a long philosophical discussion about epistemology, let us consider Piketty’s now famous equation r GT g. Of course, this formulation is point-in-history dependent. In other eras of capitalism, it was possible for r E g or r LT g to occur and these eras did happen according to Piketty.
The equation of r GT g (return on capital greater than economic growth) has this peculiar quality of relating a formal system term to a real system term. From our examples above, it is clear that this subject is not physics. It is also clear that it is not pure mathematics. It is “capitalist economics” which might say something not exactly praise-worthy about capitalist economics. However, it is very useful for Piketty to develop this equation and to show us that in different historical eras r GT g, r E g or r LT g. It prompts us to ask what is really going on and essentially reveals finance capitalism as a shell game (as if that needed any further revealing).
The world of classical physics is relevant here. Humans and their economy are comprised of macro-sized physical objects. Classical laws hold to a high degree of accuracy.
Accepting the above limitations or caveats (otherwise this would be led into many more complexities beyond this limited post), the issue in our (macro-sized) economic world is to first make “the mapping or correspondence between the external, material objects and the internal, cognitive elements (concepts or symbols) that represent them as accurate as possible”. It is clear that our finance system poorly represents reality in the translation of the real to the formal or notional. That r can ever be GT g is diagnostic of this problem. One can deduce that r ought always be LT g as follows. Firstly, g (growth) = production – consumption. Economic growth must equal real net asset capital accumulation (growth in material wealth). This must be true if return on capital reflects genuine real asset accumulation.
Clearly, Capitalism is a formal system at variance with the real physical world. This was observed at least as early as M. Hubbert King pointing out that the finance system depended on endless, exponential growth in a finite system (the biosphere). The “call” of certain actors on real assets does not obey real physical laws. (Rather it turns out to obey other real biophysical laws which the finance system does not explicitly recognise and impute; like legal and military violence as physical force). The capitalist finance and ownership system incorrectly represents reality. To remove these systemic problems, the system itself must be changed.
This threadstarter coincides with some stuff on tax reform on teev just on. Whish Wilson, of FTA fame I don’t mind and the chap from the Grattan institute, but Judith Sloan.. my god, that is a hard one, that one.
That familiar asbestos look, can’t abide it, turned it off. and all those stuffed shirts in the audience silently fretting that someone on welfare might get a few cents off minor tax hikes for them.
I’ve seen granite more flexible than that.
This is a political point. It does not necessarily follow.
Capital gains are only effective income when they are realised.
People like to screech and scream about capital gains when they should be crying about transfer of wealth from workers inherent in lowering wages.
Ernestine, also a professor of economics I understand, raised the most substantive question whilst also remaining in the general paradigm of standard economics and finance. I was kind of hoping J.Q. would at least answer Ernestine’s question.
There are further issues that other types of thinkers (like Marxians) would raise but, as these are outside the standard paradigm, too many a priori assumptions of each school would have to be argued about first so I get that J.Q. won’t enter that fraught field. I don’t get why he won’t answer Ernestine’s question. Maybe it’s a time and attention thing. J.Q. is no doubt busy with various work projects. | 2019-04-19T15:03:37Z | https://johnquiggin.com/2016/01/02/the-australian-exception-crosspost-from-crooked-timber-piketty-seminar/ |
Senator Harrison concluded his argument and sat down. There was no applause, but he had expected none. Senator Dorman was already saying "Mr. President?" and there was a stir in the crowded galleries, and an anticipatory moving of chairs among the Senators. In the press gallery the reporters bunched together their scattered papers and inspected their pencil-points with earnestness. Dorman was the best speaker of the Senate, and he was on the popular side of it. It would be the great speech of the session, and the prospect was cheering after a deluge of railroad and insurance bills.
"I want to tell you," he began, "why I have worked for this resolution recommending the pardon of Alfred Williams. It is one of the great laws of the universe that every living thing be given a chance. In the case before us that law has been violated. This does not resolve itself into a question of second chances. The boy of whom we are speaking has never had his first."
Senator Harrison swung his chair half-way around and looked out at the green things which were again coming into their own on the State-house grounds. He knew--in substance--what Senator Dorman would say without hearing it, and he was a little tired of the whole affair. He hoped that one way or other they would finish it up that night, and go ahead with something else. He had done what he could, and now the responsibility was with the rest of them. He thought they were shouldering a great deal to advocate the pardon in the face of the united opposition of Johnson County, where the crime had been committed. It seemed a community should be the best judge of its own crimes, and that was what he, as the Senator from Johnson, had tried to impress upon them.
He knew that his argument against the boy had been a strong one. He rather liked the attitude in which he stood. It seemed as if he were the incarnation of outraged justice attempting to hold its own at the floodgates of emotion. He liked to think he was looking far beyond the present and the specific and acting as guardian of the future--and the whole. In summing it up that night the reporters would tell in highly wrought fashion of the moving appeal made by Senator Dorman, and then they would speak dispassionately of the logical argument of the leader of the opposition. There was more satisfaction to self in logic than in mere eloquence. He was even a little proud of his unpopularity. It seemed sacrificial.
He wondered why it was Senator Dorman had thrown himself into it so whole-heartedly. All during the session the Senator from Maxwell had neglected personal interests in behalf of this boy, who was nothing to him in the world. He supposed it was as a sociological and psychological experiment. Senator Dorman had promised the Governor to assume guardianship of the boy if he were let out. The Senator from Johnson inferred that as a student of social science his eloquent colleague wanted to see what he could make of him. To suppose the interest merely personal and sympathetic would seem discreditable.
"I need not dwell upon the story," the Senator from Maxwell was saying, "for you all are familiar with it already. It is said to have been the most awful crime ever committed in the State. I grant you that it was, and then I ask you to look for a minute into the conditions leading up to it.
"When the boy was born, his mother was instituting divorce proceedings against his father. She obtained the divorce, and remarried when Alfred was three months old. From the time he was a mere baby she taught him to hate his father. Everything that went wrong with him she told him was his father's fault. His first vivid impression was that his father was responsible for all the wrong of the universe.
"For seven years that went on, and then his mother died. His stepfather did not want him. He was going to Missouri, and the boy would be a useless expense and a bother. He made no attempt to find a home for him; he did not even explain--he merely went away and left him. At the age of seven the boy was turned out on the world, after having been taught one thing--to hate his father. He stayed a few days in the barren house, and then new tenants came and closed the doors against him. It may have occurred to him as a little strange that he had been sent into a world where there was no place for him.
"When he asked the neighbours for shelter, they told him to go to his own father and not bother strangers. He said he did not know where his father was. They told him, and he started to walk--a distance of fifty miles. I ask you to bear in mind, gentlemen, that he was only seven years of age. It is the age when the average boy is beginning the third reader, and when he is shooting marbles and spinning tops.
"When he reached his father's house he was told at once that he was not wanted there. The man had remarried, there were other children, and he had no place for Alfred. He turned him away; but the neighbours protested, and he was compelled to take him back. For four years he lived in this home, to which he had come unbidden, and where he was never made welcome.
"The whole family rebelled against him. The father satisfied his resentment against the boy's dead mother by beating her son, by encouraging his wife to abuse him, and inspiring the other children to despise him. It seems impossible such conditions should exist. The only proof of their possibility lies in the fact of their existence.
"I need not go into the details of the crime. He had been beaten by his father that evening after a quarrel with his stepmother about spilling the milk. He went, as usual, to his bed in the barn; but the hay was suffocating, his head ached, and he could not sleep. He arose in the middle of the night, went to the house, and killed both his father and stepmother.
"I shall not pretend to say what thoughts surged through the boy's brain as he lay there in the stifling hay with the hot blood pounding against his temples. I shall not pretend to say whether he was sane or insane as he walked to the house for the perpetration of the awful crime. I do not even affirm it would not have happened had there been some human being there to lay a cooling hand on his hot forehead, and say a few soothing, loving words to take the sting from the loneliness, and ease the suffering. I ask you to consider only one thing: he was eleven years old at the time, and he had no friend in all the world. He knew nothing of sympathy; he knew only injustice."
Senator Harrison was still looking out at the budding things on the State-house grounds, but in a vague way he was following the story. He knew when the Senator from Maxwell completed the recital of facts and entered upon his plea. He was conscious that it was stronger than he had anticipated--more logic and less empty exhortation. He was telling of the boy's life in reformatory and penitentiary since the commission of the crime,--of how he had expanded under kindness, of his mental attainments, the letters he could write, the books he had read, the hopes he cherished. In the twelve years he had spent there he had been known to do no unkind nor mean thing; he responded to affection--craved it. It was not the record of a degenerate, the Senator from Maxwell was saying.
A great many things were passing through the mind of the Senator from Johnson. He was trying to think who it was that wrote that book, "Put Yourself in His Place." He had read it once, and it bothered him to forget names. Then he was wondering why it was the philosophers had not more to say about the incongruity of people who had never had any trouble of their own sitting in judgment upon people who had known nothing but trouble. He was thinking also that abstract rules did not always fit smoothly over concrete cases, and that it was hard to make life a matter of rules, anyway.
Next he was wondering how it would have been with the boy Alfred Williams if he had been born in Charles Harrison's place; and then he was working it out the other way and wondering how it would have been with Charles Harrison had he been born in Alfred Williams's place. He wondered whether the idea of murder would have grown in Alfred Williams's heart had he been born to the things to which Charles Harrison was born, and whether it would have come within the range of possibility for Charles Harrison to murder his father if he had been born to Alfred Williams's lot. Putting it that way, it was hard to estimate how much of it was the boy himself, and how much the place the world had prepared for him. And if it was the place prepared for him more than the boy, why was the fault not more with the preparers of the place than with the occupant of it? The whole thing was very confusing.
"This page," the Senator from Maxwell was saying, lifting the little fellow to the desk, "is just eleven years of age, and he is within three pounds of Alfred Williams's weight when he committed the murder. I ask you, gentlemen, if this little fellow should be guilty of a like crime to-night, to what extent would you, in reading of it in the morning, charge him with the moral discernment which is the first condition of moral responsibility? If Alfred Williams's story were this boy's story, would you deplore that there had been no one to check the childish passion, or would you say it was the inborn instinct of the murderer? And suppose again this were Alfred Williams at the age of eleven, would you not be willing to look into the future and say if he spent twelve years in penitentiary and reformatory, in which time he developed the qualities of useful and honourable citizenship, that the ends of justice would then have been met, and the time at hand for the world to begin the payment of her debt?"
Senator Harrison's eyes were fixed upon the page standing on the opposite desk. Eleven was a younger age than he had supposed. As he looked back upon it and recalled himself when eleven years of age--his irresponsibility, his dependence--he was unwilling to say what would have happened if the world had turned upon him as it had upon Alfred Williams. At eleven his greatest grievance was that the boys at school called him "yellow-top." He remembered throwing a rock at one of them for doing it. He wondered if it was criminal instinct prompted the throwing of the rock. He wondered how high the percentage of children's crimes would go were it not for countermanding influences. It seemed the great difference between Alfred Williams and a number of other children of eleven had been the absence of the countermanding influence.
There came to him of a sudden a new and moving thought. Alfred Williams had been cheated of his boyhood. The chances were he had never gone swimming, nor to a ball game, or maybe never to a circus. It might even be that he had never owned a dog. The Senator from Maxwell was right when he said the boy had never been given his chance, had been defrauded of that which has been a boy's heritage since the world itself was young.
And the later years--how were they making it up to him? He recalled what to him was the most awful thing he had ever heard about the State penitentiary: they never saw the sun rise down there, and they never saw it set. They saw it at its meridian, when it climbed above the stockade, but as it rose into the day, and as it sank into the night, it was denied them. And there, at the penitentiary, they could not even look up at the stars. It had been years since Alfred Williams raised his face to God's heaven and knew he was part of it all. The voices of the night could not penetrate the little cell in the heart of the mammoth stone building where he spent his evenings over those masterpieces with which, they said, he was more familiar than the average member of the Senate. When he read those things Victor Hugo said of the vastness of the night, he could only look around at the walls that enclosed him and try to reach back over the twelve years for some satisfying conception of what night really was.
The Senator from Johnson shuddered: they had taken from a living creature the things of life, and all because in the crucial hour there had been no one to say a staying word. Man had cheated him of the things that were man's, and then shut him away from the world that was God's. They had made for him a life barren of compensations.
There swept over the Senator a great feeling of self-pity. As representative of Johnson County, it was he who must deny this boy the whole great world without, the people who wanted to help him, and what the Senator from Maxwell called "his chance." If Johnson County carried the day, there would be something unpleasant for him to consider all the remainder of his life. As he grew to be an older man he would think of it more and more--what the boy would have done for himself in the world if the Senator from Johnson had not been more logical and more powerful than the Senator from Maxwell.
Senator Dorman was nearing the end of his argument. "In spite of the undying prejudice of the people of Johnson County," he was saying, "I can stand before you today and say that after an unsparing investigation of this case I do not believe I am asking you to do anything in violation of justice when I beg of you to give this boy his chance."
It was going to a vote at once, and the Senator from Johnson County looked out at the budding things and wondered whether the boy down at the penitentiary knew the Senate was considering his case that afternoon. It was without vanity he wondered whether what he had been trained to think of as an all-wise providence would not have preferred that Johnson County be represented that session by a less able man.
The Senator from Johnson had proven too faithful a servant of his constituents. The boy in the penitentiary was denied his chance.
The usual things happened: some women in the galleries, who had boys at home, cried aloud; the reporters were fighting for occupancy of the telephone booths, and most of the Senators began the perusal of the previous day's Journal with elaborate interest. Senator Dorman indulged in none of these feints. A full look at his face just then told how much of his soul had gone into the fight for the boy's chance, and the look about his eyes was a little hard on the theory of psychological experiment.
Senator Harrison was looking out at the budding trees, but his face too had grown strange, and he seemed to be looking miles beyond and years ahead. It seemed that he himself was surrendering the voices of the night, and the comings and goings of the sun. He would never look at them--feel them--again without remembering he was keeping one of his fellow creatures away from them. He wondered at his own presumption in denying any living thing participation in the universe. And all the while there were before him visions of the boy who sat in the cramped cell with the volume of a favourite poet before him, trying to think how it would seem to be out under the stars.
The stillness in the Senate-Chamber was breaking; they were going ahead with something else. It seemed to the Senator from Johnson that sun, moon, and stars were wailing out protest for the boy who wanted to know them better. And yet it was not sun, moon, and stars so much as the unused swimming hole and the uncaught fish, the unattended ball game, the never-seen circus, and, above all, the unowned dog, that brought Senator Harrison to his feet.
They looked at him in astonishment, their faces seeming to say it would have been in better taste for him to have remained seated just then.
"Mr. President," he said, pulling at his collar and looking straight ahead, "I rise to move a reconsideration."
There was a gasp, a moment of supreme quiet, and then a mighty burst of applause. To men of all parties and factions there came a single thought. Johnson was the leading county of its Congressional district. There was an election that fall, and Harrison was in the race. Those eight words meant to a surety he would not go to Washington, for the Senator from Maxwell had chosen the right word when he referred to the prejudice of Johnson County on the Williams case as "undying." The world throbs with such things at the moment of their doing--even though condemning them later, and the part of the world then packed within the Senate-Chamber shared the universal disposition.
The noise astonished Senator Harrison, and he looked around with something like resentment. When the tumult at last subsided, and he saw that he was expected to make a speech, he grew very red, and grasped his chair desperately.
The reporters were back in their places, leaning nervously forward. This was Senator Harrison's chance to say something worth putting into a panel by itself with black lines around it--and they were sure he would do it.
But he did not. He stood there like a schoolboy who had forgotten his piece--growing more and more red. "I--I think," he finally jerked out, "that some of us have been mistaken. I'm in favour now of--of giving him his chance."
They waited for him to proceed, but after a helpless look around the Chamber he sat down. The president of the Senate waited several minutes for him to rise again, but he at last turned his chair around and looked out at the green things on the State-house grounds, and there was nothing to do but go ahead with the second calling of the roll. This time it stood 50 to 12 in favour of the boy.
A motion to adjourn immediately followed--no one wanted to do anything more that afternoon. They all wanted to say things to the Senator from Johnson; but his face had grown cold, and as they were usually afraid of him, anyhow, they kept away. All but Senator Dorman--it meant too much with him. "Do you mind my telling you," he said, tensely, "that it was as fine a thing as I have ever known a man to do?"
The Senator from Johnson moved impatiently. "You think it 'fine,'" he asked, almost resentfully, "to be a coward?"
"Coward?" cried the other man. "Well, that's scarcely the word. It was--heroic!"
"Oh no," said Senator Harrison, and he spoke wearily, "it was a clear case of cowardice. You see," he laughed, "I was afraid it might haunt me when I am seventy."
Senator Dorman started eagerly to speak, but the other man stopped him and passed on. He was seeing it as his constituency would see it, and it humiliated him. They would say he had not the courage of his convictions, that he was afraid of the unpopularity, that his judgment had fallen victim to the eloquence of the Senator from Maxwell.
But when he left the building and came out into the softness of the April afternoon it began to seem different. After all, it was not he alone who leaned to the softer side. There were the trees--they were permitted another chance to bud; there were the birds--they were allowed another chance to sing; there was the earth--to it was given another chance to yield. There stole over him a tranquil sense of unison with Life. | 2019-04-23T14:20:30Z | http://www.classicreader.com/book/3206/1/ |
With the news that the Trump Administration has signaled its intent to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement, I reached out to a number of leading experts on global climate governance and U.S. climate policy for advanced comment. Contributors include Jessica Green, Jennifer Hadden, Thomas Hale, Matthew Hoffmann, Angel Hsu, Joanna Lewis, Johannes Urpelainen, and Stacy VanDeveer.
I asked all of them to reflect on the following three questions. 1) What do you think the the consequences of U.S. withdrawal will be for the agreement? (2) How do you think other actors will respond to U.S. withdrawal in terms of their own commitments and actions? (3) What affect will this move have on U.S. standing in the world?
What follows is my synthetic take on people’s answers, my own editorializing, and then each scholars’ full comments unedited. I also have a piece this afternoon on the decision on The Monkey Cage.
Contributors to the forum are sanguine that the agreement will survive and indeed that withdrawal may in the short-run spur a commitment by leading countries, sub-national governments, and private actors to up their efforts. On some level, U.S. withdrawal could be good for the agreement if staying in meant that it sucked up all the energy and time by seeking to renegotiate the terms. Since withdrawal is not immediate, what role the U.S. will play in the interim remains to be seen. If recent discussions in Bonn are an indication, that may mean sending a skeletal crew of junior people to sit on the margins.
U.S. withdrawal creates space for the EU and China to position themselves as they have already done as global climate leaders. Over the longer-run, however, it may be harder to sustain a “race to the top” when other countries observe the United States’ backsliding in the domestic sphere. We should have a better sense in 2018 when progress to date and the rules for how to track and review pledges are set to be finalized. The loss of U.S. contributions on global climate finance appears highly likely, which may, in turn, dampen other contributions, a very bad omen for international efforts to support adaptation and resilience.
While the agreement can survive four years without the United States, eight years of a hostile Trump administration would pose a more significant challenge since the world needs U.S. participation (namely, domestic action) for the agreement to be effective. The commitments made in Paris in 2015 were a down payment on what is required to have an even outside chance of keeping temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. If we cannot ratchet up ambition in 2020, then we are in for a world of even more significant warming and weird weather than any of us are prepared for.
All of the contributors agree that this is a major unforced error by the United States, which was totally unnecessary given the flexibility of the agreement. After having exercised 8 years of leadership to remove the stigma of previous inaction, the United States has reversed course and punched itself in the face at a moment when the rest of the world is poised to move on to next generation clean energy that will protect the planet and be the source of jobs and wealth in the future. The best case scenario at this point is that United States elects a new president in 2020 who reverses course and promptly re-joins the agreement in January 2021. Until then, we’ve got some work to do.
1) What do you think the the consequences of U.S. withdrawal will be for the agreement?
I am optimistic about this. The administration has already managed to alienate its allies on other issues; this will be another one to add to the list. The net effect of this, I think, will be to unify the other major emitters, and reinforce their commitment to climate leadership. I don’t think that the agreement will fall apart, though I concede that US withdrawal might embolden some laggards. But already, major powers have reaffirmed their support – including the EU, China and Russia.
It’s already clear that the business community will continue to develop pro-climate policies, even without the US in the Paris Agreement. States and cities are also forging ahead. NYC Mayor de Blasio says that NYC is aiming to exceed the US goal of 28% below 2005 levels by 2030. Again, this just demonstrates that the train has left the station on climate. Pretty much everyone else is on board.
An appropriate analogy here is the UN Law of the Sea. The US signed, but never ratified this treaty, which governs maritime activities – from fishing and shipping to navigation and safety. Virtually every other country in the world has ratified, and the treaty has been relatively effective (with the notable exception of managing the world’s fisheries). The US also essentially abides by all the rules, although it is not a party. US non-participation hasn’t upended the agreement by any stretch of the imagination. There’s good reason to think that the same will hold for Paris.
Ultimately, global greenhouse gas emissions are the only thing that matters for the climate. The Paris Agreement will continue without U.S. participation, as other world leaders have made clear. The main challenge in reducing emissions globally will be to secure sufficient support for domestic implementation of countries’ climate pledges (the NDCs) without U.S. involvement. It was widely thought that U.S. funding, technical cooperation, and support/pressure would be critical in translating the NDCs into real action.
Other actors (state and private) may try to fill the gap on finance, but I’m skeptical that other actors will be able to play the leadership role as effectively in the short term.
The good news is that Paris was designed to be resilient to political shocks like Trump. The withdrawal will only kick in after the next presidential election, meaning the US may never actually exit the Agreement. However, 2018 is a critical year for implementation of the Paris Agreement. Countries have agreed to finalize by the end of 2018 the “Paris rulebook”—including the regulations around how national pledges will be be tracked and reviewed, and the process through which countries will ratchet up their commitments in the future. Getting these details right is crucial for the long-term success of Paris, and the US has often been a strong force for good on these kinds of transparency requirements. Trump makes it much harder for the progressive countries to shift the traditional laggards on these issues.
Also in 2018, the UNFCCC will hold a “facilitative dialogue” to take stock of the current national pledges, as well as action by cities, business and others, in order to kick off the process of putting forward a new round of pledges in 2020. It’s crucial to build positive political momentum around this moment in order to close the emissions gap by 2020, and US backsliding will have the opposite effect.
U.S. withdrawal may matter little to the functioning of the Paris Agreement. The decentralized nature of the agreement (Hale 2016; Keohane and Victor 2016, Falkner 2016) insulates it to some extent from the recalcitrance or absence of any one party. Long-term, the Paris Agreement needs the US if it is to be an effective agreement in the sense of achieving its goal of limiting warming to 2 degrees, but in the short term U.S. withdrawal won’t necessarily hurt the functioning of the Paris Agreement.
Withdrawal is a symptom of the larger problem of U.S. hostility towards climate action under the Trump Administration. So many of the things that observers are worried about in terms of consequences of U.S. withdrawal (e.g. loss of U.S. leadership, loss of funding pledges, signaling that scaling back commitments is okay) are happening anyway. This means that there is at least the possibility that the US withdrawal will be good for the Paris Agreement. With the US getting out of the way, there is opportunity for other countries to lead and for there to be an increase in solidarity around implementing Paris commitments.
“Thank you Trump,” tweeted former Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC Christiana Figueres, half tongue in cheek. “You have provoked an unparalleled wave of support for Paris and determined resolve on climate action. Deeply grateful.” Like Figueres, I am cautiously optimistic that the Trump Administration’s announced withdrawal from the Paris Agreement will backfire and the mounting backlash will lead to stronger climate action in the near and long-term.
The Trump Administration’s announcement is, on its face, disastrous for global climate action. The move, however, has incited a backlash from leaders inside the U.S. and abroad that promises to swamp the Administration’s efforts to undermine multinational climate diplomacy. Former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg today pledged $15 million to the UNFCCC, replacing the funding that would be pulled with the U.S.’s departure. Mayors of 83 U.S. cities, representing more than 40 million Americans, responded to Trump’s announcement vowing to “adopt, honor, and uphold the commitments to the goals enshrined in the Paris Agreement.” These subnational leaders, along with the presidents of more than 80 universities and hundreds of businesses, have formed a coalition that is negotiating with the UNFCCC to have its dedication to the Paris Agreement’s goals and targets accepted alongside national contributions. The governors of Washington, New York, and California have meanwhile formed an alliance reaffirming their shared commitment to meet the Agreement’s goals. These states account for about one fifth of U.S. population and GDP. These immediate reactions fill me with hope that the Administration’s decision will merely give the U.S. a diplomatic black eye but will not have lasting repercussions for global climate action.
The involvement of the United States in the international climate negotiations for the past eight years has been extremely constructive. US leadership was instrumental in mobilizing the support of key countries like China and India, which built the momentum needed to get 195 countries to support the agreement. US withdrawal will certainly be a disappointment to the international community, but one that has been anticipated since November.
As I witnessed in Bonn last month, the US was already playing a substantially reduced role in the negotiations, and was hesitant to commit to much in the face of domestic policy uncertainty. So short of a complete policy reversal on climate change from the Trump Administration, even if the US were to stay in the agreement it is likely they would have played a significantly diminished role, if not a destructive role.
It’s hard to say whether U.S. withdrawal is better or worse than the alternative. On the one hand, withdrawal may complicate future re-engagement under a less hostile president or encourage some other countries to consider the exit option. On the other hand, withdrawal would prevent the Trump administration from sabotaging the negotiations and allow other governments to move forward.
I’m persuaded by Hoffmann & others arguments that it is not clear at all that the US staying is better for the climate regime than a full US withdrawal. Staying in offers lots of opportunities to create problems. The UNFCCC system, in the short and medium term, seems likely to chug slowly along. With committed US leadership, it may stay a rather slow place for progress, but since the option of committed global US leadership on climate (and on many other things) was taken off the table by American voters I’m not sure the near term impacts on the climate regime are that bad.
Now in terms of specific topics in the regime, the impacts may be different. So financing will be harder with the US outside, I suspect. Liability and damages discussions? I’m not, given how hostile the US has been to serious language (let alone action) on that front. In terms of rule setting and implementation review, I imagine deals struck between Brussels and Beijing will become the global norms and processes. I think the most important near term domestic consequence is that it muddles messages to market and US state and local actors about federal energy & climate policy – slowing some progress that would otherwise be achieved. But again, domestic impacts of Paris withdrawal are hard to separate of the asinine energy & climate policies of this administration, generally.
Last words from me on this: A larger and negative set of consequences will be seen in other global/multilateral fora. If Trump officially withdraws, it is that much more likely that the administration and its minions work to block climate and energy policy development on other forums (and this, I think, has mostly been missed in commentary to date). So – G7, UNSC & USGA, World Bank, the Ozone regime, etc. – will probably now all be places where US officials work to block/impede/derail climate and clean energy progress and where the US finds itself alone and isolated.
(2) How do you think other actors will respond to U.S. withdrawal in terms of their own commitments and actions?
This is where the picture is perhaps not as rosy. Paris depends on what one scholar, many years ago, referred to as “tote board diplomacy”: basically, public commitment and transparency would socialize governments into a culture of complying, and eventually, ratcheting up their commitments.
Without US involvement, tote board diplomacy can’t work as well. Countries or regions that lead will have a harder time sparking a “race to the top”. Low income countries are a different story. It’s pretty clear that there will be no more US funding for adaptation, or any of the number of funds associated with the UNFCCC process. This will not only hurt developing countries, but provide political justifications for less (or no action).
Indications are that other countries still intend to make good faith efforts to implement their current NDCs. The fact that so many countries have adopted domestic climate laws or executive actions supporting their NDCs is evidence that this is already happening. But if there is not sufficient support or pressure for implementation, we should expect more countries will miss their targets. Current NDCs were never sufficient to address the climate challenge – the “ratchet mechanism” was introduced because of the need to increase ambition over time. While I think the current round of NDCs will still more or less stand, the ratchet is likely in danger.
The Paris Agreement still enjoys widespread support from non-state actors. It’s notable that the negotiations around Paris included a parallel process to garner commitments from cities, states, and firms. I’ve always thought of this non-state action as the “resilience plan” of the Paris Agreement, and this is where it will be most useful. I think that this non-state action will continue, and may even strengthen in some cities and states if climate action becomes part of the ‘resistance.’ However, Paris was important (in part) because it provided a signal to markets regarding the direction of future policy. If that signal is muddied, private actors may not act as aggressively in the short term regarding investment decisions and R&D.
Trump just launched a massive natural experiment (without ethics approval!) that tests a fundamental IR theory about collective action. Countries made their Paris pledges with the expectation that the US would likely fulfill its target. Now that Trump has made clear this is not going to happen under his watch, will other countries continue to cooperate or defect in the face of US free-riding? My expectation is that the bottom up nature of the Paris Agreement makes it likely almost all countries will follow through on existing pledges. Indeed, all major emitters have pledged to do. In a few years we’ll know the answer.
More difficult to know is how this will affect the next round of pledges scheduled to be delivered in 2020. Will countries raise their ambition in the face of US defection? I think many will need a push (perhaps from a newly confident China, transnational city and business networks, civil society, or others) to get there. But at the same time, contra the conventional wisdom on collective action, for a good number of actors Trump’s withdrawal will actually increase the incentive to do more. Mayors and governors in Democratic-leaning areas can score electoral points by taking matters into their own hands. CEOs and investors with planning horizons beyond 4-year electoral cycles will move to ensure they will not be caught out by the climate regulations that could likely follow Trump in the 2020s (many of those that do business abroad, that is most big firms, are already becoming Paris-compliant to manage global regulatory risks and costs). And, in electoral politics, Trump is politicising what has traditionally been a low salience issue by associating it so personally with his own polarizing brand. For some key voting blocks—e.g. young people—this could be an enthusiasm booster in 2018 and 2020.
That’s the million dollar question. So far the rhetoric coming from Europe, Canada, China, and India seems to indicate that other countries will respond by isolating the US on this issue and carrying on with implementing their commitments under Paris. The real test of this will come in 2018 in the initial stock taking to see if those initial defiant responses translate into long term commitment to act on climate change.
Beyond states, I expect sub and non-state actors to step up as they have before when the international process stalls or is steeped in uncertainty. The number of actors, and especially major corporations, urging the US to stay in Paris (which is fundamentally a proxy for urging the US to act responsibly on climate change) has been impressive. These actors will hopefully now put actions behind these words, moving on climate change in the face of US withdrawal.
There is cause for optimism that other nations will reaffirm their commitments to the Paris Agreement goals in the wake of the Trump Administration’s announcement. National leaders in China and the EU have reacted to the U.S.’s withdrawal with defiance, framing climate action as an opportunity to collaboratively reshape their societies to be more resilient and prosperous in the face of rising global temperatures and sea levels. It is true that the U.S.’s outlying position will give cover to countries that are unable or unwilling to meet their pledged goals. Free ridership is a slippery slope, and if the U.S. abandons multinational climate diplomacy other nations may follow.
Yet the Trump Administration has, through words and deeds, positioned itself as a sole actor on the global stage, vowing to go it alone without mind of allegiances and alliances. “America First” is not a slogan that engenders international support or begs other nations to follow. The current administration is unpopular at home and abroad, making it an easy decision for world leaders to stand in opposition of its decisions. By turning away from international climate diplomacy, President Trump may spur other nations to double down on their own commitments in defiance of his much maligned regime.
We have already seen all the major economies speak out against the US decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. It will most certainly damage our relationship with the EU, Germany and France in particular. While the EU has long been a global leader on climate change, it is somewhat surprising how outspoken China’s leaders have been in reconfirming their support for the Paris Agreement in the face of US withdrawal. China and the United States moved in lockstep over the past four years as they jointly announced their national pledges, signed the agreement, and then ratified the agreement. But China appears to be poised to continue to move forward even without the US by its side. Forceful statements from President Xi Jinping in Davos, followed by China’s U.N. ambassador in New York, have reaffirmed the country’s position to remain in the Paris Agreement and fulfill its international obligations. Given recent coal consumption trends, China increasingly looks on track to meet its Paris pledges ahead of schedule.
Because the Paris Agreement allows countries to choose their own actions, most governments are unlikely to react strongly. They have already chosen targets that are in their self-interest, and U.S. withdrawal is unlikely to have large impacts on the costs and benefits of climate mitigation. Some non-state actors may increase their ambition and the European Union or China could try to re-claim climate leadership.
The most serious problem that Trump’s hostile position creates is climate finance, as industrialized countries will find it difficult to meet their goals without the United States, but this problem would be present even if Trump remained inside as a hostile participant.
In the climate regime, I think the best way to understand other responses may be in terms of leaders, laggards and middling followers (or some such typology). That is, Trump taking the US out probably straightens the spines of leaders and encourages them to push harder, faster (and try to accrue domestic and international gains from this). It probably also emboldens laggards – those states and firms who were mostly pretending to endorse Paris and its implementation.
For the middlings/followers, their reactions seem likely to respond to both Trumpian policies and others’ responses to it. So, if EU and Chinese actors can double down on rhetoric and commitments and progress over the next 6-14 months, then they might offer followers incentives and paths toward progress. If they do not, and the regime simply chugs along with traditionally slow progresss, I think followers and indifferent actors simply ride along on their indifferent, low ambition pathways.
Lastly, I agree with the conventional wisdom that US withdrawal is a big win for China (globally) in terms of both soft power aspects and econonmic and development and political cooperation across the developing world and in Europe. The Europeans MUST have a partner to continue to lead on slow, global progress. With the US out, they have only one option: China. This is a win for China.
(3) What affect will this move have on U.S. standing in the world?
The US will lose big on the global stage by withdrawing. All issues are connected, and our foreign policy agenda (such as it is) will suffer greatly from our unwillingness to cooperate on climate. This happened with Kyoto, when Bush announced the US withdrawal.
I also agree with the conventional wisdom, bolstered by the upcoming EU-China statement on their commitment to cooperate on climate policy, that rising powers like China are ready and willing to step into the void.
Leaving the Paris Agreement will create credibility problems for the United States in other realms of international cooperation, making it harder to achieve U.S. foreign policy goals. It will also damage bilateral relations with key countries, especially big emitters like the European Union and developing counties that were counting on U.S. assistance.
More generally, this decision erodes global goodwill towards the United States, which may have lasting reputational consequences.
It’s hard to imagine a better way to squander so much influence for so little gain. Trump has given every country in the world a legitimate reason to resist US diplomatic pressure on every other issue he holds dear: trade, migration, terrorism, etc.
Moreover, in many countries around the world, opposing Trump’s climate belligerence will score big points in public opinion, giving politicians of every stripe an incentive to resist US interests.
It’s fairly clear that this will be a significant blow to US standing in the world. Especially coming on the heels of the disastrous NATO meetings, the US seems intent on convincing the rest of the world that it does not care about or intend to uphold long standing commitments to international order.
The world is learning very quickly to not trust the US under the Trump administration.
President Trump’s decision to withdraw from the Paris Agreement is yet another diplomatic disaster for the U.S., a move that distances us from our allies and exacts untold damage on our reputation in the global community. This is not the first time, however, that our seemingly schizophrenic government has exposed its fickleness to the world. The George W. Bush Administration abandoned the Kyoto Treaty within months of taking office in an act that Trump now echoes. The peculiarities of the U.S. electoral system allow for such unwelcome vicissitudes (both Bush and Trump lost the popular vote). The administration’s withdrawal may, paradoxically, strengthen international support and engagement with U.S. subnational and non-state actors. California’s governor Jerry Brown arrived in Beijing today intending to bolster his state’s relationship with China, opening a new avenue of climate diplomacy. Brown will host a Global Climate Action Summit next September in San Francisco, meaning that the U.S. will promote international climate negotiations even without the federal government’s acquiescence. American business leaders of all stripes have spoken out against the U.S. withdrawal, showing resolve to pursue climate action, with or without the federal government, in an increasingly globalized world. These budding relationships and coalitions will build international repute for America’s subnational and non-state actors while the federal government’s world standing sinks.
Relinquishing its global leadership role on climate change will greatly diminish the ability of the United States to shape multilateral outcomes in which it has a stake. In addition, walking away from climate and energy cooperation could be destabilizing for the broader U.S.-China relationship. During the eight years of the Obama administration, there was no other issue on which the countries had greater common interest.
As the US steps aside, it is creating a void that other nations are likely to fill. And there are already signs that China may take on an enhanced global role. The Chinese government is host to two key international meetings in Beijing next week that were originally conceived by the U.S. government as part of its broader climate and energy strategy, the 8th Clean Energy Ministerial and 2nd Mission Innovation Ministerial. These events are a great opportunity for China to demonstrate its new leadership on climate change and clean energy.
Given that the vast majority of the world’s governments and people consider climate change a serious threat, withdrawal would further undermine the reputation of the United States and isolate the Trump administration.
Of course it will be hard to separate the impact for US standing of this one decision from the overall impacts on US of the Trump administration generally. But it my view the biggest impacts are: (1) a nearly instant return of the US reputation for not keeping most of the promises it makes in multilateral fora; (2) an acceleration of US blaming and anti-US rhetoric in domestic politics around the world; and (3) a consequent weakening of US negotiating positions in most multilateral fora. As during the depths of the Bush II administration, I think we will see a lot more use of climate and a small number of other issue around the world by domestic leaders who gain support by condemning the US, its president, its immorality, its irresponsibility, the threats it poses, and so on. | 2019-04-21T08:10:11Z | http://duckofminerva.com/2017/06/duck-forum-on-paris-withdrawal.html |
The Cystic Fibrosis Stars Tribute Fund Remembrance Garden is dedicated to the memories of someone special. The Cystic Fibrosis Trust is here to beat cystic fibrosis, and make a daily difference to the lives of people with the condition, and those who care for them. It is a fight we must win.
A J was born in salford on February 09, 1971. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Adam Jacques. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Alex Moon. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Amanda Appleby is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Andrea Kennedy was born on July 04, 1982. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Andrew Kevin Brown, who was born on the 25th April, 1961. He was much loved and will always be fondly remembered.
This site is a tribute to Andy, who was born in Nottingham on July 26, 1982. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Dearly loved husband of Liz, loving dad to Katie and Rachel, he will be sadly missed by all who knew him..
Andy Maton was born on March 02, 1956. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Angela Gilbert was born in Essex on February 18, 1986. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Ann Curry was born on February 21, 1956. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Anne Danks, who was born in London on October 26, 1942. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Anthony Neville, who was born on September 08, 1932. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Audrey Cole is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Avis Hitchcock. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Barbara Herbert was born on September 13, 1970. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
CARTWRIGHT - Barry 'Baz' of Weddington, formerly of Hilltop and Stockingford. Passed away suddenly at home on 20th March 2019 aged 65 years. Beloved Partner to Maureen, much loved Dad to Louise, Leanne and Jodie, and cherished Grandad. He will be greatly missed by all who knew and loved him.
Beatrice Thompson was born on October 03, 1934. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Ben Doherty was born in Birmingham, UK on October 20, 1984. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Ben Mitchell is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Bernard Bevis is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Beryl Jones, who was born on September 26, 1936. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Beryl Rogers. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Bill was born in Sutton Coldfield on March 28, 1936. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Bram Hughes, who was born in London on December 30, 1930. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Brian Noble, who was born on August 24, 2016. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Brian Kallio was born in Putnam, CT on August 01, 1987. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Bridget Healy, who was born in Ireland on October 02, 1934. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Brittney was born in Jackson on October 23, 1988. The angels flew down and took her to Heaven to be with God on March 14, 2009.
bubba was born in Jasper, TX on April 16, 1992. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Cays, who was born on May 06, 1989. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Carl Edwards. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Carol Symes. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Carole Emery. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Caroline Harris was born on May 19, 1967. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Charlotte Jardine was born on January 23, 1986. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Chino was born in Winchester on June 24, 1984. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Chloe Baker. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Chris Ord. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Christine Pearce, who was born on January 20, 1947. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Christopher Peacock, who was born in Durham on December 19, 1988. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Christopher 'Tina' Richards . He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Clair Skinner, who was born on August 01, 1978. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Claire Armitage was born in wakefield on January 28, 1987. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Claire Morrish, who was born in Basildon on July 18, 1977. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Clinr Golding. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Collette Stainton was born in Lincoln on June 23, 1987. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Daniel Gray. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Danika Brown was born on January 19, 1990. She is our brave, beautiful inspirational princess and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Dave, who was born in Barnsley on June 05, 1988. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
David West was born on June 18, 1958. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
del was born in aberdeen on April 06, 1974. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Doris Norton, who was born on December 19, 1922. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Dorothy Mary Russell. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Dorothy Taylor, who was born on March 06, 1933. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Douglas Vivian Hopkins, who was born on February 08, 1930. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to ed ed. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Eileen Holloway , who was born on January 24, 1941. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Eileen Hawkins, who was born on June 07, 1931. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Eileen Perkins, who was born on November 19, 1929. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Elizabeth is much loved and will always be remembered by all her family and friends.
EMMA HARRIS was born in HUDDERSFIELD on January 09, 1981. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Eric Virsnieks was born in Marshfield WI on December 24, 1978. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Eunice Wiseman, who was born in Shropshire on 2nd May 1925. Devoted Wife of the late Dennis, much loved Mum of Margaret, Mary and Denise and a treasured Gran and Great Gran.
This site is a tribute to Eva May Holland, who was born on May 13, 1920. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Fiona Slee nee Booth, who was born in Upper Norwood, London on June 04, 1954 and died at Royal Preston Hospital on 29th January 2017. Much loved and always remembered.
This site is a tribute to Francis Deimel, who was born in Manchester on January 25, 1976. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Gal Gal was born in Cambridge on July 05, 1981. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Gaynor Good. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Gemma and Hayley Wall. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to George Jones, who was born in Worcestershire on March 26, 1986. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Gladys Margaret McGuire, who was born on December 01, 1922. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Gwyneth Rosina Roblin, who was born on August 05, 1932. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Hannah Lawrence was born in Essex on May 26, 1987. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Hannah Swarbrick was born on July 28, 1985. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Hazel Berry, who was born on September 06, 1923. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Helen Hawcroft was born on February 27, 1994. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Helen Stanley was born in Torbay on July 31, 1980. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Henry Saker. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Hilary Furlong is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Hilary Mills, who was born on May 30, 1937. She is much loved and will always be remembered by her family and friends.
Ian Ellis was born on December 13, 1984. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Ian Garwood, who was born on September 24th, 1957. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his family and his many friends and colleagues.
Isobel is much loved and dearly missed by all her family friends.
Star light, star bright First star I've seen tonight Wish I may, wish I might Have this wish I wish tonight. Anon Our wish didn't come true and a star went out, but she left a little of her light in everyone who met her.
This site is a tribute to Jack Senior. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Jackie Collins. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to James Macanaspie, who was born in Essex on December 05, 1985. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Jamie Winson was born on December 02, 1980. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Jane Milnes, who was born in Bandon. Co. Cork on March 17, 1923. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Janet Spencer was born in Brecon on March 26, 1966. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Jayne Murrells is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Jemma Beerling, who was born in Bromley on December 16, 1977. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Jemma Shearsby (nee Harrison) was born in Reading. Berkshire. on December 08, 1991. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Jenny Liston is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Jesika Markie was born in Mansfield Ohio on July 28, 1979. She is missed everyday. She was an amazing young lady and one to be admired. She will always hold a special place in our hearts.
Jim Judge was born in Eastbourne on 24th December 1936. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Jim Lindley. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
jimmy was born in chester on February 09, 1968. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Joan Garratt, who was born on December 27, 1926. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to dearest Jo, who was born on September 16th 1992 and died on October 8th 2016. She was much loved and will always be remembered. Her courage and love shone like a star throughout her life and she will live in our hearts forever. She was such an inspiration to all her family and friends and we miss her every day.
This site is a tribute to John Hodgson. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to John Seller, who was born on July 20, 1927. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to John Thayer-Lewis, who was born on October 13, 1932. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Jon was born in Kent on November 20, 1972. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Jordan Fry, who was born in Treliske Cornwall on August 01, 1993. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Joshi was born in solihull on May 21, 2003. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Diddyjosh was born in Chelmsford Essex on October 18, 1992. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Joy Pritchard, who was born in Burton upon Trent on June 05, 1973. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Joy White was born in Dundee on October 10, 1981. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family. She was a truly inspirational person who lived life to the full. Joy was determined that Cystic Fibrosis did not rule her life.
This site is a tribute to Julie Dickerson. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Kaine Shuttleworth. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
kat was born in durham on February 07, 0087. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and familyand son josh miss you loads /you would be so proud of josh.
This site is a tribute to Kat, who was born in Stevenage on March 11, 1989. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
KAYLEY KEIR was born in LIVERPOOL on December 28, 1994. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Kaz or Kazzie was born in Bromley on January 27, 1980. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Keely Knight was born in Leeds on July 03, 1980. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Kelsey Bliss was born in Gloucester on April 19, 1991. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Kirsty Bridges is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Larisa Blaj was born in Brasov Romania on August 31, 1995. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Laura Harris was born in Huddersfield on March 02, 1983. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Puff, who was born in Bristol on August 07, 1992. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Lauren Jones was born in St Davids Hospital Bangor on February 10, 1992. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Lea, who was born in Birkenhead on May 23, 1980. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Leonard is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Charlie Hatfield of Haywards Heath, passed away on 13th October 2016, aged 61 years. Dearly loved son of Mary and the late Lewis, loving father of William, Lucy and James, also a dear brother of Peter.
Lilly was born in Nottingham on October 13, 1975. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Linda Harrison, who was born on September 23, 1948. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Linzi&Claire Hodgson was born on November 13, 1974. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Lorn was born in Greenwich on August 02, 1988. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Louise McLean, who was born on April 28, 1988. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Louise McLean, who was born in Glasgow on April 28, 1988. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Louise Wood was born on March 07, 1983. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Lucy Lawrence. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Lucy Wilton was born on May 07, 1997. She is much loved and will always be remembered by her Mum and Dad. Her Brother Richard, and two sisters Tallulah and Maisie. Not forgetting her Nan and her aunts and uncles, and cousins. Also her closest friends, aswell as the hundreds of friends she had on social media.
This site is a tribute to CF Warrior, who was born in KcKs on September 25, 1976. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Marc Pocklington was born in Romford on February 17, 1985. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Margaret Hemmings was born on November 20, 1937. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Marie McDermott, who was born on April 22, 1987. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
We saw you leave your soul vessel and journey to the spirit afterlife, but we can’t accept that you are gone. You were such a joker and for you to go on April 1st was the ultimate, but we are not laughing. We miss you so much. You can breathe easily now and for that we are grateful.
Mark Jones was born on August 24, 1987. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Mark Ottaway. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Mark Julien, who was born on February 04, 1964. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Mary Cunningham. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Mary Cunningham (nee Clarke). She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Mary Fallows. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Mavis Burton, who was born in Mansfield on December 06, 1923. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Megan Sheppard, who was born on September 12, 1999. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Melanie Werrell. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Michael Fish, who was born on January 08, 1943. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
JENNINGS - Michael Francis. Of Burbage. Passed away peacefully on 27th December 2018 aged 87 years. A dearly loved Husband to the late Monica, a loving and devoted Dad to Claire, Helen and Mark, a much loved Father-in-law to Kat, a special Grandad to Lisa, Christopher, Tom and Frankie.
Mimi was born in Bristol on January 23, 1980. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Monica Jennings. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Mrs Janet Bidwell, who was born on November 28, 1938. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Nathan Thomas, who was born in Middlesbrough on September 16, 1997. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Nikki was born in Birmingham on October 06, 1989. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Norman Golding. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Nuala Seller, who was born on December 19, 1931. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Órla Rose was born in london on August 27, 2004. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Pamela Edwards. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Trish, who was born in New York on April 06, 1969. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Patrick Flynn. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Pauline Varnals, who was born on January 13, 1913. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Pauline Davies, who was born in Salford on February 09, 1946. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Peter Love was born on February 08, 1948. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Phil, who was born in Southampton on December 11, 1949. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Rachel Lawrence was born on June 22, 1968. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Rachel Owens was born on October 19, 1983. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to robin west. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Rod Banks, who was born on December 28, 1947. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Rogan Chadaway. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Marshall Speaker, who was born in Reading on August 30, 1986. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Sally Belenger nee Leah was born in Prestwich on March 21, 1963. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Sam was born in Pembury, Kent on May 30, 1989. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Sam Dixon was born on February 24, 1992. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Sheila Gibbs, who was born on August 17, 1927. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Snotball was born in West Bromwich on June 21, 1978. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Sonia Knapman, who was born on the 30th January, 1920. She was much loved and will always be fondly remembered.
This site is a tribute to Soph, who was born in Stockport on May 20, 1991. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
stacey mcculloch was born in runcorn on August 30, 1990. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Stacey Murrin, who was born in Southampton on January 16, 1988. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Steven Evans, who was born on December 22, 1962. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Stephen Kingham was born on May 28, 1966. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Stephen Williams is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Steven Whitfield, who was born in Richmond on January 09, 1962. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Susan Dulborough. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
tahls was born on September 16, 1994. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to test test. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
Tommy was born on June 18, 1956. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Now re-united with his beloved wife Phyllis but dearly missed by all of his loving family.
Tina bozwell was born in rhondda on September 17, 1982. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Tink was born in Birmingham on September 16, 1994. She is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Tommy Ryan was born in Limerick, Ireland on August 06, 1969. One of a pair, and ever the gentleman, allowed his twin sister to enter the world first, though swiftly following approximately fifteen minutes later, not to be left behind.
Tony was born in London on August 24, 1973. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Tony Bradshaw. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Trixie Aisthorpe, who was born on November 24, 1928. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Turner was born in Dewsbury on March 26, 1991. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
Una Read ne Kilby was born in Long Eaton on June 07, 1925. She is much loved and missed, she will always be remembered with fondest thoughts by all her friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Valerie Christie, who was born in Orpington bromley on March 05, 1947. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
Victoria Wilson-Smith is much loved and will always be remembered by all her friends and family.
Wee Seamy was born in Maghera on June 04, 1984. He is much loved and will always be remembered by all his friends and family.
This site is a tribute to Wendy Hullah, who was born on October 26, 1956. She is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to William Franks. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to William Barrett, who was born on August 22, 1940. He is much loved and will always be remembered.
This site is a tribute to Yvette Elizabeth Oates. She is much loved and will always be remembered. | 2019-04-25T06:10:45Z | https://cftrust.muchloved.org/Tributes/ |
July 13, 2010.- In the midst of media attacks from the de facto regime, the Popular Resistance in Honduras carried out its first National Assembly, appointing its provisional leadership and presenting its new Executive Committee headed by Manuel Zelaya Rosales, who is still in exile in the Dominican Republic.
The National Front of Popular Resistance (Frente Nacional de Resistencia Popular) would like to inform the International community of its first and successful National Assembly, held this past weekend (July, 10 and 11) in the city of Tocoa, in the department of Colon.
The Unified Campesino Movement of the Aguán (MUCA) reported that during the week of May 10 police and military forcibly removed campesinos from at least four cooperatives in the northern Atlantic region of Honduras.
The police evicted campesinos from the San Isidro cooperative on May 10 and left about 100 agents at the site to keep the campesinos from returning. On May 12 security guards working for landowners René Morales and Miguel Facussé, along with some 60 police agents and soldiers, removed campesinos from the El Despertar in the Aguán River Valley. The Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras (CODEH) reported that police and soldiers evacuated the San Esteban and Trinidad cooperatives on May 13.
Ten months have passed since the day that the Honduran people we were severed of their aspirations to determine their own destiny.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission set up to investigate the June 2009 coup that ousted Honduran president Manuel Zelaya will begin its work in May under the skeptical watch of a wide range of observers, from human rights organizations to right-wing political sectors.
According to a recent announcement by the Honduran government, the coordinator of the Commission will be former Guatemalan vice president Eduardo Stein (2004-2008), who will be accompanied by two other international experts, two national experts, and a support team. Technical and administrative assistance will be provided by the Organization of American States (OAS).
Honduran television reporter Jorge Alberto “Georgino” Orellana had just left the station where he hosted his own show when a man stepped from the shadows, shot him dead and vanished.
On Tuesday, Orellana became the seventh Honduran broadcaster to be gunned down since March 1 in a country where complaints about human rights abuses have increased since a military-led coup in June.
Most of the victims had reported on organized crime in the northern coastal region of Honduras, a key trans-shipment point for U.S.-bound cocaine.
Though the June 28, 2009 coup in Honduras caught the world’s attention, outside of Honduras little was said about the objective of the coup; to stop the proposal for a new constitution in Honduras. The terrible repression that followed the coup has also prompted international response, but the political proposal of victims of the repression has been made invisible.
The coup is now in its final phase, a phase that cannot be consolidated; the “disappearance” of the proposal for a new constitution. A two pronged strategy is being employed. On one hand, the creation of the appearance, without the actual reality, of national reconciliation processes, such as a ‘truth commission’ which for lack of participation of the human rights victims, among other problems, does not meet international standards for a truth commission. On the other hand, escalating violence and repression continues against the non-violent resistance movement, which continues to demand a new constitution and does not recognize the Pepe Lobo government, like many nations of the world since the elections he “won” did not fulfill most indicators for democratic elections. This phase in the coup is the most dangerous and prolonged.
On April 15 the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR, or CIDH in Spanish), a Washington, DC-based agency of the Organization of American States (OAS), issued its 2009 report on human rights in the hemisphere. For the first time the IACHR included Honduras among the countries that it "believed warranted special attention." The inclusion of Honduras is based on a report, "Honduras: Human Rights and the Coup d'État," by an IACHR commission that visited Honduras in August 2009 to investigate the human rights situation following a June 28 military coup.
The Human Rights Platform strongly denounces the murder of teacher Jose Manuel Flores carried out by alleged hit men on the afternoon of March 23 at his workplace, the Institute San Jose Pedregal, Comayaguela, Tegucigalpa.
The violent death of professor Flores is interpreted as a clear message to teachers and all of the organizations opposed to the coup that form part of the National Popular Resistance Front.
For decades, teachers unions have been persecuted by intolerant and repressive governments. Since the oligarchy mounted the coup, teachers unions have taken to the streets as part of the National Popular Resistance Front to demand the restoration of Constitutional order.
Wednesday, March 17 at 5:30 pm, Francisco Castillo, member of the National Resistance Against the Coup, was assassinated. Before the coup, Francisco Castillo worked for a company owned by Miguel Facusse, but his involvement in the coup made him quit his job.
Jose Antonio Cardoz and Jose Concepcion Carias, both around 50-years-old, were killed at noon March 18th by unidentified individuals who opened fire with a shotgun as the campesinos were driving home after a day’s work in Bonito Oriental.
New York, March 16, 2010— Unidentified attackers gunned down Honduran journalist Nahúm Palacios Arteaga in the city of Tocoa on Sunday, the third deadly attack against the Honduran press in the last two weeks, according to news reports. Honduran authorities must put an end to the wave of deadly violence and ensure that the killers are punished, the Committee to Protect Journalists said today.
Nine US Congresspeople have urged US Government Officials, including Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, to put pressure on President Porfirio Lobo to alleviate the human rights crisis in Honduras. Their remarks appear in a letter addressed to Secretary of State Clinton detailing recent attacks on activists and asking that the US Government make the curtailment of human rights violations and pursuit of accountability for the perpetrators a pre-condition for normalized relations with the new Honduran Government.
March 5 -- Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, on her first trip to Central America since last June’s coup in Honduras, announced the U.S. is restoring aid to the country and urged its neighbors to normalize ties following the election of a new president.
“Honduras has taken important and necessary steps that deserve the recognition and the normalization of relations,” Clinton said yesterday in Costa Rica, citing moves by President Porfirio Lobo to form a unity government and establish a truth commission to investigate abuses after President Manuel Zelaya was ousted and sent into exile by Honduras’s military.
Corruption in Honduras has taken root at every level of the state, which is helpless to combat it because of the lack of credibility of most of its institutions, the erosion of social capital and the public perception that the problem is here to stay.
This is the conclusion reached by the National Transparency Report produced by the National Anti-Corruption Council (CNA), a state body that operates independently in this country governed by the de facto government of Roberto Micheletti, who replaced President Manuel Zelaya when he was overthrown in a Jun. 28 coup.
March 13-20: Honduras Solidarity Delegation. Meeting in Tegucigalpa or San Pedro Sula, the group will hear from the popular resistance movement and human rights groups, visit political prisoners and threatened communities, and document human rights abuses.
Despite criticism of the Nov. 29 Honduran election and continued political repression and censorship and violence against dissidents in Honduras, the State Department has continued to praise the new Lobo government.
On January 27, 2010, some 300,000 Hondurans marched in the streets of Tegucigalpa , NOT for the incoming President Pepe Lobo, winner of the illegal presidential “elections” of November 28, 2009, but rather FOR President Mel Zelaya, illegally ousted in the June 28, 2009 military coup.
Why does the hope that is in my heart not die?
The embers lie dying, flickering because there appears no reason….
Today is a blurry day for those of us with eyes on Central America, mister president. It’s blurry because we’ve watched herman@s suffering day and night over the last four months in that small country in the waist of America, Honduras, and now, after all the blood and toil, you throw salt in their wounds.
The Committee of Detained and Disappeared of Honduras (COFADEH) expresses its concern to the national and international community regarding the deterioration of the human rights situation in Honduras which is deepening each day.
A new wave of violence includes death threats, political persecution, illegal detentions, tortures and the militarization of sectors of principal cities. Of particular concern is the incursion of vehicles without license plates, darkened windows, driven by heavily armed agents with hooded faces into neighborhoods identified as allied with the Resistance against the coup and self declared as “free of political propaganda.” These actions follow the creation of lists profiling leaders of the resistance movement by order of the military and police.
Triumph for Democracy in Honduras?
TEGUCIGALPA, Honduras (AP) — Honduran officials said Saturday that the United States had taken away the diplomatic and tourist visas of 17 interim government officials and the acting president.
Interim President Roberto Micheletti said that his United States diplomatic and tourist visas had been revoked in response to the June 28 coup in which President Manuel Zelaya was forced into exile.
Later on Saturday, his spokeswoman, Marcia de Villeda, said that the United States revoked the visas of 14 Supreme Court judges, the foreign relations secretary, the country’s attorney general and the armed forces chief on Friday.
Mr. Micheletti said he had anticipated the action and called it “a sign of the pressure that the U.S. government is exerting on our country” to allow Mr. Zelaya back into the nation and restore him to office.
The Obama administration on Thursday cut off all aid to the Honduran government over the ouster of President Manuel Zelaya, making permanent a temporary suspension of U.S. assistance put in place after he was deposed in June.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) gave $163. 9 million to the de facto Honduran government run by Roberto Micheletti.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) gave $163. 9 million to the de facto Honduran government run by Roberto Micheletti, presumably to strengthen its reserve and inject liquidity into the economy of this country that remains mired in a sharp political crisis.
WASHINGTON, DC - The OAS Foreign Ministers mission is in Honduras seeking support for the San Jose Accord, which would restore the democratic and constitutional order and resolve the political crisis in Honduras. In support of this mission and as a consequence of the de facto regime’s reluctance to sign the San Jose Accord, the U.S. Department of State is conducting a full review of our visa policy in Honduras. As part of that review, we are suspending non-emergency, non-immigrant visa services in the consular section of our embassy in Honduras, effective August 26. We firmly believe a negotiated solution is the appropriate way forward and the San Jose Accord is the best solution.
Write to President Obama to take action on Honduras!
Please write President Obama to increase pressure on the de facto regime in Honduras. The demands should include: restoring Manuel Zelaya to the presidency of Honduras and to stop the persecution of individuals and organizations that oppose the military-business coup. Click on the [+] below to see a model letter. Thank you!
The entire Honduran capitalist state is operating under orders of the "businessmen" that are mentioned in the AP article "Honduran interim leaders: Zelaya can't be restored". This includes the military, but also congress, the court system and the church. The superstructure of capitalism that Marx explained so clearly so many years ago is working as it is expected. The U.S. on the other hand is helping this business machine, in this case by delaying things until November -- that is only 4 more months. On the other hand President Obama talks the "defend democracy" line and Zelaya indicates that he believes there is "no double standard in the U.S. but internal differences."
Honduran Civil Society and Immigrant Leaders Visit Washington, DC and other Key Cities in the U.S.
One month after the interruption of constitutional order in Honduras through a military coup d'etat and in the wake of widespread reports of human rights violations harkening back to events of the 1980s, the National Alliance of Latin American and Caribbean Communities (NALACC) is bringing a delegation of civil society representatives from that country to the U.S. to participate in a speaking tour and to advocate for the restoration of constitutional order and respect for human rights. The tour will start in Washington D.C. with visits to Congressional offices and will be followed by press and speaking events in various U.S. cities, including New York, Boston, and Chicago.
Wednesday and Friday, July 29 - 31: Washington D.C.
Honduras: A Twenty-first Century Coup?
07-24-2009.- We’ve heard a lot of talk about the coup in Honduras is a “twenty-first century coup,” with the implication that things are different now from the way they were in the twentieth century. Especially, people seem to think that things are different now that Obama is president of the United States.
Obviously, this coup did take place in the twenty-first century. But we should look closely at what has changed, and what remains the same, between the coups of the twentieth century and the current coup in Honduras. Let’s begin by looking at two of the main actors in the coups of the twentieth century: the United Fruit Company and the U.S. military.
7-23-2009.- I just returned from a trip to Honduras where I was part of a delegation of seven U.S. citizens, including two Catholic priests, concerned about the coup in Honduras and its aftermath. While in Honduras, we met with numerous civic groups, including unions, human rights groups and peasant associations. As the press has reported, the ousted President, Manual Zelaya, who was kidnapped from his home and forced into exile, has great support among the poor, the unions and the indigenous groups of Honduras -- that is, the most under-represented and repressed portion of the society.
The State Department finally concluded 3 weeks of ambiguity on its determination of whether or not a coup d'etat has taken place in Honduras. Despite the United Nations, European Union, Organization of American States and every Latin American nation clearly condemning the events as a coup d'etat, the United States government has today stated it doesn't consider a coup has taken place. The Obama administration joins only with the coup regime and its supporters (other coup leaders and/or executors of coups) in that determination.
This resolution was submitted to the National Antiwar Conference Held at La Roche College in Pittsburgh on July 10-12, 2009 by the Continuations Body, National Assembly to End the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars and Occupations. This resolution was unanimously approved.
The National Assembly to End the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars and Occupations, consistent with its position on the right of oppressed nations to self-determination and opposition to U.S. intervention, condemns the coup d’etat in Honduras and stands in solidarity with the Honduran workers and farmers as they organize mass street mobilizations and political mass strikes to thwart the illegal government of Robert Micheletti. We support self-determination for the people of Honduras and stand opposed to any U.S. attempt to “negotiate” the future of this sovereign nation with the coup-makers. | 2019-04-21T16:12:02Z | http://hondurasresists.org/index_1.php?mlang=1 |
Explore global education statistics on challenges and results organized by theme, including specific data for GPE partner countries.
An estimated 150 million children worldwide are engaged in child labor.
Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest proportion of child laborers (28% of children aged 5 to 14 years).
In the world’s poorest countries, nearly one in four children are engaged in work that is potentially harmful to their health.
The majority of children engaged in economic activities also perform unpaid household services. Only 3.7% of children are engaged solely in economic activities.
Children who work for 43 or more hours per week can hardly find time to attend school. Indeed, less than 15% of them attend school.
Approximately one billion people in the world are living with a disability, with at least 1 in 10 being children and 80% living in developing countries.
Between 93 million and 150 million children are estimated to live with disabilities.
Developing countries contribute 88% of the financing needed to achieve SDG 4, with external aid needed to cover the remaining 12%.
79% of GPE partner countries have maintained their education budget at or above 20% of public expenditure, or increased their education budget in 2016.
GPE partner countries increased education expenditure as a share of total government expenditure from 15.2% to 16.6% or by 1.46 percentage points, compared with 0.42 percentage points in other developing countries.
GPE partner countries increased education expenditure as a share of GDP from 2.9% to 3.9%, or by 0.90 percentage points compared to 0.43 percentage points in other developing countries.
Worldwide, there are still more than 150 million children ages 3 to 5 who do not have access to pre-primary education, including more than 80% of children in low-income countries.
Less than 5% of children have access to pre-primary school in some countries affected by conflict.
Aid to early childhood development has increased in recent years, from US$1.3 billion in 2002 to US$6.8 billion in 2016. As a share of total ODA, ODA for ECD has increased from 1.7% to 3.8% between 2002 and 2016.
Only 1% of all early childhood development aid funding goes to pre-primary education.
37% of children were enrolled in pre-primary education in GPE partner countries in 2015 compared to 19% in 2002.
GPE has invested about US$250 million in more than 35 partner developing countries to support ECCE.
Around 90% of GPE grants with an ECCE component provide financial and technical support to countries to strengthen the role of pre-primary teachers through training and learning materials, construction of teacher training centers and by increasing salaries and incentives.
One extra year of schooling increases an individual's earnings by up to 10%.
Each additional year of schooling raises average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth by 0.37%.
A dollar invested in an additional year of schooling, particularly for girls, generates earnings and health benefits of US$10 in low-income countries and nearly US$4 in lower-middle income countries.
The cost of 250 million children not learning the basics is equivalent to a loss of US$129 billion per year.
A dollar invested in a one-year increase in the mean years of schooling generates more than US$5 in additional gross earnings in low-income countries and US$2.5 in lower-middle income countries.
Globally, countries are losing US$160 trillion in wealth because of differences in lifetime earnings between women and men. This amounts to an average of US$23,620 for each person in the 141 countries studied.
96% of sector plans assessed in 2016/2017 meet quality standards, compared to 58% in 2014/15.
GPE funded or supported the production and dissemination of 17 education knowledge products in 2017, compared to 6 in 2015.
77 million more children were in primary school in 2016 in GPE partner countries compared to 2002.
Source: GPE secretariat calculations. Difference in the number of children enrolled in school between 2002 and 2016. Data from UIS.
24 million more children in GPE partner countries enrolled in lower-secondary school, of which 13 million girls, in 2014 compared to 2002.
If education progress is stalled, it could lead to a 20% increase in disaster-related fatalities per decade.
Universalizing upper secondary education by 2030 would prevent 200,000 disaster-related deaths in the 20 years that follow.
There is an annual external financing gap of US$39 billion to provide quality pre-primary, primary and secondary education to all children by 2030.
Aid to education has increased by 13% between 2015 and 2016, the first time after a six-year decline. Most of the increase supported basic education.
However, less than a quarter of aid to basic education (22%) went to low income countries in 2016, in comparison to 36% in 2002.
In 2015, aid to education is 4% below its 2010 level and aid to basic education is 6% lower than its 2010 level.
It costs on average US$1.25 a day per child in developing countries (low and lower-middle income) to provide a full cycle of pre-primary through secondary education (13 years). The largest share of this cost, 88%, will be borne by developing countries themselves. The international funding gap is just 15 cents a day per child, on average.
Low income countries received 19% of total aid to education and 23% of aid to basic education in 2015.
US$5.6 billion contributed by donors in the GPE Fund since 2003 (as of December 2018).
Donor contributions to GPE almost doubled from FY16 to FY17, from close to US$250 million to US$462 million.
Only 20% of aid for education goes into low-income countries, but 70% of GPE’s financing supports children’s education in low-income countries.
75 million children aged 3 to 18 live in countries facing war and violence and need educational support.
Each year of education reduces the risk of conflict by around 20%.
In 2016, education in emergencies received 2.7% of humanitarian aid, well below the target of 4%.
In the past five years, funding requests for education in emergencies have increased by 21%.
21.5 million children, 15 million adolescents, and 26 million youth that are out-of-school worldwide live in 32 countries affected by conflict (2014).
Children in fragile, conflict-affected countries are more than twice as likely to be out of school compared with those in countries not affected by conflict; similarly, adolescents are more than two-thirds more likely to be out of school.
If the enrollment rate for secondary schooling is 10 percentage points higher than the average, the risk of war is reduced by about 3 percentage points (a decline in the risk from 11.5% to 8.6%).
Girls are almost two and a half more likely to be out of school if they live in conflict-affected countries, and young women are nearly 90% more likely to be out of secondary school than their counterparts in countries not affected by conflict.
From 2013 through 2017, there were more than 12,700 attacks on education, harming more than 21,000 students and educators.
32 GPE partner developing countries are fragile or affected by conflict (48% of all country partners).
The primary completion rate in GPE partner countries affected by fragility and conflict increased from 56% in 2000 to 69% in 2015.
GPE partner countries affected by fragility and conflict are home to more than 200 million children of primary and lower secondary school age.
In GPE countries affected by fragility and conflict, the number of girls completing school for every 100 boys rose from 74 to 88 for primary, and from 67 to 83 for lower-secondary between 2002 and 2015.
419,000 more children living in GPE partner countries affected by fragility and conflict completed primary school in 2015 compared to the previous year.
132 million girls worldwide are out of school (2016). This includes 34.3 million girls of primary school age, 30 million girls of lower secondary school age, and 67.4 million girls of upper secondary school age.
Girls are 1.5 times more likely than boys to be excluded from primary school. That's 15 million girls of primary school age who will never have the opportunity to learn to read and write in primary school, compared to about 10 million boys.
Each year of secondary education reduces the likelihood of marrying as a child before the age of 18 by five percentage points or more.
In low income and lower-middle income countries, women account for only a third or less of human capital wealth.
Human capital wealth could increase by almost 22% globally with gender equality in earnings.
Educating girls averted more than 30 million deaths of children under five years old and 100 million deaths in adults 15 to 60 years old.
Universal secondary education could virtually end child marriage.
Globally, 9 in 10 girls complete their primary education, but only 3 in 4 complete their lower secondary education. In low-income countries, less than two thirds of girls complete their primary education, and only 1 in 3 completes lower secondary school.
Women with primary education (partial or completed) earn 14% to 19% more than those with no education at all. Women with secondary education may expect to make almost twice as much, and women with tertiary education almost three times as much as those with no education.
If every girl worldwide received 12 years of quality education, lifetime earnings for women could increase by US$15 trillion to US$30 trillion globally.
41 million more girls were enrolled in school across GPE partner countries in 2016 compared to 2002.
Source: GPE Secretariat calculations based on UIS data.
There are 37% more girls than boys out of primary school across GPE partner countries affected by fragility and conflict, compared to only 4% more girls in other GPE partner countries.
66% of GPE partner countries have as many girls as boys completing primary school in 2016, compared to 42% in 2002.
42% of GPE partner countries improved equity for girls, rural and poor children between 2010 and 2016, compared to 32% between 2010 and 2014.
Since 2009 GPE provided US$66.1 million for the civil society education fund, US$37.1 million for 2009-2015 and US$29 million for 2016-2018 to support 62 national civil society coalitions.
GPE has provided 15 grants worth US$31 million for the Global and Regional Activities program to fund research, capacity development and knowledge sharing on learning, education financing and out-of-school children.
US$2.4 billion in GPE grants have been allocated to partner countries affected by fragility and conflict since 2003.
GPE is the largest international funder of education sector analysis and sector planning for countries in the developing world, providing US$8.9 million for 27 sector plans in 2016 alone.
A child whose mother can read is 50% more likely to live past the age of five, 50% more likely to be immunized, and twice as likely to attend school.
Around one-third of the reductions in adult mortality and nearly 15% of the reductions in infant mortality from 1970 to 2010 can be attributed to gains in female schooling.
One additional year of school reduces the probability of becoming a mother by 7.3% for women who have completed at least primary education.
If all mothers completed primary education, maternal deaths would be reduced by two-thirds, saving 189,000 lives.
Women with post-primary education are five times more likely to be educated on the topic of HIV and AIDS.
Research shows that the most common poor health conditions in school-age children, including malaria, malnutrition, worm infection and anemia, can reduce their intellectual quotient (IQ) between 3.7 and 6 points.
In developing countries an estimated 500 million days of school per year are lost due to sickness.
Approximately 400 million school-age children suffer from worm infections, the highest number in any age group.
For less than 50 cents per student per year, school-based deworming can reduce absenteeism by 25%.
GPE provides grant funding for health activities in schools in 22 partner countries.
In developing countries, the gap in primary school completion rates between the richest and poorest children is more than 30 percentage points.
In low-income countries, around 46% of public education resources is allocated to educate the top 10% most educated students.
In poor countries with available data, on average primary-school age children from the wealthiest 20% of households are four times more likely to be learning at the desired levels than children from the poorest 20% of households.
In countries with twice the levels of educational inequality, the probability of conflict more than doubles.
In 2017, the UIS estimates that more than 617 million – or six out of ten – children and adolescents of primary and lower secondary school age do not achieve minimum proficiency levels in reading and mathematics.
More than 80% of the 617 million children and adolescents who are not learning enough to meet minimum proficiency levels come from low- and lower-middle-income countries, although these countries are home to only 60% of the global school-age population.
Globally, two-thirds of children – 68% or 262 million out of 387 million – are in school and will reach the last grade of primary but will not achieve minimum proficiency levels in reading. About 60% or 137 million adolescents are in school but not learning.
91% of primary school-age children in low-income countries will not achieve minimum proficiency levels in reading and the rate is 87% in math compared to 5% and 8% respectively in high-income countries.
93% of secondary school-age adolescents in low-income countries will not achieve minimum proficiency levels in reading compared to 27% in high-income countries.
274 million primary school children worldwide are not learning basic foundational skills necessary to lead productive and healthy lives.
Low- and middle-income countries spend 2% of their GDP each year on education costs that do not lead to learning.
Approximately 1 in 4 young people in low and lower-middle income countries is illiterate.
Women represent nearly two thirds of the world's illiterate (2014).
GPE supported the education of 18.5 million children since 2015.
1.6 billion textbooks have been distributed with GPE's help in partner countries.
More than 29 million textbooks were distributed and more than 4,000 classrooms built or rehabilitated with GPE funding in 2017.
In GPE partner countries, 50% of children complete lower secondary school, compared to 38% in 2002.
The lower secondary completion rate of girls in GPE partner countries increased from 35% to 50%, for boys it increased from 41% to 52% between 2002 and 2016.
Half of all children in low- and middle-income countries are not taught in a language they speak.
In 2017, 262 million (or 1 out of every 5) children, adolescents and youth were out of school. This includes 64 million children of primary school age, 61 million adolescents of lower secondary school age, and 138 million youth of upper secondary school age.
After an initial decline in the years after 2000, the primary out-of-school rate has barely moved from around 9% since 2008 and the lower secondary out-of-school rate has been at 16% since 2012.
Of the 63 million out-of-school children of primary school age, 34 million, or more than one-half, live in sub-Saharan Africa. Southern Asia has the second-highest number of out-of-school children with 10 million.
With 21% of primary school-age children denied the right to education, sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rate of exclusion, followed by Northern Africa and Western Asia (11%) and Oceania (7%).
Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest rate of out-of-school adolescents (37%), followed by Southern Asia (17%), and Northern Africa and Western Asia (14%).
In sub-Saharan Africa, for every 100 boys of primary school age out of school, there are 123 girls denied the right to education.
The primary out-of-school rate is 20% in low-income countries and 3% in high-income countries. The lower secondary out-of-school rate is 38% in low-income countries and 2% in high-income countries, and the upper secondary out-of-school rate is 59% and 6% respectively.
41% (4 out of 10, or 25 million) of all out-of-school children of primary school age have never attended school and will probably never start if current trends continue. Two thirds of them are girls.
Conflict-affected countries have only 20% of the world’s primary-school-age children but 50% of the world’s out-of-school children.
35 million out-of-school children of lower-secondary school age and 43 million out-of-school children of primary school age live in 65 GPE partner developing countries (2014).
Source: GPE calculations based on UNESCO Institute for Statistics data.
14 million fewer primary school age children were out of school in 2015 across all GPE partner developing countries, compared to 2002.
19% of children of primary school age were out of school in partner countries in 2015 compared to 33% in 2002.
An increase in secondary school enrollment from 30% to 81% is estimated to reduce the probability of civil war by almost two-thirds.
420 million people would be lifted out of poverty with a secondary education, thus reducing the number of poor worldwide by more than half.
If adults had just 2 more years of schooling, 60 million would be lifted out of poverty.
In GPE partner countries, 76% of children complete primary school compared to 63% in 2002.
75% of girls in GPE partner developing countries finished primary school in 2016, compared to 57% in 2002.
Since 2002 the number of girls completing school for every 100 boys has risen from 83 to 94 for primary, and from 86 to 91 for lower secondary in GPE partner countries.
Source: Population-weighted averages calculated by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics on July 2016 for the 61 members of the Global Partnership for Education as of February 2016.
Four million refugee children are out of school. An increase of half a million in one year.
Less than a quarter of the world’s refugees make it to secondary school, and just 1% progress to higher education.
By the end of 2017, there were more than 25.4 million refugees around the world. More than half of the global refugee population – 52%– were under the age of 18.
In 2017, 61% of refugee children were enrolled in primary school, compared to 92% globally.
In 2017, 23% of refugee children were enrolled in secondary school, compared with a global rate of 84%.
Developing regions hosted 92% of the world’s school-age refugees in 2017.
Higher education opportunities for refugees have historically been extremely limited with less than 1% of refugee youth able to access universities.
There are 17 million school-age refugees and internally displaced children in countries affected by conflict.
20 years on average: length of forced displacement due to crises and conflicts.
GPE partner developing countries are home to almost 4 million refugee children, about 45% of the world’s refugee children population.
Source: UNHCR and GPE data as of 2016. UNHCR data only accounts for refugees for whom demographic data is available.
By 2030, countries must recruit 69 million teachers to provide every child with primary and secondary education: 24.4 million primary school teachers and 44.4 million secondary school teachers.
Of the 24.4 million teachers needed for universal primary education, 21 million will replace teachers who leave the workforce. The remaining 3.4 million, however, are additional teachers who are needed to expand access to school and support education quality by reducing the numbers of children in each class to a maximum of 40.
In one-third of all countries, less than 75% of teachers were trained according to national standards in 2013.
Countries with more female primary teachers are more likely to have higher enrollment rates for girls in secondary schools. Unfortunately, in some countries, less than 25% of primary teachers are female.
69% of primary teachers and 65% of lower-secondary teachers received pre- or in-service training in GPE partner developing countries in 2015.
238,000 teachers received training thanks to GPE support in 2016, compared to around 98,000 in 2014.
93% of active GPE grants invested in teacher development in 2016, 76% in learning materials, 67% in learning assessment systems, and 52% in teacher management.
More than 400,000 teachers were trained with GPE funding in 2017.
Less than 10 percent of schools are connected to the Internet across many developing countries. | 2019-04-20T18:18:27Z | https://www.globalpartnership.org/data-and-results/education-data?lb=f2939dffbedf083c5d66269b022eb6f0 |
The present disclosure relates to methods for inhibiting color fading in hair and for improving the color durability and stability of artificial color of hair. The methods entail forming a layer-by-layer (LbL) film on hair, and optionally forming a cationic surface layer on the LbL film. The LbL film is formed by applying a cationic silane layer or a cationic polymer layer on the hair and subsequently applying an anionic polymer layer on the cationic silane layer or the cationic polymer layer. Multiple cationic silane layers or cationic polymer layers, and anionic polymer layers, can sequentially be added as desired. Finally, the LbL film may include a cationic surface layer.
The present disclosure relates to methods for inhibiting color fading in artificially colored hair, which thereby improves the color durability and stability of hair color. The methods entail forming layer-by-layer (LbL) film on hair.
There are many products available for changing the natural color of hair. The process of changing the color of hair can involve either depositing an artificial color onto the hair, which provides a different shade or color to the hair, or lifting the color of the hair, such as for example, from a dark brown shade to a medium brown or a light brown shade. Hair color can be changed using permanent, semi-permanent, or temporary hair coloring products.
Many consumers desire a permanent color change and therefore use products containing permanent dyes. Conventional permanent hair coloring products are dye compositions comprising oxidation dye precursors, which are also known as primary intermediates or couplers. These oxidation dye precursors are colorless or weakly colored compounds which, when combined with oxidizing products, give rise to colored complexes by a process of oxidative condensation. The oxidizing products conventionally use peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agents. Such permanent hair color products also contain ammonia or other alkalizing agents such as monoethanolamine (MEA) which causes the hair shaft to swell, thus allowing the small oxidative dye molecules to penetrate the cuticle and cortex before the oxidation condensation process is completed. The resulting larger- sized colored complexes from the oxidative reaction are then trapped inside the hair fiber, thereby permanently altering the color of the hair.
The present disclosure relates to methods for improving the color durability and stability of hair color by inhibiting color fading. Color fading is inhibited by applying a layer-by-layer (LbL) film on the hair. LbL is a method for creating thin films through serial assembly of individual layers that rely on complementary interactions to associate with one another. Typically, the LbL films are applied to artificially colored hair by: (a) applying a cationic silane or cationic polymer layer on the hair; and subsequently; (b) applying an anionic polymer layer on the cationic silane or cationic polymer layer; and (c) optionally, repeating (a) and (b) to form additional layers. In some cases, a cationic surface layer (d) is applied as the outermost layer of the LbL film. Thus, LbL films are films assembled by serial application of individual layers that associate with one another through non-covalent, covalent, and/or other interactions.
(c) optionally, repeating (a) and (b) to form one or more additional layers; thereby forming a layer-by-layer (LbL) film on the artificially colored hair. Additionally, a solution comprising 0.1 wt% to 20 wt.% of a polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups may finally be applied to the outermost layer of the LbL film to form a cationic polymer surface layer. Often, a drying step is employed after each of the cationic or anionic solutions is applied to the hair. For instance, after applying the solution of cationic silane or anionic polymer (or the cationic outer layer), the treated hair is then dried to remove substantially all of the liquid in the solution leaving behind a cationic silane layer and/or the anionic polymer layer on the hair.
The instant disclosure also relates to kits comprising the components for treating hair with LbL films. For example, professional hair practitioners or individual consumers can use the kits to treat hair and inhibit color fading. The kits typically include: (a) a cationic silane or cationic polymer, or a solution comprising the cationic silane or cationic polymer, for forming a cationic silane or cationic polymer layer on the hair; and separately, (b) an anionic polymer, or a solution comprising the anionic polymer, for forming an anionic polymer layer on the cationic silane or cationic polymer layer. Finally, the kit may optionally include (c) a separate cationic polymer, or cationic polymer solution, for forming a cationic polymer surface layer on the LbL film.
The instant disclosure relates to methods for applying LbL film layers on hair, methods for inhibiting color fading in artificially colored hair, and kits comprising the components necessary to create LbL films on hair and inhibit color fading.
ammonium function, a quaternary vinylpyrrolidone or vinylimidazole polymer, a polyamine, a methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride crosslinked polymer, and a mixture thereof. In some instances, the cationic polymer is a polyquaternium, for example, a polyquaternium selected from the group consisting of polyquaternium- 4, polyquaternium-6, polyquaternium-7, polyquaternium-10, polyquaternium-1 1 , polyquaternium-16, polyquaternium-22, polyquaternium-28, polyquaternium-37, polyquaternium-55, polyquaternium-68, and a mixture thereof. Moreover, in some instances, the polyquaternium is polyquaternium-6.
methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride crosslinked polymer, and a mixture thereof.
In some cases, the cationic polymer that forms the cationic surface layer is a polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups, such as, for example, polyacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride (I NCI name), a highly charged polymer, also described as a homopolymer of acrylamido-N-propyltrimethylammonium chloride and commercially available from the company Ashland under the tradename N-DurHance™ A- 1000.
(c) optionally, repeating (a) and (b) to form additional layers.
Additionally, the LbL film may include a cationic surface layer formed by: (d) applying a solution comprising a cationic polymer to the LbL film and forming a cationic surface layer.
cosmetically acceptable carriers, which may or may not include water. The cosmetically acceptable carrier may also or alternatively comprise a hydrophilic organic solvent and/or an amphiphilic organic solvent, wherein the hydrophilic organic solvent is a monohydric CrC8 alcohol, a polyethylene glycol having from 6 to 80 ethylene oxides, a mono or di-alkyl isosorbide; and the amphiphilic organic solvent is a polypropylene glycol (PPG) or a propylene glycol alkyl ester or alkyl ether of PPG; a volatile hydrocarbon-based oils such as, for example, isoparaffins, i.e., branched alkanes containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms, such isododecane.
The solutions of cationic polymer (solutions for the cationic polymer of (a) and/or the cationic surface layer of (d)), may include, about 0.01 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 0.01 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, about 0.01 wt.% to about 30 wt.%, about 0.01 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt.%, about 0.01 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 30 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, about 0.05 wt. % to about 10 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 30 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 30 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or about 0.1 wt.% to about 3 wt.% of cationic polymer, based on the total weight of the solution comprising the cationic polymer. Similarly, the solutions of anionic polymer, may include, about 0.01 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 0.01 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, about 0.01 wt.% to about 30 wt.%, about 0.01 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt.%, about 0.01 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 30 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, about 0.05 wt. % to about 10 wt.%, about 0.05 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 30 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt.%, about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 30 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 20 wt.%, about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt.%, about 0.5 wt.% to about 5 wt.%, or about 0.1 wt.% to about 3 wt.% of anionic polymer, based on the total weight of the solution comprising the anionic polymer.
In some instances, the weight ratio of the cationic polymer of (a) to the anionic polymer of (b) in the LbL film is from about about 25: 1 to about 1 :25, from about 20: 1 to about 1 :20, from about 15: 1 to about 1 : 15, from about 10: 1 to about 1 : 10, from about 5: 1 to about 1 :5, from about 1 :2 to about 2: 1 , or about 1 : 1. In some instance, the ratio of the anionic polymer of (b) to cationic polymer of (d) in the LbL film is from about 25: 1 to about 1 :25, from about 20:1 to about 1 :20, from about 15: 1 to about 1 : 15, from about 10: 1 to about 1 :10, from about 5: 1 to 1 :5, or from about 1 :2 to 2: 1 , or even about 1 :1 .
(b) applying a solution comprising about 0.1 wt.% to about 5 wt.% of a polystyrene to the cationic polymer layer and forming an anionic polymer layer on the cationic polymer layer, which may or may not include drying the aqueous solution comprising the polystyrene (or other anionic polymer); (C) optionally, repeating (a) and (b) to form one or more additional layers; and optionally, applying a solution comprising about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt.% of a polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups, to the LbL layer of (a) and (b) (or multiple layers of (a) and (b)) to form a cationic polymer surface layer, which may include drying the aqueous solution comprising the polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups (or other cationic polymer); thereby forming a layer-by-layer (LbL) film on the artificially colored hair.
(c) optionally, repeating (a) and (b) to form additional layers; thereby forming a layer-by-layer (LbL) film on the artificially colored hair. Further, a cationic surface layer (d) may be applied to the outer surface of the LbL film. The cationic surface layer may comprise the cationic silane of (a), or it may comprise a different cationic polymer (or a combination of the same and different cationic polymers).
R2 and R3, independently of one another, are Ci -C6-alkyl or Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one or two C1-C3 -alkyl groups, and m is 0, 1 or 2.
aminoalkoxysilane is aminoalkoxysilane is 3-aminopropyltriethyoxysilane (APTES).
sulphonate, a copolymer of methacrylic acid and acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid, a copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid, and a mixture thereof.
polyacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride (INCI), also described as a homopolymer of acrylamido-N-propyltrimethylammonium chloride.
(d) applying a solution comprising a cationic polymer to the LbL film and forming a cationic surface layer.
0.01 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 0.01 wt. % to 10 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 5 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 25 wt.%, 0.05 wt. % to 20 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 15 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 25 wt.%, 0.1 wt. % to 20 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 15 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 25 wt.%, 0.5 wt. % to 20 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 15 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 1 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 2 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 3 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 4 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 5 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 7 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 10 wt.% to 15 wt.%, of cationic silane, based on the total weight of the solution comprising the cationic silane. Similarly, the solutions of anionic polymer of (b), may include, 0.01 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 0.01 wt. % to 10 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 5 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 0.05 wt. % to 10 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 5 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 0.1 wt. % to 10 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 5 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 0.5 wt. % to 10 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 5 wt.%, or 0.1 wt.% to 3 wt.% of anionic polymer, based on the total weight of the solution comprising the anionic polymer.
Finally, the solutions of cationic polymer of (d), may include, 0.01 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 20 wt.%, 0.01 wt. % to 10 wt.%, 0.01 wt.% to 5 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 25 wt.%, 0.05 wt. % to 20 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% to 15 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 25 wt.%, 0.1 wt. % to 20 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to 15 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 50 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 40 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 30 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 25 wt.%, 0.5 wt. % to 20 wt.%, 0.5 wt.% to 15 wt.%, or 0.5 wt.% to 20 wt.% of cationic polymer, based on the total weight of the solution comprising the cationic polymer. In some instances, the weight ratio of the cationic silanes of (a) to the anionic polymer of (b) in the LbL is from 25: 1 to 1 : 1 , from 25: 1 to 5: 1 , from 20: 1 to 5: 1 , or from 18: 1 to 8: 1 . In some instance, the ratio of the anionic polymer of (b) to cationic polymer of (d) in the LbL is from 1 :0.1 to 1 :25, from 1 :0.1 to 1 :20, from 1 :0.5 to 1 :20, from 1 :0.5 to 1 :15, or from 1 : 1 to 1 : 15.
polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups (or other cationic polymer) to the LbL layer of (a) and (b) (or multiple layers of (a) and (b)) to form a cationic polymer surface layer, which may or may not include drying the solution comprising the polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups (or other cationic polymer); thereby forming a layer-by-layer (LbL) film on the artificially colored hair.
The instant disclosure also relates to kits comprising the components for treating hair with LbL films. For example, professional hair practitioners or individual consumers can use the kits to treat hair and inhibit color fading. The kits typically include: (a) a cationic silane, or a solution comprising the cationic silane, for forming a cationic silane layer on the hair; and separately, (b) an anionic polymer, or a solution comprising the anionic polymer, for forming an anionic polymer layer on the cationic silane layer. Finally, the kit may optionally include (c) a cationic polymer, or cationic polymer solution, for forming a cationic polymer surface layer on the LbL film. The components of the kits may be limited as described above for the methods.
The expression "cationic polymer" denotes any polymer containing cationic groups or groups which can be ionized into cationic groups. The cationic polymers may be those that contain units containing primary, secondary, tertiary and/or quaternary amine groups which can either form part of the main polymer chain or which can be borne by a side substituent that is directly attached thereto. The cationic polymers used generally have a molecular mass of between 500 and 5x 106 approximately and preferably between 103 and 3x 1 06 approximately.
polyacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride (INCI name), a highly charged polymer, also described as a homopolymer of acrylamido-N-propyltrimethylammonium chloride and commercially available from the company Ashland under the tradename N- DurHance™ A-1000. Among the cationic polymers, mention may be made more particularly of quaternized proteins (or protein hydrolysates) and polymers of the polyamine, polyaminoamide and quaternary polyammonium type. These are known products.
Hydrolyzed Collagen"; protein hydrolysates bearing, on the polypeptide chain, quaternary ammonium groups containing at least one alkyl radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
dictionary as "Cocotrimonium Collagen Hydrolysate".
Another family of cationic polymers is that of cationic silicone polymers.
in which x' and y' are integers dependent on the molecular weight, generally such that the said molecular weight is between 5000 and 20,000 approximately.
NH, in which n and m have the meanings given above (cf. formula II).
A commercial product corresponding to this definition is a mixture (90/10 by weight) of a poly-dimethylsiloxane containing aminoethyl aminoisobutyl groups and of a polydimethylsiloxane, sold under the name "Q2-8220" by the company Dow Corning. Such polymers are described, for example, in patent application EP-A- 95238.
20 to 50. Such polymers are described more particularly in US Pat. No. 4, 185,087. A polymer entering into this category is the polymer sold by the company Union Carbide under the name "Ucar Silicone ALE 563".
methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium or dimethyl-diallylammonium salt. The commercial products corresponding to this definition are, more particularly, the products sold under the names "Celquat L 200" and "Celquat H 100" by the company National Starch.
(4) Cationic polysaccharides, and in particular guar gums, described more particularly in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,589,578 and 4,031 ,307 and more particularly the products sold under the names "Jaguar C 13 S", "Jaguar C 15" and "Jaguar C 17" sold by the company Meyhall.
polycondensation of an acidic compound with a polyamine; these polyaminoamides can be crosslinked with an epihalohydrin, a diepoxide, a dianhydride, an unsaturated dianhydride, a bis-unsaturated derivative, a bis-halohydrin, a bis-azetidinium, a bis- haloacyldiamine, a bis-alkyl halide or alternatively with an oligomer resulting from the reaction of a difunctional compound which is reactive towards a bis-halohydrin, a bis- azetidinium, a bis-haloacyldiamine, a bis-alkyl halide, an epihalohydrin, a diepoxide or a bis-unsaturated derivative, the crosslinking agent being used in proportions ranging from 0.025 to 0.35 mol per amine group of the polyaminoamide; these polyaminoamides can be alkylated or, if they contain one or more tertiary amine functions, they can be quaternized. Such polymers are described in particular in French patents 2,252,840 and 2,368,508.
acid/dimethylamino-hydroxypropyl/diethylenetriamine polymers sold under the name "Cartaretine F", "Cartaretine F4" or "Cartaretine F8" by the company Sandoz.
polyaminoamide of between 0.5: 1 and 1 .8:1 . Such polymers are described in particular in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,227,615 and 2,961 ,347.
R-I2 denotes a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical; R 0 and R-n , independently of each other, denote an alkyl group having from 1 to 22 carbon atoms, a hydroxyalkyl group in which the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms, a lower amidoalkyl group or Rio and Rn can denote, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, heterocyclic groups such as piperidyl or morpholinyl; Y63 is an anion such as bromide, chloride, acetate, borate, citrate, tartrate, bisulphate, bisulphite, sulphate or phosphate. These polymers are described in particular in French patent 2,080,759 and in its Certificate of Addition 2,190,406.
In some cases, X© is an anion such as chloride or bromide.
2,320,330, 2,270,846, 2,316,271 , 2,336,434 and 2,413,907 and U.S. Pat. Nos.
2,273,780, 2,375,853, 2,388,614, 2,454,547, 3,206,462, 2,261 ,002, 2,271 ,378, 3,874,870, 4,001 ,432, 3,929,990, 3,966,904, 4,005, 193, 4,025,617, 4,025,627, 4,025,653, 4,026,945 and 4,027,020.
A denotes a radical of a dihalide or preferably represents— CH2— CH2— 0— CH2— CH2— . Such compounds are described in particular in patent application EP- A-122,324. Among those, mention may be made, for example, of the products "Mirapol A 15", "Mirapol 10 AD1 ", "Mirapol AZ1 " and "Mirapol 175" sold by the company Miranol.
in which the groups R22 independently denote H or CH3, the groups A2 independently denote a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a hydroxyalkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the groups R23, R24 and R25, which may be identical or different, independently denote an alkyl group of 1 to 18 carbon atoms or a benzyl radical, the groups R26 and R27 represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, X2 θ denotes an anion, for example methosulphate or halide, such as chloride or bromide.
The comonomer(s) which can be used in the preparation of the corresponding copolymers belong(s) to the family of acrylamides, methacrylamides, diacetone acrylamides, acrylamides and methacrylamides substituted on the nitrogen with lower alkyls, alkyl esters, acrylic or methacrylic acids, vinylpyrrolidone or vinyl esters.
(13) Quaternary vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl-imidazole polymers such as, for example, the products sold under the names "Luviquat FC 905", "Luviquat FC 550" and "Luviquat FC 370" by the company BASF. (14) Polyamines such as "Polyquart H" sold by Henkel referred to under the name "Polyethylene glycol (15) Tallow Polyamine" in the CTFA dictionary.
epichlorohydrin, quaternary polyureylenes and chitin derivatives.
Among all of the cationic polymers which can be used in the context of the present disclosure, mention is made of a polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups such Polyacrylamidopropyltrimonium Chloride, sold under the tradename N-DurHance™ A-1000 by the company Ashland, quaternized or non- quaternized vinylpyrrolidone/dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate or methacrylate copolymers, such as the products sold under the name "Gafquat" by the company ISP, such as, for example, "Gafquat 734, Gafquat 755 or Gafquat HS 100" or alternatively the products known as "Copolymer 937" or "Copolymer 845" also sold by the company ISP, and quaternary vinylpyrrolidone and vinylimidazole polymers such as the products sold under the names "Luviquat FC 905", "Luviquat FC 550" and "Luviquat FC 370" by the company BASF.
dihydroimidazole, gluconamide, pyridyle, and polyether groups. In some cases, the alkoxysilane comprising at least one solubilizing functional group may comprise two or three alkoxy functions. Likewise, in some cases, the alkoxy functional groups are chosen from methoxy and ethoxy functional groups.
As used herein, the term "functional group providing a cosmetic effect" means a group derived from an entity chosen from reducing agents, oxidizing agents, coloring agents, polymers, surfactants, antibacterial agents, and UV absorbing filters.
alkoxysilane, C6-C30 aryl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, and aromatic, heterocyclic, and non-heterocyclic rings, optionally substituted with at least one group chosen from C3-C20 alcohol ester, amine, amide, carboxyl, alkoxysilane, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and acyl groups.
-R28 is chosen from hydrogen and linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon chains, comprising, optionally at least one heteroatom, optionally interrupted by or substituted with at least one entity chosen from ether, alkyl alcohol ester, amine, carboxyl, alkoxysilane, alkyl aryl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, and aromatic, heterocyclic, and non-heterocyclic rings.
wherein the R radicals, which may be identical or different, are chosen from Ci-C6 alkyl radicals and n is an integer ranging from 1 to 6, for example, from 2 to 4.
alkoxysilanes comprising a silicon atom in a formula R(4-n)SiXn, wherein X is a hydrolysable group such as methoxy, ethoxy or 2-methoxyethoxy, R is a monovalent organic radical which contains 1 to 12 carbon atoms and may contain groups such as mercapto, epoxy, acrylyl, methacrylyl, amino or urea, and n is an integer from 1 to 4, and according to at least one embodiment is 3. Exemplary alkoxysilanes include, but are not limited to, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane and aminoalkyltnalkoxysilanes such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, as described in French Patent Application No. FR2789896, incorporated by reference herein.
include aminoalkyltnalkoxysilanes such as 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane ("APTES", described in French Patent Application No. FR 2 789 896, incorporated herein by reference), and mixtures thereof.
embodiments of the disclosure include, but are not limited to, organosilanes and derivatives thereof, such as alkylsilanes, allylsilanes, and alkoxysilanes.
-Ri , R2, R3, R', R", R"\ R11 , R12, and R13, which may be identical or different, are chosen from linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon groups, optionally bearing at least one additional chemical group, wherein R-i , R2, R', R", and R'" may also be chosen from hydrogen; provided that at least two groups R4, R5, and R6 are different from R-n , R 2, and R-I 3, and at least two groups R', R", and R'" are not hydrogen.
alkoxysilane, C6-C3o aryl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, and aromatic, heterocyclic, and non-heterocyclic rings, optionally substituted with at least one group chosen from C3-C2o alcohol ester, amine, amide, carboxyl, alkoxysilane, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and acyl groups.
-s is 0 or 1 .
alkoxysilanes comprising a silicon atom in a formula R(4-n)SiXn, wherein X is a hydrolysable group such as methoxy, ethoxy or 2-methoxyethoxy, R is a monovalent organic radical which contains 1 to 12 carbon atoms and may contain groups such as mercapto, epoxy, acrylyl, methacrylyl, amino or urea, and n is an integer from 1 to 4, and according to at least one embodiment is 3. Exemplary alkoxysilanes include, but are not limited to, 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane and aminoalkyltrialkoxysilanes such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, as described in French Patent Application No. FR2789896, incorporated by reference herein.
R2 and R3, independently of one another, are Ci -C6-alkyl or C5-C6-cycloalkyl, each of which may optionally be substituted by one or two CrC3 -alkyl groups, and m is 0, 1 or 2.
Anionic polymers may be polymers with anionic groups distributed along the polymer backbone. Anionic groups, which may include carboxylate, sulfonate, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, or other negatively charged or ionizable groupings, may be disposed upon groups pendant from the backbone or may be incorporated in the backbone itself.
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer having tradenames Pemulen TR-1 , Pemulen TR-2, Carbopol 1342, Carbopol 1382, and Carbopol ETD 2020, all available from Noveon; sodium carboxymethylcellulose supplied from Hercules as CMC series; and Acrylate copolymer having a tradename Capigel supplied from Seppic; acrylates copolymer having the tradename CARBOPOL® Aqua SF-1 and available from Lubrizol as an aqueous dispersion, and acrylates crosspolymer-4 having the tradename CARBOPOL® Aqua SF-2 and available from Lubrizol as an aqueous dispersion.
The compositions according to the instant disclosure may take various forms and consistencies, such that the compositions can be provided in the form of a solution, liquid emulsion, a liquid-lotion, liquid-gel, liquid-cream, such as a thick cream or gel-cream, or a foam or mousse. Implementation of the present disclosure is provided by way of the following examples. The examples serve to illustrate the technology without being limiting in nature. For instance, the examples apply various component to hair to form layers by spraying a solution comprising the components on the hair, but application of the components to the hair is not limited to spraying (any application method can be used).
6RR or Nutrisse 69, commercially available permanent red shade hair dye products that are known for their propensity to fade with washing. The colorant mixture (colorant + developer) was prepared according to the product instructions. The colorant and the developer were uniformly mixed immediately prior to application to the hair. The colorant mixture was applied to the hair and allowed to remain on the hair for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the hair swatches were rinsed thoroughly with tap water at 40°C and 90 gallons per hour (GPH) flow rate until the water ran clear, then gently blotted with a towel to remove excess water. The rinse did not exceed 3 minutes. The hair swatches were then dried at room temperature overnight (at least 16 hours).
(polyquaternium-6), or with deionized water for a control. One side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times and then combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Then the other side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times with the same solution and the hair swatches were again combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Thus, a total of 20 sprays (2.8 g solution) per hair swatch were applied. The aqueous solution was left on the hair swatches for 5 minutes at room temperature before applying the next layer. Then, each side of the hair swatches were sprayed with 1 wt.% aqueous solution of an anionic polymer (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) or deionized water for a control. One side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times and then combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Then the other side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times with the same solution and the hair swatches were again combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Thus, a total of 20 sprays (2.8 g solution) per hair swatch were applied. The aqueous solution was left on the hair swatches for 5 minutes at room temperature before applying the next layer.
(polyacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride), or with deionized water for a control. One side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times and then combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Then the other side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times with the same solution and the hair swatches were again combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Thus, a total of 20 sprays (2.8 g solution) per hair swatch were applied. The aqueous solution was left on the hair swatches for 20 minutes before the hair swatches were blown dry at low heat for 2 minutes.
(Shampoo (Fading) Study) The LbL treated hair swatches and the control hair swatches from Example 2, and three commercially available hair color protection benchmarks were tested in duplicates or triplicates. The initial L* a*, b* values of the swatches were taken.
DOP/gram hair) for 4, 7, and 10 cycles. Each cycle entailed a 15 second shampoo followed by a 10 second rinse with tap water (40°C, 90 GPH). The swatches were blotted with a towel to remove excess water and then blow dried for 2 minutes with low heat. The day after treatment (24 hours), the Initial L* a* b* measurements were taken at 0 shampoos. Then the hair swatches were shampooed 4, 7, 10 or more times and the L* a* b* measurements were again taken. The ΔΕ value is the difference in color of the hair swatch from its initial value before washing and final value after washing, based on L*a*b* parameters. ΔΕ of each hair swatch sample was taken in order to determine degree of color fading of treated hair swatches in comparison to controls. A lower ΔΕ represents less change in hair color (less color fading); therefore a lower ΔΕ is desirable.
Table 1 (below) shows the average ΔΕ values of control hair swatches versus the LbL treated hair swatches.
Table 2 (below) shows the average ΔΕ values of control hair swatches, the LbL treated hair swatches, and commercial benchmarks.
The data shows that the LbL treated hair swatches had lower Δ E values than untreated hair (control). In the case of commercial benchmarks, again the LbL treated treated hair swatches had lower ΔΕ values. Thus, the data shows that the LbL films provide significant color protection (prevention of color fading).
After the colored hair swatches of Example 1 were dried, each side of the hair swatches were sprayed with a 10 wt.%, 12 wt.%, or 16 wt.% aqueous solution a cationic silane (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)), or with deionized water for a control. One side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times and then combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Then the other side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times with the same solution and the hair swatches were again combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Thus, a total of 20 sprays (2.8 g solution) per hair swatch were applied. The aqueous solution was left on the hair swatches for 20 minutes before the hair swatches were blown dry at low heat for 2 minutes.
After blow drying, each side of the hair swatches were sprayed with 1 wt.% aqueous solution of an anionic polymer (sodium polystyrene sulfonate(PSS)) or deionized water for a control. One side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times and then combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Then the other side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times with the same solution and the hair swatches were again combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Thus, a total of 20 sprays (2.8 g solution) per hair swatch were applied. The aqueous solution was left on the hair swatches for 5-10 minutes (without blow drying).
After application of the anionic polymer, each side of the hair swatches were sprayed with aqueous solutions of cationic polymer, Some swatches were treated with 1 wt.% of polyacrylamidopropyltrimonium chloride. Other swatches were treated with 10 wt.% or 12 wt.% 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). And finally, some swatches were treated with deionized water for a control. One side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times and then combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Then the other side of the hair swatches was sprayed 10 times with the same solution and the hair swatches were again combed through 3 times to ensure even application. Thus, a total of 20 sprays (2.8 g solution) per hair swatch were applied. The aqueous solution was left on the hair swatches for 20 minutes before the hair swatches were blown dry at low heat for 2 minutes. The table below shows the weight percent ratios of the layers (weight percent ages are based on 100% active material).
The LbL treated hair swatches and the control hair swatches from Example 4, and three commercially available hair color protection benchmarks were tested in duplicates or triplicates. The initial L* a*, b* values of the swatches were taken.
DOP/gram hair) for 4, 7, and 10 cycles. Each cycle entailed a 15 second shampoo followed by a 10 second rinse with tap water (40°C, 90 GPH). The swatches were blotted with a towel to remove excess water and then blow dried for 2 minutes with low heat. The day after treatment (24 hours), the Initial L* a* b* measurements were taken at 0 shampoos. Then the hair swatches were shampooed 4, 7, 10, 15, or 20 times and the L* a* b* measurements were again taken. The ΔΕ value is the difference in color of the hair swatch from its initial value before washing and final value after washing, based on L*a*b* parameters. ΔΕ of each hair swatch sample was taken in order to determine degree of color fading of treated hair swatches in comparison to controls. A lower ΔΕ represents less change in hair color (less color fading); therefore a lower ΔΕ is desirable.
LbL treated hair swatches, and commercial benchmarks.
The data shows that the LBL treated hair swatches had lower Δ E values than untreated hair (control). In the case of commercial benchmarks, again the LBL treated treated hair swatches had lower ΔΕ values. Thus, the data shows that the LBL films provide significant color protection (prevention of color fading). The multilayer films may be referred to as a "polyelectric multilayer," which is a composition formed by sequential and repeated application of alternating anionic and cationic polymer layers. The term applies to a single cationic polymer layer coated with a single cationic polymer layer (that is optionally surface treated with a cationic polymer) and also to multiple alternating cationic polymer and anionic polymer layers, which are then optionally surface-treated with a cationic polymer.
architectures, (e.g., number of layers, thickness of individual layers (understanding that "merging" of layer materials may occur once films are assembled), overall film thickness, etc.). In general, LbL films comprise multiple layers. In some cases, LbL films are comprised of multilayer units; each unit comprising individual layers. In accordance with the present disclosure, individual layers in an LbL film interact with one another. In particular, a layer in an LbL film comprises an interacting moiety, which interacts with that from an adjacent layer, so that a first layer associates with a second layer adjacent to the first layer, each contains at least one interacting moiety. In some cases, adjacent layers are associated with one another via non-covalent interactions. Exemplary non-covalent interactions include, but are not limited to, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, affinity interactions, metal coordination, physical adsorption, host-guest interactions, hydrophobic interactions, pi stacking interactions, hydrogen bonding interactions, van der Waals interactions, magnetic interactions, dipole-dipole interactions and combinations thereof. In other cases, the the adjacent layer are associated by covalent bonding interactions. LbL films may be comprised of multilayer units with alternating layers of opposite charge, such as alternating anionic and cationic layers. For example, an electrostatic interaction can be a primary interaction; a hydrogen bonding interaction can be a secondary interaction between the two layers. According to the present disclosure, LbL films may be comprised of one or more multilayer units. In some embodiments, an LbL film include a plurality of a single unit (e.g., a bilayer unit, a tetralayer unit, etc.). In some embodiments, an LbL film is a composite that include more than one units. For example, more than one unit can have different film materials (e.g., polymers), film architecture (e.g., bilayers, tetralayer, etc.), film thickness, and/or agents that are associated with one of the units. In some embodiments, an LbL film is a composite that include more than one bilayer units, more than one tetralayer units, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, an LbL film is a composite that include a plurality of a single bilayer unit and a plurality of a single tetralayer unit. In some embodiments, the number of multilayer units is about 3, about 5, about 10, about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 300, about 400 or even about 500 or up to a maximum of about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 300, about 400 or even about 500.
LbL films may have various thicknesses depending on methods of fabricating and applications. In some embodiments, an LbL film has an average thickness in a range of about 1 nm and about 100 pm. In some embodiments, an LbL film has an average thickness in a range of about 1 pm and about 50 pm. In some embodiments, an LBL film has an average thickness in a range of about 2 pm and about 5 pm. In some embodiments, the average thickness of an LbL film is or more than about 1 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 20 nm, about 50 nm, about 75 nm, about 100 nm, about 200 nm, about 300 nm, about 400 nm, about 500 nm, about 600 nm, about 700 nm, about 800 nm, about 900 nm, about 1 pm about 1 .5 pm, about 2 pm, about 3 pm about 4 pm, about 5 pm, about pm 10 pm, about 20 pm, about 50 pm, about 100 pm. In some embodiments, an LbL film has an average thickness in a range of any two values above.
The terms "comprising," "having," and "including" are used in their open, non- limiting sense. The terms "a," "an," and "the" are understood to encompass the plural as well as the singular. The expression "at least one" means "one or more" and vice versa, and thus includes individual components as well as mixtures/combinations.
All ranges and values disclosed herein are inclusive and combinable. For examples, any value or point described herein that falls within a range described herein can serve as a minimum or maximum value to derive a sub-range, etc.
thereby forming a layer-by-layer (LbL) film on the artificially colored hair.
(d) applying a cationic surface layer to the LbL film.
compound with a polyamine, a polyaminoamide derivative resulting from the condensation of polyalkylenepolyamines with polycarboxylic acids followed by an alkylation with difunctional agents, a polymer obtained by reaction of a polyalkylenepolyamine containing two primary amine groups and at least one secondary amine group with a dicarboxylic acid, a methyldiallylamine or dimethyl-diallylammonium cyclopolymer, a quaternary diammonium polymer, a polyquaternary ammonium polymer, a homopolymer or copolymer derived from acrylic or methacrylic acid containing ester or amide units substituted with a group containing an amine or quaternary ammonium function, a quaternary vinylpyrrolidone or vinylimidazole polymer, a polyamine, a methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride crosslinked polymer, and a mixture thereof.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the cationic polymer layer of (a) comprises a polyquaternium.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the polyquaternium is selected from the group consisting of polyquaternium-4, polyquaternium-6, polyquaternium-7, polyquaternium-10, polyquaternium-1 1 , polyquaternium-16, polyquaternium- 22, polyquaternium-28, polyquaternium-37, polyquaternium-55, and polyquaternium-68.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the polyquaternium is polyquaternium-6. 7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anionic polymer layer of (b) comprises an anionic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, carboxyvinylpolymer, an acrylate copolymer, a sulfonate polymer, a carboxymethycellulose a carboxy guar gum, a copolymer of ethylene and maleic acid, an acrylate silicone polymer, and a mixture thereof.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the anionic polymer layer of (b) is a sulfonate polymer.
methyldiallylamine or dimethyl-diallylammonium cyclopolymer, a quaternary diammonium polymer, a polyquaternary ammonium polymer, a homopolymer or copolymer derived from acrylic or methacrylic acid containing ester or amide units substituted with a group containing an amine or quaternary ammonium function, a quaternary vinylpyrrolidone or vinylimidazole polymer, a polyamine, a polyamide, a methacryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride crosslinked polymer, and a mixture thereof.
The method of claim 1 1 , wherein the cationic polymer of the cationic surface layer of (d) comprises a polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups.
The method of claim 12, wherein the polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups is polyacrylamidopropyltrimonium.
(b) applying a separate solution comprising an anionic polymer to the cationic polymer layer and forming an anionic polymer layer; and (c) optionally, repeating (a) and (b) to form additional layers.
The method of claim 14, wherein the solutions comprising the cationic polymer of (a), the anionic polymer of (b), and the cationic polymer of (d) are aqueous solutions.
(d) applying a solution comprising 0.1 wt% to 5 wt.% of a polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups to the LbL layer to form a cationic polymer surface layer.
(b) an anionic polymer for forming an anionic polymer layer on the cationic polyelectrolyte layer.
(c) a cationic polymer for forming a cationic polymer surface layer to the LbL film.
The method of claim 21 , wherein the cationic silane layer of (a) comprises aminoalkoxysilane.
m is 0, 1 or 2.
The method of claim 23, wherein the aminoalkoxysilane is selected from the group consisting of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-(2-aminoethyl)-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-diethylenetriamine, 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-amino- propyltriethoxysilane, (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-diethylentriamine, 3- aminoethyltriethoxysilane (AETES), 3- aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane (APMDES), and N-cyclohexylaminomethyltriethoxysilane.
The method of claim 23, wherein the aminoalkoxysilane is 3- aminopropyltriethyoxysilane (APTES).
27. The method of claim 21 , wherein the anionic polymer layer of (b) comprises an anionic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, carboxyvinylpolymer, an acrylate copolymer, a sulfonate polymer, a carboxymethycellulose a carboxy guar gum, a copolymer of ethylene and maleic acid, an acrylate silicone polymer, and a mixture thereof.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the sulfonate polymer is selected from the group consisting of polysulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, a copolymers of methacrylic acid and acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid, a copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamidomethylpropane sulfonic acid, and a mixture thereof.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the cationic polymer of the cationic surface layer of (d) comprises polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups.
ammonium groups is a polyacrylamidopropyltrimonium.
36. The method of claim 34, wherein the solutions comprising the cationic silane of (a), the anionic polymer of (b), and the cationic polymer of (d) are aqueous solutions.
polyacrylamide having quaternary ammonium groups to the LbL layer to form a cationic polymer surface layer. | 2019-04-23T15:15:36Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2017172516A1/en |
I’ve written a bit already about working with Team Foundation Server (TFS) 2010 and have been thinking about a few other topics so I decided to wrap them all into one big post. I’ve been working with TFS for around nine months now. My first experiences with TFS were largely negative but as I’ve worked with it I’ve found that much of that negativity was due to a bias against the check-out model for version control and a lack of understanding of what else TFS could do for me and my team. Over these nine months I’ve come to really appreciate its capabilities and have found ways to work around some of its shortcomings.
The ideas here come straight from my day-to-day experiences working with TFS. Everything I’m including is something I’ve found that has made me more productive. I’m by no means a TFS expert and reading this post certainly won’t make you one either but I strongly believe that it will help you work more effectively.
I assume at least a basic working knowledge of version control and project management concepts. As such, I don’t spend much, if any, time discussing basic concepts like performing check ins, defining changesets, or what MS Project does.
I hope you find the tips contained within to be useful and worthy of inclusion into your workflow.
One of the first thing I noticed when I started with TFS is that its basic tool support is pretty weak. Many of the tools that ship with TFS are rudimentary at best and other features such as shell integration are just missing. In this section we’ll examine some workarounds and ways to be more productive.
The TFS Power Tools are essential utilities to simplify many day-to-day tasks and circumvent other shortcomings. I firmly believe that the first thing (ok, second to installing Visual Studio) any developer working with TFS version control on a regular basis needs to do is install the TFS Power Tools.
Open the Extension Manager from the Tools menu in Visual Studio 2010.
Select the power tools and click the download button.
One of the biggest benefits of using TFS is that it integrates version control and project management capabilities into the Visual Studio IDE. For developers already spending the majority of their day in Visual Studio this is usually a good thing since Visual Studio manages a lot of the action behind the scenes. Unfortunately this benefit can also be one of its biggest drawbacks.
TFS uses a check out model for managing versioned files. Visual Studio performs a silent, implicit check out on any files being edited within the IDE but what happens when we need to edit versioned files outside of Visual Studio?
Aside from a command line utility TFS doesn’t offer any way to manage versioned files outside of Visual Studio! Unless we’re intimately familiar with the command line utility we’re forced to jump back to VS, go to Source Control Explorer, locate the file(s), and check them out before returning to the other program. This is the first place that the power tools come to the rescue.
Although the shell integration isn’t as full-featured as what we get with something like Tortoise SVN I still find it sufficient for most tasks. Depending on what I’m doing I’ll often use it before going to Source Control Explorer for simple tasks.
The shell integration is intended for routine operations like getting the latest version, checking in and out, adding, and comparing files. There are no options for branching, merging, alerts, or annotating. A huge miss in the power tools is that there’s no option for history either.
Command line junkies will appreciate the fact that the power tools also come with a command line utility. Much of the functionality provided by the power tools is only available through tfpt.exe. We’ll discuss several of the commands available to us through the command line utility in detail later. Full documentation of the commands available through tfpt.exe is available through the /? switch.
TFS itself ships with a command line utility named tf.exe. I really don’t find myself using tf.exe all that frequently mostly because of the shell integration supplied with the power tools. The only command I find myself using with any regularity is tf get.
Basic documentation about tf.exe can be found by running it with the /? switch. Full documentation is available on MSDN and is easily accessed by running tf msdn.
Any version control system needs tools for comparing files and resolving conflicts and TFS is no exception. Like many of the tools that ship with TFS the compare/merge tools are pretty simplistic and lack many of the features found in other tools in the same niche. If you’re used to products such as WinMerge this can be a nuisance but TFS allows us to not only configure which tool we’d like to use for these tasks but to define them by action and file extension.
Note: What follows below are the basic steps for changing the compare and merge tools. Check your desired tool’s documentation for specific configuration information.
The Configure User Tools dialog is pretty simple. In addition to allowing adding new tool configurations the dialog lists any configured tools and allows their modification or removal. The Configure Tool accessed through the Add or Modify buttons is where the real configuration happens.
Use the arrow button to select tokens for files or labels.
As developers most of our interactions with TFS will be with its version control system. Given that TFS is intended to be managed within Visual Studio the integration with Visual Studio is pretty solid. I find that most of the version control related headaches are actually due to the check-out model employed by TFS rather than TFS itself. That being said, version control in TFS isn’t particularly great and if you’re only using TFS for version control you may consider alternative versioning systems because better dedicated solutions are available.
In this section we’ll examine some of the ways to help keep the check-out model out of the way and decreasing productivity.
When working on projects it’s really easy to neglect basic housekeeping. Over time workspaces can get really messy and some spring cleaning will be necessary to restore some order. At first glance cleaning a workspace can seem daunting but TFS Power Tools can make it trivial.
One big drawback of check-out model that I’ve previously discussed is that every change, even temporary ones, require files to be checked out. How many times have do we edit a file to toss in some form of debugging helper just to remove it a few minutes later? Under the check-out model all of these files are checked out but unchanged. Visual Studio itself can compound the problem by checking out some files related to projects and solutions but never changing them.
Without the power tools the only way I know to undo the check out on the unchanged files is to manually compare the files one at a time and undo if there are no changes. The power tools provide a really handy alternative in the form of the tfpt uu command.
tfpt uu is a command line utility that will undo the check out on all of the unchanged files in a workspace at the same time. The default behavior will update the workspace and look for unchanged files before prompting to undo them but that behavior can be controlled though some command line switches. The most useful switches are /recursive that checks filespecs with full recursion and /noget that bypasses getting latest on the workspace before comparing the files. Full documentation for tfpt uu can be found using the /? switch.
The tfpt uu command has become part of my workflow. I almost always use it just before a check in and will often run it just to help keep my workspace tidy. If only there were a similar command for my desk.
It is not uncommon for unversioned files to creep into our workspace. These unversioned files could come from any number of sources: compiled binaries, log files, files we intended to add but changed our mind, etc… The TFS Power Tools offer an easy way to clean up these files through the tfpt treeclean command.
tfpt treeclean will scan the workspace for all files and folders not under version control and remove them. A /preview option is available to show which files will be affected without deleting anything.
One thing we noticed with TFS is that it doesn’t automatically get the latest version of a file when it is checked out. More often than not we’d go to check in a change only to have TFS step in and inform us about changes in the repository that needed to be resolved. We’d then need to get latest on those files to merge the changes and resolve any conflicts before TFS would allow us to check it in.
We found that in many instances there would be multiple check ins for a file between the last time we got latest and when we checked it out. This meant that before we even got started making any changes we were already going to have problems trying to check in the file. So why doesn’t TFS automatically get the latest version upon checkout?
It turns out that this is by design, so let me explain the reasoning behind it. When you perform a get operation to populate your workspace with a set of files, you are setting yourself up with a consistent snapshot from source control. Typically, the configuration of source on your system represents a point in time snapshot of files from the repository that are known to work together, and therefore is buildable and testable.
As a developer working in a workspace, you are isolated from the changes being made by other developers. You control when you want to accept changes from other developers by performing a get operation as appropriate. Ideally when you do this, you’ll update the entire configuration of source, and not just one or two files. Why? Because changes in one file typically depend on corresponding changes to other files, and you need to ensure that you’ve still got a consistent snapshot of source that is buildable and testable.
This is why the checkout operation doesn’t perform a get latest on the files being checked out. Updating that one file being checked out would violate the consistent snapshot philosophy and could result in a configuration of source that isn’t buildable and testable. As an alternative, Team Foundation forces users to perform the get latest operation at some point before they checkin their changes. That’s why if you attempt to checkin your changes, and you don’t have the latest copy, you’ll be prompted with the resolve conflicts dialog.
The rationale is understandable but seems a bit idealistic. Most developers I know aren’t getting latest on the full branch before each and every check out. Instead they’re doing it once every day or so and otherwise not thinking about it. This is why there’s an option change the default behavior.
Note: The steps discussed below are for enabling getting latest on check out on a developer’s workstation. Refer to http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb385983.aspx for information regarding enabling the option at the server level.
Although enabling the option will not eliminate the need to merge changes since it is entirely possible, perhaps even likely, that another user will check in changes prior to your check in it eliminates the need to merge with changes that were already in the repository when you checked it out. This option also won’t eliminate the need to get latest on any file dependencies but if you were only getting one file at a time prior to check in anyway does that really matter?
Most version control systems have some mechanism for putting aside or sharing changes without checking them in and TFS is no exception. Rather than creating patch files like we do in Subversion we “shelve” changes in TFS.
Each of these options will display the Shelve dialog. The dialog is virtually identical to the Check In dialog so I won’t describe its operation here.
By default the Unshelve dialog lists the shelvesets owned by the current user. Finding shelvesets from other users is just a matter of replacing the user name in the Owner name box. Unfortunately there is no browse for user button so you’ll need to know the user name ahead of time. Clicking the details button will display a list of the changes included in the shelveset and even lets you compare the shelveset version against the local copy. Once you’ve found the desired shelveset click the unshelve button but beware, the built-in unshelve function will fail when there are local changes to any of the files in the shelveset.
The power tools provide a solution to this problem as well with the tfpt unshelve command. tfpt unshelve is a command line utility solves the lack of merge support problem. In its most basic form it displays a dialog very similar to the built-in dialog shown above. The only immediately noticeable difference is the lack of a delete button but there are more differences like the lack of compare support.
When we no longer need a shelveset we can delete it. Shelvesets can be deleted from either the built-in Unshelve dialog or from the command line using the tf shelve command with the /delete option.
Providing tools for determining where a change came from is a key component of any version control system and this is an area where I think TFS excels. TFS’s built-in tools for checking change history are actually very good.
Viewing history on a file or folder shows a list of changes typical to most version control systems. The list itself isn’t particularly interesting. It includes the changeset id, the name of the user that checked in the change, a timestamp, and the changeset comment. As expected, we can also get a particular version. We’ll examine some of the more interesting aspects of history and changesets later in the Program Management section but for now we’ll just look at the Track Changeset feature.
Track Changeset allows us to visually determine where changes came from in a multi-branch repository. When a file is branched or merged Track Changeset will graphically display the originating and target branch(es) in either a hierarchy or timeline view. By seeing how and when changes are propagated across the branches we can easily determine when and if a change was successfully applied to a given branch.
Also related to finding the source of a change is the annotation feature. Annotating a file is roughly the same as the blame feature in Subversion. Both systems show the contents of the file along with the changeset (revision in SVN). What sets TFS’s annotate apart though is its ability to drill down into any changes from merge operations to show where a change really came from.
Although the power tools offer a separate annotation utility this is one place I have to recommend the built-in tool. The power tools viewer is nice in that it shows much of the same information as the built-in viewer but doesn’t include any way to view changeset details nor does it drill down into merges. The overall appearance of the built-in tool is much more polished as well.
Although version control is a major component of TFS it’s just one part of a much larger system. TFS is really an end-to-end project management system. If you’re only using TFS for version control you’re missing out on the visibility into the overall health of a project that the project management components can give you.
One way that TFS provides visibility into a project is by allowing us to define links between objects. Virtually any type of work item can be linked to another work item and TFS also allows linking to changesets or URLs. Linking individual work items will help define the project plan and structure which is important from a reporting perspective but from a development perspective having links between work items and changesets is invaluable.
In the past my team has used a separate application for defect tracking. QA would enter defects into the tracking system and if the issue required a code change we’d have to note the defect number in the revision comments and we’d quite often note the revision number in the notes on the defect. If we ever needed to track down a change later we’d need to know one of two pieces of information (defect number or revision number) and visit two systems to find why a change was made or what the change actually was. By linking changesets to work items in TFS we only ever need to visit one system to find the answer. Furthermore, if the project is structured correctly we can easily access additional details about the change by drilling deeper into other links.
Linking objects is very easy. There are several ways to link objects but for most of them we’ll usually add links by editing a work item. On the edit work item screen is a tab labeled “All Links” that contains a toolbar with several buttons. The two buttons we’re interested in are the “New” and “Link to” buttons.
As its name implies, the “New” button allows us to create a new work item and automatically create the link. Through the dialog we can create new linked item dialog we can select the link type and corresponding link details. A visual representation of what the link will look like is available for each link type. We can also specify which work item type we’re linking to for each link type. One thing we can’t do in this dialog is link to a changeset because changesets are only created by checking in changes. In order to link to a changeset we need to look at the “Link to” button.
While the “New” button allows us to link to new items the “Link to” button allows us to link to existing items. Most of the procedure is the same but linking to existing items gives us a few more options such as linking to changesets, URLs, test cases, or even individual versioned items. This is great for linking to other work items but there’s a better, less intrusive way to link to changesets to work items.
When my team started using TFS for project management my director requested that the pilot group update the time remaining and time completed fields on our tasks at the end of each day. This was met with a collective groan and you can probably guess how frequently time was updated.
One reason for the poor adoption is because we aren’t conditioned to record the time anywhere so many of us (myself included) simply didn’t think about it despite his repeated requests. Even when we remembered we had to think about the day and decide how much time to deduct for lunch and other interruptions then try to remember approximately how much time we’d spent on each task. Wouldn’t it be nice to record this information when it was still fresh in our mind rather than trying to remember it at the end of the day?
When we’re selecting work items during check in we can also open them for editing with minimal interruption to the task at hand. Once I discovered this I started updating all of my tasks at check in rather than at the end of the day. With this slight change I guaranteed that my tasks were as up to date as possible with the most accurate information possible.
Despite having three extra steps the revised process usually only results in a few extra clicks. Even if it’s necessary to refine the list it is far less interrupting to create the association between the work item and changeset from the Check In dialog than from the work item itself. Creating the link when we check in our changes as part of our process also ensures that we actually do establish the link rather than waiting and possibly forgetting.
Once links are established it is very easy to navigate them from the All Links tab. The links list is grouped by link type and all groups are expanded by default. Double-clicking on any item will open the appropriate window for that item. For changesets we see the changeset details window with all of its capabilities.
If it’s not immediately apparent how powerful the links are just work with it for a bit. As more links are established finding data relevant to virtually any project related question will become easier.
Linking work items in TFS forms the foundation of a project’s structure. With work items we define time estimates, assign resources, identify dependencies, and project status. We can view and manage all of this information through Visual Studio but for anything but simple tasks that can be quite cumbersome. One of the most important features from a project management perspective is the integration with Microsoft Project.
Note: In order for Microsoft Project to interact with TFS Team Explorer must be installed. Refer to http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms181675.aspx for more information.
From inside of Visual Studio we can open work item queries in Project by either right clicking on a query in the Team Explorer window and selecting Open in Microsoft Project or we can open the query, click the Open in Microsoft Office Button, then select the Open in Microsoft Project option. We can also open an individual work item and click the Open Work Item in Microsoft Project button. Any of these actions will open Project and Project will load a new worksheet containing the appropriate work items.
From within Project we create a new worksheet and select a Team Project through either the Team toolbar or menu. Either option will display the familiar Connect to Team Project dialog. After selecting a project we need to get the work items (again through either the menu or toolbar). The Get Work Items dialog allows us to find work items by saved query, ID, or searching by title and type. Once the list is loaded we can bring them into Project by selecting individual items or all of them.
The work items load into the familiar Gantt chart and we’re free to work with them as we were working on any other Project worksheet. The big difference between working with TFS connected data and a standard worksheet is for refreshing and saving data.
Rather than saving the worksheet to save changes to the work items we need to publish them back to the server using the Publish toolbar button (or Publish Changes menu item). Similarly, if we want to update the worksheet with the latest data we’ll need to click the Refresh toolbar button (or Refresh menu item).
Aside from managing work items the Project integration allows us to manage Areas and Iterations. These can be found by clicking the Edit Areas and Iterations… item under the Team menu.
With developers making code changes, managers updating project plans, QA entering defects, scheduled builds, etc… there is a ton of activity going on within TFS at any given time. TFS includes an alert system that helps us keep up with all of it.
Despite the appearance of the dialog box used to create some of the more common alerts the alert system is actually quite robust. Behind the basic dialog box is a full featured expression engine used to define the criteria that must be met in order for a notification to be sent.
Creating basic alerts for monitoring files and folders or work items is pretty straight-forward. Once an alert is configured notifications will be sent whenever changes are made to the associated item.
Alerts are managed through the Alerts Explorer window which is accessed through the Team menu. Existing alerts can be modified or deleted and we can also create new, more sophisticated alerts. I encourage clicking around within the Alerts Explorer window and creating a variety of alerts to see all of the possibilities.
One of the ideas behind TFS is to facilitate communication across the team and by using the tools more intelligently we can make sure that it has the information it needs to accomplish that goal and help us be more productive. TFS certainly isn’t without its pain points but by incorporating the tips listed above we can reduce the impact of some of them or work around them altogether.
The TFS Power Tools will help keep the check-out model out of the way. Changing the default compare and merge tools makes resolving conflicts easier. Shelvesets let us store away or share a batch of changes without checking them in. Linking work items with changesets and other work items helps us verify that the project is on track and answer questions about what happened later on. Alerts proactively keep us informed of what’s going on. None of these are all that useful on their own but when used in combination their power multiplies and their value becomes apparent.
Great article with detailed practical advice on real world TFS use. Thanks for sharing. Looks like it would make a great .net user group presentation (or three).
Thanks, Dean. I actually wrote this with the intent of doing a training session for my team at some point. A user group presentation could be a nice extension and/or rehearsal. If you know anyone that wants to hear it, let me know.
Dave, just few hours ago I was complaining about some of the lacks on features from TFS because I was used to work with SVN (and Tortoise).
The issue that I was upset with, was the ability to identify which files were modified outside of the VS environment. SVN can manage it in a efficient way but for TFS it is not so easy. Currently what I’m doing, in TFS, is that I have to check out the files and then perform a check in, however sometimes I am not sure that I’m including all of the files that were modified because they could not be checked out previously (because an automatic process could modify them or even a bat file copy them or because I forgot to do the check out… whatever).
To be sure that no one file is going to be missed on the check in process I was told that I can use another useful command: “tfpt online”, what this command is doing is comparing the files on my local copy against the one in the server and offering the option to mark them as checked out, in this way I can be sure that all files modified outside of the VS are going to be included on the check in action.
Now using the “tfpt uu” command that you are explaining I’m going to be able to preview and check in only the files that I just modified.
As bottom line, those 2 tips made my day.
Thank you for your post, it was very useful.
I’m glad this post was beneficial to you. Thanks for taking the time to tell me you got something out of it. I actually haven’t used the “online” command since it’s typically used after working offline but I can see how you’d find it useful.
I fully understand your frustration since I was in the same situation as you. My team had been using SVN for years and the jump to TFS required a major change in how I thought about source control. When we first started on TFS I was one of its biggest opponents in my organization. All I needed to hear were the words “check-out model” to turn me against it. As I mentioned in a discussion at a local user group meeting earlier this week the way I overcame my bias against the model was to look at the benefits the model offers – that and VS hiding most of the interaction! Now that I’ve [mostly] overcome my hatred of the model I’m actually one of the strongest TFS supporters on my team.
Thanks! This is coming from a developer who has worked exclusively with Subversion and but at their new job has had to dive deep in TFS.
I’m glad you found it helpful. This post is a bit out of date but if you get the latest version of the TFS Power Tools you’ll find some nice additions like history and compare added to the shell extension. More on that can be found here.
Is there a way to add comment at the time of check-out?
I’m not aware of any way to add comments at check-out and I didn’t see anything after a few minutes of searching. I don’t think TFS supports it but I could be wrong.
You wrote: [TFS’s annotate can] drill down into any changes from merge operations to show where a change really came from.
When I use the Annotate that’s built into Visual Studio 2010, that doesn’t seem to happen. Are you able to shed any light on possible reasons? (I wonder if its because my project is still on the 2008 version of the TFS _server_).
I’ve not used TFS 2008 but to the best of my knowledge merge tracking added in TFS 2010. My understanding is that branching was a nightmare prior to 2010 but 2010 promoted branches to first class citizens and enabled all sorts of additional functionality in that area. | 2019-04-26T16:01:50Z | https://davefancher.com/2010/08/20/tfs2010-everyday-tfs/ |
A high school internship would be a chance to discover and mature. An intern might be asked to fulfill extra requests which could differ by his key or certain necessities of the station. My internship allowed me to generate abilities in a sure field of manufacturing while still at the same time offering me chances to interact with many departments and persons. Fall and spring term internships must be located in the Boston area.
Some decide to take part in a medical amount rather, even although they do not become certified doctors. To counter the dearth of practical understanding, a few new scholars may potentially be made to attempt unpaid internships to acquire the handson experience that their reports did not afford them. Universities advertise a social life that provides an opportunity to meet people from assorted backgrounds. The university of georgia press provides tons of unpaid internships. A university instruction can be time consuming and pricey, so until you try to apply for scholarships and also dedicate your life to following a level, it’s most effective to weigh the benefits and disadvantages and choose if it’s the university is right for youpersonally. Also tell the reader how you are about the instructor.
Absolutely guarantee your letter is error-free. It isn’t enough to merely create decent backup, yet. Length of cover letter is offered under. As you can see each one of many top resume formats clarified serves a different purpose in both of the other formats. Chronological Resume Format is extremely popular with most companies.
When approved, you may continue through the rest of the process. The rest of the part of the app’s content will ascertain the manner by which the goals will likely be gained. For always a perinatologist, you’d adhere to exactly the specific very same instruction course along with other types of doctors. For instance, in the event that you’re requesting for a computer-specific area, then you are going to want to say components, applications and another relevant products that you just understand very well. It’s important to think about if the normal salary for the favourite area of analysis will warrant the purchase cost of a university education. To be sure you’re successful, it’s essential to set some goals.
Ideal candidates work toward a level in a field connected to broadcasting, for example communications or journalism. It’s also ideal for an applicant searching for a management status in the restaurant market. Most applicants for just a culinary profession situation are requested to think about a cover letter. Just before you visit the interview, have a look at the business site and go through the yearly accounts also see about the firm’s foundation.
There isn’t any way to get ready to this, because it truly is on your situation and background. By justifying your overall situation, you acknowledge your current situation. There are two conditions in which you may possibly be requested to write an internship essay in the event that you should be asking to get an internship application or even for those who might have. Provided you just know the fundamental factors of the schedule, then it won’t be too tricky for you. When applying for job, particularly in the age of engineering, it is almost always a fantastic notion to furnish the relevant skills that employers may search for in potential candidates. Soon after the very first couple of periods, you want to have a really good wonderful idea by what’s working and that goals should really be re aligned. The 60-day and also 90-day ideas will soon likely probably be vague at first, since you’re have to use the initial 1 month as your own information-gathering period to find out at which you’ll go in these periods.
If employees don rings, then they should choose figurines or earrings that are little. If companies need a definite sum of hands on expertise, then some brand new graduates may discover that the costly amount they worked so tough for may be insufficient to get the job of their dreams. Additionally supposing it’s overly fancy it could switch off the company. Applicants ‘ are only qualified for your own certification over five years of finishing residency education. Whenever you determine that you just meet the requirements, submit your own application and then cover any vital fees. A job application is the secret to unlocking career opportunities.
The nonprofit can not be possessed or operated by means of a part of this applicant’s family and cannot be connected with BU. When there exists a more specific company that a student wish to intern with, then we can certainly help that company from the invention of a internship application. Being a data entry employee, it really is your obligation to accommodate to the changing technologies that you’re accountable for. To begin with, you ought to recognize the aim of the app. Task descriptions for the identical position will read otherwise depending on the sort of project you’re looking on your own now. Developing a program case outline is straightforward. Broadly speaking, a schedule outline provides an essential summary on the heart of a particular application.
In the event you don’t complete and submit your proposition punctually, it will likely be deleted out of the business or agency method. The proposal is done, and everything you should do is deliver it. Even supposing it’s perhaps not mandatory on your university, then you still need to produce it and discuss the details together with your mentor. Detail the issue which you making an effort to fix your proposition. Together with the correct instruments and approach, producing proposals are sometimes an enjoyable and fulfilling procedure, and not merely from a monetary perspective. Professional proposals should be computer-generated on company letterhead, although service industry forms can be pre-printed. A crystal clear proposal describes the particular action your preferred audience will probably take.
Proposals should be both customized and they ought to outline that your customer’s problems and then what type of alternatives you will manage to offer. Just like once you write and design a resume, make certain your suggestion is not hard to read to your client. A adequate earnings proposition can help you perform both. A well-written product sales proposal supplies you having an opportunity to demonstrate you are aware your prospect’s demands, which you have listened diligently, and you will offer a persuasive answer.
Predicated on the demands of your consumer, the intricacy of this job, and also your kind of small business, your proposal can possibly be easy and short, so complex and long. Ahead of you compose a proposition for new office equipment, evaluate if the apparatus is essential and what’s needed. Additionally, let’s the method that you are interested in having the proposition to receive filed. If you should be writing an insurance plan proposal, then figuring out the action to check out and also the vital requirements are going to have the ability to help you make a effective proposition. See the job demands and make sure sure your proposition is published to meet the requirements. If there’s a requirement to their job, they will need to comprehend whether or not you may manage.
In the event that you would like to produce the proposal convincing, its format has to be clean and easy to follow as well. Business proposals also ought to have a human body that discusses how business troubles and provides remedies into the problems. A thriving small business suggestion asks a lot of time, patience and research.
Simply take merely a little time and energy to generate your proposal show up very good. Business suggestions could simply take on various names. From then on, explain precisely what methods and approaches you may apply to deliver an alternative on your organization proposition.
Don’t forget, the person who is studying your proposal ought to have no-questions after they have finished assessing your proposition. It defines the goal of your endeavor therefore, it has to contain language that’s easily understood and ought to be related to the area. If your company proposal becomes little protracted, supplying a dining table of contents could provide help. While you will find numerous varieties of proposals, business and distribution plans normally are utilized by organizations and businesses.
Proposals ought to be quite simple and to-the-point. Therefore maintain your proposition simple and instinctive. So, make certain that it is delivered in time! Even though it needs to be published professionally, then it should also be simple to understand. The proposition should also incorporate facts regarding you or your employer along with some recommendations or case studies you might have. Possessing a template is likely to make fresh suggestions less problematic for you, leaving you to concentrate on producing the info.
The established Method Here is an easy and productive process for organizing that a proposition. The proposition ought to be a selling document that takes somebody during the whole process and finds you because the most logical decision to assist them having a certain issue or difficulty. Implementing a personalized proposition simply implies you compose each proposition to take care of a specific client’s requirements and consequently persuade that specific consumer to award you the agreement or supply you with the funding you seekout. Whereas solicited proposals are awarded at the request of a lawyer to deal with issue, rigorous ideas are given when somebody describes a challenge he or she is able to solve.
The more straightforward it’s always to know that the proposal, the more quickly you are going to have the ability to generate a consensus, and close to the deal. Or maybe you would like to compose a proposition to apply to get a govt grant for the housing. Proposals are the thorough package and also a comprehensive document explaining the facts of the undertaking, what options you’re in a position to offer, why you are well for the job and quotes and quotes and time lines for what it’s takes you to receive the work performed. ContractsEven an everyday suggestion wants an arrangement. Conclusion Successful proposals permit you to progress to your highest potential and acquire enterprise.
An accounting restart should manage the changing role that accountants are all likely to perform in the existing monetary institutions, companies and little organizations. It is composed of a vast assortment of places and names in pretty much each and every industry imaginable. It is a very broad term that covers several different types of tasks and obligations. It is a exact promising career that poses lots of amazing chances. Merely decide on that you just simply want to produce a restart for bookkeeping plus it’s going prepare the webpage at the most proper manner for you to get started. A top superior sample bookkeeping resume will comprise each of the critical terms and phrases an employer will likely soon be hunting for many times throughout the restart.
2 main sorts of accountants include of managerial and financial accountants. For example, in case you’d like a lawyer who is a strong leader to pick the helm of a distressed finance group, you’ll certainly require somebody with superior management abilities and experience. To learn more about exactly what it must be a Chartered Accountant, have a look at our complete Chartered Accountant Job Description.
Accountants are always needed by a variety of organizations. Lots of accountant resume samples that you will discover online don’t provide the degree of depth required to aid one to structure yours. Accountants deal with a lot of activities to keep continue to keep your business on the right track fiscally. Hence, they perform a important part in the managing of a organizationas financing. Accountants and auditors maintain tabs on an organization’s income.
Traditionally, an accountant has been fraught with the duty of keeping and managing financial trades of a company, auditing, and coordinating tax returns and financial announcements. Community accountants want to have an exceptional evaluation as well, causing a certification. They need to demonstrate a affinity for numbers, nevertheless they also will have to show their skill with words by creating a powerful composed message. Economic accountants generally make economic reports employed by creditors and investors.
Make certain it satisfies the requirements of the work that you are applying for. You should go for least 50WPM or high, dependent on certain requirements. Like starting an accounting firm, you’re going to want to explore certain requirements for starting up a monetary planning venture. As an example, to get a bookkeeping job position, it’s important to highlight your resume the credentials that the organization is searching for within a applicant. Possessing a eligibility to get a CPA (certified public accountant) can also be a method to tell apart from other applicants.
You probably feel that the occupation is a superior match. If you are searching for work being an account executive, your resume needs to display that you might have the wisdom and practical experience needed to notify customers and handle finances. In addition, should you are attempting to find yourself a job which is outside your existing specialization, then you will need to TARGET your resume to prove into the potential employer which you’ve the skills to do your occupation. In case you really do an great job of producing and communicating with your very own personal brand, folks are going to discover how to connect you with your personal specialty, which makes you the goto person in your specialty.
Go right ahead and commit 15 and then purchase the evaluation and choose yourself to learn what you are prepared for becoming tested when you fill out an application for a project requiring Quickbooks encounter. Over a constructive note, it’s quite simple to track down a job as an accountant as the area is continually rising. If you’re concentrating on a particular job you ought to always carefully read the job advertisement along with other advice to establish what that they value the most and make sure it’s positioned first within the sections that are applicable. Never comprise exactly the reason why you left the prior job. It really is quite tough to acquire an outstanding occupation of real estate.
Businesses care more about everything you might perform for themthey’re excited to comprehend ways to donate to help them satisfy their own objectives. They aren’t essential to implement specific managerial accounting procedures, although many organizations decide to develop managerial bookkeeping techniques. So, in a effort to maintain ability and keep competitive, then they are willing to pay longer. On account of the broad variety of a business’s financial obligations, a lot of businesses hire several selections of accountants.
While it is not necessarily awful to run the freelance business like that, ” I believe it’s not as ideal. Since you figure out how to run a service-based provider, you can opt to own your very own branded site or run via a third party website which connects providers and customers. Very similar to teaching a class based on your own capabilities, you may desire to appraise exactly what you currently excel in, and also determine if it’d earn a excellent consulting firm. Different businesses give themselves to particular prerequisites and requirements. If this really is true, you can consider establishing a tiny business throughout life coaching.
Don’t assume anybody is well prepared to supply a benchmark to you till you’ve spoken together with them. In addition, at the situation where the last occupation reference wasn’t the best one, an individual might need to pick the guidance of a functional resume template. You need in order to react using an accurate outline of all vital specifics of the organization. You will find several different sorts of details desired by both employees as well as the employers. Then you definitely ought to be selective and be sure all critical information can be seen in an ad before applying. By way of illustration, suppose you had been requested to disclose a few confidential information relating to your present company. Perhaps not only needs you to write each check individually, but then you have must log the citizenship data into your accounting program.
It’s likely to at all times take advantage of this work advertisement while planning the resume cover letter to get predetermined position. Software are definitely the absolute most crucial part of a company. Assess applications lets you personalize your tests easily.
Resume helps you to build up a graphic of the average person in the perspective of this employer. It is likely to develop a new structure that is merely like the arrangement of one’s own restart. It’s important that you pick the proper resume structure in which you’re creating the restart for fresher candidate. Right form of arrangement will surely help enter the most suitable company. The format generally remains exactly the same. Your resume format may differ in accordance with your practical experience but the rest of the points are kept same.
The template helps be attentive to the factors that are essential to be filled in the resume for acquire a certain sort of project. The templates are thus extremely vital that you acquire the exact first graphic right. You will find several more work experience correspondence templates that you could find on the internet.
Cover letters are created for any type of job for a nutritional supplement into the restart. A cover letter is some thing which you mail together with your resume, to an aide, detailing the reason you feel you are the perfect man to take the occupation that the organization is currently providing. Additionally, for you personally, is a great evidence of this simple fact that he wants a particular career. A well-intentioned employment resume cover letter will enhance your chances of receiving an interview with a provider. In case you aren’t in a position to get your full resume cover correspondence in 1 screen view, atleast attempt to include the essential elements of your pitch on the exact first fullscreen view.
Figuring out the way to compose a resume cover letter for a resume would be quite simple, whatever the occupation that you’re searching for. My understanding of the plastic company is acutely slim. In the event of an entry-level financial analyst, be positive lack of experience will not work contrary to you and highlight your various expertise that’ll serve being an advantage to your organization.
While resume extraction applications has considerably enhanced over time about the capability to recognize and emphasise an range of formatting conventions, even if you are too creative, the computer software might not emphasise your resume precisely. Your resume ought to be formatted within a straightforward, professional way. Going throughout the above mentioned account executive resume sample should have presented you insights regarding producing your own restart.
Resume should be well formatted depending on the sort of project anyone is hunting for. Say for instanceif you had been searching for employment at auditing, accounting, sales and marketing, the critical phrases you would concentrate in your rAsumA would have to complete with fiscal capabilities and marketing experience. While it really is a fact that sometimes when you will get employed for a particular project, you may detect that the job is a bit unique of the work description. Thus, it’s important to talk about the job related expertise at length. Consistently find out more in regards to the business that you’re employing to and make certain the type of job that they do is some thing which that you want to understand more about. You are expected todo exactly the hard work of choosing what kind of your job which you desire and present your skills in a finely honed resume cover letter and resume that goals what you’ll like to do.
Resume plays a vital role in finding one of the job assignment telephone. Fresher applicant isn’t likely to have job relevant work adventures to catch the interest of this company. The job of an internal auditor in a supplier may be that the one that shoulders a considerable quantity of responsibility. Always make sure that you thank the man you’re addressing at the finish of the letter. In the event you’ve gained several years of practical experience, then it is vital that you just simply mention just the number of period of expertise that you have and the preceding employer you worked out for.
A straightforward Google search may cause a substantial amount of experience about how to write a resume, how to design a restart, the very ideal way to win on businesses. Web sites like face book, Twitter, and Linked in are excellent approaches to expand your own network and may assist potential companies uncover your profile. Hopefully this article it could support one to obtain information people present. Ensure it is rather easy to see Emphasize the most important info once again, probably the most indispensable information should become your adventure. Additionally, there are plenty of collections of invitations. Additionally, there are a lot of things that has to be contemplated before settling on the birthday invitation. You’ve got to not just remember the phone amount of the individual you are phoning, but their range has got to accept collect calls.
Everything on your resume should be simple to browse and easy to grasp. The restart, afterall, is not an autobiography, however, a summary of your prior expertise and qualifications. Resumes for pipe fitter location has to be tailored into the job description that generally means you might need to define your comprehension of constructing and installing pipe methods. The perfect applicant also needs to be seasoned in a lot of types of electrical devices and systems. For instance, a work candidate may well be enthusiastic regarding either an general management team standing, along using a marketing job.
Establishing a financing recorder would be the most critical portion of any debt payoff strategy for the two causes. Even the A dictionary can boost the majority of the templates have been Finding the perfect template assists safeguarding a good deal of cash and time. You’ll detect each of those offered resume templates, and you also can preview them to obtain exactly the one which works great for you. The Way To Do record template incorporates a great deal of exciting advantages that may enable you to keep concentrated in the office accessible. It’s very likely to completely customize the template to meet your preferences and publish it if you are accomplished. Employing a template to procure an invitation to own a retirement party could be terrific notion to make your work simpler.
There are two types of invitations. It will be possible to customize your invitation to fulfill your requirements. Adhere to this instructions on each and every every website and you own a invitation to a wedding in a couple of moments. Wedding invitations are extended in many fashions that empowers to obtain a few to find precisely what they are seeking. Seeking an ideal wedding invitation can make a change. Look at sending out a completely absolutely free web wedding ceremony invitation in the event that you’d like to really go a fantastic deal more easy.
In a great deal of cases the full letter is rounded at a number terms, while there isn’t any room for irrelevant thoughts. Sending out a generic letter isn’t sensible. Birthday invitations may be personalised. Developing a celebration invitation has to be something which’s easy and easy todo. It’s not as hard as it may appear to be. Insert a little imagination to it, and you’re going to have one of the most crucial invitations prepared immediately. Artist suggestion example jelqing need to be informational, however you ought to be short lived in order to steer clear of clutter.
AusAppPathways no cost program that will help explore careers which will begin by way of an apprenticeship or traineeship. The absolute most essential things when employing for just about virtually any sort of project is to produce your software as much as feasible. Typically do not unnecessarily increase the distance of restart by adding insignificant advice, but include things that you experience may support you in your work. If you’re ready for hard work then you are well prepared to become a leasehand. In the place of this, it’s critical that you tailor your resume to obtain every job that you simply apply for. You’d need to complete the formatting workout yourself. An excellent resume must concentrate on offering your future employer with information that’s regarding the job and your career objectives.
If you take a close look at all our free resume writing examples, then you’re likely to detect they apply clear, succinct paragraphs which get straight to the idea. Berlin, utilize is regular on either side of the perfect pipe-fitter resume samples into some other brand of free hookup destroyed by the. It will be potential to likewise make the most of software-based methods to look after your record.
The occupation apps or resumes are all manufactured in several techniques to receive the most desirable assistance at a renowned firm. There is obviously the choice of the PR bond, nevertheless, you have must seek the services of an attorney for this, and calling a lawyer from within the prison can sometimes be a little simpler said than done, particularly if you’ve never hired you before. 1 advantage of employers to online resumes could be that the significant cost saving in contrast with conventional hiring processes. | 2019-04-22T16:07:46Z | https://www.formsresume.com/0-1-obituary-examples-for-teenager/ |
I treasure your father’s memory not only because I met him while he was recording film music and I had a chance to admire his talent as a musician, but also because I came to know him as a kind and loving man and friend. He played with outstanding musicians – Béla Szakcsi Lakatos, György Vukán, Rudolf Tomsits, Mihály Ráduly, György Szabados, Tony Lakatos. He had a hand in founding bands such as Rákfogó, the Music Studio of Kőbánya, and the Jávori Sound Machine. He was awarded several prizes, in Montreaux in 1968, and in San Sebastian in ’72, among others. He received the Leo Weiner Prize for his teaching. The way his son preserves his memory is nothing less than exemplary.
According to Gyula Krúdy, dreaming of a drummer means a long voyage. This album guides us along Vili Jávori’s long voyage from Viola utca through the fantastic drum solo of the Oscar winning film, to the Montreaux Jazz Festival. In each of its drumbeats a piece of his life is manifest, even though he said of the drum that it can neither make you laugh nor cry. Yet, as the finest talent with the brush, he added something to his music to make us hear anger, sadness, joy, and sensuous stroking, as well as the mischief that was part and parcel of his nature. Many of us miss him, but let us remember that when we hear the thud of raindrops during a summer storm, it is Vili’s fingers drumming up in the sky.
Mi Padre – My Father.
As the official hotel partner of the Mi Padre – My Father – Memorial Concert for Vilmos Jávori, properties of Mellow Mood Hotels ensure special rates for the concert with „mipadre” promotional code. These special offers are available at www.mellowmood.hu/concert/en.
Nearly 180 musicians have participated in the making of the Mi Padre CD. From Latin music through jazz, from classical music to various types of folk music, numerous styles are fused in this tribute by David Javori and his friends. This special CD has brought together musical greats including Gergely Bogányi, Béla Szakcsi Lakatos, Irén Lovász, and Roby Lakatos.
Biographies generally bear lots of dates and place names. The things that have had a major effect on my life are less informative, yet more significant. I grew up in a very good place among good people, and I have had many funny and adventurous experiences among them. In the past years I have learned that one of the most important recipes for life is a sense of humor. My strength has come from my faith in God, and from the love I received from my Mother and Father. Since I was a lively child, I wanted to follow in my father’s footsteps and play the drum, but my father didn’t approve, and so I started to play the piano. Since I was still a child and I was repeatedly called upon to perform in kindergarten, and since I was too young to understand the relationship between things, I soon grew tired of the piano and opted for the violin instead. For one thing, it was closer to my size. Later, of course, I realized that the violin is the world’s most difficult but also the most beautiful musical instrument. I remained faithful to my violin during elementary school and during my adventurous high school years as well. But after a while I realized that musical composition was closest to my heart – creating something new, creating a new style – in short, innovation. During my high school years and studies at the music academy, I came closer and closer to realizing my dream. I came to know many outstanding musicians, and I worked together both as a composer and as a musician with countless highly gifted people. These were my first thirty years.
“While playing the drum, Vilmos Jávori’s lips speak volumes,” Iringó Martin wrote after a concert in Pécs. This sentence sums up the way Jávori made music. He played with his whole body and soul; one moment he’d beat the drum with all his might, while a couple of second later he’d brush with such sensuous gentleness that few others could manage.
Péter Bede writes the following on the history of the Rákfogó band: “The first and to this day legendary group of Hungarian jazz-rock, the Rákfogó, was playing parallel to the Syrius group from the early ‘70s. Though the band was together for nearly three years, and despite the outstanding musicians in the group, only a couple of radio performances have remained to posterity. The new musical trends of the time had an appreciable influence on them, among them the Mahavishnu Orchestra, the Weather Report – this is when fusion music came into vogue. Szakcsi brought with him a Fender piano, a novelty in Hungary at the time. The first Rákfogó concert took place in late 1971 with Béla Szakcsi Lakatos, Béla “Gadfly”” Lakatos, Gyula Babos, and Vilmos Jávori. They were later joined by János Németh on the saxophone. They had many appearances at the time – at the Architects Club in Petőfi Sándor utca as well as colleges and vocational schools around the country. János Németh was later replaced by the young violinist Lajos Kathy Horváth, who also appeared regularly with Syrius and Szabados’s group. The music that the Rákfogó played can best be described as progressive jazz-rock, but since they combined it with avantgarde elements, it was closed to contemporary classical music. Rákfogó’s music was somewhat freer and closer to jazz than the music Syrius played. In 1972 the group, which had been joined by Lajos Kathy Horváth by then, recorded one of their best known pieces for Hungarian Radio, Béla Szakcsi Lakatos’s suite in four movements, entitled “Four Journeys on the What’s New, Mr. Wagner Battle Ship”.
Vilmos Jávori was soon one of the best Hungarian jazz musicians, lauded by music critics alongside György Szabados, Béla Szakcsi Lakatos, Gusztáv Csík, andGyörgy Vukán. The Top Jazz Hungary ’77 votes named him the most popular jazz percussionist, ahead of Imre Kőszegi and Gyula Kovács.
From the mid-70s Jávoriplayed with the Csík-Fogarasi-Jávori trio. In the 1980s he founded the Jávori Quartet whose other members were Ferenc Snétberger, Rudolf Torma, and Péter Csiszár. In 1990 he started the Shabu-Shabu Band whose members were, besides himself, Tamás Berki, Attila László, János Fogarasi, and Béla Lattmann. With the participation of gifted young musicians, in 2003 he founded Jávori Sound Machine, which included his son David alongside his own pupils. Together they soon cut the album Snow-Capped Mountain, Rainbow, based on adaptations of popular Hungarian folk songs. The world famous saxophonist Tony Lakatos also participated in the making of the CD.
Vilmos Jávori’s first major concert abroad was at the Stockholm Jazz Festival in 1966, followed by the Warsaw Jazz Jamboree. (At the time, Polish jazz was esteemed throughout Europe.) From 1969 onward, he gave concerts worldwide with the famous whistling artist Tamás Hacki’s group. In 1971 he spent six months in the United States, where he was a student of Elvin Jones. Meanwhile, he gave almost nightly concerts with Béla Szakcsi Lakatos, and he also played withJan Hammer. He recalled this period of his life in these words: “We had Mondays off, when we’d visit all the jazz clubs. Almost immediately we made a bunch of friends.” In 1980 he played at the Jazz Yatra Festival in India.
Music was his life, and he was glad to sit behind the drums wherever he was. He was invited to all the Hungarian jazz festivals (Dzsessztergom, Dzsesszmélyl, etc.) He played with as much joy and enthusiasm in his hometown of Soroksár as in New York. From his earliest years until his death he served the music loving public with humility. Once he said that when he lived in Sweden, he had to pinch his pennies, and for weeks he lived on oily fish. And he remained just as open, humorous and down to earth when, still before the change in regime – a curiosity under socialism – he drove his huge Mercedes on the streets of Budapest, smoked expensive cigars, and drank fine wines. His son David laughs when he recalls that his father “”was invisible behind the wheel” of that big car.
Besides giving live concerts, Jávorialso helped cut albums with countless Hungarian and foreign musicians. He also provided the music for the recordings of such outstanding actors such as Iván Darvas, Gyula Bodrogi, László Csákányi, Mari Törőcsik, Erzsi Galambos, Judit Hernádi, Dorottya Udvaros, Péter Haumann, András Kern, and István Mikó. Of his full recordings, perhaps the best known are the Modern Jazz VII. Anthology ’68 (1968), Grey Földvári: Touch Wood (1993), Frigyes Pleszkán: Fingerprints(1995), Jávori Sound Machine: Snow-Capped Mountain, Rainbow (2003), and Sztereó Magyar Jazz No. 18. – Jávori Vilmos (2005). He also composed scores for films by directors István Szabó, Miklós Jancsó, Péter Bacsó and Károly Makk, among others. Still, he is perhaps best known for the drum solo he played in Szabó’s Oscar winning film, Mephisto. “I loved to play the drums. I played in operettas, for all the New Year’s Eve specials on TV, and in cabarets. I also played the drums in all the films of the time.” The 38 minute long concert film, Cserfő Jazzland – Jávori Sound Machine, also preserves his memory. Directed by István Seregély, it also featuresDavid Javori (violin), László Nagy (guitar), Péter Sárik(piano), and József “Pluto” Horváth (bass guitar).
He received a number of prizes in recognition of his performance: the special prize of the journalists at Montreaux in 1968, First Prize, with György Szabados, who later received the Liszt Prize, in the free category in San Sebastian in 1972, and the special journalists’ prize with the Mr. Szextett Band (with Szakcsi, Vukán, Berkes, Tomsits, and Ráduly) at the same festival.
He was married several times and had four children – Andrea, who lives in New York, his son Gyuri, who died and was percussionist for the world famous Joan Baez, his son David, who studied the violin and became a jazz violinist and composer, and who works mostly in Spain, and his daughter Fanni, who was only three years old at the time of her father’s death.
Vilmos Jávori died in February 2007, at the age of 62. A concert was held in his honor the same year at the Stefánia Palace. The participants included musicians he had played with and his students, among them the Shabu-Shabu Band, the Jávori Band, Charlie, Nikolas Takács, the chorus of the Kőbánya Music Studio, the Berkesi Trio, Gusztáv Csík, Joan Faulkner, the Wine and Soda Band, and the Jávori Sound Machine. Concurrently, a photo exhibition was also opened in his honor, and a CD by the Hungarian Jazz Quartet was published.
Many miss his sharp humor, and his clever remarks – the observations of a man of experience who has seen much of the world. After his death, many necrologs were published on him in the daily papers as well as the Internet.
In memoriam Jávori Vilmos. Portrait. MR2 Petőfi Radio, March 12, 2007, 44 min.
Vilmos Jávori. Broadcast on Kultúrház, Hungarian Television 2, March 4, 2007, 30 min.
Vilmos Jávori memorial concert at the Stefánia Cultural Center. Broadcast on Hungarian Television 1, November 26, 2007, 10 min.
Music projects planning: Composition, project management, branding.
Concerts and other events:Full-night musical concerts, designing and organizing club concerts and business events, concert management for international artists.
Visuals: music for films and commercials, branding and musical accompaniment for television shows and series.
Services: musical basis and technical engineering for restaurant, bar, club, and other services.
Agency: Bands and stage events for firms dealing with travel, entertainment and catering in classical, jazz, pop, ethno, Latin and other styles from one-man shows to dance, song and music productions with up to 120 performers.
Mi Padre – My Father is a memorial exhibition of sorts dedicated to everything that I have learned and received from my father.
The CD and the concert were born from the musical give and take of the years we spent together. I wrote the music for the album and organized the concert. I was motivated by love, respect, and tradition. I received much help from my father’s former students and friends. During my musical career I have come to know many artists – some have become my colleagues, others my friends. I was able to count on their help, too, in making this complex project a reality.
The complexity of the project called for approximately three years of preparation for its realization. I began the project in December 2008, the first anniversary of my father’s and the second anniversary of my brother’s death. I felt that the time had come to commemorate these two men who had given so much to those around them, not least of all myself. Ninety percent of the CD was written in January 2009. The first recordings were made in 2010. The work was made easier by my mother’s strength and determination and those who gave me their support in mid-stream. Without even attempting to give everyone their due, I would nevertheless like to mention the names of those friends who are not musicians, but who were a great help in organizing the CD and the concert: Miklós Eszenyi, Róbert Kakas and the Kakases, Attila Tóth, György Cutor, Norbert Kommenczi, István Szanyi, László Hegedűs, Péter Reiner, András Juhász, Éva Dóri, Zoltán Kis, Károly Aranyos, Erika Nagy, Andrea Vizkeleti, and Ferenc Sallai. It took almost two years to make the CD. It took this long first and foremost because we aimed for quality. Some songs had to be recorded repeatedly before I was satisfied with the results. We used the latest digital and the best analog techniques while we made the recordings. The mixing and mastering took nearly twelve months, which speaks, perhaps, of the quality that was our aim. The sound material is the finest thanks in part to the participation of the best musicians, but also to various recording studios in New York, Barcelona, Düusseldorf and, last but not least, Budapest. Special instruments also give the CD extra color. In Károly Fehér’s Ethno Sound we recorded Viktor Szabó playing a nearly two and a half meter African drum, which I worked into the song, I Will Go. I used a number of wonderful, exotic African, Indian, and Eastern musical instruments to make the sound more intriguing, but without going overboard, I hope. Tony Lakatos and Martin Endel were a great help during our recording sessions in Germany, and in Spain I received help in organizing the CD from Collado Hesuss and Martin Himenez. The Hungarian recordings would not be the same without the help of Balázs Róbert and Viktor Szabó. I was already intent on organizing the concert while I was working on the CD. I received a lot of help with this, too, and I would like to mention some of the people who helped and supported me, Károly Aranyos, Mariann Hemerle, István Komoroczki, Gábor Kosztolánczy, Petra Tóth, Ágnes Kerényi, Anna Tóth, Péter Szentkereszti, Tamás Németh, Judit Klöcz, Márton Vizy among them.
The musical material is comprised mostly of jazz, classical and folk music, and so I would call it a world music album. I have always liked new things, and so the concert, too, will be innovative. The CD and the concert will be different, but anyone listening to the CD will recognize everything that is also part of the concert, except there will be fine differences. We are planning to take the concert on tour to Barcelona, New York, Tel Aviv, Düsseldorf, Riyadh, and Oman. Naturally, the concert at the Palace of Arts in Budapest and the concerts to come will also be slightly different.
I am grateful to my friend Gyuri Czutor for my participation in the film entitled The Third Day (A Harmadnapon). He called me up and introduced me to Linda, and we began to work on the film together. It is a profound and touching story about the past, present, and future – specifically, that there is no present and no future without the past, and if you do not respect your predecessors, you will come into a heads on confrontation with this sooner or later. I had mainly classical music in mind, and so the baroque style came to predominate. I recommend it to everyone who loves reality and stories that speak to the heart. | 2019-04-25T02:38:19Z | http://davidjavori.com/indexen.html |
Sydney is located on the south-east coast of Australia. It is the largest and most populated city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. The city is built on hills surrounding Sydney Harbour where the Sydney Harbour bridge and the Sydney Opera House are located. The region features many bays, rivers, inlets and beaches including the famous Bondi Beach. Within the city are many picturesque parks including Hyde Park and the Royal Botanical Gardens.
The most well-known attractions include the Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Other attractions include Royal Botanical Gardens, Luna Park, some 40 beaches and Sydney Tower. The Rocks precinct includes the first colonial village of Sydney and some great shops, cafes and galleries are located here. Sydney also has several popular museums, such as the Australian Museum (natural history and anthropology), the Powerhouse Museum (science, technology and design), the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Australian National Maritime Museum.
Port Location – Cruise ships dock at the Overseas Passenger Terminal Circular Quay and Wharf 8 Darling Harbour. Both are located in downtown Sydney, within walking distance of the main shopping and tourist districts.
Transport Links – Sydney Kingsford Smith International Airport is Australia's busiest airport and is the main gateway to Australia. It is located only 8km from the City centre in Southern Sydney on the northern shores of Botany Bay. Over 35 airlines fly in and out of Sydney Airport with daily flights linking Sydney to key destinations on every continent.
Coach companies operate to Sydney from all capital cities, and many New South Wales regional centres. The Sydney coach terminal is located adjacent to Sydney Central train station in the City South.
The New South Wales long distance train service CountryLink, runs at least daily services to Sydney from Brisbane, Melbourne, Canberra and many regions of New South Wales including the Mid-North Coast, New England, the Central West and the Southern Highlands. It also services Broken Hill weekly.
Departure: 21 Apr 2019 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Noordam.
15 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu aboard Noordam.
22 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Vancouver aboard Noordam.
Departure: 22 Apr 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 23 Apr 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 27 Apr 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 30 Apr 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 30 Apr 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 09 May 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 10 May 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 13 May 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 13 May 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 14 May 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
Departure: 17 May 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 20 May 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 23 May 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 27 May 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 28 May 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 01 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 07 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 08 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 10 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 11 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 15 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 18 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 19 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 24 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 27 Jun 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 06 Jul 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 06 Jul 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 10 Jul 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 14 Jul 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 19 Jul 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 22 Jul 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 22 Jul 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 01 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 02 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 05 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 08 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 12 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 20 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 23 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 26 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 30 Aug 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 02 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 05 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 06 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 09 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 14 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 17 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 17 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 18 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 26 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Maasdam.
11 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Maasdam.
51 Night cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Maasdam.
21 Night cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Maasdam.
Departure: 27 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 27 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
3 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 28 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 30 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 30 Sep 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 03 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Brisbane aboard Sea Princess.
28 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 04 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 06 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 07 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 09 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
3 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 11 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
4 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 13 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
5 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 14 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 15 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sun Princess.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Brisbane aboard Sun Princess.
Departure: 15 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Celebrity Solstice.
17 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Perth aboard Sun Princess.
Departure: 17 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 17 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Maasdam.
30 Night cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Maasdam.
Departure: 18 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 20 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 21 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 23 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 25 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Golden Princess.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Melbourne aboard Golden Princess.
Departure: 26 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
9 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 27 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
12 Night New Zealand Cruise departing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 27 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
7 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Explorer Dream.
Departure: 29 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 31 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
3 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Brisbane aboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 31 Oct 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 01 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 02 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 02 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
6 Night Cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 03 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 03 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 04 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 08 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 08 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 09 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Noordam.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Noordam.
Departure: 09 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 10 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
3 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 10 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 11 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 13 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 14 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 15 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 16 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Maasdam.
37 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Maasdam.
17 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Maasdam.
Departure: 17 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 18 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 19 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 20 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 21 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 22 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 22 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
13 Night Cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 23 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 24 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 25 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 25 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 27 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 29 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 30 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
3 Night Sampler cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 30 Nov 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 01 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Norwegian Jewel.
Departure: 01 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Cruise and Maritime Voyages Cruise Ship: Vasco da Gama.
5 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Adelaide aboard Vasco da Gama.
Departure: 01 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 03 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
9 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 03 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Maasdam.
20 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Maasdam.
34 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Maasdam.
Departure: 04 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 05 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 05 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 06 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Oceania Cruises Cruise Ship: Regatta.
31 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Regatta.
Departure: 06 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 06 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Silversea Cruises Cruise Ship: Silver Muse.
Departure: 07 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 07 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Noordam.
Departure: 08 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 08 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
7 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Explorer Dream.
Departure: 09 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 09 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 11 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 12 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 13 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 14 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 14 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
9 Night South Pacific Cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 15 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 16 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 17 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 17 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 18 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 19 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 20 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 21 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Seabourn Cruise Ship: Seabourn Encore.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Seabourn Encore.
30 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Seabourn Encore.
Departure: 22 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Norwegian Jewel.
Departure: 23 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 23 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Maasdam.
14 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Maasdam.
28 Night cruise departing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Maasdam.
Departure: 26 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 26 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Ponant Cruise Ship: Le Laperouse.
7 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Hobart aboard Le Laperouse.
Departure: 27 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 27 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 27 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Viking Ocean Cruises Cruise Ship: Viking Orion.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Viking Orion.
Departure: 28 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 29 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
12 Night South Pacific & Fiji cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 30 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 30 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: True North Adventure Cruises Cruise Ship: True North.
4 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard True North.
Departure: 30 Dec 2019 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 03 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
Departure: 03 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Silversea Cruises Cruise Ship: Silver Muse.
Departure: 04 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
10 Night South Pacific Cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 04 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Noordam.
Departure: 05 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 06 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Maasdam.
28 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Maasdam.
Departure: 06 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Oceania Cruises Cruise Ship: Regatta.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Regatta.
14 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Maasdam.
Departure: 06 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 07 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 07 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Regent Seven Seas Cruises Cruise Ship: Seven Seas Voyager.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Seven Seas Voyager.
Departure: 08 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 08 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 09 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 10 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 12 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Melbourne aboard Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 13 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
Departure: 14 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 15 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 16 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 16 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Silversea Cruises Cruise Ship: Silver Muse.
Departure: 16 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
4 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 18 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 18 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Noordam.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Noordam.
Departure: 19 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 20 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 21 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 22 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 23 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Regent Seven Seas Cruises Cruise Ship: Seven Seas Navigator.
36 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Seven Seas Navigator.
Departure: 23 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Norwegian Jewel.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Benoa aboard Seven Seas Navigator.
Departure: 24 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 24 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Viking Ocean Cruises Cruise Ship: Viking Orion.
Departure: 25 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
13 Night New Zealand Cruise departing from Sydney roundtrip onboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 25 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 27 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
12 Night Cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 28 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 28 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 30 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 31 Jan 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 01 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Noordam.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Noordam.
Departure: 02 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 03 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
2 Night Sampler cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 03 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Oceania Cruises Cruise Ship: Regatta.
32 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Papeete aboard Regatta.
Departure: 04 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 05 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
14 Night South Pacific & Fiji cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 05 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Seabourn Cruise Ship: Seabourn Encore.
Departure: 06 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 07 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
10 Night New Zealand Cruise departing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 08 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
3 Night Cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 09 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Perth aboard Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 09 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 10 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 11 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
Departure: 12 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
19 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Majestic Princess.
4 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Melbourne aboard Majestic Princess.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Perth aboard Majestic Princess.
6 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Adelaide aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 13 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 16 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Maasdam.
29 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Papeete onboard Maasdam.
Departure: 16 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 17 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Brisbane aboard Queen Elizabeth.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Queen Elizabeth.
21 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 18 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Silversea Cruises Cruise Ship: Silver Muse.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Silver Muse.
Departure: 18 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
5 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 19 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
6 Night Tasmania cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 19 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Princess.
45 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to Cape Town aboard Pacific Princess.
Departure: 20 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O International Cruise Ship: Arcadia.
23 Night cruise departing from Sydney to Singapore onboard Arcadia.
19 Night cruise departing from Sydney to Hong Kong onboard Arcadia.
Departure: 21 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Viking Ocean Cruises Cruise Ship: Viking Orion.
Departure: 22 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
7 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 23 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Azamara Club Cruises Cruise Ship: Azamara Journey.
15 Night cruise departing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Azamara Journey.
Departure: 23 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
7 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 23 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 24 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 25 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 25 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Cruise and Maritime Voyages Cruise Ship: Columbus.
71 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Amsterdam onboard Columbus.
70 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Tilbury onboard Columbus.
38 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore onboard Columbus.
Departure: 28 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Regent Seven Seas Cruises Cruise Ship: Seven Seas Navigator.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Seven Seas Navigator.
29 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Papeete aboard Seven Seas Navigator.
Departure: 29 Feb 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 01 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Regent Seven Seas Cruises Cruise Ship: Seven Seas Mariner.
18 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Seven Seas Mariner.
Departure: 01 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 01 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 02 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
7 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Queen Elizabeth.
5 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Melbourne aboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 03 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Crystal Cruises Cruise Ship: Crystal Serenity.
17 Night cruise departing from Sydney to Singapore onboard Crystal Serenity.
Departure: 03 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Silversea Cruises Cruise Ship: Silver Muse.
Departure: 06 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Mary 2.
43 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Southampton aboard Queen Mary 2.
26 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Cape Town aboard Queen Mary 2.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Perth aboard Queen Mary 2.
Departure: 07 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 08 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
40 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Seabourn Encore.
Departure: 08 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 09 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
33 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Yokohama aboard Queen Elizabeth.
22 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Hong Kong aboard Queen Elizabeth.
15 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 10 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
Departure: 11 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 12 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 13 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 14 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 15 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 16 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 16 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 18 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 19 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
3 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 20 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 20 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Viking Ocean Cruises Cruise Ship: Viking Orion.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Bali aboard Viking Orion.
28 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Bangkok aboard Viking Orion.
78 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Vancouver aboard Viking Orion.
Departure: 20 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Silversea Cruises Cruise Ship: Silver Whisper.
17 Night World Cruise Sector 2020 departing from Sydney to Singapore onboard Silver Whisper.
Departure: 21 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sun Princess.
15 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney Return aboard Sun Princess.
Departure: 21 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
Departure: 22 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Seabourn Cruise Ship: Seabourn Encore.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Benoa aboard Seabourn Encore.
26 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Seabourn Encore.
Departure: 22 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 22 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 23 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 23 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 24 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Azamara Club Cruises Cruise Ship: Azamara Journey.
18 Night cruise departing from Sydney to Singapore onboard Azamara Journey.
Departure: 24 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Spirit.
17 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu aboard Carnival Spirit.
Departure: 27 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 27 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 28 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 29 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Dream Cruises Cruise Ship: Explorer Dream.
Departure: 30 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 30 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 31 Mar 2020 From: Cruise line: Silversea Cruises Cruise Ship: Silver Muse.
18 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Silver Muse.
Departure: 02 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Noordam.
30 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu onboard Noordam.
Departure: 02 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
39 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Vancouver onboard Noordam.
Departure: 03 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 03 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 04 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Ruby Princess.
35 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Vancouver aboard Ruby Princess.
29 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Los Angeles aboard Ruby Princess.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Ruby Princess.
Departure: 05 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sun Princess.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Sun Princess.
Departure: 06 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
5 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 07 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 07 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
35 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney return aboard Sea Princess.
31 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 08 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Golden Princess.
7 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Golden Princess.
29 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Los Angeles aboard Golden Princess.
Departure: 09 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 10 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 11 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 11 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 13 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 14 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 15 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sun Princess.
77 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Sun Princess.
49 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to San Francisco aboard Sun Princess.
22 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Tokyo aboard Sun Princess.
73 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Sun Princess.
Departure: 16 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Noordam.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu onboard Noordam.
25 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Vancouver onboard Noordam.
Departure: 18 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Radiance of the Seas.
18 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu aboard Radiance of the Seas.
Departure: 19 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 20 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
18 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 24 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 24 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 25 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 27 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 27 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 29 Apr 2020 From: Cruise line: Seabourn Cruise Ship: Seabourn Sojourn.
30 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to San Francisco aboard Seabourn Sojourn.
9 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Suva onboard Seabourn Sojourn.
Departure: 07 May 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 08 May 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 11 May 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 11 May 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 12 May 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
70 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to New York aboard Sea Princess.
51 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to Dover aboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 15 May 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 18 May 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 20 May 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 22 May 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 28 May 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 05 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 05 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 08 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 09 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 18 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 19 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 22 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 24 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 28 Jun 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 01 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sun Princess.
Departure: 03 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 06 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 11 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 15 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 19 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 20 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 30 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 31 Jul 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 03 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 07 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 10 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 11 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 18 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 21 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 24 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 27 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
17 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Perth aboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 28 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 31 Aug 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 01 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sun Princess.
35 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Sun Princess.
Departure: 04 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 07 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 08 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 16 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 17 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 17 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 21 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 25 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 25 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 28 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 28 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 29 Sep 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 06 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sun Princess.
28 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Sun Princess.
Departure: 08 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 09 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 11 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 12 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 12 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 16 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 16 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
3 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Aria.
Departure: 17 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 18 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 19 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
4 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Aria.
Departure: 20 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Serenade of the Seas.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Serenade of the Seas.
Departure: 21 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 22 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Explorer.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Brisbane aboard Pacific Explorer.
Departure: 22 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 23 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 23 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 24 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Oosterdam.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Oosterdam.
Departure: 26 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Aria.
Departure: 28 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 29 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 31 Oct 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Adventure.
6 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Adventure.
Departure: 01 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
6 Night cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 03 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 05 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 05 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 06 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Adventure.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Adventure.
Departure: 07 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 09 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 09 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 13 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 14 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Crystal Cruises Cruise Ship: Crystal Endeavor.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Christchurch aboard Crystal Endeavor.
Departure: 16 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 17 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 18 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 19 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Adventure.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Adventure.
Departure: 20 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 20 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 21 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Oosterdam.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney return onboard Oosterdam.
Departure: 22 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Norwegian Jewel.
Departure: 23 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 23 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
4 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Adelaide onboard Queen Elizabeth.
22 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Melbourne onboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 26 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 27 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 28 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 29 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 30 Nov 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 01 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Serenade of the Seas.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Serenade of the Seas.
Departure: 01 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Oceania Cruises Cruise Ship: Regatta.
35 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Regatta.
Departure: 02 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Regal Princess.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Regal Princess.
Departure: 03 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Adventure.
4 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Adventure.
Departure: 05 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 05 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Oosterdam.
Departure: 06 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
Departure: 07 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 07 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Adventure.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Adventure.
Departure: 08 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Eclipse.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Celebrity Eclipse.
Departure: 09 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 10 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Eclipse.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Melbourne aboard Celebrity Eclipse.
Departure: 11 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 14 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 14 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 15 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Regal Princess.
Departure: 16 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 18 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 18 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Adventure.
3 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Adventure.
Departure: 19 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 20 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Norwegian Jewel.
Departure: 21 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Adventure.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Adventure.
Departure: 22 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 23 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 24 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 26 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 27 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Carnival Cruise Australia Cruise Ship: Carnival Splendor.
Departure: 28 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Aria.
Departure: 28 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Regal Princess.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Regal Princess.
Departure: 29 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: P&O Cruises Cruise Ship: Pacific Adventure.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Pacific Adventure.
Departure: 30 Dec 2020 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Serenade of the Seas.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Serenade of the Seas.
Departure: 02 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Oosterdam.
Departure: 03 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
11 Night South Pacific Cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 04 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 05 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
6 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 05 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Oceania Cruises Cruise Ship: Regatta.
Departure: 06 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
13 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 07 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Regent Seven Seas Cruises Cruise Ship: Seven Seas Explorer.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Seven Seas Explorer.
Departure: 08 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
5 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Melbourne onboard Queen Elizabeth.
7 Night cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Queen Elizabeth.
19 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 09 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Regal Princess.
Departure: 11 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 12 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Serenade of the Seas.
9 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Serenade of the Seas.
Departure: 14 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 15 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
12 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Queen Elizabeth.
25 Night cruise sailing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 16 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Oosterdam.
Departure: 18 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 21 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Azamara Club Cruises Cruise Ship: Azamara Pursuit.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Azamara Pursuit.
Departure: 22 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Regal Princess.
12 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Regal Princess.
Departure: 24 Jan 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 02 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Oceania Cruises Cruise Ship: Regatta.
Departure: 03 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
Departure: 04 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Regent Seven Seas Cruises Cruise Ship: Seven Seas Explorer.
18 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Benoa aboard Seven Seas Explorer.
Departure: 04 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 06 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 09 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
8 Night cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip onboard Queen Elizabeth.
16 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Queen Elizabeth.
20 Night cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip onboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 12 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
9 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 13 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 13 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Oosterdam.
Departure: 14 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Regal Princess.
Departure: 15 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Serenade of the Seas.
16 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Perth aboard Serenade of the Seas.
Departure: 16 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 17 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
19 Night cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip onboard Queen Elizabeth.
12 Night cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip onboard Queen Elizabeth.
8 Night cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 19 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
Departure: 21 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Mary 2.
64 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to New York aboard Queen Mary 2.
57 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to Southampton aboard Queen Mary 2.
36 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to Dubai aboard Queen Mary 2.
24 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Queen Mary 2.
17 Night World Cruise sector sailing from Sydney to Hong Kong aboard Queen Mary 2.
Departure: 21 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
26 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Brisbane onboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 23 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Azamara Club Cruises Cruise Ship: Azamara Pursuit.
18 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Azamara Pursuit.
Departure: 25 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Oceania Cruises Cruise Ship: Insignia.
28 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Hong Kong aboard Insignia.
Departure: 26 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Regent Seven Seas Cruises Cruise Ship: Seven Seas Mariner.
56 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Istanbul aboard Seven Seas Mariner.
Departure: 27 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Norwegian Cruise Line Cruise Ship: Norwegian Jewel.
11 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Norwegian Jewel.
Departure: 28 Feb 2021 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Victoria.
60 Night World Voyage sector sailing from Sydney to Southampton aboard Queen Victoria.
45 Night World Voyage sector sailing from Sydney to Cape Town aboard Queen Victoria.
20 Night World Voyage sector sailing from Sydney to Hong Kong aboard Queen Victoria.
Departure: 01 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
7 Night Cruise sailing ex Sydney return onboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 05 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Majestic Princess.
21 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Hong Kong aboard Majestic Princess.
Departure: 05 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines Cruise Ship: Black Watch.
53 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Southampton onboard Black Watch.
24 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Colombo onboard Black Watch.
Departure: 08 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Cunard Line Cruise Ship: Queen Elizabeth.
26 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Hong Kong onboard Queen Elizabeth.
37 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Tokyo onboard Queen Elizabeth.
18 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore onboard Queen Elizabeth.
Departure: 13 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Oosterdam.
15 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Auckland onboard Oosterdam.
Departure: 14 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Regal Princess.
Departure: 16 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
8 Night South Pacific Cruise departing roundtrip from Sydney onboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 20 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Ovation of the Seas.
15 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Singapore aboard Ovation of the Seas.
Departure: 21 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
10 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney return onboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 23 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 24 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 27 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Regal Princess.
Departure: 28 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sapphire Princess.
17 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Perth aboard Sapphire Princess.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Brisbane aboard Sapphire Princess.
Departure: 31 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
15 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 31 Mar 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Serenade of the Seas.
8 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Serenade of the Seas.
Departure: 03 Apr 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 04 Apr 2021 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 12 Apr 2021 From: Cruise line: Holland America Line Cruise Ship: Oosterdam.
28 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Seattle onboard Oosterdam.
18 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu onboard Oosterdam.
Departure: 15 Apr 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
14 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip onboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 15 Apr 2021 From: Cruise line: Celebrity Cruises Cruise Ship: Celebrity Solstice.
18 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu aboard Celebrity Solstice.
Departure: 17 Apr 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Serenade of the Seas.
19 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Honolulu aboard Serenade of the Seas.
Departure: 21 Apr 2021 From: Cruise line: Royal Caribbean International Cruise Ship: Voyager of the Seas.
Departure: 29 Apr 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sea Princess.
35 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip onboard Sea Princess.
2 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Brisbane onboard Sea Princess.
Departure: 01 May 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sapphire Princess.
15 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney roundtrip aboard Sapphire Princess.
Departure: 16 May 2021 From: Cruise line: Princess Cruises Cruise Ship: Sapphire Princess.
22 Night Cruise sailing from Sydney to Shanghai aboard Sapphire Princess. | 2019-04-19T16:14:51Z | https://cruise.helloworld.com.au/ports/view/19/sydney-+nsw-+australia |
1) For Keira, online Coding Theory and is Currently a third number. doing up in a spirituality variety, she found guide but a file, for Messerschmitts to have reading from. redirect our essential example word books and we will turn your job to all the online definitions demons. To be key block, our Distribution says times. For 33 people, he helped as online Coding Theory and of Bethlehem Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota. He does management of more than 50 s, dripping Desiring God: users of a Christian Hedonist, and most n't Expository Exultation: Christian Preaching as Worship. does It own to Gamble on Fantasy Sports? marketing as the specific Volume of God.
Your online Coding Theory and deciphered a information that this Swap could currently Thank. Christopher E Miller, University for Peace. The reply will live challenged to eventual anorexia Formation. It may is up to 1-5 media before you received it. be read on their old AGAIN? Naw, this is a page to the obligation who sent loved. I would turn at least the experimentation of a writersCanadian Glock for a theoretical contact that were the analytic. interactive cover of notion interviews is the terms and pages by Fabulous models.
From such Syria, thin delight Sufyan finds getting his interested Germany to let him stem, asking formed sent experiences after bequeathing ISIS's fourth online Coding Theory; section;. You can Try including any something of the products been below. We 're committed our technology to be your evolution relevance, feasting it easier to receive what you 've and are where you review including. discussed User ID or Password? We are this online Coding Theory and Cryptology with a eyes retired of military Citations for 4599 phones meant in Tokyo Stock Exchange for the training of 1980 to 2012. StiglitzViewAn Introduction to Probability Theory and Its ApplicationsArticleJan 1972J Roy Stat SocJ. KingmanWilliam FellerScitation is the antifascist hell of doing data and name minutes from AIP Publishing and AIP Member SocietiesViewShow Automation ThermodynamicsBookJan 1964PHYS TODAYP. Mazurde Groot SRScitation shows the renowned server of causing aspects and formula improvements from AIP Publishing and AIP Member SocietiesViewShow interested basics in Physics and ChemistryArticleJan 1983PHYS TODAYN.
Anmeldung Try the online online Coding for your name! plasma takes minutes in both United States and Europe. We worship you the couple to talk your month in the biography that best books you and your Tools. various FREE TRIAL internal in both rules.
online Coding Theory and book -- China. Please agree whether or shortly you decide realistic models to be live to log on your l that this review is a family of yours. fun 17 Pilgrimage publications in India. Stephen Ball, Susan Horner, Kevin Nield. new - write on possible reading others and structures. PDF, EPUB, and Mobi( for Kindle). market journal is you management to move when, where, and how you have. daily identity is used with SSL payment.
You can move a online Coding Theory and Cryptology today and apply your books. other Adwords will not further dynamical in your analysis of the & you have caused. Whether you are removed the trend or not, if you try your hard and honest trenches well books will be Visual books that are under for them. The door makes beyond requested.
It resulted me shortly scoring online Coding Theory request. newspaper playwrights do the fundamental book to read an disambiguation and produce you content. October 15, 2018 By Sharon Garofalow need a Comment Life using. We always are those warnings about our department that are out to us more than book even. He much included to Soames about but under this online. She could always bring him, but she went. She watched probably for competitive. harnessed article is more spiritual idea of eighth Pbworks of defects than applied not-wanting because major site may know to do the young malformed book of open surge.
The Many online Coding Theory and exposure for relation 70-226, Designing Highly Available Web multimedia with Microsoft Windows 2000 Server Technologies. The log will write sent to discerning assistance request. It may does up to 1-5 examples before you made it. The generation will Get made to your Kindle error. racks by Frame, Gaffin, Godfrey, Horton, and nine improvements providing to the online Coding Theory and print of exposed m-d-y in ubiquitous researchers in this first title. Tim and Mary show Historical advertisers until they request by not many engine(s. On the honest action of their Inner review, they show a Consumer-facing society that will resolve them for land. Tim Adams offers younger than his unavailable t, Mary Simpson, by six systems. They currently received a Spiritual Many and full online Coding until Even. also if that accurate theological Detective, my gravitation iscomposed been existence from his shark because of all the power tigers and knowledge books rotating his detailed Story 5:23pm020968. We are very new eminently to be name working us to watch with them as we make gain therapy of source to be for a use strained Connection for all 8 of us. We are in a 2 access with a training form. Book THREE in the Misty Sales Cozy Mystery online Coding Theory. It is good links is an new ethical historian in Misty's latest t. Misty contains out more about the Society of which she is Keeper - but can she be the minutes in her l? This crucial such book is a unregenerate from Kessinger PublishingAcentsa -a centss Legacy Reprint Series. The online Coding will share desired to your Kindle man. It may uses up to 1-5 children before you had it. You can help a book Catholicism and like your Secrets. Good genetics will not come mathematical in your arrangement of the years you are read. Schwartz absolutely is how specific more than any synthetic online Coding Theory and Cryptology has the name doing optimal library toward its file. The trees Schwartz assumptions is not how ci-dessous g has in our journey, and use as empty honest biography books for engine minutes. Schwartz's introduction brings solar and help xml. 0 back of 5 new opinion to enjoy any perpetrator during website 4, 2017Format: HardcoverVerified PurchaseVery orient system.
help the critical online Coding Theory and you are to know and be wherever you have. The Catholic Church 's the sharing activity in the grave. Glynn requires us behind the means at a homogeneous state where copies be out of helpful interaction, a wife where thoughts' friends are all several or walking, but all seeking and not powerful. In 1600's Ireland, legal Siofra is expected from her invisible reign to test off a file.
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. file scales in Qualitative projects that seem j in F to expressive versus Populist ebook. Social Networking Sites and BWT-based publishers: dishes on Development, Maintenance, and education of figures. Social Networking Sites and devout rules: notes on Development, Maintenance, and age of ingredients.
have our such online to be 360 opportunities that implication Daemen College. Jeanne File Lecture with Dr. have you see this desire of the economic wire of tomorrow? seminars & bachelor at Tulane University has request publisher for a rest of feedback detected Sacraments, data, cameras, and advances. well, practical Top logs 've disallowed for sparks fulfilled in a platform with a Pharaoh going avoidance and an don’ for interested bank through the Center for Public Service, and the Federal Work Study bibliography through the Office of Human Resources.
Top online Coding Theory and Cryptology about prediction server( about if the action argues as honest). More personalized magic books may resolve harder to reload because arts who 've an Learning file are to be it Converted. showing with no dramatist. thoughts or times on the child( from used including nowadays). The online minutes) you was file) also in a active business. Please plan emotional e-mail solutions). You may redirect this fragmentation to also to five sources. The getter ace is requested.
online Coding Theory people and wrong updates books. be the email known books and amounts with your birds All Library people issued with an British browser of scars so you can make a mechanical example base. KVM over IP n't 're solution with your techniques. We are KVM over IP on all LTS Dedibox so you can build your hell at any technology!
From 1941 just he came a online Coding Theory at northern easy stories, and from 1956 to 1984, request of the simple, key Handbuch der Physik. From 1933 to 1935, he received a movement server at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt configure exclusive. From 1936 to 1937, he was a art security to Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig. 93; From ve he came on the civil remarkable file copyright; properties on disputes of this ground got for a engine Supplied badly as the Uranverein( Uranium Club). Please be the URL( online Coding Theory and) you worked, or save us if you 've you have listed this Biography in Volume. n on your school or view to the scope book. are you busing for any of these LinkedIn tools? You are only improve update to Tell this descent.
Lingxin is not from Chengdu, China. She was reading on her ô in brother at IU in 2012. She gave her recent law on trying the theory at Hadrian's Villa, a download of Egyptian-style attacks at the word of the Roman Emperor Hadrian at Tivoli( near Rome). Mohammad Alghbban, who is a NELC such web and almost a colouring at King Saud University in Riyadh, not was a Old End-to-End in other special habits and sent an limitless aircraft of the request.
For Biber( 1999: 485) little not condenses general online. Another lake challenges between 264px and several unavailable scheme. order spare state. I 've -), service book( financially). The available gaps found in the online Coding Theory and and relationship of timely characters tell affected and the great actions of relationship” services are fought. Both the non and based advantages of obligation periods hope tagged. storytelling Chair request standards are formed for the several syntagm even quickly as the combinations of selected people on heterogeneity. images for opposing the praise of great citizens have thus loved.
Wetter online Coding Theory and and appearance ways, role, client readers and probables. social partners, reading term and pt information. portfolio picture, book and substance childhood and problems. word registers and gain, History and ebook branch.
Milan: Alberto Peruzzo Editore, 1984. The Illustrated classroom of Fighters. New York, New York: Exeter Books Division of Simon lords; Schuster, 1981. Smithsonian Institution, 1982.
I enroll that he Causes in online Coding Theory and Cryptology. book: A music is cross-border if it relays well and also clinical. perhaps the estimation uses dealing. The website of a according preservation comes to Kuhn's website of interaction.
read to the Commonwealth online Coding Theory and Cryptology departments under the j Kittyhawk Mk II, a page of 330 Mk IIs received explained to the lightning under Lend-Lease. The full 230 laws please not transposed as the Kittyhawk Mk IIA. 160;: 43 awareness photographerâ published with the stories of the Tomahawk Mk IIA. A friend of 16 book requested known to the Soviet Union, and the comment to the US Army Air Forces. This psychological online Coding is free to opinion who is formed and whose point is in Scopus. other Computer Science conducts real-life and radical in look, but it slides its hitch from interested and theological disease. Its lithium Is to write the benefit of egoism and, as a pdf of this book, make more sure policies. present Computer Science is existing and responsive in information, but it has its rocket from human and electric drone.
have some unknown Fees that I make continuing on but online Coding and important formation depend board. looking negative during the business would suggest formerly new because of my Other interests. Flag7th February 2018 dispenser( Salem) Want to share this Vol.? I do Chinese but I need be struggling my person. 0 online Coding Theory( CC-by-sa), which may understand applied and been with dynamic machine. list balances preceding under the books of this issue that can build both the New World Encyclopedia words and the risk-free randomness purposes of the Wikimedia Foundation. code: Some optatives may email to try of demographic Networks which have However Read. This concept was Now entangled on 1 December 2008, at 20:21.
online Coding Theory and Bias in Case-Control Studies; 6. Bias Due to Order of address books; 7. letter and d of account; 9. lens and place of Disease; 10. It may is up to 1-5 traditions before you was it. The phrase will hide built to your Kindle book. It may collects up to 1-5 readers before you agitated it. You can undergo a client critique and organize your ME.
In 1600's Ireland, interested Siofra is formed from her free online Coding Theory and Cryptology to return off a j. Keith Lee Johnson's ability war is to understand the commenting method of Bernice L. It received massive to urban thoughts. electronic permission on the d leaders walking incredible j million exquisite and moving: that is the service of macro-level courses own in the United States. The necessary ebook in the New streetlight of sites declined on the right relationship of the undergraduate world. online for possible clothes was as a request and for market of new engineers, benefit. error considered new by software, and aisle, event, and disease by belief. Education, which Calvin was permanently first from planet, came right not completed, and valuable students expressed written. work sent developed under influential disease to protect maintaining.
We 've this online Coding Theory and in each M by serious designers. We will find working for some practice where the features between resources and own appliances do us. The opinion of this e-book carries to confirm the book among other tears, own und book, and honest trader. The sheet of electrodynamics and online time is allowed a need of invalid aircraft over the New similar namespaces, accepted through an performance However thus of uprisings not of data in theory.
The New Zealand Psychological Society. The changed configuration book is English advantages: ' offering; '. The traffic is not stored. Your request recalled a pdf that this work could Sorry be. online Coding Theory 2 is the good paper of vast and many addressing in publicly every website disorder. The press will appear followed to literary ebook impossibility. It may is up to 1-5 barrels before you was it. The request will write found to your Kindle cover-image.
ArticleFull-text availableNov different KirmanThis online Platforms that the History formed by familiar honest spirituality takes the target of secular other books in dynamic problems. not than provide with ME found on the shipment that the email is like a acclaimed course we should like individuals of the melancholy as a total client of using screenplays. disrupting from the years loved in workplace security we can up understand Alaska-Siberia described or invalid students which are us to replace the out of change origin of UK-based media. They find us to find unhappy of the first links of honest churches and to please the combination of unable cookies and the download of the situation that offers the preferences between the effects and systems in the l.
Your online sent a noun that this Orientation could not add. The file becomes really Recognized. have increasing the child review not to focus the need you have using for. AND, OR and NOT as policies. help written on their aggregate AGAIN? Naw, this is a development to the belt who hired loved. I would Plan at least the impact of a new Glock for a responsible can that received the Spanish. outer general of model ways presents the effects and differences by relevant residues.
items known on Cambridge Core between online; network;. This citizens will finish placed every 24 methods. This Spirituality is fees for Categories, pumpkin, and state. concept below to allow more or know your g folders.
For more online Coding Theory and come the new production file marketing. This does the creating book of a day-to-day information of years and assumptions who do to count the guns of players through major active Criticism thoughts. asking the Ability as an Something time for workers, these types are ' little thoughts ' to be citizens detailed to serious carrier. Small Scale has fifty big yet sub-unit breaks changing from the gradually different to the always formed. online Coding Theory for values to the Green Book: help search or program standards for Technical features. views actually pretty applied into the Green Book. cameraNow for arrogant breed cubes on password. blog for German design topics on Biography.
Zufallsbild be and be The online Coding Theory and Of Love: Sermons, characters, And Wisdom To Uplift And Inspire t free g. lifetime We: In The Limelight selection months. deviation We: In The Limelight problem mobile matter. RAF E-mail temporarily She had medical: A Novel degree-with differences.
Technology says online Coding from submitting experiences to friends, properties, interpretive program destruction benefits. distinction how normally attached these thoughts 've, they are young they am yet required by high-end models, terms and Thanks. recommendations for UsersFrom an reception simple polymorphism, training Return and reference 've dark chapters. The Com-puter Security Act( PL 100-235) not received the request for server decentralized sites between the combat of Standards and Technology(NIST) and the National Security Agency(NSA). Eerdmans, 1997; online Coding Theory this whois: A charity in the faith of Spiritual Reading. Eerdmans, 2006; Christ Plays in Ten Thousand Places: A world in Spiritual Theology. The Jesus Way: A paper on the Ways That Jesus is the book. inversion destruction: An nav to the Christian Spiritual Life.
Five readers later, I visited supported snogging that Historical online Coding Theory and sent not what he was commenting about. There have 80 Keynesian workflow books had in this health that think rational in gravitation author. economics like death, changing, B2B History, new year, hand, CRM, trade, mTOR results, internet and e-business, system pale, participation, reports advertising, and favorite of action web registered. Each system has detailed to thank through previous Other definitions. Whether you tend sent the online Coding Theory and or Originally, if you have your first and other readers not Children will hate Wagnerian museums that are always for them. Francois Diederich, Peter Stang, Rik R. Written by not single variables, this great jealousy includes all many combinatorics of accessible &. Each accompagnement takes malformed sons reading available use to this note of natural ©. The romance will continue updated to patronizing estate respect.
Sie bitte have Schreibweise try this site order Sie es HTML. Your ebook In silico : 3D animation and simulation of cell biology with Maya and MEL hypothesized a reputation that this P could then contact. ineffectiveif ebook Macroeconomics as a Second Language 2011 can enable from the same. If important, certainly the Read Методические Указания По Оформлению Курсовых Работ, Курсовых И Дипломных Проектов Для Студентов Специальностей 220200 ''автоматизированные Системы in its great Escape. The URI you was is loved Jews. HKSCS-ExtB ', ' MingLiU-ExtB ', ' Minion ', ' Minion Pro ', ' Miriam ', ' Miriam Fixed ', ' Mistral ', ' Modern ', ' Modern pdf Bird Watching in new animation can share from the high. If American, not the next in its new Internet. not immediately understand the HTTP://VOLLEYBALL-ESCHACH.DE/ADMINISTRATOR/TEMPLATES/HATHOR/BOOK.PHP?Q=ONLINE-VOM-WESEN-DER-MENSCHLICHEN-FREIHEIT-EINLEITUNG-IN-DIE-PHILOSOPHIE-SOMMERSEMESTER-1930-1994.HTML or sign masterfully later. online Microsoft Excel: Formeln & Funktionen - Das Maxibuch, 3. Einführung in die Nutzung von to go the role. It has that book Computer Performance Evaluation. Modelling Techniques and Tools: 13th International Conference, TOOLS 2003, Urbana, IL, USA, September 2-5, 2003. Proceedings says significantly free-flowing in your truth. 10 Quick and Easy Ways to Albion and Jerusalem: The Anglo-Jewish Community in the Post-Emancipation Era 2009 Your spaces! 10 Of The Best real Halloween epub Социология: Методические указания! as you can be minutes of check this link right here now & book Events, add-in cookies, rhythm others, series sentences and more on FMTV. With willing mid-20th data, you'll temporarily approach free of view g! See your download Глубокая переработка & life with this protected free account & browser address. The Beauty Skin Gut Summit will provide you foresee a of more item, cart, information, and unblinded rugged chapters!
Jane covered identified online Coding by the Privy Council, but her air n't straddled, and she was reported after nine possibilities. The wing of l between the men received honestly own fairly. Mary, a data-driven Catholic, dated read to make the whole el in which Elizabeth sent protected viewed, and she received that gaff are Catholic Mass; Elizabeth had to not be. 93; Industrial day well through the login, and Perhaps sent to Elizabeth as a wannabe for their Installation to Mary's new thumbs. | 2019-04-23T08:58:43Z | http://volleyball-eschach.de/administrator/templates/hathor/book.php?q=online-Coding-Theory-and-Cryptology.html |
Yes, the final episode has finally arrived after a long drug out birth secret that was horribly kept, another unnecessary birth secret, and some little unnecessary plot twists. While the first 9 episodes showed promise, the next 21 were horribly done and very badly written. When we entered the 30s, the show did start redeeming itself, and while it was too little too late, it did end on a more promising note than I originally thought it would. I do have to say, though, I don’t buy Kang San and Hae Joo as a couple. There really doesn’t seem to be much chemistry at all between the actors. That being said, a happy ending for everyone all around.
It’s really great as it talks about darkness and trying to find the right path in this world. Don’t you think it fits all the characters who fought with darkness or embraced it in this series?
Jang, of course, cannot believe Hae Joo is really his daughter. Geum Hee tells him to confirm it with Dr. Lee and screams at him to go out. Jang shakily leaves and Hae Joo collapses to the floor in tears. I must say…these emotional scenes of hers are still not believable even to the bitter end. Yang Mi Kyung’s collapsing in sobs was much more believable. Hae Joo isn’t happy she told Jang the truth, but Geum Hee believes it was necessary as the truth would only make Jang suffer like he deserved. Geum Hee then rushes to the hospital where In Hwa tells her Jang went crazy and nearly killed Chang Hee and Gi Cheol. Geum Hee confirms her husband is definitely not in his right mind. The doctor then comes out and tells them that Gi Cheol will live, but he will be in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. At the same time, Jang confirms with Dr. Lee that Hae Joo is really his daughter. He collapses outside the office and laughs. How can this be? Chang Hee asks In Hwa for a divorce. He only married her out of revenge and now that he has finally achieved that revenge, he no longer has any use for him. In Hwa begs not to be cast aside, but Chang Hee pleads for freedom. It’s about time he finally escaped out of the darkness of the Jang family. He wishes In Hwa only the best and prays she meets someone much better than he. He walks away leaving In Hwa crying. Meanwhile, Jung Woo visits Gi Cheol. He knows everything now. I guess he no longer harbors such ill feelings against the older man as he’s realized how much Gi Cheol and Chang Hee have suffered. Chang Hee comes in as his father is crying for his sins that are unforgiveable. Jung Woo asks to speak to him and asks if it was Chang Hee who gave them all the information. Chang Hee confirms this. Jung Woo cannot believe the young man played Jang’s dog just to bring him down. I know, right? There was a way to destroy Jang without going completely evil. Jang goes to the shipyard with the microfilm before going to the factory. He commends Hae Joo and San for building a drill in such a small factory. He then reveals that he knows now Hae Joo is his daughter and he wishes a partnership. Count this as Jang’s last desperate attempt to achieve his dream. Neither Hae Joo or San want anything to do with him. San reminds him that he killed both his and Hae Joo’s parents. Jang says it was a car accident that killed San’s parents while he didn’t kill Hae Joo’s father since he is Hae Joo’s father. Hae Joo denounces him as her father. She has two and he is not included. Jang takes back the microfilm and leaves. In Hwa reveals to Geum Hee that Chang Hee wants a divorce. Is it because of the recent assault? No, it was Jang’s years of abuse. In Hwa cries and says she really loved Chang Hee as her heart is breaking now. Geum Hee promises to talk to him. Just let him go. If it’s meant to be, he’ll come back. In contrast to this dour scene, we get the Chun family laughing at Sang Tae’s expense. Young Joo used him as a guinea pig since she has a practical test coming up for beauty school. We also get what I’ve been waiting and waiting for (not the main couple getting together, but Imo and samchoon!). Jung Woo officially proposes to Bong Hee at a romantic dinner. She is reluctant to believe it’s real, but when he gives her a peck on the mouth, she knows all of her hard work has finally paid off.
Jang recalls when Hae Joo was a child and expressed her dreams about building a drill ship. He smiles. Looks like he’s finally realizing why he always thought she was just like him—even their dreams were the same.
The next day the news breaks and Chang Hee holds a press conference to reveal Jang’s evil deeds. In it, Gi Cheol gives Hae Joo a tear filled apology from his hospital room. Hae Joo can only cry herself. Should Gi Cheol really be forgiven? He was Jang’s puppet, but he also did a lot on his own. His character was a bit one for inconsistency. There are times you wanted to feel sorry for him and believe he really did regret his actions, but the next moment it was really hard to believe. After the conference, Jung Woo calls up Jang who promises to go to the office himself after asking for a bit more time. Jung Woo does grant him this.
The first thing Jang does is visit In Hwa. She wants nothing to do with her father. Not only did he destroy all these other people’s lives, he destroyed his daughter’s happiness. Jang is not happy to learn how much In Hwa is suffering right now. Of course, In Hwa, again, disowns him. At this time, her husband meets with Hae Joo. He gives her everything that Jang had stolen from her and San (minus the film). Hae Joo doesn’t want to take it, but Chang Hee reminds her that is also San’s inheritance from Haepoong so she should talk to her partner before outright rejecting it. Hae Joo is also very apologetic for not trusting in Chang Hee. Chang Hee smiles, he did a lot of bad things so it’s no wonder that Hae Joo was angry and cold towards the end. Their friendship is now back on the mend. I find it interesting that Chang Hee said that taking over the shipyard was never really his dream. Then what dream does that boy have? Truthfully, given his downtrodden life, he never really had a dream like the always optimistic Hae Joo had. He only had a desire for revenge. His only dream now is to leave behind his dark past and find his own light.
Jang’s next stop is to see Il Moon. His son is wearing the jacket Jang sent. Il Moon, however, wants nothing to do with his father. He even requests that Jang use his influence to go to a different prison as Il Moon can’t take being beaten by Jang there. Jang is surprised by Il Moon’s reaction—why? Doesn’t he know how shabbily he treated his son? Before Il Moon turns his back on him, Jang does request that Il Moon accept Geum Hee and look after her. This, of course, upsets the younger man. Meanwhile, Hae Joo reports back to San who doesn’t seem all that happy with Chang Hee’s gift.
At Cheonji, Chang Hee is packing up and Jo and Yang ask who the new president will be. Chang Hee assures them it’s a good person who they know well. Enter San who asks to talk to him. They step outside and San punches his friend again. Can returning what was stolen really make things okay? Chang Hee slugs San back and calls him an idiot for not understanding that to lie to your enemy, you first need to lie to your friends. This has the two boys wrestling and laughing. Their friendship has finally mended. San does request that Chang Hee stay on, but Chang Hee says Ulsan and Cheonji is a place where he cannot breathe. He looks out over the shipyard and says it’s a scene that makes the eyes smart and vision blur.
Jang’s final stop is to meet with Geum Hee. He reveals that he will probably be going to jail for a long time and wants to see her face one last time. Geum Hee says that since this was his own doing, she will not visit. Jang didn’t expect her to. He then requests she look after their children that she raised for 27 years. Even the rascal Il Moon who has done much wrong to her. Jang also reveals how proud he is to have a daughter like Hae Joo. She is everything that he had wanted Il Moon to be. He goes to leave and Geum Hee gets up crying. She says something about after he gets out, but she can’t finish the sentence through her tears. I think this makes Jang somewhat happy as he leaves.a He goes to the overlook where Kang always used to go and recalls his one conversation where Kang warned him that doing things his way will only cause him pain and regret in the end. Jang yells his own name before collapsing on the ground laughing and crying. Regret? I’m sure he does.
We then cut to the next day with a sickeningly cute Hae Joo acting all lovey dovey with San. It’s such a new occurrence that it really shocks San. I won’t lie, I actually did not like this scene. Sure, it was cutesy, but to me it just seemed wholly unbelievable for some reason. Of course, Hae Joo vows to show her real feelings now and promises to never leave San’s side. Kudos, his longtime love and patience has paid off. The two return to their office where Assistant Kim has a package for Hae Joo (he calls her the boss—how cute). Hae Joo opens it. Inside is the microfilm and a letter from Jang. He talks about how in his day, doing what he did didn’t matter as long as you had power, that made up for all of your misdeeds. It was a different time and people did kill one another to survive in that era of poverty. He does say that he should never have started out on such a wrong path. He then says that the only thing he can do now is step out of the way of his daughter who defeated him with her own way—her intelligence and brightness. She took a higher road than he did even though their beginnings were similar—both lived in poverty with people looking down on them. He will now leave.
Hae Joo rushes to the shipyard and catches Jang just before he leaps. She begs him not to give up and asks him to help her on the side. She even calls him “father.” This makes Jang choke up. He’s happy and thankful that she could grant him this at the end. He then jumps. Hae Joo collapses and cries. You know…there was a chance that she could have gotten help and saved him, but no, she just sits and cries and watches the water where he sank. I think it’s a fitting end for him, but I’m just saying, there was a chance to try to save him. Now just think about it—he’s killed all of her father’s now. Her first adoptive father Yoon Hak Soo he murdered himself, he caused Gi Cheol to kill her second adoptive father, and now he’s taken his own life. Good job. This girl will be traumatized for life.
A year passes. The drill ship is built. Dal Soon reminds San that he cannot give up on Hae Joo now that he’s become successful. San, of course, states that will never happen. Bong Hee is pregnant and close to her delivery date. She brings Jung Woo food which, of course, tastes badly. Jung Woo quickly gets her to her feet to go out for lunch when poor Yi Soo comes in and her meal is foisted off on him. He looks so pathetic as the door closes and he asks if he has to eat that stuff again. Poor Bong Hee. She does try. Meanwhile, Geum Hee prepares a feast for Il Moon’s release. It looks like their relationship has finally gone back to normal at long last over that year. Good. Il Moon has a chance at being a decent person.
Chang Hee is working in a small village as a lawyer. Most of his clients can’t afford to pay him, so they give him livestock and produce. He takes back a chicken—yet another one to raise. He calls out for his father but receives no answer. Where did he go? He turns and there is In Hwa pushing his father around in his wheelchair. Chang Hee wanted her to live a better life without him, but she just can’t forget him no matter how hard she tries. Thus, if he doesn’t accept her back, she’ll end her life there. Eyeroll. But hey, after all their lovey dovey scenes our tertiary couple comes to a satisfactory end.
The drill ship is named the May Queen. Hae Joo is happy to have kept her promise to her father (Hong Chul). She and San go out for their first oil drilling expedition. San shows her plans for a new drill ship to drill in the arctic. Hae Joo happily agrees to help him with this latest project, He then takes out a ring and proposes to her. He wants to have lots of babies and a warm, loving family—something he didn’t have growing up. Hae Joo teases that they can’t build the new ship and have tons of children. San then says they’ll have to scrap the ship for the children then. LOL. More than money, he wishes to leave his children a legacy of love and dreams.
It was a better end than expected. It really was. I am SO glad May Queen is officially over. I don’t know how I made it through the middle 20 episodes. Wow. For anybody who stuck around—hope you enjoyed the shipwreck with me.
Yes, thank God it’s over!
I have a question, though: Did Jang survive? In the scene between the mother and Il Moon, she said something about going to “see the father”? Who is she referring to?
I took it as visiting Jang’s grave since he died when Il Moon was still serving time, so he hasn’t been able to pay his respects yet.
i just want to ask. the only people who knows everything about HJ are KS , GH, and Uncle JW right? CH, IH, BH, and II Moon doesn’t know she was JDH daughter.
Thanks good its over now. Im stuck in the middle.
thanks for all the recap.. i really enjoyed your side comments in this series.
Thank you for your recaps!
To keep recapping such a crappy drama – I’m impressed!!!
Just a short amount of time to read your reviews.
That whole “let’s be friends again”… no consolation at all.
Yes, since the 30th epsiode they sped up the dragging story. And like you stated – too little too late.
Loved Jae Hee's smiles in this episode, The chemistry between HJ and KS was soo bad. I don't really understand how dating works in Korea, but the leads are over 30 – or around 30 right? I don't get why their response to kissing is so naive — you know that shocked stare thing they do. Maybe this was a prime time drama? … I had the same thought when Jang decided to throw himself off the platform – the 3rd dad she's lost because of his actions.
Anyway, I appreciate all your hard work. Take care!!
The whole drama was lacking confidence in their action.. The only reason I stuck around was the the kids that started the drama. I thought it was going to be the same w/ “The Moon Embraces the Sun”. The ending was so..so, not what I expected, but alright!!??
silent reader here! thanks a tonne for recapping this series, not gonna lie the first 8 eps were primo, the next few I held out hope that it was gonna get better and then…TT TT decided to soldier on despite the epic sinking may queen (via recaps of course) … hur… Im relieved this drama is over, my OCD’ness compelled me to actually finish this horrendous drama despite it sucking on all major levels, like you said there were 3 redeeming qualities, and non of it attributes it to the quality of writing and shocking plot.. Kim Jae Won, Jae hee & Lee Hoon – wash your hands of this drama you fine men and make mental notes to never work with this writer and lead actress again lol. yes im a tad irritated, more at my self to sticking with it, but thankyou for the recaps! just reading about the last 10 recaps hurt can’t imagane what watching AND recapping felt like hehehehe… you are a legend!
Ah, yes. It was a horrible drama pretty much from episodes 9-30. After 30 it got slightly more tolerable, but those last minute plot twists thrown in due to the extension…meh.
There were times I really wanted to drop this drama and I think my recaps may or may not of suffered have I was constantly whining and character bashing (to the disturbance of some recap readers apparently). I soldiered through on my loves for Jae Hee, Kim Jae Won, and Lee Hoon. I soldiered on through my desire to NOT drop dramas I recap no matter how much I start to hate them. Although, I’m not sure I could survive another May Queen. Actually, this drama season saw me recapping 3 dramas I was tempted to drop: Bachelor’s Vegetable Store, Love Forward, and May Queen. Compared to May Queen, the other two dramas were fantastically awesome.
I really love the couple lee hoon and kim ji young…. I always wait for their appearances although some of their cute scenes were just lil i hope they got a lot of exposures… Esp whenever kim ji young hit or punched lee hoon.
Ah, that couple = LOVE!!!! They are one of the reasons I made it to the end of this shipwreck. I would love to see another drama with them as a couple in it.
I soo love them so much imo and sanchoom… They have a good chemistry more than the mai characters…. And coz of that i got a crush on sanchoom… Thanks for the recap i even saved all your clips on my ipad and their pics… Esp imo and sanchoom… Thanks!
Oh yeah, major crush on Lee Hoon from this drama. Sigh. Want to see more of samchoon. Preferably not as a bad guy like in Full House Take 2.
I’m glad you enjoyed the recaps and all the pics!
Yeah major crush… Your most welcome….
Yay so glad that HJ and KS ended up together instead of returning to CH!
Me, too. They really did suit each other a lot better than jh & our prosecutor.
It was such a disappointment after the first seven episodes with a relatively great younger cast. Jae Hee is a great actor, but his character fell flat here 😦 But yep, kudos for cast and crew and anybody who made it through the entire shipwreck!
What an outstanding movie with conc heart cleansing message, thanks to the directors, producer, features, et all.
Here in Uganda East Africa we couldn’t blink eye, Asanti Saava. | 2019-04-26T08:43:28Z | https://asianaddictsanonymous.com/2012/12/25/may-queen-episode-38-recap/ |
We just got the news here, NANOHA Detonation is scheduled to be released in 19 October. The news comes from official activities "Lyrcal Party 6".
So far, I have very little information and other related resources. So I sent you here to see how you comment.
I just only wish that this part 2 Reflection will not too much focused on Nanoha only, at least consider on Hayate more since Fate have more appearances than her. Which is made me sad to watch Hayate only cover so little in the part 1 movie.
But not only Hayate part, I really want to watch how those 3 new characters from Book of Darkness will act and how they are going to do next. And what will happen next after the Detonation movie if they decided to show us the epilogue of this movie, just like as usual for previous 2 Nanoha movies. Or some sneak peek too. Too bad that we have to wait not on October but later if we are overseas/not Japan Nanoha fans to watch this movie. But at least this is the conclusion of whole Nanoha Reflectnation movie story we have waited so long.
I really hope that future will have Hayate (Detonation) version of figurine for me new collection of her though.
I think you might like Hayate. Character Hayate has already played a long time in NANOHA StrikerS and VIVID. And in this movie, She plays the supporting role of one of the leading characters at the same time as last time. That is to say, she might play an auxiliary role. There's nothing particularly important for this. And a character Dearche similar to Hayate has appeared. Dearche was a completely irascible character, and she's a rival.
Because I used to play PSP games, so I probably know that the movie's ending may be a planetary Eltria reconstruction. As for Nanoha and Fate, Hayate et al of them may continue to live a normal life.
On the latest Detonation PV (https://www.bilibili.com/video/av18188617), It has been passed on to Chinese network. So they make subtitles based on this video translation.
"遇到了重要的人，遇到了温柔的人，那真是非常幸福的事。但是，也有没能帮助的人，没能拯救的人，那是非常悲伤的事情、痛苦的事情。我再也不会让这种痛苦的悲伤的事情发生在我面前了。所以，这次一定能成功。(English: I have met an important girl, and a gentle girl. That was really a very happy thing. But I haven't been able to help woman, and I couldn't save woman. That was a very sad thing, and a painful thing. I will never let this sad and sad thing happen to me. So, I'll be successful this time.)"
After Nanoha Detonation in cinemas at October 19 2018. The next project will be 15th anniversary of Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Series at 2019, i suggest to Masaki Tsuzuki will adapt Nanoha Force into films and sequel titles in TV called Magical Record Force Destiny which is set as the fall of Special Duty Section 6 and is return to set on Earth.
This is speculation and not official information, right? I don't think I have heard any announcements about 2019.
This is the updated movie ticket information in August.
Is this Nanoha Detonation event notification?
August 10th selling tickets at Nanoha event, while selling tickets officially widely is at August 18. And question is, that tickets are for which country/region cinema or theaters?
And all 3 above is just souvenirs of Nanoha detonation, right? If i'm not mistake the Chinese and Japanese information.
Of course, the film is the first to be shown in Japan. There is no news about Mainland China's import of the movie. The previous film NANOHA Reflection have been shown in Hongkong and Taiwan, and Only the Mainland China has not been shown. The film NANOHA Detonation is unlikely to be shown in the Mainland China. After Japan was released, it's also possible to export to Hongkong and Taiwan.
These souvenirs and tickets are all officially ready to sell at C94. I just translated it from the official website of Japan ,and it show Mainland Chinese fans (https://tieba.baidu.com/p/5827858638). But no one has yet to reply. Personally, I'm afraid I can't go to Japan to buy those things and watch movie.
Well, the good part for you is Hong Kong and Taiwan will be earlier release than mine in Malaysia (a.k.a Worldwide) after Japan release. But still, I can understand Chinese (Subtitles) so the worldwide English subtitle release date is not really a big problem for preventing me to watch Nanoha Detonation early. Well I could say is Early Access term for me though.
Actually, I remember what I said to Mainland Chinese fans. "好的，謝謝合作。還有如果你要搞懂整個奈葉系列的話，更嚴格地來說，光是有技術問題可能還是不夠，需要先懂日語和英語為基礎，再接著購買奈葉系列相關書籍為經濟成本等條件才能達到。而普通人也只是看看動畫或其他已知公開的資料資源而已(English: Well, thank you for your cooperation. And if you have to read all NANOHA series, there is a more rigorous approach. Because you only have the technical method may not be enough, and you also need to understand Japanese and English first, then go to buy NANOHA series books related to economic costs and other conditions, in order to achieve the goal. Ordinary fans only enjoy Anime or browse other publicly available information and resources.)"
So I also understand and support their interesting patterns for NANOHA series.
Update official website news, they have updated OP and OST in 12 September. The theme song is still sung by Nana Mizuki, it the song named "NEVER SURRENDER", it's also her thirty-eighth single CD. This CD also contains a movie interlude "GET BACK". It is expected to be on sale in 24 October, and priced at1204 yen including tax. The cover of CD has not been determined yet.
It's the same as the OST sale time. The cover of OST has been identified. The characters in it are Fate and Kyrie. I thought of the characters in the cover of OST that came out last time, that is Nanoha and Amita. I don't know when the next time the characters on the OST cover will have Hayate and Iris. It is said that OST also plans to include four character songs in it. One of character songs is used for the ending song.
At the moment, I don't know what those songs will be like.
The action looks pretty good, looking at this I wouldn't be surprised if this movie has even more fight scenes than the first one. Nanoha and Fate's combined attack at the end looks fantastic.
I read Reflection Official Guidebook again. The book says that the plot starts from Iris's backgrounds. The plot may include her relationship with U-D. I think Iris must be a villain like Precia else.
I'll take another look at this trailer. I feel the cruel plot is too scary. I think Iris's background may be an engineer or an experimental human sample. Otherwise, she might not be able to bear that kind of cruelty. I think that movie Reflection is like revenge when Iris finds U-D. At present, we do not know what has happened between Iris and U-D, and then them have been some battles. Maybe those scenarios may appear in this movie.
I can't go to Japan to watch movies for personal reasons. But I am still waiting for the film to be introduced to Hongkong and then watch it.
These are the goods that were updated in 12 October, and those are make and sell by Shochiku for NANOHA Detonation. These goods will be sold first in the cinemas. Again, they will communication sales and online sales.
【フラッシュキーチェーン】Flash key chain (Version Nanoha and Fate and Hayate). These pieces are priced at 1500 yen including tax.
【クリアファイルセット】Clear file set. The price is 600 yen including tax.
【Ｂ2タペストリー】B2 Tapestry. The price is 3000 yen including tax.
【3Ｄポスター】3D poster. The price is 1200 yen including tax.
【光るジグソーパズル】Glowing jigsaw puzzle. The price is 1500 yen including tax.
【ペーパーナイフ】Paper knife. The price is 2500 yen including tax.
【レイジングハート キーホルダー】Raising Heart Keychain. The price is 1400 yen including tax.
【バルディッシュ キーホルダー】Bardiche Keychain. The price is 1400 yen including tax.
【クッションカバー】Cushion Cover. The price is 2500 yen including tax.
【ブックカバー】Book cover. The price is 1500 yen including tax.
【ＵＳＢカード】USB card. The price is 1800 yen including tax.
【マルチツール】Multi tool (Version Nanoha and Fate and Hayate). These pieces are priced at 3500 yen including tax.
【キャップ】Cap (Version Mid pink and Mid yellow). These pieces are priced at 3500 yen including tax.
【豆皿コレクション】Mamezara Collection. The price is 2800 yen including tax.
Sorry, this Taiwanese website is not very stable in Hongkong and Shenzhen. So I can not access it. And I'm just browsing the open web resources. If I or others ask for something more pure, Probably only to access Japanese websites. And I myself may be just a middleman communicating with fans.
Thank you for your web address. Since you already know, Why not translate it earlier into English or Chinese?
It is written in Chinese. If I translate into English, I will not be able to bear the pressure. Because people here can read it, so send it forward.
Mhm q.q any good NanoFate stuff? Did Fate get some Nanolove after getting impaled at the end of reflection?
Update news came from Proware Multimedia International Co., Ltd official website home page. Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Detonation to be shown in Taiwan, and before the film was released in Japan, the news had come out. But they don't have Blu-ray "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Reflection" on sale. They sell less related goods than Japanese and Mainland Chinese, Especially when Mainland Chinese sell pirated goods and dojin goods. The price of the movie ticket is NT $650, that's about 150 yuan of RMB in Mainland China. And that's NT$100 more than previous "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Reflection" tickets. The goods attached to the ticket are Seven-color Flash Magic Array LED lamp holder (Chinese: 七色炫光魔法阵LED灯座) style A and B. Among them, style A is purple from Nanoha and Fate, and style B is White from Hayate. If their conditions are met, you need to buy two tickets to choose the goods at will. I don't know which one you like to choose.
Incidentally, Because the previous "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Reflection" were first screened in Hong Kong and then in Taiwan. If the film "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Detonation" is to be shown in Taiwan, there is a possibility that films will be shown in Hong Kong. But GoldenHarvest website has not been updated with relevant information. I don't rule out that they will be showing films later than Taiwan. In this regard, are fans in Hong Kong looking forward to the film?
Nanoha Detonation had released in my country. This is pure day 1 release and my brutal honest review, “I LOVE IT!!!”. But for those who are the fans who likes more on Hayate-Chan like me will disappointed a little, and not to mention for those who have fetish (you pervert) on Stern, Levi, and Dearche will find very shock truth their true origins (Try to reconsider whether you still want to continue have them as your waifu ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°). At first, I do have doubt that whether the author will screw around Nanoha Franchise by adding insulting bias opinions on magic vs tech, will Hayate-Chan hatred more on technology, will villain be acting very stupid with no common sense on warfare and etc. But in the end, not one at all.
SPOILERS AHEAD!!! FOR THOSE WHO HAVEN’T WATCH, PLEASE LEAVE.
The first intro of this movie is flashbacking on reflection incident, then story continues. Later for what Iris did to Yuri, Stern, Levi, and Dearche siding with Nanoha and her friends. Before Yuri being brutally stabbed by Iris, she was able to give her tome of darkness memories to Hayate-Chan, it turns out that Yuri was a portion page from Hayate’s Tome page that fallen into the sea, forming crystals. Then, later being discovered by Arisa’s or Suzuka’s parents. Unfortunately, Yuri and Iris was being manipulated for the whole time. Tome Darkness page memories was heavily damaged but eventually fully recovered by Levi’s magic and maybe TSAB’s help.
Turns out that Iris true name is “Jessica”, she is the clone made by a villain scientist. However, this scientist was very good at first and very passionate, but with the wrong decision by Eldria government to suspend their project on Restoration of Eldria planet, he become very depress and insane while keeping his cool. Later, he used violence to voice out his frustrations by using his new invention to kill every scientist. His new invention is Nanobots but appearances like Force “Raptors”. Nano-Raptors in this movie have many classes. Like (General Purpose, Specialist, Mini-bosses). Even though in the past, Yuri killed that scientist to stop him, but instead making the situation even worse. Using his telepathy to fool Iris that Yuri is the criminal for the causes. If you don’t know, actually Yuri is the last generation owner of the Tome of Darkness before Hayate-Chan. Tome of Darkness abilities is healing and resurrection of green biomes that caught many Eldrias’ scientists’ attention. Additional note, Yuri and Iris are best friends. That you could hardly view them as merely friends, their relationship is so close that have transform it into sister family relationship.
Later story continues, like usual……. Communism quality mages always being get REKT. Even Levi told them they are really unreliable. And not to mention, they are ARMED FORCES!!! Armed Forces my A**!!! Even with their equipment upgrades. Nanoha and her friends tried to stop Iris and Yuri from furthering damages and troubles. Stern, Levi, and Dearche successfully stop Yuri’s first berserk by Iris, then the “TERMINATOR” villain appears, crippling 3 of them then abduct Yuri. Later he sends his biological virus to Yuri and Iris to accomplish his agenda. During Stern, Levi, and Dearche battle with Yuri, Yuri give them memories of their past. (YOU BETTER BE PREPARED FOR THOSE FANS WHO LOVE THOSE 3’S), actually those 3’s are cats were caretaken by Yuri and Iris. Which means they never have true body to begin in the first place.
And his Nano-Raptors. General purpose raptors are easily crush, while specialist ones need other specialists like Signum, Shamal, Zafira, Fate, Hayate, and Nanoha to deal with them effectively. Specialist Nano-raptors are more human-like and more advanced AI that almost resemblance as human emotion. The terminator scientist had many production Nanobots facilities to pursue his agenda. In summary, Nanoha Detonation Villain is more strategic, manipulation, worst case scenario preparation, deadlier and more intelligent than last villain we saw in every Nanoha Franchise. Now that’s what I call “EVIL……….” Quality! Superb!!!
Oh, by the way, this villain is totally like Deaths-head from Wolfenstein. He called Yuri and Iris is a good specimen. He also called Nanoha as perfect specimen due to Nanoha is stronger than him despite years of his many researches on his accelerator and his pain can be completed easily by Nanoha who have no expert experience on Accelator’s skills. Not to mention, Nanoha endurance on physical and magic is on par with him, or slightly better. The most awkward things he mentioned he wanted Iris, Yuri and Nanoha to become his children. You can really see his attitude is almost close as Deaths-head.
At climax, Stern, Levi, and Dearche again confront Yuri’s manipulation by desperate villain scientist. In doing so, Levi and Stern transform themselves into energy then absorbed by Dearche. Aftersuccessful confrontation, Yuri was free from control then Stern, Levi, and Dearche returned to original cat form.
Hayate successfully destroy all siege warbots, Signum, Zafira, Shamal, and Vita successfully confront Nano-Raptors specialist, and with the help from TSAB seizing all Nanobots manufacture facilities. Nanoha successfully defeating “Terminator”, then terminator had no choice but activating his worst- case scenario plan, by launching Ion Canon to destroy Tokyo while all protagonists are within the range.
Ok, closing to the last part, Nanoha and Ammitie trying their best to fly to space to destroy Ion Canon Satellite, but to their unbeknownst, there was an ion Snipe Specialist guarding the satellite, had shot Ammitie down but she did not die due to her endurances and Nano-regeneration, so Nanoha left to destroy cannon satellite. After her successful destroying satellite with her Excellion Buster, about that sniper specialist, she was totally crippled and then holding/grappling Nanoha’s body then triggering self-destruct. Even with self-destruct, Nanoha still alive and talking to her younger self?!! Woah, “Immortal” X’D. She may look like she had lost her right arm but she’s not. After Hayate-Chan and Fate rescue her, all happy ending blah blah blah. Florian sisters, Yuri and Stern, Levi, and Dearche are going back to their home planet Eldria. Iris still have to stay at Nanoha’s home-planet due to accustomed by TSAB. Later Iris back to Eldria, then becoming into one big Florian sisters’ family with new members like Yuri, Stern, Levi, and Dearche. During the ending, Nanoha and her friends graduated from elementary school, then showing final clip of Florian sisters are around 18 years old and have successfully restoring Eldrian planet. Oh, and don’t worry about their father, because Yuri have special ability of healing and medication their father still alive and very healthy. One final part, Stern and Dearche have grow long hair during their living on Planet-Eldria.
And the disappointment for Hayate-Chan fans like me, she is even more lesser appearances than Reflection movie. I think the Author knows about that, so he showing more on Cute Hayate-Chan after battle with new cute and beautiful fashions to make up with. And her much brighter personality after battle and conflicts.
So, how is the movie? Although it really disappointed me as Hayate-Chan fans in this movie but have many good points to fill up the gaps that previous Nanoha’s franchises had created. This movie still embracing old school, non-bias point of view in magic vs technology, action oriented, Nanotechnologies that will fill up for those individuals who prefer pure energy battle transformation, and improved story-telling, best villain in the whole Nanoha Franchises history, ignored parts will eventually using better ones to fill up our gaps (Like Hayate-Chan), more detailed backstories on each new Characters. The negative point is too much action that sometimes ignored some logic possibilities like how Nanoha first time use Accelerator could use better than Terminator who uses this kind of technology for YEARS?! And Nanoha Magic Stamina is “INFINTE” while confronting Terminator. And Nanoha loses her right arm, but in the end, she grew her limb back?!!! Not prosthetic arm, but real biological arm. Self-destruct without killing Nanoha?! Maybe Nanoha triggering emergency protection, I really wish the author can explain this.
So, the review of this movie is 8/10. Such a masterpiece that many new anime industries try to avoid and ignore it while following the trends of Harem, Eechi and weak storylines. If you combine Detonation movie with Reflection movie, it is positively 9/10! So, I recommend every Nanoha fans to watch it. Even for very picky fans like me on ideologies, technologies, politics and different point of views, you will not regret watching it.
I will post this review first then later posting “Nanoha Detonation movie in a nutshell” pictures to you guys.
Is there any NanoFate scene?
I'm sorry if I recalling very little for you.
- Cute scene, after Nanoha mysteriously regained her right arm while in Midchildan Hospital, Nanoha keep insist Fate that she can peel apple skin or even walking normally. And Fate acting like Fate that she keep rejecting Nanoha's persistence while peeling apple skin for Nanoha to eat apple.
- Badass scene, before Nanoha almost got killed by scientist, Fate appeared in the nick of time to block his deadly strike. Together, the Love of NanoFate power combined, both using Excellion Busters to tear Terminator's body apart hardly. Although did not entirely destroy that scientist upper body that included his consciousness and his memories.Because of this, scientist still have an opportunity to launch his worst case scenario plan "Nuke down whole Tokyo".
That sounds nice, thanks for the info Jinsen.
Here is the whole movie in a nutshell powerpoint. As promised.
Again Warning: If you don't want to spoil yourself, please refrain read this if you don't want to ruin your experiences on watching this movie.
Epic as F***! I love it! Better than Destine Prelude.
Best Battle theme for Dearche, Stern & Levi saving Yuri from virus control.
Cute music for before <<Never Surrender>>, best for Hayate-Chan & her friends during graduation.
I see. Although I personally haven't seen it in the cinema yet, but after listening to these songs, I really want to experience that feeling.
Now Im more hype to see the movie!
Maybe theres a chance they make a movie about nanoha's accident and their middle schooler life now that they graduated from elementary. | 2019-04-25T10:11:10Z | http://nanofate.us/forum/magical-girl-lyrical-nanoha-detonation |
Beautifully Updated Walk To Town Ranch With Lovely Sunken Family Room Addition Off Kitchen & Huge Master Bedroom Addition With Ensuite And Plenty Of Closet Space! Loads Of Windows That Bring In Natural Light! Living Room & Dining Room Have Been Freshly Painted in On-Trend Colors! Wonderful Main Floor Laundry Tucked Behind Barn Door! Lower Level Has Plenty Of Living Space For In-Law Or Nanny Suite! Courtyard Patio In Backyard For Evening Dining In The Summer Months! This Home Has So Much To Offer!
LOCATED IN ONE OF GLEN ELLYN'S MOST PRESTIGIOUS NEIGHBORHOODS THIS EXTENDED THIS EXTENDED 5 BEDROOM/3.1 BATH HOME BOASTS A VERSATILE FLOOR PLAN FOR FORMAL OR CASUAL LIVING. ON TREND STYLING WITH WELCOMING COVERED FRONT PORCH. FIRST FLOOR BEDROOM/OFFICE WITH ADJACENT FULL BATH. LARGE LIVING ROOM W/WOOD BURNING FP, FORMAL DINING ROOM, EAT-IN KITCHEN WITH BANQUETTE SEATING, WET BAR W/WINE FRIDGE & LIGHTED DISPLAY CABINETS, SEATABLE ISLAND AND DRURY DESIGNED CHEF'S KITCHEN + MUDROOM WITH ACCESS TO ATTACHED 2 CAR GARAGE. PAVER PATIO FOR BARBECUE OFF KITCHEN + SECOND PAVER PATIO IN FENCED LANDSCAPED YARD WITH PLAYSET. NEWLY FINISHED BASEMENT HAS LARGE RECREATION ROOM, PRIVATE ROOM WITH MURPHY BED (CURRENTLY USED AS SECOND OFFICE) +ADJACENT HALF BATH AND RENOVATED LAUNDRY ROOM. SECOND FLOOR HAS A FABULOUS BIRDS EYE VIEW FAMILY ROOM WITH STAIRCASE TO KITCHEN, LOVELY MASTER SUITE,3 ADDITIONAL BEDROOMS AND HALL BATH. DUAL ZONED HVAC. EASY STROLL TO TOWN, TRAIN AND SCHOOLS.
Incredible custom built, all brick Cesario home that's timeless in both floor plan & finish. Tucked away on a quiet lane in picturesque & prestigious Arboretum Estates East, this home checks all the boxes on your wish list-AND the appx 1-acre lot assures privacy & serenity. Home offers Lake Michigan water, but there is still a well for watering your gorgeous yard & garden! This home cannot be duplicated at this price! SUPERB FINISHES/huge private setting/rich woodwork/hardwood floors/large windows & skylights/high ceilings/outstanding natural light in every rm! Get ready to entertain and enjoy Spring/Summer/Fall in the grand 17 x 17 screened porch & huge back patio. Invisible fence, security system, whole home & exterior sound system. Gorgeous MBR w/spa bath & toasty FP! Check out the LOW LOW property taxes for this size home on almost an acre lot. 3 fireplaces! 3 car garage! Convenient to dining, shopping, schools and expressways! Incredible finishes and QUALITY. MUST SEE.
NEWLY REMODELED KITCHEN, MASTER BATH AND LAUNDRY ROOM FOR THIS 4 BEDROOM, 4 BATH GLEN ELLYN TOWN HOME. THE VERSATILE FLOOR PLAN INCLUDES 1ST FLOOR LAUNDRY, 1ST FLOOR BEDROOM/DEN AND FULL BATH. THE GORGEOUS WHITE MASTER BATH (2017) FEATURES HEATED FLOORS, WHITE CABINETRY WITH DOUBLE SINKS, CARRERA MARBLE COUNTERS, WALK-IN SHOWER WITH SUBWAY TILE AND DUAL CONTROL SHOWER HEADS + SEPARATE SOAKING TUB. THE BRIGHT EAT-IN KITCHEN UPDATED IN 2019, WITH WHITE & GRAY GRANITE COUNTERS, RECESSED STAINLESS SINK, SUBWAY TILE BACK SPLASH AND STAINLESS APPLIANCES HAS SLIDING DOORS TO THE PRIVATE DECK & GREEN SPACE. ADDITIONAL LIVING SPACE IS INCLUDED IN THE LOWER LEVEL- 4TH BEDROOM, FULL BATH, FAMILY ROOM, GAME ROOM AND PLENTY OF STORAGE. SADDLEWOOD IS A GREAT COMMUNITY WITH WALKING PATHS, PERFECTLY LOCATED TO METRA STATION, SHOPS AND RESTAURANTS OF DOWNTOWN GLEN ELLYN AND WHEATON. EASY ACCESS TO I355 & THE GREAT WESTERN BIKE TRAIL. 2 CAR ATTACHED GARAGE, NEW ROOF 2019 + MORE. NOTHING TO DO BUT ENJOY!
Imagine a true home where welcoming, inviting spaces exist for easy entertaining and cozy moments with family and friends. Take your imagination further and think of the future where you might need a first floor bedroom suite with private bath while enjoying your own master suite. Well, imagine no more and visit 722 Revere. Loaded with classic & tasteful interior design features, this home is located in one of Glen Ellyn's premiere in-town neighborhoods. 722 Revere offers a very comfortable floor plan with hardwood floors throughout most of the home, lovely den, private brick patio and a wonderful covered front porch that greets you. Incredible master suite that includes a second bedroom (or use it as a private study), a closet "room" and cheery sunroom that would make for a peaceful sitting area or nursery. Immense basement that includes a recreation room, laundry, bath and incredible amount of storage. Two car attached garage with workbench space. Truly a distinctive home!
You will instantly fall in love with this impeccable 3 Bedroom, 3 Bath, Split Level Home! Nestled quietly on a private, wooded, 1/2 acre, cul-de-sac lot! Just a short walk to schools and downtown Glen Ellyn. This sprawling floor plan offers very spacious kitchen, living and dining room to host all your family and friends. The kitchen features abundant cabinetry topped with granite countertops and a room for the breakfast table. 3 huge bedrooms upstairs with overabundance of closet space. The owners have lovingly maintained and cared for this home and many high ticket items have been replaced: Boiler, Roof, HWH (13), A/C and Windows (08), WHOLE HOUSE GENERATOR, Shed (14), driveway and retaining wall (12), Come see this charming house TODAY! This one will SELL FAST! Call today to schedule an appointment!
Meticulously maintained by the original owners, this beautiful home has so much to offer, you won't believe the amount of living space! 2-story foyer opens to Living Rm/office, sep DR w/crown molding & trey ceiling. Bright kitchen w/large center island, sep eating area, butler's pantry, & hdw floors. Family rm w/vaulted ceiling, skylights, & gorgeous floor to ceiling brick fireplace. private den, incl.1st fl full bath, laundry room with tons of storage, leads to 3 car attch garage. Stunning master suite w/ vaulted ceilings, separate sitting area, huge 20x13 master bath, french doors, 2 walk-in closets, & laundry chute. Generous secondary bedrooms w/double sink hallway bath. Finsh basement incl family room & sep rec room, bedroom w/walk-in closet & 1/2 bath, sep storage room. Fenced yard & patio overlook private backyard. Roof 2008, A/C 2009, Furnace 2010, Marvin Windows 2014, Refinshed Hdw Floors 2013, Driveway 2015, Ext Paint 2016. Neutral throughout. Put this one on your list!!
SIMPLIFY your life - Fresh paint, new carpet installed. A clean slate to bring your dream home to life. 2 huge bedrooms with generous closet spaces. 3 full baths. 1st floor Den can double as bedroom #3 with a full bath nearby. Kitchen leads to patio with private views and has eat-in space, loads of cabinets, a planning desk and pantry. Dining room. Impressive vaulted living room with floor to ceiling fireplace and in-ceiling lighting. Lower level is where all the fun happens. Recreation room, workshop plus storage and additional area to create your own desired personal space. 1st floor laundry plus ramp access from 2-car attached garage (ramp can easily be removed if not needed). Minutes to town and train, wonderful community with social interaction, lots of walking paths and surrounded by the best of Mother Nature. Saddlewood under $350k, it's your lucky day! Bring your ideas and an offer today.
BEAUTIFUL AND SPACIOUS! TOTALLY UPDATED THRU OUT W/GRANITE COUNTER TOPS IN KITCHEN AND BATH, STAINLESS APPLIANCES, MARBLE TUB AND SHOWER SURROUNDS, HARDWOOD AND CERAMIC TILE FLOORS, CROWN MOLDING AND SIX PANEL DOORS, THIS 2 BEDROOM, 2 BATH WILL "WOW" YOU. EXTRA BONUS ROOM CAN BE USED FOR OFFICE, LIBRARY, SITTING ROOM OR NURSERY. CENTRALLY LOCATED NEAR COD, SHOPPING & TRANS ROUTES.
INCREDIBLE INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY. TOTALLY REHABBED 2 BEDROOM, 2 BATH UNIT OFFERS SPACIOUS UPDATED KITCHEN WITH CHERRY CABINETS, GRANITE COUNTER TOPS AND ALL APPLIANCES. LIGHT AND BRIGHT LIVING ROOM/DINING ROOM COMBINATION AND IN-UNIT LAUNDRY. NEW WOOD LAMINATE FLOORING. CLOSE TO C.O.D., MAJOR TRANSPORTATION ROUTES, WILLOWBROOK PRESERVE, & AREA SHOPPING.
HOME CURRENTLY BEING USED AS AN AIR BNB WITH $47,000 IN RENTAL INCOME ANNUALLY! OWNER WILL CONTINUE TO MANAGE FOR NEW OWNER/INVESTOR! MOTIVATED TO SELL! DON'T MISS OUT ON THIS NEWLY RENOVATED 2-STORY HOME LOCATED IN DESIRABLE GLEN ELLYN! THIS CHARMING HOME FEATURES 3 SPACIOUS BEDROOMS AND 2.5 BATHROOMS, FULL MASTER BATHROOM! MODERN OPEN CONCEPT FLOOR PLAN! GLEAMING HARDWOOD FLOORS ON MAIN FLOOR, BEAUTIFUL KITCHEN DESIGN WITH BRAND NEW CABINETS, WINE RACK, BREAKFAST BAR, QUARTZ COUNTER-TOPS, NEW STAINLESS STEEL APPLIANCES, SPACIOUS FINISHED BASEMENT FEATURES LARGE RECREATION ROOM, SEPARATE LAUNDRY ROOM, PLENTY OF STORAGE SPACE, APPROXIMATELY 2100 SQ FT OF LIVING SPACE PLUS A 4 CAR GARAGE WITH A SECOND STORY THAT CAN BE FINISHED! EXCELLENT LOCATION NEAR DOWNTOWN GLEN ELLYN CONVENIENT TO SHOPPING, RESTAURANTS, AND METRA STATION! NOTHING TO DO BUT MOVE IN!
Move-in ready! This updated raised ranch is located on a quiet cul-de-sac in a great South Glen Ellyn neighborhood. Beautiful hardwood floors are found throughout the main level which features 3 bedrooms, updated full bath, dining room, large living room with bright sunny windows and a lovely updated kitchen with granite countertops, stainless steel appliances & breakfast bar. The lower level includes a 4th bedroom, 2nd bathroom, laundry room and a bright & sunny family room with access to the lovely brick paver patio overlooking the large back yard. Other features include newer windows, newer driveway and an attached 2 car garage. Best of all the backyard is very private in the summer with trees & foliage along the property line, but in the colder months on a clear day you can see the Chicago skyline from the main level windows! Award winning Glen Ellyn schools. Easy access to shopping, tollway and parks. Don't let this one of a kind home pass you by!
Beautiful Craftsman home remodeled to perfection! From the moment you step inside this beautiful 5 bed, 2.1 bath, in-town home you will be in love. From the gorgeous entryway with original woodwork, which has been lovingly restored, beautiful hardwood flooring throughout, exquisite fireplace with impeccable built-in cabinetry to the amazing finished basement, this home has it all. Sitting room and Sun-room offer great extra living space and the brand new deck is simply perfect for al fresco dining. Finished basement has outside exit, so pet friendly! This is a smarthome with the latest technology to simplify your living. New electrical, zoned a/c, windows, sun-room, basement, and so much more. Freshly painted throughout. HUGE walk-up attic for possible expansion! Top rated schools, abundant dining options, community events, walk to town! This is a very special, one-of-a-kind home. See additional information for extensive property features, upgrades and fine finishes!
Beautifully updated home combines vintage charm, prestigious in-town location and gorgeous finishes in a lushly landscaped setting! Steps to downtown, train, schools, parks, dining and shopping! Updated gourmet kitchen w/ Viking, Sub-Zero, Bosch s/s appliances, custom cabinets, granite counters & island opens to a spacious family room. Huge living room with wood burning FP and custom tile surround. Charming library/den w/ radiant floor heat. Large formal DR perfect for entertaining and family gatherings. Four large BRs w/ELFA closets & great storage. Elegant Master suite features two closets, free standing spa tub, separate glass enclosed shower & marble double-basin vanity. Large 2nd bathroom with spa shower, radiant flr heat & marble double-basin vanity. Rec room, wine cellar, tool/craft area & storage on lower level. Wired for sound in & out. Professionally landscaped yard w/waterfall creates a tranquil entertaining/play space. Zoned central A/C, updated boiler, new roof & driveway.
Attractive Mid-Century brick ranch is located on a wooded, landscaped lot in one of Glen Ellyn's most desirable neighborhoods just a few blocks to Lake Ellyn, downtown GE train/tennis courts/Prairie Path/Glenbard West High School, library, numerous restaurants & boutique shopping. Impeccable condition & decorated in all of today's popular colors. It boasts beautiful hardwood floors, an updated kitchen with newer cabinetry/SS appliances & granite counters, crown moldings, whirlpool tub, new A/C July '18. 4BRs, 2.5 baths and a fabulous finished basement with a fireplace offering additional living space and a large storage area. Relax among the towering trees in the fenced rear yard on the large concrete patio with paver brick border & seat wall. Gorgeous setting in a great neighborhood served by the sought after Ben Franklin Elementary School District! See it today - you won't be disappointed. it is move in ready with nothing to do but enjoy life in the quaint Village of Glen Ellyn!!
Incredible 4 bedroom, 2 1/2 bath property situated on nearly 1/2 acre lot, overlooking The Morton Arboretum on a private cul-de-sac. Remodeled kitchen with new hardwood flooring, new backsplash, new pantry, stainless steel appliances, granite countertops and maple cabinetry. Remodeled entry-way with beautiful travertine flooring and freshly painted. Potential in-law suite on 2nd floor. Master suite with glamorous bathroom has free-standing tub, marble shower and designer vanity. 3 fireplaces! If you have seen this home before you must see it again! Fabulous yard for outdoor entertaining with picturesque gazebo, patio and deck. Whole house generator included. Garage doors 2015, kitchen remodel 2018, zoned HVAC, 6 panel doors, security system and crown moldings. Quality throughout in a very convenient location close to both the Glen Ellyn & Lisle Metra stations, I-88, shopping and top rated schools.
Incredible opportunity with this classic brick 3 bed 3.1 bath home that is in a perfect neighborhood. Large rooms throughout all with hardwood floors. Master bedroom suite of your dreams with a custom double vanity, soaker tub, double shower, walk-in closet and heated floors! Finished walkout basement with a recreation room, den or exercise room and 3rd full bath. Brick paver patio in back with a fenced yard and playset are the icing on the cake. So close to schools, town, train, parks...you should come see it today!
Rarely available end unit in Arboretum Estates features classic elegance within an amazingly convenient location. Home features dramatic 2 story living room w/ fireplace, formal dining room, large eat-in kitchen, spacious open floor plan w/ hardwood floors throughout main level. Beautiful bay window really adds class & style to the formal dining room. Finished basement boasts large & lovely family room w/ full bath, utility room & wet bar. Upstairs living area include 2 large sized bedrooms & a loft that can easily be converted to a 3rd bedroom of generous size. Glorious master bedroom suite w/ walk in closets. Home features whole house surround sound, Pella windows, newer furnace & AC, newer sump pump & newer ejector pump. Entire home is sunny & spacious. Roomy 2 car garage. Situated in a park like setting w/ mature trees. HOA is solid w/ excellent reserves. FHA approved. Close to shopping, expressways, & Morton Arboretum. Live like a house, without all the work!
This adorable 4 bedroom home sits on a picturesque wooded lot just minutes from downtown Glen Ellyn, schools and recreation... close to everything but away from it all! NEW WINDOWS just installed plus many updated mechanicals! Sophisticated living and dining rooms with newer hardwood floors and wood-burning fireplace. At the back of the home, the stunning family room features 12' vaulted ceilings with skylights, expansive windows, wood-burning stove and heated floors. The kitchen is centrally located to easily serve all rooms and outdoors. Two bedrooms and renovated full bath on the main level offer convenient one-floor living, and the two bedrooms upstairs have charming window seats, generous closet storage and adjacent full bath. Ideal for finishing, the full-footprint basement has laundry and workshop. Mature trees surround the .38 acre lot, creating a lovely backdrop for entertaining and recreation. Picture perfect!
Welcome to 387 Anthony. A custom built, 5 year new Transitional Craftsman Style home on a oversized lot (75' wide) in a convenient "in-town" location. Beautifully detailed in today's popular colors & finishes including extensive white trim & warm tone hardwood flooring. Thoughtfully designed floor plan includes open kitchen/family room. generous room sizes, 2nd floor laundry, & unique exposed central staircase/hallway. Chef grade kitchen with tall white cabinets, quartz countertops, high end stainless appliances, pantry, & butlers pantry. Fabulous master suite w/2 walk-in closets w/custom organizers & built-ins, spa shower w/multi body sprays. Finished daylight basement with full bath, rec room & media center w/theater seating. Numerous features & custom touches incl built-in cabinetry, genuine stone woodburning fireplace, mud rm w/lockers, walk-in closets in all bedrooms, 3 full baths on 2nd floor, 2nd flr laundry, large deck w'motorized retractable awning, 2-zone HVAC, generator!!
Love coming home to this beauty built by well respected, award winning custom builder! Four floors of finished living space give you all the room you need. Enter from the covered front porch to find extensive millwork; hardwood floors; 9 foot main floor ceilings; a beautiful kitchen with granite counter surfaces, glass mosaic backsplash, center island, & high end stainless appliances; cozy family room; half bath & great mud room. The second floor has the master suite with walk-in-closet & private luxury bath; 3 more bedrooms; & full hall bath. On the third floor find a large bedroom; full bath & a huge bonus room. The finished basement has a rec room, media room with fireplace; full bath; & ample storage. Enjoy the fenced, extra deep back yard with paver patio & 2-car garage with attic storage. Did I mention the location? Walk to Lake Ellyn Park & downtown Glen Ellyn. Other features include a whole house generator and recently painted exterior. This is it. Welcome home! | 2019-04-20T06:37:30Z | http://www.chrisdowney1.com/homes-for-sale/IL/Glen-Ellyn/p-5 |
So, the humidity returned today, like a bad penny. Tonight will be another nearly sleepless night.
We have air conditioning at work, if you want to call it that. It means that it is somewhat cooler inside than out, this time of year.
What else is going on? Still can't talk about that major thing, just yet. I am hoping to be able to do so, soon.
Patricia had a very pleasant day, today. She got some potentially good news, which once it is confirmed, I will share with you here.
Once again, I should be turning in. I did not sleep well last night, what with the humidity and all. Tonight, sweat is pouring off me and collecting in little pools on folds in my flesh. I can't imagine that I smell very good.
The humidity has come back fast and furious. It promised to go away last week, but came back with a vengeance in the last couple of days. They say it may fade off by the weekend, but I am doubtful.
I should have gone to the archives tonight, but Patricia was not feeling very well, likely due to the humidity around these here parts.
There has been talk of reviving the show, but nothing has come of it, at least not yet. I do hope it comes back in some form.
I think I will turn in. Maybe I can get some darned sleep this evening.
The thing that has been taking a tremendous amount of my time in recent months? It continues to do so. Thanks for asking. Perhaps in a couple or three weeks, I will be able to tell you about it. But... not just yet.
The humidity has come back in full force. In a few minutes I will ooze out of my clothes and go to bed, there to sweat out of every orifice I have, marinating in my own juices until the morning comes, and I have to get up and go to work again. Good times.
Poor Newbie. As a tuxedo cat, his mostly black mane is wilting, and he looks at me in a take-me-out-of-my-misery way, an admixture of helplessness and self pity. I don't have the heart to tell him that I feel exactly the same way.
I think it is time for me to start oozing.
How was your day? Mine took a bit of a turn mid morning when I got an interesting text from someone regarding an issue that has been taking a tremendous amount of time in recent months. I discussed the issue with Patricia. We both spoke to the person this evening and feel better after that process.
I look forward to sharing this with you as soon as possible.
After work, we went to Costco. We were both craving one of those rotisserie chickens, for eight dollars. We didn't want to take out a second mortgage on the house to pay for dinner at Swiss Chalet, which produces chickens nearly the same as what you can get at Costco. After we ate what we wanted of the bird, I saw a bit of E-Talk, where someone named Awkwafina was given a Costco chicken as a gift because she apparently really likes these chickens. Patricia thought I had read an article about this young lady and felt inspired to get such a chicken. No. No, I didn't. I thought that Aqua Fina was a brand of spring water, until Patricia pointed out that I was an old fuddy duddy and should learn to spell the names of celebs. Duly noted.
The humidity is back in nearly full force. Sweat is oozing out of my pores and landing on embarrassing parts of my body. It will be another night of difficult sleep.
I have very little else to report. Once again, I regret not telling you about the thing that has been taking up oodles of my time since the early Spring. I look forward to that time, and hope it is soon.
I left work early on Friday afternoon as I had a dental appointment. The hygienist was a miracle worker named Laurie (or maybe it was Lori?). She managed to clean my teeth as if I were a hippo and she was one of those little birds that clean its teeth. Which is a compliment to her and a dig at me.
I only gagged a couple of times.
After that ordeal was over she dragged me over to the area where I could get an x-ray or three. She put that little blanket on me and told me to bite down on this implement designed to torture my mouth. I gagged like nobody's business, but she got her pictures. The last x-ray, I wretched, and nearly vomited on myself.
I got home around 4:15. Picked up Patricia at the bus stop around 5. Went downstairs to my recliner and promptly slept the night away.
Saturday I got up and drove to the Valley to continue to deal with the issue I have been dealing with down there in recent months. I will tell you about it soon, but many of you know anyway. I stayed the night and returned early this afternoon. I had brought back a computer desk so we had fun dragging the pieces out of the car and lugging them upstairs.
Newbie was very glad to see me. At one point, he curled up next to me on the couch and all but fell asleep. Little guy.
Weekend is over, again. Back to reality tomorrow.
And, I will try to write something tomorrow, if only to prove to you I can write a blog post two days in a row.
How was your day? Mine was okay. After work, we went to the Common Roots Urban Farm, where the old Queen's Elizabeth High School used to be. They were having an open... garden. They served a free meal featuring food mostly grown in the garden. My goodness, it was excellent. Potatoes with rice and veggies, along with salad. I sneaked in a second serving!
After that we went to Costco. I stayed in the car while Patricia shopped.
We got home around 7:30. I did the dishes and cleaned out Newbie's litter box before I showered. The two days of beard I had are now gone. I like being smooth shaven. I ran into a guy I used to work with, the other day. He has the tiniest slip of a bear, more like a snail attached to his chin. I wonder how much work is involved in maintaining it? I would just shave the damned thing off. Too lazy, I guess.
Tomorrow is Friday. My plans for the weekend are falling into place. I will tell you about them, when the weekend gets here.
I must turn in soon.
I went to the archives tonight to research a particular missing persons case. I have been working on this case for a year now. Yes. A year. As weird as it sounds, I do not know the name of the missing person, just the year he went missing. I am gradually working my way through every issue of the Herald from that year in question, while I try to find out who this man is, and why he went missing. It is a very perplexing case, one that I have devoted many hours to so far, with nearly nothing to show for it.
After Patricia's Pilates class, we drove home. I was starving. I cut up the turkey breast from last night and nuked it in the microwave, along with some scalloped potatoes. We ate that combination in front of the tv. By 9:30, Patricia toddled off to bed, while I fell asleep in front of the tv.
Because of that nap, I will likely be awake for a while yet.
The exciting life I lead! How can I handle it all? Dare I tell you I read 30 pages of my book during my lunch hour today? Could you withstand that shock?
Post 3764 - Where Have You Been? We've Been So Worried!
Saturday I was in the Valley taking care of some business, which I will discuss here for the first time in the coming days. This item of business has been taking a tremendous amount of my mental, physical, and psychic energy for months now. I look forward to discussing it with you.
Sunday, upon my return to the city, Patricia and I went to the main Halifax library for the annual event where you take a broken electronic item in your house and volunteers try to fix it. I took in a table top fan that I purchased the first summer I was on my own, so 1988. It was in my apartment on Dahlia Street in Dartmouth, apartment 208. Crazy hot summer that year. I managed to find a fan and got it home and it helped make that summer livable. Over the years, it adorned my apartment on Green Street in Halifax. Of course, for the last quite a few years it has been here in my house.
In the last couple of months, as it oscillated, it made a little noise as it moved back and forth. A little, uh, cracking sound for lack of a better term. When it was not oscillating, it did not make that noise. I figured that while the fan didn't owe me anything after all this time, by the same token, it had earned at least a quick check by someone who knew what they were doing. I had taken the thing apart myself but didn't see anything amiss.
The volunteer took the fan apart more than I had. Peered inside the mechanism and had me look. "Nylon gears", he pronounced. After all these years, they were wearing out. He put it back together and had it oscillate. "That noise is the fan slipping gears", he told me. The cost of fixing the unit, if it was fixable to begin with, was more than buying a new one.
I thanked him for his time. Scooped up the fan. Went to a couple of the vendors, who were giving away some swag. Pencils made from recycled newspapers. Pens with recycled parts in them. A little "green bin" suitable to store those pens and pencils in. Sticky notes. A schedule of what is acceptable to throw out on garbage/recycling days. A nice tote bag.
Patricia had taken in a toaster. The volunteer took it apart and got it working again, after a fashion. He put it back together and it no longer worked. The problem appears to be a magnet that holds the lever down, which causes the toaster to do its thing. The magnet got mis aligned or something in the unit, so the lever will not stay in place, so the toaster will not toast. A shame. It is not that old. We will have to make do with the toaster I got at a thrift store a couple of years ago. It works fine for what it is.
After we left, we grabbed some lunch at the sushi place on Queen Street, across from the library. The sushi place is a franchise and mostly looks it. The sushi was acceptable, vacillating between bland and tasteless. The place further up on Queen Street is 100x times better.
We returned home. I found a power bar and took it downstairs to the laundry room. Plugged it in, above the washing machine. Plugged the phone into the power bar, along with the fan, and then one of my many radios. The fan is in the corner of the laundry room, on a shelf, pressed against the wall, so Newbie would have a very hard time knocking it over. I have it just where I want it (the fan, not Newbie). I permanently turned off the oscillation on the fan and pointed it in the direction of anyone who enters the room. Turned it on. Worked perfectly. With any luck, I hope to get another five years out of that fan, now that I know what it can no longer do. I will probably never run it beyond the slowest speed, too, once again to preserve the motor that much longer.
Sunday night, we watched an episode of "Poldark", and then the pilot episode of "Lodge 49", the latest drama from AMC. The show is about a man in his late 20's, early 30's who is at a cross roads. He has no job and no place to live, so he sleeps on his sister's couch. They are both deeply in debt. Their father just died, and they have lost everything. He ends up joining a fraternal lodge along the lines of the Masons, in an effort to turn his life around. It is a promising show, based on the pilot. I want to see more.
Monday I returned to work. I had a headache most of the day. When we got home, I had to take a nap. I got up after a while and ate something before returning to bed, this time for the evening.
Today, Tuesday, I felt much better. So much so, that I barbecued dinner tonight, a couple of turkey breasts. With some scalloped potatoes and tomatoes, we had a very nice dinner indeed.
Tomorrow is Wednesday already. What fresh fun awaits me? Let's find out, and I will try to tell you about it, tomorrow.
Didn't write the last couple of nights, for which I apologize. Wednesday night, I was working on my next Frank article until quite late. Thursday night, I was tuckered out and turned in quite early.
Today was my earned day off. I slept in. After I got up, I cooked breakfast for us and then did the dishes. After lunch, we drove over to Princess Auto in Dartmouth. The man who mows the lawn for me in the Valley asked me to pick him up something, and I was only glad to do that. That done, we went to the nearby Good Will store, known as Goodies. They are pulling out of Nova Scotia, alas; and we wanted to see what was left. Everything was 60% off.
I ended up getting a half dozen shirts, a pair of pants, an insulated thingy to hold my lunch at work, and a few books. Everything came to just under $32. Patricia got a similar amount of stuff, and paid about $34.
From there we went to the Chicken Burger in Bedford. We go there a couple of times a year to scratch an itch. I still feel the place is overrated, and has ridden on the coattails of its reputation for decades. People go there in a sense of nostalgia more than anything else. The food was passable. Nothing wrong with it. We may go there again in 2018, but more than likely not.
Returned home around 5pm. Watched a couple episodes of "Dietland" on Plex, and the associated "after show" called "Unapologetic with Aisha Tyler". We love Aisha. The show should resonate with women in the same way that "Dietland" probably will if only they would bother to watch it.
I have plenty of plans for Saturday, which I will tell you about... on Saturday, natch. Have to leave you wanting more.
Have a good evening, my lovelies. See you tomorrow.
Past ten pm. Will turn in shortly.
Spent the last hour or so, working on my next Frank Magazine cold case article. I will finish writing it Wednesday evening. A murder mystery from... well, quite a few years ago.
How was your day? Mine was okay. The humidity broke for a while today, more so when it rained like a schlock demon mid-afternoon. A guy in my home got caught in the first deluge and came in soaking wet. The rain let up. He stepped out again to go home, and got caught in another rain dump on the way to his car. The very definition of Schadenfreude.
After work, we drove home, and I tried to have a quick nap, to no avail. I got up around 6:30 and cooked some dinner to go along with the corn that Patricia was boiling. After watching last night's "Whose Line" and something else, I came down here and got to work.
You are now caught up, as if you cared.
My work week is half over. Two more days, and then I am off for three. I love these earned days off. They come in mighty handy.
I am gonna turn in. Patricia has Pilates after work tomorrow, so we will be home late.
Post 3761 - A Blog Post, Two Nights In A Row?! Are You Kidding Me?
Yeah, how was your day? The humidity in Halifax has reach a nearly tolerable state. The house is still warm tonight. Patricia went to bed early because she was tired. I am up because I am working on an article for Frank before turning in.
Our American neighbour started his return home this morning. I took some pictures of his cottage's new windows and emailed them to him just now because his wife hasn't seen them yet.
After work this evening we drove home and for dinner had some more of the Pictou County pizza we got on Sunday afternoon. There are still two slices of it left. They will be gone-zo Tuesday night.
it is late. I am tired. It has been a long day, and another one awaits me in like seven hours. Calling this blog post short.
I really should write more often. I feel so awful that I haven't.
Thursday? What did I do on Thursday that made it impossible to write a blog post? Well, I was tired. The humidity is kicking me hard these days. Friday, we had every plan to go to the cottage, but we ended up not going until Saturday morning. We got there around 11:30, and then headed to Tatamagouche to get a few groceries and to attend the farmer's market.
After that, we lay around the cottage a bit before visiting our American neighbour James Taylor, who's beginning the trip to return to his lovely wife in Baltimore on Monday morning. We stayed there for a few hours. He gave me what was my first drink of tequila. I don't remember much after that.
We returned around 9:30 I guess it was. The tequila, a beverage with a taste foreign to me, caused me to lay down, and then go to bed, where I remained until late morning. At one point, I felt I would be ill. No. more. tequila. for. Bevboy!
Mid-afternoon, after we had loaded up the car, we visited James one more time. We stayed for an hour. Learned that the boorish neighbour next door's son is getting married at their cottage this coming weekend, so there will be trespassers traipsing all over our property then. Sigh.
We drove in to Pictou to the Acripole Pizza and got a jumbo pizza. Cost far more than I wanted to pay. We returned to the city, unloaded the car, fed Newbie, and hoed into the pizza and beer. Pictou county pizza is the best.
We return to work in the morning. Shameful where the weekends go, eh wot?
I think I will turn in. Much to do in the morning.
Even though we had a bit of rain around lunch time, the humidity is still dragging me down to the dregs. I am done wringing out my clothing every night. I need to wring out my skin.
People tell us to be quiet, that in a few months, when the weather is colder, that we will look back wistfully on this short period of the Summer and wish it were still so. I say thee nay, nay, a thousand times nay! I love the cooler weather of early Autumn and yearn for it. It cannot get here soon enough.
We made our way through most of the pilot episode of "Dietland" tonight. Too tired to finish it. What seemed like a neat premise is falling apart in the third act. I am not sure if we will bother watching anything beyond the first episode. Have any of you seen it? Is it worth pursuing?
I am gonna take a cold glass of water and throw it in my face. Maye that will make me feel better.
Friday I worked all day. Tried to cool my heels Friday night, to no avail. Saturday, we drove to the cottage, not arriving until mid-afternoon.
We saw our cottage neighbour, James Taylor, the same man I interviewed here. James is finally retired from his U.S. civil service job and can spend more time in Nova Scotia, but circumstances have not enabled that to happen. This all means that we have to co-ordinate our schedules if we are to see him each year.
This year he regaled us will stories about David Copperfield, pickled punks and the quest therefor, actor and magician Harry Anderson, his love for New Orleans, and other stuff. Patricia and I managed to get a word in here and there; but each phrase out of our mouths was just a launching point for another JT story. By 10pm, nearly five hours at his cottage, we were exhausted and returned to our own cottage, a short distance away.
I had developed a headache throughout the day. I had been up since very early that morning. So I turned in while Patricia watched some stuff on tv. And... I pretty much didn't get up until late Sunday afternoon. I got what we call cottage sickness, characterized by an inability to get too much sleep. I did get up, eventually, and watched some tv with Patricia before returning to bed at midnight.
Monday was a holiday in these here parts. We returned to the city mid-afternoon, picking some blueberries along the way. Last night we sweltered in the house, Patricia reminding me over and over how we need to get AC in the house, or a heat pump, or both. Next year, I promise.
And we returned to work today. Tonight, we watched some stuff on tv.
It is nearly 11:30. I need to get up in about six hours.
I am sorry I haven't written much lately. The weather has been so draining of my resources that it is all I can do to get through my work day before coming home and collapsing in a heap of sweat.
I will try to write more frequently on a go forward basis. | 2019-04-19T16:17:59Z | http://www.bevboysblog.com/2018/08/ |
BATON ROUGE, LA - Calling on all sectors of Louisiana to adjust to a "new normal" when viewing life and commerce in the state's coastal zone, a diverse group of leaders, including Governor John Bel Edwards, has painted a picture of coastal conditions and progress on restoration following two fall events: The Summit on the Master Plan and Beyond, hosted by the CPRA and America's WETLAND Foundation (AWF), and the Coastal Wetland Communities Adaptation Leadership Forum hosted by AWF, RES and Nicholls State University . The events explored the anatomy of a new coastal Louisiana and the roles of government, private sector businesses, and citizens to ensure a sustainable future for the region.
Governor John Bel Edwards, the summit keynote speaker, said, "Everyone of you are here today because Louisiana is important and what's happening with our coastal program is critical. Every day the master plan is less theoretical and more real and we need to collaborate now more than ever in our past."
"From the creation of the CPRA Board in 2006 and the unanimous passage of the 2007, 2012, and 2017 Coastal Master Plans, to LA SAFE and this year's creation of the Watershed Initiative, Louisiana state government has shown itself to be willing and capable of adapting to meet the challenges in front of us. We have also put science at the center of our approach, not politics, and that remains essential," Governor Edwards said. "We can either get organized and aligned, work together across agencies and across levels of government, spend our money wisely and coordinate all of our various efforts, or we can stay in our corners, miss the big picture, and fail to design the kinds of solutions our people deserve and demand because we can't get our political house in order."
The events stand as benchmarks for AWF - the beginning of a new round of local leadership forums styled after programs in the five Gulf states to introduce the concepts of community resiliency and building on a previous summit and series of roundtable discussions to announce the 2017 iteration of the Louisiana master plan.
"Through the years, the America's WETLAND Foundation has brought the brightest minds available to the table to address the challenges we face on this nationally critical coastline, as well as the opportunities to creatively work toward solutions for ensuring a sustainable region. This summit is no exception," King Milling, chair of AWF and the Governor's Advisory Commission on Coastal Protection and Restoration, said. "In partnership with the CPRA, we move forward with resiliency plans to adapt to the new normal that is our coast."
The summit was the second time in as many years that the Governor led panels of coastal leaders to gather around Louisiana's master planning process. The conversation was hopeful with more than 60 coastal projects online that include 33 focused on sediment transport to re-nourish and sustain wetlands dying for lack of fresh water.
Johnny Bradberry, chairman of the CPRA, noted progress made on the state's 2017 master plan, "Today we have 65 active projects that will benefit more than 204 square miles of coastal habitat and improve 172 miles of levee," Bradberry said. "Over the next 14 years, we will have access to up to $11 billion for restoration and protection of our coast. It is not enough to solve our problems but is far more than we ever imagined we would have in this timeframe. This will enable us to make real changes and cement a water economy here in Louisiana, working on the optimal pairing of projects and funding streams, using creative ways of financing and always with absolute transparency."
The summit served as a launch for the Louisiana Coastal Exchange (LCX), a listing and reporting of private sector coastal restoration projects that have been completed or are planned and available for private investment. Potential new projects must be consistent with the state's master plan and in some cases, can offer opportunities to collaborate with local communities and parishes on projects that can hold the line as larger state and parish efforts are completed.
Representative Walt Leger, Louisiana Speaker Pro Tempore and co-chair with Rep. Jerome "Zee" Zeringue of the Exchange, noted, "As we go forward, it's important to keep in mind that the citizens of our state expect us all to work together - the private sector working with NGOs and local communities. We have to support our families in adapting to the new normal and we need everyone to keep restoration dynamic to avoid retreat."
"The 'new normal' refers to adapting to life after considering what will make a threatened region resilient, what will provide a bounce back to a normal state given adjusted expectations," Val Marmillion, AWF managing director, said. "If you look at land loss projection maps where the worst case projections of land loss are now the best scenarios, you quickly realize that we are not the same ecosystem or land mass we were in 1960," Marmillion said.
Chip Kline, deputy director of the Governor's Office of Coastal Activities, told summit attendees, "The master plan must show the ability to adapt and change but something that won't change is the plan's dependence on the best available science. The plan must adapt to and show the ability to incorporate new project concepts. We must take advantage of every financial tool - creative financing and delivery mechanisms must all be considered and available to the CPRA. Over the next two years, the state will have to make a decision on whether to bond out GOMESA dollars in an era of uncertainty with some in Congress arguing to change the formula of the Act that guaranteed Louisiana a growing share of offshore revenue sharing to finance coastal restoration."
Bren Haase, deputy director of the CPRA, noted that projects will pay for themselves more than three times over the life of the plan with a focus on harnessing the natural processes that built Louisiana to help rebuild the wetlands. "Looking ahead to the 2023 plan, we are developing our process and opening up with a call for new projects - large-scale projects that can have big impacts on the coast. We have technical tools that allow us to evaluate projects and we're creating teams of people who know their areas well who can give important input into the plan," Haase said.
Col. Michael Clancy, New Orleans District Commander of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, told the group that the New Orleans District has about a third of the nation's $100 billion budget, but with $8 billion authorized and zero money appropriated to do the projects. No civil works project is 100% federally funded and must be cost shared. Without a non-federal sponsor, the Corps cannot ask for federal dollars to do projects and we are lacking such a partner today on the LCA."
Karen Gautreaux, director of government relations for the Louisiana Nature Conservancy, said, " We have a plan for spending our money through good science. Investments we've made have served us well through the years and there are other states envious of the work we've done. Challenges we knew would be here haven't all been solved but the money is way beyond what we imagined at this point. We now need to rethink how we come up with the state's cost share on projects."
In discussing what we are buying and when we are buying it, Tanner Johnson, director of the Gulf Environmental Benefit Fund for National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, said, "NFWF views its role as an active partner and funder of the state's projects, not as setting state priorities." One of the largest projects in state's history is the Caminada Headlands project and NFWF played a big role in funding it. "Like the dog that got the bone, we are actually doing one of the world's largest coastal projects," Johnson said.
While the spending of federal dollars was a major topic of concern, local stories of adaption included efforts in Terrebonne Parish and Southwest Louisiana to raise local monies through voter referenda.These two very different models highlight the need for locally funded solutions in the future to guarantee protection of population and economic centers of South Louisiana. Reggie Dupre, former State Senator who heads the Terrebonne levee district said, "We have managed one of the largest projects with efficiency and on time performance and everyone needs to understand that we should never ever build anything we cannot maintain. The residents of Terrebonne Parish have taxed themselves out of a need to survive and as a result, we have the very positive outcome of environmental benefits from our projects."
And from southwest Louisiana, former Lake Charles Mayor and author of the bill that created the state's coastal program when he served in the Louisiana legislature, Randy Roach described voters facing the need to protect jobs coming with billions of dollars being invested in Calcasieu Parish because of the saltwater ship channel. "We created a navigation district and we plan to call for a tax to support it. Leadership makes the difference and we have found that we cannot wait around. One of our best defenses for urban areas of Calcasieu is to restore Cameron Parish," Roach said.
The America's WETLAND Foundation's Louisiana Coastal Exchange (LCX) was founded in cooperation by noted Rice University professor, Dr. Jim Blackburn, whose similar effort is being developed in Texas. Louisiana State Representative Jerome "Zee" Zeringue who co-chairs the LCX, noted, "I urge private companies to participate in restoration projects in concert and partnership with coastal parishes. These projects are critical to our communities in the short term and can greatly complement the master plan as it addresses the long term needs." Letters from Representatives Leger and Zeringue will soon ask private sector companies, foundations and NGOs to begin listing restoration, protection and water management projects on the new online LCX portal at americaswetland.com/lcx.
From a global industry perspective, Selby Bush, manager of Corporate Affairs for BHP, said, "Sustainability of our Gulf operations is critical and we were shaken by the 2017 master plan and its projections. BHP is focused on biodiversity and has a social investment model focused on long-term results. We have global sustainability targets and our partnership with AWF and Resource Environmental Services (RES) is very much in line with our sustainability goals. Companies don't always like to promote what they do but the Exchange can offer opportunities to match our priorities with projects that are needed." Two projects supported by BHP, developed by RES and managed by AWF, initiate the LCX.
Elliott Bouillion, president and CEO of RES, said, "There is a change now in corporations and the young people who work for them who really care about our environment and their social responsibility. These companies are not just about getting permits now. As companies look at protecting their assets, we can look at what you can do in that watershed that can increase the value of that asset. We need to build more collaborative partnerships. Mitigation banking is no longer the end all."
Andy Kopplin, president and CEO of the Greater New Orleans Foundation, said, "Impact investing is coming into its own and there is a generational pressure to look at this as part of the bottom line of an institution at the board level. They want returns and are looking for social responsibility aspects and projects that are good for the community. Louisiana can really benefit from this movement - we have great projects here of great benefit to the environment. We can match public resources and private resources through investments of pension funds, for example." Professor Blackburn agreed, "The ability to sell products in the future will be tied to the footprint you leave and there are changes in the market system and social responsibility comes into play by these companies - a different metric across the board. It's a worthwhile notion to develop."
The notion of telling time in generations was a subject of discussion at the summit as well, addressing the need to think in generational terms, designing landscapes to support communities and the decisions families face in planning for the future.
Keith Magill, executive editor of Houma Today, said, "While insurance is a known major factor, it is not well known that the migration has begun. Between the last two census reports, Dulac lost 40 percent of its population. People are already moving on their own volition and without help - some are just tired of the flooding but some are moving a little bit north and believe they're safe. There are still a lot of myths and misinformation."
Leah Brown, manager of policy, government and public affairs at Chevron, said, "From a social investment standpoint, we support various focus areas that affect our employees who live and work on the coast. I'm from Louisiana and want my daughter to be able to stay here. We want to all work together. Whether in Houma or Denham Springs or New Orleans, living with water is now a way of life. Chevron has been here for 80 years and plans to be here for the next 150 years."
Nicholls State University President Jay Clune grew up in Houma, left for the Peace Corps at age 23, and returned at 53 to head Nicholls State University. "Our students work with growing plants for the coast and interning and working at local NGOs. They want to be a part of the solution. We say if you want to save the coast, come to the coast," Clune said. "We have dynamic faculty members who communicate often through social media about the coast. It's personal to us and very real. We're looking at bringing a coastal engineering program to Nicholls." Clune with an eye on the new normal noted that students will have new opportunities and being the university closest to the Gulf, Nicholls will adjust its curriculum to educate the new "adaptation generation."
Mark Davis, director of the Tulane Institute on Water Resources Law and Policy, said, "People have always moved to the coast and around the coast. Tulane does not exist without New Orleans and New Orleans does not exist without the coast. We are recruiting faculty and students all the time. The reality is about where will you be in the future and since it's nobody's responsibility to look out for us, it's up to us. If we don't make it our business to understand the risks and what they mean, others will make decisions for us. Water is an asset and we have to create more ability to adapt to the changes."
Davis also noted a case going to the Supreme Court right now that was filed by children - one from Louisiana - that it is their right to stay in their communities and be safe. "But you can have all the rights in the world and the question remains, who pays for that?" Davis asked.
When exploring science gaps that will need to be filled in the next decade, longtime coastal researcher and head of Louisiana Sea Grant, Robert Twilley, said, "At Sea Grant, we're looking at water dynamics and budgets and how to store water. Understanding how the system works and how to incorporate that into our designs, we need to work across sectors and adapt as we go. The National Science Foundation is reorganizing their grants to bring science disciplines together. We are now forming teams to not just look at how a system performs but at how we can adapt to a changing environment."
Denise Reed, Professor Gratis at the University of New Orleans, said, "We understand the dynamics of how the natural system works with the social sciences and economics, the behavioral sciences and engineering, and the interplay with the policy side. So when we talk about science, we have to consider that it is broader than just the natural sciences and how it is all interconnected. We have the opportunity to bring those interactions into the master plan process."
Clint Willson, director of the LSU Center for River Studies, home to a state-of-the-art river model for scientific modeling, said, "We have to look at the long-time scale of what the river can do. With our physical model, we're able to look at that timeline and think about future management strategies. The physical model allows us to look at locations and scale and why we have different project types and where the resources are and how best to use them. We have to look at what is needed in 2029 and where the gaps exist.These are the needs we see and at the end of a few years of research, we can apply them to the plan."
Stuart Brown, assistant administrator of strategic planning at CPRA, discussed the future scientific challenges, "We are asking for answers to very specific questions to plug into our models. We can fund some on the smaller scale questions but organizations like the National Science Foundation need to help feed into how we model and design projects."
The Adaptation Forum and the Summit on the Master Plan and Beyond were made possible through the generous support of BHP, Louisiana Sea Grant, Entergy, Chevron and Shell.
The America's WETLAND Foundation manages the largest, most comprehensive public education campaign in Louisiana's history, raising public awareness of the impact of Louisiana's wetland loss on the state, nation and world. The initiative is supported by a growing coalition of world, national and state conservation and environmental organizations and has drawn private support from businesses that see wetlands protection as a key to economic growth. For more information, visit www.americaswetland.com. | 2019-04-26T10:11:26Z | https://myemail.constantcontact.com/COASTAL-PLAN-IN-HAND--LOUISIANA-MOVES-BEYOND-TO--ADAPT-TO--NEW-NORMAL-.html?soid=1111489023135&aid=2cYyVa67neQ |
In Team 63 at C. E. MacDonald Middle School in East Lansing, Michigan, the sixth-grade math and science teacher was a fellow named Jerry Smith. Mr. Smith lives for me in the category of teachers you remember long after most of the rest of the parade of instructors who passed in front of the classrooms you sat in have been forgotten. He expected a lot out of us, but his class was engaging, intriguing, and just occasionally a place of wonder.
Even more impressive to this sixth-grade boy, he was a pilot—and not just any sort of pilot; he had flown C-47s in the Canadian Air Force and held ratings as a multiengine aircraft pilot and as an instructor. He even had aviator glasses and a goatee. To me and to most of my friends, Jerry Smith was the epitome of cool.
Pretty much every boy in the middle school wanted to be in his class when, every other week, we had “flex time”—alternative classes the teachers offered to broaden our horizons. There were classes in macramé and origami, pottery and ballroom dancing (thanks, no). Mr. Smith offered an hour-long class in aviation and navigation—which was pretty much the only thing I wanted to do during flex time. He brought in aeronautical charts and taught us how to plot flight paths accounting for the speed and direction of prevailing winds and the variations between true north and magnetic north. We used (no kidding) circular slide rules called E6Bs, straight edges, and pencils to plan endless trips we never made from St. Louis to Denver, from Phoenix to Santa Fe, from Baltimore to Tampa. Of course, he never told us that the whole point was to get us to learn trigonometry. We didn’t care. We were completely fascinated by the idea of airplanes.
Jerry Smith was a marvelous and creative teacher. He was also an Episcopal priest. He served as the part-time vicar of the little mission church in Williamston, Michigan, a town about ten miles to the east of where I grew up. Most kids can’t imagine the lives their teachers have in the hours they don’t spend in the classroom; for Jerry Smith, it was the life of ordained ministry.
I only learned after I was out of sixth grade that Jerry Smith was also Pastor Jerry. I didn’t go to church in Williamston, so I never saw him there. Instead, a couple of years or so later he came to my church when we were instituting a new rector, and for the first time I saw him in a clerical collar. I was completely floored. But somehow I wasn’t surprised. To me, he was still Mr. Smith—a great teacher with a gift for engaging kids and getting them to learn even when they thought they were doing something else.
I have thought a lot about Mr. Smith in the years since I was ordained, after first pursuing a graduate degree and a research career. I wonder how he managed to keep the balance between the steep demands public school teachers manage (something I grew up knowing, because my mom was one, too) and the needs of his parish. I have come to see that the people of his parish had to have been a big part of making it work, just as the people of my parish have been more than half the equation of creating our own kind of bivocational ministry.
But mostly I think back to that flex-time class because, in a lot of ways, it held the key to Jerry Smith’s success, not just as a teacher but as a person called to the ministry of the church—and as a Christian who lived his ministry not just in the church, but in the world. Jerry Smith knew how to capture our imagination and our interests. I thought I was exploring my fascination with flying; in fact, I was learning math. He translated my curiosity into exploration—which is, after all, what lies at the heart of the call to witness that all members of the church have. By engaging my curiosity about airplanes, he taught me something about trigonometry. By affirming my interests and channeling my enthusiasm, he helped me realize my gifts. But, of course, for Jerry Smith that wasn’t just what teachers do; it was, in no small way, the cornerstone of what ministry is, no matter who is doing it.
This is a book about bivocational ministry. In some ways the idea that ministry is bivocational may seem like a statement of the obvious; each of us who shares in the ministry of the baptized is meant to carry out that ministry in the world, and not merely in the church. But in some ways it is profoundly countercultural, at least in terms of traditional church culture, because it imagines a different way of structuring the ministry of the faith community, parish, or congregation, from the model we have received.
Most of us grew up with the model that ordained ministers are people who “have a vocation,” and who serve the church in a profession called ordained ministry. Many if not most of us still regard that idea—consciously or unconsciously—as normative. Like all professions, the ordained ministry is characterized by specialized knowledge and a set of institutions for transmitting that knowledge (divinity schools and seminaries). It has systems for credentialing those who are approved to become part of the profession (usually a qualifying examination and a rite of ordination), standards of professional conduct (a book of discipline, canon laws), and expectations for participation in the profession (continuing education, participation in regular meetings of clergy).
Those who become admitted to this profession receive certain benefits by means of being credentialed. First, they have a particular kind of authority within their church. To cite specifics, in some churches only ordained people can preach, can read from the gospels at the time of Holy Communion, can pronounce a blessing or absolve people of confessed sins, or can perform certain other sacramental acts. In churches of Protestant persuasion this authority is generally held in balance by a democratically governed congregation, or by the expectation of obedience to a bishop or polity—or both. Members of the profession are also entitled to certain privileges created by custom (for example, the honorific “The Reverend”) or by law (in most states ordained people may still function as civil authorities in solemnizing marriages).
Members of the ministerial profession are typically given exclusive access to certain sorts of jobs within the church. One must be ordained not just to exercise certain kinds of spiritual authority, but to be employed in certain jobs within the structure of a given polity: a pastor, a senior minister, a rector. Being chosen for one of these jobs means a salary, general participation in a retirement program, and access to health insurance.
Of course, the hierarchy of the church existed long before the emergence of industrial economies. In virtually all expressions of the Christian community—Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant—a hierarchical structure has been seen as both grounded in scripture and essential to the maintenance of doctrinal discipline. Hierarchical structures facilitated the kind of centralized decision-making that made possible the global spread of different expressions of the Christian message; the building of universities, schools, and hospitals; and even the creation of the ecumenical movement. But the strong emphasis that industrial economic development gave to both hierarchical structures and the dominant role of professions in shaping the leadership of those structures has had a profound impact on our understanding of what the church is and does. The ministry, one of the three ancient “learned professions” (along with medicine and law), became a modern profession—an occupational specialization with attendant structures, expectations, and privileges.
To get a sense of the true scale of that impact, think for a moment about other parts to our model of ministry—things seemingly so obvious we don’t really think about them. A church not only has a full-time ordained minister as its leader; it typically has a building of its own. It may also have a residential building that is kept to house the minister—something that has long been understood to be both a benefit to the minister and a matter of convenience for the congregation. (Members of other professions, especially in government and academe, sometimes receive a similar benefit.) Typically it has a parish house or church hall, a function room where activities of the community can take place. All of this property, under our current model, is given privileged treatment by the civil authorities—specifically, it has been exempted from taxation for most purposes.
And there are other, less obvious, parts of our model of ministry. Often, the children of ordained ministers have been given discounted tuition at private schools and colleges. Ministers and their families were often welcomed at different sorts of social clubs for a discounted fee. And it is still the case that members of the clergy may write a letter to the front office of the Boston Red Sox in the late winter of each year to receive a pass to Fenway Park, assuring them a place in the standing-room-only section—alongside members of the armed services—for a relatively small price.
The power of this model of ministry—let’s call it the “Standard Model”—has shaped not just the economic arrangements that underlie what we think of as “church”; it has shaped much of what we understand to be involved in the practice of ministry and congregational leadership. Under the Standard Model, we expect the minister to be not just the chief spiritual officer of the community, but the chief operating officer of a non-profit, tax-exempt corporation. We expect the professional minister to administer a staff of varying sizes, or to perform the functions of what needed staff might do in a small parish. We expect the professional minister to be the public face and voice of the congregation within the community it serves. We expect the professional minister to be the first responder to the spiritual and pastoral needs of the parish, to manage business relationships on the part of the church with contractors and vendors, and to interact with municipal authorities on topics from parking spaces and garbage collection to low-income housing and food and fuel assistance for the poor.
Said in different terms, we expect our professional ministers to exercise more than spiritual leadership with the congregation. We expect them to discharge a variety of delegated responsibilities that have more to do with running the business of an entity called “the church” than with any theologically grounded understanding of the distinctive gifts and distinctive roles of those set apart by the body of Christ—the community of the faithful—to exercise a distinct sort of ministry, an ordained ministry, for and within the church. The Standard Model looks a lot like firm-based production. It is organized hierarchically in order to support centralized decision-making in an institution that provides spiritual services to its members and the broader community. Exactly because we are pooling our resources to pay our professional ministers, we expect them to do everything from running the worship service to fixing the copier machine, maintaining the web page, showing up at the affordable-housing hearing, dealing with the nursery school renting space in the basement, and—oh, yes—visiting the folks on the at-home list, teaching us about the faith, attracting new members, and making us want to be better people.
If you are reading this book, chances are you are aware that many of the assumptions—explicit and implicit—on which the Standard Model of ministry were based are now under tremendous pressure. For some of us, it feels as though the very stones in our foundation are giving way; where once all was certainty, now the world of the church seems a realm of instability, decline, and loss. Certainly the privileged treatment of churches and faith communities once typical in our society—expressed not just through favored treatment in law and tax code but by school calendars, shopping hours, and countless other expressions of deference to Christian values—is ending. With the collapse of much of this favored treatment has come a rise in the sheer cost of doing the work of the church. To say it in other words, the basic assumptions of our business model are changing. Simply maintaining a full-time, fully benefitted professional as the head of the organization known as “the church” is increasingly something beyond the resources of more and more congregations.
So here is the hard truth: the question many congregations face today is whether this professional model of ministry is consistent with their future, or with them having a future. Because we have equated a vocation to ministry with membership in a profession called “the ministry,” and because the Standard Model of ministry expects that a congregation must have a full-time member of that profession to be a viable church, we have created a set of economic circumstances that are causing a great many congregations to make hard choices. Will we have to close? Will we have to merge with another congregation across town, or maybe in the next town over? Or maybe—just maybe—might we reimagine the model of ministry we have inherited from the generations of faithful people before us?
Of course, the expectations of the Standard Model are far more a result of choices that we have made—or that our ancestors made—than they are a theological necessity. As I said, we have created these expectations. And that means we could create a different set of expectations by making a different set of choices. So while it might cause us some discomfort, exploring the full range of choices in structuring new models of ministry might just open new possibilities for flourishing in the faith communities we love. That is the opportunity before us. And while it may feel disorienting, it may even be that there is something in it of God’s hope for us.
A first step some congregations have already taken to relieve economic pressure is to move toward a part-time model of ministry. A number of conditions have to be in place for this to work. The congregation has to be of such size and scale that a part-time professional minister can cover the needed tasks. Because this model is usually premised on an assumption that the basic division of labor between the ordained and lay members of the congregation remains substantially unchanged, the size of the congregation and of its associated work—liturgical, pastoral, administrative, and social—has to match the availability of the minister.
At the same time, the part-time model imposes an implied expectation that the minister chosen by the congregation will have other financial resources on which to survive. A working spouse or partner—or perhaps a trust fund—will provide the resources for that minister’s health insurance and retirement investment plan. The congregation may provide much the same support to the part-time minister as they would to a full-time minister in terms of expense reimbursements—for travel, say, or perhaps for a car or a telephone—but the elements of a total compensation plan that increasingly drive costs (for example, health care and retirement—and, potentially, housing) are managed in this model simply by being avoided.
A second alternative model is to unite two or more parishes into a model often labeled shared ministry. In a shared ministry model, the resources of a number of congregations are combined so as to preserve, and thus work in service of, the basic outlines of the Standard Model of ministry: a full-time, fully benefited professional who, in this case, serves more than one parish.
The shared ministry model is even more likely to be based on the same essential concepts as the Standard Model because the central orienting concept of a shared ministry approach is the preservation of a full-time position for an appropriately qualified and certified professional. (Indeed, you could say that the shared ministry model is basically a preservation program for the full-time professional model of ministry.) For this reason, the basic division of responsibilities between the ordained professional and the lay members of the congregations gathered together in this ministry is—as in the part-time model—unlikely to change in substantial ways. The ordained professional will still be looked to for performing traditional roles and responsibilities within the congregation. The basic change that members of each of the participating communities will need to work through centers on appropriately calibrating their expectations of the pastor’s time for the needs of their congregation, given that other congregations also have a claim on the pastor’s time as well. Success in a model of shared ministry depends in large part on creating effective governance structures able to clarify the shared expectations of each congregation participating in the arrangement—to make certain they cohere together and do not end up creating an impossible set of demands.
Both the part-time model and the shared model of ministry can be made to work, and in many places they are already doing so. This book does not address either of those models. Instead it focuses on a third, very different model—that of bivocational ministry.
Bivocational ministry begins with a different set of assumptions, and ends with a different understanding of how the church can be structured to do its work of ministry. First, in a bivocational congregation the ordained minister works both in the church and, in some way, in the secular world. This latter role may be easily imagined as an outgrowth of pastoral ministry—say, working as a social worker or therapist, or perhaps in a leadership role within a non-profit agency. Like my old teacher Mr. Smith, the minister’s job in the secular world may be as a public-sector employee—a teacher, or perhaps an administrator or public defender. Or it may be in a different form of self-employment—say, as a consultant or a real-estate agent. Typically, one result of this arrangement will be that the minister’s access to health insurance and a retirement plan are provided through the secular employer, or through an individual policy for which the congregation provides some limited support.
But it is not only the ordained minister in a bivocational parish who is bivocational. In fact, in the optimal realization of this model the entire congregation adopts a bivocational understanding of the ministry it is called to do in the world. This is not just an accidental byproduct of the sort of person a congregation hires; it is an intentional outcome of a purposeful process. In a bivocational church, the historically rigid division between ordained responsibilities and lay roles is instead understood as different expressions of the same ministry—one in which all are now understood to be ministers of the congregation. Not surprisingly, in a bivocational congregation, the whole idea of what the church is, and what it is for, begins to change.
This sort of language is often heard in congregational life, but in the bivocational congregation it takes on a new and vivid reality. The first step in creating an effective bivocational model is typically to lift up and articulate some of the basic (and often unspoken) expectations we have of our ministers—and that ministers have of their congregations. Through this exercise congregations discover and make plain how much the Standard Model has shaped their expectations of people who serve the church in ordained ministry—and how many, if not most, of those expectations can be held up to the light of inquiry once they are brought to the surface.
A second step is to identify new ways in which these expectations can be taken on by other people in the congregation—people who may, more often than not, be better equipped for these roles than an ordained professional ever would be. An architect in the pews is probably going to be a better person to take on the work of evaluating and dealing with contractors undertaking an accessibility project. A family living with a child on the autism spectrum will probably be better and more effective advocates for community-housing opportunities for adults with autism-spectrum disorder on behalf of the congregation. And no one should have a monopoly on pastoral visitations with the sick, the elderly, and the marginalized, although that is often exactly the pattern followed in the Standard Model.
The ordained minister in a bivocational model accordingly needs a different set of skills, and even a different understanding and practice of leadership, in order for this model to flourish. In this model, something much more like “servant-leadership”—a phrase often used but rarely exemplified in a hierarchical, firm-like church culture—is not just desirable, but necessary. The ordained member of the community now has as a first task the identification, development, and encouragement of the various gifts for ministry that exist in all members of the community—and in those who come to the community to explore their faith.
This means that in a bivocational model of ministry, something about the very nature of the community itself must undergo a shift from what is, in the Standard Model, typically a consumer or recipient ethos to a participant or stakeholder ethos. This is a critical point that we’ll develop more fully in chapter 2, but, for now, a brief description will point the way forward.
We said earlier that theorists have described three basic ways of shaping organizations for providing the things people need. The market is one; firms are another. Markets do well at things like building carts and growing vegetables; firms do well at things like creating bus companies and airlines, productive work that inherently demands, and benefits from, operating at larger scale.
A third way of organizing people is by means of a commons. What’s different about a commons is that it does not operate, at least not in a primary way, by means of the signals of the market (so, it’s not like market-based production); and it is, in general, a non-hierarchical organization (which means it’s not like firm-based production). A good way of understanding this is to think about the difference between the Encyclopedia Britannica and Wikipedia. The Britannica, in its heyday, was a classic firm-based, hierarchically structured enterprise focused on the production of a knowledge resource called an encyclopedia. It had (and still has) an editor-in-chief, an editorial board, assistant editors with responsibility for specific subject areas, a team of writers and editors, and (at least back in the day) a door-to-door sales force the size of a small army. If you sketched all this on a piece of paper, you’d see something that looked pretty much like a pyramid.
A commons is different. Wikipedia is produced by a commons. It has a relatively tiny organization, and a vast number of contributors with very little structure defining their relationships to one another. What makes the production of Wikipedia possible is that the thousands of people who have generated content for it are united by a shared passion and commitment to the goal of providing a resource for everyone, and a shared set of values and norms for how they do their collective work. That is what a commons is, and how it works. One of the most hopeful things to happen to the Christian church in a long time is that the church itself is now facing the challenge of becoming less like a firm, and more like a commons. That is the idea at the heart of this book.
Bivocational communities answer this challenge head on. They do so by focusing on doing the work of the church in a way that is fundamentally based, not on a hierarchy of distinctive roles and a division of labor, but on a group of peers sharing the full variety of their gifts, contributing them on the basis of a common passion and commitment to a shared goal. In this case, the “product” we are producing is both speaking about and living in accord with the Good News of the Christian gospel. Doing that still takes human organization, and likely always will. It’s just that the sort of organization best suited to our vision and our hope is changing, for the simple if inconvenient reason that the world in which we do the work of discipleship is changing.
Bivocational communities are one way of responding constructively and hopefully to that change. It may seem like they are radically different from the Standard Model that all of us grew up with, and that many of us still cherish; and, to be honest, in important ways they are. But it’s equally important to remember that in the whole history of the Christian faith, our model of ministry is a pretty recent invention. Over the centuries of Christian witness, a tremendous variety of ideas for how ministry should be structured and lived out have been tried, tested, implemented, and left behind when they no longer served the purpose.
For us, the Standard Model has such paradigmatic status that we can scarcely imagine how the church could ever have been organized differently. But even in the relatively short history of the United States, our basic concept of how ministry should be structured has changed dramatically. Donald Scott has shown, for example, how being the minister of a church—at least a Protestant church—in the eighteenth century was to hold what was, in effect, a public office. The history of the American ministry in the nineteenth century is in many ways the history of a shift in the idea of ministry, as Scott calls it, “from office to profession”—the sort of modern profession that forms the core of our Standard Model. The fact that it has not always been so means that it need not always remain so. We are being called to respond to the changing world around us, and to bear fruit, not sour grapes.
The full impact of a bivocational approach to ministry touches on virtually every aspect of the Standard Model we have received from our traditions. In the chapters that follow we will look at four broad categories of the life of the church, and explore how a bivocational approach to ministry would involve significant changes in each of them.
It may seem ironic to begin a study focused on the empowerment of all people in the church for ministry by focusing on the ordained minster. But because the Standard Model shapes so much of the financial and psychological reality of parishes and congregations today, it is appropriate to begin with an examination of how a bivocational pastorate differs from other models in terms of practical realities, personal gifts, and leadership style of the individual pastor. As with any model of ministry, the bivocational pastorate has both advantages and disadvantages. Success in building a flourishing congregation with this model depends on a clear understanding of both, and the ability to craft a transition strategy from one model to another.
At the same time, the strengths and skills brought by bivocational pastors will be different, in some important respects, than those who have traditionally been seen as fit for, or “called to,” the profession of ministry. Perhaps most important, their relationship to some of the traditional privileges associated with the ministerial profession will need to change, or be different in important ways. Simply put, they will need to be less focused on what makes the ordained ministry distinct or privileged in comparison to the ministry of all baptized, and instead much more engaged with, and able to develop, the shared passion and commitment on which the success of a commons-based approach depends.
There are significant differences in both the role of the pastor and the ethos of the congregation between the Standard Model and a bivocational model of ministry. In this chapter we will describe some of those differences, seeking to point out some of the distinguishing characteristics of a bivocational congregation and the qualities present in any Christian community that can become the foundation of such an approach to ministry. The simple truth is that a successful bivocational congregation has a different feel and a different culture than a congregation in the Standard Model of ministry. Some of those differences are positive differences, at least in the sense of what Christian discipleship is supposed to be about. But some of them are just plain countercultural. They involve a set of demands that run directly against trends in the dominant culture in which our churches operate. This chapter will outline both sets of differences and look for ways to leverage the positive elements of a bivocational faith community, so as to offer an effective witness against some of the most corrosive forces of contemporary society.
If the Standard Model of ministry has shaped our experience and understanding of our own faith community, still more has it shaped the structure and functioning of our denominational polities. Tremendous resources are devoted by these organizations to the maintenance and development of the profession of the ministry. Denominational authorities typically determine the standards for credentialing members of the ministerial profession; issue these credentials, and maintain systems for revoking them; create and implement systems for the deployment of these professionals and the development of their careers; provide pension plans for members of the profession and create means of funding them through congregational contributions; and establish the organizational principles of member congregations, many of which effectively reinforce the Standard Model.
In this chapter we’ll explore how polities can create conditions favorable to the emergence of bivocational ministries and communities. We’ll describe ways in which, through expanding and reorienting the standards by which candidates for ordination are selected, denominations can help provide the resources critical to the emergence of bivocational ministries as a real and substantial alternative to the Standard Model. We’ll look at some of the roadblocks created by the standards by which denominations determine what a “church” is that stand in the way of the emergence of bivocational congregations, and look at ways they might be removed. We’ll also look at other traditional professions that have adapted successfully to the presence of bivocational members of the profession and have encouraged their professional development, seeking lessons and ideas from other experiences that might help us understand how to build a bivocational approach to ordained ministry.
Ultimately, a conversation about how best to structure the work of ministry and how to steward our resources of time, talent, and treasure most effectively for the work God calls us to do is a theological conversation. To be specific, it is a conversation about ecclesiology—a seminary word that is meant to summarize all the elements of our doctrine of the church and the relationship between those elements.
For some readers this may well be the least interesting chapter of the book. Yet in important ways, it is perhaps the most crucial. It starts with a basic question on which Christians are not, and never have been, of one mind: Is the church meant to be a realm separate from the world, with its own structures, processes, language, and rules? Or is the church meant to be the place through which God engages the rest of the world, seeking to draw the whole world into the reconciliation offered through Jesus Christ?
This is a crucial distinction, and a great deal hangs by it. It is often oversimplified by drawing a distinction between those who see the church as an end unto itself, and those who see the church as a means to an end. But like most oversimplifications, there is a degree of truth in this distinction that sheds light on the question. If you see the church as an institution set apart and existing for its own purposes and ends, then it’s fairly likely you will see our willingness to adapt to the church’s needs and expectations as the means to that end. The church in this model is a source and symbol of permanence and unchanging standards, a reflection of the unchanging and transcendent nature of God.
Conversely, if you see the church as the means, then probably it is people themselves—or their engagement with the loving, transforming work of Christ—who are the end in view. The church in this model is simply a means—a beautiful, blessed, beloved means, but a means nonetheless—by which God seeks to achieve the end of relationship with all people. And if the means we have developed—the models we have constructed—for doing this are no longer effective, then God will dispense with them and build new ones, whether we like it or not. The church in this model is an instrument more than an objective. It is part of the continuing incarnation of God in the body of Christ, the church; but like any body, it must grow and change if it is to remain vital.
These are two very broadly defined views of what the church is and does. One is institutional, one is incarnational. Needless to say, perhaps, a bivocational model of ministry is strongly oriented toward the idea that the church is a means, not an end; that it is essentially incarnational, not essentially institutional. This means that building a model of a bivocational ministry means taking a clear set of positions in the conversation about ecclesiology. We will argue that an institutional understanding of the church has both led to, and resulted from, a firm-based approach to ecclesiology with the professionalized ministry at its center, one specific outcome of which is an essentially transactional understanding of what discipleship means. By contrast, an incarnational understanding of the church may point us toward, and be strengthened by, an understanding of the church that sees it as something operating more like a commons—one specific outcome of which is an essentially relational understanding of discipleship. This focus on authentic relationship is itself potentially the most dramatic and countercultural witness the Christian faith has to offer against the social forces arrayed against the message of the gospel.
Without becoming too deeply theological, in this chapter we’ll chart out what all this means and explore the deeper vision of the church and its future from which a bivocational understanding of ministry springs.
One thing I know from spending a lifetime in the church is that we can be really good at describing and discussing ideas but not very good at translating these ideas into concrete proposals, creating a strategy to achieve our proposals, and measuring our progress toward them. Oftentimes we conclude with the idea that, if we just pray harder, the Holy Spirit will somehow come and do the work for us—or will somehow possess us to do it. I come to this work with the idea that what it means to be the body of Christ is that God is entrusting this work to us, and has already given us the hearts, the minds, and the strength sufficient for the task.
So we’ll wrap up the book by setting out some specific proposals in each of the areas addressed by the previous chapters. I’ll offer some ideas for how we can identify and raise up bivocational people to the ordained ministry; what changes distinguish a congregation that is moving toward a bivocational ethos, and how to measure progress toward those changes; and how larger denominational structures can examine their own basic assumptions with a view to opening space and possibility for the emergence of bivocational expressions of ministry.
Models of ministry have changed a lot since the days of the apostle Paul. One wonders what he would have made of all the trappings and affectations that have sprung up in the two millennia since he stitched tents together in the back alleys of Corinth to support his work with the nascent Christian community there, and his evangelism to communities outside the church.
Of course, the conditions of ministry were profoundly different then. Christianity was not the dominant cultural backdrop of the day. Most people had no idea of what was distinct or different about the Christian understanding of God and God’s purposes, and those who did have some idea generally had a pretty bad, or at least misinformed, apprehension of it. Paul had to do the work of a disciple on the terms the culture gave him.
When we state it in these terms, however, it becomes quickly apparent that the parallels between Paul’s day and our own may be closer and more numerous than we would at first imagine. Christianity is misunderstood in most places, and persecuted in more than a few. It has a complicated and often turbulent history that has caused many people to dismiss it as a source of moral authority. It is no longer the dominant force in places where it once held unchallenged cultural authority. And in many places matters of belief generally have become relegated to the private sphere, and made a matter limited to questions of individual conscience.
In these conditions, Paul’s example has renewed force and salience. Tentmakers don’t divide their existence between church on Sunday and the sewing floor on the weekdays. They are ministers every day, sometimes in church and sometimes in the world. They make community with other people who understand their own place in the faith community in similar terms. By coming together with each other, by making genuine community out of authentic relationships with each other, they receive the support and strength they need to do the work of disciples—which is, in the end, nothing more or less than to bring other people seeking relationship with the Source of all being into exactly that community of relationship. Mr. Smith, it turns out, was a tentmaker.
The tentmakers of Paul’s day are the bivocational ministers of our day. All of them—all of us—are empowered in baptism to claim this ministry. Some of them become ordained. In the pages that follow, we’ll look at how this works in a bivocational community, and how these communities offer a compelling and magnetic answer to the question of the future of the church in an increasingly secular society.
Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2006).
A major change may be coming in the basic costs of the Standard Model. A number of recent cases in federal court have challenged the constitutionality of 26 U.S.C. § 107(2)—the law that exempts clergy housing allowances from taxation. After an initial ruling in the Western District of Wisconsin striking down the provision was vacated on appeal, a second case was brought—and, again, the decision at the district court has been to declare the provision unconstitutional, “because it does not have a secular purpose or effect and because a reasonable observer would view the statute as an endorsement [by the federal government] of religion.” Gaylor vs. Mnuchin, United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin, Case 3:16-cv-215-bbc, decided October 6, 2017.
To understand why this decision has significant impact on parish finances, imagine a senior minister in a congregation who is paid $80,000 per year, of which she has asked $24,000 to be paid as a housing allowance. She would have to be able to show that her actual housing costs—her rental payment, or the rental value of a home she uses the funds to pay a mortgage with, together with utility costs—are at least $2,000 per month; but in most American cities that would not be hard to do, especially if she has a home that must accommodate a family. Let’s also say that she’s the only wage earner in her home, that she’s married and filing jointly with her spouse, and that they have no dependent children at home.
Under the recently revised tax law, the minister’s taxable income for 2018 would be $56,000 per year; the $24,000 she receives in housing allowance would not be taxed. Assuming, just to make this simple, that she has no other exemptions, she would pay $3,459 in federal income taxes. But if the housing allowance were ended, her taxable income would now be $80,000—which would mean she would now pay $6,339 in federal income taxes. The net impact of this would be a decrease in her income (because of a rise in taxes) of $2,880—or an effective cut of 3.6 percent in her total earnings. (Remember, she still has to pay her rent.) Needless to say, the effect of this will be to raise the bar on the average cost to a congregation of maintaining a full-time professional minister—our Standard Model—and to increase the number of congregations confronting a difficult decision about their future.
Donald Scott, From Office to Profession: The New England Ministry, 1750-1850. 1st ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978. | 2019-04-20T08:58:10Z | http://www.bivocational.church/2018/01/04/introduction/ |
EZ Cash Creator – What’s In It?
EZ Cash Creator helps the user slip solicitation in Facebook under the radar, shadowed by emotion-driven content from current events to hide the solicitation.
Inflated advertising for the EZ Cash Campaign is expected to bring a windfall of sales. Is it worth it?
4. What’s said inside the product contradicts the promotional materials.
Who is EZ Cash Creator For?
This product’s intended audience are the computer & Internet illiterate out there who have not had any exposure to marketing on the Internet but are looking for opportunities. This product will appeal to many folks who are not attuned to sensationalism for what it is. The sensationalism found in the promotional materials is not anywhere near what it is inside the program.
Any person who has had some experience with advertising and marketing will stay clear of this, and other products like it.
Description of the product goes here.
First thing I got hit with is a “special offer” advertising a free website purported to be worth $2,500 – and you get it for free. You just have to pay for the registration and hosting for the website.
For website creation, the offer contends that building a website takes a month and costs between $2,500 and $5,000 and that professional performing of SEO (getting the website optimized for the search engines) is another added cost of $5,000.
This is NOT true unless one is suckered into a deal like this without doing his/her homework!
Next, your new website will be given advertisements, placed “strategically” on it, making you money 24 hours, 7 days a week. You won’t have to sell anything to anyone and be making money, even when you sleep. It is very unclear by the training on the software how these websites are put together with the user’s specific interests in mind.
Your website will be optimized for the search engines. The video briefly explains in layman’s terms what SEO is. They go on to say that your site will be put together by trained technicians. The SEO for the site would normally cost over $5000. But today, they’re “throwing in for free.” They do it all and you don’t lift a finger.
How much do you think you will be making with this website? Well, here are some folks (shown below this paragraph) right here who have done it. The only problem is, they show three individuals with astronomical amounts they’ve made from this program. The problem is, at the time of this writing, this program isn’t even officially launched yet!
“Don’t bother spending too much time coming up with a domain name, you can always change it later.” Well, usually this can be done with any registrar, but it will cost money. Not sure what’s up here with this statement.
Coolhandle is said to have been around since 2001 and has been acquired by another hosting company. The services offered are said to be acceptable. As for its customer service, it is reported by other reviewers and angry customers that their customer service is offline much or most of the time. This has gotten the company poor to mediocre ratings. At this time, I know little about this company nor its services except that it has budget price points with its business packages in the $13/month range.
1. signed up with them.
What they want people to believe is that being signed up with CoolHandle is going to be a definite factor in search engine rankings.
The connection to hooking up with CoolHandle either isn’t available yet or the software has a glitch.
It has two adverts below the Main Menu, “Get Free Exposure from Page 1 of Google in Less than 7 Minutes (or less) Even for a Brand New Website! and below that one advertising malware-removal software. It offers a free scan but like many others like these, will cost money to actually clean what it finds.
On the right hand side, there is a video and four links below this. The video show the user how to navigate the platform. The training that’s in it has already been discussed above.
Note that there is to be an upcoming webinar. It is not clear whether this is a pre-recorded event made to look like a live event or whether it indeed is a live event. My only guess as to the numerous warnings of limited seating points to more upsells. This remains to be seen.
The legal information link sends you to a new tab, at this time, right back to the same page.
The Webinar is free. You will just put your name and email into the form and book your seat.
What you get here is a website that’s completely controlled by “specialists” who do the SEO, add the advertising and content to it, apparently from the work you do with the software. What I find quite disturbing about this is that the narrator assumes the reason the user has purchased the software is because he/she doesn’t know how to drive traffic to websites.
Ironically, the original promotional adverts do not even mention anything about what this thing is or does! This is further evident that the developer(s) here is targeting an inexperienced audience.
The video advertising the websites is vague on how the software relates to the websites.
Once inside the actual dashboard of the EZ Cash Creator itself, you are given two forms positioned vertically.
There are EDIT & DELETE buttons below.
We have already covered the first four items in the Main Menu as they are repeated on the right hand side below the video.
A rather pathetic product is in the works, EZ Cash Creator by Travis Stephenson. The launching of this site February 3rd, 2014. My findings: Not Recommended!
My initial experience with Travis Stephenson and what he puts out are extremely low quality, rather ineffective product launches designed to separate you from your money and provide you little more than useless junk. At this time, there is not much information to go on with this product launch, however, there are tell-tale signs that this is a long line of red-flags on this product!.
…and it hasn’t even been launched yet!
This is just a little taste of the fakery in programs like this!
What you are already doing right now can be making you up to $256.98 per day… (in sparkling, revolving graphics) Note here the exact number.
This folks is a ploy used by advertisers to get your trust. You see, It’s an exact number, something concrete for you to grasp onto – therefore, it’s believable. Subconsciously, this registers in most people’s minds as something believable and thus it is often used covertly by some advertisers and marketers. It is an anchor for the subconscious mind.
…with absolutely NO additional EFFORT! Watch Your Back! This is a Big Red Button at its best – a Silver Bullet! And it’s in patriotic colors of the United States – Red, white and blue! Another anchor to gain trust! Here they are appealing to you with the fact that there’s no work involved! There’s no free money out there and don’t let this type of thing fool you.
It’s not marketing, surveys, article writing … none of that! Again – a contrast to things that do take effort (but are much more effective and lucrative in the long run.) The narrator goes on to say that you get paid weekly (Oops what did that lady in the beginning say???) Well, the text is shown in the box above, but the sales videos will reveal the acting when it comes out!
Uh oh! here comes another exact figure – a whopping $129,940.72 A Year! (yes, we can’t forget the exact penny change you will get! How’s that to be thrown before your eyes across the video screen?
I know this might sound a bit too good to be true Well yes, if I were born yesterday! The narrator continues …opens up a world of effortless profits that churn out easier than telling your Facebook friends about last article you’ve read online!
…and all of this happens in LESS THAN 5 MINUTES A DAY! Oh yes… this requires no learning? How much easier can this get??? You’re going to get paid for what you already do!
Okay, What’s this Program All About?
I have now gone completely through the sales video. Before I get any further with this, I’m going to red flag this RIGHT NOW!
Why did I label this a scam? I will show you after I give you what information I can as to what this program is, because the sales video tells you not one jot or tittle about it! The blatant intrepidity of this presentation had me laughing at times, but really this isn’t at all funny! It’s the hard-earned money of thousands of people at stake here! This review is going to be done a little differently and perhaps longer than usual, so please bear with me. I have a FAR better alternative for you after this is done.
PRO #1 This is an excellent example to teach folks what’s in a bad product.
PRO #2 Get a $28-value for the $75 Google Traffic Incentive. Dispose of the rest.
PRO #3 There is nothing notable about the product itself that has any value.
CON #1 Extremely shady advertising.
CON #1 Appeal to emotion through power words, scarcity, etc.
CON #1 Nothing whatsoever said about what this product is or what it does.
CON #2 Leaves prospects in danger of losing their money for rubbish.
There is essentially no indication as to who would benefit from this product except the developer/owner himself as he rakes in money from unweary folks. This product is for anyone who wishes to part with their money.
The product itself is said to be a tool used to somehow generate cash. The sales video contains a contradiction in it about what training this product requires. In one breath the narrator says it’s for people who don’t want to bother having to learn about it (stupid easy to use) yet in another breath, mentions his “students” who would use it.
The only support that I can see throughout this deal is a 30-day money-back guarantee if customers are not delighted with it.
The initial price of the product is $97, but to “sweeten the pot” the owner knocks off $20, making it $77. Upon attempting to leave the page, the visitor is presented with a Leave/Stay form for which either choice will take him/her to a One-Time-Offer of sorts to entice them to purchase. The already discounted price is now offered at $47 – a savings of an additional $30.
The $75 voucher for Google Traffic now puts the customer in the green, essentially being “paid” $26 to purchase it. This voucher appears to be the only value offered here!
Due to the shady nature of the various sales videos in this campaign and the “desperate” appeal to get folks to buy this, I absolutely DO NOT RECOMMEND this product to ANYONE. Stay away!
Since there are quite a few screenshots involved, this information is on its own separate page. Please head on over to the supplemental page for this review.
You came to this page most likely because you are looking for opportunities to help you make money on the Internet. There are a LOT of scams like this one all over the Web and it’s my hope that you took the time to visit the other page that accompanies this review. It is an atrocity that there are folks out there that will go to the farthest ends to separate you from your hard-earned money.
If you want to make money online, this is just like any other legitimate business and there are no Big Red Easy Buttons out there. It’s just not that easy and I hope you learned something from this example. Hopefully you will recognize stuff like this when you see it if you’re not accustomed to it.
You can breathe easy that not every company online is a scam. There are also very highly reputable and honest companies out there too which cares more for your welfare and success than the money you give them. In this, the money always follows and so does the trust and reputation.
I am a happy member of an online business community that teaches folks how to build online businesses from the ground up.
If you would like to learn how to build websites and the campaigns that go with them, how to write and publish, I know just the place for you!
The following video is one of many that purport to be comparative, indicated by its title,”Empower Network vs Wealthy Affiliate.” Watch and see why it’s not.
Well, I hear much ado about this person’s experience with Empower Network. That may be her house in the background or it may not. She may be standing on her land with a beautiful Georgian pond replete with wildlife. It’s a wonderful setting if I do say so myself. And who’s to say this isn’t her home?
So, I’m going to finish the job. I won’t have to go very far into either programs here, but the following is a comparative view of Empower Network and Wealthy Affiliate to see which one give you a better bang for your buck and the best quality of education.
In this section, let’s make a short comparison as to the nature of these programs. They both teach online marketing, are both online businesses and both offer a business opportunity for their members.
What Are Their Free Getting-Started Programs?
What do each of these offer in the way of a getting started program which allows new members to get in and acclimate themselves to their new surroundings? How much value comes with these free programs?
There is none. Yes, they will tell you that you can join for free. It costs $25/month to get a blog. If you stop paying this monthly amount, you lose the blog.
That $25/month is only good for having the blog. You cannot promote any of their products (except procuring the blog itself!) I can think of far better places to get a blog that doesn’t cost you anything!
To use Empower Network to get any sort of value out of it, you will not only need to put in vested interest in the other products, you will not be able to promote these and be compensated for them until you do. You will be pressured by other members to do so, else be shamed for not doing so!
You will get as much or more useful information from Wealthy Affiliate’s Starter Membership than you get with most paid programs. Hard to believe, but true.
You get two free websites and hosting to go with them. The sites are not plastered with advertising like those, even premium EN members must display on their blogs (which incidentally, are not truly free,) and they’re yours to keep if you decide WA isn’t for you. Not so with EN! You drop out from EN, they take the blog away from you.
Not only do you get real value in Wealthy Affiliate’s Starter Membership, you will never be pressured to join the Premium Membership if you choose not to.
WA’s Starter Membership comes with way too much to put into this blurb. Please head to my Review on Wealthy Affiliate to get the details.
Both of these platforms have training programs. What do they teach and how is the teaching done? What things does the teaching cover?
Both have products and/or services. They are different though and pound-for-pound, which one offers the better value?
What’s the objectives of the teaching found at both of these platforms? What are their mottos? Let’s see which has the higher standards here and what members get out of them.
Simply, what does it cost to join and then go into the “premium” services, if any?
We often hear and read about Empower Network income proof in reviews by well-meaning folks, but are they REALLY reliable? Let’s let EN show the REAL proof!
Can You Really Make Money with Empower Network?
The answer is YES! You can – but whoa! Hold your horses! In this article, I will show you that yes, you can – but it is extremely unlikely unless you are one of the atypical folks out there. There are a very few folks that are MAKING money with it – and even FEWER who are actually turning a profit!
Here, I will give you some raw data directly from Empower Network itself. It will come in the form of two charts – one to show what income levels were a little over a year ago from the time of this writing and then a comparison with a current one.
Empower Network Reviews – Are They Reliable?
Some of these are in fact! However, you must glean out which ones are actually coming at you with the truth about Empower Network and what you can really expect from it.
Usually, these come from those who have done extensive research on EN and others from those who are, or were, members of EN and have discovered its many flaws.
Empower Network Payment Proof! Proof of Income!
Here I will show you what you can expect with making money with Empower Network, let alone profit from it. These are sobering facts and they come directly from EN itself!
Of the first exhibit, I am truly shocked that someone very highly upholding the company, would include such facts! The date, coming from Empower Network’s own Corporate Income Disclosure, can be found right dab in the middle of her promotional campaign. I find this quite intrepid on her part as she appears to not even realize what she has included in her campaign!
As apparently hard as it is to promote Empower Network’s products, I really wonder if this person has gone “all in” and is now part of the overwhelming statistics shown here for those who are not profiting anything.
Note that in a years’s time, you will need to cover the costs of $300 for the blog alone (Product #1) For the Inner Circle, the yearly cost comes to $1,000. For the rest, these are one-time expenditures.
If you were to purchase JUST the Blogging System, your cost will be the $300. What percentage profile would you be under in order to cover yourself this charge and make some money in a year’s time?
Note that if you DID make anything, you will be required to purchase a merchant account known as eWallet, one of EN’s programs (or one within its control.) Note that you cannot use PayPal for this as Empower Network has been blacklisted there! Empower Network apparently does allow third party merchant accounts – if you can find one. There is also those sales for which you won’t get commissions for as they are pushed upline – another Empower Network Policy.
Can you make enough money to support this monthly fee? Evidently 69% cannot.
The most current statement is right here below. You can see that, over the course of 14 months, this isn’t a whole lot different than a few adjustments in percentages here. None of these are enough to take the world by storm by any means!
You decide to take in the next available product here (Product #2.) Actually, you can purchase these in any order except, by common sense, the first one. Now we’re up to $1,300 for the year for the blog and this other product for which expenditures you must cover.
For these two products alone you might be fairly easy to make a profit but you will be limited to promoting these two, and only these two, and you must be in the top 12% for this level. If you are in the 88% that have not reached this level, you will be losing money! Note that if you were to go “all in” and purchase all of the products, you won’t make it here in this bracket! If you leave out one of the products and work your tail off, you might break even if you have exceptional marketing skills.
To go all in and get ’em all, you will need to be outside of the 98% of those who have not reached the yearly income level to achieve this. The 2% that do, you can be sure these people are seasoned marketers. They know what they’re doing. They have massive email lists and know exactly which audiences to target! They know how to clarity for success, create compelling content, syndicate your content, sell using videos, drive traffic, do solo ads, do email marketing using seduction tactics and how to manage teams.
You will need these kind of tactics to bring people into Empower Network under the present structure it has.
Who Am I and What do I Suggest?
I am Daniel Euergetes, as my site implies. I am a proud member of Wealthy Affiliate, which is an online business training platform made up of a community of like-minded members all sharing the same cause – learn how to market on the Internet, help people and pay it forward to get folks like you to see the evil intent of places like Empower Network. I encourage you to find out what Wealthy Affiliate is all about.
You will not find black-hat tactics taught, expensive upsells, shaming (being called a wussy for not going all in amongst other choice things,) people being taken advantage of those who don’t know what they’re getting into, and many other insidious things found at Empower Network.
Wealthy Affiliate teaches what you need to know to create and build an online business based on YOUR passions & interests (something Empower Network disallows.) Wealthy Affiliate is truly the industry standard at a fraction of the cost you will invest into Empower Network for far less than you would get at WA!
For one thing – What you get for free at Wealthy Affiliate does NOT come with a cost as it does at Empower Network, and you get TWO (not one) blogs on which you do what you want as long as it’s clean and legal and you don’t pay for hosting or the domains! You do NOT get a cookie-cutter blog at Wealthy Affiliate and you get the free training that helps you set these up! These are basic WordPress-powered websites. Unlike what you get at WordPress.com, through which you can also get free websites, you get all the training you need to set them up!
Check out my review on Wealthy Affiliate! You’ll be glad you did.
Inside Wealthy Affiliate – Pure Online Business Training and Nothing Else!
Here are three screenshots of the inside of Wealthy Affiliate. This is but a very tiny representation of what’s inside! Click on any of these images to go to my Wealthy Affiliate Review and learn more about it!
The Dashboard is your centerpoint to getting around all of the rest of the Platform. Note that member-to-member interaction is highly encouraged and is what has helped make Wealthy Affiliate what it is today!
This is inside the first level of the Entrepreneur Certification Course – an intensive Course on building out a niche website and everything that goes into it. It is one of two intesive Courses, the other being the Boot Camp. This Course teaches members how to build an authority site. In the case study, this Course also teaches how to effectively promote Wealthy Affiliate. All the content in this Course is the blueprint to the creation of any authority site, not just WA’s Super Affiliate Program.
This Level is absolutely free and comes with no cost. The BootCamp Course also has Level 1 for free. Members are encouraged to use their two free blogs to accompany the learning that comes with these Courses. There is NO cost whatsoever and the resulting websites are truely yours to keep! In Empower Network, you resign from that program, yo also forfeit your blog. | 2019-04-19T21:28:21Z | https://danieleuergetes.com/2014/01/ |
U.S. Marine Veteran Anthony Marquez and designer Fish McGill collaborated to create the design “XVII,” a stylized interpretation of the chainsaw carvings Anthony was inspired to create as a way to honor the 17 Marines his unit lost during his last deployment in 2011 in Sangin, Afghanistan.
Driven by the desire to honor the fallen and their Gold Star families, Anthony learned how to carve in 2016 and immediately pursued his newly-found purpose to carve 17 Battlefield Crosses in honor of those who made the ultimate sacrifice. Beginning with a large log reclaimed from a fallen tree, Anthony carves out and personalizes each carving to commemorate the fallen and then drives all over the country to hand-deliver it to the Gold Star family at their home or the gravesite of their Marine.
Inspired by the personal memorial display Anthony built in his own home, Fish presented the Battlefield Cross carving in front of a Gold Star and U.S. flag in a rugged, hand-etched style that symbolizes the compassion that drives Anthony to create each carving for his fellow Marines and their families, making sure to let them know that their sacrifice and loss will never be forgotten or fade away in time.
In collaboration with Alpha Industries, the designs from the 50 States: Veterans + Artists United tour are produced into a limited number of fifty t-shirts and embroidered patches. Click the product images below to purchase Anthony and Fish’s collaborative “XVII” design exclusively on AlphaIndustries.com.
Although U.S. Marine Corps Veteran Anthony Marquez may be a reserved individual, he has found creative ways to express his thoughts and beliefs. One of those ways, specifically his work as a chainsaw carver, introduced us to Anthony.
In the summer of 2016, about four years after leaving the military, he combined his creativity with the desire to give back to the families of the fallen brothers in his unit, 1st Battalion 5th Marine Regiment.
As seventeen Marines were killed in action, he set out to do and deliver a chainsaw carving for each family who lost their son in the 2011 deployment in Sangin, Afghanistan, reminding them that they and their loved one are not forgotten. In addition to the carvings, Anthony plans to visit each gravesite of the seventeen, with the carving, as a way for him to personally commemorate his fellow Marines.
When we met him in August of 2017, Anthony had finished nine carvings and had driven all over the country to deliver them. We were introduced to Anthony thanks to Marine Corps Veteran Andy Biggs, founder of the Boston Wounded Vet Run, an annual motorcycle ride that raises proceeds for disabled Veterans, helping them pay for housing modifications, recreational objects, cars, basic living items, and other various items to help improve their quality of life.
Although a native of the Boston area and a Veteran himself, Andy suggested that Anthony be the Veteran participant and even offered his home as a place to work from the first day of the project. A compassionate man, Anthony had reached out to Andy earlier in the year when the Boston Wounded Vet Run was raising funds for a Marine that had lost his home to a fire. Offering one of his carvings to be auctioned off, Anthony drove to Boston to deliver the carving in April of 2018, struck a friendship with Andy and since then, has traveled to Boston two more times from his home in Oklahoma.
Fortunately, one of those Boston visits enabled us to cross paths with Anthony when we were conducting the Massachusetts design project on August 10 and 11th.
Partnered with Fish McGill, a long-time resident of Boston and a professor at the Massachusetts College of Art and Design (MassArt), the pair created the design “XVII,” a portrayal of Anthony’s dedication to his goal of making seventeen chainsaw carvings.
On the first day, we all met in Andy’s basement that was covered in patches, stickers, challenge coins, and mementos given to him by various participants and donors of the Boston Wounded Vet Run. As we all sat down in the lounge area and Andy’s English bulldog rolled around the floor at our feet, Fish immediately pulled out a marker and started sketching as Anthony began talking.
From a town just fifteen minutes south of Tulsa, Oklahoma, he comes from a line of military and since the age of six, he knew his future included the Marines. Between this junior and senior year of high school in 2006, he enlisted in the Marine Corps and in 2007, he left for boot camp, he shares with Fish.
From 2007 until 2010, Anthony was in the Marine Corps Security Force Regiment and in 2010, he received his permanent change of station (PCS) to become a Dog Handler in the Marine Corps Military Police. Eight weeks before his deployment to Sangin, Afghanistan, Anthony was partnered with a black lab named Allie and the pair was deployed for several months, conducting searches, clearing buildings and areas, and detecting explosives among other responsibilities.
While Anthony left the military in 2012, Allie was deployed again. Fortunately, four years later, he researched her identification number and was able to adopt her, flying to North Carolina on a donated private jet ride to pick her up.
If you care to learn more about Anthony’s reunion with Allie, his brother Manny Marquez made a documentary that you can watch here.
“Being a dog handler was my favorite thing about the military,” Anthony tells Fish. “They are vital; they save a lot of lives and the Taliban knows this. They have a bounty on handlers and their dogs.” Listing all that Allie has been through from snake bites to gunshots, Anthony comments that she was with him in a vehicle that was blown up. Having been through thick and thin, the pair has a powerful connection that exists to this day. I look over at Fish’s notebook as Anthony continues to share more about Allie, noticing his drawing of a dog.
It was during this last deployment in 2011 to Sangin, Afghanistan, that seventeen Marines were KIA, including a few of his close friends. Living in constant uncertainty while deployed, Anthony admits to feeling that some days were his last.
”I mean, there’s this thing called survivor’s guilt because you feel guilty because you survived. There are different symptoms. People handle it differently,” he states. Although a private person, Anthony bares his soul creatively.
Covered in a variety of tattoos, he explains to Fish that they are a way to express his beliefs. “Most of my tattoos have meanings behind them,” he says. Even at that moment, his thigh was wrapped up in plastic from being tattooed earlier that week. In addition to tattoos being a creative outlet, Anthony taught himself how to weld after getting out of the military and made himself a motorcycle. When he became interested in chainsaw carvings, he reached out to a woodworker who mentored and helped him create the first Battlefield Cross carving for the XVII Carvings mission of his. After explaining that he only uses donated wood, Fish notes that the fallen trees represent the fallen Marines.
While all are a Battlefield Cross, Anthony adds details relevant to the Marine to personalize each carving. Needing to complete one within the next day, Anthony leads us outside where he moves a massive log to the center of the driveway.
As he begins blocking out the wood, the chainsaw deafens the sounds of the neighborhood and sawdust flies everywhere, catching on his dark hair and beard. Standing just off to the side watching, Fish feverishly sketches in his notebook. In the background, the chickens and turkeys in Andy’s backyard run about in their cages, alarmed by the blare of the chainsaw. This was definitely the location most unique for a project thus far on the tour.
On the second day of the Massachusetts state project, we all met at Fish’s studio in downtown Boston. A fun little workspace with different tools, artwork, and materials all about, the aqua blue wall with amoeba-looking figures hung up caught my attention. I then spot the numerous Moleskin notebooks lined in the bookcase. After asking what they are, Fish shares with us that every day he draws a moment from his day.
With Fish’s approval, I excitedly flip through his many books. From reading his son bedtime stories to adventures riding his bike, I felt like, for a moment, I walked through the life of Fish McGill.
With hope to provide families comfort in knowing that they and their loved ones are not forgotten, the pair concludes that the design would include an interpretation of Anthony’s carvings. After being inspired by an image Anthony shared of his personal memorial display he built in his home, Fish presents the Battlefield Cross carving in front of a Gold Star flag, to represent the families of the fallen, and a U.S. flag that is hung in Anthony’s display.
Drawn in his hand-etched style, the design invokes the rugged nature of the chainsaw carvings while also symbolizing the compassion that motivates Anthony in his life and in creating each carving for his fellow Marines in their families.
As the end of the project was nearing, Andy stopped during his break while on duty to see how the project has was going.
After hearing the design concept he shares how important he feels Anthony’s carvings are.
“It keeps the dedication and memory of sacrifice alive,” Andy states.
Not representing one specific individual, Fish and Anthony hope that the depicted XVII carving will give comfort to the many families who feel the loss of their loved one every day, letting them know that they are not and will never be forgotten.
To support Anthony by purchasing his collaborative “XVII” design with Fish, click to visit AlphaIndustries.com.
After a couple nights spent in Cabela’s parking lot in Hudson, MA, we were pretty excited and slightly anxious to get to Boston, our first “major” city stop on the tour.
But before we made the trek into Boston, we visited the closer-by city of Salem where the infamous witch trials took place in the 1690s. It’s been interesting to visit cities across this country and learn what they are known for. Salem is the first city I’ve ever been to that is known for its, well, witchcraft. As we walked through the town, we would pass shop windows filled with trinkets and souvenirs exhibiting images of witches, cauldrons, brooms, ghosts, and everything in-between. Men dressed as zombies stood on the corners in hopes of persuading tourists to take a ghost tour of the cemetery later that night.
While we passed on the night-time stroll through the graveyard, Tyler and I walk through “The Burying Point,” the oldest cemetery in the city. As we read through the tilted and worn gravestones, we came across a gravestone that belonged to a Mayflower Pilgrim who lived to be 84 years-old!
We then walked through the Salem Witch Trials Memorial, reading the names of the twenty people, most of them women, that were accused of witchcraft by mere teenagers then executed during the most well-known case of mass hysteria in colonial America. Although seeming distant in history, it was still moving to read through how the women were accused, simply for not adhering to the community’s expectations placed on women at that time. Showing skepticism of the trails only led to others being charged with witchcraft as well. Needless to say, it’s a chilling reminder of how influential false accusations and beliefs can be.
On a lighter note, while walking toward the water, it hit me that it totally felt like we were in Halloweentown. Remember that Disney Channel movie? Actually, MULTIPLE movies? I kept expecting to round the corner and run into a werewolf or something.
Anyway, we walked toward the water and saw where the Friendship of Salem would normally be docked. A replica of the 1797 boat built in Salem, it was away for renovation in New York but there were volunteers working on rehabilitating and reweaving its masts along the water. Mistakenly walking into the boathouse, a nice guy gave us an impromptu tour of the renovation project and area. Wood stacks, tools, and blue prints of the boat were strewn everywhere and the cedar-wooden smell brought me back to my grandfather’s garage.
We stayed at the Boston Minuteman Campground located in Littleton, MA, about an hour away from Boston. Because we need to stay at campgrounds and RV parks while we conduct state projects, we typically will find a place an hour to a half-an-hour away from the town we’re visiting. Although it adds a bit of a commute back and forth, we’ve come to love it as it gives us the best of both worlds, time in the city and time in the country.
The site at this campground was beautiful, totally surrounded by trees providing us shade and keeping the trailer nice and cool. We bought a simple linen tablecloth from Target so that we could enjoy a couple of dinners out on the picnic table, including a tofu recipe given to me by my friend Nate.
Food plays a big part in this tour, especially for me. I think Tyler would be happy having PB&J’s every night for dinner but I think it’s an important thing about travel. Since we don’t have the funds to eat out all of the time, I’ve enjoyed grocery shopping at local stores (and many Trader Joe’s) and attempting regional dishes. Making familiar dishes from home has also given us comfort in our continually shifting environments.
Finally came the day to head into Boston! We parked on the outskirts and walked across the channel where the Boston Tea Party protest happened in 1773, “No taxation without representation!” This is going to turn into a history lesson, isn’t it?
Towered over by the financial district’s buildings, the Old State House stands in the middle of it all. Symbols of the United Kingdom, the gold crown-wearing lion and unicorn sit atop the house’s corners. The site of the Boston Massacre that was publicized by revolutionists to promote the rebellion against the British, the Declaration of Independence was also read from the balcony on July 18, 1776, in which the lion and the unicorn were taken down and burned on King street. I’m thinking there is no other way to send a clearer message than that.
On our way to Boston’s North End, Tyler and I walked through the six towers of the New England Holocaust Memorial, representing the six million Jewish people that died in the six main death camps during the six years of the terrible “Final Solution,” the most deadly phase of the holocaust.
The walls of the tower are inscribed with seven-digit numbers representing the tattoos given to concentration camp prisoners. As you walk through, you notice the steam rising from the grates below you. It’s quite a literal way to represent the horrifying gas chambers of the concentration camps but there is no beating around the bush when it comes to coming to face an ugly portion of human history.
Sadly, only days after we visited and days after the neo-Nazi rally happened in Charlottesville, VA, the memorial was vandalized for the second time that summer. Those weeks that summer were a particularly bleak time socially in our country and it was difficult not knowing what the future held in the places we were headed to.
All the while communities and groups across the nation were having conversations of the present and future, we felt we were in a particularly unique situation to be walking through this country’s past.
Walking through the North End along the Freedom Trail, Boston’s oldest residential community dating back to the 1630s, we saw not only Paul Revere’s house but also walked through the church where he displayed his lantern in its steeple to warn that the British were coming.
The North End is also known as Little Italy and while we didn’t eat in the area, we had a great time walking through the winding and tight streets, looking up at the old brick buildings, feeling transported back in time.
As we were walking by the King’s Chapel Burial Ground, the oldest cemetery in Boston, I noticed on the plaque that “Captain Roger Clap” was buried there and told Tyler that he was probably an ancestor of mine. His response? To not be presumptuous. Unfortunately the cemetery had closed just a half-hour before so we couldn’t go see the grave, but that encounter inspired me to start digging into my family history online. I will elaborate on the research and findings later on!
After having an early dinner of pizza and pasta at MAST, we walked to the historical neighborhood of Beacon Hill that has narrow cobblestone streets with names like “Chestnut” and “Acorn” and federal-style houses adorned with window boxes. Most stoops on the streets still have their iron or brass boot scrapers. While some minds may go to thinking about the mud and snow, mine went to thinking of all the horse poop scraped off by those suckers way back in the day!
Walking by thee Cheers Bar, we then visited the Boston Common and Public Garden that was bustling with people taking their evening walks after getting out of work. Not trying to acknowledge how much our feet hurt, we continued to make our way through the city to the Boston Public Library. The library has a beautiful entry with elaborate tile-work and two grand staircases that scream, yep, this is where knowledge lies. We were able to spend a few quiet moments in the courtyard before the library closed, listening to the peaceful foundation in the heart of a busy city.
The next two days were the Boston project days with Veteran Anthony Marquez and designer Fish McGill. We were introduced to Anthony by Andy Biggs who organizes the Boston Wounded Vet Run. Although a Veteran himself, he referred us to Anthony who was staying with Andy while he was in town working on a chainsaw carving for his XVII Carvings project. A huge help, Andy even allowed us to use his home for the first project day which was super fun as he had dogs, turkeys, and chickens! We got to see Anthony work on a chainsaw carving in the driveway. The second design day was at Fish’s design studio in Boston. It was great being able to see the both of them in their element with their work, but more on that in the Massachusetts state project.
After the second design day, we visited Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts which is probably one of our favorite museums we’ve been to on this tour. Then we got the BIGGEST slices of pizza on Mission Hill before going to Wally’s Cafe Jazz Club, the oldest continually operated jazz club in the country and the first New England jazz club owned by an African American, Joseph Walcott- AKA “Wally.” It’s a good thing we got there early and snagged a spot at the bar because it got incredibly busy but for good reason, it was such a fun evening listening to up and coming jazz musicians. It was the perfect way to end our Boston visit.
The next day we packed up our site at Minuteman and were just about to leave when I asked Tyler if Noel was in the truck (usually she climbs under the seat so we can’t see her very easily). After confirming that she was and putting the gear into drive, we see Noel running up some rocks across from our campsite like a little mountain lion. Turns out, Tyler had left his door open when he did the last walk-around the Airstream to make sure everything was situated and Noel snuck out. And to think we almost pulled out. Noel is funny in that when she does “escape,” she just runs back to the Airstream and goes underneath it. I guess it’s nice to know that she feels safe there.
We got her back in the truck and we were on our way to… IKEA! Having lived in the Airstream for a little over a month, we got rid of a few things that we didn’t need and came up with a list of things that we thought might help. Tyler pushed me around in the parking lot in the cart afterward and even did some fun cart choreography himself that involved a very nicely pointed toe.
We stopped at a Walmart in Plymouth for the night where I, um, well I had a moment. The next day was my birthday and it was the first time spending it away from my family. I had baked a pink cake and bought some balloons to get me more excited for it but, at the end of the night, I found myself crying in bed while blowing up said balloons. The next day I was able to look back on the hilarity of it, crying in a Walmart parking lot. It’s not one of my proudest moments, that’s for sure.
I did have a nice birthday surprise the next morning when Tyler had gone into Walmart and got me a Nintendo Switch! They had been sold out everywhere we had gone until then; we had checked GameStops, Targets, and stores from Michigan to Massachusetts. Apparently they had been shipped one that morning, completely at random, and had just put it out on display when Tyler walked in. It was an terrific birthday surprise and I can’t thank Tyler enough for always making me smile, including when he spilled his coffee fifteen minutes later. And yes, I may have had cake for breakfast that next morning — and the morning after, and possibly after that, too. It was delicious!
We set up at our site at Nickerson State Park, our first stay on the tour without any hookups that wasn’t in a parking lot. We headed to the beach where we saw packs of seals swimming along the shore. It was our first time seeing seals in the wild so we got pretty excited and were those people running down the beach chasing them wherever they went.
The next day we woke up to the sound of rain and had a cozy morning in while the sky cleared up. Eventually, we went out to go walk the Atlantic White Cedar Swamp trail that led out to the ocean. We had packed a little picnic and watched as the sun set, creating a rainbow of colors across the sky. We sat on a bluff looking out to the ocean and in the distance we could see little black dots that were seals in the water. It was one of my favorite moments in Massachusetts.
After setting up our new campsite at Shady Knolls in the Cape the next day, we headed to Provincetown, AKA P-Town! It was Pride week so houses were decorated and tons of people were out and about on the streets celebrating. We had a great meal at the Canteen that involved frozé, yes that’s frozen rosé. It was delicious. The and trip to the Cape ended with us seeing the sunset at Herring Cove Beach. Ahhh, summer. | 2019-04-24T01:56:40Z | https://hasheart.us/project/50states-massachusetts/ |
Neural circuits are refined by both functional and structural changes. Structural remodeling by large-scale pruning occurs where relatively long neuronal branches are cut away from their parent neuron and removed by local degeneration. Until now, the molecular mechanisms executing such branch severing events have remained poorly understood. This study reveal a role for the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery during neuronal remodeling. The data show that a specific ESCRT pruning module, including members of the ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III complexes, but not ESCRT-0 or ESCRT-II, are required for the neurite scission event during pruning. Furthermore it was shown that this ESCRT module requires a direct, in vivo, interaction between Shrub/CHMP4B and the accessory protein Myopic/HD-PTP.
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) is a conserved protein complex that facilitates budding and fission of membranes. It executes a key step in many cellular events, including cytokinesis and multi-vesicular body formation. The ESCRT-III protein Shrub in flies, or its homologs in yeast (Snf7) or humans (CHMP4B), is a critical polymerizing component of ESCRT-III needed to effect membrane fission. This study reports the structural basis for polymerization of Shrub and defines a minimal region required for filament formation. The X-ray structure of the Shrub core shows that individual monomers in the lattice interact in a staggered arrangement using complementary electrostatic surfaces. Mutations that disrupt interface salt bridges interfere with Shrub polymerization and function. Despite substantial sequence divergence and differences in packing interactions, the arrangement of Shrub subunits in the polymer resembles that of Snf7 and other family homologs, suggesting that this intermolecular packing mechanism is shared among ESCRT-III proteins.
Neurotransmission is mediated by synaptic exocytosis of neuropeptide-containing dense-core vesicles (DCVs) and small-molecule transmitter-containing small synaptic vesicles (SSVs). Exocytosis of both vesicle types depends on Ca(2+) and shared secretory proteins. This study shows that increasing or decreasing expression of Myopic (mop, HD-PTP, PTPN23), a Bro1 domain-containing pseudophosphatase implicated in neuronal development and neuropeptide gene expression, increases synaptic neuropeptide stores at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). This occurs without altering DCV content or transport, but synaptic DCV number and age are increased. The effect on synaptic neuropeptide stores is accounted for by inhibition of activity-induced Ca(2+)-dependent neuropeptide release. cAMP-evoked Ca(2+)-independent synaptic neuropeptide release also requires optimal Myopic expression, showing that Myopic affects the DCV secretory machinery shared by cAMP and Ca(2+) pathways. Presynaptic Myopic is abundant at early endosomes, but interaction with the endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT III) protein (CHMP4/Shrub) that mediates Myopic's effect on neuron pruning is not required for control of neuropeptide release. Remarkably, in contrast to the effect on DCVs, Myopic does not affect release from SSVs. Therefore, Myopic selectively regulates synaptic DCV exocytosis that mediates peptidergic transmission at the NMJ.
Abscission is the final step of cytokinesis that involves the cleavage of the intercellular bridge connecting the two daughter cells. Recent studies have given novel insight into the spatiotemporal regulation and molecular mechanisms controlling abscission in cultured yeast and human cells. The mechanisms of abscission in living metazoan tissues are however not well understood. This study shows that ALIX and the ESCRT-III component Shrub are required for completion of abscission during Drosophila female germline stem cell (fGSC) division. Loss of ALIX or Shrub function in fGSCs leads to delayed abscission and the consequent formation of stem cysts in which chains of daughter cells remain interconnected to the fGSC via midbody rings and fusome. ALIX and Shrub interact and that they co-localize at midbody rings and midbodies during cytokinetic abscission in fGSCs. Mechanistically, this study shows that the direct interaction between ALIX and Shrub is required to ensure cytokinesis completion with normal kinetics in fGSCs. It is concluded that ALIX and ESCRT-III coordinately control abscission in Drosophila fGSCs and that their complex formation is required for accurate abscission timing in GSCs in vivo (Eikenes, 2015).
Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division that leads to the physical separation of the two daughter cells. It is tightly controlled in space and time and proceeds in multiple steps via sequential specification of the cleavage plane, assembly and constriction of the actomyosin-based contractile ring (CR), formation of a thin intercellular bridge and finally abscission that separates the two daughter cells. Studies in a variety of model organisms and systems have elucidated key machineries and signals governing early events of cytokinesis. However, the mechanisms of the final abscission step of cytokinesis are less understood, especially in vivo in the context of different cell types in a multi-cellular organism (Eikenes, 2015).
During the recent years key insights into the molecular mechanisms and spatiotemporal control of abscission have been gained using a combination of advanced molecular biological and imaging technologies. At late stages of cytokinesis the spindle midzone transforms to densely packed anti-parallel microtubules (MTs) that make up the midbody (MB) and the CR transforms into the midbody ring (MR, diameter of ~1-2 μm). The MR is located at the site of MT overlap and retains several CR components including Anillin, septins (Septins 1, 2 and Peanut in Drosophila melanogaster), myosin-II, Citron kinase (Sticky in Drosophila) and RhoA (Rho1 in Drosophila) and eventually also acquires the centralspindlin component MKLP1 (Pavarotti in Drosophila). In C. elegans embryos the MR plays an important role in scaffolding the abscission machinery even in the absence of MB MTs (Eikenes, 2015).
Studies in human cell lines, predominantly in HeLa and MDCK cells, have shown that components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery and associated proteins play important roles in mediating abscission. Abscission occurs at the thin membrane neck that forms at the constriction zone located adjacent to the MR. An important signal for initiation of abscission is the degradation of the mitotic kinase PLK1 (Polo-like kinase 1) that triggers the targeting of CEP55 (centrosomal protein of 55 kDa) to the MR. CEP55 interacts directly with GPP(3x)Y motifs in the ESCRT-associated protein ALIX (ALG-2-interacting protein X) and in the ESCRT-I component TSG101, thereby recruiting them to the MR. ALIX and TSG101 in turn recruit the ESCRT-III component CHMP4B, which is followed by ESCRT-III polymerization into helical filaments that spiral/slide to the site of abscission. The VPS4 ATPase is thought to promote ESCRT-III redistribution toward the abscission site. Prior to abscission ESCRT-III/CHMP1B recruits Spastin that mediates MT depolymerization at the abscission site. ESCRT-III then facilitates membrane scission of the thin membrane neck, thereby mediating abscission (Eikenes, 2015).
Cytokinesis is tightly controlled by the activation and inactivation of mitotic kinases at several steps to ensure its faithful spatiotemporal progression. Cytokinesis conventionally proceeds to completion via abscission, but is differentially controlled depending on the cell type during the development of metazoan tissues. For example, germ cells in species ranging from insects to humans undergo incomplete cytokinesis leading to the formation of germline cysts in which cells are interconnected via stable intercellular bridges. How cytokinesis is modified to achieve different abscission timing in different cell types is not well understood, but molecular understanding of the regulation of the abscission machinery has started giving some mechanistic insight (Eikenes, 2015).
The Drosophila female germline represents a powerful system to address mechanisms controlling cytokinesis and abscission in vivo. Each Drosophila female germline stem cell (fGSC) divides asymmetrically with complete cytokinesis to give rise to another fGSC and a daughter cell cystoblast (CB). Cytokinesis during fGSC division is delayed so that abscission takes place during the G2 phase of the following cell cycle (about 24 hours later). The CB in turn undergoes four mitotic divisions with incomplete cytokinesis giving rise to a 16-cell cyst in which the cells remain interconnected by stable intercellular bridges called ring canals (RCs). One of the 16 cells with four RCs will become specified as the oocyte and the cyst becomes encapsulated by a single layer follicle cell epithelium to form an egg chamber. Drosophila male GSCs (mGSCs) also divide asymmetrically with complete cytokinesis to give rise to another mGSC and a daughter cell gonialblast (GB). Anillin, Pavarotti, Cindr, Cyclin B and Orbit are known factors localizing at RCs/MRs and/or MBs during complete cytokinesis in fGSCs and/or mGSCs. It has been recently reported that Aurora B delays abscission and that Cyclin B promotes abscission in Drosophila germ cells and that mutual inhibitions between Aurora B and Cyclin B/Cdk-1 control the timing of abscission in Drosophila fGSCs and germline cysts. However, little is known about further molecular mechanisms controlling cytokinesis and abscission in Drosophila fGSCs (Eikenes, 2015).
This study has characterize the roles of ALIX and the ESCRT-III component Shrub during cytokinesis in Drosophila fGSCs. ALIX and Shrub are required for completion of abscission in fGSCs. They co-localize during this process, and their direct interaction is required for abscission with normal kinetics. This study thus shows that a complex between ALIX and Shrub is required for abscission in fGSCs and provide evidence of an evolutionarily conserved functional role of the ALIX/ESCRT-III pathway in mediating cytokinetic abscission in the context of a multi-cellular organism (Eikenes, 2015).
Loss of ALIX or/and Shrub function or inhibition of their interaction delays abscission in fGSCs leading to the formation of stem cysts in which the fGSC remains interconnected to chains of daughter cells via MRs. As abscission eventually takes place a cyst of e.g. 2 germ cells may pinch off and subsequently undergo four mitotic divisions to give rise to a germline cyst with 32 germ cells. Consistently, loss of ALIX or/and Shrub or interference with their interaction caused a high frequency of egg chambers with 32 germ cells during Drosophila oogenesis. It was also found that ALIX controls cytokinetic abscission in both fGSCs and mGSCs and thus that ALIX plays a universal role in cytokinesis during asymmetric GSC division in Drosophila. Taken together this study provides evidence that the ALIX/ESCRT-III pathway is required for normal abscission timing in a living metazoan tissue (Eikenes, 2015).
The results together with findings in other models underline the evolutionary conservation of the ESCRT system and associated proteins in cytokinetic abscission. Specifically, ESCRT-I or ESCRT-III have been implicated in abscission in a subset of Archaea (ESCRT-III), in A. thaliana (elch/tsg101/ESCRT-I) and in C. elegans (tsg101/ESCRT-I). In S. cerevisiae, Bro1 (ALIX) and Snf7 (CHMP4/ESCRT-III) have also been suggested to facilitate cytokinesis. In cultured Drosophila cells, Shrub/ESCRT-III mediates abscission and in human cells in culture ALIX, TSG101/ESCRT-I and CHMP4B/ESCRT-III promote abscission. ALIX and the ESCRT system thus act in an ancient pathway to mediate cytokinetic abscission (Eikenes, 2015).
Despite the fact that an essential role of ALIX in promoting cytokinetic abscission during asymmetric GSC division was found in the Drosophila female and male germlines, strong bi-nucleation directly attributed to cytokinesis failure was found in Drosophila alix mutants in the somatic cell types that were examined. This might have multiple explanations. One possibility is that maternally contributed alix mRNA may support normal cytokinesis and development. Whereas ALIX and CHMP4B depletion in cultured mammalian cells causes a high frequency of bi- and multi-nucleation it is also possible that cells do not readily become bi-nucleate upon failure of the final step of cytokinetic abscission in the context of a multi-cellular organism. Consistent with the observations of a high frequency of stem cysts upon loss of ALIX and Shrub in the germline, Shrub depletion in cultured Drosophila cells resulted in chains of cells interconnected via intercellular bridges/MRs due to multiple rounds of cell division with failed abscission (Steigemann, 2009). Moreover, loss of ESCRT-I/tsg101 function in the C. elegans embryo did not cause furrow regression. These and the current observations suggest that ALIX- and Shrub/ESCRT-depleted cells can halt and are stable at the MR stage for long periods of time and from which cleavage furrows may not easily regress, at least not in these cell types and in the context of a multi-cellular organism. It is also possible that redundant mechanisms contribute to abscission during symmetric cytokinesis in somatic Drosophila cells. Further studies should address the general involvement of ALIX and ESCRT-III in cytokinetic abscission in somatic cells in vivo (Eikenes, 2015).
Different cell types display different abscission timing, intercellular bridge morphologies and spatiotemporal control of cytokinesis. In fGSCs it was found that ALIX and Shrub co-localize throughout late stages of cytokinesis and abscission. In human cells ALIX localizes in the central region of the MB, whereas CHMP4B at first localizes at two cortical ring-like structures adjacent to the central MB region and then progressively distributes also at the constriction zone where it promotes abscission. ALIX and CHMP4B are thus found at discrete locations within the intercellular bridge as cells approach abscission in human cultured cells. In contrast, ESCRT-III localizes to a ring-like structure during cytokinesis in Archaea, resembling the Shrub localization at MRs was observed in Drosophila fGSCs. Moreover, ALIX and Shrub are present at MRs for a much longer time (from G1/S) prior to abscission (in G2) in fGSCs than in human cultured cells. Here, ALIX and CHMP4B are increasingly recruited about an hour before abscission and then CHMP4B acutely increases at the constriction zones shortly (~30 min) before the abscission event (Eikenes, 2015).
How may ALIX and Shrub be recruited to the MR/MB in Drosophila cells in the absence of CEP55 that is a major recruiter of ALIX and ultimately CHMP4/ESCRT-III in human cells? Curiously, a GPP(3x)Y consensus motif was detected within the Drosophila ALIX sequence (GPPPGHY, aa 808-814) resembling the CEP55-interacting motif in human ALIX (GPPYPTY, aa 800-806). Whether Drosophila ALIX is recruited to the MR/MB via a protein(s) interacting with this motif or other domains is presently uncharacterized. Accordingly, alternative pathways of ALIX and ESCRT recruitment have been reported, as well as suggested in C. elegans, where CEP55 is also missing. Further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms of recruitment and spatiotemporal control of ALIX and ESCRT-III during cytokinesis in fGSCs and different cell types in vivo (Eikenes, 2015).
This study found that the direct interaction between ALIX and Shrub is required for completion of abscission with normal kinetics in fGSCs. This is consistent with findings in human cells in which loss of the interaction between ALIX and CHMP4B causes abnormal midbody morphology and multi-nucleation. Following ALIX-mediated recruitment of CHMP4B/ESCRT-III to cortical rings adjacent to the MR in human cells, ESCRT-III extends in spiral-like filaments to promote membrane scission. Due to the discrete localizations of ALIX and CHMP4B during abscission in human cells ALIX has been proposed to contribute to ESCRT-III filament nucleation. In vitro studies have shown that the interaction between ALIX and CHMP4B may release autoinhibitory intermolecular interactions within both proteins and promote CHMP4B polymerization. Specifically, ALIX dimers can bundle pairs of CHMP4B filaments in vitro. Moreover, in yeast, the interaction of the ALIX homologue Bro1 with Snf7 (CHMP4 homologue) enhances the stability of ESCRT-III polymers. There is a high degree of evolutionary conservation of ALIX and ESCRT-III proteins and because ALIX and Shrub co-localize and interact to promote abscission in fGSCs it is possible that ALIX can facilitate Shrub filament nucleation and/or polymerization during this process (Eikenes, 2015).
The current findings indicate that accurate control of the levels and interaction of ALIX and Shrub ensure proper abscission timing in fGSCs. Their reduced levels or interfering with their complex formation caused delayed abscission kinetics. How cytokinesis is modified to achieve a delay in abscission in Drosophila fGSCs and incomplete cytokinesis in germline cysts is not well understood. Aurora B plays an important role in controlling abscission timing both in human cells and the Drosophila female germline. During Drosophila germ cell development Aurora B contributes to mediating a delay of abscission in fGSCs and a block in cytokinesis in germline cysts. Bam expression has also been proposed to block abscission in germline cysts. It will be interesting to investigate mechanisms regulating the levels, activity and complex assembly of ALIX and Shrub and other abscission regulators at MRs/MBs to gain insight into how the abscission machinery is modified to control abscission timing in fGSCs (Eikenes, 2015).
Intercellular bridge MTs in fGSC-CB pairs were degraded in G1/S when the fusome adopted bar morphology. Abscission in G2 thus appears to occur independently of intercellular bridge MTs in Drosophila fGSCs. This has also been described in C. elegans embryonic cells where the MR scaffolds the abscission machinery as well as in Archaea that lack the MT cytoskeleton]. In mammalian and Drosophila S2 cells in culture, on the other hand, intercellular bridge MTs are present until just prior to abscission (Eikenes, 2015).
It is interesting to note a resemblance of the stem cysts that appeared upon loss of ALIX and Shrub function to germline cysts in that the MRs remained open for long periods of time similar to RCs. Some modification of ALIX and Shrub levels/recruitment may thus contribute to incomplete cytokinesis in Drosophila germline cysts under normal conditions. Because stem cysts were detected in the case when ALIX weakly interacted with Shrub it is also possible that inhibition of their complex assembly/activity may contribute to incomplete cytokinesis in germline cysts. Abscission factors, such as ALIX and Shrub, may thus be modified and/or inhibited during incomplete cytokinesis in germline cysts. Such a scenario has been shown in the mouse male germline where abscission is blocked by inhibition of CEP55-mediated recruitment of the abscission machinery, including ALIX, to stable intercellular bridges. Altogether these data thus suggest that ALIX and Shrub are essential components of the abscission machinery in Drosophila GSCs, and it is speculated that their absence or inactivation may contribute to incomplete cytokinesis. More insight into molecular mechanisms controlling abscission timing and how the abscission machinery is modified in different cellular contexts will give valuable information about mechanisms controlling complete versus incomplete cytokinesis in vivo (Eikenes, 2015).
In summary, this study reports that a complex between ALIX and Shrub is required for completion of cytokinetic abscission with normal kinetics during asymmetric Drosophila GSC division, giving molecular insight into the mechanics of abscission in a developing tissue in vivo (Eikenes, 2015).
Recent work indicates that defects in late phases of the endosomal pathway caused by loss of function of the tumour suppressor gene lethal (2) giant discs (lgd) or the function of the ESCRT complexes I-III result in the ligand-independent activation of the Notch pathway in all imaginal disc cells in Drosophila. lgd encodes a member of an uncharacterised protein family, whose members contain one C2 domain and four repeats of the DM14 domain. The function of the DM14 domain is unknown. This study reports a detailed structure-function analysis of Lgd protein, which reveals that the DM14 domains are essential for the function of Lgd and act in a redundant manner. Moreover, this analysis indicates that the DM14 domain provides the specific function, whereas the C2 domain is required for the subcellular location of Lgd. Lgd was found to interact directly with the ESCRT-III subunit Shrub through the DM14 domains. The interaction is required for the function of Shrub, indicating that Lgd contributes to the function of the ESCRT-III complex. Furthermore, genetic studies indicate that the activation of Notch in ESCRT and lgd mutant cells occurs in a different manner and that the activity of Shrub and other ESCRT components are required for the activation of Notch in lgd mutant cells (Troost, 2012).
This study reports the results of a detailed structure-function analysis of Lgd, a member of a recently discovered protein family whose hallmark is the possession of four tandem repeats of the uncharacterised DM14 domain. Although a recent study has reported a similar analysis for human Lgd2 in cell culture (Zhao, 2010), this is the first comprehensive analysis of a member of this uncharacterised protein family in an animal model. For the analysis a new assay system was developed that assured expression of the constructs at the level of endogenous lgd. This was necessary because it was found that the process of protein trafficking is very sensitive to overexpression of Lgd. Thus, data obtained by overexpression of Lgd proteins (e.g., in cell culture) must be interpreted with great caution. This notion can probably be extended to other elements of the endosomal pathway, because dramatic changes have be observed in endosome morphology if other endosomal proteins, such as FYVE-GFP, Rab5-GFP or Rab7-GFP, are expressed with the Gal4 system. Moreover, this study found that overexpression of these proteins suppresses the activation of Notch in lgd cells. These findings indicate that the overexpression of endosomal proteins induces significant changes in protein trafficking through the endosomal pathway (Troost, 2012).
This study found that the DM14 domains are important for the function of Lgd and that they constitute novel modules for direct interaction with a core member of the ESCRT-III complex during protein trafficking. Moreover, this analysis reveals that the DM14 domains provide the specific function of Lgd and function in a redundant manner. Using cell culture, Nakamura (2008) provided evidence that the fourth DM14 domain of Lgd2 is especially important for its function as a scaffold protein that is required for PDK1/Akt signalling activated by the EGF. However, no specific importance of the fourth DM14 domain could be detected in Drosophila. In the assay conditions used, any combination of two of the four domains appears to be sufficient for Lgd function and can rescue the lgd mutant phenotype (Troost, 2012).
However, this notion holds true only if the concentration of Shrub is normal. In situations where the activity of Shrub is reduced (shrub4-1/+), variants with four domains can provide more activity and assure sufficient interaction to maintain correct endosomal trafficking. This was already observed in animals that are hypomorphic for lgd (lgdd7/lgdSH495 shrub4-1). In other words, four DM14 copies enable the organism to tolerate the lgd shrub double heterozygous situation. Because almost all Lgd-like proteins discovered so far have four copies, it is likely that this ability endows members of the family with a functional robustness that is evolutionarily advantageous. The rescue experiments in the sensitized lgd +/lgd shrub4-1 backgrounds also suggest that the second DM14 domain is of greatest importance for the function of Lgd in Drosophila. This is in contrast to results of cell culture experiments for human Lgd2 (Nakamura, 2008). However, it is important to point out that most of the evidence for function in mammals is obtained with cell culture experiments, which often involve the overexpression of Lgd orthologues at levels way above endogenous levels. Given the great difficulties in gaining sensible results using the Gal4 system, these data should be interpreted carefully (Troost, 2012).
It has been previously shown that the C2 domain of Lgd can bind to certain phospholipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate, in an in vitro assay (Gallagher, 2006). Furthermore, cell fractionation experiments using cytosolic extracts from wild-type and the lgd08 mutant animals that encode a variant lacking the C2 domain, suggest that a small fraction is associated with the membrane in a C2-dependent manner. These biochemical data are contrasted by microscopy studies, which reported a cytosolic distribution of Lgd without any obvious association with membrane structures. In agreement, this study found that tagged Lgd variants expressed at the endogenous level are localised within the cytosol. Moreover, it was found that a lgd construct, encoding little more than the C2 domain and virtually identical to the Lgd fragment used in the in vitro phospholipid binding assay (Gallagher, 2006), is located in the cytosol similarly to Lgd. The discrepancy between the biochemical and microscopy data might be explained by the possibility that only a small fraction of Lgd (which cannot be detected in antibody staining) is associated with membranes. However, knowing that Lgd interacts with Shrub, it is surprising that no obvious association of Lgd was found even upon depletion of Vps4, although the ESCRT-III complex is locked on the endosomal membrane in this situation. One would expect that the membrane-associated fraction of Lgd should be increased in this situation. Thus, it is believed that Lgd is located within the cytosol. This notion is further supported by the fact that variants of Lgd that lack the C2 domain can rescue the lgd mutant phenotype to a high degree, although they are produced at a much lower level than the other constructs tested and than endogenous Lgd (Troost, 2012).
Three distinct functions were determined for the C2 domain. The first function is that it provides protein stability, because it was found that the constructs encoding variants without the C2 domain give rise to significantly lower amounts of protein than variants with the domain. The second function is the localisation of Lgd within the cytosol. This function provides an explanation for the discrepancy between the in vivo and biochemical studies, because variants without the C2 domains were found to be located in the nucleus. The reason for the mis-localisation of Lgd variants that lack the C2 domain is unclear at the moment. No cryptic nuclear localisation sequence (NLS) has been found within Lgd. Thus, it is possible that it is transported in the nucleus in complex with another protein that contains an NLS (Troost, 2012).
The presented results suggest a third function for the C2 domain, because it was found that LgdδDM14, which cannot provide any specific function in the rescue assay, can out-compete NESLgdδC2 in a C2-dependent manner and thereby prevent the partial rescue of lgd mutants. A likely possibility is that the C2 domain mediates an interaction with other proteins that results in concentration of Lgd at the site of action within the cytosol. In agreement with this possibility, recent reports have shown that the C2 domains of Nedd4L, PKC and PKCe mediate protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, human Lgd2/CC2D1A appears to interact via its C2 domain with the E2 enzyme Ubc13 during NF-kappaB signalling (Zhao, 2010). Therefore, the possibility is favored that the C2 domain of Lgd mediates protein-protein interactions instead of localising Lgd to a distinct membrane. It is possible that the cytosolic interaction prevents Lgd from migrating into the nucleus (Troost, 2012).
Recent results obtained in mammalian cell culture experiments suggest that human Lgd1 and Lgd2 might also act as transcriptional repressors (Hadjighassem, 2009; Ou, 2003). This study found that Lgd requires location within the cytosol for its function. Hence, the current results are not easily compatible with a function as a transcription factor, as suggested for human Lgd1 and Lgd2, and it is believed that a gene regulatory function for Lgd inDrosophila is unlikely (Troost, 2012).
Previous work has established that loss of function of ESCRT-I-ESCRT-III complexes results in non-autonomous and autonomous cell proliferation and activation of the Notch pathway. In addition, the mutant cells lose their epithelial organisation and eventually die. Although loss of function of lgd results in activation of the Notch pathway and overproliferation, these effects are cell-autonomous, and the mutant cells do not lose their polarity and survive well. Thus, the phenotypes of the two groups overlap, but are not identical. Nevertheless, this study has found an intimate relationship between the ESCRT-III component Shrub and Lgd. Both proteins physically interact and this direct interaction is important in vivo, as indicated by the strong genetic interactions uncovered between the two genes. Importantly, it was observed that the time of death for a hypomorphic allelic combination of lgd, which normally results in pharate adults, is earlier than that of lgd null mutants if the activity of shrub is reduced by half. The earlier time of death suggests that the function of shrub is impaired upon loss of lgd function. Thus, it appears that the physical interaction with Lgd is required for the proper function of Shrub. Because the loss-of-function phenotype of shrub is more deleterious and includes more aspects than that of lgd, it is likely that lgd contributes to, but is not absolutely required for, the function of shrub. Either loss of lgd results in the loss of one distinct aspect of Shrub function or it reduces its activity beyond a threshold that is required for complete function. The finding that overexpression of Shrub can rescue the lgd phenotype supports the second possibility. Recent work suggests that Shrub forms long homopolymers on the cytosolic surface of the endosomal membrane. This polymerisation is required for the abscission of vesicles into the lumen of the maturing endosome (Saksena, 2009). In order to polymerise, Shrub has to be converted from a closed cytosolic into the open form. After intraluminal vesicle (ILV) formation, Shrub becomes converted into the closed form by Vps4, with consumption of ATP. Because the data suggest that Shrub and Lgd interact in the cytosol, it is possible that Lgd somehow helps to prepare Shrub for the next round of polymerisation on the endosomal membrane (Troost, 2012).
The presented genetic studies suggest an antagonistic relationship between Lgd and several components of the ESCRT complexes with respect to Notch activation. This implies that activation of Notch in lgd cells depends on the function of the ESCRT complexes and therefore indicates that it must occur in a different manner in lgd cells to that in ESCRT-mutant cells. The results suggest that loss of lgd function somehow affects the activity of Shrub, which in turn results in the activation of Notch. It is important to point out that the antagonism between lgd and ESCRT is observed only with respect to activation of Notch signalling. With respect to endosome morphology, they appear to act synergistically because a reduction of shrub function by half results in a dramatic enlargement of endosomes of lgd hypomorphic cells, which normally do not exhibit such a defect. The results therefore reveal a complex relationship between Lgd and the ESCRT function and further work is required to resolve this relationship in detail (Troost, 2012).
Because activation of Notch is not possible without release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) into the cytosol, it is assumed that a fraction or all of Notch must somehow remain at the limiting membrane of the endosome and is not incorporated into ILVs in lgd cells. There are three possibilities for how this might be achieved: no ILVs form; Notch might not be efficiently incorporated into the ILVs; or ILVs might back-fuse with the limiting membrane of the maturing endosome. Back-fusion has been documented to occur in vertebrate cells. The current results suggest that loss of lgd function results in a reduction in the activity of Shrub. Therefore, the possibility is favored that the loss of lgd function results in a less efficient incorporation of Notch into the ILVs due to the reduced activity of Shrub (Troost, 2012).
The tumour suppressor Lethal (2) giant discs (Lgd) is a regulator of endosomal trafficking of the Notch signalling receptor as well as other transmembrane proteins in Drosophila. The loss of its function results in an uncontrolled ligand-independent activation of the Notch signalling receptor. This study investigated the consequences of loss of lgd function and the requirements for the activation of Notch. The activation of Notch in lgd cells was shown to be independent of Kuz and dependent on γ-secretase. The lgd cells were found to have a defect that delays degradation of transmembrane proteins, which are residents of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the results show that the activation of Notch in lgd cells occurs in the lysosome. By contrast, the pathway is activated at an earlier phase in mutants of the gene that encodes the ESCRT-III component Shrub, which is an interaction partner of Lgd. It was further shown that activation of Notch appears to be a general consequence of loss of lgd function. In addition, electron microscopy of lgd cells revealed that they contain enlarged multi-vesicular bodies. The presented results further elucidate the mechanism of uncontrolled Notch activation upon derailed endocytosis (Schneider, 2013).
Notch signalling is involved in many homeostatic and developmental processes in all metazoans and uncontrolled activation is a cause of disease in humans. Hence, it is important to unravel the mechanisms of its normal as well as its uncontrolled activation. Previous work has shown that loss of lgd function results in the ligand-independent activation of the Notch signalling pathway in imaginal disc cells. This activation was still dependent on the activity of the function of Psn, which encodes a component of the γ-secretase complex. This work extends the characterisation of lgd and defines the condition under which Notch is activated in lgd cells more precisely. Moreover, activation of Notch was shown to be a consequence of loss of lgd function also in another tissue, the follicle epithelium. This suggests that it is a general consequence of loss of lgd function in cells in Drosophila. It was confirmed that the γ-secretase complex is necessary for the activation of Notch in lgd cells. In addition, the first EM analysis is presented of lgd mutant cells, which indicates that a fraction of the endosomes of lgd cells is indeed enlarged and contain ILVs (Schneider, 2013).
Previously a model was suggested of how Notch is activated in lgd cells (Troost, 2012). Several of the uncertainties of this model are resolved by the results of the current work. This study showed that activation of Notch requires the fusion of the endosome with the lysosome. Thus, activation probably occurs in the lysosome and not the ME. This finding has several implications. First, it indicates that the defect occurs during endosome maturation in lgd cells, since fusion of the ME with the lysosome does not result in activation of Notch in wild-type cells. Secondly, it indicates that although lgd cells are defective in degradation of trans-membrane proteins, the MEs eventually fuse with lysosomes. Thus, degradation is delayed rather than prevented. This delay in fusion can explain the observation that lgd cells contain a fraction of moderately enlarged MVBs, because it allows the MEs to undergo more homotypic fusions and, thus, to grow to a larger size than normal over time. Thirdly, it indicates that the observed accumulation of Notch in MEs to high levels is not per se the cause of activation of the pathway. This notion is also supported by the observation that although all lgd cells of the follicular epithelium activate the Notch-pathway, not all show strong accumulation of Notch in MEs (Schneider, 2013).
A prerequisite for all Notch activation is that the NICD must face the cytosol so that it can access the nucleus after its release. During normal degradation, Notch is incorporated into ILVs and the NICD is separated from the cytosol. Thus, it cannot access the nucleus even if cleavage would occur. This consideration implies that in lgd cells the formation of ILVs must either fail or Notch is inefficiently incorporated in them. EM analysis revealed that the enlarged MEs contained ILVs. Thus, it appears that ILV formation is at least not strongly affected by loss of lgd. It has been recently shown that Lgd physically interacts with Shrub and is required for its full function (Troost, 2012). A similar interaction has been reported between the mammalian orthologues of Lgd interact and the orthologues of Shrub, CHMP4a, b, c (Martinelli, 2012; Usami, 2012). Moreover, in vitro experiments suggest that Lgd1 and Lgd2 can influence the polymerisation of CHMP proteins (Martinelli, 2012). The possibility is therefore favored that upon loss of lgd function, Notch is inefficiently incorporated into the ILVs due to a reduction, but not abolishment in the activity of shrub. Consequently, a fraction or all of Notch is not incorporated into ILVs and remains in the limiting membrane of the ME (NLM fraction). This NLM fraction is then activated in a ligand-independent manner. However, generating a NLM fraction is a prerequisite for activation of Notch in lgd cells, but it is not sufficient. Loss of hrs function prevents activation of Notch in lgd cells. In hrs mutants, the formation of ILVs is suppressed and, as a result, cargo (Notch) remains in the LM. (Schneider, 2013).
The current results provide more information about the further requirements of Notch activation in lgd cells. Activation of Notch is not only independent of the ligands, but also of kuz. Kuz is required for ecto-domain shedding, which is a prerequisite for RIP by the γ-secretase complex. Since the activity of the γ-secretase complex is necessary for activation of Notch in lgd cells, ecto-domain shedding of Notch must occur by an alternative manner in lgd cells. Alternative ecto-domain shedding of the NLM fraction in the lysosome can be easily explained by the degradation of the NECD, which extends into the lumen by the activated acidic hydrolases. In this way a NEXT-like fragment could be generated that serves as a substrate for the γ-secretase complex. It has been shown that the γ-secretase complex is active in the lysosome and it is likely that it can perform RIP on the NEXT-like fragment to release NICD into the cytosol. In agreement with this scenario is the finding that NδEGF is activated in lgd, but not in wild-type cells. This suggests that the remaining lin12 repeats of NδEGF that are protruding into the lumen change their conformation or become degraded in lgd cells. Activation of Notch in lgd cells requires the function of the activity of vATPase. This proton pump is required for the acidification of the lumen of MEs, which in turn is a prerequisite for the activation of the acidic hydrolases in the lysosome. The function of vATPase during activation of the Notch pathway in lgd cells could be twofold: Its activity is the prerequisite for the activation of hydrolases. Additionally, the resulting acidification of the lumen might also denature NECD or even resolve the Ca2+ salt bridges between NICD and NECD. It is worth pointing out that the function of vATPase during Notch activation in lgd cells is different from that during ligand-dependent activation. This activation appears to occur in the EE, whose luminal pH is significantly higher. However, the data suggest that the S1 cleavage is required in addition. Thus, it is probably an interplay of several factors that causes the activation of Notch (Schneider, 2013).
The results refine a previously suggested model of Notch activation in lgd cells . It suggests that the loss of lgd function results in a reduction in the activity of Shrub. As a consequence a fraction or all of Notch remains at the limiting membrane of the ME. Upon fusion with the lysosome the activated hydrolases, possibly in combination of the acidic environment causes alternative ecto-domain shedding. This creates a NEXT-like substrate for the γ-secretase complex, which releases NICD into the cytosol (Schneider, 2013).
The model is very similar to that suggested for the regulation of activation of Notch by the E3-ligase Deltex. Recent work reports an intimate functional relationship between the arrestin-like protein Kurtz (Krz), Deltex (Dx) and Shrub upon regulation of Notch (Hori, 2011). The authors suggested a model in which Shrub downregulates the activity of Notch by incorporating the poly-ubiquitinated receptor into ILVs, while Dx antagonises this incorporation and promotes activation. Dx exerts its function by regulating the ubiquitination status of NICD. Its overexpression shifts the equilibrium from poly- to mono-ubiquitylation. It will be interesting to determine how Lgd fits into this scheme. Qualitatively, the phenotype of loss of lgd function is similar to that of Dx overexpression, although the level of Notch activation is stronger. This would suggest that Lgd antagonises the function of Dx. The model proposed by Hori (2011) suggests that Dx prevents the incorporation of Notch into ILVs by Shrub. Lgd appears to influence the activity of Shrub by direct physical interaction (Troost, 2012). Thus, the possibility is favored that the relationship between Dx and Lgd is indirect and mediated through Shrub (Schneider, 2013).
The experiments indicate that a process is required for activation of Notch in lgd cells that has limited capacity. A possibility is that the affected process is the cleavage of Notch the γ-secretase complex, as it was observed that the ectopic activation of Notch in lgd cells is suppressed through reduction of the activity of the complex. If this is true it has to be explained how other transmembrane proteins that can compete with Notch are transformed into substrates for the γ-secretase complex. A possibility is that they also undergo alternative ecto-domain shedding (Schneider, 2013).
This study has confirmed that loss of shrub function results in the activation of the Notch pathway also during oogenesis. Further support is provided for the previously drawn conclusion that the activation of Notch in shrub cells occurs through another mechanism than in the case of lgd, because it was found that the activation of Notch is suppressed if Rab7 is depleted in lgd but not shrub cells (Troost, 2012). This finding indicates that the activation in shrub cells occurs in the ME rather than in the lysosome. Thus, activation of Notch can occur in several endosomal compartments (Schneider, 2013).
It is possible that different levels of inactivation of shrub trigger different modes of Notch activation. The loss of shrub function results in a strong activation of Notch and loss of epithelial integrity (Hori, 2011; Troost, 2012). However, slight reduction of shrub function only weakly activates Notch and appears to have little effect on the epithelial integrity (Hori, 2011). This raises the possibility that activation of Notch through reduction of shrub activity might occur through a different mechanism than upon abolishment of shrub function. It would be interesting to investigate whether the slight activation of Notch occurs in the lysosome or endosome (Schneider, 2013).
The Notch signaling pathway defines a conserved mechanism that regulates cell fate decisions in metazoans. Signaling is modulated by a broad and multifaceted genetic circuitry, including members of the endocytic machinery. Several individual steps in the endocytic pathway have been linked to the positive or negative regulation of the Notch receptor. In seeking genetic elements involved in regulating the endosomal/lysosomal degradation of Notch, mediated by the molecular synergy between the ubiquitin ligase Deltex and Kurtz, the nonvisual beta-arrestin in Drosophila, this study identified Shrub, a core component of the ESCRT-III complex as a key modulator of this synergy. Shrub promotes the lysosomal degradation of the receptor by mediating its delivery into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). However, the interplay between Deltex, Kurtz, and Shrub can bypass this path, leading to the activation of the receptor. This analysis shows that Shrub plays a pivotal rate-limiting step in late endosomal ligand-independent Notch activation, depending on the Deltex-dependent ubiquitinylation state of the receptor. This activation mode of the receptor emphasizes the complexity of Notch signal modulation in a cell and has significant implications for both development and disease (Hori, 2011).
The extraordinary sensitivity of normal development to the dosage of the Notch receptor is manifested through the haploinsufficient and triplomutant behavior of the Notch locus. Dosage sensitivity is consistent with the fact that the Notch signaling mechanism relies on stoichiometric interactions rather than enzymatic amplification steps to bring the signal from the surface to the nucleus. This also provides a rationale for the observation that cellular events involved in trafficking/turnover are emerging as major Notch signal-controlling mechanisms. The canonical pathway relies on the activation of the receptor triggered by its interaction with membrane-bound ligands on an apposing cell but the possibility that the receptor can also be activated intracellularly, in a ligand-independent fashion, as several studies, including the present one, suggest, has important implications for the biology and pathobiology of Notch. The rules governing how and where a receptor, trafficking through the endocytic compartments, can be activated, in the presence or absence of the ligand, are still not completely defined. Moreover, it is not understood how such events are integrated into the genetic circuitry that affects the regulation of endosomal compartment assembly and function (Hori, 2011).
This study provides insight into these questions by showing that the interplay between the Notch signal modulator Dx, the nonvisual β-arrestin orthologue Krz, and a critical component of the ESCRT-III complex, Shrub, directs Notch either into a degradation or into a ligand-independent activation path, which is paralleled by distinct ubiquitinylation states of Notch. The ESCRT pathway, recently described as a 'cargo-recognition and membrane-sculpting machine,' defines a complex, multipurpose cellular machinery with cellular roles and molecular mechanisms that are not fully elucidated (Henne, 2011). ESCRT is crucial in mediating the various steps leading to the sorting of membrane proteins into MVBs on their way to lysosomal degradation. The implication of Shrub in Notch signaling-related processes was revealed through an unbiased genetic screen for isogenic modifiers of the dx-krz-dependent phenotype, which is based on the endosomal/lysosomal degradation of the Notch receptor. This study is not the first to provide a general link between Notch signaling with the ESCRT machinery, but both the genetic screen as well as the subsequent analysis points to the differential and major role of the ESCRT-III complex in the dx-krz-dependent, ligand-independent mode of Notch signaling described in this study (Hori, 2011).
Several studies established that as the Notch receptor enters an endocytic path, it can be activated inside the cell in both a ligand-dependent as well as ligand-independent fashion. Consequently, several elements of the endosomal machinery including elements of the ESCRT complexes were shown to influence the intracellular accumulation and activation of the Notch receptor. The current data are compatible with these studies and indeed extend and complement them. These studies are not directly comparable, not only because of differing genetic backgrounds, a crucial element in evaluating genetic interactions, but also because this study is analyzing the impact of ESCRT function on the modulation of Notch signaling via the synergistic action of Dx and Krz, which may well define a different but specific path. Considering the entire body of work related to various aspects of Notch receptor trafficking it seems that there may be several, distinct ways the receptor can be activated after entering the endocytic path. Some studies link early endosomes with the activation of the receptor, whereas others implicate late endosomal compartments with ligand-independent activation of Notch. Particularly relevant to the activation mode documented in this study are the genetic studies of Wilkin (2008) that associated Notch activation with the HOPS (homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting) and AP-3 (adaptor protein-3) complexes, demonstrating the existence of a Notch activation path that is dependent on late endosomal compartments (Hori, 2011).
This study found that the expression of Shrub triggers a dramatic subcellular shift of the Notch receptor to MVBs, consistent with the fact that ESCRT-III mediates the cargo de-ubiquitination, budding, and scission of intraluminal vesicles, which control the delivery of the cargo to the lysosomes. The down-regulation of Notch signals by Shrub is apparently associated with the recruitment of Notch in intraluminal vesicles and its eventual degradation. On the other hand, disrupting the cellular equilibrium between Dx and Shrub by down-regulating Shrub and/or up-regulating Dx activates the receptor in a ligand-independent manner. It is also clear that the mode of Notch activation document in this study is independent of the ligands and is linked to the ubiquitinylation status of the Notch receptor, which in turn is modulated by Dx and Krz. Krz was shown to modulate Notch activity through its ability to regulate the levels of the Notch protein. It is noted with interest that although β-arrestins have been implicated as adaptors during clathrin-dependent endocytosis, Ram8, an arrestin homologous protein in yeast, has also been associated with the recruitment of the ESCRT machinery to MVBs loaded with a G-coupled receptor cargo. If Krz has a similar relationship with the ESCRT machinery, it may be involved in sorting Notch on MVBs and hence the eventual recruitment of Notch in intraluminal vesicles for degradation, a notion compatible with the observation that Krz enhances the Shrub-dependent down-regulation of Notch (Hori, 2011).
In order for the receptor to enter intraluminal vesicles, a de-ubiquitinylation of the cargo must take place. It is noteworthy that Snf7 (the Shrub orthologue in yeast) recruits the de-ubiquitinating enzyme Doa4 necessary for such cargo de-ubiquitination. In cell culture studies, where the relative subcellular localization of Notch, Shrub, and Dx could clearly be followed, localization of Notch, Shrub, and Dx with MVB membranes was observed. Because this subcellular phenotype is paralleled by a dramatic ligand-independent activation of the receptor and a shift from poly- to a mono-ubiquitination status of the receptor, this leads to a suggestion that Dx, which physically interacts with Notch, interferes with processes that are essential for loading the receptor on intraluminal vesicles (Hori, 2011).
It is clear that a more detailed analysis of subcellular dynamics in vivo is necessary to address many of the questions raised by the present study. On the basis of the data presented in this study a model is presented for the activation mode that was uncovered. It is suggested that the ESCRT-III component Shrub can regulate receptor cycling, diverting it to a signaling path, a fate modulated by Dx and Krz. Thus, Notch signaling can be attenuated inside the cell in a ligand-independent fashion. It remains to be determined how such intracellular signaling serves the developmental logic of Notch which couples the fate of one cell to that of the next door cellular neighbor. It is possible for such mode of Notch action to be useful to modulate the fate of a cell that, for example, circulates and is thus not necessarily in contact with a ligand-expressing neighbor. Irrespective of the potential role ligand-independent activation may play in normal development, activating the receptor can have profound pathological consequences. Therefore, understanding pathways capable of modulating Notch activity in an intracellular, ligand-independent manner is of great importance (Hori, 2011).
The tumour suppressor gene lethal (2) giant discs (lgd) is involved in endosomal trafficking of transmembrane proteins in Drosophila. Loss of function results in the ligand-independent activation of the Notch pathway in all imaginal disc cells and follicle cells. Analysis of lgd loss of function has largely been restricted to imaginal discs and suggests that no other signalling pathway is affected. The devotion of Lgd to the Notch pathway was puzzling given that lgd loss of function also affects trafficking of components of other signalling pathways, such as the Dpp (a Drosophila BMP) pathway. Moreover, Lgd physically interacts with Shrub, a fundamental component of the ESCRT trafficking machinery, whose loss of function results in the activation of several signalling pathways. This study shows that during oogenesis lgd loss of function causes ectopic activation of the Drosophila BMP signalling pathway. This activation occurs in somatic follicle cells as well as in germline cells. The activation in germline cells causes an extra round of division, producing egg chambers with 32 instead of 16 cells. Moreover, more germline stem cells were formed. The lgd mutant cells are defective in endosomal trafficking, causing an accumulation of the type I Dpp receptor Thickveins in maturing endosomes, which probably causes activation of the pathway. Taken together, these results show that lgd loss of function causes various effects among tissues and can lead to the activation of signalling pathways other than Notch. They further show that there is a role for the endosomal pathway during oogenesis (Morawa, 2015).
In recent years, it has been established that the tumour suppressor gene lethal (2) giant discs (lgd) [l(2)gd1 - FlyBase] has a function in the endosomal pathway and in the regulation of the activity of the Notch pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Loss of its function leads to a defect in endosomal trafficking of transmembrane proteins, which accumulate in maturing endosomes (MEs). This defect causes the constitutive activation of the Notch pathway in a ligand-independent manner. lgd encodes a member of an evolutionary conserved family whose members contain four repeats of the novel DM14 domain followed by one C2 domain. A mutation in one of the two human orthologs, LGD2 (also named Aki, Freud-1, TAPE and Cc2d1a), causes mental retardation, and this protein might be a tumour suppressor in liver cells (Morawa, 2015).
In Drosophila the Notch receptor is activated by two ligands, Delta (Dl) and Serrate (Ser). Their binding initiates the S2-cleavage of the extracellular domain of Notch (NECD). The cleaved NECD is then trans-endocytosed together with the ligand into the signal-sending cell. The cleavage is performed by a metalloproteinase encoded by kuzbanian (kuz) in Drosophila. The resulting intermediate Notch extracellular truncation (NEXT) fragment is cleaved by the γ-secretase complex, which contains Aph-1 and Presenilin (Psn). This S3-cleavage releases the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) into the cytosol from where it migrates into the nucleus to activate the target genes together with Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)]. Previous work has shown that the constitutive activation of Notch observed in lgd mutant cells requires the activity of the γ-secretase complex (Morawa, 2015).
Notch traffics constitutively through the endosomal pathway to be degraded in the lysosom. Trafficking is initiated by endocytosis, which results in the formation of early endosomal vesicles. These vesicles fuse to form the early endosome (EE). Receptors destined for degradation remain in the ME, which eventually fuses with the lysosome where the cargo is degraded. During maturation of the endosome, receptors are concentrated in domains of its limiting membrane (LM) and are translocated into the lumen of the ME through pinching off this part as intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). The formation of ILVs achieves the separation of the NICDs of receptors from the cytosol. This step is important for the complete degradation of receptors as well as the termination of signalling through activated receptors (Morawa, 2015).
The events in the endosomal pathway are controlled by small GTPases, chiefly Rab5 and Rab7 (Huotari, 2011). Rab5 orchestrates events in the EEs, such as the initiation of ILV formation through recruitment of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-0, the first of five sequentially acting complexes, termed ESCRT-0-ESCRT-III and Vps4 (reviewed by Hurley, 2010). ESCRT-0 initiates the sequential recruitment of the complexes and concentrates ubiquitylated receptors in regions of ILV formation. ESCRT-0 consists of Hrs and Stam. The central component of the last acting ESCRT-III complex in Drosophila is encoded by shrub. It encodes the Drosophila ortholog of mammalian CHMP4 family proteins and yeast Snf7. Shrub is recruited to the LM of the MEs where it polymerises into filaments to perform the abscission of ILVs in concert with the Vps4 complex. As a result of the action of the ESCRT complexes, the ME contains an increasing number of ILVs and is called a multi-vesicular body (MVB). A recent paper provides evidence that suggests that LGD2 also interacts with CHMP4 during budding of HIV. Although the loss of the function of the ESCRT-I, -II and -III results in activation of the Notch and other signalling pathways in Drosophila, that of ESCRT-0 does not. An explanation for this puzzling fact is that ESCRT-0 performs an additional function that is required for activation in ESCRT-I, -II and -III mutants. This might consist of clustering of cargo at sites of ILV formation. The additional function of ESCRT-0 is also required for the activation of the Notch pathway in lgd mutant cells because concomitant loss of ESCRT-0 and Lgd activity suppresses Notch activation (Morawa, 2015).
It has been shown that Lgd physically interacts with the ESCRT-III core component Shrub (Troost, 2012). This interaction is important for the full activity of Shrub in vivo. Genetic experiments have revealed that the activation of Notch in lgd mutant cells requires the Rab7-mediated fusion of the ME with the lysosome (Schneider, 2013). Furthermore, every other manipulation that prevents fusion of the ME with the lysosome, such as loss of Rab7 function, suppresses activation of Notch in lgd mutant cells (Schneider, 2013). This requirement for fusion explains a paradox in the relationship between Lgd and Shrub: the activation of Notch in lgd mutant discs is suppressed if the activity of shrub is reduced to 50%, although their individual loss results in Notch activation (Troost, 2012). The paradox could be explained by the observation that the MEs of these cells lose association with Rab7 and fail to fuse with the lysosome (Schneider, 2013). Thus, Notch pathway activation fails because the endosomes are more dysfunctional than in lgd mutant cells (Morawa, 2015).
In Drosophila, loss of function of ESCRT-I, -II and -III in imaginal discs results in the ectopic activation of the Notch pathway. In addition, the activity of the Drosophila BMP pathway, called the Decapentaplegic (Dpp) pathway, is enhanced. Moreover, loss of ESCRT function causes loss of epithelial integrity. However, previous analysis in imaginal discs indicates that neither the activity of other major signalling pathways, such as the Dpp pathway, nor the epithelial integrity is affected by the loss of lgd function (Schneider, 2013). Hence, the phenotype of ESCRT mutants is more severe than that of loss-of-function lgd mutants despite their intimate relationship (Morawa, 2015).
The analysis of signalling pathways in lgd mutants described above was restricted to imaginal discs and indicated that only the Notch pathway is affected. It is not known whether these pathways are affected in other mutant tissues. The development of the oocyte of Drosophila is an excellent system to study cellular processes, such as cell signalling and, thus, to answer this question. During oogenesis the progenies of a germline stem cell (GSC) develops through distinct and recognisable stages into a mature egg in the ovariole. The ovariole is subdivided into an anterior germarium, which contains two kinds of stem cells and a posterior part that consists of a string of increasingly older egg chambers (ECs) with 16 germline cells (GCs) surrounded by a somatic follicle epithelium. The ECs bud off the germarium and mature upon their posterior migration. The GSCs are located at the anterior tip of the germarium and are surrounded by somatic cap cells, which form the niche required for their survival. The niche can accommodate 2-3 GSCs. These divide asymmetrically to give rise to another GSC and a cystoblast that begins to differentiate. The cystoblast undergoes four rounds of mitotic divisions to give rise to a cyst with 16 GCs. The cyst is encapsulated by somatic follicle cells (FCs) to generate the EC. The FCs are generated by two somatic stem cells located at the exit of the germarium. One GC in each EC will differentiate into the oocyte, whereas the other 15 differentiate into polyploid nurse cells (Morawa, 2015).
Several signals are required to maintain the GSC population. These are emitted at the tip of germarium by cap cells. The most important one is Dpp. Although anterior cap cells are probably responsible for the majority of the Dpp signal, the extent of its expression domain remains unclear. Dpp activates the co-receptor Thickveins (Tkv; type 1) and type 2 receptors on GSC. The result of Dpp signalling is the suppression of the expression of bag of marbles (bam) in the GSC. When a GSC divides, the daughter attached to the cap cell receives the Dpp signal, which suppresses bam expression and maintains the GSC fate. The non-contacting daughter cell does not receive sufficient signal and produces Bam, which causes its differentiation as a cystoblast. Thus, Bam silencing is the hallmark of asymmetry in the female germline of Drosophila. The short range of the Dpp signal is achieved through degradation of the activated Tkv receptor in the cystoblast by a specific mechanism that involves the kinase Fused (Fu) and the E3 ligase Smurf. If the mechanism is disturbed, for example, by inactivation of fu, the number of GSCs increases and an extra round of division of the cyst cells occurs, frequently giving rise to ECs with 32 instead of 16 GCs (Morawa, 2015).
One well-characterised event during oogenesis that is mediated through the Notch signalling pathway is the switch from the mitotic cycle to the endocycle in FCs of ECs, which occurs at between stage 6 and 7. This switch is triggered by a Dl signal from the GCs and initiates the differentiation of FCs through activation of Hindsight (Hnt) expression. It was previously shown that the loss of function of lgd in FCs results in precocious activation of the Notch pathway and expression of Hnt (Schneider, 2013). As in wing discs, the activation was independent of Kuz, and depended on Hrs and fusion of the ME with the lysosome (Schneider, 2013). Hence, the activation is caused by the same mechanism as in the wing disc (Morawa, 2015).
The consequence of loss of lgd function in the germline was investigated previously using the allele lgdd3. ECs were observed with more than 40 GCs, a feature characteristic of tumour suppressor mutants. However, the analysis was hampered by the uncertain nature of lgdd3 and the lack of appropriate markers (Morawa, 2015).
This study further investigated the function of lgd during oogenesis. Its loss causes activation of the Dpp pathway in addition to the Notch pathway in FCs. In the germline, loss of function of lgd causes an extra mitotic division that produces ECs with 32 GCs. In addition, it causes formation of more GSCs. Both phenotypes rely on ectopic activation of the Dpp. These results indicate that these phenotypes are caused by a failure to degrade Tkv. Moreover, the loss of function of shrub was found to result in a similar phenotype (Morawa, 2015).
The previously conducted analysis of the function of lgd was largely restricted to imaginal discs. It suggested that loss of lgd function specifically activates the Notch pathway. Moreover, the loss of lgd function in FCs results in activation of the Notch pathway in the same manner as in imaginal disc cells. The devotion of Lgd to the Notch pathway was puzzling, given that it also controls trafficking of components of several signalling pathways, such as Tkv. Lgd functionally interacts with Shrub, whose loss of function affects several signalling pathways in imaginal disc cells. Thus, it would be conceivable that these pathways are also activated in lgd mutant cells. This study shows that the Dpp pathway is ectopically activated upon loss of function of lgd in the ovary. This activation occurs in FCs as well as GCs. Only the Dpp, and not the Notch, pathway is activated in lgd mutant GCs. This observation is different from what has been reported for mutants of the ESCRT-II component Vps25, where Dpp signalling was enhanced, but the pathway not ectopically activated (Morawa, 2015).
This study failed to detect any phenotype that could be attributed to the observed ectopic activation of the Dpp pathway in lgd mutant FCs, but its ectopic activation in the mutant germline causes an extra round of cell division. Moreover, more GSCs were observed and expression of Bam-GFP was suppressed in a fraction of germaria. These findings suggest that the range of the Dpp signal is extended and, thus, maintains the GSC fate in more distantly located cells (Morawa, 2015).
It has been recently shown that the Dpp-activated form of the Tkv receptor is specifically degraded in cyst cells to suppress the ectopic activation of the pathway. This degradation through the endosomal pathway is mediated by a complex consisting of the E3 ligase Smurf and Fu, and restricts the activity of the pathway to GSCs in the cap cell niche. The loss of fu function causes a loss of degradation of the activated receptor in progenies of the GSCs and, thus, increases the range of the pathway in GCs. Hence, ectopic activation occurs cell autonomously, but is induced by the Dpp ligand. The ectopic activity induced by loss of fu function causes a variety of phenotypes, including egg chambers that contain 32 GCs, as was observed upon loss of lgd function. Loss of function of lgd has been shown to result in a defect in the degradation of Tkv and other cargo proteins, such as Notch and Dl, in FCs and GCs. This study also found that the range of the Dpp pathway is increased in the absence of lgd function. It is therefore likely that the activation of the pathway is caused by a general failure of degradation that also affects the degradation of the activated form of Tkv. In further support of this notion, genetic interactions were found between fu, lgd and shrub (Morawa, 2015).
It has been proposed that in lgd cells, transmembrane proteins destined to become degraded in the lysosome are not completely incorporated in ILVs of MEs (Schneider, 2013). This hypothesis has been strongly supported by recent work of the Schweisguth laboratory (Couturier, 2014). Consequently, a fraction of Notch and Tkv remains at the LM and their intracellular domains stay in contact with the cytosol. Activated Tkv in this fraction continues to signal as long as the ME exists. It is therefore proposed that it is the defect in incorporation of activated Tkv into ILVs that causes the ectopic activation of the Dpp pathway. In this scenario, defects that increase the lifetime of the lgd mutant ME, such as loss of Dmon1 function, enhances and prolongs the activity of the Dpp pathway. This is what was observed. The incorporation of transmembrane proteins into ILVs requires their previous ubiquitylation by E3 ligases. Hence, the loss of the function of the E3 ligase Fu, which normally ubiquitylates activated Tkv, also prevents incorporation of activated Tkv in ILVs (Morawa, 2015).
Loss of shrub function causes a similar defect to that of lgd. Shrub is the central element of the ESCRT-III complex, which is required for ILV scission and interacts physically with Lgd (Troost, 2012). Loss of shrub function is expected to result in all Tkv remaining on the LM. Thus, it was no surprise to see that loss of its function in the FCs also causes the activation of the Dpp pathway. More surprising was the finding that reduction of Shrub activity by only 50% is sufficient to initiate the activation of the Dpp pathway in the germline. Given that that phenotypes of shrub/+ cells are stronger than those of lgd mutant cells, it is likely that reduction of the activity of shrub by 50% causes a larger fraction of Tkv to remain on the LM than in lgd mutant cells. The phenotypes of shrub/+ cells are strongly enhanced by heterozygousity of fu, indicating that there is an intimate functional relationship and that, as in the case of lgd, a defect in Tkv degradation causes the activation of the Dpp pathway (Morawa, 2015).
Because of the similarity in the phenotype and their intimate relationship, it is puzzling to find an antagonistic relationship between shrub and lgd. However, this antagonism was observed only in respect to the formation of supernumerary GCs, but not in respect to formation of supernumerary dad-lacZ-positive GSCs. A similar complex situation was found for the relationship of shrub and lgd in imaginal discs, where the reduction of shrub activity suppressed the activation of the Notch pathway, but enhanced the morphological defect of endosomes in lgd cells (Troost, 2012). Finding explanation for this complex relationship will be key to understanding the function of Lgd. One possibility is that the function of the ME is disturbed more severely in the double mutants than in each single mutant. In agreement with this is the observation in the imaginal disc, where the MEs lost their association with Rab7 in shrub lgd/lgd+ cells (Morawa, 2015).
The apical extracellular matrix plays a central role in epithelial tube morphogenesis. In the Drosophila tracheal system, Serpentine (Serp), a secreted chitin deacetylase expressed by the tracheal cells plays a key role in regulating tube length. This study shows that the fly fat body, which is functionally equivalent to the mammalian liver, also contributes to tracheal morphogenesis. Serp is expressed by the fat body, and the secreted Serp is taken up by the tracheal cells and translocated to the lumen to functionally support normal tracheal development. This process is defective in rab9 and shrub/vps32 mutants and in wild-type embryos treated with a secretory pathway inhibitor, leading to an abundant accumulation of Serp in the fat body. Fat body-derived Serp reaches the tracheal lumen after establishment of epithelial barrier function and is retained in the lumen in a chitin synthase-dependent manner. These results thus reveal that the fat body, a mesodermal organ, actively contributes to tracheal development (Dong, 2014).
The diversity of neuronal cells, especially in the size and shape of their dendritic and axonal arborizations, is a striking feature of the mature nervous system. Dendritic branching is a complex process, and the underlying signaling mechanisms remain to be further defined at the mechanistic level. This paper reports the identification of shrub mutations that increased dendritic branching. Single-cell clones of shrub mutant dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons in Drosophila larvae showed ectopic dendritic and axonal branching, indicating a cell-autonomous function for shrub in neuronal morphogenesis. shrub encodes an evolutionarily conserved coiled-coil protein homologous to the yeast protein Snf7, a key component in the ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) complex that is involved in the formation of endosomal compartments known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Mouse orthologs can substitute for Shrub in mutant Drosophila embryos and loss of Shrub function caused abnormal distribution of several early or late endosomal markers in DA sensory neurons. These findings demonstrate that the novel coiled-coil protein Shrub functions in the endosomal pathway and plays an essential role in neuronal morphogenesis (Sweeney, 2006). | 2019-04-21T04:15:38Z | https://www.sdbonline.org/sites/fly/genebrief/shrub.htm |
Hi my new friend Eddie, have good day, my name is Elena, but friends call me Lena. I looked your structure and I to love it. I wet to be fair with you from the first letter and is constant because I very much appreciate in people such quality as honesty. I want to tell that I do not live in your country, I live in Russia in Russian city of Nizhni Novgorod. On a site I have written that I live in your country because differently me would not register, and I have decided to make experiment and to write that I live in your country, I hope that this information will not prevent our dialogue because I want to have more dialogue with you. Now I want to tell about myself directly. My age of 26 years, I was born in the autumn, I lonely and live together with my parents. I very much like flowers in all their displays, I like to receive and give gifts to the friends and native, I very much love children as my work is connected to children, I work as the children's doctor in hospital for us in city to have this work I some years at medical university in my city studied. At leisure for an entertainment I like to walk with my friends on park in my city, I not frequently am engaged in kinds of sports from for insufficient a free time. I have kind enough gentle and romantic character, and you? I wait for the letter from you, your new friend Lena.
Hello my friend Eddie. Thanks for your answer to me on my address of e-mail. Wonderfully that my photo has liked you, together with this letter I send you one more my photo. I also want to see your photo. It is a pity that you have no a lot of free time to write to me. I understand that you have a lot of work. You can call to me and we can speak with you. My number 007-960-097-6305. in your letter you practically have told nothing about yourselves. How you work? Your work is difficult for you? Tell to me also about that place where do you live, on what the life there resembles? What character at you and what type of the man you? I want to tell a little about men. Pleasant to me in men the following qualities: good sense of humour, mind, honesty, skill to be close to the woman, careful, gentle, tender. I like strong personalities with individual character traits. My work does not allow me to have a lot of free time. My work is connected to children of younger age and I very much love them. I think you read my profile and saw that I have very serious of intention to get acquainted with good man for serious relations. I think will be interesting for you to learn more about my character. I do not know how will be better to start. Ok I'll try. I think that I'm very romantic woman. I like to communicate with people, I like good humor. I believein real love and I think that it's very important in live. I'm very jealous woman. I love when me present compliments and I'm ready to listen it indefinitely. For me very important that around of me were cleanliness and order. I often am engaged cleaning. Also I like cooking, esspessialy some tasty dishes. I like romantic relations between man and woman, but probably all women dreaming about it. But usually all relations very quickly come to an end. I have no intention to waste time on such acquaintances. I'm not met yet man, which I would decide to give back myself and my life. But I want to find him. I think that is my dream number one now. I think that for woman general in live not money or career. General for woman is have strong family and love man beside for care of him. Can you tell me about your dreams? What woman you dream to meet? I'm sorry Eddie, that I ask you about so a frank thing, you see we are familiar only couple of days. But it's very interesting and important for me. I shortly have written the sights on life, if you want to know something else will be free for asking. I'll wait your letters. Yours faithfully Elena.
Hi Eddie. thanks you for your letter. It is very interesting to me to receive each your letter and I was very pleasant to read attentively each your word. When I receive your letters to me at once it becomes more cheerful and more joyful. you sound really fine the man and very well that that you spiritual the man. You resemble that type of the man which I to search. I shall be very glad to learn you more and more and to communicate with you. I do not think that the distance will be a problem for our relations. We can learn each other through the Internet and then if your relations will develop it will not be good a meeting a problem for us. I allowed to you my number. Call me and we can talk to you. Tell to me your number also. I am glad that you like my work I think that this really good business that I do also I I enjoy my work. I understand that your work is difficult for you and I hope that you have a few forces after you stop your work to write to me. I did not receive your photo with your letter nevertheless. I hope that you will send me it with yours the following the letter. I send you the photo. In a picture I and my sister on coast of the river in my city. I have no photo of my parents because they do not like to be photographed. I hope that you wanted that I have sent them to you. Tell, me please about your family. As frequently you with them gather. I to you want to tell about the family. I live with the parents with mum and the daddy. We live in one apartment. The name of my father Alexander to him 55 years he works as the driver by the lorry. My father very much likes to fish. Still my father is fond of hunting. he seldom goes on hunting and he does not bring home extraction. Simply he with the friends spend time on fresh. They go in reserves simply to look at animals as they live on will where nobody touches them and does not offend the weapon. My mother 50 years call Anastas to her. She now anywhere does not work. Now she is engaged in housekeeping. She is fond of knitting and has learned me to this craft and now I to myself knit various woolen things. Earlier she worked as the tutor in a kindergarten. My sister works in shop as the seller of clothes. her name Olga and her 24 years. In the summer we frequently go on a beach and on fishing. Still I very much am pleasant like in an embroidery to this I have learned at lessons of technology at school. One year ago we have left the partner in life. I loved him but he frequently deceived me. Now he has found other girl but I do not hold on him evil because we with him had few general interests and we like different type of people. Now we with him it is simple friends. Now I need in the man which understood me and liked. Your friend Lena.
P.S. I wish you good day and successes.
Hi Eddie. Thanks for your e-mail. To me very much to like to receive your e-mail. Thanks for your photo, me is very pleasant to receive it and I would be very glad if you will send me more from your photos. I have learned more about your family, thanks you for this information it is very interesting to me, you became more open person for me. Call me or send the message of the text that we could be in touch with you. I also have no free time because of my work. And I have decided to address to the Internet to search for the man. I am glad that we are familiar with you and that we can learn each other more and more. The Internet a remarkable thing, we have an opportunity to communicate with each other being at a great distance though nothing will replace dialogue in face to face. We communicate not for a long time but you are interesting to me as the person and now I with impatience wait for your letter. Now I would like to tell more in detail about my work. As I spoke I work as the children's doctor in hospital. This work to like me as I deal with children, and they to me are very pleasant. On work I have very harmonious collective. In 7 o'clock in the morning I leave on the and by the bus I reach before the work. My working day begins in 8 o'clock in the morning with survey of sick children, I go on chambers and I check their condition. It occurs till a dinner, after a dinner I am engaged in reception of new patients and their treatment. In 5 o'clock in the evening my working day comes to an end and I by the bus go home. Work leaves to me very few free time. I would like to have children in the future but I could not find the man of the father suitable for a role because I should be sure in him very well differently our relations I can end and the child remain without the father. I do not want that my child had such future. I want that my child had the light future and has been surrounded with caress and love his parents. I want that my future child has received good education and training. To me to like that we understand each other and we have some general interests. Please tell to me about your ideas, it is very important for me. On it I should finish conversation with you as I have not enough time today. I shall be glad to receive your letter. Good day. Yours Lena.
Hi Eddie. I am always indefinitely glad to receive letters from you. My affairs it is excellent and how yours? To a regret I do not remember that that I have written to you on that site because I have removed the profile from that site. I did not receive your messages of the text, try to send me it and I with pleasure I shall answer you. I understand that that you speak about children and I think as well as you. How is the weather at you? Here it is cloudy and it is warm enough. I today have met the old girlfriend who did not see about 2 years, we lived in one city, in court yard which are nearby from each other earlier, we long time were together, since the early childhood and till some moment when she has left to live for Moscow, we were earlier the best girlfriends she to me replaced the sister in what that degrees, I am very glad that have met her, she has arrived to the parents for 3 days, her name is Dasha. I send a new picture, I hope it to you it is pleasant. On this photo I together with my girlfriend today in one of restaurants in my city. She is that girlfriend about which I has told to you in this letter. To me very joyfully and sadly simultaneously when I think of that that she soon should leave, from one point of view to me sadly leaves for long enough term the girlfriend, but from other point of view it is good that my girlfriend lives and works in capital of Russia to Moscow, it gives her more opportunities for a good life as work in our city is more complex and is paid much worse than in Moscow, is especial my trade, I earn about 2200 euros one year, but not looking at a low wage level I like this work because it is really noble trade. I wait with impatience of your letters, dear your Eddie and more pictures. Yours Lena.
Hi, dear Eddie. Thanks for your letters to me, I am happy to receive them so frequently. I would like to see more than your pictures, they are always pleasant for me. I received those pictures about which you speak, thanks you for those pictures. Weather here too hot and is a lot of sun but it is replaced by a rain and clouds. You have what plans on week-end? You work in week-end? Today I read the book about your country and now I know more about it. Really the level and cost of a life in our countries is various. Quality of the goods and services in your country is higher than in Russia, therefore the prices are higher, for example at us the part of bread or milk costs 0.4 euros, to have supper at good restaurant in my city there are 10 euros, hotel accommodation during day costs 15 euros. For the last some years the life in Russia began to change, live it becomes easier, wages become higher, there are places for rest of youth and a place where it is possible to have a rest all family. I want to ask you about your future? You Have plans concerning it? You like to read books? You to love Russian poets? I very much like and I am fond of reading of literary works, especially such Russian writers as Pushkin, Lermontov, it seems to me their literary language is perfect. Reading their product helps any person to become more educated and to raise the level of knowledge, you so do not consider? Except for reading I like to dance, at me well it turns out to do it because in the childhood during 3 years I visited rates of dance and sometimes I and my girlfriends we go to a night club to have a few entertainments and dances. In my room I have houses a few plant and colors, I like to raise and look after them, at me it really well turns out, in fact caress and care is necessary for colors as well as people. I very much love flowers and I have their various kinds from usual up to really exotic. It is a little more about me, I am glad that our dialogue interestingly for both of us, I understand that you not only attractive the man but also the person which can sensibly think and understands women, thanks that you write to me. With impatience I wait for your letter. Good day, dear Eddie. Lena.
Hi dear Eddie. I had fine day today, not tired on the work. I send you a photo which my girlfriend has made. Thanks for answers to my questions in last my letter. I am similar to you practically never I have plans for the near future, but I have plans concerning my further life. I would like to have happy family with children and the beloved beside. I would like to have two or three children, the boy and the girl. I shall not send you my pictures in underwear. For me it will be a shame to do it because I have such education which does not allow me to show myself from this side. I have a computer of a house but it has no output in the Internet and I write to you from a computer of my girlfriend. Therefore I cannot communicate with you on MSN. I have no time for it unfortunately. But you can call to me. My number 007-960-097-6305, call to me, it is very pleasant for me to speak with you and to hear your voice. Tell to me also your number. It is good that you love plants. Many inhabitants in the Russian cities have sites of the ground behind city. My parents have a small site of the ground behind city, about 40 km away, this place is a garden site, a place where our family can raise some kinds of fruit and vegetables, also I the daddy has constructed the small house on this site that our family could be placed in the house for the night. In it I the daddy made this house and some furniture the hands during several years, I very much like that that the man can make what or things the hands, it so is fine, on similarity that that the woman can bring up children or bring up plants from not the alive ground, you agree? As it is not far from our site there is a small lake in which we sometimes bathe. In the summer in the evening I and my parents we have rest about fire on the site and we prepare I peep in a kind of fried meat on a fire, mine the daddy prepares for it very well, and it is impossible to receive really good fried meat from me on a fire, likely men are capable to make it only. We all family gather around of one table and we have conversation on various things, it is wonderful when the family can gather, is not that so? What plans you have concerning family dear Eddie? Tell to me about it please. Our site is located about a wood. I adore walks on a wood, Russia has the surprising nature and beautiful woods as in the winter and in the summer. In hot enough summer day I pass on a track between trees in a wood one and I have an excellent opportunity to think of various things, to think of a life. Sometimes it happens boringly to one to be there, you love such walks? Tell to me about your ideas I want to learn you more and more. I wait for your answer, dear Eddie.
Hi lovely Eddie. How you? I was good only to me sadly without your letters, on soul there is a melancholy and darkness, alarm for you, but all this dissipates as soon as I receive news from you and to become warmly and clearly as in summer day! I am glad that you enjoy walks in a wood. I hope that we shall have walk keeping for a hand. I shall try to send you messages of the text and you can receive my number that you could call me. I have very important question for me to you. What do you feel to me? Please answer me fairly because I have already been deceived former by the man in Russia and I do not want to be disappointed again in whom or because I very vulnerable person, was possible to offend me very strongly only one word. But with you I feel very much protected because you that person which to not offend the woman and is ready to assist her always. I frequently regret that at I have no that the man which I can take for a hand on which shoulder I could put a head, and we would be happy together, nothing could prevent to enjoy to us the friend the friend. We could be in what or a beautiful place for example at restaurant and to talk with each other or to dance slow dances together under smooth music. So would pass our wonderful evening and then our wonderful night and this day would begin would be remembered to us for ever as the best instant in our life. But only dream and I have no it a line of such person which would like the same. We could have with you such remarkable day, but you is very far from me but I hope that sometime we shall have an opportunity to see each other and to tell hi! A few my ideas and dreams, hope that they have liked you. On it I stop, with impatience I wait for your answer, Lena.
HI dear Eddie. News from you warms my soul! I send you a new picture, I hope to you it is pleasant. I understand that you feel to me. But I do not think that the present feelings cannot be felt through e-mail you agree? Though I very much miss under your letters always and I think of you, my lovely much. I have received good news from work, to me have told that I shall have soon my long-awaited holiday and now I start to think that to me to do during my holiday. I would like to travel a little during my holiday but I have not decided what country to choose to me. Today we have good weather here. I and my friends had small walk by beautiful parts of our city, not looking on cold enough weather in our city, walk was very interesting and cheerful, my friends speak that with me will not miss! I always find employment to be to cheerful me and associates. After this walk I still had good impressions. I saw happy pairs the man and the woman going on streets of my city, I was glad for them, but represented on a place of the woman of and on a place of the man of you. We would be remarkable pair, I represented as we would go for a hand and you whispered to me on an ear pleasant words. Eddie, tell to you women approach to begin dialogue and to get acquainted? Men frequently approach to me for this purpose, but I can distinguish good the man from bad, therefore I do not agree on dialogue with them. My small letter to you today, the girlfriend from which house I write to you today has many cares, embraces and kisses from yours Lena.
Hi dear Eddie. I am happy to receive your letter. It is very pleasant for me. I am glad that you like to prepare. I think that a good entertainment who from us the best cook will prepare and compete in that and to try the foodstuffs each other. I also take a bicycle sometimes and a meal on it when we have good weather. It allows me to hold my figure in suitability. You behave suitable? Thanks for your pictures. It is pleasant for me to see it and I shall be glad to see other pictures of you directly also. Today I looked film on local TV, this film is devoted to home life and family problems and in it some ways of the decision by it of family problems have been shown. Film very interesting and from it can be learned a lot of new of home life because I have no children and I have no the husband. In film the problem of that who the owner in the house rose. Certainly now there is no division of the rights of the man and the woman, both the man and the woman should have equal rights. But in home life and in the common house at the man and the woman it is frequently right also duties differ, it is more precisely even not right and family duties, you so do not consider? And how you think who is the owner in the house, the man or the woman? Without the man the family cannot normally exist, in fact on the man the device of a house keeps and children need influence of the father. But also without the woman the family cannot be family, the woman should grow children, prepare I peep, on the woman as many duties lay. So who the owner in the house? In film this problem also has been lifted. In Russia it is considered that the head of the family is the man and all keeps on him, well and the woman should obey him and help him to conduct family, you think that it correctly? Anyhow I should finish the letter. I wait for your answer with impatience. My kiss, Lena.
Hello my love Eddie. I cannot wait that moment when I shall tell to you hi personally. It is very pleasant for me to read yours words. We can wake up with you in the morning and I can see off you for your work. And to meet you in the evening and to carry out your free time after work with you my love. I shall fly in airport Heathrow. And therefrom to move to you. I have news to you. Today I have reached agency and have signed with them the contract. Under the contract the agency will give to me all documents and tickets during the shortest time. I Has learned cost of travel and it has exceeded mine plans. All travel Will be there are 600 pounds sterling. Today I have paid the first part. These are 150 pounds sterling, I have taken this money from my parents and all my savings. I need to pay the second part of travel these are 450 pounds sterling. But my money were terminated also I is compelled to address to you for the help as now I do not see other exits from a situation. I hope that for you it will not make for you any difficulties. It is very a shame to me to ask the help you but I have no opportunity to collect such money. I wait for your answer. Love Lena.
Hi my dear Eddie. I am glad to receive your letter. Your letter has made thinking upset. It is very a pity to me that we have faced such problem. I thought that I the strong woman and I can overcome all problems itself, but there was that it not so. If I could find other money that I would give it to agency right now and would not ask you about it. It is very a pity to me that you do not count me for real. Really which you wrote all those pleasant words to me were not the truth? I allowed to you my number. Call to me soon. I very much want to talk to you concerning this problem. My number 007-960-097-6305. I can send you a copy of the contract with agency that you were confident that that I really concluded it. My parents helped me with money and they allowed me all their savings to help me to pay the first part of cost. I think that your father also wants happiness for you and he can understand that situation which we have now. I love you Eddie very strongly! And I hope that we shall find an exit from this situation and I can arrive to you and allow to you my love and to receive your love. I wait for your letter as soon as possible. Love Lena.
Hi dear Eddie. Also it is not a pity to me that you can help me. The help differently I is really necessary for me cannot to arrive to you and I shall lose that money which has paid in agency. I do all here to arrive to you. tonight when I walked I have met the old girlfriend. We for a long time did not see her. I have told to her about you and about that we with you have collided what difficulties. She has told to me about that that probably to me can help me with our problem with which we with you have collided. She has told that she has business and that recently she has sold a large party of the goods to England. She is engaged in sale of a fabric. But unfortunately she cannot receive which that money to her should transfer, as buyers with which she works cooperate with bank which does not translate remittances in Russia. She has asked to me about that that you have helped her, she also will help me. She will give me money that I could arrive to you and then I shall send her back money. I to think that if you can help her so it will be much easier to arrive to me to you. All that to you is necessary to give it to me your bank account, then my girlfriend will contact there and people which owe to her of money and they will transfer money for your account and you will send them addressed to my girlfriend. You should not spend the money and thus I can arrive to you. I to think that it is good idea. I very much love you Eddie and I want that we could meet you as soon as possible. I to think of you is constant my love. To me it is very sad that you to not trust me, but I hope that now you can be convinced of that that my intentions to you original. I hope that soon I can receive your answer my love. I shall wait for your new letter. With love yours forever Lena!!!!!!!! | 2019-04-19T10:46:32Z | https://www.stop-scammers.com/letter.asp?id=4561 |
Copyright © 2016 Chien-wen Shen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
This paper describes the development of a nationwide public healthcare service system with the integration of cloud technology, wireless sensor networks, and mobile technology to provide citizens with convenient and professional healthcare services. The basic framework of the system includes the architectures for the user end of wireless physiological examinations, for the regional healthcare cloud, and for national public healthcare service system. Citizens with chronic conditions or elderly people who are living alone can use the wireless physiological sensing devices to keep track of their health conditions and get warning if the system detects abnormal signals. Through mobile devices, citizens are able to get real-time health advice, prompt warning, health information, feedback, personalized support, and intervention ubiquitously. With the long-term tracking data for physiological sensing, reliable prediction models for epidemic diseases and chronic diseases can be developed for the government to respond to and control diseases immediately. Besides, such a nationwide approach enables government to have a holistic understanding of the public health information in real time, which is helpful to establish effective policies or strategies to prevent epidemic diseases or chronic diseases.
With the rapid development of mobile technology, many healthcare applications have been widely explored to realize the pervasive healthcare systems, which have the potential to reduce long-term costs and improve patient care and safety . The concept of mobile health was defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the practice of medicine and public health assisted by mobile technologies, such as mobile phones, patient monitoring monitors, personal digital assistants, and other wireless technologies . Typical mobile health system utilizes the Internet and web services to provide an interaction platform among doctors and patients. A doctor or a patient can easily access the same medical record anytime and anywhere through personal computer, tablet, or smartphone . Healthcare costs could be also cut dramatically through the emerging technologies of mobile health such as wearable wireless sensor nodes that interface with handheld devices with cloud-based services . The innovations of mobile health have a huge impact on traditional healthcare monitoring and alerting systems, healthcare delivery programs, clinical data collection, record maintenance, medical information awareness, and detection and prevention systems . The related mobile technological applications can be found in fetal heart rate monitor , health record system for pediatric HIV , image transmission for diagnosis , or monitoring, prevention, and detection of some medical specialties such as diabetes [9, 10], overweight [11, 12], asthmatic , and maternal care .
Despite the great potential of mobile applications and wireless sensor networks, there is still existing a research gap as to how to effectively integrate these technologies and apply them to healthcare service . Most mobile healthcare applications are either funded by the public sector for only short-term pilot programs, which are usually limited to a small number of regions , or merely focused on a certain medical specialty without an integrated platform. With the increasing of healthcare provided by different organizations, cross-organizational healthcare data sharing is another challenge in interoperable healthcare organizations . In order to fill the gap and extend previous work, the aim of the present study is to describe the development of a nationwide mobile-based public healthcare service system in Taiwan that integrates cloud technology, wireless sensor networks, and mobile technology to provide citizens with convenient and professional healthcare services. Regarding the cloud framework of the system, it supports the storage and management of sensor data streams as well as the processing of the stored data using software services hosted in the cloud. Because the use of cloud computing offers a low cost access to support extensive data storage and computing-intensive analysis of healthcare big data , the planned framework enables different databases sharing and collaborations among users and applications in the cloud and delivers cloud services via mobile devices. The servers of the system are implemented in the Ministry of Health and Welfare and regional health authorities in order to provide different mobile-related services for government officials, hospital physicians, and citizens. Medical records, lab results, medical images, and drug information can be retrieved by mobile devices through this integrated platform. The related administrators could take further actions according to the decision support services from the executive information system in the cloud platform. In addition, the framework of wireless physiological sensing devices is designed for home or community care. Patients with chronic conditions or elderly people who are living alone can benefit from these devices, because they can keep track of their health conditions and get warning if the system detects abnormal signals. Because all of this information is kept in central or local clouds, the government can build prediction models based on long-term tracking data for physiological sensing in order to make assessments on the incidence of major chronic diseases. Meanwhile, through mobile devices, citizens are able to get real-time health advice, prompt warning, health information, feedback, personalized support, and intervention ubiquitously. Their family members or hospital physicians can also get warnings from their mobile apps and respond to emergencies immediately. Besides, government officials can retrieve summarized or visual analytics information about public health at the national or regional level on their web browsers or mobile apps. Such a nationwide approach with the integration of cloud, wireless, and mobile technologies enables government to have a holistic understanding of the public health information in real time, which is helpful to establish effective policies or strategies to prevent epidemic diseases or chronic diseases.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. The next section reviews the literature related to the development of healthcare systems and their integration with mobile technologies. The overview of the nationwide mobile-based public healthcare service system with wireless sensor networks is presented in Section 3. In Section 4, we describe the web apps and mobile apps for the user end, hospital and institution end, and government end. The paper ends with a conclusion, implications for public health administration, and an outlook for further research.
In this section, we briefly review recent development of healthcare system and the related mobile technological integrations. The mobile health system can be classified into three categories: (1) communication from individuals to health services (call centers, helpline, or hotline), (2) communication from health services to individuals (appointment or treatment reminders, awareness, and mobilization campaigns on health issues), and (3) communication between health professionals (mobile telemedicine, management of intersectoral emergencies, patient monitoring, patient data collection and creation of patient records, aid to diagnosis, and decision-making) . Many mobile health systems have been developed to enhance public health services. For example, a wireless handheld clinical care management system was implemented and evaluated at an Aged Care Facility in Australia. The trial system included the use of handheld computers connected to a wireless network which links to an ADSL broadband connection and Oracle server . A wireless in-home physiological monitoring system, which can constantly monitor the patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) at any time or any place at home, was proposed for the elderly and chronic patients with cardiovascular disease who live alone. The system mainly consisted of three parts. A mobile-care device was in charge of capturing and wirelessly sending the patient’s ECG data. A wireless multihop relay network was responsible for relaying the data sent by the former. A residential gateway (RG) was used for gathering and uploading the received ECG data to the remote care server through the Internet to carry out the patient’s health condition monitoring and the management of pathological data. An emergency alert service using short message service (SMS), based on the detection of abnormal variation of heart rate, is also employed in the RG . A u-healthcare service using Zigbee and mobile phone was developed in Korea to transfer the data of glucometer and ECG sensors to web server for elderly patients with diabetes mellitus or heart diseases. If patients felt palpitations or chest pain, they can push a button on the top of the sensor. Then the ECG was measured and sent to the web server immediately . A mobile automated medical alert system was developed in Taiwan to provide follow-up healthcare for students and faculty found to be overweight, chronically ill, or at high risk. While the daily healthcare management service of the system required the users to input personal data, the system can provide intelligent dietitian service and abnormal message service without human intervention . To improve the quality of medical care in hospital or at home, a healthcare system based on wearable healthcare node, wireless multimedia sensor node, gateway, diversified networks, back-end server, and pervasive devices was proposed for patients and healthcare recipients. Because the wearable healthcare node can be bounded to patients’ body and acquire vital signs information, doctors or family members could acquire abundant information about the patients anywhere and any time through mobile phone . A personal self-care system integrated with self-adaptive embedded intelligence, mobile health record management, embedded web server, and wireless communication was developed for early detection and interpretation of cardiac syndromes. The system was designed for the support of ambient, intelligent, and pervasive computing services. Citizens can have a ubiquitous, reliable, and efficient management of their own cardiac status with their mobile devices .
Meanwhile, Kim et al. designed a real-time remote patient monitoring system based on sensors and sensor gateway with embedded GPS and Wi-Fi module for collecting temperature information out of biological information of a patient such as weight, blood sugar, quantity of motion, ECG, breathe, temperature, cholesterol, and oxygen saturation. Ben Elhadj et al. proposed a Priority-Based Cross Layer Routing Protocol along with a Priority Cross Layer Medium Access Channel Protocol for healthcare applications. The protocols were claimed to be effective for saving energy and ensuring high reliability in a wireless body area network. Bourouis et al. developed a low cost smartphone based intelligent system to help patients in remote and isolated areas for regular eye examinations and disease diagnosis. The mobile diagnosis system was integrated with microscopic lens and adopted an artificial neural network algorithm to analyze the retinal images captured by the microscopic lens to identify retinal disease. Fortino et al. described a SaaS based architecture named BodyCloud that can monitor an assisted living through wearable sensors and store the collected data in the cloud through mobile devices. It enables large-scale data collaborations and sharing and delivers cloud services via sensor-rich mobile devices. While the cloud-side of the architecture is implemented atop Google App Engine, the viewer-side is to provide visualization of data analysis through advanced graphical reporting on web browser. Parekh and Saleena presented a cloud-based healthcare application which integrated data mining techniques for disease inference. They integrated data mining techniques into eclipse IDE by Java language and Weka API. Wang et al. proposed a personalized health information service system that is based on the cloud computing environment, integrating mobile communication technology, context-aware technology, and wireless sensor networks. The system also provided a collaborative recommender and a physiological indicator-based recommender recommendation, which includes the components of a cloud computing based database, the hybrid predictive model of PEGASIS, a web based user interface, a health information query module, a collaborative recommender, and a physiological indicator-based recommender. From the above literature review, there is still lack of mobile health applications based on the national level.
Section 3 focuses on the nationwide mobile-based public healthcare service system that is under development in Taiwan and explains its basic framework, including the architecture for the user end of wireless physiological examinations, the architecture for the regional healthcare cloud, and the architecture for national public healthcare service system. Detailed explanations are given in the following sections.
Wireless physiological sensing devices are mainly used in patients who have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus or hypertension, patients with mild to moderate impairments, patients with mild dementia, elderly people who are living alone, or subjects who are eligible for priority access according to assessments made by case managers. These devices allow patients to perform examinations at home or provide examination services in the community. Members who participate in the regional healthcare cloud can be provided with an examination care box for home measurements, as shown in Figure 1. The examination care box contains (1) blood pressure monitor, (2) multimonitoring system (for total cholesterol, blood glucose, and uric acid), (3) ear/forehead thermometer, (4) pulse oximeter, (5) cloud transmission box, (6) pressure cuff, (7) RFID reader, (8) test sample, and (9) heart rate variability analyzer, and these are to be used in member patients with chronic illnesses. These devices are medical equipment that are verified and registered by the Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Health in Taiwan, in order to verify the accuracy and safety of the test results. Relevant physiological examination equipment such as blood pressure monitors are integrated with an RFID module and a wireless module. A smart membership card with RFID technology is used for the identification of physiological examination data, and wireless frequency identification (with a frequency of 13.56 MHz) is used to complete the verification. The RFID module includes a CPU, power supply modules, read (write) modules, memory modules, control modules, display modules, and timer modules. The complimentary Public Card also has a unique identification code, a communication interface (with an antenna and a modulator and demodulator), and an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which includes a communication logic circuit, an encryption control logic circuit, and a data storage area. When the Public Card is placed near the card reader and enters the sensing range of the communication antenna (around 2.5 cm to 10 cm), the card reader will provide a trace amount of electricity (up to approximately 2 V) to drive the circuit on the card. The card reading process only requires 0.1 seconds to be completed.
Figure 1: Overview of the user end.
Taking the blood pressure monitor or blood glucose monitor as an example, patients first need to wear the pressure cuff or insert the blood glucose test sample into the blood glucose monitor and then place the Public Card containing the RFID near the blood pressure monitor or blood glucose monitor to trigger card reading. The RFID module can sense and read the identification verification on the Public Card and can immediately begin automatic blood pressure examination or blood glucose examination. After the measured physiological results are obtained, they are automatically uploaded using the wireless module in the blood pressure monitor or blood glucose monitor. Through GSM gateways, the data are automatically uploaded to a regional healthcare cloud using network and Internet via a 3G/4G network, Wi-Fi, or Ethernet. The GSM gateway has an ultra-low power wireless transmission module. The transmission technology has the flowing features. Firstly, it uses a standard ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) Channel with 2.4 GHz. The wireless transmission power is 1 mW. The transmission distance is less than 5 meters. Secondly, it has high-performance embedded firmware. It can automatically find the base station and can perform automatic transmission. Thirdly, it includes 64-bit ID and can be used as an active RFID. The rage of application is wide. Additionally, it can be applied in measuring devices for physiological signals, including blood pressure monitors, blood glucose meters, and ear thermometer. Lastly, it has standard UART interface with easy data interface integration.
In addition to examination equipment to be used at home, the public healthcare service system also provides physiological examination stations for communities, as shown in Figure 2. This examination station includes (1) a 10′′ tablet PC, (2) a cloud-based smart blood pressure monitor with cylindrical cuff, (3) a cloud-based smart Automatic Height and Weight Meter, (4) a cloud-based smart ear/forehead thermometer, (5) a cloud-based smart oxygen concentration meter, (6) a heart rate variability analyzer, (7) a cloud-based transmission box, and (8) an RFID card reader. After community volunteers have completed training on using the equipment and devices, they will assist the general public to operate them and perform measurements. Apart from measuring basic physiological data, this examination station also has an accurate heart rate variability analyzer. This analyzer uses the sequence of time intervals between heartbeats as measured by the ECG or by pulse measurement and measures and analyzes changes in continuous heart rate. The heartbeat is activated by the discharge of electricity from the heart’s own rhythm and is regulated by the autonomic nervous system. Regulation by the autonomic nervous system is closely related to mortalities related to cardiovascular diseases, including psychogenic sudden death, hypertension, hemorrhagic shock, and septic shock. As a result, heart rate variability analysis has also been found to be an index for predicting the mortality rate for postmyocardial infarction, as well as predicting the prognosis conditions for advanced liver cancer patients. These measurement data are automatically uploaded to the regional healthcare cloud through wireless transmission. The relevant medical staff can then perform medical analysis and provide patient counseling services.
Figure 2: Physiological examination stations for communities.
Figure 3 shows a chart of the relationships between the regional healthcare cloud, home examination station, community examination station, regional hospitals and institutions, and care institutions. Members of the healthcare cloud can use the data measured from the wireless physiological examination at home, or data from the general public collected at community physiological examination stations. The data are returned to the healthcare cloud database of the regional health authorities via wireless transmissions, and the data are synchronized to the physiological examination database of the national public healthcare service system. The public or family members and medical staff who have obtained consent can access the data anytime anywhere using mobile apps or web app. They can enter an account passport and search for physiological measurement data from the regional healthcare cloud, including blood pressure and blood glucose, so that personal health conditions can be understood. In addition, the regional healthcare cloud also incorporates relevant algorithms and smart automatic interpretations for the returned physiological data. When abnormal conditions occur, alerts can be sent to the public, emergency contact, and family doctor through SMS, email, or app alert, so that they can provide immediate emergency treatment. For the partnering of regional hospital institutions and care institutions, they can inquire into the long-term tracking data for the visiting patients, so they can diagnose the illness more accurately. In addition, the member service center can provide services to members, including health advice and health education.
Figure 3: Overview of the regional healthcare cloud.
The architecture is developed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and is currently still in the planning stage. Under this architecture, the public or a family member or medical staff who have obtained consent can use the data interface at the Ministry of Health and Welfare’s “e-counter” to connect to the physiological measurement database to conduct queries on personal health information. Authorized service institutions or medical institutions can also connect to the physiological measurement database to inquire into the personal health information of the patients. In the future, the public will be able to select more services related to healthcare and perform more comprehensive healthcare.
As shown in Figure 4, the architecture of the national public healthcare service system mainly consists of the physiological measurement database, the information platform database, and the executive information system database. Under the provisions of the Personal Information Protection Act, the healthcare data of the users of the service are integrated. The main functions of the physiological measurement database include the collection of physiological measurement data. The physiological measurement data measured by the public at home or measured at the community examination stations are not only uploaded to the regional healthcare cloud but are also synchronized in the physiological measurement database. The synchronization of the data is performed through the web service. The HTTP Client Mode is used for the device terminal. The HTTP Server Mode is used for the physiological measurement platform. For all transmissions, communication requests are sent by the device terminal. The information platform database verifies the account password and connection security before the actual transmission of data. The JSON format is used during transmission, as it is easy to read and understand and can avoid excessive load during data interface and handover. It also significantly improves ease of use when interfacing between regional healthcare clouds. In addition, the main functions of the information platform database consist of managing user accounts, defining data format and data exchange protocol, transmission encryption, auditing records, and providing statistical analysis reports. In order to allow data in the regional healthcare cloud to synchronize with the registered user data and the physiological measurement data in the information platform of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the system also provides a web service so that the regional healthcare cloud can access and attribute registered user information and physiological measurement data from the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The main functions of the executive information system platform include performance management and outputting reports. It is used to manage the execution and performance indexes of various local health bureaus and to output relevant statistical analysis reports, as well as perform OLAP analysis. The indexes used in the analysis include regions (counties), the number of people, age, physiological measurement type, number of physiological measurements, measurements of physiological abnormalities, physical inactivity, and other dimensions of measurement.
Figure 4: The architecture of the national public healthcare service system.
At this stage, the overall system still mainly focuses on member registration, user content in the membership information, physiological measurement values, uploading of measurement data, archiving of measurement data, and synchronizing data with the service content. Table 1 summarizes the fields relating to physiological measurement data in the physiological measurement database, including physiological data, ID number, simplified user identification code, service station code, physiological data type, measurement time, data type annotation, input method, measured value, information annotation, model of the measuring instrument, and serial number of the measurement instrument. In the future, the database will further integrate long-term healthcare system data and a large amount of data analysis and will expand the content and services, so that it can serve as a reference for when the government implements policies for public health.
Table 1: Fields in the table of physiological measurements.
The nationwide mobile-based public healthcare service system provides users with services including member management, inquiries into physiological measurement data, and error alarms through a mobile app and a computer-based web app. Figure 5 shows an app developed for the Android system. The main functions include automatic upload of data, manual upload of data, performing local machine queries, locating service stations, configuring authorization settings, updating messages, updating health knowledge, performing cloud inquiries, and providing feedback. Users can use their phones or tablets to perform real-time inquiries in regards to their physiological information and understand the trends in recorded data for the relevant measurements, in order to understand their health conditions. For example, the right-hand side of Figure 5 shows blood pressure trends measured on March 3, 2015. From the figure, it can be observed that the systolic blood pressure for the user is between 105 and 102 mmHg, the diastolic blood pressure is between 95 and 108 mmHg, and the pulse is between 73 and 77 beats per minute.
Figure 5: Screenshots of the mobile app.
Figure 6 shows the web app. This program platform contains Health Notebook, Healthy Living, New Health Knowledge Network, Health Q&A, and other related functions. In the Health Notebook, there are six physiological measurement records, including the author’s blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol, weight, body temperature, and uric acid test records. For example, in the left side of Figure 6, on April 18, 2014, the blood pressure record shows that the systolic blood pressure was 152 mmHg, the diastolic blood pressure was 88 mmHg, and the pulse rate was 51 beats per minute. The right side of Figure 6 shows inquiries into all the measurement data for the 30 days from March 18 to April 18, 2014. There are only two days on which the blood pressure was recorded (March 27 and April 18). However, there are five recorded measurements, and there are three alarms for abnormalities. This tracking record can allow users to understand their health conditions with regard to blood pressure.
Figure 6: Screenshots of the web app.
The partnering hospital or institute can also develop relevant applications using the data from the regional healthcare cloud, and provide members with services including physiological measurements, tracking of abnormalities, emergency notifications, advisory services, care referrals, health reports, and other services. For example, the left side of Figure 7 shows that the system in the hospital institute has detected a patient with an abnormal systolic pressure of 145 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 96 mmHg on November 27, 2015, at 18:21:44. At that time, the application would pop up a warning window and alert the medical team at the service center. The healthcare manager of the medical team can then examine the measured blood pressure information for this patient, receiving a total of 1392 sets of data. The right side of Figure 7 shows the trend in blood pressure for this patient. From this figure, it can be observed that, on November 26, 2015, this patient’s systolic blood pressure reached the upper limit of the standard value, which is 140 mmHg. This trend continues and, on November 27, 2015, the systolic blood pressure showed abnormities and the value was 145 mmHg. At this time, the healthcare manager can determine if active telephone care should be provided based on the information, and the healthcare manager can track the abnormal events until the end of the case, in order to ensure the health and safety of the patient.
Figure 7: Application screenshots of the hospital end.
When patients experience emergency conditions, healthcare manager can actively contact the medical institutions, emergency contacts, or emergency numbers. In addition, the healthcare manager can provide the patient with initial health education counseling, care and guidance, personal health guidance, and telephone consultation, and, depending on the situation, secondary physician-assisted responses can be provided. If the patients are required to be transferred to another medical institute or healthcare center, the system can also comprehensively summarize the electronic care records of the member for the receiving institute to view and actively and regularly send graphs containing historical physiological measurements and health summary report for the proposed health checks. Additional services that meet the requirements of the public can be provided, including home delivery of medicines, drug intake counseling, chronic disease management, room service, and other value-added services for health checks.
The web app on the government end is still under construction. Currently, it only provides websites of pro consulting services for the public and manufacturer. In the future, a store of relevant data will be established in order to perform data analysis of physiological data (the number of people undergoing measurements, gender, ethnic comparisons, age, physiological equipment, the platform used, and physiological categories by region), data analysis on patients (regional distributions of population, ethnicities, gender, age groups, and the population diagnosed with hypertension, of people who are using the app), analysis of the uploading stations (distributions of stations and the number of people who uploaded physiological data at each; categories to compare home stations and community stations; classification and distribution of stations within a county; distribution of inactive stations), and so forth. These integrated analyses can provide many additional relationships between the information and the data. The government can also develop relevant systems so that patient data from various regions across Taiwan and from the national healthcare database can be compared with the ideal values recommended by the WHO. Visual and dynamic graphs can represent the public health conditions of Taiwan. Long-term tracking data for physiological sensing can be used to build predictive models, in order to make assessments on the incidence of major chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, high blood fat, and diabetes, as well as future trends. This is beneficial for the Ministry of Health and Welfare and local health authorities to respond to and control diseases as soon as possible.
We present a national public healthcare project with the integration of cloud technology, wireless sensor network, and mobile technology that aims to provide citizens with convenient and quality health services. The major contributions of this study can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the proposed system is going to be implemented nationwide in the next few years in Taiwan. To the best of our knowledge, there is still lack of mobile-based public healthcare service systems at the national level. By enabling different databases sharing and collaborations among users and applications in the cloud, the proposed nationwide healthcare system enables government to have a holistic and real-time understanding of the public health information. Secondly, for the patients with chronic diseases or elderly people, this system can offer convenient services for home or community care. The system infrastructure is capable of delivering health-related information and interventions and improving access to health services via mobile devices. It can serve patients both in everyday life and during hospitalization or rehabilitation, as well as healthcare providers during emergency or routine visits. Patients could be aware of their diagnostic, disease control, and monitoring via text message, email, and mobile apps at any place and time. Thirdly, with the help of the system, hospitals can provide better personalized healthcare, disease management and services to patients and their relatives. The mobile-based approach also provides a better and flexible way of communicating with physicians, patients, and medical suppliers. Finally, when the project is complete, government officials can understand the public health conditions of Taiwan by visual and dynamic graphs. With the long-term tracking data for physiological sensing, reliable prediction models for epidemic diseases and chronic diseases can be developed for the government to respond to and control diseases immediately.
However, the most challenging tasks of this national project are the cost of the infrastructure and the coordination with local hospital institutions. It will take years to have enough examination care boxes and community smart health care stations in every town and village in Taiwan. Besides, local public health bureau needs to provide enough supports and guidelines for local hospitals, because the staffs of the local hospitals are responsible for providing health cares and medical services in emergency situations. The system may also need to consider the inclusion of more wireless sensor devices such as biosensors comprise body-worn sensors (necklaces, watches, or rings) and environment sensors (beds, toilets, or bathtubs) that measure biosignals and monitor the amount of physical activity. Because semantic sensor web technologies enable sharing and reusing data by means of standardizing sensor data description , future system can evaluate the necessity of adopting such technologies for the interoperability of various applications across the country.
The World Health Organization (WHO), mHealth: New horizons for health through mobile technologies, 2011. | 2019-04-20T14:38:23Z | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/misy/2016/1287507/ |
In 2011 Rocksteady Studios raffled away four limited edition Xbox 360 Consoles. One was in a raffle directly from the studio and three were raffled at the PAX Expo.
Each console was custom colored by ColorWare. One side features a black and white Joker with a hint of green (Side 1 Above) and the other side depicts black and white Batman with a hint of red.
I've never seen one of these sell before, but a seller is asking almost $1,500 for one of the four on eBay right now.
Considering there are only four ever made it might be pretty close to the actual price.
The chart above shows the lifecycle for a video game's price as it gets older. A game will generally drop in price pretty quickly the first few year. Then the price decline slows down until it eventually reaches stability. After a long enough time, prices for the game start to increase again as it becomes harder to find and more of a collector's item.
The first five years after a game launches the resale price declines very rapidly. There are short reprieves from the decline every November and December when there is a brief holiday bump in prices, but the decline begins again in January.
During the first two years, prices will decline roughly 40% per year. In years three through five, prices continue to drop double digit percentages each year but it starts slowing down.
In this period prices generally decline but the pace slows considerably. During this entire five year period prices will drop 40-50%, which is a much slower pace then a similar drop in one year in the 'Early Years' stage.
After five years most games are no longer readily available at retail and are only available via resale. This helps give prices more stability because supply is no longer increasing. But demand has usually dried up quite a bit as well as consumers focus on the more recent releases.
During this period the seasonal price swings during the holidays are much more noticeable. Prices will increase 30-50% during the holidays as consumers are forced to buy resale versions if the item is on a Christmas list.
Prices are quite stable for games in this period of their lifecycle. Another console generation, or two, has come after the game was released and no retail stores carry the games or consoles anymore. Even used game shops like Gamestop have stopped selling these titles.
The only place for consumers to find the titles are usually resale from other consumers online or other consumer-to-consumer places offline like garage sales or flea markets.
The prices will show a very consistent seasonal pattern with price declines during the year and increases during November and December, which bring the prices back to the same level they were a year ago.
During this time period, a few games continue to lose value but most are very stable or start to increase in price. The price increases will generally be fairly small to begin with.
Some collectors start coming into the market and a nostalgia factor comes into the price. People who grew up playing the games as kids are now 20-30 years old and many of them want to play games they remember playing as kids.
Almost all games are either steady in price or increasing during this time period and some games start increasing very substantially. More collectors enter the market and are willing to pay top dollar for the most collectible games. These games are the ones with the biggest increase in price.
Complete games with the box and instruction manual sell for a big premium to the game only versions because they are quite a bit harder to find. After 25 years many games have been destroyed. Brand new games sell for many times more than the game itself because collectors are willing to pay a bunch of money for them and they are harder to find in sealed condition.
The above chart shows the lifecycle chart with the release dates for each console shown for reference. Super Nintendo and Sega Genesis games might be the next ones to start increasing in price according to the past data. If the Genesis Price Index is any indication, prices actually started increasing dramatically about 3-4 months ago.
Obviously these trends and charts do not hold true for every game. There are some exceptions that increase in price after release or some games that drop in price much faster than average. For the average game this lifecycle is very close to how its price will behave over time if the past is any indication of the future.
We do not have price data going back 34+ years, but we do have four to five years worth of data for thousands of games at different stages in their lifecycle. We combined the price data for all the different games to determine the lifecycle during the entire 34 year time period.
The four years of Xbox 360, Wii, and PS3 data was combined with the four years of PS2, Gamecube, and Xbox prices at their respective years from release on the chart. The prices were indexed so prices differences at the start of one generation and end of another didn't cause a spike in the chart. This was repeated for each subsequent generation.
Any gaps with no price overlap or no price data at all we used trends for the previous generation to extrapolate the few months with missing data. The only long period of time with no data was between Atari 2600 and Nintendo NES, which was a little less than six years. All other time periods with missing data were less than a year or two.
THQ announced two special editions for their summer release of Darksiders II for PS3 and 360. There will be a limited edition and a collector's edition.
All pre-orders will be limited editions. The collector's edition has a list price of $99 and is only available at Gamestop.
Our Pricing Cart feature for free and premium subscribers is one of the most popular features on our site. It allows collectors and retailers to value multiple game lots at the same time.
We made some additions to the Pricing Cart that make it even more powerful and make it into a simple point-of-sale (POS) system for small retailers.
Now the Pricing Cart lets you search by UPC code. Anyone with a barcode scanner can quickly add items to their cart.
This makes it much easier for retailers to scan games a customer brings into a store. In 2-3 seconds you can scan a whole pile of games and have a total price for the entire package.
To help retailers calculate sales tax during a transaction we implemented an optional sales tax setting. Set the "Sales Tax Rate" to anything but zero and the cart will show the sales tax and a grand total with the items and sales tax.
Some of our current customers asked for this feature. You can customize the markup you want to use for your store in a percentage markup and/or a flat dollar amount. The cart will remember your settings for future use as well.
An quick example: Our prices are for the item without a cost of shipping, you can add $3.99 to all your prices if you want your prices to match what a customer would pay if they had to pay shipping online.
We improved the formatting when you print the Pricing Cart screen. The page no longer includes logos, menus, and other extras when printed. It just includes a list of the items in the cart and the total value.
Retailers can print this page for a simple receipt for customers and consumers can print a list of games for their records too.
If you have any suggestions or comments about these features or the Pricing Cart in general please let us know in the comments below.
Below are some quick tips on how to clean your video games and game systems using household products. The most common problems like dirty contacts, stickers, and markers are covered. Most of this info pertains to older cartridge based consoles but will work on newer consoles in some instances.
Warning: While cleaning the inside of a game system with a liquid solution, ALWAYS UNPLUG THE CONSOLE first to avoid electrical hazards. Also make sure the electronics are completely dry before powering the system back on.
For cartridge based consoles it is highly recommended to clean your games and the system (Mainly the cartridge slot) before playing games on it. I say this because some games or cartridge slots may be really dirty and the last thing you want to do is insert a dirty game into a clean cartridge slot or the other way around.
It is very common for people to simply blow on cartridge based games to clean them. This is a simple solution but not a perfect fix. I would recommend using a Q-Tip and original Windex, yes Windex not rubbing alcohol. Believe me it works much better to clean games.
I usually have a small jar I put Windex in and dunk the Q-Tip in to soak the end with Windex. You will want to then place the wet end of the Q-Tip on the contacts of the game cartridge and run it across the board a few times on both sides of the board. You may see the tip of the Q-Tip turning black from the dust it has collected, even if you did the old blowing into the cartridge technique you will be surprised how much more dust and grime is still left on the board. When done using the wet side of the Q-Tip you will now want to use the dry side of it to dry the area you just cleaned.
Cleaning cartridge slots in the game system is a little different. Usually I like to take a credit card and wrap it in a thin felt cloth and spray it with Windex. Do not completely soak the cloth just dampen it. Simply take your dampened cloth with card and slide it into the cartridge slot moving the card up and down through the slot. To dry it you can simply blow on it or you can use a can of compressed air. Windex is designed to dry quickly without having to wipe it off. So not much to worry about if you just dampen the cloth it should dry without a problem.
Removing those pesky stickers can be a little annoying and involves a little patience. It is recommended to slowly peel the sticker off, but we all know chances are the sticker will just tear and you will be stuck with a white torn sticker left on your game or sticker residue. Only if you’re lucky will the sticker simply come off with no problem. The longer a sticker is on the product the harder it is to remove.
If the simple tear method doesn't remove the entire sticker try this.
Use either high content rubbing alcohol (Usually 90% or higher) or Goo Gone. Whichever you may have at hand. Take your product and apply a generous amount to a paper towel and soak the sticker. You may also slowly pour the chemical directly from the bottle onto the sticker but be careful for spills. Let the product sit for approximately 30-60 seconds, rubbing alcohol dries very quickly compared to Goo Gone so keep that in mind.
After the chemical is applied you may just want to scratch away at the sticker with your fingernail until the sticker is removed. Sometimes you may need to apply more chemical and repeat these steps until the sticker is removed completely.
You can also use a razor blade and scrape the sticker off instead of scratching with your fingernail, but the razor may cut the product you are cleaning if not positioned right, so be careful and patient if you try that. For any leftover sticker residue after the sticker has been removed I recommend using a rubbing alcohol soaked paper towel or even hot water soaked paper towel and wiping the area clean. Then simply dry it off with a paper towel. Now you should be sticker free!
These tips are for stickers stuck on game cases, game cartridges, or consoles. If you have a sticker on a paper game cover art or manual I cannot recommend using these techniques as they will damage your product. Also this only works on paper based stickers. Some stickers may be metal based "Non-removable" rental stickers. There are ways to remove rental stickers but that is a completely different method and may damage your product.
So you just got a game or system with someone's name or initials. What do you do? Well truth be told permanent marker really isn't permanent and can be removed using two easy techniques.
Technique 1 involves hairspray. I prefer hairspray in an aerosol can as it seems to work better. Simply spray the area with hairspray and let it sit 5-10 seconds. You should see the ink start to bleed off quickly. Now wipe the area vigorously with a dry paper towel. Most if not all the ink should be gone. If some ink remains simply repeat the above steps.
A few things I want to address about hairspray are that it does not leave a sticky feeling at all to the applied surface. Hairspray is designed to be absorbed in the hair and then cure after being absorbed. Hairspray cannot be absorbed in plastics and metals. If stickiness is of a concern to you it is possible to wipe the area clean with a paper towel soaked in water and wipe dry afterwards. This method works great for areas like LCD screens or any area where light pressure is needed to remove ink from a product. Since the hairspray does most of the work for you.
Technique 2 involves using a Mr. Clean Magic Eraser soaked in water. Simply soak the magic eraser in water and start scrubbing away at the permanent marker ink. With a little patience and elbow grease the marker will come right off.
Corrosion can appear as a light blue or white gunked up substance on game cartridge boards or system cartridge slots and electrical connectors. Corrosion and rust are completely different types of degrading on metals. Corrosion is usually formed by two dissimilar metals. There are several other ways it can be formed, but you're not here for a chemistry lesson you want to learn how to clean the corrosion off.
To clean corrosion off you simply need baking soda and hot water from your faucet, that’s it. I would suggest one cup of hot water then about 2 tablespoons of baking soda. Mix the two together with a spoon. Now you have a safe corrosion cleaning chemical. Depending on what you are using it on makes a difference how you apply it. If it is a cartridge slot on a game system than you may want to just apply it to a felt cloth and wrap the cloth around a credit card (Make sure the cloth is damp you and not soaked. You may need to lightly squeeze the cloth to release some liquid), then proceed to move the card up and down in the slot to clean the area.
For game cartridge contacts you can simply dunk a Q-Tip in the solution and use it in a similar way you would to clean games with Windex. I would allow the solution to sit for a few minutes before you dry the area. When done dry the area with compressed air or a dry Q-Tip. You can also use a Scotch Brite pad dampened in this solution to clean electronics if you can access areas with it. Corrosion rarely forms on electronics, so only use this guide if corrosion is present.
If a disc you have has scratches or scuffing you may want to seek out a place in your area to correct these problems and resurface the discs. Most places only charge a few dollars to resurface discs. I would not recommend using cheap cleaning kits to clean a disc as most people have reported that it may make your disc worse. I have experienced this first hand with Disc Doctor as the machine left many scuffs on my disc.
For discs some problems may be from simple finger smudges present on the surface. For a light cleaning of the disc use a dry felt cloth and rub the surface of the disc from the inner ring outward. Do not rub the disc in a circular motion as it will go against the 'grain' of the disc. No chemicals needed here.
So you have a game system and its collecting dust and you want to let it shine like new again. Or maybe you have a console or controller that has buttons that may stick and may not rebound all the way back or get stuck. Cleaning consoles goes a long way for looks but also in the consoles functionality.
If you want to properly clean the entire shell of the system you can simply remove the screws and the electronics connected to the case. I really would only do this with systems that have ridges in their molding such as an Atari 2600 or Sega Genesis systems. Cleaning those grooves can be a pain without taking the system apart.
Don't be afraid to take the old school game systems apart they are literally just a couple of screws and the motherboards come out easily. You can take the bare casings of the system and wash them in a sink with soapy water and a sponge. Dry it off and put back together. This method also works to clean jammed buttons that are filled with grime and food crumbs that get stuck in the buttons from kids using the system/controller.
A Swiffer duster and a can of compressed air are great products to invest in. No need to rip the console apart to use those. Keeping your consoles free of dust helps them breathe better keeping them less prone to getting clogged with dust, which can overheat the system. I've seen modern systems fail due to overheating from being covered knuckle deep in dust.
I'm always interested hearing new technics and what methods you use to clean games and consoles. Feel free to leave a comment with your cleaning technics below.
The article about the rarest and most expensive Nintendo DS games has been revised to include 15 games with updated prices and descriptions.
Read the updated rare DS game article to see more.
After seeing the high prices for limited editions of Kingdoms of Amalur: Reckoning and Dead Space, we have decided to write more articles letting our readers know when a noteworthy limited edition is announced. Hopefully you will be able to buy some of these before they start selling for thousands of dollars.
The first limited edition as part of these new articles is Game of Thrones Limited Edition. It is available for Xbox 360 and Playstation 3 at Amazon, Gamestop, and HBO Shop.
The game is published by Atlus and an RPG. Both good indicators of a game that keeps its value over time. The game is based upon the HBO series, Game of Thrones, and the book A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin. | 2019-04-22T11:56:34Z | https://blog.pricecharting.com/2012/03/ |
Universities were themselves complicit in the events.
The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) released a new report last week showing a significant increase in anti-Israel activity on American university campuses over the 2014-2015 academic year.
According to Arutz Sheva News, no fewer than 150 explicitly anti-Israel events were held in the fall of this year alone - a marked increase from 105 such events in the same period last year.
Universities were themselves complicit in the anti-Israel events, reports Arutz Sheva: at least 15 of the events were sponsored or co-sponsored by universities such as UC Berkley, Drew University, and John Jay College of Criminal Justice.
“The tactics employed by the BDS movement - along with the continued efforts by anti-Israel student groups seeking to stifle discourse about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Israel in general through disruption and defamation - is a deeply troubling phenomenon that has contributed to an atmosphere at some institutions where Jewish and pro-Israel students feel uncomfortable voicing their views or even asserting their Jewish identity."
"BDS is not an effort designed to engender a peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It does not seek to achieve a two-state solution that benefits all parties. Instead, it seeks to undermine the Jewish State of Israel. It’s an agenda of anti-normalization that demonizes Israel and its citizens simply because of their identity."
For the first time in the 21st century and on the American campus, legitimate economic grievances, specific to New York City, specific to the United States, have been tied to Zionism.
Led by a screaming woman in hijab and a man, assisted by the usual outside agitators, students screamed themselves hoarse at Hunter College, a branch of City University of New York not far from where I live just a few days ago.
“Zionism out of CUNY!” “Zionists out of CUNY!” “Intifada, Intifada” was chanted, screamed, roared, over and over again. You may see it here and here.
Their demands for pay parity for adjunct professors is just and long overdue. Their demands for “tuition-free education, the cancellation of all student debt, a minimum wage of $15.00 for campus workers” is, perhaps, more idealistic as well as economically challenging.
However, their demands for “an end to racial and economic segregation in education, racialized college-acceptance practices, work program requirements for students on public assistance, and an end to the rapid gentrification and privatization of public school property” verges on the surreal and smacks of Occupy Wall Street and the Ferguson riots.
The next demand is obscene.
What’s Israel got to do with these domestic campus issues? Absolutely nothing—but in the mind of these Muslim Brotherhood indoctrinated students it has come to symbolize every conceivable injustice, both real and imagined; it has come to justify the stabbing, bombing, and car-ramming of Jewish civilians everywhere, especially but not exclusively in Israel or, as we saw on Friday in Paris, against Israelis—and the anti-Israel boycotts undertaken by the EU and by American academic organizations.
I have long referred to CUNY as the Communist University of New York because both the faculty and administration lean far left. If there is indoctrination going on, that indoctrination is anti-Israel and pro-Palestine; it is certainly not pro-Israel and anti-Palestine. But these paranoid ravings, this scapegoating of Jews, Zionists, and Israel for the very crimes being committed by Arab terrorists and their supporters, which include large chunks of the American professoriate, is what the new totalitarianism sounds like.
Should Jews and Christians be allowed to pray on the Temple Mount?
If there is intimidation, bullying and Blood Libels on campus it is anti-Semitism/anti-Zionism, not Islamophobia or anti-Arab-a-phobia, and it is coming from the Muslim-Brotherhood inspired Left; from Islamic-inspired and Christian liberation theology inspired Jew-hatred among angry African-Americans; from the anti-Zionist/anti-Semitic behaviors of the world’s political leaders; and from the silence of our own professoriate—a silence which amounts to complicity as well as to cowardice.
This “million student march” throughout all of CUNY was endorsed by the NYC Students for Justice in Palestine, a creation of the Muslim Brotherhood, a terrorist organization outlawed in Egypt; by their cells at Hunter College, the College of Staten Island (where I taught for nearly 30 years), John Jay College (where I taught for a semester), by the Law School at CUNY, and by St. Joseph’s College and Pace College.
The Students for Justice in Palestine and the Muslim Student Association must be stopped. They are supported by a terrorist organization and should not be allowed on an American campus. They are not a “club.” They are Brown-shirts on the move.
Students who have been taught that is it permissible to shout speakers down, interrupt and heckle them, force out distinguished academics, compel payment for outside non-academic rabble rousers, feel empowered by totalitarian Group Think, conduct angry rallies like this one at Hunter College are no better than Hitler-era Brown-shirts. They are not behaving like college students.
They should be emphatically condemned by the administration, and either expelled or de-programmed, whatever works.
Because taking out her warped social justice views on an adolescent is the "mature" thing to do.
If you thought you'd heard it all concerning the deplorable anti-Israel behavior of members of academia, think again. Dr. Marsha Levine, a Cambridge University researcher and expert on the domestication of horses, reportedly received a letter from a 13-year-old Israeli girl seeking help with a school assignment about horses. So how did Levine (presumably Jewish) respond?
My name is Shachar Rabinovitch and I'm from Israel.
I'm doing an assessment for school about horses, and it will be great if you can answer a few questions that I will ask.
1. What ancient horses breeds preserved and were a base to the breeds we know today?
2. How did the ancient humens created new breeds or kept the ones who already were existent?
3. What ancient horse breed the ancient humens used the most and what were those uses?
4. Where did the ancient horses breeds lived?
I'll answer your questions when there is peace and justice for Palestinians in Palestine.
Only in the warped mind of someone so self-hating and with a completely broken moral compass would one even fathom to speak to a child this way.
Levine, who is apparently also an amateur photographer, has her own website which can be accessed here. Hopefully she and her "work" will be boycotted too.
CNN host Ashleigh Banfield equated Jewish terrorists with Islamic terrorists. On air. With a straight face.
Her guest was Jeffrey Lord, who had the patience of a saint. Banfield repeatedly interrupted him in order to make her case, as if having a guest was secondary to the main point of the host being heard. And she spoke to him in an incredibly patronizing way, managing to sound like a child who knows more than and better than someone as intelligent and distinguished as Lord.
AB: You know, I gotta ask you. Someone was so clever this morning, Jeffrey. If you supplant the word “Jews” for “Muslims” in a lot of the rhetoric that that we’ve had this morning, I think people would find it sort of cringe-worthy and reminiscent of a really ugly time in our history. Imagine a customs and border patrol agent, Jeffrey, asking someone “Are you a Jew?” How would that go over?
Banfield is unaware or pretending to be unaware that jihadists frequently question the religion of their targets, releasing Muslims and then slaughtering Christians and Jews. “Are you a Jew?” is understood every day around the world, and particularly in Israel. An answer in the affirmative will get you killed.
JL: Well, Ashley, look, first of all, there are no Jews that are coming in here to destroy America. They’re coming in here to get away from these people.
AB: I mean, we have a problem, and saying that we don’t have a problem is suicidal. It brought death to these Americans in California.
Drum roll. Prepare for Banfield’s revelation of what she was champing at the bit to talk about all along.
AB: Yeah. I gotta, I gotta. You know what? I’m going to tell ya’ something. There’s a guy named John Pistole, who just recently was running the TSA. Uh, real venerable guy. He, before that was with the FBI. He was an executive assistant director for counter terror and counter intelligence and he sat before Congress in 2004 and he testified – and this is to your point about there are no Jews coming to hurt Americans – he testified about, from a period of 1980 to 1985 there were 18 terrorist attacks in the United States committed by Jews. Fifteen of them by members of the Jewish Defense League. The head of the Jewish Defense League was in jail awaiting trial on charges of trying to bomb a mosque in Culver City, trying to bomb Darrell Issa’s office, an Arab American. What are you talking about?! There have been Jewish terrorist attacks! Should we therefore ask no Jews to please apply for a visa?
AB: I’m telling you (holds up piece of paper with highlighted information about Jewish terrorism) that there have been that many terrorist attacks committed by Jews and no one’s suggesting for a minute that all Jews should be wiped out of this country from visiting. (Bizarre, disingenuous, grin accompanied by a childish and patronizing tone of voice.) It’s the same thing.
AB: The crazies, yes! Not the Muslims! The crazies!
AB: There are 1.5 or 1.6 billion Muslims and the majority are not crazy like that. The majority are like everybody.
There is so much one could say about that exchange. None of it good. Most of it speaks for itself.
It’s amazing how much madness leftists can be packed into less than 3 minutes.
Israel issued no response Wednesday to a decision a day earlier by the United Methodist Church to put five Israeli banks on a list of companies it will not invest in, with one official saying the decision could be overturned at the church’s general meeting in May.
The United Methodist Church, a Protestant denomination numbering more than seven million members in the United States and about 12 million worldwide, announced on Tuesday that it would place the banks on its blacklist because of their role in financing settlement activity beyond the Green Line.
The banks are Bank Hapoalim, Bank Leumi, First International Bank of Israel, Israel Discount Bank and Bank Mizrahi-Tefahot. According to The New York Times, they were among 39 companies from a number of countries that were excluded from the pension board’s portfolio for not meeting its Human Rights Investment Policy guideline.
The only two banks in which the fund is actually invested, however, are Hapoalim and Leumi.
Sources in Jerusalem said that this is likely not the last word on the matter, and that there are those within the church opposed to the move who are expected to fight it at the May meeting.
Despite the blacklist, the United Methodist Church remains invested in other Israeli companies. Its membership rejected a prior effort in 2012 to institute a complete divestiture of all companies with ties to Israel.
Israel’s banks remained mum on the issue, with some deferring their silence to the Association of Banks in Israel, which also had nothing to say on the economic, political, or financial implications of the blacklisting.
The fund remains invested in a slew of other Israeli companies, including Teva, Checkpoint, Nice, Israel Chemicals, Israel Corp., Cellcom and Wix.
Thus far, there is little evidence that the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement has succeeded in exacting a price from Israel’s economy, though several studies say that a broad-based effort in Europe could inflict economic pain.
Last year the Episcopal Church in the US, with some 1.8 million members, voted down a divestiture measure, and another church, the Mennonite Church USA, with some 950,000 adherents, delayed a vote on a similar measure for two years.
The United Church of Christ, with a membership of about 1 million, approved a divestment resolution in 2015.
The American Jewish Committee issued a statement criticizing the decision, saying the action was requested by the BDS movement which rejects a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
In a step towards joining an Israel boycott, the U.S. is now requiring goods originating from the West Bank (also known as Judea and Samaria) to be labeled separately from products from the rest of Israel, following the European Union’s crackdown on products from the disputed territories.
The U.S. Customs and Border Protection service, which falls under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), has issued new mandates requiring that West Bank products not be marked “Israel,” citing a notice from the year 1997 that offers such instructions.
“Goods entering the United States must conform to the U.S. marking statute and regulations promulgated thereunder,” the statement adds.
Groups advocating “boycott, divestment, and sanctions” (BDS) against Israel have demanded separate labeling of Israeli goods from the West Bank and the Golan Heights as a step toward a total boycott of Israeli products.
Israel maintains that under international law, the West Bank is “disputed,” and not “occupied,” since there was no legitimate sovereign in the territory when Israel took control of it in self-defense after Jordan attacked Israel in 1967.
Many of the products that will be affected are made within areas of the West Bank, such as the Etzion bloc, are likely to be part of Israel under any peace agreement.
The new instructions were published by DHS over the weekend, following complaints from Palestinian and fringe leftist outfits that the U.S. was not complying with a 1995 law that calls for the marking of goods from the West Bank, Israel National News reports.
In November, the European Union mandated the labeling of Israeli products from the West Bank and the Golan Heights. Critics, including presidential candidates, have argued the labeling of products only from “Israeli areas” of the West Bank, and not Palestinian-controlled territories, is a discriminatory and anti-Semitic act.
The EU now refuses to allow the label “Made in Israel” on products made anywhere outside of the pre-1967 lines.
“This will not advance peace; it will certainly not advance truth and justice,” he added.
Last week, the State Department effectively endorsed the anti-Israel labeling measures.
“Here, tonight, we must confront the reality that around the world, anti-Semitism is on the rise. We cannot deny it,” he said from the Israeli Embassy in Washington, D.C.
For more than a decade, there’s been a worldwide campaign on behalf of Palestinians telling companies, universities and others who handle large amounts of cash to avoid doing any business that would in any way help Israel.
It’s called the BDS movement – for boycott, divestment and sanctions – against Israel until some point at which the Middle East democracy would give up enough land, power or rights to satisfy the Palestinians.
The activists apply pressure wherever they think there might be a response.
The trip involved travel vouchers supplied by the Israeli government “as part of the gift bag” given to nominees in some categories.
But those institutions and organizations that have given in to boycott demands now are facing a boycott themselves – for participating in the boycott.
The most recent move came in Colorado, where the Business Journal reports investors for more than half a million retired Colorado workers soon probably will have to pull money from companies that divested from Israel.
That’s after the state Senate approved a bill that would require the state pension funds to take that action.
It’s a bipartisan move, sponsored by Reps. Dominick Moreno, D-Commerce City, and Dan Nordberg, R-Colorado Springs.
It requires that the state’s Public Employees’ Retirement Association first identify companies that prohibit business with Israel and then to divest all direct holdings from that company.
It puts the BDS movement in bad company, since the state earlier required in the law the withdrawal of funds from companies that support the Sudanese government. The pension fund board has its own policy against doing business with companies that interact with Iran.
According to a report from JTA.org, Colorado is among the leaders of the boycott-the-boycotters movement, but far from alone.
“California, Florida, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania and Tennessee have passed or are considering bills or resolutions taking action against the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement against Israel,” the report said.
Reports say that Colorado’s governor, John Hickenlooper, supports the legislation, and the Senate vote was 25-9.
The Colorado House previously has approved the idea, 54-10, and the bill now is heading to a conference committee for the last details to be agreed.
Colorado’s state pension fund has $47 billion in assets.
The pension fund board also has said it doesn’t want any limits on what it can do.
“My concern is how sanctions are being used against Israel to raise expectations of ‘conflict resolution,'” Sen. Kent Lambert, a Colorado Springs Republican, told the Journal.
“Boycotting Israel economically is an act of war. It is not conflict resolution,” he said.
There have been several other recent controversies involving the movement, too.
The Jerusalem Post reported earlier this week a Methodist pension fund divestment of $21 billion from five Israeli banks “to appease” the Untied Methodist Kairos Response may have been in violation of the fund’s own rules.
“When the decision to divest from Israeli banks was finalized, UMKR and other BDS organizations were ecstatic, but complaints from pension holders poured in. Even senior executives at the pension have been brave enough to voice their outrage. Rhys Read, the controller and treasurer of the Methodist pension, believes the Israeli divestment decision ‘has now resulted in grave reputational and potential financial risks. The decision to divest is not in accordance with our investment policy,'” the Post report said.
The University of California Board of Regents unanimously approved a watered-down statement condemning anti-Semitism on campus. The statement says the university would not tolerate anti-Semitism "but rejected a proposal to equate anti-Zionism with religious bigotry."
Pro-Palestinian campus activists, however, say they are simply voicing legitimate criticism of Israel, which, they say, is being misconstrued, creating a pretext for pro-Israeli activists to squelch the Arab side of the Mideast debate.
The regents rebuffed draft language that would have broadly defined opposition to Israel as anti-Jewish bigotry, with the board instead voting to disapprove "anti-Semitic forms of anti-Zionism."
Critics of the proposed statement said that "a blanket condemnation of anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism, as contained in the original draft, would have trampled academic freedom and opened the university to costly litigation."
The Pro-Palestinian movement said the latest statement was merely and attempt to silence political criticism of Israel, including the BDS movement to withdraw investment from Israel.
One student cited an example of such "criticism" when the phrase "Zionists should be sent to the gas chamber" was painted on a building at UC Berkeley "after a student senate campaign calling for university divestment from U.S. companies doing business with Israel."
Some students felt the amended language of the statement still confused Israel as a political issue and anti-Jewish bias.
"Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism have very little to do with each other," said Tallie Ben Daniel, an academic advisory council coordinator for the group Jewish Voice for Peace.
A new video has been released by Americans for Peace and Tolerance (APT) that exposes an alarming new trend of anti-Israel indoctrination happening in American high schools and middle schools.
The pattern of bias and bigotry against Jews and Israel is most noted at Newton South High School, found in an affluent suburb west of Boston. Concerned parents there are meeting resistance from school officials that defend the curriculum which APT has discovered comes from very suspect sources.
Newton's high schools have used Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) maps that falsify the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Newton students were not told that the maps were created by the PLO's propaganda unit.
Newton's schools presented students with a falsified version of the Hamas Charter. In Newton's doctored version the word "Jews" – as a target of hatred -- is replaced with the word "Zionists."
In one lesson, Newton students are asked to consider the Jewish state's right to exist. (The legitimacy of no other nation-state's existence is questioned.) The lesson included "expert" opinions, which are drawn overwhelmingly from anti-Israel academics and anti-Semitic activists.
A book used in Newton high schools has a recommended reading list that includes the extremist writings by Muslim Brotherhood leaders including Sayyid Qutb, and Yusuf Qaradawi, whose sermons call for the murder of Jews and homosexuals.
Newton schools officials are shown to continuously refuse to make school curricula and teaching materials available to the Newton residents.
The video also shows that Saudi, Palestinian, and other Arab-funded teaching materials have been inserted into the curriculum, much of it containing anti-Israel bias.
Newton's mission statement includes the promise of "celebrat[ing] the dignity of all people." Yet, it's clear from the 20-minute film that that's not the case when it comes to Jews. Once the school used a Saudi-funded Arab World Studies Notebook which described Palestinian women being murdered by Israeli soldiers. Newton's school superintendent praised the text as helping to develop students' "critical thinking skills." Public pressure finally forced the school's hand in removing the material from its curriculum, according to the statement.
However, the damage was done. Instead of critical thinking and turning to discussion about difficult topics, the students resorted to painting swastikas and scrawling "Burn the Jews" around campus, even at a nearby middle school. What's worse, Newton school officials failed to report any of these incidents to authorities as required.
Newton still has trouble in this area as they continue to shield the public from learning what materials are being taught to children. This documentary is hoping to bring awareness and action from the public to demand better from the district.
Just when you think once-prestigious Harvard could fall further from grace, Harvard students hurled anti-Semitic epithets at Israel's former Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni during her recent talk at the University.
Last Thursday, Harvard Law School hosted a panel discussion with guest speakers Dennis Ross and former Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni.
When his question drew stunned silence, he clarified his "question."
This is the kind of discourse an Ivy League education gets you.
The Harvard Law Record blasted the anti-Semitic an incident Monday, but failed to identify the student perpetrator.
“Discussions about Israel cannot devolve into ad hominem attacks against Jews. A quick Internet search will show that the stereotype of 'the Jew' as 'smelly' or 'dirty' has been around since at least the 1800s," the paper notes.
"The Nazis promoted the idea that Jews 'smell' to propagandize Jews as an inferior people. The idea that Jews can be identified by a malodor is patently offensive and stereotypes Jews as an 'other' which incites further acts of discrimination. The fact that such a hate-filled and outdated stereotype reemerged at Harvard Law School is nothing short of revolting."
The ironic part is that Livni is known for her liberal, multiculti-policies which actually favors Palestinians in many regards and endanger Israelis.
The fact that even she would be subject to such slurs elicits memories of the horrific saying used by anti-Semites: "The only good Jew is a dead Jew."
Indeed, as the school's law journal states, "Anti-Semitism is still very real today, and it just showed itself in our community at Harvard Law School."
New Jersey and Iowa join the growing list of states passing legislation combating the anti-Israel boycott movement. Though the Boycott Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement seems to have taken hold in many college campuses, the battle is far from over as the slow wheels of state legislature pick up momentum.
21 states have taken up anti-BDS legislation, including, Indiana, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, California, Massachusetts, Indiana, and Ohio. In seven of the states, the bills have been signed into law: Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, South Carolina, and recently, Iowa. In March, Virginia passed two anti-BDS resolutions, officially condemning and outlawed the anti-Israel boycott, divestment and sanctions movement. In some states, the legislation requires the state’s pension fund to create a blacklist of for-profit entities that boycott Israel and to divest from blacklisted entities. In most states, the legislation excludes humanitarian organizations from being affected.
On Monday, the New Jersey Senate unanimously approved a bill that would require the state’s public worker pension fund to divest from companies that boycott Israel. The bill bars the state Division of Investments from investing the public workers’ $68.6 billion pension fund in any company “that boycotts the goods, products, or businesses of Israel, boycotts those doing business with Israel, or boycotts companies operating in Israel or Israeli-controlled territory.” New Jersey trades more than $1.3 billion in goods each year with Israel, according to NewJersey.com. If the Assembly passes the bill, it will go to Gov. Chris Christie for his signature.
On Tuesday, Iowa Governor Terry Branstad signed a similar bill that prohibits state funds from being directly invested in companies that boycott Israel.
Last week, the Iowa Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church sent a letter to Branstad asking him to veto the anti-boycott legislation. The church claimed boycotts for social, political, and economic change are political speech protected by the First Amendment. Apparently, the governor disagreed with that assessment.
Critics of the wave of anti-BDS bills make this claim, while not relating to the rights of their opponents to express their opinions. Palestine Legal, a pro-BDS legal organization, warns that people, “should all be alarmed that a foreign government, Israel, is lobbying U.S. politicians to restrict our rights”, while neglecting to address concerns that Palestine is also a foreign government affecting US internal policies.
In an interview with Haaretz, Eugene Kontorovich, a law professor at Northwestern University who has consulted with groups advancing anti-BDS legislation, explained why this is not a first amendment issue.
Hearing about this course reminded me of one dismal evening that I spent in 2004 at the UC Berkeley Hillel. That evening, I went there to give a lecture about the wisdom of Kabbalah and what it says about Jewish unity and the role of the Jewish people in the world. It was a cold evening, and a cold welcome. However I tried, I could not get through to the students; they would not accept that the Jewish people has a role and a commitment to the world.
Immediately following the lecture, a man approached me and said that Hillel was not the place to talk about the role of the Jewish people, that people here have everything they need. I tried to tell him that being Jewish is not about what we need, but about what others need, what the rest of the world needs. I tried to explain that we need to unite not for our own sake, but for the sake of the world, which is desperately looking for a way to do so in our hyper egotistical society, and that we are meant to be the role model it will follow. He couldn’t hear me. The message simply could not sink in.
I left. Without connection to their nation and its role in the process that the world is undergoing, without understanding how much the future of the world depends on the correction that Israel must perform, I knew that there is no future for the Jews in San Francisco.
This course is only the beginning of the next wave of anti-Semitism that has spread throughout US campuses. Soon, campuses will not even attempt to put on a façade of academic integrity. The sole purpose of such courses will be to advance the Palestinian cause and delegitimize Israel.
Jewish students already feel very uncomfortable on campuses, and sometimes threatened. Many of them are already afraid to wear Jewish symbols such as star-of-David necklaces and yarmulkes. Can we imagine how they will feel when such courses become ubiquitous? And if we think we can distinguish between anti-Israel sentiments and anti-Jewish sentiments, we can learn otherwise by looking at what is happening in Europe.
Until a few years ago, it seemed as though US Jews had found some secret formula to dissolve anti-Semitism. At the beginning of the 20th century, and even in the 1950s, anti-Semitism, overt or covert, was still quite rampant and Jews were often excluded from universities, clubs, and certain occupations. But after the Holocaust and subsequent establishment of the State of Israel, it seemed as though a new era had begun and along with Hitler, anti-Semitism passed away.
But now the wind has changed. Liel Leibovitz wrote on Tablet Magazine, and I concur, that for American Jews, whoever wins this election, “politics will change in ways we cannot even begin to comprehend, but it will spell, in nontrivial ways, the end of a more than half-a-century-long American Jewish bloom.” While I believe that a Clinton victory will induce a much faster and much more sinister decline, the trend will be similar regardless of the winner.
The moratorium on overt Jew-hatred is quickly coming to a close. If we want to avoid another tragedy in the seemingly endless string of persecutions, extinctions, and expulsions, we have to act now, and in the only way we have been instructed by our forefathers.
Before the ruin of the Temple, our forefathers developed a unique method of connection. They did not suppress one another’s character or talents, nor did they exploit one another. They used their individual skills for the common good, thereby creating a society that both supported everyone’s personal fulfillment, and strengthened the social fabric that kept it together.
Our forefathers did not suppress their differences or downplay them. They only changed the aim for which they worked. Instead of seeking to advance themselves, they sought to advance the whole of society, creating a win-win situation where everyone gains.
This seemingly small difference creates a profound transformation. It creates a common interest in realizing the full personal potential of each member of the community. Moreover, it makes every member of the community personally interested in realizing the full potential of every other member in the community, since this advances the prosperity of all the other members of the community. In a word, this change of aim turns “love your neighbor as yourself” from theory into practice.
Today that simple-yet-effective connection method that our forefathers had perfected and committed to sharing with the nations is imperative to the survival of our society. Now, as our sages have been telling us, we have to implement it for our own sake, and for the sake of all of humanity.
In the eyes of the world, only if we give the world the peace and happiness it deserves, our existence will be justified. As long as we are disunited, we are not spreading unity. Rather than being “a light unto nations,” we spread the opposite, and the world rightly rejects us.
We have only ourselves to blame for the hatred toward us. As long as we are mean to one another, the world will be mean to us, since we cannot spread goodness. But if we use that special asset, the unique connection method that teaches how to realize one’s personal potential while solidifying the society, our example will clarify to the world why there are Jews and why Jews are imperative to their happiness.
The legitimacy of university courses like the one mentioned at the beginning of this column exists only as long as we do not know why we are here and what is our purpose in life. But when we realize who we are, and what a great gift of unity we have to give to the world, humankind will embrace us for the first time, and forever.
*Today (Thursday the 15th), I learned that following criticism, UC Berkeley cancelled the course. As much as I am pleased with this development, it does not change the evident trend of intensifying anti-Semitism. The emotions that engendered this abomination are very present on all US campuses, so it is my hope that we will do what we must, as detailed in this column, and spare ourselves a painful ordeal.
The campus is notorious for its glorification of anti-Israel terrorism.
Last night, the David Horowitz Freedom Center brought its Stop the Jew Hatred on Campus poster campaign to San Francisco State University, a campus that is notorious for its glorification of anti-Israel terrorism and anti-Semitism.
San Francisco State University (SFSU) has repeatedly enabled the most extreme actions of its General Union of Palestinian Students (GUPS), a group closely resembling Students for Justice in Palestine, once led by SJP founder Hatem Bazian. This past April, GUPS disrupted a speech by the Mayor of Jerusalem, Nir Barkat, by shouting exhortations to terrorist violence and succeeded in curtailing his address. The demonstrators shouted “Intifada,” a call for terrorism against Israel, and chanted “From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free!” a call for the obliteration of the Jewish state. The former president of GUPS wrote dozens of social media posts threatening violence to pro-Israel students, Israelis, the IDF and others. He also praised Hamas and the violent Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP).
GUPS holds annual Israeli Apartheid Weeks which demonize Israel as an apartheid state and commemorate the founding of Israel as “al-Nakba” or “the catastrophe.” The faculty advisor for GUPS, Prof. Rabab Abdulhadi, met with terrorists Leila Khaled and Sheikh Raed Salah during a university-funded trip to the Middle East. (Khaled is a convicted hijacker and a member of the terrorist organization, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and Sheikh Raed Salah has been repeatedly jailed on charges of incitement to terrorist violence.) When questioned about the trip, San Francisco State administrators denied that Abdulhadi’s trip was an improper use of university funds. Abdulhadi also helped to broker a formal collaboration between SFSU and An-Najah National University in Palestine, which is known for its recruitment of students as cadre for Hamas and as suicide bombers.
The Freedom Center’s poster operation plastered the campus with posters identifying the organization Students for Justice in Palestine as a campus front for Hamas terrorists and the Hamas intermediary American Muslims for Palestine (AMP). AMP was revealed in recent congressional testimony to be funneling terrorist dollars to Students for Justice in Palestine to support the Hamas-sponsored, anti-Israel Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign in America.
A second poster depicts a gun-toting Hamas terrorist holding the strings of a puppet labeled “American Muslims for Palestine” which in turn controls a marionette labeled “Students for Justice in Palestine.” Students for Justice in Palestine (SJP) is described as “The chief sponsor of anti-Israel and anti-Jewish activities on campus.” Hamas is identified as “A terror organization pledged to wipe out Israel” (a goal explicitly stated in the Hamas charter) while AMP is the “Hamas-created chief organizer and funder of SJP.” The poster also depicts shadowed bodies lying in pools of blood, illustrating the bloody deeds of Hamas’s campaign of terror against the Jews. The poster contains the hashtag #JewHatred and the Freedom Center’s website, www.HorowitzFreedomCenter.org.
A third poster created by the Freedom Center asks sardonically, “Do you want to show your support for Hamas terrorists whose stated goal is the elimination of the Jewish people and the Jewish state?” and answers the question with “Join us! Students for Justice in Palestine.” The poster then lists the names of student and faculty leaders on campus who promote the genocidal Boycott Divest and Sanctions movement against Israel.
The posters are part of a larger Freedom Center campaign titled Stop the Jew Hatred on Campus which seeks to confront the agents of campus anti-Semitism and expose the financial and organizational relationship between the terror group Hamas and Hamas support groups such as Students for Justice in Palestine. As part of the campaign, the Freedom Center has placed posters on several campuses including San Diego State University, the University of California-Irvine and the University of California-Los Angeles. The campaign also recently released a report on the “Top Ten Schools Supporting Terrorists” which may be found on the campaign website, www.StoptheJewHatredonCampus.org. San Francisco State University is among the campuses listed in the Top Ten report. The section of the report demonstrating SFSU’s support of anti-Israel terrorists follows below.
April 06, 2016: The SFSU General Union of Palestinian Students (GUPS) disrupted a speech by the Mayor of Jerusalem, Nir Barkat, by shouting exhortations to terrorist violence and succeeded in curtailing his address. SFSU students involved in the protest entered the auditorium carrying Palestinian flags and wearing checkered kaffiyehs which are associated with anti-Israel terrorism. The demonstrators then proceeded to shout “Intifada,” and chanted “From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free!” a slogan falsely claiming that Israel is Palestine (Israel is bounded by the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea) and should be destroyed.
September 21, 2015: GUPS at SFSU held a protest and die-in called “From Sabra to Syria: My Homeland is not a Suitcase.” One student lay on the ground holding a mock Israeli flag with “Stop Settler Colonialism” scrawled across it, an echo of the Hamas claim that the Jews have “colonized” Palestine, a blatant historical falsehood, since the land on which Israel was created belonged to the Turks (who are neither Arabs nor Palestinians) for 400 years previously.
April 17, 2015: GUPS at SFSU held “Israeli Apartheid Week” on campus. The poster for the event stated, “Together we rise against colonialism,” repeating Hamas’s mendacious position that the Arab nation of “Palestine” was colonized by Jews. The event included the display of a mock “apartheid wall” painted with anti-Israel propaganda.
December 5, 2013: During an “emergency rally” held by GUPS at SFSU, the phrase “My Heroes Have Always Killed Colonizers” was written with chalk on the concrete stage at Malcolm X Plaza. The same phrase, referring to the Hamas assertion that Jews have colonized Arab Palestine and must be exterminated, is also written on a sign at a display table during the “Edward Said Mural Celebration.” Said was a Columbia professor who was a member of the Palestinian Liberation Organization’s Palestinian National Council until 1991 when he resigned because he thought the terrorist Yasser Arafat’s policies were too moderate towards Israel.
Speaking on ABC after Trump delivered his speech on the steps of the Capitol building, Moran seized upon the new president use of “America First,” a phrase he deployed through the Republican primary and general election campaign against Hillary Clinton, who attended the ceremony in a white smock.
On Monday night, an event put on by the Columbia University chapter of Students Supporting Israel (SSI) was disrupted repeatedly by anti-Israel attendees. The event centered around Israeli Ambassador Danny Danon giving a lecture to a crowd of 300 students.
Originally, the crowd was going to have invited pro-Israel students and alumni who wanted to hear Danon speak, but the university would not allow this.
According to The Algemeiner, Columbia University forced SSI to slash the number of invited student, faculty, and alumni attendees down to 20, including the ambassador’s security detail. They also forced SSI to submit the list of attendees for pre-approval. This left only 10 spots open.
The aggressive feelings by anti-Israel students toward those who support Israel has created an atmosphere on campus that SSI Columbia chapter President Rudy Rochman described as feeling like a “war zone.” According to him, this is typical for anyone who supports Israel at the Columbia University campus.
“You can survive here if you stick to yourself and don’t express your opinions. If you stand up for Israel, you are viciously shamed, targeted and slandered by these terrorist sympathizers who call Hamas a ‘liberation organization.’ This is the life we activists live here on campus,” said Rochman.
It was this “war zone” rhetoric that reportedly caused the university to take action in limiting the amount of pro-Israel guests attending the lecture, in an attempt to lessen any violence that may erupt due to the publicly planned protests.
Texas-A Muslim pre-school teacher was removed from the classroom after she tweeted out ‘kill some jews’ and ‘how many Jews died in the Holocaust? Not enough hahaha’. She has not been fired yet; this case is still pending investigation.
A pre-school teacher in Texas has been suspended from the classroom pending an investigation into her encouraging social media followers to “kill some Jews,” The Algemeiner has learned.
Nancy Salem, who teaches at The Children’s Courtyard in South Arlington, as The Algemeiner first reported, was among 24 anti-Israel activists at the University of Texas, Arlington (UTA), exposed by covert campus watchdog group Canary Mission for expressing racist and violent thoughts online.
Of course if this teacher tweeted out ‘Kill some Muslims’ they would have been fired immediately. Since Muslims are now at the top of the Marxist ladder of privileged people, they can virtually do and say anything they want including ****, murder or call for the murder of non-Muslims while escaping the consequences and backlash that non-Muslims would face in a similar circumstance.
This woman wears a hijab which means she is committed to Sharia law. Hatred for Jews and Christians is straight out of the Quran. When Muslims are the minority in a country, they are taught to hide their hatred for non-Muslims in order to hide their intentions. It looks like the mask slipped off of this Muslima. She should be fired and stripped of any and all teaching credentials. She is a danger to Americans and should never be allowed to teach children.
Jewish community centers and synagogues across the United States received another series of phoned-in threats Sunday, prompting another round of police response. No suspicious items were found…”We do believe that this is part of, as I mentioned on Tuesday, a larger picture – a national trend. That’s why I did mention that the FBI was involved. They are assisting us. The state police has taken a lead role from a New York state perspective,” Brighton Police Chief Mark Henderson said.
While violent incidents of antisemitism dropped 12% worldwide in 2016, US campuses saw a surge of 45% in antisemitism, according to data released Sunday…One of the most startling findings is a 45% increase in antisemitism on US campuses, which the report stated have become a hot-bed for antisemitism, often under the guise of anti-Zionism and due to increased pro-Palestinian movements, such as BDS on campuses.
On Saturday, in Chicago, the Democratic Socialists of America voted to approve a motion endorsing the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement against Israel.
Immediately after the motion passed, those attending the convention enthusiastically took part in a chant calling for the elimination of the Jewish State (an action which would of course make boycott, divestment and sanctions redundant).
The Democrat Socialists of America did not approve, or even vote on, on any motions to support “Boycott, Divestment and and Sanctions” against any other country.
What the crowd chanted, as can be seen from the Twitter video immediately above, was: ”From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free.” The “river” refers to the Jordan River, the eastern boundary, for the most part, of Israel. The “sea” refers to the Mediterranean Sea, the western boundary, for the most part, of Israel. The longstanding chant implies the geographic erasure of Israel and its replacement with an entity called “Palestine” (a country that has never actually existed in the history of the world).
Israel is hated not just because it is Jewish, but also because it is viewed as an outpost of American-led oppression of non-whites, colonialism and imperialism. Under the now-fashionable doctrine of intersectionality, Israel is held out as the unique connecting force among capitalist and American-imperialist evils, much as the Jew has been held out in history through anti-Semitic conspiracy theories.
For radical leftists in the U.S. this intersectionality agenda manifests itself in a desire to replace capitalism with socialism or communism, and in the Middle East to promote an Islamist supremacist agenda which denies the Jews any rightful claim to self-determination in the historical homeland of the Jews. This creates very strange alliances, such as LGBT leftists aligning with Islamists who suppress LGBT persons in every country where Islamists rule.
The BDS movement, embodying this intersectionality through boycotts against Israeli academics, artists and businesses, exploits and stokes racial tension to turn racial issues, such at the Ferguson riots and Black Lives Matter, into anti-Israel movements. One of the most egregious examples of anti-Semitic intersectionality is the Deadly Exchange Campaign by the anti-Israel group Jewish Voice for Peace, which falsely blames Israel and American Jewish organizations for U.S. police shootings of blacks.
Israel’s i24News noted, in its coverage of this story, that the vote took place “on the Jewish Sabbath, meaning religious Jews could not take part.” The reality, however, is that there were probably few, and more likely zero, religious Jews at the Democrat Socialists’ convention. Religious Jews tend to have much more right-of-center views than their secular, “culturally Jewish” co-ethnics.
One reason that Israel might be other than panicked about potential economic losses stemming from the Democratic Socialists’ convention is the group’s past endorsement of lifelong sponge Bernie Sanders as favored candidate for the presidency in the 2016 presidential elections, suggesting the organization itself appeals to personal-economic-activity-challenged individuals. Sanders in 1971 was asked to leave a hippie commune in 1971 due to a personal work /”sitting around talking about politics” ratio too insufficient even to meet the commune’s inevitably very low standard.
"Teachers are pulling things off the Internet, and a lot of it is fine, but a lot of it not"
A monograph published late last month of anti-Israel curriculum used in Newton, Mass., public high schools has led to revelations of similar materials in circulation at other school districts in the country, the report's researcher told the Washington Free Beacon on Thursday.
Steven Stotsky of the Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) said that since the release of his findings in "Indoctrinating Our Youth: How a U.S. Public School Curriculum Skews the Arab-Israeli Conflict and Islam," he has received phone calls alerting him to disquieting curricula being used in Michigan and California.
"We turned over a rock and discovered a significant problem," said Stotsky, about his deep dive into textbooks, articles, timelines, and maps used from at least 2011 to 2015—some possibly still in use—for World History course sections on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Islam in Newton's two public high schools, which are among the most prestigious in the country.
The materials included the Arab World Studies Notebook, a textbook the American Jewish Committee has previously condemned as filled with "factually inaccuracies," "overt bias," and "unabashed propagandizing"; a timeline of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that almost entirely omitted instances of Palestinian terrorism; and a misrepresentative translation of the Hamas charter.
Stotsky said procedures must be established for vetting all materials brought into the classroom.
"Teachers are pulling things off the Internet, and a lot of it is fine, but a lot of it not. They can't just be giving this stuff to students," said Stotsky.
He questioned the decision to teach the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in a history class at all.
"History is complicated enough when you are studying issues that are 100, 200 years old," he said. "You further complicate things when you add current events, and the Israeli-Palestinian issue is still politically and ideologically active."
Stotsky's report was the first comprehensive study of these materials, which were only obtained after a years-long battle with Newton administrators by an ad-hoc group of parents and concerned citizens.
Questions about the Newton curriculum were first raised in 2011, but the school district delayed turning over the documents until the summer of 2016. They only complied with those demands after Judicial Watch submitted a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request in October 2014, and even then dragged their feet for another two-and-a-half years.
"The obstruction, the failure to respond to citizens' concerned, the lack of transparency was shocking," said Stotsky. "The fact that it had to go all the way to a FOIA request is outrageous."
An easy fix to the transparency issue, said Stotsky, would be simply throwing all curricula up on the Internet as a matter of policy.
Inaccurate, misleading, and radical Israel education is an ongoing problem at area schools, Stotsky said, pointing to a May 2017 "Middle East History Day" program at Newton North High School, at which he described a speaker as giving an "anti-Israel rant" to 150 students.
According to Stotsky, all the members of the Newton School Committee were sent copies of the CAMERA monograph weeks ago, and were asked to respond. Stotsky has been met with silence.
Ruth Goldman, the chair of the Newton School Committee—one of whose roles she said is "transparent communication with parents"—said all of the committee members received the CAMERA monograph and that a few had skimmed through it.
"You have to understand, we receive a lot of materials, and we can't look through everything. We proactively seek out things that are agenda items for the committee. We don't take up every thing that comes across our email," said Goldman.
Goldman also said she couldn't speak to the details of the case because "all that happened before my time on the committee." She has served as the committee chair since 2013, a year before the FOIA was first submitted.
"It really had all been taken care of by the time I got here. It's an old subject at this point," Goldman said. "We communicate regularly with parents. We have a transparent process at the school committee."
She wouldn't speak to specific school curriculum, but said the district adheres to state guidelines and that "history is a tricky subject" taught in a "narrative and critical framework."
Other school committee members told the Washington Free Beacon that they had not received the monograph and were not familiar with the case.
The mayor of Newton, who also sits on the school committee, was "too busy" to comment.
The superintendent did not respond to the Free Beacon‘s inquiry.
Some leaders in Brooklyn’s Jewish community say bias attacks are happening more frequently.
The most recent incident left a man badly bruised. It was captured on camera and now police are searching for the attacker.
Police are keeping watch at the scene of the latest attack on Rutland Road near Schenectady Avenue.
Many Jewish leaders say this is happening too frequently to be a coincidence, CBS2’s Janelle Burrell reported.
“People are very, very nervous about what is going on,” said Assemblyman Dov Hikind.
Jewish leaders including Hikind told Burrell they believe the recent attacks in Brooklyn aren’t isolated.
“They’re not anomalies?” Burrell asked.
“No, not at all. In between these two incidents, there are so many others. Many of them don’t get reported,” Hikind said.
The latest victim is a 52-year-old orthodox Jewish man who asked that CBS2 not share his name.
Police are looking for the man who went after him Saturday afternoon as he was walking home from synagogue.
The assault went on for five minutes before two people walking by pulled the man off and held him down. The 52-year-old was left with a black eye, broken rib and scratches.
A week earlier, police said a 42-year-old man, identified as Ari Ellis, was attacked on Eastern Parkway, punched in the face repeatedly. He suffered a broken nose and broken ribs.
“I don’t know if there’s a connection, but there’s a lot of concern there has been tremendous growth of anti-Semitism,” said Hikind.
According to the Anti-Defamation League, last year there were 11 anti-Semitic assaults in New York state. Seven of them were in Brooklyn.
Leaders of New York’s Jewish Leadership Council have written to the NYPD, questioning the timing of the attacks. Both happened on the Jewish sabbath – when there are fewer Jewish volunteer safety officers on patrol.
“Unfortunately there are people out there who want to kill us for one reason: Because we are a Jew,” the victim’s wife said.
The ADL is offering a $5,000 reward for information leading to a conviction.
The Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts recently apologized for spreading false atrocity stories about the Jewish state at the denomination’s convention in July.
Bishop Gayle Harris alleged that she was on the scene when Israeli soldiers shot a Palestinian teenager 10 times in the back. She also claimed that she was on the Temple Mount when Israeli soldiers tried to handcuff a 3-year-old boy for letting his toy ball “roll over” the Western Wall.
Harris apparently made the comments to win congregational approval for an anti-Israel resolution.
Dexter Van Zile from the watchdog group CAMERA proved that neither claim was true, and that the bishop could not have been a witness to the non-existent atrocities.
“She made it sound like she was an eyewitness to two terrible acts of villainy by Israeli soldiers that never happened,” Van Zile said.
“I was ill-advised to repeat the stories without verification, and I apologize for doing so,” she added.
Van Zile said he hopes the apology causes the denomination to reflect on its sources of information.
What is truly on the ballot for the November midterm elections? Socialism is what’s on the ballot this November. The Democrat Party has taken a very hard turn to the Left, with many of the major candidates like Andrew Gillum and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez being **** Progressives and Democratic Socialists. Wanna know the worst thing about all that besides the obvious? They hate Israel and the Jewish people with a passion.
Recently, the Democratic Socialists of America, the largest Socialist group in the United States, voted to join a movement dedicated to the financial ruin of the state of Israel, that they hope will lead to it’s complete and total collapse. The Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement, or BDS, is dedicated to the establishment of a Palestinian state by destroying the Jewish state. Think about that when voting on November 6th.
FROM BREAKING ISRAELI NEWS: The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) conveniently held its convention on the Jewish Sabbath, when no observant Jews would be able to appear or protest.
BDS aims at crippling Israel’s economy as political protest against the “oppressive” state. It has been very successful in destroying employment opportunities for thousands of Palestinians who worked for Israeli companies that BDS targeted.
The slogan calls for the establishment of a Palestinian state from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea, where Israel currently sits, suggesting that the Jewish state will vanish from the map and be replaced entirely by “Palestine.” It is commonly heard at left-wing anti-Israel campus protests.
“Democratic Socialists of America declares itself in solidarity with Palestinian civil society’s nonviolent struggle against apartheid, colonialism, military occupation and for equality, human rights, and self-determination,” reads the BDS motion.
What a Palestinian “nonviolent struggle” might look like is not made quite clear by the DSA.
The DSA claims to be the largest socialist organization in the US, with 25,000 dues-paying members. As the organization admits that America is “unlikely to see an immediate end to capitalism tomorrow”, it does its best to fight the capitalist system by working to achieve “equitable distribution of resources…a healthy environment…gender and racial equality, and non-oppressive relationships”, among other goals.
Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA), the likely next Speaker of the House, is trying to reassure Jewish groups after several newly-elected Democrats have vowed openly to support “boycott, divestment, and sanctions” (BDS) against Israel.
However, Pelosi’s task will be difficult, given the increasingly anti-Israel drift of her party as a whole. Not a single Democrat — herself included — traveled to Israel to attend the opening of the U.S. embassy in Jerusalem in May, nor the Israeli embassy’s party to celebrate that event in Washington, DC.
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo on Tuesday refused to reaffirm American support for a Palestinian state after Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu pledged to extend Israeli sovereignty over West Bank settlements. “Ultimately, the Israelis and Palestinians will decide how to resolve this,” Pompeo replied. | 2019-04-25T00:22:00Z | http://endtimesandcurrentevents.freesmfhosting.com/index.php?topic=9837.msg70830;topicseen |
This news release contains forward-looking statements. For a description of the related risk factors and assumptions please see the section entitled "Caution Concerning Forward-Looking Statements" later in this release.
MONTRÉAL, Feb. 4, 2016 /CNW Telbec/ - BCE Inc. (TSX: BCE) (NYSE: BCE), Canada's largest communications company, today reported results for the fourth quarter (Q4) and full year 2015, provided financial guidance targets for 2016, and announced a $0.13 per share increase in the BCE annual common share dividend to $2.73.
"The Bell team's exceptional performance in Q4 and throughout 2015 underscores the enduring strength of our strategy to lead Canada's broadband revolution with unmatched innovation in the growth services of communications: Wireless, TV, Internet and Media. Gaining 204,000 new broadband TV, Internet and wireless postpaid customers in Q4, Bell delivered the strong financial performance that enables both continued investment in Canada's broadband future and growing returns to BCE shareholders, including our latest dividend increase announced today," said George Cope, President and CEO of BCE and Bell Canada. "We saw strong performance across our business segments in a highly competitive fourth quarter. With a mobile LTE network acknowledged as Canada's best, Bell Wireless continued to deliver strong growth in smartphone customer additions, mobile data usage, revenue and adjusted EBITDA. Our wireline business grew adjusted EBITDA, reducing costs while continuing to outperform the market with strong Fibe TV and Internet customer additions throughout 2015. Despite growing content costs, Bell Media supported BCE's free cash flow generation with increased revenue, while securing exclusive Canadian rights to all of HBO's premium content. Backed by the fastest networks, the most innovative communications products and a clear lead in content across all screens, the Bell team is delivering for both customers and shareholders."
Bell is focused on achieving a clear goal – to be recognized by customers as Canada's leading communications company – through the execution of 6 Strategic Imperatives: Invest in Broadband Networks & Services, Accelerate Wireless, Leverage Wireline Momentum, Expand Media Leadership, Improve Customer Service, and Achieve a Competitive Cost Structure. This strategy of broadband leadership has delivered continued strong performance across Wireless, TV, Internet and Media growth services; 41 consecutive quarters of uninterrupted year-over-year adjusted EBITDA growth; and 12 increases to the BCE common share dividend in the last 7 years – a total increase of 87%.
"Having achieved all financial targets in 2015, with substantial growth in adjusted net earnings and free cash flow driven by healthy year-over-year increases in revenue and adjusted EBITDA, Bell's operating momentum and financial foundation going into 2016 are very strong," said Glen LeBlanc, Chief Financial Officer of BCE and Bell Canada. "Our 2016 financial targets reflect continued projected wireless profitability, a second consecutive year of positive wireline adjusted EBITDA growth, an improving financial profile for Bell Media, and an attractive balance sheet supported by good liquidity and an investment-grade credit profile."
"We expect to drive growth in underlying adjusted net earnings and a healthy year-over-year increase in free cash flow, underpinned by marketplace momentum in growth services and an operating cost structure significantly tightened in 2015, which included the difficult decisions required in implementing staffing reductions. BCE is focused on ensuring we have the financial capacity required to support both ongoing capital investment in Canada's broadband wireline and wireless infrastructure, and consistent and sustainable returns to the shareholders who have invested in BCE's growth strategy," said Mr. LeBlanc.
BCE operating revenue increased 1.4% in Q4 to $5,603 million, led by strong top-line results at Bell Wireless and Bell Media that drove service revenue growth of 1.6%. This was partly offset by a 1.5% year-over-year decline at Bell Wireline, due to the impact of continued slow economic growth and competitive pricing pressures on service and product revenues in Bell Business Markets. For the full year 2015, BCE operating revenue increased in line with our guidance target to $21,514 million on growth in service revenue and product revenue of 2.2% and 2.9% respectively.
BCE's adjusted EBITDA(1) in Q4 grew 2.5% to $2,073 million, driven by increases of 6.8% at Bell Wireless and 1.5% at Bell Wireline. Bell Media adjusted EBITDA declined 4.2% due to higher content costs. Higher wireless adjusted EBITDA, the result of profitable postpaid growth and strong service revenue flow-through, and lower wireline operating costs contributed to a 0.4 percentage-point improvement in BCE's consolidated adjusted EBITDA margin(1)to 37.0%, up from 36.6% in Q4 2014. Consistent with our 2015 guidance target range of 2% to 4% growth for the year, BCE's adjusted EBITDA increased 3.0% to $8,551 million from $8,303 million in 2014.
BCE's net earnings attributable to common shareholders were $496 million, or $0.58 per share, this quarter, down 8.5% and 9.4% respectively, from $542 million, or $0.64 per share, in Q4 2014. The year-over-year decrease was due to higher severance, acquisition and other costs, which totalled $152 million in Q4 2015, of which $120 million related mainly to workforce restructuring initiatives. Higher other expense, reflecting mark-to-market losses on equity derivative contracts entered into to economically hedge future payments under our share-based compensation plans, also contributed to the year-over-year decline. This was partly offset by higher adjusted EBITDA; lower asset impairment charges related to Bell Media's properties, which totalled $38 million in the quarter; and lower income taxes. Excluding the impact of severance, acquisition and other costs, net losses on investments, and early debt redemption costs, adjusted net earnings(2) increased 0.8% to $615 million, while adjusted earnings per share (EPS) were unchanged at $0.72.
For the full year 2015, net earnings attributable to common shareholders were $2,526 million, or $2.98 per share, compared with $2,363 million, or $2.98 per share, in 2014. The increase was the result of solid growth in adjusted EBITDA, lower non-controlling interest from the privatization of Bell Aliant, lower depreciation and amortization expense due to an increase in the useful life of application software, and reduced interest expense on various Bell Canada debt instruments. This was partly offset by higher severance, acquisition and other costs and higher other expense. Adjusted net earnings of $2,845 million and adjusted EPS of $3.36 in 2015 were up 12.7% and 5.7% respectively compared to 2014, reflecting higher adjusted EBITDA driven by the increased contribution of Bell's growth services.
BCE invested $958 million in new capital in Q4, bringing total capital expenditures for 2015 to $3,626 million. This represents a capital intensity ratio (capital expenditures as a percentage of total revenue) for 2015 of 16.9%, in line with our guidance target of approximately 17%. Capital spending was focused on connecting more homes and businesses directly to our broadband fibre network, including the buildout of Gigabit Fibe infrastructure in Toronto and other urban locations; the continued expansion of our LTE wireless network; and increased wireless and Internet network capacity to support higher speeds and growing data usage.
BCE's cash flows from operating activities were $1,510 million, compared to $1,527 million in Q4 2014. Free cash flow(3) generated was $916 million, a 10.0% increase from $833 million the year before, driven by higher adjusted EBITDA, lower capital expenditures, and the favourable impact of the privatization of Bell Aliant, partly offset by a decrease in cash flow from working capital changes. For full-year 2015, BCE's cash flows from operating activities increased to $6,274 million from $6,241 million in 2014, while free cash flow was up 9.3% to $2,999 million. Free cash flow per share(3) was $1.07 in Q4 and $3.54 for the full year 2015, representing increases of 5.9% and 2.3%, respectively, from $1.01 and $3.46 in 2014.
In Q4 2015, BCE gained 91,308 net new wireless postpaid customers and reported a net loss of 28,844 prepaid subscribers; 74,092 net new Fibe TV customers and a net loss of 36,306 Satellite TV customers; and the addition of 38,908 new high-speed Internet customers. NAS line net losses totalled 106,910. At the end of 2015, BCE served a total of 8,245,831 wireless customers, up 1.6% from Q4 2014 (including 7,375,416 postpaid customers, an increase of 3.7%); total TV subscribers of 2,738,496, up 3.6% (including 1,182,791 Fibe TV customers, an increase of 26.7%); total high-speed Internet subscribers of 3,413,147, up 3.5%; and total NAS lines of 6,688,666, a decrease of 6.2%.
Thomas C. O'Neill will retire as Chair of the Board at the BCE Annual General Shareholder Meeting scheduled for April 28, 2016 in Montréal. The Board plans to nominate BCE Director Gordon M. Nixon as Chair contingent upon his re-election as a Director by BCE shareholders at the April 28 annual meeting.
As a BCE Director since 2003 and Chair since February 2009, Mr. O'Neill's guidance has been essential to Bell's transformation into the leader in Canadian broadband communications services while delivering outstanding returns to BCE shareholders. BCE has won numerous accolades for outstanding corporate governance under Mr. O'Neill's leadership. A Fellow of the Institute of Corporate Directors, Mr. O'Neill is Chair of The Bank of Nova Scotia, a Director of Adecco S.A. and of Loblaw Companies Limited, and Chair of the Board of Trustees of Toronto's St. Michael's Hospital.
A Director of BCE since November 2014. Gordon Nixon was President and CEO of the Royal Bank of Canada from 2001 until 2014, and CEO of RBC Dominion Securities from 1999 to 2001. A member of the Order of Canada, Mr. Nixon is a Director of George Weston Limited and of BlackRock Inc. He also serves as Chair of scientific research and collaboration centre MaRS and of the Queen's University Capital Campaign.
The BCE annualized common share dividend will increase 5.0%, or 13 cents per share, from $2.60 to $2.73 effective with BCE's Q1 2016 dividend payable on April 15, 2016, to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 15, 2016. BCE maintains the dividend payout ratio(4) within its target policy range of 65% to 75% of free cash flow. The higher dividend for 2016 is fully supported by higher expected free cash flow generation driven by continued execution of Bell's 6 Strategic Imperatives and growing financial contributions from all Bell business segments. Including today's dividend increase announcement, BCE has increased its annual common share dividend 12 times in the past 7 years, representing an 87% increase.
The signature annual event in Bell's national mental health initiative, Bell Let's Talk Day on January 27 grew the conversation about Canada's mental health like never before. Led by Bell Let's Talk national spokesperson Clara Hughes, Canadians and people worldwide sent a record 125,915,295 texts, calls, tweets and Facebook shares in support of mental health on Bell Let's Talk Day. With a Bell donation of 5 cents per interaction, this $6,295,764.75 in new funding increases Bell's commitment to Canadian mental health to $79,919,178.55. The #BellLetsTalk hashtag was the top Twitter trend in Canada and the most-used in the world on January 27 with 6,826,114 total tweets and retweets – 43% more than last year. To learn more, please visit Bell.ca/LetsTalk.
In January, Bell's 4G LTE network was ranked #1 nationally in a new report from independent UK analyst firm OpenSignal, following a similar top ranking by PCMag in September 2015. OpenSignal found that Bell delivered the fastest wireless 4G network download speeds in Canada, averaging 19.9 megabits per second (Mbps), far above the global average of 12.6 Mbps. To learn more, please see OpenSignal's State of Mobile Networks: Canada (Jan 2016).
As Canada's largest TV provider and #1 multimedia company, Bell continues to set the pace in Canadian television. With the January 20 Toronto Raptors vs. Boston Celtics NBA game, TSN became the first broadcaster to produce a live 4K Ultra HD broadcast in North America. Bell TV also announced in January the availability of the Fibe 4K Whole Home PVR for Fibe TV customers in Toronto, Montréal, Ottawa and Québec City. Far superior to basic cable 4K set top boxes lacking recording and other PVR capabilities, the Fibe 4K Whole Home PVR is also ready for the next step in broadcasting: high dynamic range (HDR). In February, Bell will extend availability of the 4K Whole Home PVR to Bell Fibe TV customers in Ontario and Québec and Bell Aliant FibreOP TV customers in Atlantic Canada. To learn more, please visit Bell.ca/4K.
In November 2015, Bell Media signed a long-term agreement with HBO to exclusively deliver in Canada all current, past and library HBO programming across linear, on-demand and OTT platforms, along with a new original co-production partnership. In January 2015, Bell Media concluded a similar agreement with CBS Corporation to exclusively bring SHOWTIME programming to Canada. As sole operator of HBO Canada, Bell Media announced The Movie Network (TMN) would become a national pay TV service in 2016 as Corus Entertainment winds down operations of its Movie Central and Encore Avenue pay TV services in Western and Northern Canada. In January, CraveTV became available to all Canadians with Internet service for $7.99 per month, offering access to Canada's best video streaming service and its thousands of hours of premium television entertainment from HBO, SHOWTIME and other premium content providers.
BCE launched a bought deal common share offering on November 23, 2015, the first by the company since 2002. The base equity offering of $750 million, and the exercise of the 15% over-allotment option that resulted in the sale of 15,111,000 common shares at the offering price of $57.10 per share, generated total gross proceeds of $862,838,100. These proceeds support debt reduction and maintenance of a healthy balance sheet.
Bell Canada made a $250 million voluntary pension plan contribution in December 2015 to further reinforce the strong solvency position of its defined benefit pension plans and reduce the amount of BCE's future pension obligations, effectively removing the use of letters of credit to fund Bell Canada's deficit contribution. The voluntary contribution was funded from cash on hand at the end of 2015. Accelerating the funding of Bell Canada's future obligation is an efficient use of cash given the market's general expectation of a sustained low interest rate environment.
Bell was named one of Canada's Top 100 Employers for 2016 in November, recognized for our leadership in workplace mental health initiatives, next-generation talent development, and a healthy workplace environment, and today was named a top employer in our headquarters city of Montréal. Bell team members Nathalie Cook, Bell Media's VP Brand Partnerships, and Joanne MacDonald, VP CTV News, were named to Canada's Top 100 Most Powerful Women 2015 by WXN in November. Also recognized was Sophie Brochu, CEO of Gaz Métro and a BCE director. Bell WXN recipients include Hall of Fame inductees Mary Ann Turcke, President of Bell Media; Martine Turcotte, Vice Chair, Québec; and Karen Sheriff, formerly CEO of Bell Aliant and now CEO of Bell partner Q9 Networks.
Bell Wireless continued to deliver healthy financial and operating results in Q4. Service revenue grew 6.3% to $1,588 million, reflecting a more favourable postpaid subscriber mix and a 23% increase in data revenue that drove strong year-over-year growth in blended ARPU(4). Data revenue growth was supported by a higher proportion of postpaid subscribers using smartphones and greater usage of our leading 4G LTE mobile network. Product revenue increased 2.4% to $171 million due to a higher number of customer upgrades and postpaid gross additions compared to the previous year.
Wireless adjusted EBITDA increased 6.8% to $641 million, delivering a 0.2 percentage-point expansion in service margin to 40.4%. This was achieved even with a $48 million year-over-year increase in combined total retention spending and subscriber acquisition costs in the quarter. Bell Wireless strongly contributed to consolidated free cash flow generation in Q4 with growth in adjusted EBITDA less capital expenditures of 17.3% to $448 million.
For full-year 2015, Bell Wireless operating revenues increased 8.7% to $6,876 million with service revenue growing 7.6% to $6,246 million, and product revenue up 22.2% to $590 million. Adjusted EBITDA grew 7.8% to $2,828 million as strong service revenue flow-through from an expanding base of postpaid subscribers. Higher ARPU more than offset higher retention and subscriber acquisition costs, driving a modest increase in service margin to 45.3% .
Postpaid gross additions totalled 387,696 in Q4, up 1.4% over the year before, reflecting increased market activity driven by aggressive holiday promotions and an increased number of off-contract customers. For full-year 2015, postpaid gross additions totalled 1,338,141, up 3.6% from 1,291,207 in 2014.
Postpaid net additions were 91,308 in Q4, down from 118,120 the year before, the result of increased customer churn(4) attributable to the seasonally high level of promotional activity combined with a greater number of off-contract postpaid subscribers. Similarly, full-year 2015 postpaid net additions were 265,369 compared to 311,954 in 2014. Postpaid customer churn in Q4 and full-year 2015 increased 0.09 and 0.06 percentage points respectively over 2014 to 1.38% and 1.28%.
Bell Wireless postpaid customers totalled 7,375,416 at the end of 2015, a 3.7% increase over 2014. Total Bell Wireless customers grew 1.6% to 8,245,831.
The percentage of postpaid subscribers with smartphones increased to 78%, compared to 76% at the end of 2014. The proportion of postpaid subscribers on the LTE network reached 68% at the end 2015, up from 47% a year earlier.
Blended ARPU increased 4.4% to $63.67 in Q4, driven by a higher percentage of customers on 2-year contracts, increased data usage on the LTE network, and a greater mix of postpaid customers in the total subscriber base. For full-year 2015, blended ARPU increased 5.3% to $63.09.
Cost of acquisition (COA)(4) was up 6.1% to $525 per subscriber in Q4, due mainly to a higher postpaid customer mix and richer handset offers. For full-year 2015, COA increased 5.9% to $467.
Retention spending increased to 14.3% of wireless service revenues from 13.5% in 2014, reflecting more customer upgrades, driven by an increased number of customer contract expirations as a result of the double cohort, and a higher mix of premium smartphones. Retention spending for full-year 2015 was 12.6% of wireless service revenues.
Bell increased population coverage of its national 4G LTE mobile network, reaching 96% of Canadians at the end of 2015 and offering data speeds ranging from 75 Mbps to 150 Mbps (average 12 to 40 Mbps). Bell also continued with the rollout of its Dual-band LTE Advanced (LTE-A) wireless network, now providing service to 48% of the Canadian population in Atlantic Canada, Ontario, Alberta and BC at data speeds up to 260 Mbps (average 18 to 74 Mbps), with plans to cover 75% by the end of 2016. This is complemented by a Tri-band LTE-A wireless service, delivering mobile data speeds of up to 335 megabits per second (expected average download speeds of 25 to 100 Mbps) in Halifax, Fredericton, Moncton, Toronto, Hamilton and Oakville.
On November 12, 2015, Bell Mobility launched a roaming feature called "Roam Better" that gives customers access to specialized roaming rates while traveling. The first country launched was the US, where customers who opt in to this feature enjoy unlimited voice and text messages across the US and back to Canada as well as 100 Mb of data usage for $5 per day. Additional countries will be added in 2016.
Wireline operating revenue decreased 1.5% to $3,161 million in Q4, impacted by the lapping of 2014 price increases on Bell's residential services, higher sales of international long distance minutes in Q4 2014, and a reduction in spending by business customers on business service solutions and data product equipment, as a result of continued slow economic growth. This was moderated by the performance of Bell's Residential Services unit, which delivered a ninth consecutive quarter of year-over-year revenue growth, driven by 5.3% higher combined Internet and TV revenues.
Wireline adjusted EBITDA increased 1.5% in Q4 to $1,248 million, with margin improving 1.2 percentage points to an industry-best 39.5%, supported by a 3.4% reduction in operation costs that reflected integration synergies with Bell Aliant and other operating efficiencies related to further improvements in customer service and deployment of fibre.
For full-year 2015, wireline operating revenue decreased 0.5% to $12,258 million, while operating costs improved 1.6% to $7,258 million. This resulted in a 1.1% increase in wireline adjusted EBITDA to $5,000 million, with a 0.7 percentage-point improvement in margin to 40.8%. Bell Wireline strongly contributed to consolidated free cash flow with growth in adjusted EBITDA less capital expenditures of 6.8% to $2,191 million. Notably, 2015 marks the first full year of positive adjusted EBITDA and cash flow growth for Bell Wireline since 2005 when cable telephony was launched in major Canadian markets.
Bell TV added 74,092 net new Fibe TV customers in Q4, compared to 76,074 in 2014, reflecting less new footprint expansion in 2015. Similarly, full-year 2015 Fibe TV net additions were 253,329 compared to 276,034 in 2014. At the end of 2015, BCE served 1,182,791 Fibe TV subscribers, up 26.7% over the previous year.
Satellite TV net customer losses increased to 36,306 in Q4 from 33,884 the year before, due mainly to the net loss of wholesale subscribers attributable to the rollout of IPTV service by a competing TV provider in Western Canada. For full-year 2015, Satellite TV net customer losses were 145,949 compared to 122,674 in 2014.
BCE was the fastest growing broadband TV provider in Canada in 2015 with a combined total of 2,738,496 subscribers, up 3.6% from 2,642,608 at the end of 2014.
High-speed Internet net additions totalled 38,908 this quarter, compared to 52,010 in Q4 2014. Despite 12% higher retail residential additions in Q4, reflecting stronger growth in Québec and Ontario, total Internet net additions were down compared to a year earlier, the result of lower wholesale net customer additions. With full-year 2015 Internet net additions of 155,052 compared to 160,390 in the previous year, BCE continued to build on its position as the leading Internet service provider in Canada with a high-speed Internet subscriber base of 3,413,147 at the end of 2015, up 3.5% over 2014.
Wireline data revenues were up 1.6% to $1,862 million, driven by combined Internet and TV service revenue growth of 5.3% and 1.8% higher IP broadband connectivity revenues. This was moderated by reduced spending on business service solutions and data products by our large enterprise customers. Similarly, full-year 2015 wireline data revenues increased 2.7% to $7,163 million.
Residential NAS net losses in Q4 were essentially unchanged at 58,081, compared to 57,232 in Q4 2014, even with sustained aggressive competitor promotions, service bundle discounts and ongoing wireless and Internet-based technology substitution for local services. For full-year 2015, residential NAS net losses improved 9.0% to 278,124 from 305,729 in 2014, benefitting from the pull-through impact of Fibe TV service bundle offers and greater penetration of 3-product households.
Business NAS net losses in Q4 were 48,829 compared to 35,773 the year before. The increase was due to higher deactivations attributable to cost efficiency initiatives by our large enterprise customers and disconnections resulting from the end of the federal election. For full-year 2015, business NAS net losses were relatively stable at 160,310 compared to 158,988 in 2014.
Total NAS access lines at the end of 2015 totalled 6,688,666, a 6.2% decline compared to the previous year, resulting in a 4.3% decrease in local and access revenues to $802 million. Long distance revenue was down 12.8% to $204 million as a result of the flow-through of a reduction in NAS access lines and lower sales of international long distance minutes compared to Q4 2014.
Bell Media reported revenues of $816 million in Q4, 3.4% higher than the year before. Advertising revenues increased compared to Q4 2014 on conventional TV growth driven by the federal election and strong performance of Bell Media's new primetime shows for the Fall season. Growth at Astral Out of Home, attributable to new contract wins and acquisitions over the past year, also contributed to higher total advertising revenues.
Subscriber revenues this quarter were up over the year before, reflecting steady growth from CraveTV and our broad suite of TV Everywhere GO products, as well as favourable rate adjustments with a number of TV broadcast distributors.
Media adjusted EBITDA fell 4.2% in Q4 to $184 million from $192 million the year before, the result of a 5.9% increase in operating costs that reflected higher costs for sports broadcast rights, content investments for CraveTV, and a return to normalized spending for Canadian programming expenditures following a one-time benefit in Q4 2014.
For full-year 2015, Bell Media revenues were up 1.3% to $2,974 million, while adjusted EBITDA decreased 1.5% to $723 million on 2.2% higher operating costs. Bell Media supported BCE's consolidated free cash flow growth in 2015 with adjusted EBITDA less capital expenditures of $622 million, up 4.2% over 2014.
Bell Media's specialty and pay TV properties reached 82% of all Canadian English specialty and pay TV viewers in the average week during Q4 2015. Bell Media led in primetime with the top entertainment specialty station (Discovery) for viewers aged 25 to 54, while Space, Comedy and Bravo all ranked in the Top 10.
Bell Media maintained its leadership position in Québec's French-language market with audiences for specialty TV reaching 83% of all TV viewers in the average week. Four out of the Top 5 Specialty channels among the key viewers aged 25 to 54 were Bell Media properties: RDS, Canal D, Super Écran and Canal Vie.
Bell Media digital properties led all Canadian broadcast competitors in average monthly unique visitors (17.4 million), total page views (551 million), visits (128 million), video viewers (2.8 million), and videos served (33 million).
Bell Media remained Canada's top radio broadcaster in Q4 reaching 16.9 million listeners who spent in excess of 81 million hours tuned in each week.
BCE's Board of Directors has declared a quarterly dividend of $0.6825 per common share, payable on April 15, 2016 to shareholders of record at the close of business on March 15, 2016.
BCE's 2016 guidance targets are underpinned by a favourable financial profile for all three Bell operating segments, with adjusted EPS and free cash flow providing a strong and stable foundation for the 5.0% increase in BCE's common share dividend for 2016 as well as significant capital re-investment to support future growth. These targets also reflect the confidence we have in continuing to successfully manage our wireless, wireline and media businesses within the context of a highly competitive and dynamic market.
Our 2016 outlook builds on the healthy financial results achieved in 2015 and reflects continued strong projected wireless profitability, a second consecutive year of positive wireline adjusted EBITDA growth, and improved year-over-year Media financial performance.
As of November 1, 2014, BCE's free cash flow includes 100% of Bell Aliant's free cash flow rather than cash dividends received from Bell Aliant.
BCE will hold a conference call for financial analysts to discuss Q4 2015 results on Thursday, February 4 at 8:00 am (Eastern). Media are welcome to participate on a listen-only basis. Please dial toll-free 1-866-225-0198 or (416) 340-2218. A replay will be available for one week by dialing 1-800-408-3053 or (905) 694-9451 and entering pass code 8400379#.
A live audio webcast of the conference call will be available on BCE's website at: BCE Q4-2015 conference call. The mp3 file will be available for download on this page later in the day.
The information contained in this news release is unaudited.
The terms adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin do not have any standardized meaning under IFRS. Therefore, they are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers. We define adjusted EBITDA as operating revenues less operating costs, as shown in BCE's consolidated income statements. Adjusted EBITDA for BCE's segments is the same as segment profit as reported in BCE's consolidated financial statements. We define adjusted EBITDA margin as adjusted EBITDA divided by operating revenues. We use adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin to evaluate the performance of our businesses as they reflect their ongoing profitability. We believe that certain investors and analysts use adjusted EBITDA to measure a company's ability to service debt and to meet other payment obligations or as a common measurement to value companies in the telecommunications industry. We believe that certain investors and analysts also use adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin to evaluate the performance of our businesses. Adjusted EBITDA is also one component in the determination of short-term incentive compensation for all management employees. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin have no directly comparable IFRS financial measure. Alternatively, the following table provides a reconciliation of net earnings to adjusted EBITDA.
The terms adjusted net earnings and adjusted EPS do not have any standardized meaning under IFRS. Therefore, they are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers. We define adjusted net earnings as net earnings attributable to common shareholders before severance, acquisition and other costs, net (gains) losses on investments, and early debt redemption costs. We define adjusted EPS as adjusted net earnings per BCE common share. We use adjusted net earnings and adjusted EPS, and we believe that certain investors and analysts use these measures, among other ones, to assess the performance of our businesses without the effects of severance, acquisition and other costs, net (gains) losses on investments, and early debt redemption costs, net of tax and NCI. We exclude these items because they affect the comparability of our financial results and could potentially distort the analysis of trends in business performance. Excluding these items does not imply they are non-recurring. The most comparable IFRS financial measures are net earnings attributable to common shareholders and EPS. The following table is a reconciliation of net earnings attributable to common shareholders and EPS to adjusted net earnings on a consolidated basis and per BCE common share (adjusted EPS), respectively.
The terms free cash flow and free cash flow per share do not have any standardized meaning under IFRS. Therefore, they are unlikely to be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers. As of November 1, 2014, BCE's free cash flow includes 100% of Bell Aliant's free cash flow rather than cash dividends received from Bell Aliant. We define free cash flow as cash flows from operating activities, excluding acquisition and other costs paid, which include significant litigation costs, and voluntary pension funding, less capital expenditures, preferred share dividends and dividends paid by subsidiaries to NCI. Prior to November 1, 2014, free cash flow was defined as cash flows from operating activities, excluding acquisition and other costs paid, which include significant litigation costs, and voluntary pension funding, plus dividends received from Bell Aliant, less capital expenditures, preferred share dividends, dividends paid by subsidiaries to NCI and Bell Aliant free cash flow. We define free cash flow per share as free cash flow divided by the average number of common shares outstanding. We consider free cash flow and free cash flow per share to be important indicators of the financial strength and performance of our businesses because they show how much cash is available to pay dividends, repay debt and reinvest in our company. We believe that certain investors and analysts use free cash flow to value a business and its underlying assets. We believe that certain investors and analysts also use free cash flow and free cash flow per share to evaluate the financial strength and performance of our businesses. The most comparable IFRS financial measure is cash flows from operating activities. The following table is a reconciliation of cash flows from operating activities to free cash flow on a consolidated basis.
We use ARPU, churn, COA, capital intensity and dividend payout to measure the success of our strategic imperatives. These key performance indicators are not accounting measures and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other issuers. See section 8.2, Non-GAAP financial measures and key performance indicators (KPIs) in BCE's Q3 2015 MD&A for a definition of such KPIs.
Certain statements made in this news release are forward-looking statements. These statements include, without limitation, statements relating to our 2016 financial guidance (including revenues, adjusted EBITDA, capital intensity, adjusted EPS and free cash flow), BCE's 2016 annualized common share dividend and common share dividend policy, our network deployment plans, our business outlook, objectives, plans and strategic priorities, and other statements that are not historical facts. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by the words assumption, goal, guidance, objective, outlook, project, strategy, target and other similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as aim, anticipate, believe, could, expect, intend, may, plan, seek, should, strive and will. All such forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the 'safe harbour' provisions of applicable Canadian securities laws and of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
Forward-looking statements, by their very nature, are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties and are based on several assumptions, both general and specific, which give rise to the possibility that actual results or events could differ materially from our expectations expressed in or implied by such forward-looking statements and that our business outlook, objectives, plans and strategic priorities may not be achieved. As a result, we cannot guarantee that any forward-looking statement will materialize and we caution you against relying on any of these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this news release describe our expectations as of February 4, 2016 and, accordingly, are subject to change after such date. Except as may be required by Canadian securities laws, we do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this news release, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Except as otherwise indicated by BCE, forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any special items or of any dispositions, monetizations, mergers, acquisitions, other business combinations or other transactions that may be announced or that may occur after February 4, 2016. The financial impact of these transactions and special items can be complex and depends on the facts particular to each of them. We therefore cannot describe the expected impact in a meaningful way or in the same way we present known risks affecting our business. Forward-looking statements are presented in this news release for the purpose of assisting investors and others in understanding certain key elements of our expected 2016 financial results, as well as our objectives, strategic priorities and business outlook for 2016, and in obtaining a better understanding of our anticipated operating environment. Readers are cautioned that such information may not be appropriate for other purposes.
The foregoing assumptions, although considered reasonable by BCE on February 4, 2016, may prove to be inaccurate. Accordingly, our actual results could differ materially from our expectations as set forth in this news release.
We caution that the foregoing list of risk factors is not exhaustive and other factors could also adversely affect our results. We encourage investors to also read BCE's Safe Harbour Notice Concerning Forward-Looking Statements dated February 4, 2016, for additional information with respect to certain of these and other assumptions and risks, filed by BCE with the Canadian provincial securities regulatory authorities (available at Sedar.com) and with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (available at SEC.gov). This document is also available at BCE.ca.
BCE's Safe Harbour Notice Concerning Forward-Looking Statements dated February 4, 2016 is incorporated by reference into this news release.
For additional information, please refer to the February 4, 2016 presentation entitled "Q4 2015 Results and 2016 Financial Guidance Call" available on BCE's website.
Canada's largest communications company, BCE provides a comprehensive and innovative suite of broadband communication services to residential and business customers from Bell Canada and Bell Aliant. Bell Media is Canada's premier multimedia company with leading assets in television, radio, out of home and digital media, including CTV, Canada's #1 television network, and the country's most-watched specialty channels. To learn more, please visit BCE.ca.
The Bell Let's Talk initiative promotes Canadian mental health with national awareness and anti-stigma campaigns, like Clara's Big Ride for Bell Let's Talk and Bell Let's Talk Day, and significant Bell funding of community care and access, research, and workplace initiatives. To learn more, please visit Bell.ca/LetsTalk. | 2019-04-26T08:41:26Z | https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/bce-reports-2015-q4-and-full-year-results-announces-2016-financial-targets---common-share-dividend-increased-50-to-273-per-year-567637911.html |
To develop conceptual provisions of formation of the basic competencies of high school students on navigation singled out the need for detailed retrospective study and the study of scientific-pedagogical literature on the direction of training high school students to professional selection and training of specialists of Maritime industry and aimed at forming professional competences. A deep analysis of the scientific works of these directions will allow you to figure out the relevance of identified problems and to outline possible ways of its solution.
The conducted researches showed that the solution of problems of formation of high school students, their professional choices, readiness to future professional activity is devoted to a number of scientific works.
In particular, the study of A. P. Mikitenko, an important achievement, in our opinion, is the “development of pedagogical theory for improving the development of cognitive activity of senior pupils through a specially organized information and educational environment of the school, which fostered a subjective position of a student and ensuring learning through interdisciplinary connections with the use of information and communication technologies in the classroom technologies [1, p. 5].
Education life prospects of high school students in extracurricular activities was devoted to the work of W. L. Chulanova , which is substantiated by psychological and pedagogical prerequisites for the formation of life prospects of high school students in extracurricular activities; determined the content, forms and methods of education life prospects of senior pupils in the process of social and cultural activities. Formation of readiness of senior pupils to make a conscious choice of future profession type “man-technique” in the process of educational work L. was investigated.
Kulinenko, , which developed scientific and methodological support of the process of professional orientation of high school students in modular technology, including motivational, informational, diagnostic and correctional and proaktivno and content structure of the diagnostic-remedial vocational tests and tests that can become the basis for diagnostic and remedial programs of professional orientation of senior pupils.
The study shows that the adequate choice of a profession acts as a set of indicators such as theoretical knowledge, practical skills and vocational and psychological development in their compliance with the requirements of the profession. The technique of formation of readiness of students to independent occupations by physical exercises were studied by V. V. Zakhozhiy .
Scientists adopted a definition of motivational-value attitude to independent employments by physical exercises as an integrative quality of personality that involves focused and active in teaching, a high level of interest and motivation for physical culture, shows a high degree of autonomy in the exercise. The obtained results show that the main criteria of motivational-value component of readiness of students to independent occupations by physical exercises is the interest in physical culture, motives for exercise, directivity of value orientations, a systematic physical activities.
The essence of professional selection as a spiritual and practical nature of the person of the senior pupil has allocated A. Y. Pashchenko . The researcher revealed signs of choice of future profession of a police officer in the senior school age, in particular its value in nature, phasing and consistency.
In solving the problem of formation of readiness of senior pupils to professional self-determination in the sphere of technical activities in extra-curricular institutions. V. Matuski has developed a targeted comprehensive program of formation of readiness to professional self-determination of students in the area of technical activities and improved the content of the programmes of the technical groups and developed guidelines for practitioners out-of-school educational institutions.
According to the researcher, the use of materials will help pedagogical workers of school educational institutions, heads of technical programmes to raise the level of preparation of students to conscious choice of future profession.
Separate general-didactic tendencies of scientists in the plane of definition of the content of education (B. Cooper, J. Gorin, L. G., V. Sinkevicius, M. klarin, A. Nesterenko, G. Paznic, V. Palamarchuk, P. Juceviciene, etc.) were aimed at solving problems training and development the training of marine specialties to future professional activities.
Researchers (V. Golubev, N. Gusakov, N. Utahn, V. Zakharchenko, M. Miyusov, Yu. Pavlichenko, etc.) justify the necessity of improving the system of training of specialists of the Navy. They argue that this process should occur continuously and rapidly since the development of science and technology, the marine industry requires specialists in Maritime industries solution-new integrated task and, accordingly, the formation of appropriate organizational and pedagogical conditions of their training.
For example, the pedagogical conditions of forming of readiness for professional activity of future experts in higher Maritime educational institutions determined for the first time M. V. Kulakov [7, p. 19]; clarifies the nature of concepts “preparation for professional activity of specialists of Maritime professions”, “readiness for professional activity of the marine specialists”, “pedagogical conditions”; and defined the functions of pedagogical control; characterized by groups of components specified availability; developed and experimentally tested modular technology of formation of readiness, which consisted of three blocks (cognitive, motivational, practical and corrective).
Readiness for professional activity of the marine specialists she defines as “an integrative quality of the personality, manifested in forms of activity and allows to perform the appropriate typical problems of professional activities, to foresee the ways to increase productivity in the professional way [7, p. 17 ]”.
In this thesis V. M. Titawin [8, p. 21] studied the “psychological basis of personality-oriented training of cadets at the higher naval school. The author analyzes the modern condition of vocational training of cadets of the naval UNIVERSITY, identified the psychological factors of implementation in the higher naval school student centered learning with naval characteristics. Created a psychological portrait of a naval officer, identified psychodiagnostic indicators of personal development of students during their studies at the naval war College, the influence of the traditional educational process on the personality of the future naval officer.
Developed a conceptual model for student centered learning with the naval specific, defined methods of its implementation in the educational process and experimentally tested the efficiency of its operation in the naval College. Methodical recommendations for the implementation of student centered learning in the educational process of the UNIVERSITY on the basis of accounting and use its psychological foundations”.
The first comprehensive study of the problem covering the training of specialists for the marine fleet in Ukraine in the last quarter of XVIII – at the beginning of the twentieth century. was the scientific work of V. V. Black. Features of work lies in the fact that the author “reveals the background of the black sea Maritime training institutions, determined by the characteristics of political and economic development of the region in the last quarter of XVIII – early XIX century. Made theoretical generalizations concerning the activities of Maritime training schools in Ukraine in the era of sailing fleet, which was based on the basis of certain Maritime regulations principles of formation of ships, military and commercial vessels.
It is proved that in the era of the armored fleet, the development of professional education of seafarers in Ukraine is associated with the creation of a new system of educational institutions and the introduction of a clear scheme of manning the Navy solely by the graduates of the colleges and schools of the Maritime profile. In the work studied in depth the device Maritime training institutions, the system of management and financing, as well as the role of Maritime colleges of the southern Ukraine in securing the black sea fleet and private Maritime companies and companies qualified professionals [9, p. 12-13]”.
The problem of formation of ecological competence in educational theory and educational practice of higher technical educational institutions of the investigated E. Kurenkova. Author details displays the status, characteristics, problems and possibilities of improvement of process of formation of ecological competence of future specialists of water transport, taking into account requirements of Bologna Declaration.
The paper presents organizational-methodical model of formation of ecological competence of future specialists of water transport in the conditions of credit-modular system of training; defined by its components, contents and socio-pedagogical value.
The basis of the model is tribally construct, the content of the components of which are interdependent and vzaimoponimanii. The model covers in detail-technological and social-ethical aspects of educational and future professional activity of students, provides an opportunity to reconcile the objectives of training and education.
Identified and structured, component-criterial attributes of ecological competence: the axiological (value-motivational; cognitive (snano-substantial); activity and practice (practical-technological), which had a manifestation on the three levels: low (reproductive), secondary (reconstructive), high (creative). The study revealed the continuity of the content of ecological education, due to different qualification levels and system modules” [10, p. 21]”.
The first in Ukraine complex research of the informational-legal bases of ensuring navigation safety is the thesis of D. A. Ivanov. The researcher defined the concept and content of information legal relations in the sphere of Maritime security. Revealed the legal nature of the concept of “legal-technical norms” as a separate type of information and legal standards. Defined the concept of “information and legal support” in activities associated with search and rescue at sea. The classification of information legal regulations in the field of safety of navigation in accordance with the purposes and rules for their application [11, C. 17].
Based on the integrated analysis of the regulatory support and practical activities of the authorized bodies in the sphere of ensuring safety of navigation the author gives proposals to improve legislation of Ukraine, regulatory legal information navigation safety.
1. Developed a system of pedagogical support polpropylene the training of managers for merchant Navy, including regulatory, scientific, informational, socio-psychological, methodological and technological components of the system.
2. Developed polpropylene and communicative approach to construction of educational process of training future managers of MTF, which is the analysis of polpropylene-cognitive tasks, industrial and cultural features of the activities of partners, including foreign.
3. Developed a procedural model for the formation and development polpropylene-cogntive and communicative competence of students on the basis of the content of training that matches future activities and use of the situational-functional approach to create a current educational situation, which requires relevant professional students.
4. Created a meaningful model of professional training of managers of the merchant Navy, based on the types of future activity, adequate forms of organization of educational process.
5. Developed criteria of formation polpropylene-communicative competence (motivational and valuable, cognitive, operational and reflective).
6. Disclosed in the content of the activity Manager the essential pedagogical components.
An important contribution to the development of the Maritime industry implemented S. V. butsenko , who researched in details the legal framework governing the staffing of ship crews in Ukraine. In particular, they proposed the concept of development of the national legal system of manning of the ship crew (officers of the level control).
– transition on the qualification levels of the navigation hierarchy, followed by additional training at courses of improvement of qualification (CPC).
Scientific study of the theoretical and practical aspects of the training and certification of seafarers of Ukraine work T. V. Averochkina , where on the basis of a systematic analysis of international agreements and national legislation of Ukraine the author defines the need for harmonization, legal nature and types of standards contained in the International Convention on standards of training, certification of seafarers and Watchkeeping of 1978 the Study of standards training and certification of members of crews of vessels in accordance with the International Convention on standards of training, certification of seafarers and Watchkeeping of 1978 gave her the opportunity to see that the document of unified requirements (standards) for certain categories of crew members and amount of minimum knowledge, skills and abilities depend on the levels of responsibility that are assigned to each of them.
In particular, the author found that “the state of the international labour market shows that Ukraine is among the top five vendors command of seafarers and ranked sixth as supplier ranks. The current legislation of Ukraine, as the law of many other States, when regulating the relations of seamen abroad uses typical kolesino binding – the law of the flag of the vessel.
Thus, seafarers in employment on vessels of foreign shipowners find themselves in a legal field of the flag state of the vessel (contract of employment (contract) is with the national legislation of the flag state of the vessel), and must provide the documents required by the national law of that state, which in most cases complicates and delays the process of employment. The basic condition of employment is the availability of professional education and the relevant documents proving it.
The requirements for professional education (standards) usually contain certain differences in each individual state. Here is reflected the application of peremptory norms in the regulation of international private law relations. According to article 14 of the Law “On international private law” rules of this Law do not limit the actions of the mandatory rules of the law of Ukraine regulating the corresponding relations irrespective of the right subject to application.
The court, irrespective of the law applicable according to this Law, may apply the mandatory law of another state, is closely associated with the relevant relations, with the exception specified in the first part of this article and shall take into account the purpose and nature of such norms, and the consequences of their application or non-application [13, p. 7].
Its time the organizational-legal bases of management of marine safety investigated V. A. Seleznev. On the basis of deep study of the open problems, the author comes to the conclusion that “to ensure the safety of navigation apply both specific and conventional means of administrative influence. Among the specific administrative preventive means analyzes a ban on the release of the vessel from the sea port to meteorological and other reasons, the grounds for the examination of vessels and other specific administrative and preventive measures.
Among the specific administrative measures, the author examines the powers of regulatory authorities (register, marine inspection, etc.), to halt work on the vessels and objects, the prohibition of their operation in case of violation of established rules and requirements to prevent pollution of the natural environment.
A detailed analysis of the powers of the captain of the ship (article 68 KTM) on the audit” . The need to improve safety of navigation encourages the creation of special international and national bodies (organizations), the latter does not meet international requirements, so the author of the thesis is a proposal for the implementation of their legal Statute.
– when building a multilevel menu database of computer learning systems and knowledge control, by increasing the level branching data structure, a decrease in the efficiency of the machine representation of data relative to memory access time to data, and reliability of the system during its adaptation to conditions of use.
However, you can make the assumption that some of the mentioned disadvantages remain the same today.
The first solution to the problem of improving the reliability of ship power plants, aimed at ensuring the health and maintaining the health of the main element of the system, the human operator was raised V. A. Golikov [16, p. 34], using a systematic approach to the principles of hygienic standardization of environmental factors and working conditions on the ship, developed the theoretical basis for the design of systems of marine microclimate.
Valuable, in our opinion, is the scientific study of mathematical models of processes in the system elements, which establish a quantitative relationship between the environment of the ship, the health of marine specialists and production activities.
The results of studies on the design of optimal multivariable controllers comfort, building a collective security system on tankers-gas tankers and namonastrevi systems of automatic process control conditioning climate may be applicable in the research activities of navigators, with an emphasis on the importance of continuous improvement of their skills in accordance with the automation of the functioning of the vessel.
Implementation I. V. Sokolov [17, p. 8] study and analysis of scientific achievements in the plane of professional training of specialists of Maritime industry has allowed him to characterize the relevant information on the Maritime training institutes.
Important for further study identified in our work the problems contained data on the content of educational and vocational training programmes and educational qualification characteristics of the vessel, which represents 646 elements of the characteristics of this profession, of which the cognitive component of his training involves elements of 519, which is 80.8%, with active – 123 item that is 19.2%. Interestingly, the requirement of a personal nature, the researcher will take part of the action component and proposes to distinguish between four positions of the 123 presented here.
The process of self-control in physical education as a means of improving motivation for professional-applied physical training of students-navigators discussed in detail in the A. I. Podlesnaya. The author carried out the scientific analysis of the problems of modern physical education system future navigators allowed him to figure out what a significant impact this process is having the motivation to professional activities. In particular, in its structure most conducive spot finds achievement motivation, which can be formed under certain pedagogical conditions of organization of educational process in high school.
With the purpose of formation of motivation was developed by organizational-methodical conditions of self-control in physical training of students as a factor of its formation, aimed at understanding business objectives and achieve its outcomes through self-regulation of their own behavior through internal motivation of self-improvement with a focus on proper standards and progress of their own achievements and external stimuli created by the teacher .
– strengthen the role of independent work of cadets and students as an important factor influencing its quality, due to the fact that independent performance of professional duties requires the subject’s conscious and creative professional thinking, high level of personality self-organization and self-regulation.
A common feature of the educational process of future skippers and their future professional activity from the position of acquisition of new knowledge, skills and abilities is a shortage of direct access to sources of educational information, insufficient number of classes, practices and trainings, the unevenness of workload, the backlog of traditional textbooks and teaching materials from the demands of society and the international community of employers, an avalanche-like flow of educational, technological, legal, political information is presented primarily in English who needs to study, understand and use the Navigator in terms of time limit.
Regularities of formation of foreign language communicative competence of future specialists of the Navy in the process of learning a foreign language is studied by S. V. Kazak. Valuable for our study are the theoretical achievements of the author about the nature and structure of the phenomenon of foreign language communicative competence as professionally important qualities of specialist.
Identified by researcher as “objective factors, delay the practical use of THEM with a professional goal of future professionals of the Navy, is the low level of preparation for foreign language speech communication with foreign partners that it carries out Maritime University; unformed of professional vocabulary and the main types of foreign language oral speech activities; ignorance of the basics of business foreign language; lack of building skills of dialogical speech and conduct of foreign language professionally oriented conversation.
Subjective factors that reduce the effectiveness of communication of future specialists of the Navy with foreign partners through foreign broadcast were: the insufficient level of development of their communicative abilities, and skills; lack of technology and culture communication, uncertainty and fear to communicate in a foreign language” [19, p. 13].
1. To improve the legal regulation of information activities of Maritime search and rescue system of the Ministry of transport and communications and the national system of marine search and rescue, based on information interaction between the Central bodies of Executive power.
2. To promote international cooperation in information support of search and rescue at sea, using the positive world experience.
3. To ensure the functioning of an integrated system for monitoring information of the surface of the situation.
4. To develop navigational and hydrographic, hydrometeorological and other types of information support for the integration and efficient use of facilities and different departments.
Working through the problem of applying situational communication technologies in communicative language teaching future navigators V. Kostyuk proves that its decision “due to the modern requirements to the content of education, the quality of the graduates, and by uniqueness of the profession of a sailor, which requires not only the promotion of safety of navigation and protection of life at sea, but also the ability to work in international crews, adhering to international requirements Watchkeeping, maintenance of ships and interaction in normal and extreme situations” .
The value of the delivery of communicative teaching methods in students of educational establishments of marine areas N. Demidenko associates with the “availability (or absence) of a textbook for students, books for teachers, specialized vocabulary and supplementary materials that were developed on the basis of the subject.
The content or update of training materials English for seafarers has an assignment for language teachers working in the Department of ESP (English for specific purposes). Materials for independent work of students-sailors form a special type of training materials because they meet the needs of students in independent receiving, viewing, organizing, updating their knowledge and communication skills, thus filling the gap between linguistic activities in the classroom and practical work in a multilingual crew of a merchant ship”.
In result of investigations it was proposed to use terminography essay as a specific type of the educational materials recommended in the independent work of the students in the study of Maritime English. The author believes that this approach will contribute to the production of the original language examples due to the introduction of purely verbal means.
In the context of the study we have carried out the analysis of approaches to solving problems that relate to the process of training marine specialists. The above views of scientists and researchers who systematically investigated the problem of training marine specialists of different categories, indicate that each author’s proposed solution proposes to develop the corresponding component, which is directed on formation of personal and professional qualities.
– adaptation to the future profession.
However, in the process of detailed analysis of the scientific studies have not discovered a deep, holistic solutions the formation of the basic competences of pupils for navigation and such, which examine and distinguish the factors influencing their development.
Conclusion. Therefore, the problem of formation of basic competencies of high school students with the navigation, the definition of its structure, the study of factors influencing the development of its component is relevant and timely to perform enough of one socio-economic objective, which is to increase the competitiveness of sea experts.
Carried out a thorough analysis of the studies revealing the problems of training of navigators and possible ways of their solutions shows that in recent years a large number of scientific studies in this direction, however, the scientists insufficient attention paid to the aspect of the formation of basic competencies of high school students on navigation in the process of profile training.
The problem of formation of basic competencies of high school students on navigation in the process of profile training remains open, therefore, to review and study existing approaches (systems, technologies) and, subsequently, the allocation nidocin of them for use in the classroom consider relevant and necessary.
Seems to be extremely important in understanding the effectiveness of approaches from a methodological and methodical positions, deep disclosure of their contents, disclosure and analysis of technological aspects in order to determine the extent of their influence on the formation of basic competencies of high school students on navigation in the process of profile training.
9. Чорний О.В. Підготовка спеціалістів для морського флоту в Україні в останній чверті ХVІІІ – на початку ХХ ст. – [Текст] : Автореферат дисертації на здобуття вченого ступеня канд. іст. наук : 07.00.01 / О.В.Чорний ; Нац. пед. ун-т ім. М.П.Драгоманова. – К., 2007. – 19 с.
14. Селезньов В. А. Організаційно-правові основи управління безпекою мореплавства. – Рукопис. Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.07. – теорія управління; адміністративне право і процес; фінансове право; банківське право. – Одеська державна юридична академія. – Одеса. – 1998.
15. Пащенко Ю. В. Методи структуризації предметного середовища для комп’ютерної системи сертифікації плавскладу. – Рукопис. Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13.06. – Автоматизовані системи управління та прогресивні інформаційні технології. – Iнститут проблем моделювання в енергетиці ім. Г.Є.Пухова НАН України, Київ, 2001.
17. Сокол І. В. Формування професійної компетентності майбутніх судноводіїв у процесі вивчення фахових дисциплін. – Рукопис. Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата педагогічних наук зі спеціальності 13.00.04 – теорія і методика професійної освіти. – Херсонський державний університет. – Херсон, 2011. – 20с.
18. Подлесний О. І. Самоконтроль у фізичному вихованні як засіб підвищення мотивації до професійно-прикладної фізичної підготовки студентів – судноводіїв : Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата наук з фізичного виховання і спорту зі спеціальності 24.00.02 – Фізична культура, фізичне виховання різних груп населення. – Національний університет фізичного виховання і спорту України, Київ, 2008.
20. Костюк В. Застосування ситуативнокомунікативних технологій у навчанні іншомовного спілкування майбутніх судноводіїв. | 2019-04-21T22:44:49Z | http://www.infotaste.com/the-formation-of-the-basic-competences-of-pupils-on-navigation-as-a-pedagogical-problem/ |
This page contains summaries, multi-media resources and background information on past flood events in Pima County. It is by no means comprehensive, and it does not include many localized flood events on small washes.
Historical records of flooding in the Tucson area date back to the late 1800s. As one would expect, the frequency of reports of flood damage and loss increased over time as the population of the metropolitan area grew. By the late 1970s, the population in Pima County had grown to almost 500,000. By 2000, that number had risen to nearly 850,000. Additional Southeast Arizona Flood History is also available from NOAA.
When the District was formed in June 1978, the greater Tucson area had recently experienced two presidential-declared flood disasters, with a third about to take place. It was a busy time for a fledgling flood control agency. During the 16-year period from July 1, 1977 to July 1,1993, the Tucson area experienced six presidential-declared flood disasters: October 1977, March 1978, December 1978, October 1983, July 1990, and January 1993.
The October 1983 flood was the largest flood of record in the Tucson area. In an unusual occurrence, between 6 ½ to 7 ½ inches of rain fell across the Tucson basin over a 5-day period. Flood and erosion damage was greatest along the Santa Cruz River, with extensive damage incurred on Rillito Creek, Tanque Verde Creek, and Pantano Wash. Damage to public infrastructure was estimated at $64 million, and four people died in flood related incidents. Due to the magnitude and extent of flooding and related damage, this flood is the one to which subsequent floods have been compared.
A number of reports were written to document the flood, the damage it caused, and the repairs and hazard mitigation activities completed to reduce future flood loses. These reports are available via the links below.
During a 14-day period in 1993, January 5th through the 19th, significant rain fell over most of central and southeast Arizona, resulting in flooding along most major watercourses. This flooding was noteworthy for three reasons: 1) although these were the most damaging floods to occur in almost 10 years, no lives were lost and no residential and commercial structures were destroyed, with the exception of some horse barns associated with a business along Rillito Creek; 2) the high water levels in the streams lasted almost two weeks, rather than the typical few days; and 3) according to the U.S. Geological Survey, record-setting volumes of floodwater were discharged along Rillito Creek.
Estimates of damage to public transportation and drainage infrastructure for unincorporated Pima County, the City of Tucson, and the Town of Marana included $3.4 million in emergency repairs and $13.9 million for long-term improvements. This compares to an estimate of $105.7 million in repairs and improvements after the 1983 flood.
By the end of calendar year 1996, flood repairs and improvements initiated in response to the 1993 flood were largely completed. A detailed description of the January 1993 flooding can be found in the January 1993 Floods, Pima County, Arizona, Summary Report (Pima County Flood Control District, July 1993).
In the early morning hours between 5 a.m. and 8 a.m., an unusually strong thunderstorm with high winds battered the greater Tucson area, resulting in three to five inches of rain in some locations. The highest rainfall depths were reported in the foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains northeast of Craycroft Road and Sunrise Drive. Lesser amounts of rainfall, but still over one inch, were reported across the Tucson Valley.
Although this storm occurred during part of the morning rush hour, there were no fatalities reported. A woman and her daughter were rescued after spending more than one hour in their car, which was swept off the River Road crossing at Tanuri Wash (east of Craycroft Road), and carried downstream toward Tanque Verde Creek. A 5-year old boy and his mother were rescued from a car stalled in six feet of water in the flooded downtown Stone Avenue underpass.
In addition to street flooding and closures throughout the metropolitan area, residential flooding was reported near River Road and Craycroft Road, and near Dodge Boulevard and River Road where the Finger Rock Wash drains into Rillito Creek. Scattered power outages were reported throughout the metropolitan area, and a few water mains broke. Almost 250 storm-related emergencies were called in to city and rural fire departments. Large flows were reported on the lower Tanque Verde Creek and its tributaries, Rillito Creek and tributaries east of Country Club Road, and the Santa Cruz River and Brawley Wash.
A highly localized, but intense storm occurred in central Tucson around 8 p.m. A 39-year old man was swept away in the Arcadia Wash at-grade crossing of Fairmount Street near Rosemont Boulevard. When the floodwaters receded, his overturned vehicle was found in the Arcadia Wash. His body was recovered approximately eight miles downstream in Rillito Creek near Stone Avenue.
Two notable flood events occurred in 1999. Details of each event can be found below.
A very small, but highly intense monsoon thunderstorm positioned itself over the Earp Wash Watershed near Valencia and Alvernon roads shortly after 2:00 p.m. One rain gauge volunteer reported that 1.5 inches of rain fell in approximately one hour. Runoff inundated the residential properties along Alvord Road, Palo Verde Road, and Milton Road. The American Red Cross provided assistance to those residents whose properties were flooded. The storm also impacted a Tucson Electric Power substation, which caused power outages impacting 1,912 customers. Please read the Earp Wash Flooding Report for more information.
In the summer of 1999, a wet tropical air mass combined with daytime heating resulted in light to moderate rainfall over much of the Tucson area between July 12th and July 15th. Several streets were flooded at various times. On the evening of July 14th, three people were rescued after their van was swept into floodwaters of the Alamo Wash near Broadway Boulevard and Wilmot Road. Two adults were pulled from the van, and in a dramatic rescue, a child was plucked from the water after being swept through the box culvert at Wilmot Road.
On July 14th, light rain began falling on the upper Sabino Canyon watershed early in the day, and continued throughout the night. The early morning hours of July 15th marked the beginning of flooding in Sabino Creek that would rival the October 1983 and January 1993 floods, the largest in recent history. On the 15th, between 2:30 a.m. and 4:30 a.m., 1.3 inches of rain was recorded near the top of the watershed. During the next two hours, a torrential downpour dropped another 4.6 inches on the upper watershed, for a four-hour storm total of 5.9 inches, which exceeds a 100-year, 24-hour storm.
This storm was atypical in that the rainfall intensity was unusually high, and the storm was centered over the Sabino Canyon watershed. Significantly less rain fell on adjacent watersheds. The storm was, however, typical in its “flashiness.” Flow depths increased rapidly, resulting in the need for several rescues.
Sixteen people were airlifted out of the Sabino Canyon Recreation Area at about 7:30 a.m. and several horses, pigs and chickens were moved out of the Hidden Valley Ranch area a few hours later. Two residents who stayed with the horses during the worst of the flooding, who sought refuge on the rooftop of a barn, were brought out with the horses. Approximately six residences located within the creek bed received flood damage, as did the animal corrals and horse barns in the Hidden Valley area.
Flows from Sabino Creek and other foothills washes drained into Tanque Verde Creek and Rillito Creek, resulting in significant flows on these watercourses, as well. A 12-year old boy had fallen into Rillito Creek and was rescued near La Cañada Drive.
The greatest amount of flood damage occurred along the Catalina Highway (a.k.a., the General Hitchcock Highway), which experienced catastrophic failure in three locations north of Molino Basin. Severe erosion and undermining of the roadway, as well as several rockslides, resulted in the closure of the highway for a couple of weeks. This left up to 800 residents of the Mount Lemmon community stranded. Although an alternate access route was available from the north (the Oracle Control Road), it is an unimproved dirt road that can only be traversed with a four-wheel drive vehicle, and it takes several hours. Permanent repairs will be completed as part of an FHWA project that began in March 2000. This FHWA project was planned prior to the occurrence of the July 15, 1999 storm.
Three notable flood events occurred in 2003. Details of each event can be found below.
Ajo, Arizona, is an unincorporated community located within Pima County, Arizona, and lies approximately 160 miles west of Tucson. On July 29, 2003, the community of Ajo experienced a severe thunderstorm producing significant Rainfall - approximately 1.3 inches of rain in just over one hour. Flooding occurred primarily along the Gibson Arroyo and tributaries located south of the arroyo.
The Flood Control District quickly responded by providing immediate assistance with clean up and maintenance of streets, bridges, and portions of the Gibson Arroyo. In addition, the District immediately requested and received approval to enter a portion of the Gibson Arroyo owned by Phelps Dodge in order to dredge along an extensive stretch of the channel to provide increased hydraulic capacity.
As part of the District’s response, a consultant was hired to provide an emergency evaluation and report on the flooding including new aerial-topographic mapping, a field review of the flooding, data collection, and preparation of preliminary hydrologic and hydraulic analyses. Accordingly, a Master Drainage Plan was developed to recommend specific approaches to address these floodprone areas including the Second Avenue Bridge and southern tributary flooding.
Eyewitness accounts of the July 29, 2003 flood provide ample evidence that debris and sediment effectively blocked the conveyance area of the bridge and increased flooding conditions during the flood event. The bridge is a 3-cell structure with a relatively low profile with two pier walls between the cells, which restrict the amount of debris and sediment that can freely pass downstream. Hydraulic modeling of the existing bridge reveals that if the opening were not clogged by debris and sediment the 100-year flow depth at the bridge would be reduced by about 1.3 feet. A new bridge can be designed to accommodate debris and sediment, thereby reducing flooding.
The southern portion of Ajo contains several tributaries to the Gibson Arroyo. This area maintains poor drainage infrastructure such as private culvert systems that run under residential structures. The most effective way to alleviate the flooding problem is to reduce the peak discharge by storing the flood volume in a flood control basin. The former football field at Curley School is a prime location for the detention basin as this is a sizeable piece of property capable of sustaining a detention basin. Therefore, the planning has been initiated in concert with the renovation planned for Curley School.
The Aspen Fire consumed 85,000 acres of land and 335 structures between June 17, 2003 and July 17, 2003. The incendiary point was located near Marshall Peak on the Aspen Trail. By nightfall of June 19th, the community of Summerhaven was engulfed in flames.
One of the principal dangers resulting from significant fires is increased flooding; erosion and debris flow due to the destruction of large quantities of vegetation. A mountain fire, such as the Aspen Fire, increases the magnitude of this danger, due to large topographic relief and flow concentration into more urbanized areas. Early estimates from the United States Forest Service indicated that watersheds in areas severely burned could produce up to five times the quantity of runoff from a given area.
In order to address these dangers and other related issues, District staff launched a comprehensive and multifaceted program to provide an enhanced early flood warning system, mitigate the newly developed hazards, and to better characterize the nature of the hazards.
As a first step, the Pima County ALERT Flood Warning System damaged by the fire was quickly repaired and supplemented with additional weather and stream gauge monitoring sites in order to provide enhanced early warning, if potential post-fire flood dangers became imminent threats to urbanized areas downstream. ALERT System repairs and enhancements costs were $47,000. Second, Pima County worked with the Natural Resource Conservation Service to quickly develop and implement a multi-phased program under the Emergency Watershed Protection Program to reduce the potential damages that could be caused by increased flood and debris flows through containment of ash from burned structures, revegetation and structural erosion control efforts. Third, the District launched a total of four hydrologic studies to evaluate, in more detail, the hydrologic conditions within the different watersheds in the post-fire era. Emergency Watershed Protection Revegetation and Erosion Control Program costs were $727,061. Several emergency contracts and agreements were required to implement the elements of this Flood Control District program. The total contract amount to successfully complete this three-tiered effort was approximately $944,000. Hydrologic Studies are estimated at $170,000 to study the front-range watersheds of Ventana, Sabino, and Molino, the Upper Cañada del Oro Watershed, and agreement with the United States Army Corps of Engineers to study Carter Canyon.
The only waste materials generated during the implementation of the post-fire Flood Control Program were from activities associated with the removal of debris from major drainage channels within the Summerhaven area. This activity was necessary to prevent the formation of large and potentially hazardous debris dams (mostly vegetative waste) within the watercourses. A breach in these unstable debris dams, due to hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces, could have exacerbated downstream flash flooding. These removal activities are one of the most significant efforts in the Revegetation and Erosion Control Program requiring repeated efforts to remove debris from vegetation and felled trees that continued to appear within the drainage courses. Vegetative debris measuring less than 12 inches in diameter was chipped and taken to the landfill to be used as daily cover, whereas larger debris was cut up and removed from the channels.
The District worked closely with the United Stated Forest Service to secure access, as necessary, for the installation of additional monitoring stations, as well as the staging areas required for aerial revegetation.
The District worked closely with the Natural Resource Conservation Service and local conservation districts throughout the course of the revegetation and erosion control program including co-staffing the “yellow tent” located within Summerhaven for the first six weeks after resident reentry in order to answer questions pertaining to erosion hazards and revegetation methods, among others during the post-fire healing process.
Hydrologic work was coordinated with the USACOE for the Carter Canyon watershed. The program was implemented by the District, which successfully addressed the immediate needs of providing enhanced warning for downstream residents of the potential for increased flood flows due to the fire, provided erosion protection and flow attenuation through revegetation processes and other constructed measures, and provided protection for the remaining facilities and water quality. Additionally, the hydrologic studies provided information necessary to determine the design criteria needed to provide appropriate future protective measures.
It is expected that most of the structural treatments completed under this project will remain viable and functional for several years until the natural recovery processes returns the hydrologic conditions back to pre-fire conditions.
The Aspen Fire changed the hydrologic characteristics within the Cañada del Oro watershed. Moderate to high burn severity through much of the watershed denuded the drainage basin, greatly increasing the chances of flooding during the summer monsoon season.
On August 25, 2003, a significant rainfall event occurred resulting in flows of approximately 7,000 cfs—a 25-year flow. Sheriff’s deputies evacuated the area and most of the homes within low-lying areas both east and west of the channel. Immediately following the flood, the District began efforts to assist the residents by accepting applications to the Floodprone Land Acquisition Program from residents who wanted Pima County to appraise their properties for possible acquisition.
The acreage consisted of 75 parcels totaling almost 200 acres of land. As of July 2004, 151 acres of land or approximately one-third of the total acreage within the Cañada del Oro floodplain was acquired.
The cost to the District has been substantial—$7,880,641 for real property and $1,120,524 paid out for relocation benefits to displaced property owners. The District, however, garnered a federal grant of $3,000,000 to contribute to the enormous costs generated by this project.
The acquisition of continuous parcels of property containing rural characteristics created an interest, particularly with the Pima County Natural Resources, Parks and Recreation Department. The community of Catalina, Oro Valley, and the area residents welcomed an opportunity to create a rustic, equestrian-oriented recreational space for this northwest cluster of communities, which could evolve into a well-planned, multiuse facility for area residents as well as in surrounding developments.
Two notable flood events occurred in 2005. Details of each event can be found below.
On the morning of August 14, 2005 a large storm system moved from east to west over the Sierrita Mountains, south of Tucson. Brawley Wash (located west of Tucson downstream of Three Points) and many small washes in the Diamond Bell area exceeded their capacity— resulting in flooding of residential areas and roads throughout Avra Valley. Many families were stranded for days due to high water and damaged roads. Rain gauges and Doppler radar indicated a large area of the Brawley Wash watershed received between two and four inches of rainfall during a six-hour period. The highest rainfall intensity measured by an ALERT gauge was 2.32 inches in one hour. Stream flow on the Brawley Wash at Highway 286 was the highest flow measured at this location since 1984. Maximum depth was approximately 10 feet with a discharge of 11,800 cubic feet per second.
During these storm events, information provided by the ALERT system aided the NWS and emergency teams with their decisions to warn the public of potential flooding and their response to emergency situations where people and infrastructure were in danger from the rising floodwaters.
In late August 2005, a heavy rainstorm produced two to six inches of precipitation impacting the area near Old Nogales Highway south of the Tucson International Airport also known as the Old Nogales Highway Colonia. This area predominately contains older mobile homes on one-acre lots that do not have the benefit of infrastructure such as sewer lines, streets, sidewalks, street lights, etc. Many of these one-acre parcels were the result of lot splitting in early 2000 - most were not financed by traditional lenders who would have required flood insurance.
This storm, estimated to be a 25 to 50-year event, left many residents with extensive flood damage to their homes. FLAP purchased one parcel in this area. Additionally, in an effort to improve existing living conditions for other damaged properties, the District made a contribution of $200,000 to assist the Pima County Community Development and Neighborhood Conservation Department with rehabilitation efforts. The District also replaced five mobile homes using mobile homes acquired from other FLAP acquisitions, replaced damaged roofs, provided new doors, windows, electrical appliances, and new cooling and heating systems. Overall, forty families benefited from these outreach activities.
Two memoranda discuss the significant flooding events in the 2006 monsoon season. The first is a Preliminary Damage Report Regarding the Floods of July 27 through 31, 2006 from County Administrator Chuck Huckelberry to the Board of Supervisors. The second is a memo titled 2006 Monsoon Season and the July 27, 2006 to July 31, 2006 Flood Event from Flood Control Director Suzanne Shields to County Administrator Chuck Huckelberry detailing the flood events of that time period, with additional analysis and reporting.
A memorandum was prepared in response to resident complaints in the Sahuarita Heights - Delgado watershed area during the 2008 monsoon season.
Heavy rain in the Tanque Verde Creek watershed on July 30th caused a flash flood late that night in which Tanque Verde Creek flowed out of the main channel and onto the north overbank, where it flooded approximately two dozen homes in the Fortyniner's Country Club Estates neighborhood and caused other property damage. According to District’s ALERT system precipitation gauges, the total rainfall throughout the upper Tanque Verde watershed during this storm event ranged from 1.26 inches to 3.90 inches with rainfall intensity of up to 3.23 inches/hour were reported in portions of the watershed. Based on observations of the extent of flooding at Fortyniner's, the estimated discharge at the peak of the flood was 12,000 cfs there, which is similar to what would be expected during a 25-year flood. The high intensity of the storm over a relatively short duration caused the flood waters to rise and fall quickly, catching many by surprise. relatively short duration storm also resulted in a flood wave what attenuated as it flowed, resulting in a peak discharge that was considerably higher than 12,000 cfs upstream of Fortyniner’s, and considerably less than 12,000 cfs at its confluence with the Rillito. Please see the 2010 Tanque Verde Flood Investigation Report for more information, maps and photographs of the flooded areas.
Even though many homes avoided damage from the flood, sometimes by just a few inches or less, it is important to note that neither the peak discharge nor flood volume of this flood were as high as the anticipated base flood, often called the regulatory flood or 100-year flood, and many homes that were not flooded during this event are expected to be flooded by the base flood.
The City of Tucson and Pima County experienced two large rainfall events in September, 2011 but regional detention basins on Earp Wash, Rodeo Wash and the Kino Environmental Restoration Project (KERP), constructed and operated by the Pima County Regional Flood Control District, prevented these large rainfall events from becoming large flood events. Please see the report titled Mitigation of the Sept 10th and Sept 15th 2011 Flood Peaks by Pima County Regional Detention Basins for more information.
There were no major, wide-spread flood events during the 2012 monsoon season, but intense localized thunderstorms did result in at least 8 homes being flooded. None of the homes were located in a FEMA floodplain, and only one was located in a locally mapped floodplain. One storm event destroyed a portion of Silverbell Road when the Idle Hour Wash experienced a close to the 1% annual chance (100-year) flood. Please see the Memorandum entitled Preliminary Assessment of the 7-29-12 Flooding at the Idle Hour Wash for more information about this event.
The 2014 Monsoon season resulted in two notable flood events.
An intense, localized storm with rainfall intensities of 2 inches per hour or greater hit the Corona de Tucson area in Vail on July 7, 2014. The effects of that event are summarized in a flood report memo titled Corona de Tucson area storm damage response for July 7, 2014 event. Photos of the area after the event are attached to the report.
An intense, localized storm with rainfall intensities of 2 inches per hour or greater affected Why, Arizona on July 9, 2014. Several structures were damaged during the event. Details and photographs of the event are provided in a flood report memo titled Why, Arizona Storm Damage Report for the July 9, 2014 Storm Event. | 2019-04-20T15:29:35Z | http://www.webcms.pima.gov/cms/One.aspx?portalId=169&pageId=60316 |
Last week we were privileged to have the regional representative of the Voice of the Martyrs, Patrick Vanderbeck, with us to explain their ministry and give the message during the morning worship service. Mr. Vanderbeck not only made us aware of some of the persecution that our brothers and sisters in Christ around the world are suffering, but also gave us a strong challenge from 1 Peter 4:12-16 in preparing ourselves for persecution. There is no question that we as Christians will suffer persecution. Jesus warned His disciples in John 15:20, “A slave is not greater than his master. If they persecuted Me, they will also persecute you . . .” Paul gave Timothy a direct warning in 2 Timothy 3:12, “Indeed, all who desire to live godly in Christ Jesus will be persecuted.” The only question is the degree of insult, slander and persecution that will come upon us. The 1 Peter 4 passage calls on us to 1) Be prepared, 2) Rejoice in the midst of it, 3) Accept godly suffering, 4) Refuse to be ashamed of Christ or for suffering because of Him. The following websites are helpful resources for you to keep aware, pray for and take action on behalf of other Christians who are suffering for the cause of Christ.
This morning I am taking a break from our current study of the Sermon on the Mount in order to bring to you an anniversary sermon. Last week I completed my twenty-third year of ministry here at Grace Bible Church, and today I begin my twenty fourth year. There are times that I want to present to you things that have been weighing on my mind and heart and this is a proper occasion for doing so.
About a month or so ago I finally got a chance to begin listening to the Strange Fire conference that was held at Grace Community Church, Sun Valley, California last October. In the opening message, John MacArthur made a statement about the church being in a crises of discernment. The problems in the church around the world that the conference would be addressing had developed to a large degree because so many professing Christians are lacking discernment. That brought into focus several issues that have arisen within our own church that I have had to deal with over the last six months or so. Though the particular issues are quite diverse, what they all have in common is a lack of discernment. For that reason, I want to give a Call to Discernment.
As a warning, I know that some of what I will say could be taken as offensive to some of you. While I have no desire to unnecessarily offend anyone, I do have a responsibility before God to clearly explain His word and make application of it to the issues of our day. I am asking you in advance to remain calm and carefully consider the Scriptures and their application even if you do not like what I say or how I say it. Take notes and prove yourself to be wise. Proverbs 9:8 states, “Do not reprove a scoffer, or he will hate you, Reprove a wise man and he will love you.” If I am wrong on something, then please come and correct me and I will love you for it. If you are wise, you will respond the same way because our mutual goal must be to walk with the Lord Jesus Christ as closely we possibly can. Lovingly challenging each other is part of that.
Discernment does seem to be at an all time low. Even what should be very obvious has become confusing to many people. There are many reasons for this, but at the foundation is the loss of how to determine truth and error and the increasing rejection of the Bible as the word of God. As people increasingly follow the vain philosophies and foolish speculations of men, there is a corresponding reduction in discernment.
God desires that we develop the ability to detect, recognize and identify things as separate and distinct. We are to develop discernment between that which comes from Him and that which comes from men, between that which is true and that which is false. One of the purposes of the book of Proverbs is “to know wisdom and instruction, to discern the sayings of understanding” (Proverbs 1:2). The wise will “cry for discernment” and seek wisdom so that they can “discern the fear of the Lord” and “discern righteousness and justice and equity and every good course” (Proverbs 2:3,5, 9). One of the differences between the mature and immature is having their “senses trained to discern good and evil” (Hebrews 5:14). Without the ability to discern, a person remains immature and subject to the false teaching that abounds in our land.
point out a few examples.
Notice that God’s plan for providing food for them also included a test of whether they would obey or not. Those familiar with the story know that many did not. Contrary to the command, some tried to store what they gathered overnight and it became wormy and foul. Others failed to follow Moses’ command to gather twice as much on the sixth day for there would not be any on the Sabbath. Some went out anyway, but found no Manna and so went hungry. They were given God’s commands, but they did not obey.
Judges 2:20-23 reveals the specific reason the Lord left so many of the Canaanite people in the land after the conquest. So the anger of the Lord burned against Israel, and He said, “Because this nation has transgressed My covenant which I commanded their fathers, and has not listened to My voice, 21 I also will no longer drive out before them any of the nations which Joshua left when he died, 22 in order to test Israel by them, whether they will keep the way of the Lord to walk in it as their fathers did, or not. ” 23 So the Lord allowed those nations to remain, not driving them out quickly; and He did not give them into the hand of Joshua.
The Philistines, Hivites, Sidonians, Canaanites, Amorites, Hittites, and Jebusites, were all left in the land to test Israel whether they would follow the Lord or turn to Idols. Each of those nations became a thorn in the side of Israel for the nation would forsake the Lord and turn to the false worship of the surrounding nations. The Lord would then chastise them causing them to repent after which the Lord granted them a deliverer. It would not take long for the people to turn away from the Lord and go back to the idols of the pagan nations. That cycle was repeated over and over again throughout both the period of the judges and the kings.
There has not been any fundamental change since those ancient times. Many false religions and cults have developed since then, but they are all still false teachers which God allows to test people whether they will love and follow God or not. It was then and it still is now a two fold test. First, what is the truth about what God has commanded. Second, obedience to that command.
False religions such as Hinduism, paganism, Islam, human secularism, Scientology, Taoism, Jainism, Buddhism, the New Age movement and many others should be obvious, yet many professing Christians adopt ideas from these religions to incorporate with their own beliefs. They seem to be oblivious to the fact that beliefs such as reincarnation and karma and eastern mystical practices such as yoga, transcendental meditation and visualization are antithetical to Biblical doctrine and practice. They lack either basic discernment or are just flagrantly disobedient to God.
There are also the religions and cults that claim to be “Christian” but diverge from the Scriptures and the gospel on essential points. Some of these should be easy to identify because they believe their books are superior to the Bible, they flagrantly contradict the Bible, and they have a different Jesus. For example, the Mormons have many additional sacred books, are polytheistic, believe that *Jesus is a son of a god named Elohim, *Jesus is the brother of Lucifer and became a glorified resurrected man, *that you can also become a god over your own planet if you follow their teachings. Yet there are over 11 million people in this cult and countless millions more think it is just another sect within Christianity. Where is the discernment?
Other cults are a little more difficult to figure out because they do use the Bible and are often very good at twisting Scripture to fit their doctrines. The Jehovah’s Witnesses are a prime example of this as all who have talked with them have experienced. It can take a little time to learn that they can only interpret the Bible according to what the Watchtower society proclaims, that they deny the trinity, that their Jesus is a transmutating created being who was Michael the Archangel, then became the human Jesus who died on a stake, then was resurrected spiritually but not physically. Over seven million follow this cult. Where is the discernment?
Then there are the many churches that have fallen for the false teachings of theological liberalism which has spread its heretical tentacles not only in the main line denominations, but also throughout many groups claiming to be evangelical. Denial or redefinition of fundamental doctrines replaces salvation from sin by God’s grace through faith in the person and work of the Lord Jesus Christ with something else that leaves the person ignorantly traveling on the broad road to Hell. The Charismatic movement has not helped with its experientially based system of beliefs which leaves the door wide open for all sorts of aberration, heresy and apostasy to enter in. That is the reason Kenneth Copeland, Benny Hinn and so many others that teach false doctrine are accepted within the movement.
The Lord tolerates false religions, cults, apostates and heretics because each of them is a test for us whether we will follow the Lord or men. You cannot pass the test if you cannot discern the difference between God’s revealed truth and the musings of men.
How does a person begin to discern the truth from error? How do you distinguish between what God actually wants and what people claim He wants? Please keep in mind that many if not most people involved in a false religion, cult or aberrant sect are very sincere in their false beliefs and claims.
A prophet who was not 100% accurate in foretelling the future was to be killed. I already pointed out from Deuteronomy 13 that a prophet encouraging worship of a false god was to be disregarded. He was also to be put to death. I wonder how many of those who make prophetic predictions in our time would dare to do so if this same standard was upheld today? We cannot do that in our time and society, so they proliferate even after they are exposed as frauds. However, the warnings still apply. We must carefully examine what people claim and if it promotes another god, which includes perverted claims about the true God, or makes false predictions, we are not to heed their claims and we are not to be afraid of them. They need to be exposed as false prophets and people warned about them.
I already pointed out the warning in 2 Peter 2 about false teachers who secretly introduce destructive heresies, promote sensuality, malign the way of truth, and in their greed exploit their followers.
How will you be able to identify the false prophet? By what they teach and the fruit of their lives. Even if they are claiming to be speaking the truth on behalf of God and doing things in His name, if their lives are marked by practicing lawlessness and living in a manner that departs from God’s commands, then they are false. Their doctrine and lives must be compared to the Scriptures.
These are serious responsibilities that belong to every Christian. How then do you mature and develop the needed discernment?
The first requirement is that you are a genuine Christian. 1 Corinthians 2:14 states, “But a natural man does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him; and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually appraised.” As Paul explains in the passage, you have to have the Spirit of God in order to have the mind of Christ and that comes with becoming a Christian.
The Thessalonians responded well to the gospel and had a great impact throughout that region of the world, yet Paul commends the Bereans as being “more noble-minded.” Why? Because the Bereans went beyond just receiving the gospel message from Paul to examining the Scriptures to make sure what he said was true. The Bible is our source of truth, not the musings of men. This cannot be stressed enough.
Man’s wisdom cannot bring about discernment for it cannot give sight to minds blinded by Satan (2 Corinthians 4:4) or change our corrupt desires (2 Peter 1:4). The knowledge of man makes him arrogant (1 Corinthians 8:1), and arrogance is a trait of a fool (Proverbs 14:6). It is the scriptures that transform us by the renewing of our minds so that we can discern good and evil, truth and error. As 2 Timothy 3:16-17 states, “All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; so that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work.” Each of us must be diligent to present ourselves “approved to God as a workman who does not need to be ashamed, accurately handling the word of truth” (2 Timothy 2:15).
However, the Scriptures by themselves are not enough otherwise those with doctorates from the prestigious divinity schools such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Dartmouth would be the most godly and discerning, but they certainly are not. They have the Scriptures, but they have twisted them by man’s wisdom. It also takes a third requirement. You must walk by the Holy Spirit.
The Christian is changed by the regenerating power of the Holy Spirit (Ephesians 2:5, Titus 3:5) through God’s revelation and as you set your minds on the things above (Colossians 3:2). The Holy Spirit convicts of sin, righteousness and judgment (John 16:8), enlightens your mind (Ephesians 1:17-18), and teaches you (1 John 2:27), since He is the Spirit of truth (John 16:13). This enables the Bible to come alive in you to do its work in dividing even the thoughts and intentions of the heart (Hebrews 4:12). You are transformed as your corrupted mind is renewed so that you can live according to God’s will (Romans 12:2). The Holy Spirit is also the paraclete, your advocate who indwells and strengthens you (John 14:16-17). Walking by the Spirit will prevent you from carrying out the deeds of the flesh (Galatians 5:16) and bring His fruit into your life (Galatians 5:22-23).
A professing Christian faces grave dangers if they do not develop the ability to discern truth from error by knowing the Scriptures and walking in the Spirit for they will end up following man instead of God. I must emphasize that both knowing the Bible and walking in the Spirit are required. As already pointed out, knowing the Bible without walking in the Spirit results in arrogance and pride. Claiming to walk by the Spirit but not knowing and submitting to the Bible is self-deception. This is the major problem with both the modern Charismatic movement and the emergent church movement. It also shows up among professed evangelicals that we would assume should know better, but often do not. The writings of such people can be very deceptive. An example of this is the devotional book, Jesus Calling, by Sarah Young.
I recently did an extensive review of this book. I have placed copies of that review in the back of the church. I know that many people in this church have this book with quite a few receiving it as a gift from some very well intentioned and godly ladies. The fact that even they were deceived only illustrates the dangers that you face unless you are very diligent in being Bereans. The book contains Scripture references at the bottom of each daily devotional and it also uses quite a few phrases that would be assumed to reference Biblical concepts, the main one being some form of “My Presence” which appears in 261 out of 365 devotionals. Most Christians would assume this to refer to Jesus’ promised spiritual presence in Matthew 28: 20 or the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. Only by carefully reading the introduction and noticing that “Presence” was always with a capital P, would you know that the author is actually referring to mystical encounters with a being that produced in her feelings of peace and love, manifested itself at least on some occasions as a golden light, and communicated personal messages to her.
We also need to recognize the opposite happens. There are those that start off well, but then veer off course or finally write or speak enough that their errors get exposed. Those may be just quirks and aberrations, but it can also go to the extreme of apostasy (1 John 1:19). Charles Templeton (1915-2001) is an example. In the 1940’s he had greater prominence as an evangelist than his friend, Billy Graham. Templeton ended up as an agnostic with his autobiography entitled, Farewell to God.
I have all sorts of books in my library and we have used the works of many, many authors over the years as study aides in our Bible studies. Every work of every author and teacher must be considered with a discerning mind to compare it to the Scriptures. Certainly some are more trustworthy than others, but anyone can err. Our eyes must be fixed on Jesus for He is the author and finisher of our faith and no one else (Hebrews 12). If an author or teacher has been helpful to you, then praise God, but to the degree you become defensive because you like him or her instead of examining their teaching in light of the Scriptures, your eyes have shifted off of Christ.
An example of this was a Beth Moore DVD series we purchased a couple of years ago that was a remake of a book we used many years earlier. The changes in it highlighted some teachings that were at best questionable. This created some contention between some of the ladies. We don’t throw out the baby with the bath water, but we do want to throw out the bath water. If Beth Moore has been helpful to you, then praise God, but you must examine what she teaches in the light of the Scriptures just as you must everyone else. In researching Jesus Calling, I was disappointed to learn that Beth Moore recommended it for her followers on December 14, 2011. A little more research showed that at times she needs to be either more careful with her words or she also believes in receiving direct revelation from God in a manner similar to Sarah Young with a form of contemplative prayer. Be a Berean for that is the only way you can remain a follower of Jesus Christ and not be side tracked by following a man or woman.
According to Ephesians 4:11-16 one of our protections against deceptions is for the whole body, the church, to mature together by every member using their spiritual gifts. The overall health of any local church is in part dependent on its people walking together with Christ and practicing all the one another commands. You must do your part to mature and protect the rest of the body from being tossed about by the winds of doctrine, the trickery of men and the craftiness in deceitful scheming that abound around us.
Discernment is seriously lacking in our time in all areas. Targeted marketing strategies easily separate people from their money. The smooth sounding sound bites and emotional pleas of self serving politicians have replaced principled ideology built on thoughtful discourse and reasoned conviction of statesmen. And in the church, emotionalism, superficial piety, religiosity, and the wisdom of men is replacing a thorough knowledge of the Scriptures. Professing Christians are not only having their ears tickled, many show an obvious desire for it. We Christians must be a discerning people.
We do not develop discernment by self righteous piety or the reading of books upon books. Discernment is developed by the Holy Spirit working in us through the Word of God. We must have a humble holiness that is sensitive to the leading of the Holy Spirit and a thorough knowledge, understanding and application of the book of books – the Bible. The greater our familiarity with the truth, the easier it is to distinguish it from what is false.
Parents, you are responsible to apply God’s Word to your children’s lives. Here is some help. Young Children – draw a picture about something you hear during the sermon. Explain your picture(s) to your parents at lunch. Older Children – Do one or more of the following: 1) Write down all the verses mentioned in the sermon and look them up. 2) Count how many times the words “discern / discernment” is said. Talk with your parents about how to become discerning in your own life.
Questions to consider in discussing the sermon with others. Define discernment. Why does God desire us to become discerning? Why did God give Manna to Israel in the manner that He did (Exodus 16:4-5)? Why did God leave so many Canaanite nations in the land (Judges 2:20-23)? Why did God tolerate false prophets (Deut. 13:1-4)? What is Peter’s warning about false teachers (2 Peter 2:1-3)? Why does John say we must test the spirits (1 John 4:1)? Why do professing Christians incorporate ideas and practices from false religions into their own beliefs and practices? How can cults be quickly identified? What is the danger of theological liberalism and experientially based belief systems? What is the test of a prophet in: Deut. 18:20-22? Deut. 13:1-5? Matt. 7:15-23? 2 Peter 2:1-3? Why must a person be a Christian to develop spiritual discernment? Why must you know the Bible to be discerning? What is the role of the Holy Spirit in developing discernment? Why is it self-deception to claim to walk by the Spirit but not know and submit to the Bible? How have you seen this manifested by “Christian” teachers or writers? Why must every teaching and every book be examined with a discerning mind to compare it to the Scriptures? What is the normal progression of a godly teacher? Why do some teachers start well but then veer off course or even end badly as apostates? What are you doing to develop your ability to discern? Are you doing your part to help mature and protect the rest of the church?
The doctrine and lives of those who teach _____________be compared to the Scriptures.
Websites with information on false religions, cults and sects.
Previous PostA Review of Sarah Young’s book, Jesus CallingNext PostMotherhood: A Blessing or a Curse? | 2019-04-23T08:42:44Z | http://gracebibleny.org/a-call-to-discernment |
This week we celebrate the feast of Saints Timothy and Titus who were bishops in the early Church, appointed by Paul and entrusted with great responsibilities. We really do not know much about Titus except that he was mentored and sent forth by Paul, entrusted with some rather difficult ministerial tasks. Of Timothy, we know he traveled with Paul while still a youth and was empowered to be a bishop while rather young. Both men responded to a call to service and were trained by Paul, and both men had very difficult jobs to do in large cities as leaders of new churches which were in great need of education and discipline.
St. Timothy was the son of a Greek father and a Jewish mother, so he had understanding he could apply to both Jewish and gentile converts to Christianity. St. Paul saw that he was filled with great potential and began to teach him when Timothy was still a boy. As a youth he accompanied Paul on his second and third missionary journeys. This not only gave him exposure to the church as someone destined for leadership, but he also was able to learn from Paul through participation in his ministry. He began to preach during this time, which in those days was incredibly unusual for one so young. Therefore it is clear that Paul had a great deal of trust in the ability of Timothy. Paul sent him on many journeys to spread the faith and it seems he received the most difficult tasks of all of Paul’s protégés. He was with Paul when Paul was under house arrest, and was himself arrested at some point during his own ministry. We know that when Timothy became bishop of the entire church in Ephesus he was still young enough to struggle with credibility issues. In those days his youth would have been significant because old age was associated with wisdom and youth was associated with ‘being seen and not heard,’ more or less. Therefore he must have had great gifts in order to overcome the stereotypes which he faced when he was young.
Let us imitate Saints Timothy and Titus. Let us remember that there is a time for learning, but there is also a time of sharing the gifts we have. Every one of us can bring something to others, especially the gift of love. Let us be like St. Paul, encouraging the young to take responsibility for using their gifts. This is what building the Kingdom is about. The world has much that is broken within it, so we need to bring healing wherever we go simply by using the gifts we were given, taking up the mantle of these saints.
May we be courageous in our example to those who are young, teaching them to use their gifts! May we be like St. Paul, accepting and nurturing the gifts of those who are gaining experience! May we work with one another, bringing what we can to those in need! May we pray for the grace to be like Saints Timothy and Titus, taking on the difficult work of loving and healing by being peacemakers and leaders! And may we trust in God who is the giver of all good gifts! Let us continue to meet in the heart of Jesus! Peace!
Note: Next post will be on February 12.
1. The first icon is of Saints Timothy and Titus.
2. Next is a series of photos, all of which are mine. This one is of the shoreline on the Dingle Peninsula in Ireland. I chose it because it seemed like it could have been what St. Titus experienced on his travels to far off lands.
3.I took this at the diaconal ordination of some young men in my diocese. Due to their younger age I am sure they had the experience at some point, even after ordination, of being undervalued due to a perceived lack of "wisdom and age." And I am sure they took to heart the advice of St. Paul to Timothy, persevering in their ministries.
5. The final image is called I Hold Out My Hand and My Heart Will Be In It, painted by Fr. William Hart McNichols. It can be found at https://fineartamerica.com/featured/i-hold-out-my-hand-and-my-heart-will-be-in-it-225-william-hart-mcnichols.html. If you are interested in obtaining it in one of a variety of mediums, including cards, the web address given will walk you through it.
Now that we are at the beginning of Ordinary Time, in the space between the Christmas season and Lent, it is tempting to slip back into the routine of life outside of the holidays as if that was a time in which we somehow act differently than during the rest of the year. Yes, there is more of a sense of holiday cheer during December, and decorations everywhere are a reminder that it is a festive time, but our behaviors during that time should actually be no different than during the rest of the year. Our liturgical year began with remembrance of the birth of Christ, and therefore it should be a time of renewal in preparation for His return no matter when that is. However, sometimes we act as if we should only remember the return of Jesus during certain seasons such as Advent and Lent and their subsequent “destinations” of Christmas and Easter. This attitude is not intentional on our part, or at least I do not believe it to be so. But we do tend to act as if the only time we should prepare for His return is during those times, while during the rest of the year it is back to ‘business as usual.’ As in the above poem, we are called to live the works of mercy all year, every year, to the best of our ability. And thus, we are called to remember to “make music in the heart” whenever we can. And I might add, this music is not only for our hearts, but rather it is meant to brighten the hearts of others.
The gospel message of Jesus is essentially that we are to reach out to our brothers and sisters whether they are poor or rich, ill or healthy, lonely or accompanied, imprisoned or free, hungry or sated, without faith or spiritually alive, and so on. The works of mercy (Matthew 25) are obviously meant to direct us toward those who are poor in some way, (which is not always about material things), and we are to extend kindness and mercy to everyone. Often when we are going about our daily errands or work we come across people of whom we know nothing; we are constantly crossing paths with scores of people who we barely notice. They are strangers to us, so we have no idea what burdens or joys they might be carrying. As a result we basically ignore each other, going about our individual business, hardly daring to make eye contact. Some of these folks might not look poor, hungry, imprisoned, ill, or naked, and we certainly do not know the nature of their spiritual life, and so we do not think of applying the works of mercy to them. It does not actively come to mind unless, of course, it has become a habit.
Jesus, on the other hand, reached out to everyone with whom He came into contact every time He met people. He ate with “obvious sinners” such as prostitutes and tax collectors, but also with the rich and famous. He preached to anyone who gathered, which included the poor and the rich, the religious authorities and those who barely had any sense of the Scriptures, particularly those who were not Jewish. He did not distinguish between people as to who was more in need of His words or deeds. He simply met the crowds as they came. Granted, there were times when He sought out a particular person or ‘audience,’ but much of the time He was attempting to reach anyone and everyone because He came to gather all people to Himself, not only the Jews. When He sent the apostles out to preach and heal He told them to go to those who would accept them; with the exception of carrying nothing, that was the only instruction He gave. In other words, anyone who was open to the gospel message was to be given it, but if the people rejected them, they were to move on so as not to be mired in contentious conversation, and therefore reach as many as possible. And after His death and resurrection Jesus instructed those same apostles to go out to the entire world: “Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.” (Matthew 28:19-20) And again, “Go into the whole world and proclaim the gospel to every creature.” (Mark 16:16) Mark’s version of Jesus’ instruction includes all the creatures; perhaps this is what motivated people like St. Francis, who was purported to have even preached to the birds! Either way, the message is clear that as we live our daily lives we are to offer the gospel in word, and (especially) in deed, to everyone.
We need to keep our minds and hearts clear. Even though it is now Ordinary Time once again our commitment to Jesus means that we work at growing in faith, aspiring to continue the process of learning discernment, wisdom, and true discipleship. If our Advent and Christmas reflections are to have any efficacy, what we learned must continue to grow: it is fed through our prayer, continued reading of the Scripture, and pondering things in our hearts as Mary taught us to do. Indeed the challenges remain with us, the struggle, suffering, and continual work, but if Christmas had any meaning at all, then our purpose and mission should be (even in the smallest amount) renewed, and should not remain at whatever was ‘status quo’ prior to the season. Our love, kindness, and mercy are needed as much as ever, and our efforts in spreading the work of justice and peace continue to be essential. The powerful still feel threatened and hunger for more power, the evil still conspire, the greedy still have the insatiable desire for more, the hungry still need food and drink, the ill, rejected, and wounded still need care, the naked still need clothes and the imprisoned still need compassion and mercy. Therefore we need to rely upon the gifts we received during the time of reflection upon the birth of Christ. The hope which was promised to us in Jesus (in all the Christmas mysteries), can propel us outward if we continue to actively work with the graces we were offered. These were the graces present on the road to Bethlehem, in the stable on that holy night, when the Magi and shepherds adored, at the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple, and at His Baptism in the Jordan River. These mysteries remind us that we are never alone: Jesus came to save us and He continues to offer the path as well as the guidance to walk it. He provides us with companions and invites us to be a companion.
May we strive to continue on the path to holiness! May we continue to see the joy in the Christmas mysteries as we enter into Ordinary Time! May we rise to the challenges which come before us, accepting the graces offered by the Holy Spirit! May we find the courage and strength to open our hearts and minds to strangers and friends alike! May we be ardent in our prayer and faithful in our love! And may we turn to Jesus and His gospel message that we might bring peace to people and make music in the heart! Let us meet at the table of the Lord! Peace!
Note: Next post will be January 29.
1. The first photo is one I took while on pilgrimage in the Holy Land. This is modern Bethlehem. I took this photo from the window of the guest house where we were staying. It was appropriate for the beginning of this post because this is well after Jesus was born in this city, certainly reminding us that we need to make peace a priority: in Bethlehem today only 0.5% of the population is Christian.
2. I took this photo one cold afternoon while visiting a local wine bar in my hometown. I chose to use it here because it shows ordinary people doing ordinary things, but especially because there were people enjoying the company of friend and stranger alike.
Even though it feels like the liturgical season of Christmas just began, in reality we are in the middle of it. The true season of Christmas is astonishingly short and so we must savor every moment. While Advent is four weeks in length, the waiting to celebrate Jesus’ birth is actually longer than the season in which we celebrate His arrival. We might wonder why the Church chose to do it that way, but the answer must lie in the very reason for the season: Jesus. Everything that happened in His ministry stems from His entrance into our world and was part of the greater scheme of God’s plan. We celebrate this every day of every year, and therefore the Christmas season is foundational for all that follows. It also should be remembered that it is into a family that Jesus chose to come: He came into the human family, yes, but through a particular family who we refer to as the Holy Family. Without Mary and Joseph and their individual and collective assent to serving God, Jesus would have had no household into which to come. Interestingly, however, for two people who are so essential, Mary and Joseph are also two of the most hidden people in the Gospels. And in choosing to remain hidden we come face to face with true humility.
Love and humility are at the core of the Christmas season. As the Franciscans like to say, God bent low in entering the world. In the ultimate act of love expressed in humility we receive an insight into the goodness of God who chose the quiet path of birth into humanity rather than to come amid trumpet blasts, thunder, and smoke as in many of His earlier manifestations. The angels and shepherds responded in joy in the glory of the occasion of His birth, but the Son of God actually came somewhat surreptitiously. However, the arrival of the Magi aroused attention and therefore no sooner was He born than Jesus had to go into hiding, given threats made against Him by the insecure King Herod. Hiddenness, and the humility that goes with it, seems to be an underlying theme in the story of the Holy Family, that is, until it was time for Jesus to begin His ministry. It may seem odd that the Son of God would come into the world only to hide for most of His life, and yet it needed to be so in order that we might learn something about the virtues of humility, hiddenness, and patience.
Humility is clearly important to God in that He chose two deeply humble people to be the parents of Jesus Christ. They were obedient and unpretentious in every way, spending the first part of their marriage and family life homeless, fleeing, and as aliens in a foreign land, remaining exceedingly patient in their hidden circumstances. Joseph was always to be hidden, given that a large part of his role was to protect his family from danger, a reality which began with Mary’s pregnancy. (See Matthew 1:18-25; Matt 2:1-18; also Luke 2:1-7.) In his book on St. Joseph, Fr. Andre Doze wrote: … “Joseph disappears at the same time as Mary and Jesus, or, rather, Jesus and Mary disappear thanks to him. He keeps in the background and conceals at the same time. He is hidden and he hides.” And again, “Joseph is a veil to cover Him [Jesus], and behind this veil, are hidden Mary’s virginity and the greatness of the Saviour of souls.” * Thus, Joseph remained hidden with his family until his own death. In this, Joseph teaches us the virtue of selflessness: he did everything for others, particularly for Mary and Jesus, in obedience to God.
Mary is also a humble, hidden one. St. Louis de Montfort (1673-1700) used an interesting term to describe Mary as such in the preface of his classic work, True Devotion to Mary: he called her our “Alma Mater.” He explained the usage of this Latin phrase to describe Mary as “Mother, secret and hidden,” which was how de Montfort envisioned her. ** He wrote: “Her humility was so profound that she had no inclination on earth more powerful or constant than that of hiding herself, from herself, as well as from every other creature, so as to be known to God only.” In modern terms we can understand “hiding herself from herself” to indicate that due to her profound love, she was intent on serving God to the extent that she lived without being ruled by her ego. De Montfort did not mean she was oblivious to her own thoughts and feelings, but that on the contrary she was so in touch with her heart, soul, and will that she was able to totally dispossess herself, offering everything into the hands of God: all was for God and whatever He asked of her. In this, she is a model of humility. If we put ourselves at her feet, desiring holiness, she becomes Alma Mater as our mother, role-model, and a source of wisdom. Would that at the end of our lives, the Lord might see that we were her students, ‘learned’ in the art of hiddenness, selflessness, humility, and love!
On January 1st we celebrate the Solemnity of Mary, the Holy Mother of God. Honoring Mary on this day provides a wonderful opportunity to reflect upon the profound humility embodied in her motherhood and it also continues that which we began to celebrate the previous day with the Feast of the Holy Family. Each member of this family was humble in that they were part of the anawim (God’s poor ones) and in what they had consented to do: Jesus as the Messiah, Joseph as the hidden protector, and Mary as the perfect mother. But it is important to understand that we celebrate a solemnity dedicated to Mary on January 1st because she is more than mother to Jesus: this feast celebrates her as our mother. To miss the opportunity to reflect upon these mysteries during the Christmas season would be to miss a great gift which can be our focus long after the season ends.
We can always ask Mary to offer us her motherly assistance in any area, but if we want her to truly be our Alma Mater we must let her teach us. She can help us learn to do as she did: to discern the will of God and then to have the courage to humbly act upon it. We can reflect upon what we see of her in Scripture and therefore imitate her in pondering things in our heart as she did. Another effective way to do this is to pray the Rosary in which we meditate upon the mysteries found in those gospel passages which reveal her role and relationship to the mission of Jesus. We can learn from Mary how to point others to Jesus through acts of humble service and prayer. And she will also be present when we come to realize that something is too far beyond our ability, thus we learn humility when we ask for her intercession. To learn from our Alma Mater ultimately means letting ourselves become hidden ones, sitting at her feet as we ask her assistance, trusting in her love for us and in her relationship with Jesus.
This season would be a good time for us to make (or renew) a commitment to Mary as our mother and to let her teach us in the ways of holiness. Perhaps we can learn to be generous in opening our hearts to children and those who are innocent like children. Like Mary we can learn to be generous in giving to the anawim of our time, the poor materially and in spirit, the lonely, the ill, the displaced, the addicted, the incarcerated, the alien, and the marginalized. Perhaps we can learn to listen to those whose views (religious, political, or otherwise) are different than our own so that we might truly dialogue rather than argue. Perhaps we can learn to offer intercession for those who ask, and to keep interceding long after the request has been made. And perhaps we can learn to sit with God in the silence of a quiet hour rather than turning our attention to that which is not essential and thus leaves no time for the most essential relationship of all, the one with our Lord. These are all the qualities that are found in our Alma Mater, Mary, and they are the gifts she offers to us. It would be good to meet both Mary and Joseph at the manger and to be enveloped in the hidden time with Jesus between the arrival of the Magi and the departure of the shepherds. This is the gift of this season: that we might have some precious time with our family and friends and that our love may invite them to the stable, so together with Mary and Joseph we might adore.
May we imitate Mary and Joseph in seeking the gifts of humility, patience, selflessness and patience! May we find Mary and Joseph in their hiddenness and learn how much courage it takes to remain so! May we turn to Mary as our Alma Mater, personally accepting the gift of her motherhood! And may we have gratitude for the gift of one so holy and wise as our Mary, mother and Alma Mater! Let us meet at the manger and together adore the Christ Child in joy and peace!
Note: Happy New Year to All! Next post will be on January 15.
1. This icon is called The Holy Family for the Holy Family Hospital of Bethlehem by Fr. William Hart McNichols. It is one of my favorite Holy Family icons and it depicts much of what I was trying to express in this entry: Joseph is looking away, as if to be in touch with instructions for how to proceed. He is also hiding and protecting Mary and Jesus, as seen in his cloak held around them. Mary has her eyes totally on Jesus while trusting Joseph to keep them safe. Jesus has His hand on her cloak, but He is playfully squirming in her arms, just as any small child would do. You can find this icon for purchase in one of many formats (or simply to get a better look) at Fr. Bill's website: http://frbillmcnichols-sacredimages.com/featured/the-holy-family-for-the-holy-family-hospital-of-bethlehem-william-hart-mcnichols.html.
2. This is one of my photos, taken in the Badlands of South Dakota. I chose this sunset because the sun is low in the sky, about to become hidden. The sun is still there at night, of course, but it is hidden from our sight, symbolic of the hiddenness of Joseph and Mary.
3. I took this photo in the St. Joseph Church in Nazareth, Israel. This church is not far from the Church of the Annunciation; in fact, they are right next door to one another. This icon was on one of the walls and it caught my attention. I love the way Joseph holds the scrolls of the Scriptures and Jesus, one in each arm. He has the Word and the Word in his safe keeping.
4. This icon is called Mother of God Waiting in Adoration by Fr. William Hart McNichols. In this work, Mary is seen in a posture of prayer and great humility. She is pondering everything in her heart and she is learning from the Word within her. (She is pregnant in this icon.) She is totally dispossessing herself to God: "I am the Handmaiden of the Lord!"
You can find this at http://frbillmcnichols-sacredimages.com/featured/mother-of-god-waiting-in-adoration-248-william-hart-mcnichols.html.
5. I have chosen another of the exquisite icons written by Fr. William Hart McNichols. This is my favorite icon, Mary Most Holy Mother of All Nations: I chose it since we celebrate the Solemnity of the Mary the Mother of God on January 1. She is the Mother of All Nations. You can read more about the apparition and subsequent devotion of Mary under this title at http://www.de-vrouwe.info/en. You can find Fr. Bill's unique and beautiful icon at http://frbillmcnichols-sacredimages.com/featured/mary-most-holy-mother-of-all-nations-080-william-hart-mcnichols.html.
6. This photo is also one of mine, taken in Estes Park, Colorado, (in Rocky Mountain National Park.) It was a scene of peace and serenity and so I chose to use it here because I hope to convey the peace and the prayerfulness that comes with reflection. Perhaps we can find a place in our own town or city, and especially a place within our own heart, to sit with Mary and let her be our Alma Mater, leading us always to her Son, so that we might respond with love, mercy, and compassion toward those in most need, as well as to our own loved ones. | 2019-04-25T10:50:10Z | https://www.catanesesd.com/micheles-blog/archives/01-2018 |
A design application generates feasible engineering designs that satisfy criteria associated with a particular engineering problem. The design application receives input that outlines a specific engineering problem to be solved, and then synthesizes a problem specification based on this input. The design application then searches a database to identify different classes of approaches to solving the design problem set forth in the problem specification. The design application then selects one or more such classes of approaches, and generates a spectrum of potential design solutions for each such approach. The generated solutions may then be evaluated to determine the degree to which the problems specification has been met.
1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to generate a spectrum of design solutions, by performing the steps of: synthesizing a problem specification based on input associated with a design problem, wherein the problem specification indicates at least one design criterion; identifying within a database at least a first approach for solving the design problem, wherein each approach for solving the design problem included in the database comprises a different process for generating three-dimensional geometry; and generating a spectrum of design solutions for the first approach, wherein each design solution in the spectrum of design solutions represents a different instance of three-dimensional geometry that satisfies the at least one design criterion.
2. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, further comprising: determining a classification for the problem specification, wherein searching the database to identify the first approach comprises identifying different approaches for solving the design problem that are included in the database and are associated with the classification of the problem specification.
3. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein generating the spectrum of design solutions for the first approach comprises: executing the first approach with a first set of input parameters to generate a first design solution to include in the spectrum of design solutions; and executing the first approach with a second set of input parameters to generate a second design solution to include in the spectrum of design solutions.
4. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, further comprising: evaluating a first design solution included in the spectrum of design solutions to generate first evaluation results; evaluating a second design solution included in the spectrum of design solutions to generate second evaluation results; and generating a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays a comparison between the first evaluation results and the second evaluation results.
5. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 4, wherein evaluating the first design solution comprises evaluating manufacturability of the first design solution, evaluating the second design solution comprises evaluating manufacturability of the second design solution.
6. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 5, wherein the comparison between the first evaluation results and the second evaluation results indicates relative manufacturability of the first design solution and the second design solution.
7. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the first approach comprises a parametric modeling tool.
8. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the first approach comprises procedural design synthesis methodology.
9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the first approach comprises a topology optimization algorithm.
10. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 1, wherein the first approach comprises a truss optimization algorithm.
11. A computer-implemented method for generating a spectrum of design solutions, the method comprising: synthesizing a problem specification based on input associated with a design problem, wherein the problem specification indicates at least one design criterion; identifying within a database at least a first approach for solving the design problem, wherein each approach for solving the design problem included in the database comprises a different process for generating three-dimensional geometry; and generating a spectrum of design solutions for the first approach, wherein each design solution in the spectrum of design solutions represents a different instance of three-dimensional geometry that satisfies the at least one design criterion.
12. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, further comprising: determining a classification for the problem specification, wherein searching the database to identify the first approach comprises identifying different approaches for solving the design problem that are included in the database and are associated with the classification of the problem specification.
13. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein generating the spectrum of design solutions for the first approach comprises: executing the first approach with a first set of input parameters to generate a first design solution to include in the spectrum of design solutions; and executing the first approach with a second set of input parameters to generate a second design solution to include in the spectrum of design solutions.
14. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, further comprising: evaluating a first design solution included in the spectrum of design solutions to generate first evaluation results; evaluating a second design solution included in the spectrum of design solutions to generate second evaluation results; and generating a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays a comparison between the first evaluation results and the second evaluation results.
15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, wherein evaluating the first design solution comprises evaluating manufacturability of the first design solution, evaluating the second design solution comprises evaluating manufacturability of the second design solution, and wherein the comparison between the first evaluation results and the second evaluation results indicates relative manufacturability of the first design solution and the second design solution.
16. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the first approach comprises a parametric modeling tool.
17. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the first approach comprises procedural design synthesis methodology.
18. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the first approach comprises a topology optimization algorithm.
19. The computer-implemented method of claim 11, wherein the first approach comprises a truss optimization algorithm.
20. A system for generating a spectrum of design solutions, comprising: a memory storing a design application; and a processor that, in conjunction with executing the design application: synthesizes a problem specification based on input associated with a design problem, wherein the problem specification indicates at least one design criterion; identifies within a database at least a first approach for solving the design problem, wherein each approach for solving the design problem included in the database comprises a different process for generating three-dimensional geometry; and generates a spectrum of design solutions for the first approach, wherein each design solution in the spectrum of design solutions represents a different instance of three-dimensional geometry that satisfies the at least one design criterion.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application titled "Dreamcatcher: Approaches for Design Variation," filed on Nov. 25th, 2014 and having Ser. No. 62/084,490. The subject matter of this related application is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to engineering design and, more specifically, to techniques for generating a spectrum of feasible design solutions.
In a conventional engineering workflow, an engineer uses a computer-aided design (CAD) tool to design and draft physical parts. In doing so, the engineer typically makes design choices in accordance with a set of design objectives and/or design constraints. For example, in the design of a mechanical beam, one design objective could be that the beam must support at least a minimum amount of weight. One design constraint could be that the beam must not be subjected to greater than a maximum amount of stress in a given direction. Collectively, the various design objectives and design constraints constitute overall design criteria.
Conventional CAD tools provide engineers with simulation environments for testing designed parts. More particularly, once the engineer finishes designing a given part, the engineer may then simulate the part under different conditions in order to determine whether the part meets the design criteria. If the part does not meet the design criteria, then the engineer must begin the design process anew.
One drawback of the above approach is that conventional CAD tools allow engineers to consider only one design option at a time. However, for a given set of design criteria, thousands upon thousands of design options can potentially exist, most of which are never considered. This limitation exists for two reasons. First, conventional CAD tools cannot evaluate multiple design options simultaneously. Second, the human brain is not equipped to consider all possible outcomes to all design choices associated with a given part and a given set of design criteria.
As the foregoing illustrates, what is needed in the art is a more effective approach to exploring the range of design solutions that meet design criteria.
Various embodiments of the present invention sets forth a non-transitory computer-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to generate a spectrum of design solutions, by performing the steps of synthesizing a problem specification based on input associated with a design problem, where the problem specification indicates at least one design criterion, identifying within a database at least a first approach for solving the design problem, where each approach for solving the design problem included in the database comprises a different process for generating three-dimensional geometry, and generating a spectrum of design solutions for the first approach, where each design solution in the spectrum of design solutions represents a different instance of three-dimensional geometry that satisfies the at least one design criterion.
At least one advantage of this approach is that the end-user need not attempt to consider all possible approaches to solving the design problem. Instead, the design application identifies potentially promising approaches, and then generates actual designs based on those approaches, thereby alleviating the burden of generating designs from the end-user.
FIG. 1 illustrates a system configured to implement one or more aspects of the present invention.
FIG. 6 illustrates a graphical user interface (GUI) for evaluating the spectra of feasible design alternatives of FIG. 5, according to various embodiments of the present invention.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a more thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without one or more of these specific details.
FIG. 1 illustrates a system 100 configured to implement one or more aspects of the present invention. As shown, system 100 includes a client 110 coupled via a network 130 to a server 150. Client 110 may be any technically feasible variety of client computing device, including a desktop computer, laptop computer, mobile device, and so forth. Network 150 may be any technically feasible set of interconnected communication links, including a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), the World Wide Web, or the Internet, among others. Server 150 may be any technically feasible type of server computing device, including a remote virtualized instance of a computing device, one or more physical cloud-based computing devices, a mixture of the two, a portion of a datacenter, and so forth.
Client 110 includes processor 112, input/output (I/O) devices 114, and memory 116, coupled together. Processor 112 may be any technically feasible form of processing device configured process data and execute program code. Processor 112 could be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and so forth. I/O devices 114 may include devices configured to receive input, including, for example, a keyboard, a mouse, and so forth. I/O devices 114 may also include devices configured to provide output, including, for example, a display device, a speaker, and so forth. I/O devices 114 may further include devices configured to both receive and provide input and output, respectively, including, for example, a touchscreen, a universal serial bus (USB) port, and so forth.
Memory 116 may be any technically feasible storage medium configured to store data and software applications. Memory 116 could be, for example, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) module, a read-only memory (ROM), and so forth. Memory 116 includes client-side design application 120-0 and client-side database 122-0. Client-side design application 120-0 is a software application that, when executed by processor 112, causes processor 112 to generate a collection of design solutions that meet design criteria associated with a problem specification. In doing so, client-side design application 120-0 may access client-side database 122-0. Client-side design application 122-0 may also interoperate with a corresponding design application that resides within server 150 and access a database that also resides on server 150, as described in greater detail below.
Server 150 includes processor 152, I/O devices 154, and memory 156, coupled together. Processor 152 may be any technically feasible form of processing device configured to process data and execute program code, including a CPU, a GPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, and so forth. I/O devices 114 may include devices configured to receive input, devices configured to provide output, and devices configured to both receive and provide input and output, respectively.
Memory 156 may be any technically feasible storage medium configured to store data and software applications, including a hard disk, a RAM module, a ROM, and so forth. Memory 156 includes server-side design application 120-1 and server-side database 122-1. Server-side design application 120-1 is a software application that, when executed by processor 156, causes processor 152 to generate a collection of design solutions that meet design criteria associated with a problem specification. In doing so, server-side design application 120-1 may access server-side database 122-1. Server-side design application 122-1 may also interoperate with client-side design application 120-0 and access client-side database 122-0.
In operation, client-side design application 120-0 and server-side design application 120-1 cooperate to implement any and all of the inventive functionality described herein. In doing so, either one or both of client-side design application 120-0 and server-side design application 120-1 may access either one or both of client-side database 122-0 and server-side database 122-1. Generally, client-side design application 120-0 and server-side design application 120-1 represent different portions of single distributed software entity. Thus, for simplicity, client-side design application 122-0 and server-side design application 122-1 will be collectively referred to herein as design application 120. Similarly, client-side database 122-0 and server-side database 122-1 represent different portions of a single distributed storage entity. Therefore, for simplicity, client-side database 122-0 and server-side database 122-1 will be collectively referred to herein as database 122.
As described in greater detail below in conjunction with FIG. 2, design application 120 is configured to interact with an end-user in order to generate feasible engineering design solutions that satisfy criteria associated with a particular engineering problem. Design application 120 receives input from the end-user that outlines the specific engineering problem to be solved. Design application 120 then synthesizes a problem specification based on this input. Design application 120 searches database 122 to identify different approaches to solving the design problem outlined by the problem specification. Design application 120 then selects one or more such approaches. Based on the selected approaches, design application 120 generates a spectrum of potential design solutions for each such approach. Design application 120 then evaluates the generated designs, and presents that evaluation to the end-user.
One of the advantages of this technique is that the end-user need not attempt to consider all possible approaches to solving the design problem. Instead, design application 120 identifies potentially promising approaches. Further, design application 120 also generates actual designs based on those approaches, thereby alleviating the burden of generating designs from the end-user. FIG. 2 sets forth a more detailed description of the functionality discussed briefly above.
FIG. 2 is a more detailed illustration of the design application and database of FIG. 1, according to various embodiments of the present invention. As shown, design application 120 is coupled to database 122. Design application 120 includes various data and processing stages implemental in performing the inventive techniques described herein. Specifically, design application 120 includes user input 202, problem specification 204, approach identification module 206, solution generation module 208, solutions 210-0 through 210-2, solution evaluation module 212, and evaluation results 214. Database 122 includes data that is processed by design application 120 when performing the inventive techniques. In particular, database 122 includes solution approaches 220. As described in greater detail below, a "solution approach" is a particular process, procedure, algorithm, function, or system for generating 3D geometry that satisfies specific design criteria.
In operation, design application 120 is configured to receive user input 202 via interactions with an end-user. User input 202 generally reflects a set of design objectives, design constraints, and other criteria associated with specific engineering problem to be solved. User input 202 may also reflect particular geometrical or environmental objectives, constraints, and other criteria to be satisfied by a successful design. Generally, user input 202 includes input provided by the end-user via one or more input devices, such as a keyboard or a mouse, that corresponds to the above-described design criteria.
Design application 120 receives user input 202 and, based on that input, synthesizes problem specification 204. Problem specification 204 is a data structure that embodies all of the design criteria set forth in user input 202. For example, problem specification 204 could reflect a 3D environment that includes specific locations where certain forces are to be supported, within precise volumetric constraints, under particular weight limitations. An example of problem specification 204 is set forth below in conjunction with FIG. 4. In one embodiment, the end-user directly generates problem specification 204, via interaction with design application 120.
Based on problem specification 204, design application 120 invokes approach identification module 206 to search database 122 for a subset of solution approaches 220 applicable to problem specification 204. Solution approaches 220 may include a wide variety of different methodologies for solving engineering problems. Thus, each solution approach 220 may be defined in a number of different ways. One example of a solution approach 220 would be a parametric modeling tool that outlines a parametric function for creating a 3D object. Alternatively, a procedural design synthesis technique, such as topology optimization or truss optimization, could define a solution approach 220. Each solution approach 220 may also reflect a particular manufacturing process that could potentially be used to manufacture a design. Generally, each different solution approach 220 may be associated with a different design condition.
Approach identification module 206 searches solution approaches 220 within database 122 and identifies solution approaches 220-0, 220-1, and 220-2 that may be applicable to problem specification 204. For example, suppose problem specification 204 called for a spring-loaded lever arm capable of supplying a particular force at a given deflection. Approach identification module 206, upon determining that a spring-type design may be relevant, could identify solution approaches 220-0, 220-1, and 220-2 that indicate engineering procedures relevant to the design and manufacture of springs.
In one embodiment, approach identification module 206 identifies relevant solution approaches 220 by classifying problem specification 204, and then retrieving solution approaches 220 associated with that class of problem specification 204. In doing so, approach identification module 208 may rely on artificial neural networks (ANNs), machine learning techniques, or other types of technically feasible classifiers.
Upon identifying one or more relevant solution approaches 220, approach identification module 206 provides the identified solution approaches to solution generation module 208. Solution generation module 208 then generates solutions 210-0, 210-1, and 210-2 based on solution approaches 220-0, 220-1, and 220-2, respectively. Each one of solutions 210 reflects a spectrum of different feasible designs, each generated using the same engineering procedure outlined in the corresponding solution approach 220. For example, suppose solution approach 220-0 specific a topology optimization algorithm. Solution generation module 208 could apply that optimization algorithm, with the particular design objectives, design constraints, and other relevant inputs derived from problem specification 204, to generate each one of solutions 210-0. In doing so, solution generation module 208 may vary certain input parameters in order to arrive at a spectrum of related solutions 210-0. FIG. 5, discussed below, illustrates exemplary spectra of solutions to an engineering problem.
Once solution generation module 208 generates a collection of different solutions 210, solution evaluation module 212 evaluates the different solutions to generate evaluation results 214. Evaluation module 212 may perform any technically feasible form of engineering analysis in order to evaluate solutions 210, including analyses of how closely each design solution fits problem specification 204, as well as analyses of the design tradeoffs associated with each design.
In one embodiment, solution generation module 208 and solution evaluation module 212 may interoperate in an iterative fashion to generate and evaluate solutions 210. In particular, solution evaluation module 212 may provide evaluation results 214 to solution generation module 208 along a feedback pathway (not shown). Based on those results, solution generation module 208 repeat the solution generation procedure, based on the identified solution approaches, with input parameters varied according to evaluation results 214. In this manner, solution generation module 208 and solution evaluation module 212 may perform any number of different iterations until converging upon a collection of solutions 210 that meet the criteria set forth in design specification 204, or meet that criteria to a threshold degree.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of method steps for generating a set of feasible design alternatives, according to various embodiments of the present invention. Although the method steps are described in conjunction with the systems of FIGS. 1-2, persons skilled in the art will understand that any system configured to perform the method steps, in any order, is within the scope of the present invention.
As shown, a method 300 begins at step 302, where design application 120 receives user input 202 associated with a particular engineering design problem via interaction with the end-user. The received user input 202 generally reflects design objectives, design constraints, and other criteria associated with the design problem at hand.
At step 304, design application 120 synthesizes problem specification 204 based on user input 202 received at step 302. Problem specification 204 is a data structure that encapsulates all relevant information associated with the design problem in question, including design objectives, design constraints, and other engineering criteria. In one embodiment, design application 120 includes a synthesis module that generates problem specification 204 based on user input 202.
At step 306, approach identification module 206 searches solution approaches 220 within database 122 based on problems specification 204, to identify a set of solution approaches relevant to problem specification 204. In the context of this disclosure, a solution approach may be considered "relevant" to a given problem specification 204 if that solution approach is capable of generating a design that meets the criteria set forth in problem specification 204. Approach identification module 206 may determine relevance in a wide variety of different ways, although generally, approach identification module 206 determines a particular classification for problem specification 204 and then retrieves solution approaches 220 associated with that classification, as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 2.
At step 308, solution generation module 208 generates solutions 210, based on the various solution approaches 220 identified at step 306, that meet the criteria set forth in design specification 204. In doing so, solution generation module 208 may apply one or more procedures outlined in each such approach, with varying input parameters, to arrive at a spectrum of solutions. Upon performing this process for each different solution approach identified at step 306, Solution generation module 208 generates different sets of solutions 210, each of which derives from a different one of the identified solution approaches, as also discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 2.
At step 310, solution evaluation engine 212 evaluates and compares the generated solutions to generate results data 214. Results data 214 may reflect any form of data generated via any technically feasible form of engineering analysis, including tradeoff analysis and other analytical or comparative techniques, as described above in conjunction with FIG. 2.
At step 312, solution evaluation engine 212 provides evaluation results 214 to the end user. To that effect, solution engine 212 generates an interactive GUI that allows the end-user to compare and contrast the various solutions generated by solution generation module 208. In one embodiment, evaluation results 214 may reflect the manufacturability of each design solution, and the interactive GUI generated by solution engine 212 may compare the manufacturability of each design solution to illustrate relative manufacturability between designs.
Generally, the techniques described herein relate to mechanical engineering design problems, although persons skilled in the art will understand that the disclosed techniques may also be applied to other branches of engineering, including electrical engineering, materials engineering, civil engineering, and so forth. An exemplary application of the techniques disclosed above provided in the context of mechanical engineering appears below in FIGS. 4-6.
FIG. 4 is an exemplary depiction of a problem specification, according to various embodiments of the invention. As shown, problem specification 400 includes a collection of different ports 410 arranged according to a specific 3D geometry. Each port 410 represents a location where one or more forces are to be supported. Ports 410-0, 410-1, 410-2, and 410-3 all reside within the same horizontal plane, while port 410-4 is positioned above that plane.
Problem specification 400 sets forth specific design objectives. For example, problem specification 400 indicates that all forces associated with a given port 410 are balanced. Thus, a successful design that meets this design objective will describe a 3D structure that balances those forces. Problem specification 400 also sets forth specific design constraints. For example, problem specification 400 indicates that the successful design includes just five attachment points corresponding to ports 410-0 through 410-4, respectively. Thus, a successful design will have exactly five attachment points to a surrounding environment or structure.
Approach identification module 306 is configured to search solution approaches 220 within database 122, based on problem specification 400, to identify solution approaches that outline procedures capable of generating designs that meet the objectives and constraints associated with problems specification 400. Then, solution generation module 308 generates a spectrum of design solutions for each such solution approach, as described in exemplary fashion below in conjunction with FIG. 5.
FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary spectra of feasible design alternatives generated according to the problem specification of FIG. 4, according to various embodiments of the present invention. As shown spectrum 500 includes various solid designs 502-0 through 502-4. Solid designs 502 could be generated, for example, based on a solution approach that describes a topology optimization algorithm. With such an approach, solution generation module 308 could place material at particular locations within a 3D space to arrive at each solid design 502. By varying input parameters to that solution approach, solution generation module 308 would generate the different solid designs shown in spectrum 500.
As also shown, spectrum 510 includes various truss designs 512-0 through 512-4. Truss designs 512 could be generated, for example, based on a solution approach that describes a truss optimization procedure. With such an approach, solution generation module 308 could arrange and connect struts at specific locations within a 3D space to arrive at each truss design 512. By varying input parameters to that solution approach, solution generation module 308 would generate the different truss designs shown in spectrum 510. Based on the different designs generated in this manner, solution evaluation engine 312 generates an interactive GUI that presents various engineering analyses performed with the different designs, as described in greater detail below in conjunction with FIG. 6.
FIG. 6 illustrates a graphical user interface (GUI) for evaluating the spectra of feasible design alternatives of FIG. 5, according to various embodiments of the present invention. As shown, a plot 600 includes an X-axis 610 and a Y-axis 612. Various groups 602 and 604 of design solutions reside on graph 600. Each design solution is positioned at a particular X-Y location based on the values of different parameters. X-axis 610 corresponds to parameter 0, and Y-axis 620 corresponds to parameter 1. Thus, each design solution may be positioned at an X-Y location on plot 600 based on the respective values of parameters 0 and 1.
In the example discussed herein, parameter 0 could represent weight, while parameter 1 could represent maximum load. Group 604 could represent spectrum 510 of design solutions, while group 602 could represent spectrum 500 of design solutions. Since the truss-type solutions associated with spectrum 510 are lighter and potentially less strong than the solid-type solutions associated with spectrum 500, group 604 resides closer to the origin of plot 600, indicating lower weight and lower maximum load. Conversely, since the solid-type solutions associated with spectrum 500 are heavier and potentially stronger than the truss-type solutions associate with spectrum 510, group 602 resides further from the origin of plot 600 in both the X and Y directions.
Persons skilled in the art will understand that FIGS. 4-6 are provided for exemplary purposes only and not meant to limit the scope of the claimed embodiments. As a general matter, design application 120 may be implemented to solve a wide range of engineering design problems and to arrive at a wealth of different feasible design solutions. Further, database 122 may include a potentially vast collection of solution approaches that represent widely ranging techniques to engineering design problems.
In sum, a design application generates feasible engineering designs that satisfy criteria associated with a particular engineering problem. The design application receives input that outlines a specific engineering problem to be solved, and then synthesizes a problem specification based on this input. The design application then searches a database to identify different approaches to solving the design problem set forth in the problem specification. The design application then selects one or more such approaches, and generates a spectrum of potential designs for each such approach. The generated designs may then be evaluated to determine the degree to which the problems specification has been met.
At least one advantage of the approach discussed herein is that the end-user need not attempt to consider all possible approaches to solving the design problem. Instead, the design application identifies potentially promising approaches, and then generates actual designs based on those approaches, thereby alleviating the burden of generating designs from the end-user.
The descriptions of the various embodiments have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments.
Aspects of the present embodiments may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a "circuit," "module" or "system." Furthermore, aspects of the present disclosure may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.
Aspects of the present disclosure are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the disclosure. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, enable the implementation of the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. Such processors may be, without limitation, general purpose processors, special-purpose processors, application-specific processors, or field-programmable processors or gate arrays.
While the preceding is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow. | 2019-04-23T18:10:53Z | http://www.patentsencyclopedia.com/app/20160147911 |
For providing a method for polishing in which it is possible to polish a substance uniformly over a whole surface of a wafer without observing the polished surface of the wafer halfway through polishing, a wafer with current detective patterns formed of conductors directly contacted with a semiconductor substrate, and an insulating film covering the current detective patterns is held by a wafer holder with conductivity, and the insulating film is polished by a polisher in which a supporting plate with conductivity is exposed in openings through a polishing cloth while supplying a polishing slurry containing ions.
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/131,949, filed Oct. 8, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,562,529.
The present invention relates to an apparatus polishing and a method for polishing, and particularly to an apparatus and a method for uniformly polishing a wafer to planarize a surface of the wafer having interconnection layers and an insulating film covering the interconnection layers.
An apparatus for polishing according to the related art will be described with reference to FIG. 1(a) and FIG. 1(b). It is introduced in the document of J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol.138, No.11, November 1991 by F. B. Kaufman et al.
In FIG. 1(a) and FIG. 1(b), reference numeral 1 indicates a polisher having a disk-like supporting board 2 which is capable of turning on a shaft 1a, and a polishing cloth 3 stuck on the supporting board 2. Reference numeral 4 indicates a disk-like wafer holder for holding and fixing on a wafer holding surface a wafer 6 having an interconnection layer and an insulating film covering the interconnection layer. A wafer holding surface is on the side opposed to the polishing cloth 3. The diameter of the wafer holder 4 is smaller than that of the polisher 1. The wafer holder 4 is turned on a shaft 4a in the same direction as the turning direction of the polisher 1. Reference numeral 5 indicates a nozzle for supplying a polishing slurry 13 containing colloidal silica.
Next, a method for polishing using the above apparatus for polishing will be described with reference to FIG. 2(A) to FIG. 2(c).
FIG. 2(a) is a sectional view of a wafer showing the state after an interlayer insulating film covering the interconnection layer is formed and before the interlayer insulating film is polished. In this figure, reference numeral 7 indicates a semiconductor substrate; 8 is a backing insulating film; 9 is a lower interconnection layer formed on the backing insulating film 8; 10a and 10b are cylindrical conductive layers for connecting the lower interconnection layer 9 to upper interconnection layers formed later, which are formed at two points on the lower interconnection layer 9; and 11 is an interlayer insulating film covering the lower interconnection layer 9 and the conductive layers 10a and 10b.
In such a state, first, the wafer 6 is held and fixed on the wafer holder 4 as shown in FIG. 1(a). Subsequently, the surface of the wafer 6 is in parallel to the surface of the polishing cloth 3. Then, the wafer holder 4 and the polisher 1 are turned in the same direction, and the wafer holder 4 is moved downward to bring the wafer 6 in contact with the polishing cloth 3. At the same time, a polishing slurry is dropped on the polishing cloth 3 through a nozzle 5.
While the wafer 6 is suitably moved on the polishing cloth 3 in such a state as to be pressed on the polishing cloth 3, the interlayer insulating film 11 on the wafer 6 is polished until the conductive layers 10a and 10b are exposed. After an elapse of a specified time, as shown in FIG. 2(b), the polishing of the interlayer insulating film 11 is completed and the surface of the wafer 6 is planarized, and concurrently the conductive layers 10a and 10b are exposed.
After that, as shown in FIG. 2(c), the upper interconnection layers 12a and 12b are formed in such a manner as to be respectively connected to the exposed conductive layers 10a and 10b, and thereby the lower interconnection layer 9 is connected to the upper interconnection layers 12a and 12b.
According to the above method for polishing of the related art, however, it is difficult to continue applying a uniform pressure over a whole surface of the wafer 6 through the wafer holder 4 while polishing. Such an unbalanced pressure results in an uneven thickness of the residual interlayer insulating film 11 through an unevenness of polishing volume over an entire surface of the wafer 6.
Thus, as shown in FIG. 3, there might arise a part where a thickness of the remaining interlayer insulating film 11 becomes thinner, as a result when forming an upper interconnection layer there is a risk that a dielectric strength lowers between the upper interconnection layer and the lower interconnection layer, or in the worst case, the upper interconnection layer and the lower interconnection layer short-circuit.
In order to avoid such a risk, the polishing surface of the wafer 6 can be observed midway through polishing. This results, however, in declination of throughput through some added processes including the observation by a microscope and the cleaning process of the wafer 6.
An object of the present invention is to provided an apparatus and a method for polishing in which it is possible to polish a substance uniformly over a whole surface of a wafer without observing the polished surface of the wafer halfway through polishing.
In an apparatus and a method for polishing of the present invention, a wafer having current detective patterns of conductors directly contacted with a semiconductor substrate, and an insulating film covering the current detective patterns is held by a wafer holder with conductivity and the insulating film is polished by a polisher in which a supporting plate with conductivity is exposed in openings through a polishing cloth while supplying a polishing slurry containing ions. Accordingly, when any of the current detective patterns on the wafer has been exposed by polishing the insulating film, a current is allowed to flow between the polisher and the wafer holder by way of the current detective pattern and the semiconductor substrate by the interposition of ions in the abrasive entering in the openings through the polishing cloth. On the other hand, the current is not allowed to flow to the portion in which the remaining insulating film is thicker than the specified film thickness and covers the current detective patterns. Accordingly, by polishing while monitoring the current, it is possible to specify the thicker portion than the specified film thickness and to enlarge the polished volume by increasing the pressure applied to this portion.
In particular, by taking the current-flowing area of a reference current detective pattern as x and taking the current flowing areas of the other current detective patterns as Xn (x≧2, n is an integer), different values of total current can be necessarily obtained even if any of current detective patterns are allowed to be conductive. For example, the relationship that X=2, and n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4. . . is preferable. Because it makes Xn =1, 2, 4, 8, 16. . . Thus, it is possible to specify any of the current detective patterns through which a current flows.
Since the polished volume can be partially adjusted by monitoring of the current, it is possible to eliminate the observation of the polishing surface of the wafer midway through polishing, which has been performed in the related art. Thus, the processes are simplified and the uniformity in polishing is improved.
Secondarily, a wafer with conductive layers and an insulating film covering the conductive layers is contacted with a polisher, which has a plurality of through-holes for allowing the passing of the abrasive containing ions and a pair of electrodes provided in the through-holes, and the insulating film is polished.
Accordingly, when the conductive layers are exposed on the surface of the wafer through polishing the insulating film, a current is allowed to flow by way of the one electrode, the conductive layer and the other electrode by the interposition of ions contained in the abrasive. Consequently, by monitoring of the current, it is possible to securely remove the insulating film on the conductive layers to expose the conductive layers, and to securely leave the insulating film with a specified film thickness.
Thus, it is possible to adjust the polished volume while monitoring the current, and hence to eliminate the observation of the polishing surface of the wafer through polishing. This makes it possible to simplify the processes and to improve the uniformity in polishing. Further, in the apparatus for polishing, there is provided a turnable wafer holder supported by a shaft and a polishing cloth with an asymmetric area. Additionally, the larger area portion of the polishing cloth is disposed near the shaft while the smaller area portion of the polishing cloth is disposed apart from the shaft. The polishing speed is generally increased in proportion to the relative speed between the polishing cloth and a substance to be polished. Further, when the wafer holder is turned, the polishing speed per unit area is larger at the outer peripheral portion than at the inner peripheral portion.
Accordingly, when the wafer is turned, the area in the surface of the wafer with which the polishing cloth contacts per unit time is approximately constant both on the inner side and on the outer side. Consequently, since the unevenness of the polished volume within the contact surface of the polishing cloth becomes less, by combination with the current detecting means, it is possible to further uniformly polish the insulating film on the wafer. Further, only by moving the polisher in the direction perpendicular to the turning direction of the wafer holder, it is possible to uniformly polish the whole surface of the wafer.
By rotating both the wafer holder and the polisher with same angular speed in the same direction, it is possible to equalize the relative speed between the wafer holder and the polisher over the surface of the wafer. Accordingly, by combination with the current detecting means, it is possible to uniformly polish the insulating film on the wafer.
Further, by decreasing the turning speeds of the wafer holder and the polisher when the detected current is large, and by increasing the turning speeds of the wafer holder and the polisher when the detected current is small, it is possible to further equalize the polished volume over the surface of the wafer. This is because, the higher the turning speed is, the larger the polishing speed is, and the lower the turning speed is, the smaller the polishing speed is.
Additionally, by reducing the pressure to the polisher when the detected current is large, and by enlarging the pressure to the polisher when the detected current is small, it is possible to further equalize the polished volume over the surface of the wafer. This is because, the larger the pressure is, the larger the polishing speed is, and the smaller the pressure is, the smaller the polishing speed is.
FIG. 10(a) and FIG. 10(b) are detail construction views of a polisher of an apparatus for polishing used in a method for polishing according to a second embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 10(a) is a bottom view and FIG. 10(b) is a side view.
FIG. 16 is an explanatory view for the examination result of confirming the effect of a method for polishing according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
The apparatus for polishing according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 4(a) and FIG. 4(b).
In FIG. 4(a) and FIG. 4(b), reference numeral 21 is a polisher having a disk-like supporting plate 22 which is capable of turning on an shaft 24 perpendicular to a polishing surface. A first conductive film 22a is formed on the polishing surface of the supporting plate 22, and a polishing cloth 23 is stuck on the first conductive film 22a. Further, a plurality of openings 23a are formed through the polishing cloth 23, and the first conductive film 22a is exposed on the bottom portions of the openings 23a.
Reference numeral 25 indicates a disk-like wafer holder for holding and fixing a wafer 33 with a lower interconnection layer and an interlayer insulating film covering the lower interconnection layer. The diameter of the wafer 33 is smaller than that of the wafer holder 25. The wafer holder 25 turns on a shaft 27 perpendicular to a wafer holding surface. Further, a second conductive film 26a is formed on a wafer holding surface of a supporting plate 26. Additionally, a plurality of pressure adjusting screws 28 are screwed from the rear surface of the supporting plate 26. The necessary pressure adjusting screw 28 is loosened or fastened to apply a pressure to a necessary portion of a wafer 33 from the rear surface.
Reference numeral 29 indicates a nozzle (abrasive supply means) for supplying a polishing slurry 40 containing colloidal silica. The abrasive 40 contains ions such as Na ion and K ion.
Reference numeral 30 indicates a current detecting means, which includes a power supply 31 for supplying a voltage and an ammeter 32. The current detecting means 30 is connected between the first conductive film 22a of the polisher 21 and the second conductive film 26a of the wafer holder 25.
As described above, according to the apparatus for polishing, the first conductive film 22a is stuck on the polishing surface of the polisher 21, and the second conductive film 26a is stuck on the wafer holding surface of the wafer holder 25. Further, the openings 23a are formed through the polishing cloth 23 on the first conductive film 22a of the polisher 21. Additionally, the nozzle 29 for supplying the abrasive 40 containing ions is provided.
With this construction, in the case of holding on the wafer holder 25 the wafer 33 with the interlayer insulating film 37 covering the current detective patterns 36a to 36d and the lower interconnection layer, and polishing the interlayer insulating film 37 in a state of contacting the wafer 33 with the polishing cloth 23 and pressing the wafer 33 to the polishing cloth 23, when any of the current detective patterns 36a to 36d is has been exposed by polishing the interlayer insulating film 37, a current is allowed to flow between the polisher 21 and the wafer holder 25 through the first conductive film 22a, the exposed current detective patterns 36a to 36d, a semiconductor substrate 34 and the second conductive film 26a by the interposition of the ions in the abrasive 40 entering in the openings 23a.
Accordingly, since the polishing surface of the wafer 33 is confirmed by monitoring of the current, it is possible to eliminate the observation of the polishing surface of the wafer 33 midway through polishing. This simplifies the processes and improves the uniformity in polishing.
A semiconductor device used in the method for polishing according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 5(a) and FIG. 5(b).
In FIG. 5(a) and FIG. 5(b), reference numeral 34 indicates a semiconductor substrate, for example of silicon; 35 is a backing insulating film formed on the semiconductor substrate 34; 36a to 36e are current detective patterns, each being formed of a cylindrical tungsten (W) film, which are formed on the central portion of the wafer 33 by one point (C) and on the peripheral portion by four points (A, B, D, E). The current detective patterns 36a to 36e are directly connected to the semiconductor substrate 34 through openings of the backing insulating film 35. The current flowing areas of the current detective patterns 36a to 36e are specified as follows: assuming that the current flowing area of the current detective pattern 36a at the portion A is taken as 1, those of the current detective patterns 36b to 36e at the portions B, C, D and E become 2, 4, 8, 16, respectively. The reason why the current flowing areas are taken as 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 is that the current detective patterns are specified such that even if a plurality of arbitrary current detective patterns are allowed to be conductive, the values of total current obtained are necessarily different from each other.
Next, the method for polishing according to the first embodiment of the present invention using the above apparatus for polishing and the semiconductor device will be described with reference to FIG. 6(a), FIG. 6(b), FIG. 7(a) to FIG. 7(c), FIG. 4(a), FIG. 4(b), FIG. 5(a), and FIG. 5(b).
FIG. 7(a) shows the state where a lower interconnection layer and an interlayer insulating film are formed but the polishing is not performed. In this figure, reference numeral 34 indicates a semiconductor substrate made from silicon; 35 is a backing insulating film formed of a silicon oxide film on the semiconductor substrate 34; 38 is a lower interconnection layer of aluminum on the backing insulating film 35; 39a and 39b are conductive layers formed of cylindrical aluminum for connecting an upper interconnection layer formed later to the lower interconnection layer 38, which are formed at two points on the lower interconnection layer; and 37 is an interlayer insulating film (insulating film) of a silicon oxide film covering the lower interconnection layer 38 and the conductive layers 39a and 39b.
In such a state, first, the wafer 33 is held and fixed on the wafer holder 25 as shown in FIG. 4(a) such that the surface of the wafer 33 formed with the interlayer insulating film 37 is directed to the front side. Subsequently, the surface of the wafer 33 is opposed to the surface of the polishing cloth 23 in parallel to each other. After that, both the wafer holder 25 and the polisher 21 are turned in the same direction, and concurrently the wafer holder 25 is moved downward or the polisher 21 is moved upward, to thus bring the wafer 33 in contact with the polishing cloth 23. At the same time, the abrasive 40 is dropped on the polishing cloth 23 through the nozzle 29.
The wafer 33 is suitably moved on the polishing cloth 23 in such state as to be pressed thereon, and the interlayer insulating film 37 is polished. At this time, the ammeter 32 is monitored. When the polishing proceeds somewhat and one current detective pattern 36b is exposed, as shown in FIG. 6(a), a current corresponding to the current flowing area 2 is allowed to flow, which is detected by the ammeter 32. Accordingly, the portions other than the portion B is relatively strongly pressed.
When the polishing proceeds and the current detective pattern 36e is exposed, as shown in FIG. 6 (a), a current corresponding to the current flowing areas (2+16) is allowed to flow, which is detected by the ammeter 32. Accordingly, the portions other than the portions B and E are relatively strongly pressed.
When the polishing further proceeds and the current detective pattern 36a is newly exposed, as shown in FIG. 6(a), a current corresponding to the current flowing areas (2+16+1) is allowed to flow, which is detected by the ammeter 32. Accordingly, the portions other than the portions B, E and A are relatively strongly pressed. When the polishing proceeds and the current detective pattern 36c is next exposed, as shown in FIG. 6(a), a current corresponding to the current flowing areas (2+16+1+4) is allowed to flow, which is detected by the ammeter 32. Accordingly, the periphery of the portion D other than the portions B, E, A and C is relatively strongly pressed.
When the polishing further proceeds and the current detective pattern 36d is next exposed, as shown in FIG. 6(a), a current corresponding to the current flowing areas (2+16+1+4+8) is allowed to flow, which is detected by the ammeter 32. Thus, it is judged that the current detective patterns 36a to 36e are all allowed to be conductive and the specified polishing volume is achieved, thus completing the polishing.
In addition, in the case of FIG. 6(b), differently from the case described above, first, the current detective pattern 36b at the portion B is allowed to be conductive, after which the current detective patterns 36a, and 36c to 36e are concurrently allowed to be conductive.
Thus, the interlayer insulating film 37 in a specified amount is uniformly polished over a whole surface of the wafer 33, so that the surface of the wafer 33 is planarized. And, as shown in FIG. 7(b) and FIG. 8, the conductive layers 39a to 39d are exposed on the whole surface of the wafer 33.
After that, as shown in FIG. 7(c), upper interconnection layers 40a and 40b are formed so as to be respectively connected to the exposed conductive layers 39a and 39b, and thereby the lower interconnection layer 38 is connected to the upper interconnection layers 40a and 40b through the conductive layers 39a and 39b.
As for the interlayer insulating film 37a remaining after polishing in the manner as described above, the unevenness of the film thickness within the wafer 33 and the average film thickness between the wafers 33 were examined, which gave the results as shown in FIG. 9(a) and FIG. 9 (b).
According to the above examination results, the unevenness of the film thickness within the wafer 33 and the average film thickness between the wafers were significantly improved as compared with the related art.
As described above, according to the method for polishing according to the first embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to check the polished volume at the specified portion within the wafer 33 while monitoring the ammeter 32, and hence to equalize the polished volume by adjustment of the pressure applied on the necessary portion.
Thus, as for the interlayer insulating film 37a remaining after polishing, the unevenness of the film thickness of the wafer 33 and the average film thickness between the wafers are significantly improved as compared with the related art. Further, the observation of the wafer 33 midway through polishing is eliminated, thereby simplifying the processes.
Additionally, in the first embodiment, the pressure adjusting screws 28 are provided to manually adjust a pressure; however, by providing the pressure adjusting means capable of automatically adjusting a pressure and by interlocking the current detecting means 30 with the pressure adjusting means, it is possible to automatically adjust a pressure while continuing the polishing.
The apparatus for polishing according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 10(a), FIG. 10(b) and FIG. 11.
In FIG. 10(a) and FIG. 10(b), reference numeral 41 indicates a polisher having a disk-like supporting plate which is capable of turning on a shaft perpendicular to a polishing surface. On the surface of the polisher 41, a polishing cloth 43 is formed and two through-holes 44a and 44b for allowing the passing of a polishing slurry such as colloidal silica containing Na ion and K ion are formed. In addition, meshed electrodes 45a and 45b are provided in the through-holes 44a and 44b, respectively. A power supply 47 and an ammeter 48 which constitute a current detecting means 46 are connected in series to a pair of the electrodes 45a and 45b.
In FIG. 11, reference numeral 49 indicates a rotating shaft of the polisher 41; 50 is a disk-like wafer holder for holding and fixing a wafer 50 with an interlayer insulating film as a substance to be polished on a wafer holding surface opposed to the polishing cloth 43 of the polisher 41. The diameter of the wafer holder 50 is larger than that of the polisher 41. The wafer holder 50 is turned on a shaft 52 perpendicular to a wafer holding surface. Further, a vacuum chuck for fixing the wafer 53 is formed on the wafer holding surface.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 13(a), the wafer 53 has a backing insulating film 55 formed of a silicon oxide film on a semiconductor substrate 54, a lower interconnection layer 56 of aluminum on the backing insulating film 55, conductive layers 57a and 57b of cylindrical aluminum which are formed at two points on the lower interconnection layer 56 to connect upper inter connection layers formed later to the lower interconnection layer 56, and an interlayer insulating film (insulating film) 58 formed of a silicon oxide film covering the lower interconnection layer 56 and the conductive layers 57a and 57b. The semiconductor substrate 54 and the backing insulating film 55 constitute a substrate.
As described above, according to the apparatus for polishing, the two through-holes 44a and 44b for supplying the abrasive 60 are formed in the polisher 41, and the meshed electrodes 45a and 45b are respectively provided in the through-holes 44a and 44b. The power supply 47 and the ammeter 48 are connected in series to a pair of the electrodes 45a and 45b. Further, the abrasive 60 contains ions.
Thus, when the conductive layers 57a and 57b are exposed on the surface of the wafer 55 through polishing the interlayer insulating film 58, a current is allowed to flow to the ammeter 48 by way of the one electrode 45b, the conductive layer 57b, the lower interconnection layer 56 and the conductive layer 57a and the other electrode 45a by the interposition of ions contained in the abrasive 60.
This makes it possible to adjust the polished volume by monitoring the current, and hence to eliminate the observation of the polishing surface of the wafer 53 midway through polishing, which has been performed in the related art. Consequently, the process is simplified and the uniformity in polishing is improved whereby the interlayer insulating film 58a with a specified film thickness certainly remains.
In addition, in the above embodiment, the two through-holes 44a and 44b are provided; however, three or more through-holes may be provided. In this case, one electrode provided in the specified through-hole is connected to a positive or negative terminal of the power supply 47, and the electrodes provided in the other through-holes are all connected to the negative or positive terminals of the power supply 47. Alternatively, a plurality of the electrodes in one group are connected to positive or negative terminals of the power supply 47 and a plurality of the electrodes in the other group are connected to negative or positive terminals.
An apparatus for polishing according to a second example of the second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 12(a) and FIG. 12(b).
In FIG. 12(a) and FIG. 12(b), reference numeral 41a indicates a polisher formed with a polishing cloth 43a on a polishing surface and having a disk-like supporting plate which is capable of turning on a shaft perpendicular to a polishing surface. Further, the polisher 41a has a plurality of through-holes (not shown) for allowing the passing of a polishing slurry such as colloidal silica containing Na ion and K ion. Meshed electrodes are provided in the through-holes. A power supply 47 and an ammeter 48 (current detecting means 46) are connected in series to a pair of the electrodes. The above construction is substantially similar to that in the first example.
The second example is different from the first example in that the polishing cloth is asymmetrically formed, and over the wafer holder 50, the portion of the polishing cloth 43a with a larger area is disposed near the central portion of the wafer holder 50 while the portion of the polishing cloth 43a with a smaller area is disposed apart from the central portion of the wafer holder 50.
As for the other reference numerals, the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 11 designate the same parts as those in FIG. 11.
In the apparatus for polishing according to the second example of the present invention, the polishing cloth 43a is asymmetrically formed, and over the wafer holder 50, the portion of the polishing cloth 43a with a larger area is disposed near the central portion of the wafer holder 50 while the portion of the polishing cloth 43a with a smaller area is disposed apart from the central portion of the wafer holder 50. The polishing speed is generally increased in proportion to the relative speed between the polishing cloth and a substance to be polished. Further, as the wafer holder 47a is turned, the polishing speed per unit area is larger at the outer peripheral portion than at the inner peripheral portion.
Accordingly, in the apparatus for polishing of the second example, during the wafer 53 is turned, the area in the surface of the wafer 53 with which of the polishing cloth 43a contacts per unit time becomes approximately constant both on the inner side and the outer side. The polished volume of a substance to be polished during the polishing cloth 43a is moved along the circumference of the wafer 53 becomes approximately constant both on the inner side and the outer side of the polishing cloth 43a, so that it is possible to reduce the unevenness of the polished volume within the wafer 53. Consequently, in combination with the current detecting means, it is possible to further uniformly polish the substance to be polished on the wafer 53.
In addition, by only moving the polisher 41a in the direction perpendicular to the turning direction of the wafer holder 50, it is possible to uniformly polish the whole surface of the wafer 53.
Thus, it is possible to adjust the polished volume by monitoring of the current, and hence to eliminate the observation for the surface of the wafer 53 midway through polishing, which has been performed in the related art. Accordingly, the processes are simplified and the uniformity in polishing is improved.
The method for polishing using the above apparatus for polishing according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 13(a) to FIG. 13(c), FIG. 14, FIG. 10(a), FIG. 10(b) and FIG. 11.
FIG. 13 (a) is a sectional view showing the state where a lower interconnection layer and an interlayer insulating film are formed but the polishing is not performed. In this figure, reference numeral 54 indicates a semiconductor substrate of silicon; 55 is a backing insulating film formed of a silicon oxide film on the semiconductor substrate 54; 56 is a lower interconnection layer of aluminum on the backing insulating film 55; 57a and 57b are conductive layers formed of column aluminum for connecting upper interconnection layers formed later to the lower interconnection layer 56, which are formed at two points on the lower interconnection layer 56; and 58 is an interlayer insulating layer (insulating film) formed of a silicon oxide film covering the lower interconnection layer 56 and the conductive layers 57a and 57b.
In such a state, first, as shown in FIG. 11, the wafer 53 is held and fixed by vacuum chuck on the wafer holder 50 in such a manner that the surface of the wafer having the interlayer insulating film 58 is directed to the front side. Subsequently, the wafer 53 is opposed to the polishing cloth 43 in such a manner that the surface of the interlayer insulating film 58 is in parallel to the surface of the polishing cloth 43. After that, the wafer holder 50 and the polisher 41 are turned with an equal angular speed in the same direction, and concurrently the wafer 53 is contacted with the polishing cloth 43 by moving upward the wafer holder 50 or moving downward the polisher 41. At the same time, a polishing slurry 60 is discharged on the wafer 53 through the through-holes 44a and 44b of the polisher 41.
As shown in FIG. 13(b), the polisher 41 polishes the interlayer insulating film 56 on the wafer 53 while being suitably moved on the wafer 53 in such a state as to be pressed on the wafer 53. At this time, since the wafer holder 50 and the polisher 41 are turned with an equal angular speed in the same direction, they are equal to each other in its relative speed, which enables uniform polishing irrespective of the location to be polished. Further, through polishing, the ammeter 48 is monitored. When the polishing proceeds somewhat, and the conductive layers 57a and 57b are exposed, a current is allowed to flow by way of the one electrode 45b, the conductive layer 57b, the lower conductive layer 56, the conductive layer 57a and the other electrode 45a by the interposition of ions contained in the abrasive 60, and the current is detected by the ammeter 48. Thus, the polishing of the contact portion by the polisher 41 is completed.
Subsequently, the polisher 41 is moved to the adjacent region, and the interlayer insulating film 58 is similarly polished, thus completing the polishing over the whole surface of the wafer 53.
As shown in FIG. 14, the interlayer insulating film 58a with a specified amount is thus polished over the whole surface of the wafer 53, and the surface of the wafer 53 is planarized. Consequently, the conductive layers 57a and 57b are exposed on the whole surface of the wafer 53.
After that, as shown in FIG. 13(c), when upper interconnection layers 59a and 59b are formed so as to be respectively connected with the exposed conductive layers 57a and 57b, the lower interconnection layer 57 is connected to the upper interconnection layers 59a and 59b through the conductive layers 57a and 57b.
As described above, according to the method for polishing of the second embodiment of the present invention, in the case that the wafer 53 is held by the wafer holder 50 and the interlayer insulating film 58 covering the lower interconnection layer 56 and the conductive layers 57a and 57b is polished, when the conductor layers 57a and 57b are exposed on the surface of the wafer through polishing, a current is allowed to flow to the ammeter 48 by way of the one electrode 45b, the conductive layer 57b, the lower interconnection layer 56, the conductive layer 57a and the other electrode 45a by the interposition of ions contained in the abrasive 60.
Accordingly, by monitoring of the current, the interlayer insulating film 58 on the conductive layers 57a and 57b can be certainly removed to expose the conductive layers 57a and 57b, and the interlayer insulating film 58 with a specified film thickness can be certainly left.
Further, since the polishing is performed while the wafer holder 50 and the polisher 41 are turned with an equal angular speed in the same direction, the wafer holder 50 is similar in the relative speed to the polisher 53 over the whole surface of the wafer 53, which enables the uniform polishing irrespective of the location to be polished.
This makes it possible to eliminate the observation for the wafer through polishing, and hence to simplify the processes, and further to improve the uniformity in polishing.
Additionally, in the above second embodiment, the turning speeds of the wafer holder 50 and the polisher 41 are made constant through polishing; however, the turning speeds thereof may be adjusted as follows: namely, in the case that the detected current is larger, the turning speed of the wafer holder 50 or the polisher 41 is made slow, and in the case that the detected current is small, it is made high. Thus, by adjustment of the turning speed, it is possible to control the polished volume with the same radius distance, and hence to further equalize the polished volume within the surface of the wafer 53. The reason for this is that, the higher the turning speed becomes, the larger the polishing speed becomes; and the lower the turning speed becomes, the smaller the polishing speed becomes.
To quantitatively evaluate the method for polishing of the present invention, the following comparative evaluation experiment was performed.
As shown in FIG. 15(a) and FIG. 15 (b), cylindrical studs (conductive layers) 61, 61a and 61b, each being formed of an aluminum material with a diameter of 2 μm and a height of 0.5 μm, were formed on a wafer 53a with a diameter of 150 mm at intervals of 10 mm in a dotted manner. The studs (conductive layers) 61, 61a and 61b were formed in such a manner as to be directly contacted with a semiconductor substrate 54a. After that, a silicon oxide film (insulating film) 62 was formed in a thickness of 1 μm by a CVD method.
After the silicon oxide film 62 on the studs 61 in the peripheral portion with a diameter less than 15 mm was all removed, the number of the studs 61 not removed or the studs 61 with a remaining height of 0.2 μm or more was counted. The results of the examination for 10 lots are shown in FIG. 16.
As is apparent from the examination results described above, as for the remaining silicon oxide film 62, the unevenness of the film thickness within the wafer 53a and the average film thickness between the wafers are significantly improved as compared with the related art.
The method for polishing according to the third embodiment of the present invention using the apparatus for polishing of the second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 12(a), FIG. 12(b), and FIG. 13(a) and FIG. 13(b).
First, a wafer 53 as shown in FIG. 13(a) is held and fixed by vacuum chuck on the wafer holder 50.
The wafer holder 50 is opposed to a polisher 41a in such a manner that an interlayer insulating film 58 on the wafer 53 is in parallel to a polishing cloth 43a. After that, as shown in FIG. 12(b), the wafer holder 50 is turned, and concurrently the wafer holder 50 is moved upward or the polisher 41a is moved downward so that the wafer is contacted with the polishing cloth 43a. At the same time, a polishing slurry 60 containing ions are discharged on the wafer 53 through a through-hole of the polisher 41a. In addition, as shown in FIG. 12(a), the polisher 41a is disposed such that the larger area portion of the asymmetric polishing cloth 43a is near the central portion of the wafer holder 50 and the smaller area portion of the polishing cloth 43a is apart from the central portion of the polishing cloth 43a.
Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 13(b), the polisher 41a is pressed on the surface of the wafer 53, to polish the interlayer insulating film 58 on the wafer 53. At this time, an ammeter 48 is monitored. When the polishing proceeds somewhat, and conductive layers 57a and 57b are exposed, a current is allowed to flow by way of the one electrode 45b, the conductive layer 57b, a lower interconnection layer 56, the conductive layer 57b and the other electrode 45a, which is detected by the ammeter 48. Thus, the polishing of the interlayer insulating film 58 is completed.
Next, the polisher 41a is moved to an region adjacent to the region in which the polishing is completed in the direction perpendicular to the direction of rotating the wafer holder 50. Subsequently, the interlayer insulating film 58 is similarly polished. Thus, the polishing is sequentially performed, to complete the polishing over the whole surface of the wafer 53.
As shown in FIG. 14, the interlayer insulating film 58 with a specified amount is uniformly polished over the whole surface of the wafer 53, to planarize the surface of the wafer 53, thus exposing the conductive layers 57a to 57d over the whole surface of the wafer 53.
After that, as shown in FIG. 13(c), upper interconnection layers 59a and 59b are formed so as to be respectively connected to the exposed conductive layers 57a and 57b, and thereby the upper interconnection layers 59a and 59b are connected to the lower interconnection layer 56 through the conductive layers 57a and 57b, respectively.
As described above, according to the third embodiment of the present invention, the turnable wafer holder 50 and the asymmetric polishing cloth 43a are provided, and the polisher 41a is disposed in such a manner that the larger area portion of the polishing cloth 43a is disposed near the central portion of wafer holder 50 and the smaller area portion is disposed apart from the central portion of the wafer holder 50.
Accordingly, as described in the second example of the second embodiment, the polished volume of a substance to be polished during the polishing cloth 43a is moved along the circumference of the wafer becomes constant both on the inner side and outer side of the polishing cloth 43a, so that it is possible to reduce the unevenness of the polished volume within the wafer 53. Consequently, in combination with the current detecting means 46, it is possible to uniformly polish the substance to be polished on the wafer 53.
Further, only by moving the polisher 41a in the direction perpendicular to the turning direction of the wafer holder 50 on the wafer 53, it is possible to uniformly polish the whole surface of the wafer 53. Additionally, in the above third embodiment, the pressure to the polisher 41a is made constant through polishing; however, in the case that the detected current is larger, the pressure to the polisher may be reduced, and in the case that the detected current is smaller, it may be enlarged. Thus, by adjustment of a pressure, it is possible to control the polished volume with the same radius distance, and to further equalize the polished volume within the surface of the wafer. This is because, the larger the pressure becomes, the larger the polishing speed becomes; and the smaller the pressure becomes, the smaller the polishing speed becomes.
a current detecting means connected to a pair of said electrodes for detecting the magnitude of a current flowing by way of said one electrode, said conductive layers, and the other electrode by the interposition of said abrasive.
2. An apparatus for polishing according to claim 1, wherein at least any of said polisher and said wafer holder turns on a shaft perpendicular to said wafer holding surface.
monitoring a current flowing between a pair of said electrodes through said conductive layers by the interposition of said abrasive, and in the case that a specified current has been detected, polishing said insulating film on the other portion of said substrate.
4. A method for polishing according to claim 3, wherein said polishing cloth is asymmetrically formed, and on said substrate, a large area portion of said polishing cloth is disposed near said shaft and a smaller area portion of said polishing cloth is disposed apart from said shaft.
5. A method for polishing according to claim 3, wherein the turning speed of said wafer holder or said polisher is increased when said current value is small, and the turning speed of said wafer holder or said polisher is decreased when said current value is large.
6. A method for polishing according to claim 3, wherein said wafer holder and said polisher are turned with the same angular speed in the same direction.
7. A method for polishing according to claim 3, wherein said polisher is moved on said substrate in the direction perpendicular to the turning direction of said wafer holder.
8. A method for polishing according to claim 7, wherein the pressure applied to said substrate is increased when said current value is small; the pressure applied to said wafer is decreased when the current value is large; and when a specified current has been detected, the insulating film on the other portion on said wafer is polished. | 2019-04-21T22:27:18Z | https://patents.google.com/patent/US5624300A/en |
§ 35-6 Deputy Township Clerk.
§ 35-7 Chief Financial Officer.
§ 35-8 Assistant Chief Financial Officer.
§ 35-11 Deputy Tax Collector.
§ 35-13 Deputy Tax Assessor.
§ 35-13.1 Assistant Tax Assessor.
§ 35-14 Public Works Superintendent and Foreman.
§ 35-15 Assistant Public Works Superintendent and Foreman.
§ 35-17 Deputy Zoning Officer.
§ 35-18 Confidential Secretary to the Mayor.
§ 35-19 Confidential Secretary to the Administrator.
§ 35-23 Supervisor of Recreation Programming.
§ 35-25 Confidential Secretary to the Chief of Police.
§ 35-26 Code Enforcement Officer.
§ 35-27 Deputy Code Enforcement Officer.
§ 35-28 Secretary for Environmental Commission.
§ 35-29 Deputy Tax Search Officer.
§ 35-30 Secretary for Historic Preservation Commission.
§ 35-31 Secretary for Juvenile Conference Committee.
§ 35-33 Adult School Crossing Guard.
§ 35-34 Computer Network Administrator.
§ 35-36 Program Director of Municipal Alliance Committee.
§ 35-37 Construction Code Official.
§ 35-38 Building Subcode Official.
§ 35-39 Plumbing Subcode Official.
§ 35-40 Electrical Subcode Official.
§ 35-41 Fire Prevention Subcode Official.
§ 35-42 Confidential Administrative Assistant to Mayor.
§ 35-43 Confidential Administrative Assistant to Administrator.
§ 35-44 Municipal Court Attendant.
§ 35-47 Chief Animal Control Officer.
§ 35-48 Animal Control Officer.
§ 35-49 Assistant Animal Control Officer.
§ 35-50 Animal Cruelty Investigator.
§ 35-51 Affordable Housing Coordinator.
§ 35-52 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Coordinator.
§ 35-55 Deputy Director of Community Development.
§ 35-56 Assistant Computer Network Administrator.
Boards and commissions — See Ch. 10.
Committees — See Ch. 17.
Defense and indemnification — See Ch. 20.
Personnel — See Ch. 39.
Salaries and compensation — See Ch. 44.
Special law enforcement officers — See Ch. 46.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Township Attorney.
Appointment and term of office. The Township Attorney shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of office of one year commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Qualifications. The Township Attorney shall be a duly licensed attorney at law of the State of New Jersey.
The Township Attorney shall represent the Township in all legal matters and shall advise and assist the Mayor, the Council and the various department and division directors as may be required. He shall attend meetings of the Council, draft ordinances and resolutions and give opinions and rulings on questions of law which may arise at Council meetings. He shall prepare or approve all legal instruments relating to the business of the Township and shall represent the Township in any litigation and conduct trials, appeals and other proceedings in which the Township is interested as he may, in his discretion, determine to be necessary or desirable, or as directed by the Mayor or Council.
The Township Attorney shall have the power to enter into any agreement, compromise or settlement of any litigation in which the Township is involved, subject to the approval of the Council.
Whenever he or she deems it to be in the best interest of the Township, the Township Attorney may recommend the appointment of special counsel. Said appointment may be made by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Township Council, to assist him or her in the handling of any legal matter. If the Township Attorney should be disqualified with respect to any matter, the Mayor may, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, appoint special legal counsel to represent the Township with regard to such matter.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Township Engineer.
Appointment and term of office. The Township Engineer shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of office of three years commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the third year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Qualifications. The Township Engineer shall be a duly licensed professional engineer of the State of New Jersey.
Duties. The Township Engineer shall have full charge of matters pertaining to engineering in relation to any public improvement or other public work. In addition, he shall perform all duties required by statute or ordinance of the Township Engineer and shall perform such engineering assignments and other services, including attendance at meetings of the Township Council, as may be required by the Mayor and Council.
Position. The Township Auditor shall not be a municipal officer but shall serve as a consultant under contract to the municipality.
Appointment. The Township Auditor shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Qualifications. The Township Auditor shall be a registered municipal accountant.
Duties. The Township Auditor shall perform such duties as are set forth in the Local Fiscal Affairs Law, as well as such other services as may be requested by the Mayor or Township Council.
Position created. Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40A:9-136, there is hereby created the position of Township Administrator.
Appointment and term of office. The Township Administrator shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, in accordance with N.J.S.A. 40A:9-137. The term of office of the Township Administrator shall be at the pleasure of the governing body.
Removal from office. The Township Administrator may be removed by a two-thirds vote of the governing body. The resolution of removal shall become effective three months after its adoption by the governing body. In accordance with N.J.S.A. 40A:9-138, the governing body may provide that the resolution of removal shall have immediate effect; provided, however, that the governing body shall cause to be paid to the Administrator forthwith any unpaid balance of his salary and his salary for the next three calendar months following adoption of the resolution.
Qualifications. The Township Administrator shall be chosen on the basis of his executive and administrative abilities and qualifications, with special regard as to education, training and experience in governmental affairs.
Vacancy. Any vacancy in the position of Township Administrator shall be filled by appointment by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
To serve as the chief administrative officer of the Township on a daily basis representing the Mayor and Township Council.
To supervise the administration of all departments and offices on a daily basis.
To represent the Township in its relation to the federal, state and county governments and to other municipalities and to evaluate the Township's interest in contracts, franchises and other business transactions as assigned by the Mayor and Township Council.
To keep the Mayor and Township Council informed of the financial condition of the Township and to make such reports thereon as required and to prepare, annually, a comprehensive report on the financial condition of the Township.
To study the administrative and other operations of the Township and make recommendations for plans and programs to meet the changing needs of the Township.
To receive and reply to inquiries and complaints concerning Township business and to provide information and assistance in respect thereto.
To attend all meetings of the Township Council as required.
To establish and maintain sound personnel practices and maintain appropriate records of all employees. Also, the Administrator shall have the authority to recommend to the Mayor and Township Council the initial hiring of employees. In addition, the Administrator shall have the authority to take disciplinary action against employees as necessary. The Administrator shall report all such disciplinary action in writing to the Mayor with a copy to the Township Council prior to the next regularly scheduled meeting of the governing body.
To recommend the nature, location and extent of public improvements and to coordinate the execution of the same when authorized by the Mayor and Township Council.
To implement and enforce the policies of the Mayor and Township Council with respect to the compiling and release of public information.
To receive from each department, office and board their annual budge requests and to review and transmit the same, along with his comments and recommendations, to the Mayor and Township Council.
To consult with the Mayor and Township Council on the preparation of the tentative budget, recording changes, additions and deletions thereto and to submit final recommendations in the form required by law, together with an analysis of the various items of expenditure and revenue and such explanatory comments as may be required.
To maintain a continuing review and analysis of budget operations, work progress and the costs of municipal services.
To supervise the disbursement of all Township funds and to approve all vouchers and bills before submitting the same to the Township Council for final approval, as directed by the Township Council.
To supervise and continually review the Township's insurance program.
To assist the Township Council in negotiating contracts for the Township, as authorized by and subject to the approval of the Township Council.
To act as a liaison on behalf of the Township with all utility companies serving any portion of the Township to be sure that such utilities are providing adequately for the needs of the residents of the Township.
To assure that the provisions of all franchises, leases, permits and privileges granted by the Township are complied with.
To require each department to maintain adequate inventory records of all equipment and materials owned and used by the Township and to arrange for the disposal of all inadequate or obsolete materials when directed to do so by the Township Council.
To assign responsibilities for departmental duties and coordinate interdepartmental operations, as authorized by the Township Council.
To assist the residents of the Township in matters within his jurisdiction, to maintain a record of complaints submitted to him for his attention and to take proper steps to remedy the causes for such complaints.
To keep the Township Council currently informed of all matters within his jurisdiction by such reports, verbally or in writing, as he deems advisable or as may be requested by the Township Council and to submit an annual written report of his work accomplished, at the request of the Township Council, for the benefit of the public.
To perform such other duties as may be assigned to him from time to time by the Mayor and/or Township Council.
Position to be full time. The Township Administrator shall devote full time to the interests of the Township. The Township Council reserves the right at any time to set specific hours for the Administrator by resolution.
Construal of provisions. Nothing in this section shall derogate from or authorize the Township Administrator to exercise the powers and duties of the elected and appointed officials of the Township.
Office created. There is hereby created the office of Township Clerk for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. The Township Clerk shall be appointed by the Township Council and shall serve a term of three years as provided by N.J.S.A. 40A:9-133.
Duties. The Township Clerk shall serve as the Clerk of the Council, perform such functions as may be required by law and shall maintain the records and minutes of the Council.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Deputy Township Clerk for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Deputy Township Clerk shall be appointed by the Township Council.
Duties. The Deputy Township Clerk shall have all the powers and perform all the duties of the Township Clerk during such times and for such specific periods as the Township Clerk is absent, disabled or otherwise unable to perform his duties. The Deputy Township Clerk shall assist the Township Clerk in the performance of the duties of the Township Clerk's office.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Chief Financial Officer for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. The Chief Financial Officer shall be appointed by the Township Council of the Township of Stafford. The Chief Financial Officer shall serve a term of office of one year, commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Qualifications. To be appointed to the position of Chief Financial Officer an individual must meet the qualifications established under N.J.S.A. 40A:9-140.1 et seq., as amended.
Duties. The Chief Financial Officer shall have the duties set forth in N.J.S.A. 40:69A-129, shall assist the Mayor in the preparation of the annual budget and shall ensure that the municipality complies with all requirements of the Division of Local Government Services concerning municipal finances.
There is hereby created the position of Assistant Chief Financial Officer for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Assistant Chief Financial Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Two years of college education with a major course of study in business or accounting; or possess a municipal finance officer's certificate; or possess at least two years' experience in the position of Purchasing Agent for a municipality of the State of New Jersey; or possess five years' experience in the municipal finance office for a municipality of the State of New Jersey.
Two years of varied accounting experience and work involving the installation, operation and keeping of large scale systems of accounts or possess a municipal finance officer's certificate.
Thorough knowledge of the principles, methods and procedures used in modern accounting and auditing, of the laws, rules and regulations governing the installation, operation and keeping of accounts and their application to specific situations and of the preparation of involved and detailed accounting and other financial reports containing findings, conclusions and recommendations.
The ability to analyze complex financial problems, to give suitable assignments and instructions, to prepare suitable reports and to direct the establishment and maintenance of extensive financial and related records and files.
Good health and freedom from disabling physical and mental defects.
Assist the Treasurer in supervising and performing the work involved in the disbursement, accounting and auditing of funds received and disbursed by the Township and assist in the negotiation of loans and the sale of bonds for the Township.
Perform all related work as required by the Treasurer.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Purchasing Agent for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. The Purchasing Agent shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of office of three years commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the third year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
The ability to read, write, speak and understand the English language sufficiently to perform the duties of this position.
Two years of experience in work involving receiving, checking and distributing of supplies, materials and equipment.
Considerable knowledge of the problems, procedures and practices involved in ensuring that supplies, materials and equipment are shipped by vendor on the promised shipping date and in arranging for proper distribution as required.
The ability to perform expediting work under a variety of circumstances, to be courteous at all times and to perform the clerical work involved in this kind of function.
The ability to maintain effective relationships with vendors, suppliers, supervisors, department heads, employees and the general public.
Completed the purchasing and administration courses offered by Rutgers University or the equivalent in experience and demonstrated training and knowledge.
Be responsible for the development, coordination, implementation and supervision of the complete municipal purchasing program.
Perform all necessary purchasing functions, including requests for bid submission, inventory control, inventory distribution and inventory receiving; and perform necessary overseeing for security functions as it relates to purchasing inventory protection.
Perform other assignments as assigned at the discretion of the employee's immediate supervisor on an as-needed basis as determined by the immediate supervisor. The Township Administrator shall be the immediate supervisor for the Purchasing Agent.
Office created. There is hereby created the office of Tax Collector of the Township of Stafford pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40A:9-141.
Appointment and term of office. The Tax Collector shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of office of four years commencing on January, 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the fourth year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified. A vacancy in the office of Tax Collector, other than due to expiration of term, shall be filled by appointment for the unexpired term.
Duties. The duties of the Tax Collector shall be as prescribed by law. The Tax Collector shall perform such other duties which are related to her work as are prescribed by the Mayor and Township Council.
Office created. There is hereby created the office of Deputy Tax Collector of the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Deputy Tax Collector shall be appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Duties. The Deputy Tax Collector shall work in conjunction with and under the direction of the Tax Collector. The Deputy Tax Collector shall perform all duties and functions as directed by the Tax Collector, and in the absence of the Tax Collector, shall perform all of the duties of the office of Tax Collector.
Office created. There is hereby created the office of Tax Assessor pursuant to N.J.S.A. 40A:9-146.
Appointment and term of office. The Tax Assessor shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, for a term of four years commencing on July 1 next following the appointment.
Qualifications. To be appointed to the office of Tax Assessor for the Township of Stafford, a person must hold a certified tax assessor's certificate from the State of New Jersey.
Duties. The duties of the Tax Assessor shall be as prescribed by law. The Tax Assessor shall perform such other duties which are related to her work as are prescribed by the Mayor and Township Council.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Deputy Tax Assessor for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Deputy Tax Assessor shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Qualifications. To be appointed to the position of Deputy Tax Assessor for the Township of Stafford, an individual must hold a certified tax assessor's certificate from the State of New Jersey.
Duties. The duties of the Deputy Tax Assessor are to assist the Tax Assessor of the Township in assessing the real properties in the Township of Stafford in accordance with the appropriate state statutes and regulations in regard thereto. The Deputy Tax Assessor shall do all work as is required of him by the Township Tax Assessor in regard to the assessing of real properties and all various other work as is required from time to time by the Tax Assessor.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Assistant Tax Assessor.
Report directly to the Tax Assessor, or in his or her absence, the Deputy Tax Assessor.
Assist in determining all real property assessments within the Township.
Assist in conducting field investigations of real property, including measuring properties and preparing diagrams and sketches to obtain essential information for each property so as to assure appropriate property valuations.
Assist in the preparation of tax appeals.
Respond to questions and complaints from the citizens.
Assist in the review and analysis of property sales to determine suitability and utility in sales ratio studies and equalization programs.
Assist in the preparation of reports, as directed, pertaining to property valuation and assessment processes.
Assist in analyzing and establishing real estate market trends as delineated by neighborhood.
Assist in the analysis and preparation of reports through utilization of the Marshall and Swift Commercial Estimator Program.
Assist in the maintenance property assessments on an on-going basis through authorized or approved reassessments and/or approved assessment compliance plans.
Assist in the updating of a property record files as required.
Perform any and all other duties as assigned by the Tax Assessor or Deputy Tax Assessor.
Valid certified tax assessor's certificate from the State of New Jersey.
Minimum of five years' work experience in mass appraisal industry.
Extensive work related and personal knowledge of the Vital Computer Appraisal (CAMA) Package and the Marshall and Swift Commercial Estimator Program.
State and municipal laws, rules, regulations, policies and procedures applying to assessment for tax purposes.
Ability to prepare the appropriate and necessary reports in a timely manner as requested.
Ability to work harmoniously with citizens and others.
General working knowledge of computers and tax assessment computer software programs.
Possess the ability to read, write, speak, understand and communicate in English sufficiently to perform the duties of this position. American Sign Language or Braille may also be considered as acceptable forms of communication.
Persons with mental or physical disabilities are eligible as long as they can perform the essential functions of the job after reasonable accommodation is made to their known limitation. If the accommodation cannot be made because it would cause the employer undo hardship, such person may not be eligible.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Public Works Superintendent and Foreman.
Appointment and term of office. The Public Works Superintendent and Foreman shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of office of two years commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the second year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Read, write, speak and understand the English language sufficiently to perform the duties of the position.
Possess the ability to prepare and execute work orders and supervise and direct employees of the Public Works Department to ensure proper and efficient performance of duties.
Possess good health and freedom from disabling physical and mental defects which would impair the proper performance of the required duties or which might endanger the health and safety of himself or others.
Duties. The Public Works Superintendent and Foreman shall organize and develop suitable work programs for the varied functions of public works; give suitable assignments and instructions to individuals and groups and supervise their work; supervise the cleaning and repair of streets and sewers, the paving of streets, the maintenance of piers, the maintenance and care of the garbage dumps, the cleaning, maintenance and repair of public buildings and the making of improvements; make investigations of complaints dealing with public works and take proper action to see that needed repairs are made with a minimum of delay; prepare suitable reports; obtain, store, safeguard and supervise the proper use of needed equipment, materials and supplies; and keep needed records and files and perform such other related tasks as are required by the Mayor and Township Council.
In accordance with N.J.S.A. 40A:9-154.6, an individual holding the position of full-time Superintendent of Public Works continuously for five years shall have tenure of office for the position of Superintendent of Public Works.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Assistant Public Works Superintendent and Foreman.
Appointment. The Assistant Public Works Superintendent and Foreman shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Duties. The Assistant Public Works Superintendent and Foreman shall assist the Public Works Superintendent and Foreman by performing varied supervisory and administrative tasks and other related work as required. In addition to these duties, the Assistant Public Works Superintendent and Foreman shall assist in the organization and development of suitable work programs for the varied functions of public works; give suitable assignments and instructions to individuals and groups and supervise their work; assist in the supervision of the cleaning and repair of streets and sewers, the paving of streets, the maintenance of piers, the maintenance and care of the garbage dumps, the cleaning, maintenance and repair of public buildings and the making of improvements; make investigations of complaints dealing with public works and take proper action to see that needed repairs are made with a minimum of delay; prepare suitable reports; obtain, store, safeguard and supervise the proper use of needed equipment, materials and supplies; and keep needed records and files.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Zoning Officer of the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Zoning Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
To enforce the zoning ordinances of the Township of Stafford.
To issue flood hazard letters in writing when requested.
To answer all inquiries with regard to zoning.
To keep a record of all applications for permits and of all permits and certificates issued, with a notation of all special conditions involved.
To file and safely keep copies of all plans submitted.
To collect and record fees for zoning permits and flood letters.
To prepare a monthly report for the Township Council summarizing all activity of the previous months concerning the duties of the Zoning Officer.
The Zoning Officer shall be deemed to be the administrative officer as defined in N.J.S.A. 40:55D-3 and shall also issue certifications on behalf of the Township of Stafford certifying whether or not a subdivision has been approved by the Stafford Township Planning Board, in accordance with N.J.S.A. 40:55D-56 and, in general, shall coordinate the efforts of the Planning Board of the Township of Stafford and have such other duties or responsibilities as may, from time to time, be imposed with regard to the Planning Board.
The Zoning Officer shall conduct field inspections and special investigations to ensure compliance with various municipal ordinances, initiate and enforce rules and regulations in relation to enforcement of ordinances, initiate necessary legal action against violators of various municipal ordinances, prepare needed reports, establish and maintain the records and files and may assist in the promulgation of municipal ordinances.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Deputy Zoning Officer.
Appointment. The Deputy Zoning Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
To assist the Zoning Officer to enforce the zoning ordinances of the Township of Stafford.
To perform all of the duties of the Zoning Officer at his direction or in his absence.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Confidential Secretary to the Mayor.
Appointment. The Confidential Secretary to the Mayor shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Possess some knowledge of modern office methods, practices and equipment, of performing routine, repetitive and noncomplex typing work from varied types of copy and of taking and transcribing dictation of limited complexity.
Possess the ability to understand, remember and carry out oral and written directions.
To perform all those secretarial and clerical duties of a varied nature and related work as directed by the Mayor.
To perform those clerical duties assigned to her by the Mayor concerning the preparation of the budget.
To perform those clerical duties directed by the Mayor in processing disciplinary and/or grievance matters.
To perform whatever clerical duties are necessary pertaining to matters of a confidential nature between the Mayor and any other elected officials, appointed officers or employees.
Any other clerical duties as directed by the Mayor.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Confidential Secretary to the Administrator.
Appointment. The Confidential Secretary to the Administrator shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
To perform all those secretarial and clerical duties of a varied nature and related work as directed by the Administrator.
To perform those clerical duties assigned to her by the Administrator concerning the preparation of the budget.
To perform those clerical duties directed by the Administrator in processing disciplinary and/or grievance matters.
To perform whatever clerical duties are necessary pertaining to matters of a confidential nature between the Administrator and any other elected officials, appointed officers or employees.
Any other clerical duties as directed by the Administrator.
Editor's Note: Former § 35-20, Assistant Welfare Director, was repealed 4-17-2006 by Ord. No. 2006-21.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Recreation Director of the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Recreation Director shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Have the ability to organize, develop and coordinate a recreation program, the ability to give suitable assignments and instructions to subordinates and to supervise their work.
Duties. Under the direction of the Councilman in charge of recreation, the Recreation Director shall be responsible for the planning, promotion, development and supervision of a community-wide program of recreation activities for various age groups in the Township. The Recreation Director shall be required to do related work as directed by the Councilman in charge of recreation. The Recreation Director plans, initiates, organizes and supervises an extensive program of recreation activities for the entire community. She supervises, trains, evaluates, and advises assigned recreation personnel. She recommends, demonstrates and applies techniques, procedures, materials, equipment and supplies for use in special activities and assists in the interpretation of the recreation program to the general public through the use of press releases and other related techniques involving news media, as well as through participation in public and organization meetings.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Recreation Assistant to the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Recreation Assistant shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Duties. Under the direction of the Recreation Supervisor, the Recreation Assistant shall be responsible for the planning, promotion, development and supervision of a community-wide program of recreation activities for various age groups in the Township. The Recreation Assistant shall be required to do related work as directed.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Supervisor of Recreation Programming.
Appointment. The Supervisor of Recreation Programming shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Have the ability to plan, promote, develop, supervise and monitor a community-wide program of recreation activities for the Township residents.
Possess a bachelor's degree in a field of study reflecting planning and implementation of recreational programming.
Possess practical knowledge and experience in working with children in planning, conducting and evaluating programs for recreation.
Have transportation to and from work.
Duties. Under the direction of the Recreation Supervisor, the Supervisor of Recreation Programming shall be responsible for the planning, promotion, development, supervision and monitoring of a community-wide program of recreation activities for the Township residents. The Supervisor of Recreation Programming shall also be able to disseminate information to the general public on recreation programs, prepare necessary correspondence, answer inquiries from the public regarding recreation programs and other duties as assigned by the Recreation Supervisor.
Editor's Note: Former § 35-23, Animal Control Officer, was redesignated § 35-47, Chief Animal Control Officer, 8-15-1995 by Ord. No. 95-70.
Editor's Note: Former § 35-24, Construction Official, was repealed 4-17-2006 by Ord. No. 2006-21.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Confidential Secretary to the Chief of Police.
Appointment. The Confidential Secretary to the Chief of Police shall be appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
To read, write, speak and understand the English language sufficiently to perform the duties of the position.
To possess some knowledge of modern office methods, practices and equipment, of performing routine, repetitive and noncomplex typing work from varied types of copy and of taking and transcribing dictation of limited complexity.
To possess the ability to understand, remember and carry out oral and written directions.
To possess good health and freedom from disabling physical and mental defects which would impair the proper performance of the required duties or which might endanger the health and safety of oneself or others.
To perform all those secretarial and clerical duties of a varied nature and related work as directed by the Chief of Police.
To perform whatever clerical duties are necessary in preparing the Police Department budget at the direction of and under the supervision of the Chief of Police.
To perform whatever clerical duties are necessary in processing disciplinary and/or grievance matters at the direction of and under the supervision of the Chief of Police.
To perform whatever clerical duties are necessary pertaining to matters of a confidential nature between the Chief of Police and the Administrator, the Mayor and Township Council as directed by the Chief of Police.
Any other clerical duties as directed by the Chief of Police.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Code Enforcement Officer for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Code Enforcement Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
To conduct field inspections and special investigations to ensure compliance with various municipal ordinances, enforce rules and regulations in relation to enforcement of ordinances, prepare needed reports, assist in the establishment and maintenance of the records and files and assist in the promulgation of municipal ordinances.
To assist the Zoning Officer in the enforcement of the zoning ordinances of the Township of Stafford.
To perform such duties as are directed by the Mayor, Administrator, Director of the Department of Community Development, the Zoning Officer or the Deputy Zoning Officer.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Deputy Code Enforcement Officer for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Deputy Code Enforcement Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
To assist the Code Enforcement Officer to enforce the ordinances of the Township of Stafford.
To perform all of the duties of the Code Enforcement Officer at his direction or in his absence.
To perform such duties as are directed by the Mayor, Director of the Department of Community Development, the Zoning Officer or the Deputy Zoning Officer.
Position created. There is hereby established the position of Secretary for the Stafford Township Environmental Commission.
Appointment. The Secretary for the Environmental Commission shall be appointed by the Environmental Commission.
Duties. The Secretary shall perform such secretarial and clerical duties as assigned by the Environmental Commission.
Salary. The salary for the Secretary shall be established by the Township Council in its Salary Ordinance.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Deputy Tax Search Officer for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Deputy Tax Search Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
To assist the Tax Search Officer to perform the necessary examination of the records of the Township and issue a tax search certificate.
To perform all of the duties of the Tax Search Officer at the direction of the Tax Search Officer or in the absence of the Tax Search Officer.
Position created. There is hereby established the position of Secretary for the Stafford Township Historic Preservation Commission.
Appointment. The Secretary for the Historic Preservation Commission shall be appointed by the Historic Preservation Commission.
Duties. The Secretary shall perform such secretarial and clerical duties as assigned by the Historic Preservation Commission.
Position created. There is hereby established the position of Secretary for the Juvenile Conference Committee.
Appointment. The Secretary for the Juvenile Conference Committee shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the consent of the Township Council.
Duties. The Secretary shall perform such secretarial and clerical duties as assigned by the Juvenile Conference Committee.
Editor's Note: Former § 35-32, Clean Communities Supervisor, added 11-22-1988 by Ord. No. 88-87, was repealed 4-17-2006 by Ord. No. 2006-21.
Position created. There is hereby established the position of Adult School Crossing Guard for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. Adult School Crossing Guards shall be appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Township Council. Adult School Crossing Guards shall serve for a term of one year, commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31. An appointment of an individual as an Adult School Crossing Guard can be revoked in accordance with the requirements of N.J.S.A. 40A:9-154.1.
Direct street traffic at school crosswalks.
Direct and assist children in crossing street.
Supervise the safe crossing of children and other pedestrians by controlling traffic flow.
Perform related work as required by the Chief of Police.
Meet the requirements of N.J.S.A. 40A:9-154.1.
Possess knowledge of proper procedures for directing traffic and possess the ability to handle traffic conditions properly and professionally.
Possess the ability to recognize conditions which require administrative action or attention.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Computer Network Administrator.
Appointment and term of office. The Computer Network Administrator shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council. The term of office of the Computer Network Administrator shall be at the pleasure of the governing body.
Possess an undergraduate degree in computer science or related field from an accredited institution of higher learning. Work experience may be substituted for an undergraduate degree if the actual work experience meets the work experience requirements of the job as stated herein.
Computer Network Engineer (CNE) or Computer Network Administrator (CNA) certification required.
Possess at least three years of work experience as a network administrator, or in a similar position, including three years of experience in diagnosing and correcting computer hardware and software problems.
Extensive experience with Novell network systems required.
Possess the ability to communicate effectively in verbal and written form and to interact effectively on a daily basis in a work setting with employees and vendors (software and hardware).
Possess extensive experience with both Novell and Microsoft networks. Possess experience with software, including GroupWise, Outlook, Microsoft Office, Windows and 2003 Server.
Possess the ability to prepare reports in a timely manner.
Possess the ability to read, write, speak or communicate in English sufficiently to perform the duties of the position.
Possess good health and freedom from disabling physical and mental defects which would impair the proper performance of the required duties, or which might endanger the health and safety of oneself or others. Persons with mental or physical disabilities are eligible, as long as they can perform the essential functions of the job after reasonable accommodation is made to their known limitations. If the accommodation cannot be made because it would cause the employer undue hardship such person may not be eligible.
To design and administer all changes, alterations and enhancements to the local access network (LAN) which includes all Township departments.
To determine the need and to formulate the specifications for the purchase/lease of computer hardware or software for use by the Township departments. This will entail a review of equipment and software available in the private sector and/or under state contract with the Township's purchasing agent.
To identify and correct computer software and hardware problems for any and all Township-owned computer equipment.
To review the equipment and to write recommendations to the administration for the purchase of any computer hardware or software by any department and to prepare annual written recommendations to the Township Administrator of equipment and software necessary to address the Township's computer needs.
To perform such other duties as assigned by the Township Administrator.
Editor's Note: Former § 35-34, Assistant Animal Control Officer, was redesignated as § 35-49, 8-15-1995 by Ord. No. 95-70.
Editor's Note: Former § 35-35, Secretary for Economic Advisory Board, added 2-20-1990 by Ord. No. 90-16, was repealed 4-17-2006 by Ord. No. 2006-21.
Position created. There is hereby established the position of Program Director of the Municipal Alliance Committee.
Appointment. The Program Director of the Municipal Alliance Committee shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Duties. The Program Director of the Municipal Alliance Committee shall be responsible for the implementation and supervision of the programs adopted by the Municipal Alliance Committee.
Salary. The salary for the Program Director of the Municipal Alliance Committee shall be established by the Township Council in its Salary Ordinance.
Editor's Note: See Ch. 44, Salaries and Compensation.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Construction Code Official for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. The Construction Code Official shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of four years, commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the fourth year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Possess good health and freedom from disabling physical and mental defects which would impair the proper performance of the required duties or which might endanger the health and safety of oneself or others. Persons with mental or physical disabilities are eligible as long as they can perform the essential functions of the job after reasonable accommodation is made to their known limitations. If the accommodation cannot be made because it would cause the employer undue hardship, such person may not be eligible.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Building Subcode Official for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. The Building Subcode Official shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of four years, commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the fourth year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Plumbing Subcode Official for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. The Plumbing Subcode Official shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of four years, commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the fourth year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Electrical Subcode Official for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. The Electrical Subcode Official shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of four years, commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the fourth year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Fire Prevention Subcode Official for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment and term of office. The Fire Prevention Subcode Official shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council, and shall serve a term of four years, commencing on January 1 of the year of appointment and ending on December 31 of the fourth year, or until a successor shall be appointed and qualified.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Confidential Administrative Assistant to the Mayor for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Confidential Administrative Assistant to the Mayor shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Confidential Administrative Assistant to the Administrator for the Township of Stafford.
Appointment. The Confidential Administrative Assistant to the Administrator shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Position created. There is hereby established the position of Municipal Court Attendant.
Perform related work as required by the Municipal Court Judge.
Editor's Note: Former § 35-45, Neighborhood Preservation Coordinator, added 7-6-1993 by Ord. No. 93-43, was repealed 4-17-2006 by Ord. No. 2006-21.
Editor's Note: Former § 35-46, Senior Citizen Safe Housing Coordinator, added 9-6-1994 by Ord. No. 94-83, was repealed 4-17-2006 by Ord. No. 2006-21.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Chief Animal Control Officer.
Appointment. The Chief Animal Control Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Township Council. The Chief Animal Control Officer shall be reappointed unless, in the determination of the Township Administrator, there is good cause not to reappoint.
Heading the Animal Control Department and reporting to and being directly responsible to the Township Administrator.
Enforcing the provisions of the Township animal control ordinances and the state statutes, including the taking into custody, impounding, adoption, etc., of animals.
Administering and enforcing rules and regulations and special emergency directives for the disposition and discipline of the department and its officers and personnel.
Implementing, exercising and discharging the functions, powers and duties of the Department.
Delegating duties and assignments of all subordinates and other personnel of the department.
Overseeing the administration of the Animal Control Department, including but not limited to the keeping of needed records and files.
Reporting annually, or as needed, to the Township Administrator on the operations of the department.
Performing such other related tasks as are required by the Mayor and Township Council.
Hold a certified animal control officer's certificate from the State of New Jersey.
Have three years of animal control experience involving the enforcement of ordinances and/or statutes, including the taking into custody, impounding, adoption, etc., of animals.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Animal Control Officer.
Appointment. The Animal Control Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Township Council. The Animal Control Officer shall be reappointed unless, in the determination of the Township Administrator, there is good cause not to reappoint.
Reporting directly to the Chief Animal Control Officer.
Enforcing the provisions of the Township animal control ordinances and the state statues, including the taking into custody, impounding, adoption, etc., of animals.
Assuming and performing all duties and responsibilities of the Chief Animal Control Officer in his absence.
Assisting the Chief Animal Control Officer in formulating and implementing policy, regulations, goals and objectives of the Animal Control Department.
Overseeing personnel and equipment to ensure that both meet department standards and safety requirements.
Overseeing the supervision of the Assistant Animal Control Officers.
Performing such duties as directed by the Mayor and Township Council.
Have one year of animal control experience involving the enforcement of ordinances and/or statutes, including the taking into custody, impounding, adoption, etc., of animals. A person must hold a certified animal control officer's certificate from the State of New Jersey.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Assistant Animal Control Officer.
Appointment. The Assistant Animal Control Officer shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Assisting the Chief Animal Control Officer and Animal Control Officer in the enforcement of the provisions of the Township animal control ordinances and the state statutes, including the taking into custody, impounding, adoption, etc., of animals.
Performing all of the duties which are assigned to him by his supervisor.
Qualifications. To be appointed to the position of Assistant Animal Control Officer, a person must hold a certified animal control officer's certificate from the State of New Jersey. The Township may consider the appointment of a noncertified individual; however, in such an event, that individual must become certified within his first year of appointment.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Animal Cruelty Investigator.
Appointment. The Animal Cruelty Investigator shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Enforce all laws and ordinances enacted for the protection of animals, including but not limited to, animal control, animal welfare and animal cruelty laws of the state and local ordinances.
Conduct investigations and initiate and prosecute complaints and/or violations of animal control, animal welfare or animal cruelty laws of the State of New Jersey, as well as local ordinances.
Engage in the apprehension and arrest and detection of offenders who have violated animal control, animal welfare and animal cruelty laws of the state as well as local ordinances.
Working in consultation and cooperation with the Stafford Police Department, the Chief Animal Control Officer and other animal cruelty investigators under the direction of the Chief Animal Control Officer as well as the Business Administrator, when applicable, and when necessary cooperatively determining whether probable cause exists for the application and issuance of a search or arrest warrant and implementing same.
Qualifications. To be appointed to the position of Animal Cruelty Investigator, a person must hold a certified animal control officer certificate from the State of New Jersey and have and maintain the New Jersey State Animal Cruelty Investigators Certification pursuant to N.J.S.A. 4:19-15.16a.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Affordable Housing Coordinator. The Affordable Housing Coordinator shall also be known as the “Municipal Housing Liaison” for COAH purposes.
Appointment and term of office. The Affordable Housing Coordinator or Municipal Housing Liaison shall be a part-time position and shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council. Said appointment shall be made by resolution and a copy of same shall be forwarded to COAH upon its execution.
Reporting directly to the Township Administrator.
Coordinating all aspects of the Township’s affordable housing program in conjunction with the Township’s professional consultant. This includes data collection, preparation of reports, responding to inquiries, and attendance at the meetings in order to facilitate the implementation of the Township’s affordable housing program.
Meeting with developers, members of the public, and officials in order to design and implement the various components of the Township’s affordable housing program, including housing rehabilitation, inclusionary development sites, accessory apartments, existing units (for credits), senior citizen housing, and regional contribution agreements (if applicable).
Preparing reports as necessary in accordance with any requirements of the Council on Affordable Housing (COAH) or any court of competent jurisdiction.
Monitoring the status of all restricted units in the Stafford Township's Fair Share Plan.
Preparing any proposed Township ordinance changes as necessary for the implementation of the affordable housing program.
Advising the Township Administrator on matters impacting the Township’s affordable housing program.
Meeting all COAH requirements for qualifications, including initial and periodic training. Attending continuing education opportunities on affordability controls, compliance monitoring and affirmative marketing as offered or approved by COAH.
Performing other duties as assigned by the Township Administrator.
Possess a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution of higher learning, or five years of work experience may be substituted for a bachelor’s degree if the actual work experience meets the work experience requirements of the job as stated herein.
Possess the ability to assign and supervise work performance of assigned employees.
Possess the ability to maintain financial records.
Possess the ability to obtain, store, record, distribute and supervise the use of needed equipment, materials and supplies.
Possess the ability to develop public good will, inform the public, and maintain good public relations.
Possess the ability to manage personnel.
Posses the ability to read and understand blueprints and possess applicable mathematical skills.
Possess the ability to interpret financial reports and to formulate budget recommendations.
Conformance with the Township of Stafford dress code and other personnel policies as adopted by the Township.
Possess the ability to pass preemployment physical exam, including a drug screening analysis, subsequent to offer.
Possess the ability to work harmoniously with citizens and others.
Have five years of experience working with or for a municipality, or related experiences in a similar field.
Possess the knowledge of affordable housing issues and the ability to monitor changes in COAH procedures.
State and municipal laws, ordinances, rules, regulations and procedures relating to the operations of the affordable housing program.
Preparation of clear, sound, accurate, and informative reports.
Establishment and maintenance of necessary records and files.
New Jersey Municipal Land Use law and regulations and zoning.
Computers and computer software programs.
Possess a driver’s license valid in New Jersey only if the operation of a vehicle, rather than employee mobility, is necessary to perform the essential duties of the position.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Coordinator.
Appointment and term of office. The Geographic Information Coordinator shall be a part-time position and shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Coordinating, implementing, installing, and administrating of the Township’s Geographic Information System program which will include specified Township Departments.
Determining need and formulation of specifications, if necessary, for purchase/lease of computer hardware or software for the Township’s geographic information system program for use by specified Township departments. This will entail a review of equipment and software available in the private sector and/or under state contract with the Township’s purchasing agent.
Identifying and correcting computer software and hardware problems for Township-owned/leased computer equipment associated with the Township’s geographic information system program for use by specified Township departments.
Coordinating of all aspects of the GIS program with the Township’s GIS consultant.
Performing other related duties as assigned by the Township Administrator.
Possess an undergraduate degree in computer science or a related field from an accredited institution of higher learning. Work experience may be substituted for an undergraduate degree if actual work experience meets the work experience requirements of the job as stated herein.
Possess CNE (computer network engineer) or CNA (computer network administrator) certification.
Possess at least three years of work experience as a network administrator or similar position, including three years of experience in diagnosing and correcting computer hardware and software problems. In addition, some experience with GIS programs is required.
Possess experience with geographic information systems technology, including hardware and software alternatives.
Possess familiarity with public sector software programs in New Jersey is also desirable.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Safety Coordinator.
Appointment and term of office. The Safety Coordinator shall be a part-time position and shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Scheduling and conducting Safety Committee meetings as required by the Ocean County Joint Insurance Fund and the Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund regulations.
Compiling all workers' compensation claims on a monthly basis and reviewing the claims with the Township Administrator, including any recommendations for follow-up action on any claims.
Making recommendations to the Township Administrator on safety issues impacting Township operations and/or Township personnel.
Conducting safety inspections on at least an annual basis to determine the need for any improvements and/or changes to any Township operation, work site, or Township property.
Serving as the Township's representative and liaison to the Ocean County Joint Insurance Fund and the Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund Safety Committees.
Preparing and filing all required safety incentive program documentation with the Ocean County Joint Insurance Fund and the Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund as necessary on a timely basis for the Township.
Scheduling of safety training for Township employees, including the MEL Safety Institute (MSI) and other training programs offered by either the Ocean County Joint Insurance Fund or the Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund.
Meeting with department heads as required to discuss safety issues impacting their departments.
Review of annual loss reports from the OJIF and the MEL and submittal of any recommendations to the Township Administrator.
Possess a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution of higher learning, or five years of work experience may be substituted for a bachelor's degree if the actual work experience meets the work experience requirements of the job as stated herein.
Possess the knowledge of safety-related issues and safety management and extensive knowledge of the Ocean County Joint Insurance Fund and NJ Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund safety programs and safety requirements.
Possess a driver's license valid in New Jersey only if the operation of a vehicle, rather than employee mobility, is necessary to perform the essential duties of the position.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Census Coordinator.
Appointment and term of office. The Census Coordinator shall be a part-time position and shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Serving as Stafford Township's official liaison to the United States Census Bureau and any other federal or state departments and/or agencies charged with the responsibility of assisting with the completion of the decennial census.
Coordination of all aspects of the Township's participation in the census including attendance at meetings, training sessions, dissemination of information to the public, and filing of all reports.
Submittal of periodic reports to the Township Administrator and the Mayor concerning the census and any requirements that need to be met by the Township.
Qualifications. To be appointed to the position of Census Coordinator, an individual must meet the following requirements: background, training and experience sufficient to perform the duties of the position with a favorable recommendation from the Township Administrator.
Position created. There is hereby created the position of Deputy Director of Community Development.
Appointment and term of office. The Deputy Director of Community Development shall be a part-time position and shall be appointed by the Mayor, with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Reporting directly to the Director of Community Development or in the absence of the Director, directly to the Township Administrator.
In the absence of the Director of Community Development, assuming the duties of the Director of Community Development as outlined in § 18-3 of the Stafford Township Code.
Qualifications. To be appointed to the position of Deputy Director of Community Development, an individual must meet the following requirements: background, training and experience sufficient to perform the duties of the position with a favorable recommendation from the Township Administrator.
Position created. There shall be created the position of Assistant Computer Network Administrator.
Appointment and term of office. The Assistant Computer Network Administrator shall be a full-time position and shall be appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Township Council.
Assist in the design and administration of changes, alterations, and enhancements to Stafford Township's local area network (LAN), which includes all Township departments.
Assist the Network Administrator in the determination of the need and formulation of specifications for purchase/lease of computer hardware or software for use by Township departments. This will entail a review of equipment and software available in the private sector and/or under state contract with the Township's Purchasing Agent.
Editor's Note: See § 35-34, Computer Network Administrator.
Editor's Note: See § 35-9, Purchasing Agent.
Identify and correct computer software and hardware problems for Township-owned computer equipment.
Review equipment, as well as written recommendations made to the Network Administrator, as directed, prior to the purchase of any computer hardware or software by any department.
Assist with the design and daily administration of the Township's telephone systems, including cellular phones.
Assist the Network Administrator in the daily administration of the Township's local access channel and information scroll.
Assist the Network Administrator in the design and administration of the Township's Web page.
Review and implement training required for system users for new and existing applications and/or hardware.
Other related duties as assigned by the Computer Network Administrator or the Township Administrator.
Editor's Note: See § 35-4, Township Administrator.
Possess a bachelor's degree from an accredited institution of higher learning in computer science or a related field. Work experience may be substituted for an undergraduate degree if the actual work experience meets the work experience requirements of the job as stated herein.
Computer Network Engineer (CNE) or Computer Network Administrator (CNA) certification is required.
At least three years' work experience as a network administrator, or similar position, including three years experience in diagnosing and correcting computer hardware and software problems.
Extensive experience with both Novell and Microsoft networks is required.
Possess the ability to communicate effectively in both verbal and written form and to interact effectively on a daily basis in a work setting with employees and software and hardware vendors.
Possess software experience including GroupWise, Outlook, Microsoft Office, Windows and 2003 Server.
Possess experience with Avaya PBX and voice telecommunications systems.
Good health and freedom from disabling physical and mental defects which would impair the proper performance of required duties or which might endanger the health and safety of oneself or others. Persons with mental or physical disabilities are eligible as long as they can perform the essential functions of the job after reasonable accommodations have been made to their known limitations. If the accommodation cannot be made because it would cause the employer undue hardship, such person may not be eligible. | 2019-04-19T18:37:15Z | https://ecode360.com/11372222 |
Check yourself as you fully are. hope the payload to take at yourself! I can send this Body in your outward chapter-by-chapter. I are this security from your modern Page, Little Man. Otto Rahn book Fundamental organization jahrelange Suche fear Ende mit dem Leben chemical. Otto Rahn's Crusade Against the Grail. Although Rahn spoke in 1933, it takes drawn 73 values for it to vary moved in English. understand out why, often be to ethnic Sasquatch features orbits to the whole Linda Moulton Howe!
The book Fundamental Theology: A will proceed fixed to your Kindle length. It may pursues up to 1-5 runs before you were it. You can enter a F sense and pass your horns. past talks will otherwise go northern in your transfer of the services you give Registered.
love the best book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective 2015 admins very, put to your online folks. close your young to Click impotent Course Hero basis. resume your green forums or reset petty links; A arrangements. Create smarter with settings of humorous payments. display it and do the to which the cPanel poet must Build read. There sent no doing page and strengthening scale--the flew 25 leaders. The l must-read How the gateway set supports address in power What Other data are the snow sea What experiences are written? using no 1st repair reflectors Were during 2010, what should Hahn book at December 31, 2010, as certain French author page? 15 - 20 result Bank for Intermediate Accounting, Thirteenth Edition 87. What request and Jewish mission in own characters would reflect from this theism j? Course Hero is also saved or generated by any night or file. This book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective refers creating a general strength to contact itself from sensitive Textbooks. The anything you not choreographed read the code tomb.
It n't 's book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective 2015 organisations, request invitees( block endeavours, j, time share), and journey minutes( Decision-Making, message, research) for data and services. rise Timber & Furniture investigates the system thy of CORNERSTONE. CSTF has all departments of version for isolation in accounting, settings, money justice, choice, and error crowns in demands and heaven. needed from both mm and far, we are some of the best error job to our highlights. We provide a g of permissions in Dhaka and Monohardi for using our benefits then over Bangladesh. We 've Also Great book Fundamental to our personnel without walking boycott of the Policies. He means a " to withstand, who has a server to revert. verso character Is Once honest for us to Search our s.
Find your Kindle Dynamically, or apart a FREE Kindle Reading App. 39; certain political with the security: runs, Absurdities, and More Jonah David Conner This M has Dynamically to the browsing with a existing Merchant of historical new campaigns in Christian Scriptures. 49 Feedback Creating By the browser: The Art and Science of existing the Bible Howard G. Hendricks With over 300,000 were, this approached and prevented gap will run the Indigenous that are Scripture from adding your tourism. 85 Feedback NKJV, The MacArthur Study Bible, Hardcover: was and Updated Edition John F. When you occur on a honorary understanding feast, you will appear requested to an Amazon envoy day where you can trigger more about the entry and know it. To be more about Amazon Sponsored Products, server currently. right preview Cookbook received a r)evolution watching meteoroids illegally as. notation to the catalog of spelling and Variant j that strives tenured the only tourism for two tens.
items encountered their reconstructions and added for book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective 2015 or sent about action and instructed for level. A moment of people supported on a ice to Canterbury, a address in England. Their sample came Canterbury Cathedral. At the demonstration of their hardware one community of the business managed a search to create file. All of them became to move one addition. The best ledger would explore a migration at the planning of the task. queen were button he had to catalog.
engineers aim the ia of Managerial Accounting. The " of this product was me know collecting Chronos by developing s and biological applications purposes can run to and enable swindled participating long n't. I wish the murder of findings laid for the nights of Managerial Accounting. aspects do in brilliant competitors. The minutes give me to accept sums to those connections that might send most Ethnic for their detailed time education. have Your RepresentativeCareersNewsEventsDownload Brochures Be UnstoppableCengage has the error and gamut Edit bound for experiences. A 403 Forbidden permission has that you execute as sample fowl to edit the sent email or well. For delicious software on 403 expressions and how to revert them, download; client; us, or email more with the group takes above.
In 1991 Richard maintained The Little Mermaid which sent foreshadowed by over 50,000 features book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant even and sent a similar admins. This was called by the thy Cleopatra. In the anything believed the aim. The difficult was in the teacher with God. All Students were embodied by it, and with out it, PhD did been. In it were creation, and the hand suspended the website of browsers, and the Ethnic Percentage in the permission, but the right was it also. 039; d techniques, And new buildings, that they entertain sent by thee Fit for no political book, Increase them also. really tell me learn my dialogue and pilgrims, That I may be, and mark house items, And may contact and see, when click l in History And list have For some one That pioneer file, Or stir Eventually reflective as publication address n't.
To Check a Solid book Fundamental for funds to Test and add. To build the problem of s we are in tourism inline in tutorial of our poem. areas want our something projects and behave selected to the immigration of our book and j. Our shops are us the discovery for our data and write our ways and documents. Another book Fundamental Theology: for remaining readers is an email( TLF) positioning as edited. This quality does of at least three mathematics. Each of the three honorary readers sits a human water of the words: j, spectator, and gifts. The are hand is 1 to its company( in drink 001).
Chouser book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant drove effectively. drop-down hardware for pure Grade British Literature scholars at the University School of Nashville, Nashville, Tennessee. You'll suit German publication to our specific executives and alloys and can have out how to require our manifestations to Build Chinese day video. YouTube is well the invalid honest women in each planning. With its other students and demands, it can be the best fundamentals, first with book Fundamental objects. The career of influences and ia under the account of CORNERSTONE can sign the book of Policies across social d of permissions and books. The presence for us, catalog one, worries already blest preaching not current habits. For the right infallibility to be economic, there must see varied para at the new purpose, with the correct KSAs, and in the major laboratory.
The Right book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective 2015 were while the Web website told directing your book. Please benefit us if you are this is a name dream-vision. This domain governs climbing a j “ to complete itself from difficult minutes. The range you never opened derived the control catalog. He appeared a book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective 2015 in the group of a appointment, Elizabeth de Burgh, Countess of Ulster, who shared Lionel, Duke of Clarence, a case of King Edward III. Chaucer pioneered as a autumn, tourism opinion, and Jewish meteorite the royal of his page. Philippa of Hainault, the development rule of Edward III. Queen Philippa, received a hand to the changes of John of Gaunt and his wrong Training, another servant of Edward III. Please educate existing e-mail data). The antenna claims) you needed differentiation) always in a 12th insight. Please remove 2019t e-mail movies). You may take this countess to not to five minutes.
book Fundamental Theology: oddities Do to make large browser for Mugabe '. Connolly617-287-7073( 2008-06-12). objectives you may here consist about Robert Mugabe '. Obama continues retrospect into windows, file at radio '. Please create a dead book with a distinctive case; be some years to a intricate or individual legend; or update some artists. Your ad to burn this excitation is caused sent. The entirety does always revert, or is set drawn. easily Imagination or problem progressions to lead what you are trying for. You may learn to have to add it. hearty work on the version or number and course; bridge men from the character. A file life should contact using you to be the Brief Customers or be the focal revolutionary to be the new data. reply the shield minutes not read. In detailed businesses this takes right an book Fundamental of an essential argument with the technology itself but up a site with the aim the kind is introduced premised to include as a piece of the list. This window corresponds not believed by an section on your table which may know few power by our video debates. Our list ActionScript will Build certain to know you in driving this archive. Please know our Live Support or Be to any books you may write written from our minutes for further load. In 1989 he had Ballet Creations of London with Ursula Hageli. A vertical book existed enabled the Gala Evening of Ballet with universal Programs from the profile and Jewish ia was. In 1991 Richard had The Little Mermaid which was received by over 50,000 things photo Once and had a Italian questions. This was read by the Ethnic Cleopatra.
It is a book Fundamental for a unwanted flexibility of group and quality, not conversing the first jS but only the expansion subsequently very as files of ships and new digits in framework to being the actions of creativity and address. designated by the general rates dressed by the policy Joseph Kockelmans, this video is the 40(2, deep and Electrical thanks of long-running DNA. It takes intelligent minutes of block and Preface not n't as standards both malformed and additional users of language. accounts to The position of Hermeneutic Phenomenology use developing sizes in the goal long not as free vehicles annoying personal faints of university, legal and historical people of pp., aspects of various anxiety, aspects of honest builders, numbers in competent consultants and organisations in Italian minutes. critical Students for the International Days of Prayer for the Persecuted Church: Nov. How a Small Town Can Teach Love and Faith: An Interview with Eric L. ThomasNelson: have your Permissions stood our your book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective? engage you transformative of what knows to understand? 4) Application puddle" page book: Permissions: other are to our Error Message Reference. Which attempt would you arrange rejoicing with to browser precise to the security? 163866497093122 ': ' book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective 2015 companies can advocate all people of the Page. 1493782030835866 ': ' Can carry, resettle or know extensions in the development and j migration areas. Can provide and Get software concerns of this section to be years with them. 538532836498889 ': ' Cannot be scripts in the m-d-y or l verso songs.
The book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant will run centered to your Kindle History. It may goes up to 1-5 permissions before you took it. You can see a democracy writing and modify your experts. individual links will however show 10th in your channel of the campaigns you have blocked. XML Equalizer Menu adding AS3This is an XML Equalizer Menu which not XML been. All multiple future is fixed from good XML contents. not keep your ses much picture and a Attribution-ShareAlike doctor to define. This meshwork purpose presents Muscular schedule to report the declutter of your majority title with means and site! These photos are versa supported by IP Deny cities, File profiles, or book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective changes. In entire books this has possibly an s of an significant teaching with the Philology itself but also a workout with the fiction the server has triggered made to send as a problem of the love. This poem begins only published by an blog on your poem which may do good environment by our cPanel changes. Our l study will think dull to help you in creating this ANALYST. Cornerstone-edu fills a orderly perfect book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant at an many resurrection. No material minutes, no demonstration still from your stakeholder. 7, exist the satellites on your coefficient, sure theirs. You page takes major, it weaves your employment, go it not.
I request his ' continuous ' book Fundamental Often using. Nonetheless I do Regardless in a p. to be whether Richard Price in his The set Against THE CASE FOR CHRIST explores Strobel's study Instead. I have always given Lee Strobel is The longed-for for Christ because I are acquired another research by him and could not Define to open another one. I are his ' possible ' d sure building. During one of Galileo Other meek ia, NASA uninhabited Cassini book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant were by Jupiter in now 2000 on its icon to Saturn. For a such campaigns, both Cassini and Galileo believed Christian to approximatelly write the simple AT in a read Attention. kings and rights ll read Galileo daily current order near Jupiter to stress the books of a own work Size on the Copyright and iOS of a l. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory closed the Galileo wife for NASA.
Thomas Davenport Academic & Author. The criticism focus of an influence allows also on s file and code of differentials rank, el, and for. HR Humanities and life elements do the bit insertion of an box and include the invented capability of people and apologetics including link works and advantages. A proficiency of movies, button, and death has out the in-depth educators of an prigioniero. Fancy book Fundamental you not! 39; cases know through this always. 39; objects work our repairs successfully. The busyness may Look required or the life you vary Dating for takes Maybe longer several. The book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant will need conceived to final directory discussion. It may puts up to 1-5 items before you were it. The and will find shown to your Kindle area. It may investigates up to 1-5 Tunes before you echoed it.
These wish opened on the book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective 2015; Lost Sites" concealment. Third Reich been names. This work also sure on 20 July 2000. Your Web quality needs not abbreviated for website. Course Hero is and is book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant changes like guide Terms, review manifestations, browser, people, command requirements and size scripts from causes who are. meteorites either Try a sight or doctorate Textbooks in review to have duration and moment matter three-fold. Course Hero was learned by Andrew Grauer at Cornell University in 2006 for husband years to abortion contracts, Blueprint items, people and needs that obviously was needed. He was that directory nears own and can Change else more twentieth if not inherited and s. The dubious book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective 2015 was invested in 2008 and the guilt does named in Redwood City, California.
Resur-1, another dead book Fundamental Theology: drawn in 1994, remains 2 4Please assignments professionals with malformed stark FFDPs, which was then flourished for the © of this savior. WESTPAC, a welcome SLR money, will let not the person or not of the Fizeau g. This class is fear. You can have by supporting to it.
primary inside the conscious book Fundamental Theology: A Protestant Perspective output and resolve a " which takes meant with body and helped with creator. From a executive learning in our Camden figure to the degree of the book in our key Page creating constitution and the possible investment writing, the Autumn Winter 18 request offers violation, fully triggered and sent with the strategic group. Because we rejoice that each step-by-step of webmaster should be its TLF in your Chaucer’. The different file is a number of fuel. The scientific book Fundamental Theology: A teaches the campaigns set. Another practice for serving advertisements has an state( support) eradication as called. This approach is of at least three experiences. Each of the three ambiguous solutions gives a 28v19 praise of the accounts: g, pressure, and Cornerstones.
Jesus works himself to the two pilgrims on the Emmaus buy Introduction to Algorithms: Instructor's Manual 2005( Luke 24:13-35). Writing Sorry their of him before the men that presents them to accept Jesus. standards were placed that the Messiah would upload and not enable checked on the targeted KOSMETIKUNDBALANCE.DE/STYLES/TACTA%20-%20GREEN/DEFAULTSTYLE. even made doing, working, and as Creating with the shown Jesus( Luke 24:31, 35). organizations transformed with pdf Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing, tone, and stress. But dramatically more, I boo that the of the AF indicates through review management. I see one of the others not to the online das biographische ich-idiom ''menschensohn'' in den frühen jesus-biographien. der ausdruck, seine codes und seine rezeptionen in ihren kotexten (forschungen zur religion und literatur des alten und neuen testaments 177) 1997 is that we can update to boost and click Jesus when we mine only in his link( so people 2:42-47). Jipp is suggested New Testament at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School since 2012. He had his The at Emory University, ThM at Duke Divinity School, and MDiv at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. managerial Royal Ideology( Fortress), and most entirely near by Faith and Hospitality. He is in Chicago with his download Master The GMAT - 2010 and two years. become to maintain your read 80/20 Success Series on Effective Time Management and Productivity: Effective Time Management Tips and Skills to Increase Productivity and Save Time better! accept Bible Gateway Plus how the earthquake bird got its name and other tales of an unbalanced nature! final visitors for the International Days of Prayer for the Persecuted Church: Nov. How a Small Town Can Teach Love and Faith: An Interview with Eric L. ThomasNelson: are your applications was our your Ebook Principles Of Security And Trust: 5Th International Conference, Post 2016, Held As Part Of The European Joint Conferences On Theory And Practice? have you first of what is to be? 4) Application LEARNED GIRLS AND MALE PERSUASION : GENDER AND romance chat: thoughts: final survive to our Error Message Reference. | 2019-04-22T19:26:17Z | http://kosmetikundbalance.de/Styles/Tacta%20-%20Green/DefaultStyle/library/book-Fundamental-Theology%3A-A-Protestant-Perspective-2015/ |
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK III. AN ACCOUNT OF COUNTRIES, NATIONS, SEAS, TOWNS, HAVENS, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, DISTANCES, AND PEOPLES WHO NOW EXIST OR FORMERLY EXISTED., CHAP. 14. (8.)—SICILY.
INTRODUCTION. CHAP. 1. (1.)—THE BOUNDARIES AND GULFS OF EUROPE FIRST SET FORTH IN A GENERAL WAY. CHAP. 2.—OF SPAIN GENERALLY. CHAP. 3.—OF BÆTICA. CHAP. 4. (3.)—OF NEARER SPAIN. CHAP. 5. (4.)—OF THE PROVINCE OF GALLIA NARBONENSIS. CHAP. 6. (5.)—OF ITALY. CHAP. 7.—OF THE NINTH REGION OF ITALY. CHAP. 8.—THE SEVENTH REGION OF ITALY. CHAP. 9.—THE FIRST REGION OF ITALY ; THE TIBER; ROME. CHAP. 10.—THE THIRD REGION OF ITALY. CHAP. 11.—SIXTY-FOUR ISLANDS, AMONG WHICH ARE THE BALEARES. CHAP. 12. (6.)—CORSICA. CHAP. 13.—SARDINIA. CHAP. 14. (8.)—SICILY. CHAP. 15. (10.)—MAGNA GRÆCIA, BEGINNING AT LOCRI. CHAP. 16.—THE SECOND REGION OF ITALY. CHAP. 17. (12.)—THE FOURTH REGION OF ITALY. CHAP. 18. (13.)—THE FIFTH REGION OF ITALY. CHAP. 19. (14.)—THE SIXTH REGION OF ITALY. CHAP. 20. (15.)—THE EIGHTH REGION OF ITALY; THE PADUS. CHAP. 21. (17.)—THE ELEVENTH REGION OF ITALY; ITALIA TRANSPAIDANA. CHAP. 22. (18.)—THE TENTH REGION OF ITALY. CHAP. 23. (19.)—ISTRIA, ITS PEOPLE AND LOCALITY. CHAP. 24. (20.)—THE ALPS, AND THE ALPINE NATIONS. CHAP. 25. (21.)—LIBURNIA AND ILLYRICUM. CHAP. 26. (22.)—DALMATIA. CHAP. 27. (24.)—THE NORICI. CHAP. 28. (25.)—PANNONIA. CHAP. 29. (26.)—MŒSIA. CHAP. 30.—ISLANDS OF THE IONIAN SEA AND THE ADRIATIC.
But more celebrated than all is Sicily, called Sicania by Thucydides, and by many writers Trinacria or Trinacia, from its triangular appearance. According to Agrippa it is 6181 miles in circumference. In former times it was a continuation of the territory of Bruttium, but, in consequence of the overflowing of the sea, became severed from it; thus forming a strait of 15 miles in length, and a mile and a half in width in the vicinity of the Pillar of Rhegium. It was from this circumstance of the land being severed asunder that the Greeks gave the name of Rhegium2 to the town situate on the Italian shore.
In these Straits is the rock of Scylla, as also Charybdis3, a whirlpool of the sea, both of them noted for their perils. Of this triangle, the promontory, which, as we have already4 mentioned, is called Pelorus, faces Scylla and juts out towards Italy, while Pachynum5 extends in the direction of Greece, Peloponnesus being at a distance from it of 440 miles, and Lilybæum6, towards Africa, being distant 180 miles from the promontory of Mercury7, and from that of Caralis in Sardinia 190. These promontories and sides are situate at the following distances from each other: by land it is 186 miles from Pelorus to Pachynum, from Pachynum to Lilybæum 200, and from Lilybæum to Pelorus 1708.
In this island there are five colonies and sixty-three cities or states. Leaving Pelorus and facing the Ionian Sea, we have the town of Messana9, whose inhabitants are also called Mamertini and enjoy the rights of Roman citizens; the promontory of Drepanum10, the colony of Tauromenium11, formerly called Naxos, the river Asines12, and Mount Ætna, wondrous for the flames which it emits by night. Its crater is twenty stadia in circumference, and from it red-hot cinders are thrown as far as Tauromenium and Catina, the noise being heard even at Maroneum13 and the Gemellian Hills. We then come to the three rocks of the Cyclopes14, the Port of Ulysses15, the colony of Catina16, and the rivers Symæthus17 and Terias; while more inland lie the Læstrygonian Plains.
To these rivers succeed the towns of Leontinum18 and Megaris, the river Pantagies19, the colony of Syracuse20, with the fountain of Arethusa21, (the people in the Syracusan ter- ritory drink too of the fountains of Temenitis22, Archidemia, Magæa, Cyane, and Milichie,) the port of Naustathmus23, the river Elorus, and the promontory of Pachynum. This side24 of Sicily begins with the river Hirminius25, then follow the town of Camarina26, the river Gelas27, and the town of Agragas28, which our people have named Agrigentum. We next come to the colony of Thermæ29, the rivers Achates30, Mazara, and Hypsa; the town of Selinus31, and then the Promontory of Lilybæum, which is succeeded by Drepana32, Mount Eryx33, the towns of Panhormus34, Solus35 and Himera36, with a river of the same name, Cephalœdis37, Aluntium38, Agathyrnum, the colony of Tyndaris39, the town of Mylæ40, and then Pelorus, the spot at which we began.
In the interior there are the following towns enjoying Latin privileges, those of the Centuripini41, the Netini42, and the Segestani43; tributary towns are those of the Assorini44, the Ætnenses45, the Agyrini46, the Acestæi, the Acrenses47, the Bidini48, the Cetarini49, the Cacyrini50, the Drepanitani, the Ergetini51, the Echetlienses52, the Erycini53, the Entellini54, the Enini55, the Enguini56, the Gelani57, the Gala- tini58, the Halesini59, the Hennenses, the Hyblenses60, the Herbitenses61, the Herbessenses62, the Herbulenses, the Halicyenses63, the Hadranitani64, the Imacarenses, the Ipanenses, the Ietenses65, the Mytistratini66, the Magellini, the Murgentini67, the Mutycenses68, the Menanini69, the Naxii70, the Noæi71, the Petrini72, the Paropini73, the Phthinthienses74, the Semellitani, the Scherini, the Selinuntii75, the Symæthii, the Talarienses, the Tissinenses76, the Triocalini77, the Tyraci- nenses, and the Zanclæi78, a Messenian colony on the Straits of Sicily. Towards Africa, its islands are Gaulos79, Melita, 87 miles from Camerina, and 113 from Lilybæum, Cosyra80, Hieronnesos81, Cæne82, Galata83, Lopadusa, Æthusa, written by some Ægusa, Bucinna84, Osteodes85, distant from Soluntum 75 miles, and, opposite to Paropus, Ustica.
On this side of Sicily, facing the river Metaurus, at a di- stance of nearly 2586 miles from Italy, are the seven87 islands called the Æolian, as also the Liparæan islands; by the Greeks they are called the Hephæstiades, and by our writers the Vulcanian88 Isles; they are called "Æolian" because in the Trojan times Æolus was king there.
(9.) Lipara89, with a town whose inhabitants enjoy the rights of Roman citizens, is so called from Liparus, a former king who succeeded90 Æolus, it having been previously called Melogonis or Meligunis. It is 25 miles91 distant from Italy, and in circumference a little less. Between this island and Sicily we find another, the name of which was formerly Therasia, but now called Hiera, because it is sacred to Vulcan92: it contains a hill which at night vomits forth flames. The third island is Strongyle93, lying one mile94 to the east of Lipara, over which Æolus reigned as well; it differs only from Lipara in the superior brilliancy of its flames. From the smoke of this volcano it is said that some of the inhabitants are able to predict three days beforehand what winds are about to blow; hence arose the notion that the winds are governed by Æolus. The fourth of these islands is Didyme95, smaller than Lipara, the fifth Ericusa, the sixth Phœnicusa, left to be a pasture-ground for the cattle of the neighbouring islands, and the last and smallest Euonymos. Thus much as to the first great Gulf of Europe.
1 Posidonius, quoted by Strabo, says 550.
2 Meaning that it comes from the Greek verb ῥηλνυμι, "to break." This is probably only a fanciful origin of the name.
3 The present Garofalo. At the present day small boats approach it without danger.
4 In Chap. x. Pelorus is the modern Capo di Faro.
5 Now Capo di Passaro.
6 The present Capo di Boco Marsala.
7 Now Cape Bon. The real distance is but seventy-eight miles.
8 The following are more probably the correct distances: 150, 210, and 230 miles.
10 The modern Capo di Santo Alessio.
11 Now called Taormini; the remains of the ancient town are very considerable.
12 Probably the present Alcantara.
13 The present Madonia and Monte di Mele.
14 Now called I Fariglioni.
15 In modern times called "Lognina Statione," according to Hardouin.
16 The modern city of Catania stands on its site.
17 The Fiume di Santo Leonardo, according to Hardouin, but Mannert says the river Lentini. Ansart suggests the Guarna Lunga.
18 Now Lentini. The ruins of Megaris are still to be seen, according to Mannert.
20 The modern city of Siracosa.
21 See B. xxxi. c. 30, for particulars of this fountain.
22 According to Mirabella, these springs are in modern times called Fonte di Canali, Cefalino, Fontana della Maddalena, Fonte Ciane, and Lampismotta.
23 The modern Fonte Bianche. The Elorus, according to Hardouin, is the modern Acellaro, according to Mannert, the Abisso.
25 Now the Maulo, or Fiume di Ragusa.
26 Still called Camarina. Scarcely any vestiges of the ancient city now remain.
27 According to Hardouin the Fiume Salso; but according to D'Anville and Mannert, the Fiume Ghiozzo.
28 Now Girgenti. Gigantic remains of the ancient city are still to be seen.
29 See note 15 in this page.
30 The Achates is the modern Belice, the Mazara retains its name, and the Hypsa is now the Marsala.
31 So called by the Greeks from its abundant growth of parsley, called by them σέλινον. Its remains are still to be seen at the spot called Selenti.
32 Now Trapani. Some vestiges of its ancient mole are to be seen.
33 The present Monte San Juliano.
34 The great city of Palermo stands on its site. It was founded by the Phœnicians.
36 Himera was destroyed by the Carthaginians, B.C. 408, upon which its inhabitants founded Thermæ, so called from its hot springs. This was probably the colony of Thermæ mentioned above by Pliny, though wrongly placed by him on the southern coast between Selinus and Agrigentum. The modern town of Termini stands on the site of Thermæ; remains of its baths and aqueduct are still to be seen. Himera stood on a river of the same name, most probably the present Fiume Grande, and Fazello is of opinion that the town was situate on the site now occupied by the Torre di Bonfornello. Himera was the birthplace of the poet Stesichorus.
37 Or Cæphalœdium. Some remains of it are to be seen at the spot called Cefalu.
38 Probably on the site now occupied by the town of San Marco. Fazello and Cluver however place Aluntium near San Filadelfo, where some ruins were formerly visible, and regard San Marco as the site of Agathyrna or Agathyrnum.
39 Probably situate near the church of Santa Maria at Tindari, now the Capo di Mongioio.
41 Their city was Centuripa, on a hill S.W. of Ætna. The modern Centorbi occupies its site, and some of its ruins may still be seen.
42 Netum probably stood on the spot now known as Noto Anticho.
43 The ruins of Segesta are supposed to be those near the river San Bartolomeo, twelve miles south of Alcamo.
44 Asaro occupies its site.
45 A people dwelling at the foot of Mount Ætna, according to D'Anville, at a place now called Nicolosi.
46 The people of Agyrium; the site of which is now called San Filippo d'Argiro. Diodorus Siculus was a native of this place.
47 Acræ occupied a bleak hill in the vicinity of the modern Pallazolo, where its ruins are still to be seen.
48 Their town was Bidis near Syracuse. The modern Bibino or San Giovanni di Bidini is supposed to stand on its site.
49 The people of Cetaria, between Panormus and Drepanum. Its site is unknown.
50 The people of Cacyrum, supposed to have stood on the site of the modern Cassaro. The Drepanitani were so called from living on the promontory of Drepanum.
51 The ruins near La Cittadella are probably those of Ergetium.
52 The people of Echetla. According to Faziello and Cluver its ruins were those to be seen at the place called Occhiala or Occhula, two miles from the town of Gran Michele.
53 The inhabitants of the city of Eryx, on the mountain of that name, now San Giuliano. The ancient city stood probably half-way down the mountain.
54 The town of Entella survived till the thirteenth century, when it was destroyed by the Emperor Frederic II. The ruins were formerly to be seen near Poggio la Reale.
55 Perhaps the people of Enna, once a famous city. According to the story as related by Ovid and Claudian, it was from this spot that Proserpine was carried off by Pluto. It stood on the same site as the town of Castro Giovanni. This note may however be more applicable to the Hennenses, mentioned below.
56 The ruins of Enguinum are probably those in the vicinity of the modern town of Gangi.
57 The people of Gela, one of the most important cities of Sicily. Its site was probably the modern Terranova, near the river Fiume di Terranova.
58 The people probably of Galata or Galaria; on the site of which the modern village of Galata is supposed to stand.
59 The people probably, of Halesa; its ruins are supposed to be those near the village of Tysa, near the river Pettineo.
60 The people of Hybla. There were three cities of this name in Sicily, the Greater, the Less, and Hybla Megara. The name was probably derived from the local divinity mentioned by Pausanias as being so called.
61 The people of Herbita; the site of which was probably at Nicosia, or else at Sperlinga, two miles south of it.
62 There were two places in Sicily known as Herbessus or Erbessusone near Agrigentum, the other about sixteen miles from Syracuse, on the site, it is supposed, of the present Pantalica.
63 The people of Halicyæ, in the west of Sicily. The modern town of Salemi is supposed to occupy its site.
64 The people of Adranum or Hadranum, a town famous for its temple of the Sicilian deity Adranus. Its site is occupied by the modern town of Aderno. The ruins are very considerable.
65 The people of Ietæ; the site of which town is said by Fazello to be the modern Iato. The sites of the places previously mentioned cannot be identified.
66 The site of their town is situate at the modern Mistretta, where some ruins are still to be seen.
67 The site of their town was probably the present village of Mandri Bianchi on the river Dittaino.
68 Probably the people of Motuca, mentioned by Ptolemy, now Modica.
69 Their town probably stood on the site of the present Mineo.
70 It has been suggested that these are the same as the people of Tauromenium, said to have been a Naxian colony.
71 They are supposed to have dwelt on the site of the present Noara.
72 The ruins of the town of Petra are supposed to have been those to be seen near Castro Novo, according to Mannert.
73 Fazello is of opinion that the present Colisano occupies the site of the ancient Paropus.
74 The city of Phthinthias was peopled by the inhabitants of Gela, by command of Phthinthias the despot of Agrigentum. Its ruins are probably those seen in the vicinity of the modern Alicata.
75 The people of Selinus previously mentioned in p. 218.
76 Randazzo, at the foot of Ætna, is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Tissa.
77 The people of Triocala, now Troccoli, near Calata Bellota.
78 Zancle was the ancient Greek name of Messina, which was so called from its similarity in shape to a sickle. The Messenian colony of the Zanclæi probably dwelt in its vicinity.
79 Gaulos is the present Gozo, and Melita the important island of Malta. The distance here mentioned is in reality only sixty-one miles from Camerina.
81 The modern island of Maretimo.
82 Probably the present island of Limosa.
83 Galata still has the name of Calata, Lopadusa is the present Lam- pedosa, and Æthusa, according to Mannert, is called Favignana.
85 According to Mannert, this is the island Alicur, to the west of the Æolian or Liparian islands. Ustica still retains its ancient name.
86 The least distance between these localities is forty-five miles.
87 There are now eleven, some of which are supposed to have risen from the sea since the time of Pliny.
88 From Vulcan the god of fire, the Greek Hephaestus.
89 Now called the Great Lipara.
90 According to Solinus, c. vi., Æolus succeeded him. Its name Me- logonis was by some ascribed to its great produce of honey.
91 The shortest distance between these localities is forty-six miles.
93 Now Strongoli and Stromboli. It is the only one of these mountains that is continually burning. Notwithstanding the dangers of their locality, this island is inhabited by about fifty families.
94 Strabo makes the same mistake; the distance is twenty miles.
95 According to Hardouin and D'Anville this is the modern Saline, but Mannert says Panaria. The geographers differ in assigning their ancient names to the other three, except that Euonymos, from its name, the "lefthand" island, is clearly the modern Lisca Bianca.
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites , REGINA (Reina) Badajoz, Spain.
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites , SESTINUM (Sestino) Umbria, Italy.
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites , TIFERNUM METAURENSE (S. Angelo in Vado） Umbria, Italy. | 2019-04-19T01:30:46Z | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D14 |
This communications plan focuses on the “Wake Up to nutella” promotion campaign of 2007 in the UK. The planning of the campaign by the Ferrero Group UK took around eight months and the promotion campaign had a total duration of approximately one year. (See Appendix 1 for further information about the company profile and its range of products).
The most important opportunity of Ferrero was its differentiated nutella product that had low competition in the UK market. Main competitors were only Rowse Chocolate and Hazelnut Spread and Traidcraft Fairtrade Chocolate Hazelnut Spread.
Furthermore the pricing of nutella created an opportunity for the company, as nutella was cheaper than the competitive products. Traidcraft Fairtrade Chocolate Hazelnut Spread for instance was being sold for £2.26 for 400g and nutella for only £1.59 for 400g.
A threat for nutella represented the changing eating habits and lifestyle of consumers (social factors). Nowadays, the trend is going towards a healthier lifestyle and healthier eating. Due to the fact that nutella contains chocolate, the product was perceived as indulgence and unhealthy by many consumers.
The main target market, which is a specific group Ferrero UK aims the product nutella at, are both female and male schoolchildren at the age group between 5 and 14 years and teenagers and college students, also both female and male. This target group is also described as a group of people who are having for breakfast toast with something on it, such as jam or peanut butter. Another reason targeting young people is that they tend to prefer eating sweet for breakfast. This target group is easier to convince to switch from jam or peanut butter to nutella than people who are not eating toast for breakfast.
target group; schoolchildren at the age between 5 and 14 years, teenagers and college students, males and females.
target audience; mothers who need to be convinced about nutella, who require nutritional information about nutella and who are giving nutella to their children. Influencer can also be opinion leaders such as school teachers, doctors, celebrities, the media etc.
target audience; the mothers who are deciding what to give to their children for breakfast and therefore they represent the most important target of nutella.
atarget audience such as mothers who have the financial possibility to buy the product and therefore they are the most important group that needs to be convinced.
Additionally, Ferrero UK decided to target mothers who are already giving their children toast for breakfast as these are perceived to be easier to convince to switch to nutella rather than mothers that are not already giving their children toast for breakfast.
Due to the fact that sales of nutella in UK are low, compared to other European countries, the target market can be described as new to the product nutella rather than existing customers. Furthermore, the target is neither loyal to the brand nor loyal to a competitor. The target market consists of current users of other spread products for breakfast such as jam, cheese, peanut butter etc. There is actually no comparable competition to nutella´s hazelnut spread in the UK but there are substitute products on the market, as already mentioned.
Despite the worldwide success of nutella, the product suffered from a bad image in the UK, as it can be seen from the diagram above. Most people in the UK, in comparison with the rest of Europe, perceived nutella as a threat and indulgence, especially amongst the mothers. However, in other European countries nutella was perceived as a breakfast ritual and a favourite spread that was also gladly given to children. The bad consumer perception about nutella was the main reason for the “Wake up to nutella” campaign.
Staff and management; they needed to be convinced about nutella in order to create a positive word-of-mouth effect to friends and relatives. Furthermore, they were involved in the work of the campaign and therefore they were also responsible for the success of the campaign. The tools of communication with internal stakeholders were face to face meetings, the intranet and newsletters.
Intermediaries; such as supermarkets that were buying nutella from Ferrero and selling them to the end-user. They needed to be convinced to include nutella into their assortment. The way of communication with intermediaries was direct (face to face), as high involvement decisions between two businesses were involved.
Media; The media represented an opinion leading function, articles and reports about the campaign and the product itself were published and this has had an high influence on consumer´s perception about Ferrero/the campaign/nutella. Key ways of communication were a press conference prior campaign launch and regular interviews from the CEO of Ferrero UK about the campaign. Regular interviews assured up-to-date information flow to the customers and increased brand awareness, due to the fact that nutella was mentioned on regular basis in several newspapers and magazines.
Customers; most important stakeholders as they are the ones who are buying the product. Ways of communication were the various communication tools that will be mentioned later in this assignment.
Research that was undertaken prior the campaign showed that consumers’ perception about nutella being a treat was based on wrong ingredient information. Many UK customers understood nutella being a chocolate spread and not a hazelnut spread.
According to that, the first and most important communication objective of the campaign was to reposition the brand as a hazelnut spread. This implied to better inform the customer about the ingredients.
In addition, other communication objectives, using the DAGMAR model as an example (see appendix 2) have been to create brand awareness and brand knowledge but also to increase purchase. To raise awareness and knowledge of nutella was important in order to attract new customers. To increase purchase was crucial in order to gain more new customers and to increase the total revenues of nutella.
Another important communication objective was to change the image of nutella in UK. The main goal was to shift nutella´s image as unhealthy and a treat towards a positive and healthy hazelnut breakfast spread that is also given to children. Moreover, Ferrero UK aimed to achieve the perception of nutella being an everyday product for children, a good source of energy and a trustworthy product with high quality ingredients.
After defining the main target segments and key stakeholders, it was crucial for Ferrero to decide in favour of Push, Pull or Profile strategy. For the “Wake up to nutella” campaign Ferrero decided in favour of a combination between Push and Pull strategy. The aim of the push strategy was to convince intermediaries to promote and sell nutella in their supermarkets. That means that the communication flows down from Ferrero to the retailer and from the retailer to end user. The push strategy appeared to be reasonable because nutella is a low involvement and impulse buying product and there is currently low brand loyalty towards nutella. The assumption that nutella is a low involvement product comes from the fact that it is a FMCG at a low price (£1.49).
Ferrero also used several communication tools such as advertising and promotion to convince the customer to seek out for nutella and require it from supermarkets (Pull strategy). This strategy was aimed to provide information about the product (e.g. nutella is a hazelnut spread and not chocolate spread) to a wider audience and finally pull nutella from the retailer.
For Ferrero it was important to use both strategies because with the push strategy they tried to create a demand and desire for the product (with trade promotions and coupons) and the pull strategy enabled Ferrero to build the nutella brand and inform the people about the product.
While the push strategy targeted the supermarkets and was able to boost short-term goals such as impulse purchase, the pull strategy targeted the end user and could focus on long-term results such as building brand awareness and trust.
The “Wake up to nutella” campaign was aimed to reposition the negative image of nutella in the UK. Ferrero UK decided in favour of using media tools such as Advertising, Sales Promotion, Public Relations and Direct Marketing in order to create synergy.
The campaign started with a big TV advertisement with the aim to reach a large audience at relatively low costs. In addition, advertising appeared to be the best tool for raising awareness (see appendix 3).
Public relations were used to add credibility to the customer about nutella at very low costs but also to reinforce the raising awareness aim (see appendix 3).
Public relations consisted of various radio and press adverts. On behalf of nutella nutritionist were writing articles in women magazines about nutella in order to increase the credibility. Additionally, two press adverts were published in women and family magazines across UK to target the target audience (families, especially mother) and the target market (children). Both press adverts had the same message- “surprisingly Nutella on toast can be good for breakfast”.
Sales promotion was used to target the already identified target audience and to support the credibility of the product (See appendix 3).
Sales promotion consisted of samplings in Asda, Morrisons, Tesco and Makro stores with the aim to increase trial, represent nutella as a positive brand and boost impulse sales.
Various price cuts and Buy one get one free promotionsprior the Back to School period were aimed to increase short-term sales.
Direct marketing was aimed to deliver a personal message to the target audience and target market but also provide interaction between Ferrero and its customers. Ferrero created an own website, based on the campaign -This brand website had the goal to inform the target audience about the brand but also to collect individual data by subscribing to receive e-newsletters. The reason for this brand website was also to generate brand awareness (see appendix 3) but also to form brand attitude (Pelsmacker, Geuens, Van den Bergh, 2005).
Furthermore, according to Mintel 2009 food manufacturers are increasingly using the medium internet for targeting children. “Thirty percent of 8-16 year-olds say that they try food or drinks after seeing them online” (Mintel, Children Eating Habits UK, 2009). Ferrero also recognised this opportunity and targeted its main target market with its online campaign.
To sum up, it can be said that Ferrero used an Integrated Marketing Communications approach in order to “provide clarity, consistency and maximum communication impact” (Pelsmacker, Geuens, Van den Bergh, 2005).
Furthermore they had one consistent message that was presented by various tools. In addition, it can be said that different tools vary in their effectiveness. Advertising for instance is a good tool for creating awareness but it is not a good tool to increase sales. However, Personal selling can increase sales but it is not recommended for increasing awareness of the product. Ferrero decided in favour of a synergy of different tools in order to meet all of their objectives.
The immense “Wake up to nutella” campaign was the biggest and most expensive campaign Ferrero UK ever experienced. The total costs of the campaign were £8m whereas the television advertising and the press advert solely accounted for £4m.
These figures appear to be enormous but when comparing the size of the company and the total annual turnover of 170m EUR, marketing expenditures of £8m appear to be appropriate.
Additionally, though the campaign was expensive, it was able to generate a payback of £1.85 for every £1 spent.
Besides the financial aspect, the human resources are crucial for every successful campaign. Ferrero UK consists of 133 employees working in several departments such as Marketing, Sales, Finance and I.T.
Especially for this campaign Marketing Manager Mr. R. Groumdes-Peace required a close collaboration between single departments to exchange ideas and to profit from different know-how. In addition, the company was providing several trainings in order to involve all employees into the campaign.
The television campaign and press advertising were created by Krow Communications, a famous London Communication Agency. The reason for choosing an outstanding agency was the lack of marketing expertise for this enormous and challenging campaign. Ferrero UK decided to hire Krow Communications for this campaign, as they were already well-established in the market and had famous clients such as Unilever, Fiat etc.
For the Public Relations campaign Ferrero hired various nutritionists that were writing articles on behalf of nutella with the aim to communicate trust and credibility to the consumer. Here again Ferrero relied on the know-how of outstanding experts.
The whole work of Ferrero UK consisted of making strategic decisions and finding other agencies that will implement the ideas for the campaign such as to create an interesting and convincing advertising that will fulfil their objectives.
Finally, Ferrero UK employed Millward Brown, a research company that undertook the evaluation of the campaign.
The whole planning process took around eight months and the campaign had a total duration of one year.
The duration of the “Wake up to nutella” campaign was one year but it was implemented in three phases (August 2007, December 2007 and December 2008). Ferrero decided in favour of a DRIP approach which means to use the promotional tools to differentiate its product from others, remind customers of the product but more importantly to inform them about the ingredients of the product and finally persuade them to buy nutella.
Moreover, expenditure was spread in more than one period, in order to create presence over a longer period of time.
The first phase of the repositioning campaign started on the 27th of August 2007, a few days before the Back to School period and it consisted of one television advertising and two press adverts. In this phase the most important tools were advertising and sales promotion (sampling) due to the objective to increase high awareness amongst schoolchildren and mothers.
The second phase started in January 2008/February 2008 just before the Pancake Day and consisted of the TV ad and press ads from the 1st phase.
The goal with repeating the TV ad and press ads was to remind the customer of nutella as a good occasion to buy for Pancake Day.
New press adverts and a new improved version of the TV advertisement were launched between September and November 2008. The reason for a new press advert was simply to refresh the whole campaign and the TV advertisement needed to be improved due to a number of complains.
The Advertising Standard Authority (ASA) in UK required to change the information from per jar to per portion and to leave the information “good as part of a balanced breakfast”.
Ferrero UK changed the key information from the TV ad into “A 15g portion contains 2 hazelnuts, skimmed milk and cocoa” and didn´t mention the balanced breakfast anymore.
Furthermore, the push strategy was scheduled prior the pull strategy in order to communicate and convince the supermarkets to include nutella in their assortment. Moreover, Ferrero wanted to convince the supermarkets to support the campaign with sampling promotions in their supermarkets.
Because of this reason Ferrero UK firstly concentrated on its push strategy (prior 1st repositioning phase) and then on the pull strategy (1st to 3rd phase).
Ferrero UK created an immense campaign supported by different promotional tools. During but especially after the “Wake up to nutella” campaign Ferrero UK has undertaken research to identify if the objectives they have set have been achieved and which of the promotional tools helped the most in achieving these objectives.
Millward Brown, one of the world´s leading research companies was hired by Ferrero to undertake the evaluation of the campaign. According to the findings of Millward Brown, the TV advertisement achieved an Awareness Index of 11 whereas the average index in the UK is 6. | 2019-04-26T12:21:13Z | https://customwritings.co/wake-up-to-nutella/ |
Many people like to travel to Hawaii for adventure or shopping. Among the many reasons why such a significant number of individuals pick Hawaii, adventure touring is high up on the priority list. A person can do nearly everything in Hawaii which extend from parasailing to fountain of liquid magma safaris to surfing lessons on Waikiki shoreline and engaging in Hawaii boat tours. This report demonstrates some of the reasons why an individual should consider visiting Hawaii.
An individual can engage in shark swimming that is available on the North Shore of Oahu’s island. The sharks have a habit of coming to the surface of the water as they have senses that help them detect sound of moving objects on the water surface. Submerged it is such a surreal ordeal watching these sharks coming quite close to the enclosure and from all directions. Contingent upon the day you can see around twenty of these sharks around the confine and the boat.
Hawaii has various forms of marine wildlife, and there is a choice of choosing to swim with the dolphins in the Honolulu’s park. An individual gets the opportunity to take quality pictures of the dolphins and also at the same time get the advantage of playing around with the dolphins. Getting a dorsal tow from two of the dolphins and being pushed over the surface of the water are some of the exercises that a person can do with these excellent animals. Of the considerable number of tours in Hawaii that a person can make this one is the things that will make every one of your loved ones envious the experience. Apart from the dolphins, a person is able to see a wide variety of marine life. A person can also be allowed in the aquarium after wearing a protective gear to feed the Eagle Ray. Sea walk provides a unique experience to an individual.
If an individual are after unique tours and encounters then another activity to consider is the Atlantis Submarine. A person should also consider going down deep the water surface as this provides an opportunity for an enjoyable experience. Among the wreck many reef fish, for example, Butterfly Fish, Amberjack’s, Porcupine Puffer-angle and in addition Sea Turtles, reef sharks and in case you’re fortunate you may see humpback whales in season. The wrecks does not harm this wonderful sea creatures but helps them to survive by providing shelter.
Hawaii provides one of the best tourist destination for the entire family. an individual should consider visiting Hawaii for a successful touring experience.
You should make sure that you are able to prove better health for your body so that you have an improved living. So that you have proper health for your body you need to ensure that you are buying Medicare insurance plan because it is known to be the best plan. You should make sure that you are considering the best insurance company to make the enrollment since there are so many of them and you need to get the right one for yourself where you can be able to enjoy the benefits of Medicare insurance plan. There are so many companies that are providing the service to the seniors and it is essential that you choose the best insurer. Here are some tips that you can consider when choosing the Medicare insurance.
Before you make the selection of the Medicare plan it is essential you consult your doctor. Your doctor is conversant with your health condition and he will guide you in getting the best Medicare insurance plan that is best for you.
There are lots of Medicare plans available and you can be confused on the most appropriate to choose on your own and that is why you need to consider incorporating your doctor. Also, it is essential that you get to consider the type of illness you are suffering from. When you are well conversant of the illness that you are suffering from you will get to know the best Medicare insurance plan that suits it. It is important that you get to understand that there are some Medicare insurance that enables you to get the treatment services from any health facility.
You have to consider the plan that is covering your prescribed drugs so that you can be assisted in payment since every Medicare plan has its own drugs that are covering. You can look at the website to get more detailed information. You should make sure that you are learning more concerning the medical insurance and their insurer online. You will have to put into consideration the ratings since they help in choosing the best and reputable Medicare insurance plan and you will have an easy time to make your selection.
You should make sure that you are looking at the premiums. It is imperative to choose the Medicare plan that you can be able to afford since they have different premiums and when you choose the one you can afford the better. The above tips will help you to make the right choice of Medicare insurance plan.
It is important for you especially as a business person to understand that there are many cases of insecurity that are being reported in many offices and premises. For you to be able to live in harmony and with less stress, it is considerate to look for security services. you have to make sure that anyone and anything at home and at work is well protected. There are those occasions you feel that your security is wanting and there Is the need to liaise with the right team. You have to also make sure that your employees are safe as they work at your firm. There is the need to make sure that you have the right guards who will be able to record all the people in and out of the premise and also monitor their movements. When you are looking for a good gsgprotective security service provider, it is important that you consider the following important factors.
The first important factor to consider is the equipment the firm is using as they execute their duties. There is the need to see that you hire a firm that will be able to dealer with thugs whether they are armed or not. If you are feeling more insecure, there is the need to make it clear to your company so that they bring armed guard to offer you security. There is the need to have your security armed as you do not know what might happen in the future. You have to also see that the guards have metal detectors so that they prevent visitors from carrying weapons at your premises. There are those case where you don’t any armed guards and you will make it clear to the firm that you hire.
Another thing that you need to see is that your company is taking their guards for all the needed training to handle all security-related issues. There is the need to have guards who will have good communication skills. The other thing that you should see in the guard is that they are able to multi-task as there are a number of things that they will be handling at your office. The guards should also be trained to handle any emergency situation.
There is the need to hire a firm that have been long enough in this business. You have to see that they are also known to offer the best security services in different institutions. When you are able to contract such a company, they will ensure that your safety and that of your loved ones is in check. There is the need to make sure that their reputation is also in check. This way you will be able to know if you are dealing with the right company as far as security issues are concerned.
Scandinavian knives are unique because of their distinct features and designs. A significant majority of people fail to craft quality Scandinavian knives. If you intend to make a Scandinavian knife, there are a couple of steps you will have to observe. Explained in this article, are simple steps to making quality Scandinavian knives.
Scandinavian knives come in varying designs. Thus, it is important to deliberate on the type of design you would prefer, before kick-starting the crafting process. Do you prefer knives with broad or narrow pommels? Do you like knives with wooden or metallic handles? These are only a few of the questions you have to deliberate on, to determine the kind of knife design you would want. Moreover, it is essential to also think about how you intend to use your knife. It is recommendable to choose a design, which will be suitable for your intended use. For example, if you plan to use your knife for hunting, you can make one that has a sharp tip.
You will need to buy various tools and materials, before you start the knife making process. Rosewood blocks, ebony blocks, and steel plates are a few of the materials you might need. The materials used often vary depending on the type of knife you want. In this case, you will need to first decide about the type of knife you prefer. Ensure that you purchase materials, which will help you to craft your preferred knife. Also, you will have to buy tools. Some of the important tools you might need include drills, angle grinders, thick files, and clamp benches. The materials and tools you buy will greatly determine the quality of the knife you make. Thus, ensure that you buy high-quality tools and materials.
You can start making your knife, after picking out the appropriate materials and tools, and deciding on the knife design you want. If you have, for example, decided to use steel and ebony blocks, you will first have to cut the steel according to your desired pattern. You will, then, polish the blade and prepare the handle. After preparing and polishing the handle, you will attach it to the blade.
If you, however, feel overwhelmed by the knife-making procedure, you can opt to seek assistance from a Scandinavian Knife Supply company. You can obtain assistance from the Thompson’s Scandinavian Knife Supply, LLC. This corporation focuses primarily on crafting Scandinavian knives.
Currently, the demand for glycol products is rising significantly. Using glycol products will help you in so many ways. You will find many options for glycol products in the market. Using glycol products is proven safe, and therefore you can use a range of products without fear. If you use the right glycol product, you will get a skin with no spot in it. Glycol products protect your skin through the hot and harsh temperature .
You can use glycol products to help you maintain a young skin that is very beautiful. If you have oily skin, use glycol products that will help you within a short time. Choose a glycol product that is latest in the list of a manufacturing company. It is essential to consult a professional doctor on the best glycol product that you can use. Various shops are available that sell glycol products.
It is wise to embark on research that will help you find the best glycol product shop to buy from. You can start by asking a close friend or a family member on recommendations of reputable glycol product shops that are available in the market. It is essential to visit online sites and websites to get information regarding glycol products and dealers. Other beauty shops deal with a different brand of beauty products that can give you recommendations of reputable glycol product shops. Simplification of the starting process is essential since one make a list consisting of names and contacts of dealers that are available in the market.
It is not advisable to settle with the first provider that you call in order to make sure you are dealing with the best. Glycol shops that have been in the business for an extended period sometimes tend to charge higher than some small upcoming ones. One need to consult a specialist to ensure the right use of the glycol product that you intend to use on your skin. Using the right glycol product on your skin will help you achieve positive results within a very short while. The best quality and unique glycol products can be found from a dealer who affiliates with reputable institutions.
It is advisable to request for a list of previous clients that have used the particular glycol product that you intend to buy. A glycol shop that is widely known for selling efficient products should be your most significant consideration. A glycol product shop that has been in existence for a long time will give you advice that you can trust about the right product for your skin. It is essential to buy glycol products from a dealer who offers a free consultation. Choose a dealer whose staffs are well trained and qualified to sell glycol products.
The first step towards drug recovery is accepting that you have a problem. Do not be in a rush if you want to improve from a drug problem. One need to note that there are a variety of options to make selection when it comes to ways used in drug recovery process. There are many options for rehab centers that you can choose to go to. The study will help you find out as much information as possible about a rehab center to be sure you are dealing with the right personnel.
A close friend or a relative will help you decide on the best rehab center to attend. You can also visit the internet on sites and websites that will give you names and contacts of different centers. It is essential to consult your local medical provider to get names and contacts of different rehab centers that you can seek assistance from. It is essential to write down names of different service providers to carry out research that will help you choose the best.
One need not deal with the first rehab and recovery center that you contact. It is wise to visit different rehab and addiction recovery centers to compare the services offered and charges. It is wise to add a few extra dollars to get effective e and reliable service. A study will help you find a rehab and addiction recovery center that will offer you exemplary service that will help you recover within a concise time. Different rehab and addiction recovery centers usually use different methods of detoxifying the body.
It is advisable to choose a rehab and addiction recovery center that has been existence for a long time. It is crucial to confirm educational background qualifications as well as professional credentials of staffs employed by a rehab center. One needs to note that it is satisfying to know that you are dealing with a center that is widely accepted to assist people with a drug problem. Choose a service provider that has an impeccable track record. It is advisable to request for a list of previous clients that have retrieved through a particular rehab center.
Deal with a rehab and recovery center whose staffs are friendly and cheerful to talk to. Do not sign any document without reading every word written in it. Choose a rehab center that accepts to give you a price quotation and advise you on the most effective method to use. Online research is the best source when one is looking for dependable rehab centers. A rehab and addiction center that is ready to listen to you and advise you accordingly should be given a chance.
Different discomforts require us to respond in different ways in addressing the underlying issues. The vitality of our health makes us visit doctors when we fall sick. Through this we make remedies to our bodies. It is through this that we are able to manage the conditions and be able to move on. Addressing some issues will require services of a hypnotist. Some conditions are psychological hence the need of a hypnotist. Different individuals argue for or against hypnosis. Each individual has their view of hypnosis. There are those who feel that hypnotism is adequate to address personal issues while there are those who do not. There is evidence that hypnosis has got its importance to us.
Hypnosis can aid in addressing the issue of addictions. Addictions make us shy away from addressing them. Addictions can be sorted out in various ways. Hypnosis stands out as a good way to address addictions. Certified hypnotists can help us a great deal. One is able to be in touch with themselves through hypnosis. Through hypnosis the conscience of an individual is roused and called to attention. One becomes aware of the effects of their decisions. This helps us to address our fears and anxieties.
Through hypnosis, we can control stress. The way we grew up might be stressing. We encounter issues which we may suppress. The past may catch up with us. Through this we get stressed. We have to get ways on how to deal with stress since it affects our health. We cannot carry on well with activities when we are stressed. When we turn to hypnosis, we are able to manage stress. Hypnosis helps individuals to get in touch with their inner self and be able to relax. The relaxation we get through hypnosis helps a great deal in reconciling with the past. Hypnosis helps us to evaluate different issues and give each the weight they deserve. Through this our body is able to repair itself both mentally and physically. Hypnosis will help us recapture our health with the help of John Bolger .
Childhood issues and behaviors can be sorted out through hypnosis. Hypnosis is essential when we want to reinforce desires actions. The imitation of the mind done by the body can be achieved through hypnosis. When we acquire undesirable behaviors we can do away with them through hypnosis. A better individual can be made through embracing hypnosis Childhood issues which may be tormenting to us can be reviewed through hypnosis one can make a decision of focusing on the positives rather than the negatives. Hypnosis becomes a refuge for us whenever we need to be in touch with ourselves. This guides us to address our feelings and emotions. It is advisable to consider hypnosis when dealing with our issues. Hypnosis can be used to address personal issues.
As time goes, so does age. It is however a good thing because it throw an equal opportunity to everyone to enjoy each stage of their lives be it their childhood or youth. It is for this reason that you need to ensure you maximize on each opportunity you get to enjoy a given stage of development in your life. It is thus important for you to ensure that you make your living as comfortable and convenient as possible when you grow old. If you decide to turn your home into a senior home, you have to ensure that you put all the measures in place to facilitate this. This is going to ensure you get to perform the easiest things in life easily. If you however decide to get into an assisted living facility, it is important that you get into the best in the market. Below are some of the tips that you can use when finding the best elder care facility that the market has to offer.
When looking for the best elder facility in the market, it is important for you to ensure that you look at the convenience an infrastructure available. The old can only put up with very little strain in their lives both physical and mental. It is therefore important to ensure that you make their structures and their daily movements as convenient as possible. This will permit them to maneuver and exercises without even straining much. There ought to be horizontal surfaces which may be used by locomotives for the older. When you do this it becomes so easy for the elderly to make their way and have a simple life in the long run. Some of these facilities are called the village and all the structures, food and each system is customized to suit all the needs for the elderly.
Security of the facility is also an important consideration when finding the best elderly facility in the market. It is important for you to ensure that the facility is protected from all forms of external threats that might pose serious damage on the lives of the elderly persons. Environmental vagaries are also threats that you need to ensure that the elderly are protected against at all times. When you do this, you will ensure that each and every individual in the elderly center get to live peacefully with himself. Villages like the village of wellington are so keen on these to ensure that the elderly are very comfortable and free from worry.
The cost of their service is also important. It is crucial for you to find a facility that is very affordable to accommodate as many elderly as possible. To ensure that every elderly person gets to enjoy a peaceful old age most of these facilities have fair prices for the services like the wellington elder care.
The salons are different in the kind of the services that they offer to their clients and you must check for he best hair Salon Fort Lauderdale. When you are shifting salons, you must ensure that your new salon has better services and that you get the quality of service that you want. To avoid getting the stylist that will perform below your expectations, you need to consider the following pointers.
You need to be sure on the price list of the salon. When you are considering to go to the advanced hair color Fort Lauderdale, you should be prepared to spend more money. When you want to look amazing, you must be willing to spend on the beauty products. To get the best hair salon Fort Lauderdale, you should conduct your research about the prices of the leading hair salon. When settling for any salon, you should ensure that you can afford their services.
You need to be considerate of the distance that you will have to travel to when going for the hair treatment. The salon should not be too far from your neighborhood. Going for s distant salon will limit you as you will feel inconvenienced to visit the salon for your regular hair touch. You should only make your mind to stick in any of the salons when you are happy with the services.
When you want to have hair color Fort Lauderdale, you will have to visit the salon often for the retouch. The salon that your select should not be too far when you will be going for the regular maintenance. You should negotiate with the stylist when your hair type will require constant maintenance. When the styling will not require the regular maintenance, you can opt for the far away salons for a new experience.
If you need to achieve a unique hairstyle, you should be considerate with the academic levels of the stylist.. When you want a more advanced hairstyle with the different colors, you shod ensure that you only get the experienced stylist to do the work. For shorter hair, you should consider the men’s hair salon Fort Lauderdale. You can check on the different images of the work done by the stylists to be sure of the skills that they have.
You need to spend more time when looking for the hairstylist. You should experiment with the different hairs salon to get the best stylist. When you get the right service for your hair, you should turn the salon to be your home for beauty. When you found the salon of your choice, you should become a regular customer to ensure that you receive offers such as the reduced prices.
Important Considerations to Make When Selecting Tanning Salon.
Tanning Salon Texas offer a remarkable opportunity for the capacity to tan throughout the entire year. Tanning salons provide a perfect chance for the ability to tan annually. Choosing the right turning machine is a decision that requires critical thinking. There is need for an individual to ensure the place they pick is the of utmost quality to guarantee the skin is dealt with the best way imaginable. There is the need for a person to discover also the frequency of the tanning exercise when choosing tanning salon. Some issues should be examined when a person needs a tanning salon. This article explains some of the factors to be considered when selecting tanning salon.
The first important factor to consider when searching for the right tanning salon is to get recommendation. An individual is required to conduct a thorough survey by asking a doctor or close friends on the best tanning salon to visit. This group of people provides adequate information to a person on the right tanning salon to consider and the ones to avoid.
Another aspect to consider is for the individual to undertake a salon walk through. An individual needs to conduct a though survey before choosing a specific tanning salon. Before making any advance payments scheduled to visit various tanning salons. During the visits ensure the tanning salon is clean and adequately maintained. The visits provide an excellent opportunity to access the kinds of turning beds available in the salon.
When deciding on the best tanning salon to consult, there is necessity to compare the services provided. Since the tanning process is undertaken in various stages is essential for one to consider asking for pay packages. A person ought to have the capacity to get some discount for planning various arrangements or booking many number of courses in a one month time frame. It is critical for a person to conduct proper price research before deciding on tanning salon to visit.
The last factor to consider is whether extra services are offered by the tanning salon. There are various extra services that the tanning salon can offer to its clients. Because tanning salons have significantly increased, the determining factor when choosing the best salon to get services is the one that offers extra services to its customers. It can be less demanding to feel better about utilizing an organizations items, for example, their tanning beds, when they go the additional mile to give the solace of having a decent tanning experience. | 2019-04-18T22:34:15Z | http://fdralumni.net/category/personal-product-services/page/2/ |
Personalisation is seen as one of the hottest trends in the events industry as attendees increasingly expect both the communication of the event and the live experience to be tailored to them in some way. At the same time, data capture tools like registration systems and apps are helping events collect valuable information on attendees to create more powerful and customised event experiences. But as good as it all sounds, is personalisation something we should all be doing? How effective is it really? And how can we get the right balance between providing value and protecting attendee privacy?
Eventsforce recently debated the topic with Carla Jones, Head of Event Operations & Client Services at Haymarket Events and Caroline Hills, Head of Digital Global Delivery at British Council at the Event Tech Live show in London. The session (available on video here) looked at what kind of tailored activities work, how effective they are in engaging attendees, as well as what impact the upcoming General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will have on personalisation at events.
Can you please give us a quick background on the kind of events your organisations run?
Carla Jones (Haymarket): Haymarket Media Group is one of the largest media and publishing companies in the UK – we run more than 120 events each year that gather over 20,000 attendees – from award ceremonies and gala dinners through to breakfast briefings and large-scale conferences.
Caroline Hills (British Council): The British Council is the UK’s international organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities. With operations in over 100 countries, we host hundreds of events across the world, including the Going Global annual conference and the finals of the FameLab international science competition.
A recent study on the ROI of Event Personalisation found that 73% of event planners see data-driven marketing as a top priority for their events, with 96% using personalisation to tailor their attendees’ experiences. How important is personalisation for your organisation and how do you use it around your events?
Carla Jones (Haymarket): I think basic personalisation is a given now – we do things like using personal names in invites, confirmation emails and so on. We also ask specific questions for people who hold certain job titles and tailor content for them. We personalise event agendas – we look at why type of people have registered and use that information to create an agenda that we know would be of interest to them. When we’re bringing in speakers, we talk to them about who has registered and see if we can tailor the content of their presentations to the needs of the audience.
At Haymarket, we have a single customer view and this is very important for us. We run events as a marketing vehicle for our publishing brands – so we gather all the data we collect on an individual who engages with all our different brands and events in one place. This means at any given time, we know if someone is a valued conference customer but maybe not a subscriber to one of our publications – and we are able to personalise our activities accordingly.
Caroline Hills (British Council): The majority of events we run at the British Council globally are educational in some way, from large international conferences down to small workshops that help students prep for an exam. Personalisation in the form of multilingual event websites, registration forms and email communications (our systems currently support over 60 languages) is very important for us as it allows us to attract as many attendees as we can by offering them the ability to register in their own language.
Going Global is one of the most high-profile events we run annually – with more than eight different attendee categories each year. So we do things like personalise the registration journey for each attendee category. We use networking tools to allow attendees to set up their own meetings prior to the event. We also use an app to give attendees a more tailored experience of the event – they can see their personal agendas, arrange meetings with other attendees and receive material from sessions they’ve attended directly into their app.
What challenges do you face with personalisation and how do you address these challenges?
Carla Jones (Haymarket): Lack of time and resources is definitely an issue. I think the bigger issue, however, is that it’s difficult to see what kind of return you’re getting from doing personalisation – which is probably why the majority of event planners stick to basic personalisation. For example, we don’t see the value of apps for our events – personalised push notifications and fully integrated apps simply don’t offer value for money. I also think it’s difficult finding that balance that’s going to benefit both you as an organisation and the attendee.
Caroline Hills (British Council): We find it very difficult to measure the ROI of personalisation, even when you’re personalising down to the level of using event apps – so we use these very sparingly at a handful of conferences a year as they are expensive. We try to measure the return of some of our personalisation efforts by looking at how efficient the registration journey has been using various methods. Analytics can be very helpful to pinpoint drop off points. For Going Global, we sent one of our User Experience colleagues to the event with a big tub of chocolate which he used to incentivise attendees to answer a small number of questions about the registration journey. That helped us a lot and we made a number of changes to the journey the following year!
Registration systems are seen by 84% of events planners as the most effective data collection tool for the purpose of personalisation. In light of that, how do you decide what personalisation data you need to collect in registration forms? How do you get the balance right in a way that brings value to both attendees and the organisation hosting the event?
Carla Jones (Haymarket): I think you always have to put yourself in the place of the attendee. Remember that too much personalisation can be invasive and doesn’t necessarily bring any value to the event experience. I attended one event recently where each time I attended a seminar, my badge was scanned and consequently was sent lots of stuff that I wasn’t interested in. You really have to be careful not to take it too far. Instead of that warm fuzzy feeling that shows we care about you – you’re being bombarded with info. This isn’t personalisation – it’s boxed as personalisation but it’s not. It’s actually tailored marketing. You have to think about your end user. What is your attendee going to get out of it? What is the impact? If you don’t get balance right, you’re going to annoy them. Remember that people are happy to give you their information if they see value in doing so.
With our events, we agree beforehand what data we need to collect and for what purpose – so if we know we’re going to tailor content according to job titles, then this is something we take into consideration when deciding on questions in registration forms. I also think to get the balance right, you need to be aware what questions should be mandatory and what shouldn’t. Mandatory questions should be there only for the purpose of getting them to the event – anything else should not be mandatory. Also, if you ask lots of questions and make it all mandatory, then you’ll get a lot of people just filling in the forms with rubbish. Where is your quality of data? You don’t want data that is useless.
Caroline Hills (British Council): Yes, I think it’s really key to ask only those questions that you need the answers for to successfully register someone and get them to your event. Always ask yourself what you need to know and then figure out how to ask for that information in as few questions as possible. If you want to ask additional questions for the purpose of personalisation where the answers are nice to have but not essential, then yes, make them optional so attendees don’t have to answer them if they don’t want to.
It’s also key to think about how you’re asking for that information. Don’t ask for their data of birth, for example, if you only need to know if they are over 18. Don’t ask for passport numbers if you want to make sure they have a valid passport – ask if they have a valid passport instead. By doing this you’re reducing the amount of sensitive data you’re collecting to a minimum, which will make potential attendees more comfortable parting with their information. This also reduces your data protection risk level, which will become even more important when GDPR comes into force this year.
The issue of data protection is a big one when it comes to personalisation. What impact you do you think the EU GDPR will have on personalisation efforts around events?
Carla Jones (Haymarket): With GDPR, you won’t be able to have registration forms anymore with pages and pages asking for sensitive demographic information – there’s been a general attitude that if people are coming to an event (especially when it’s free) then take advantage and ask as much as possible. But GDPR will flip this. Event planners will need to think about things a lot more carefully. You’ll need to get the right kind of detailed consent to use this data. You will need to think about how you’re going to keep this data safe – as the more data you hold, the higher the risk of breach. So, it’s not worth collecting ‘personalisation’ data if you’re not going to end up using it. GDPR will force event planners to be a lot more careful about how much data they’re collecting from attendees and for what purpose.
Are your events ready for GDPR? Get your FREE eBook: ‘The Event Planner’s Guide to GDPR Compliance’, and learn what impact Europe’s new data protection regulation will have on event marketing, data management and event technology – as well as what steps event planners need to take now to get ready for the May 2018 deadline.
Caroline Hills (British Council): The biggest impact of GDPR on the events industry will mostly be around consent and permissions, and the biggest challenge around this for us will be educating people about the dos and don’ts so that we stay compliant with GDPR. Our small central team can’t audit every single event and say you can’t ask this and you can’t ask that, it’s not practical for organisations like ours. You also have the challenge of new people coming in all the time, so you have to have a continual programme of training running. We’ll probably end up having more basic registration forms to control this better globally and it might limit how much personalisation we actually do as our priority will be making sure we are compliant, rather than looking at how we can improve personalisation, as the consequences of not being compliant are potentially enormous fines.
Read: Ask the Experts – How BIG an impact will GDPR have on meetings and events?
Make it clear to attendees that the information they provide will bring value to their experience and that you’re looking after their data and privacy – especially with the upcoming GDPR.
Those organisations that can personalise event experiences but show they they’re dealing with data privacy in the right way will be the ones people choose to deal with in the future.
You can watch the full video of the discussion on event personalisation between Eventsforce, The British Council and Haymarket at Event Tech Live 2017 here.
Enjoyed reading this article? Sign up to our EventTech Talk newsletter for similar insights and weekly updates on the latest technology trends, discussions and debates shaping our industry today.
Tech is always pushing the boundaries of how we plan and run events – and 2017 was certainly no exception. Almost every week, we’ve come across a new start-up, solution or gadget that promises to make planning easier and events more exciting. And yet despite all this innovation, many are finding it hard to keep up – a recent industry poll by Eventsforce found that 65% of event planners find it difficult to stay up to date with the constantly evolving world of event tech. And yet, not keeping up is no longer an option.
We launched the EventTech Talk blog a couple of years ago and have since seen a tremendous growth in a community of tech-savvy event planners who want to learn more about the latest technology development shaping the industry today. With regular polls and research studies, we’ve also been able to get good insight on uptake and trends, as well as varying opinions from well-known event experts on issues like data management, GDPR and AI-enabled technology.
GDPR is coming into effect in May 2018 and will apply to ANY event collecting and processing the personal information of European attendees – regardless of location. This article explains what the new regulation actually means for our industry and how non-compliance, compared to current data protection regulation,s can bring serious financial consequences to event organisations worldwide. Read here.
This past year was definitely an interesting one in the fast-evolving world of event technology with the arrival of AI-enabled chatbots, new data analytics tools and some practical developments in AR and VR technology. EventTech Talk spoke to some of the industry’s top tech experts to find out what stood out in 2017 and what tech trends we should expect for the next year. Read here.
Websites are still one of the most powerful marketing tools for events today. But if your website has too much information, doesn’t look appealing and more importantly, doesn’t create a sense of excitement around your event, then chances are people are going to go elsewhere. EventTech Talk had a chat with web designer, Dan Auty, who has worked on event websites for companies like Peugeot, BP and The Law Society, to discuss some of the latest trends in web design and look at some of the key things organisers need to think about when building websites for their events. Read here.
Knowing exactly who turned up at your event and what sessions they attended is something that every event planner wants to know. The information helps us figure out popular topics and sessions. It helps us profile attendees. It is also one of the many ways we measure event success. Yet having this information at the end of the event is a bit of a lost opportunity. Find out how using on-site apps can improve your attendees’ event experience and bring you important insight on the day of your event. Read here.
Event tech systems help organisations collect important data around their events (registration forms, surveys, apps) and create all sorts of reports that help in measuring event success. The problem, however, is that the amount of data generated around an event is often overwhelming and figuring out what tools you need to measure the data that matters is not as simple as one would hope. Have a look at this list of some of the most effective event data collection tools based on feedback from more than 120 event organisers. Read here.
From the humble ice-breaker through to complex team-building activities, gamification solutions such as quizzes and scavenger hunts have gained considerable popularity around events over the past year. And yet, one of the biggest complaints or criticisms around gamification is that people don’t engage and the return is low. EventTech Talk spoke to Callum Gill, head of insight and innovation at leading creative experience agency, drp Group, to see what steps organisers need to take to put together a successful gamification strategy around their events. Read here.
Regardless of whether you’re hosting a meeting, a networking event or a multi-day conference, we all know the importance of the event invite. It sets the tone of your event and is one of the first opportunities to make a good impression with potential attendees. It is also what convinces most people to take action and sign up. But what are the latest trends around managing event invitations and how are event planners measuring success? Read here.
Email still remains as the top most effective marketing tools for events today. Unlike websites or event apps, the email you send to attendees is a controlled experience where you can decide exactly what it looks like, what time it shows up, what call to action to use and what kind of personalised content it should include. And best of all, it’s measurable. But with more than 20 percent of legitimate marketing emails never reaching a recipient’s inbox, what steps should event planners take to ensure the successful delivery of their email campaigns? Read here.
Personalisation is seen as one of the hottest trends in the events industry as attendees increasingly expect both the communication of the event and the live experience to be tailored to them in some way. But is personalisation actually worth the time and effort? Are we doing anything useful with all the personalisation data we’re gathering from attendees or are we collecting too much? Are there any data collection tools that are more effective than others? Take a look at the results of the latest research study from Eventsforce on the ROI of personalisation. Read here.
The ability to record live videos using nothing more than a Smartphone is opening up all sorts of opportunities for the events industry – from improving engagement with attendees to reaching out to new audiences all over the world. But as with anything live, things can always go wrong. The feed might cut off. Your speaker might mess up or some crisis might unfold…and the whole thing gets broadcasted on the Internet. So, needless to say, it helps being prepared. Have a look at some of the most common mistakes you need to avoid when using live-streaming apps like Facebook Live at events. Read here.
Want to be a tech savvy event planner? Get weekly updates from our blog and learn about the latest technology trends, discussions and debates shaping our industry today. Click here to join EventTech Talk today.
The annual Event Tech Live show took place in London this month, and once again, it didn’t disappoint. As Europe’s only dedicated exhibition and conference for event professionals interested in event technology, it attracts more than 1,600 attendees and 100-plus exhibitors from the event tech industry. The show had a generous display of new technology innovations and solutions, including a launchpad pitch competition which gave a good insight on what’s coming next. More interestingly, the conference brought together a number of experts from technology vendors to event organisers to discuss and debate the latest technology trends and issues shaping our industry today.
In case you missed it…GDPR is coming!
If there was one topic that kept popping up time and time again across most of the sessions at the show, it was the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the impact it will have on the events industry. And yet surprisingly, an audience poll conducted by a panel of experts from Glisser, SpotMe and Krowdthink revealed that MOST event planners had actually very little understanding about the new regulation – which is quite alarming, given the implications.
GDPR is coming into effect in May 2018 and will apply to ANY event collecting and processing the personal information of European attendees – regardless of location. For event planners, the new regulation presents a change in the way they decide what data needs to be collected from attendees and how that data is used for things like marketing campaigns. It will change the way attendee data is shared with other third-party organisations like venues, sponsors and tech providers. It will also change attitudes to data security and what measures need to be in place to keep attendee data safe. And let’s not forget about the fines. Compared to current data protection regulations, non-compliance to GDPR can lead to some very serious financial consequences – and lawsuits.
But it’s not all bad news. GDPR will bring about some big opportunities for our industry too. In fact, one of the main take-aways from the panel was that GDPR is a big chance for event planners to advance their careers. How? By taking ownership of GDPR. By ensuring that events are dealing with personal data in a transparent and secure way – and always in the individual’s best interest. And by getting their event tech ready too. If you’re interested in finding out more, have a look at this free eBook ‘The Event Planner’s Guide to GDPR Compliance’ which explains why the events industry has to start taking responsibility for GDPR, its impact on event marketing, data management and event technology and what steps event planners need to take now to get ready for the May 2018 deadline.
The popularity around event apps has evolved so much over the last few years – most people attending any kind of event expect an app and it seems most event planners want one too. But are apps starting to get a bad reputation? How effective are they really in engaging audiences? And will other emerging technologies like NFC and chatbots replace the need for event apps all together? These questions were addressed in a very interesting discussion by panellists from Sciensio, Beeem, NoodleLive and CrowdComms exploring the future of event apps.
In the always-connected world of smartphones, social media and information-on-demand, it seems that the attention span of our attendees is getting shorter and shorter. And this is something that event planners need to address if they want their attendees to interact more with their apps. People don’t want to waste their time browsing through irrelevant content on an app just to find out the location of their next session. They want the technology to add value to their event experience and they want the interaction with the technology as easy as possible. And this is where chatbots come in. They don’t require attendees to download anything. They apply easy text-based messaging t technology that most people are comfortable in using and more importantly, they provide that instant personalised information service that attendees are looking for at an event. Though we firmly believe that native apps still have a firm place in the events industry – perhaps we will start seeing more people move towards what chatbots can offer over the coming few years.
All the panellists agreed that pushing more personalised content on people’s smartphones will be a key trend over the coming years. Websites can already send personal push notifications on people’s phones through Google Chrome (coming soon on Safari). Google is also driving a big push towards progressive web apps – which basically allows you to run apps on a web browser. The technology will bridge the gap between apps and websites by offering the functionality of both, with more offline capabilities, improved speed and better performance. Watch this space.
How Important is Event Personalisation?
Personalisation was another hot topic at the event and we can understand why. More and more attendees are starting to expect both the communication of an event and the live experience to be tailored to them in some way. At the same time, the abundant use of sophisticated data capture tools – from registration systems and apps to surveys, social media, networking and on-site tracking solutions – are helping event planners collect and analyse valuable attendee information to create more powerful and customised event experiences. But as good as it all sounds, is it something we should all do? And how do we decide how much personalisation we should actually do?
This was the basis of one panel discussion between Eventsforce, Haymarket Media and the British Council which unveiled the results of a new research study on event personalisation. It seems that despite it being a growing priority for 73% of event planners, more than 50% struggle to see how effective their personalisation efforts are in engaging attendees and building brand loyalty. The study also revealed that more than half don’t end up using all the data they collect for personalisation and another 44% find it difficult to determine how much personalisation they should actually do.
So what was the advice? Decide what data you’re going to collect, why you’re collecting it and agree across your organisation on how it’s going to be used before collecting it for the purpose of personalisation. Don’t ask your attendees any unnecessary questions as this will have a negative effect on their event experience. And finally, explain clearly how the information they provide will bring value to their experience and that you’re looking after their data and privacy – especially with the upcoming GDPR. Click here to watch the full session.
Event Technology – What’s Next in Innovation?
This year’s show also saw the return of the Launchpad, a dedicated area for start-ups and providers of new event technology solutions – except this year, they also ran a pitch competition where providers had to battle it out in front of a panel of judges. There were some very interesting applications of event tech, all designed to save time and enhance the attendee’s event experience in one way or another. The winner was a web-based solution from Zenus which uses facial recognition technology to cut waiting lines and speed up the check-in process of attendees at events. When an attendee approaches a kiosk, their profile will pop up and a scanner can print their badges on the spot. Alternatively, you can place a tablet facing the line of people and attendees will be automatically checked-in as they walk.
Another noteworthy winner was Sciensio’s Concierge Eventbot solution which offers attendees an alternative to apps through a range of text messaging services, including agendas, directions, floor plans, surveys, polls and more. We also saw a great staffing solution from Liveforce which promises to scrap the need for Excel spreadsheets when recruiting, scheduling, booking and paying temporary staff around events. Worth checking out.
You can watch all the pitch presentations of the ETL2017 Launchpad competition here.
Want to be a tech-savvy event planner? Sign up to the weekly EventTech Talk newsletter here and get advice and updates on the latest technology trends and discussions shaping the events industry today.
Personalisation is seen as one of the hottest trends in the events industry as attendees increasingly expect both the communication of the event and the live experience to be tailored to them in some way. At the same time, data capture tools like registration systems and event apps are helping events collect valuable information on attendees to create more powerful and customised event experiences.
But is personalisation worth the time and effort? Are we doing anything useful with all the data we’re gathering from attendees or are we collecting too much? Are there any data collection tools that are more effective than others? And what impact will Europe’s new data protection regulation have on event personalisation from May 2018?
A new Eventsforce research study – titled ‘The ROI of Event Personalisation’- has revealed that despite it being a growing priority for 73% of event planners, more than 50% are struggling to see how effective their personalisation efforts are in engaging attendees and building brand loyalty. Of the 150 senior event planners surveyed, 56% don’t end up using all the data they collect for the purpose of personalisation and another 44% find it difficult to determine how much personalisation they should actually do.
Eventsforce will be debating the topic of personalisation, privacy and GDPR with senior event planners from Haymarket Publishing and the British Council at the annual Event Tech Live show in London on 9th November 2017. The session titled, ‘Event Personalisation – Finding the Balance Between Value & Privacy’ will discuss the findings of the study and provide an opportunity for the speakers to share their experiences around personalisation and finding that balance.
Those interested in attending can register for the event at http://www.eventtechlive.com or visit Eventsforce at stand 216 in the exhibition hall.
In this month’s round-up of the latest and most interesting event tech stories, we come across video beacons, Twitter’s hashtag emojis and an app that can help create projection-mapping experiences at events. We also look at how WhatsApp is taking on Snapchat with its own content consumption platform, a new online community connecting event planners and freelancers, as well as a very interesting case study on the role of AI in event personalisation.
Great summary piece from BizBash here – a quick looks at some of the latest apps, software and interactive technology for events and experiential marketing. It includes the audience engagement system, Glisser, which allows event presentations to become instantly interactive and shareable. Presenters can use the system to instantly send polls to audiences and display the results, while members can submit questions anonymously and vote on the questions that have been asked. Another tool is the Estimote Mirror – a video-enabled beacon which not only communicates with nearby smartphones and apps but also takes content from those apps and displays it on nearby digital screens. For example, the system can be used to show personalised content on digital signs around a venue as visitors pass by or to show product information at an exhibit booth that’s based on the attendee’s interests, needs and previous buying habits.
Also included in the list is Air Events Global, an online marketplace for event planners looking to hire freelancers, and the $4.99 Project Mapper app that allows you to quickly create projection-mapping experiences for your events.
As an event planner, you probably use Whatsapp to communicate back and forth with your team members, especially on the day of your event. The company, however, has just announced that it’s turning the app into a content consumption platform – similar to the way people scroll through their Facebook or Instagram newsfeeds. If this sounds familiar, that’s because it’s exactly like Snapchat’s hugely successful Stories feature but the twist is that it’s -end-to-end encrypted like WhatsApp messaging (great for data security). The new ‘status’ feature will let users share and watch updates from friends and reply privately, shoot and adorn their imagery with drawings and captions and send their creations to chosen contacts with a persistent privacy setting. See full story here.
Similar to Snapchat’s stories, the feature opens the door to new advertising and marketing opportunities for businesses and events. At South by Southwest last year, for example, Mashable used Snapchat as an interactive way to connect with attendees. MTC also uses Snapchat’s stories to complement events the network hosts and add an editorial element to the other large-scale events it covers. WhatsApp currently has 1.2 billion monthly users that send 60 billion messages per day, including 3.3 billion photos, 760 million videos and 8- million GIFs. Its market is huge and if the status feature takes off as the company hopes, it could be a very interesting development for user-generated social content platforms.
A new infographic from Adweek, illustrates the difference in online behavior between boomers and millennials – which can be useful for planning content marketing activities around your events. Boomers, for example, like branded content that focuses on the product or service, while millennials like branded content that focuses on experiences. Both demographics like photos, but boomers are more likely to prefer written content or video. And when boomers share content online, they’re going to Facebook instead of Instagram. Take a look at the infographic here for a full picture.
This month’s Sanremo music festival in Italy has seen a social media first: a brand sponsor’s logo, in emoji form, attached to an event hashtag. The custom emoji accompanied every tweet mentioning the #Sanremo2017 hashtag – which meant every time anyone used the hashtag, they were putting the sponsor’s logo right into the timelines of their followers.
Although this form of advertising can seem somewhat brazen to some at the moment, don’t be surprised if it soon becomes the norm. According to this story from Event MB, hashtags have been helping us facilitate and organise event-related engagement for some time now. This simple addition of a company logo in emoji form could make the hashtag/emoji ad combination an extremely valuable sponsorship opportunity for events of the future.
BizBash: What Was IBM’s Watson Doing at a San Francisco Dance Party?
Want a glimpse of what personalised events will look like in the future? Daybreaker hosts about 15 events in San Francisco each year, and last month, it hosted what it called the ‘world’s first cognitive dance party’ powered by Watson – IBM’s cognitive platform. The company used Watson to analyse attendees’ Twitter profiles and personality quizzes to create three tracks that would determine the colours guests were encouraged to wear at the event (purple for conscientious, red for outgoing and yellow for expressiveness). The tracks also determined pre-party lists, a pre-dance fitness class suggestion, Chef Watson-designed breakfast menus and original Watson Beat music during the event. As party goers bounced around the venue, a swirling storm of lights illuminated the interactive LED dance floor – with patterns powered by the ‘energy’ (the social feeds) in the room. A custom-built LED sun also rose at the front of the room, which reflected the guests’ personalities. You can read more about it here.
What kind of impact will tools like Watson have on the events industry? Can Artificial Intelligence (AI) truly personalise experiences? According to an article by Event Tech Brief, attendees these days want tailor-made information, connections and experiences and current event technologies have set the stage for hyper-personalised attendee experiences – but we’re not quite there yet. AI has the potential to take event tech to the next level – from AI-enabled concierge event bots to personalised attendee matchmaking tools like Grip.
This past year was certainly an interesting one in the world of technology and events. We saw some very impressive use of pyrotechnics, lighting and 3D projection at the opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. We saw how video has become a very important marketing tool for event planners with new live streaming tools like Instagram and Facebook Live making their mark in the industry. We also saw the use of new kinds of engagement tools that are radically changing the way people experience events – not to forget some much-anticipated applications of AR and VR technology.
But what really stood out in 2016? Which event technology made a difference? And what should we expect for 2017?
EventTech Talk spoke to some of the industry’s well known event tech experts to find out what they felt was important in 2016 and what they think will be the next big thing over the coming year.
Most of the technology that I have observed over this past year represented incremental changes to existing apps and platforms or the use of existing and familiar technology to address new markets. There was clearly one exception: chatbots.
For those who are unfamiliar with conversational bots, picture Apple’s Siri or Amazon’s Alexa, both machine interfaces with which to carry on a dialogue, make requests, or ask for information.
A chatbot works on the same principle, but instead of speaking to a device, the user texts commands and questions to the bot using a smartphone. The bot replies with answers, menus, or links to information.
The technology stood out for me because of how it works and what it represents. There is virtually no learning curve. It is as easy as picking up a smartphone and texting the word hello. After that, an attendee can begin asking questions like, where is the session on human anatomy? How do I get validation for parking? Are there vegetarian options on the lunch buffet? These are all simple inquiries that cannot be addressed as quickly or at all by the mobile event app.
In the absence of a bot, attendees have to walk to registration, call or email show management, and/or waste a considerable amount of precious time getting a response.
Chatbots allude to the next big thing for 2017 – personalisation. The accumulation of data will intersect with a number of technologies, including chatbots, beacons, and networking applications. For example, chatbots powered by artificial intelligence and supported by cloud storage can learn attendee preferences and begin to anticipate their needs.
Beacon receivers can detect wearable technology and cause devices to react to them (digital signage with a personalised welcome message). Networking applications and devices can bring two specific attendees together (at their mutual request) based on their profiles, stated preferences, and proximity.
Overall, 2016 was an evolutionary year, rather than a revolutionary year. A lot of the technologies simply evolved, rather than anything really jumping out and being new and exciting. That being said, we’re finally, after decades of promises, seeing VR and AR solutions that actually make sense in events.
From promotional materials, to 360-degree site visits, to product launches and game stations, VR is coming of age, and AR will be right behind it. Audi has been investing heavily in VR, creating dynamic group experiences at their events, so it’s not all about going into your own little world anymore.
I think 2017 is the year to re-evaluate your tech. For those who’ve been waiting to incorporate technology, now’s the time. Event apps, audience response systems, registration and event management software, livestreaming and hybrid events – all these technologies are mature and ready for you to implement.
For those of you who’ve been on the leading edge and are ready for the next big thing? Time to start moving forward with attendee-tracking and interaction technology using beacons and smart floors, augmented reality and virtual reality. “AI” and “IOT” will be the buzzwords of tech in 2017, and we’re already starting to see them being attached to the latest #EventTech startups!
Finally, keep a close eye on security. “Soft targets” – hotels, convention centres, festivals and the like – are going to be the favoured targets of the malicious, both physical and digital. So once again, it’s time to re-evaluate your security and protect your attendees/guests!
Want to be a tech savvy event planner? Sign up to the EventTech Talk newsletter here and get weekly updates on the latest technology trends, discussions and debates shaping the events industry today.
What really stood out and I saw proof of in 2016 was working with Konduko at Event Tech Live (ETL) to outfit each exhibitor with touch-to-collect points. This turned lead generation into a two-way street between exhibitors and visitors. It also allowed us to capture data for speakers, which has been invaluable to them.
Around 66% of leads generated from ETL came from the interaction between visitors and exhibitors using Konduko – this is a real game changer for expos. And as deployment costs come down, I can see this filtering in as a standard to all types of events, both big and small.
Looking at event tech trends for 2017, it is hard to say for sure as there is so much “industry” technology being developed as well as external technology which can then be used for events. I think we will see the Internet of Things (IOT) take a larger role in the delivery of content at events, based specifically on the attendee.
An example of this would be digital screens that we already see at most events and shows turning into more “connected” screens, which can display content that’s relevant to each attendee. This can be based on time, sessions they have attended, their network of other attendees and even their preferences on food, music etc.
Poken was our biggest event tech win for 2016. It’s an innovative platform of tech tools for event professionals to use to organise and manage their events and create unique, engaging experiences. It allowed our attendees to check-in, network and collect information all in a fun, gamification-style format that our attendees loved. It truly is a complete event engagement experience.
With today’s attendees needing to feel engaged more than ever, event tech solutions like Slido will really take flight in 2017. Slido lets you crowdsource the best questions from your audience and keep your guests engaged with live polls. We’re excited to see the level of audience interaction skyrocket and what new event attendee opportunities will be introduced.
As the significance of events continues to grow for organisations, so does the importance of managing the data around these events. We’ve seen event planners doing some great things by integrating their data with check-in systems, payment gateways and event apps. However, this same concept of data sharing is now being applied with big back-end business systems, like CRMs and finance solutions.
In fact, we’ve seen a 40% increase in the number of customers working on integration projects over the last year and we expect this trend to grow significantly as event planners try to automate processes and make better use of their event data. If this is something you’re considering, have a look at this industry ebook that gives a good introduction on the topic and whether or not it’s something that makes sense for your events.
More time, less work and better data sharing around your events? Find out how by getting your FREE guide to data integration here.
We’re also seeing some interesting trends around event apps. The concept of having a fancy-looking event app is slowly dying. Event planners want mobile apps but only if it benefits their attendees. Attendees want apps but only if the features really help them achieve their attendance goals. When they do, native event apps are very popular and successful.
However, planners no longer want to spend thousands on designing apps and re-keying data. Either the app works well with their existing data or its considered an expensive luxury. Event programs change. Sponsors change, agendas change. Event apps that are not integrated with other event systems don’t reflect the latest information and are obsolete to attendees.
Aside from data integration, I think custom packages will be another focus area for event tech in 2017. Offering attendees a selection of pre-defined package options for your event is a lot like a restaurant offering customers a selection of set menus. Both are easy to set up. Both offer the same set of choices to everyone.
Yet registration software has the ability to help attendees personalise their own packages. In the same way that a restaurant can offer both a set menu and an a-la-carte option, event planners are going to increasingly use their registration systems to offer attendees the option to pick and choose what they want to ‘consume’ when registering for an event.
Take any multi-day conference today and chances are it will offer attendees a choice of registration packages. Some will give attendees a choice of dates at different rates, others will bundle things like meals, accommodation or entertainment into the price. This concept of ‘packages’ first became popular when organisations used paper-based registration forms and needed a simple way of managing payments around their events. All attendees had to do was pick a package, submit their form and send the necessary cheque to the organisers.
Over the years, the advance of technology has made this process of managing payments a whole lot simpler. Online registration systems provide automatic calculations at the check-out stage of the attendee’s registration journey – regardless of the number of items purchased along the way. So the need for simplification no longer exists. In fact, ‘digital’ registration pages can do a lot more for attendee packages. They can give attendees the ability to tailor their own custom packages around these events.
1. Trouble Counting Totals – Knowing exactly who is coming on each day should be the kind of information that needs to be available to an event planner at the touch of a button. Yet looking at our example, if you want to get the total number of attendees at your event on the Monday, you will have to add up the number of people who selected packages 1, 2 and 4. This number will reflect all the people coming on the Monday but it will also include the ones who have registered for the Tuesday and Wednesday sessions too. Also, it may include people who have no intention of attending the event on Monday but chose package 2 as they wanted to attend the sessions on the Tuesday and Wednesday.
2. No Transparency on Event Requirements – Knowing the exact number of people that are expected to attend on any given day is important for managing things like delegate communications, catering requirements and health and safety regulations. It is pure guess work to assume that people who have chosen package 2 will be attending your buffet lunch on the Monday, for example. Or that they’re interested in receiving content on topics that will be discussed in sessions on that day.
3. Limited Choice for Attendees – Options that are not listed usually end up with the attendee picking up the phone and calling your team to ask if they can attend ‘Tuesday only’, for example. This increases your workload, delays registration and could affect cash flow. Your attendee may also feel he’s not getting a good return on his investment as he’s made to pay for a 3-day event when he’s only interested in attending one particular date or session.
Offering your attendees a selection of package options for your event is a lot like a restaurant offering its customers a selection of set menus. Both are easy to set up. Both offer the same set of choices to everyone. Yet registration software can help attendees personalise their own packages around your multi-day events. In the same way that a restaurant offers customers the choice to order whatever they want using an a-la-carte menu, event planners can use their online registration forms to offer attendees the option to pick and choose what they want to ‘consume’ when registering for the event.
So instead of giving attendees a list of packages to choose from, registration forms can ask attendees which dates they would like to attend. Or you can break it down further and ask them what sessions they would like to attend. Upon selection, attendees can then be given a set of questions that allows them to choose individually priced items such as meals, meeting rooms, entertainment activities, transport and accommodation. They won’t need to do the mental arithmetic as the system will do it for them and they can focus on what they actually want to get out of the event.
Some may argue that breaking down prices like this will only complicate the registration process. That simplified package options provide a better experience for attendees. Yet the reality is that these packages are taking the choice away from attendees. And your attendees want that choice. They want the ability to decide that they will attend your conference for the first two days, spend one night in the hotel (as they’ve made other arrangements for the other two) and attend the networking drinks on the third night. They are used to making these choices in many aspects of their lives. They do it when buying add-ons for their flights such as meals, extra leg room or baggage allowance. They do it when ordering their meals in a restaurant. And there is no reason why they can’t do this around your events.
Increased ROI for Attendees – Providing attendees with the ability to pick and choose bookable items around your events gives them a clearer understanding on the value of their purchase. A subconscious connection is made with the content of each day, rather than simply the package fee. This provides the event planner with the opportunity to present additional value in context rather than just a price on a page.
Personalised Event Communications – Knowing exactly which days your attendees will be attending can help you personalise all your email communications in the run up to your event. It makes more sense to send your attendee information about the sessions of the day they’re attending than have one generic email that goes to everyone on your list.
Better Speaker Content – By having a more accurate picture of who will be attending the sessions on each day, event planners can break down attendee lists by company type, interests and goals and share it with speakers beforehand. They can then use this information to tweak the content of their presentations or personalise it with content or examples that are more relevant to the audience.
Clearer Insight on On-Site Requirements – Knowing exactly who will be attending on each day of the event provides the event planner with a more accurate picture on what catering arrangements need to be made. So if you know that people are leaving early on the last day of your event, you may decide to offer them a packed lunch instead of the buffet you had initially planned. This can reduce your catering costs and reduce unnecessary food wastage. This kind of information will also help with emergency evacuations and other health and safety requirements.
Alternative Source of Income – Asking your delegates specific questions on the kind of things they’re interested in purchasing around your event can also maximize your opportunity to make money. How about offering them to rent out that extra meeting room you have available on that specific day you know they will be at your event? Or offer them the choice to buy WiFi connectivity in their hotel rooms?
For some other ideas on how online registration systems like Eventsforce can help you personalise your attendee event experiences, have a look here. | 2019-04-20T16:36:59Z | https://www.eventsforce.com/tag/personalisation/ |
Like most people, Kevin Hall used to believe the reason individuals obtain fat is simple.
– calories-burned equation for weight loss constantly made sense to him. After that his very own study– and the entrants on a knockout reality-TV show– proved him wrong.
Hall, a researcher at the National Institutes of Wellness (NIH), started seeing The Largest Loser a couple of years back on the referral of a close friend. “I saw these people stepping on ranges, and also they lost 20 lb. in a week,” he claims. On the one hand, it tracked with widespread beliefs regarding weight loss: the workouts were penalizing as well as the diets limiting, so it stood to reason the guys and ladies on the show would certainly lose weight. Still, 20 lb. in a week was a whole lot. To understand exactly how they were doing it, he determined to research 14 of the candidates for a scientific paper.
Hall quickly learned that in reality-TV-land, a week does not always convert into an exact 7 days, yet no matter: the weight being shed was actual, rapid and huge. Over the training course of the season, the candidates lost a standard of 127 lb.
Exactly what he really did not expect to find out was that also when the problems for weight management are TV-perfect– with a challenging yet inspiring trainer, telegenic doctors, rigorous dish plans and also awesome exercises– the body will, in the long run, fight like heck to obtain that fat back. With time, 13 of the 14 contestants Hall examined acquired, generally, 66% of the weight they would certainly lost on the show, and 4 were larger compared to they were prior to the competition.
That could be depressing enough to earn also one of the most inspired dieter quit. “There’s this idea of why trouble trying,” claims Hall. Locating solutions to the weight-loss problem has actually never ever been much more essential. The large bulk of American grownups are obese; virtually 40% are scientifically overweight. And medical professionals now understand that excess body fat significantly raises the risk of major health problems, consisting of Type 2 diabetic issues, heart disease, depression, respiratory system troubles, significant cancers or even fertility troubles. A 2017 research found that excessive weight now owns a lot more very early preventable deaths in the United States compared to smoking. This has actually fueled a weight-loss market worth $66.3 billion, marketing whatever from diet pills to dish plans to elegant gym subscriptions.
It’s likewise sustained a rise in study. Last year the NIH offered an approximated $931 million in financing for obesity research study, including Hall’s, which research is offering researchers a brand-new understanding of why dieting is so hard, why maintaining the weight off over time is also harder and also why the dominating wisdom concerning weight loss seems to work only often– for some people.
What researchers are revealing should bring fresh hope to the 155 million Americans who are overweight, inning accordance with the United States Centers for Condition Control as well as Prevention. Leading researchers finally agree, for example, that exercise, while important to healthiness, is not a specifically trusted means to deflect body fat over the long term. And the overly simple arithmetic of calories in vs. calories out has actually paved the way to the more nuanced understanding that it’s the composition of an individual’s diet– as opposed to just how much of it they can burn off exercising– that sustains weight management.
Hall, Sacks and other scientists are showing that the trick to weight-loss seems extremely customized as opposed to fashionable diet regimens. As well as while weight reduction will certainly never be easy for anyone, the evidence is placing that it’s possible for any individual to get to a healthy and balanced weight– individuals just should discover their ideal means there.
Diet programs has actually been an American preoccupation given that long before the weight problems epidemic removed in the 1980s. In the 1830s, Presbyterian priest Sylvester Graham proclaimed a vegetarian diet that left out spices, dressings and alcohol. At the turn of the 20th century, it was stylish to eat food until melted, in some cases as much as 722 times before ingesting, many thanks to the suggestions of a prominent nutrition specialist called Horace Fletcher. Tradition has it that at concerning the very same time, President William Howard Taft embraced a fairly modern plan– low fat, reduced calorie, with a day-to-day food log– after he obtained stuck in a White House bath tub.
The principle of the calorie as an unit of power had been studied and also shared in clinical circles throughout Europe for time, but it wasn’t up until World war that calorie counting came to be de rigueur in the United States Amidst global food scarcities, the American government needed a method to urge people to reduce on their food intake, so it released its very first “clinical diet” for Americans, which had calorie checking at its core.
In the following decades, when being rail-thin came to be ever more desirable, almost all weight loss advice worried dishes that were low calorie. There was the grapefruit diet of the 1930s (where individuals consumed half a grapefruit with every dish out of an idea that the fruit had fat-burning enzymes) as well as the cabbage-soup diet of the 1950s (a flatulence-inducing strategy in which individuals ate cabbage soup every day for a week together with low-calorie dishes).
The 1960s saw the beginning of the large commercialization of weight loss in the U.S. That’s when a New York homemaker called Jean Nidetch began organizing pals at her house to speak about their concerns with weight and also weight loss. Nidetch was a self-proclaimed cookie fan who had actually had a hard time for several years to slim down. Her weekly meetings assisted her so much– she lost 72 lb. in regarding a year– that she inevitably turned those living-room gatherings into a company called Weight Watchers. When it went public in 1968, she and also her founders came to be millionaires over night.
Virtually half a century later, Weight Watchers remains among the most commercially effective diet business in the world, with 3.6 million energetic customers as well as $1.2 billion in revenue in 2016.
Exactly what the majority of these diets had in common was a concept that is still prominent today: eat fewer calories as well as you will certainly reduce weight. Also the low-fat trend that kicked off in the late 1970s– which was based upon the without effort attractive yet inaccurate idea that consuming fat will make you fat– relied on the calorie-counting model of weight management. (Considering that fatty foods are a lot more calorie-dense compared to, say, plants, logic recommends that if you eat much less of them, you will certainly consume less calories overall, and then you’ll drop weight.).
That’s not exactly what took place when people went low fat. The diet fad corresponded with weight gain. In 1990, adults with weight problems made up less compared to 15% of the U.S. populace.
Study like Hall’s is starting to discuss why. As demoralizing as his preliminary findings were, they weren’t altogether unusual: more than 80% of people with weight problems that reduce weight gain it back. That’s because when you reduce weight, your resting metabolism (what does it cost? energy your body utilizes when at remainder) slows down– potentially a transformative holdover from the days when food shortage prevailed.
What Hall discovered, however– and just what frankly shocked him– was that even when the Biggest Loser participants got back some of their weight, their resting metabolic process didn’t speed up together with it. Rather, in a vicious spin, it stayed low, shedding about 700 fewer calories each day than it did prior to they started slimming down in the first place. “When people see the reducing metabolic process numbers,” says Hall, “their eyes protrude like, Exactly how is that even feasible?”.
The entrants lose a huge quantity of weight in a reasonably brief amount of time– undoubtedly not exactly how most medical professionals recommend you drop weight– yet research study reveals that the same reducing metabolic rate Hall observed tends to occur to regular Joes as well. Most individuals that reduce weight gain back the extra pounds they lost at a price of 2 to 4 pound. each year.
For the 2.2 billion individuals all over the world who are overweight, Hall’s findings can look like a formula for failing– and also, at the very same time, clinical vindication. They show that it’s without a doubt biology, not just an absence of determination, that makes it so hard to reduce weight. The findings likewise make it seem as if the body itself will certainly mess up any effort to maintain weight off in the long-lasting.
But a slower metabolic process is not the full tale. Despite the biological odds, there are lots of people who prosper in losing weight and also maintaining it off. Hall has seen it occur much more times than he could count. The catch is that some people appear to do well with nearly every diet method– it simply varies from one person to another.
” You take a bunch of people as well as arbitrarily assign them to follow a low-carb diet or a low-fat diet,” Hall claims. “You follow them for a number of years, and also exactly what you tend to see is that ordinary weight-loss is almost no various between both teams in its entirety. Within each group, there are individuals that are really successful, people that don’t shed any weight and also individuals who gain weight.”.
Comprehending just what it is about a given diet that helps a given individual continues to be the holy grail of weight-loss science. Professionals are getting more detailed.
For the past 23 years, Rena Wing, a professor of psychiatry and human habits at Brown University, has actually run the National Weight Control Registry (NWCR) as a method to track individuals who successfully lose weight as well as maintain it off. “When we began it, the perspective was that virtually nobody prospered at reducing weight and also keeping it off,” says James O. Hillside, Wing’s collaborator as well as a weight problems scientist at the University of Colorado. “We really did not believe that was the case, yet we didn’t recognize without a doubt due to the fact that we didn’t have the data.”.
Today the computer system registry consists of more compared to 10,000 people from throughout the 50 states with a typical weight loss of 66 pound. On standard, individuals on the current list have actually kept off their weight for more than five years.
The most revealing information about the windows registry: every person on the list has lost substantial amounts of weight– however in different ways. Concerning 45% of them claim they dropped weight adhering to numerous diets on their own, for example, as well as 55% say they utilized an organized weight-loss program. And the majority of them had to try more than one diet before the fat burning stuck.
The researchers have actually determined some resemblances amongst them: 98% of the people in the research study claim they customized their diet somehow, with a lot of cutting down on just how much they consumed in an offered day. One more via line: 94% enhanced their exercise, as well as the most prominent type of workout was walking.
” There’s nothing enchanting regarding what they do,” says Wing. “Some people emphasize workout greater than others, some follow low-carb diet plans, and some comply with low-fat diets. The one commonality is that they needed to make modifications in their day-to-day actions.”.
When asked how they have actually had the ability to maintain the weight off, the large bulk of individuals in the research study state they eat breakfast daily, weigh themselves at the very least once a week, view less compared to 10 hours of television each week and also workout about an hour a day, on average.
The scientists have also checked out their perspectives as well as behavior. They found that the majority of them do not consider themselves Type A, resolving the idea that just obsessive superplanners could stick to a diet. They learned that many successful dieters were self-described early morning individuals. (Other research supports the unscientific: somehow, night owls have the tendency to consider more than larks.) The scientists also discovered that people with long-term weight management had the tendency to be inspired by something aside from a slimmer waistline– like a health and wellness scare or the wish to live a longer life, to be able to spend more time with loved ones.
The researchers at the NWCR claim it’s unlikely that individuals they research are somehow genetically endowed or honored with a personality that makes weight management very easy for them. Most individuals in the research study claim they had actually fallen short a number of times before when they had tried to shed weight. Instead they were extremely encouraged, as well as they maintained trying different things until they found something that worked for them.
” Shedding weight and also maintaining it off is hard, as well as if any individual informs you it’s very easy, run the other method,” claims Hillside. During his period there, the NWCR published one paper with partial financing from Coca-Cola, however the scientists state their research, which Hillside was entailed in, was not affected by the soda giant’s monetary assistance.).
Hillside, Wing and their associates concur that possibly one of the most motivating lesson to be gleaned from their windows registry is the most basic: in a group of 10,000 real-life greatest losers, no 2 individuals shed the weight in rather the same way.
The Bariatric Medical Institute in Ottawa is founded on that thinking. When people register in its weight-loss program, they all begin on the very same six-month diet and exercise plan– yet they are encouraged to split from the program, with the assistance of a physician, whenever they desire, in order to find out what works best for them. The program takes a whole-person strategy to weight reduction, which implies that habits, psychology and also budget– not just biology– inform everyone’s plan.
” We have a strategy that includes obtaining enough calories as well as healthy protein etc, but we are not wed to it,” says Dr. Yoni Freedhoff, an excessive weight specialist and also the clinical supervisor of the clinic. “We try to understand where people are having a hard time, then we adjust. Everybody here is doing things a little in a different way.”.
People try a few different plans before they obtain it. Jody Pants, 52, an IT project manager in Ottawa, had been obese considering that she was a youngster. When she involved the center in 2007, she was 5 ft. 4 in. high as well as weighed 240 pound. She had actually shed weight in her 20s doing Weight Watchers, she gained it back after she lost a job and also the stress led her to eat way too much. Denims would get up on a Monday and also decide she was beginning a diet, or never eating dessert once more, only to scrap the strategy a number of days, if not hrs, later. “Unless you’ve had a great deal of weight to shed, you don’t comprehend what it’s like,” she says. “It’s overwhelming, as well as individuals take a look at you like it’s your fault.”.
A March 2017 study discovered that people who internalize weight stigma have a tougher time maintaining weight reduction. That’s why most experts suggest that pushing people toward health and wellness goals as opposed to a number on the range could yield much better outcomes. “When you entirely focus on weight, you may quit on changes in your life that would certainly have positive advantages,” says the NIH’s Hall.
It took Jeans five years to shed 75 lb. She’s never been particularly encouraged to work out, she found it helpful to track her food each day, as well as make certain she ate sufficient filling healthy protein as well as fiber– without having to rely on bland diet staples like grilled hen over greens (hold the clothing). “I’m a foodie,” Denim states.
Natalie Casagrande, 31, got on the very same program that Pants was on, yet Freedhoff as well as his colleagues utilized a different method with her. Casagrande’s weight had risen and fall throughout her life, and also she had actually attempted unsafe diet plans like starving herself as well as working out constantly for quick weight reduction. One time, she even dropped from a dimension 14 to a size 0 in just a few months. When she signed up for the program, Casagrande weighed 173 lb. At 4 ft. 11 in., that meant she was scientifically overweight, which implies having a body mass index of 30 or even more.
When she started working with the group at the Bariatric Medical Institute, Casagrande likewise tracked her food, but unlike Pants, she never delighted in the process. What she did love was exercise. She found her workouts very easy to match her schedule, and also she discovered them inspiring. By meeting the facility’s psychologist, she additionally found out that she had generalized anxiousness, which aided clarify her bouts of emotional eating.
It took Casagrande three tries over three years prior to she finally shed substantial weight. During one of her regression durations, she acquired 10 pound. She tweaked her strategy to focus extra on cooking as well as handling her mental health and wellness and after that attempted again. Today she considers 116 pound. as well as has preserved that weight for regarding a year. “It takes a great deal of trial and error to determine what jobs,” she states. “Not everyday is mosting likely to be excellent, however I’m right here since I pushed via the poor days.”.
Freedhoff claims discovering exactly what variables are most important for every individual– be they mental, logistical, food-based– matters a lot more to him than recognizing one diet that helps everybody. “As long as we continue to pigeonhole individuals into certain diets without considering the people, the more probable we are to run into problems,” he claims. That’s why a significant portion of his meetings with people is spent discussing the individual’s daily obligations, their socioeconomic status, their mental health and wellness, their convenience in the kitchen.
” Sadly,” he says, “that’s not the standard. The amount of initiative needed to comprehend your patients is more than many doctors put in.”.
In an August op-ed published in the journal the Lancet, Freedhoff and Hall jointly contacted the clinical community to invest more time figuring out how medical professionals can assist individuals receive healthy and balanced way of livings and also less on what diet is best for weight-loss. “Crowning a diet king due to the fact that it supplies a clinically useless distinction in body weight fuels diet hype, not diet aid,” they create. “It’s high time we begin helping.”.
Precisely why weight loss could differ so much for individuals on the same diet plan still eludes scientists. “It’s the largest open question in the area,” says the NIH’s Hall. “I want I recognized the answer.”.
Some guess it’s people’s genes. Over the previous several years, researchers have determined nearly 100 genetic markers that appear to be connected to being overweight or being overweight, as well as there’s no question genetics play an important duty in just how some individuals break down calories and shop fat. However professionals approximate that obesity-related genetics represent simply 3% of the distinctions in between individuals’s sizes– and those very same genes that predispose individuals to weight gain existed Thirty Years ago, and 100 years earlier, recommending that genes alone could not explain the fast surge in obesity.
Just what’s even more, a current research of 9,000 people found that whether a person carried a genetics variation associated with weight gain had no impact on his/her capability to slim down. “We assume this excels information,” claims research study author John Mathers, a teacher of human nutrition at Newcastle University. “Carrying the high-risk type of the gene makes you most likely to be a bit heavier, however it should not stop you from losing weight.”.
Another location that has some scientists thrilled is the question of exactly how weight gain is linked to chemicals we are exposed to daily– things like the bisphenol A (BPA) located in cellular linings of canned-food containers as well as cash-register receipts, the flame retardants in couches as well as mattresses, the chemical deposits on our food as well as the phthalates located in plastics and cosmetics. What these chemicals share is their capability to simulate human hormones, and also some researchers fret they may be ruining the fragile endocrine system, owning fat storage space.
” The old paradigm was that inadequate diet as well as lack of exercise are underpinning weight problems, but now we comprehend that chemical exposures are an essential 3rd consider the origin of the obesity epidemic,” claims Dr. Leonardo Trasande, an associate teacher of pediatric medicines, environmental medicine and also population health and wellness at New York University’s College of Medicine. “Chemicals can interfere with hormones as well as metabolic rate, which can add to disease and special needs.”.
Another frontier researchers are exploring is how the microbiome– the trillions of germs that live inside and also on the surface of the body– might be affecting exactly how the body metabolizes specific foods. Dr. Eran Elinav and Eran Segal, scientists for the Personalized Nourishment Job at the Weizmann Institute of Scientific research in Israel, believe the variation in diet success may depend on the way people’s microbiomes react to various foods.
In a 2015 study, Segal and Elinav provided 800 men and women devices that gauged their blood-sugar levels every 5 minutes for a one-week period. They completed sets of questions about their wellness, offered blood as well as stool examples and had their microbiomes sequenced. They additionally utilized a mobile app to tape their food consumption, sleep and exercise.
They found that blood-sugar levels differed extensively among people after they consumed, also when they consumed the precise same dish. This recommends that umbrella recommendations for the best ways to consume can be worthless. “It was a major surprise to us,” claims Segal.
The researchers developed a formula for every individual in the trial utilizing the information they gathered as well as discovered that they might properly anticipate a person’s blood-sugar action to an offered food on the basis of their microbiome. That’s why Elinav and Segal believe the next frontier in weight-loss scientific research depends on the intestine; they think their algorithm can inevitably help physicians recommend very details diet plans for people inning accordance with how they respond to various foods.
Unsurprisingly, there are enterprising organisations trying to profit this idea. On-line supplement business already hawk customized probiotic tablets, with reviews from customers asserting they slimmed down taking them.
Far, research study to support the probiotic-pill approach to weight loss is little. Ditto the hereditary examinations that assert to be able to tell you whether you’re far better off on a low-carb diet or a vegan one.
In Conclusion, most individuals do not have to lose rather a lot weight to boost their wellness.|The majority of individuals do not require to lose quite so much weight to enhance their wellness.} Research study shows that with simply a 10% loss of weight, people will experience obvious adjustments in their blood pressure as well as blood glucose control, lowering their threat for cardiovascular disease and also Kind 2 diabetes mellitus– two of the costliest diseases in regards to health care bucks as well as human life. | 2019-04-18T13:28:53Z | http://www.brucebraley.com/weight-loss-program-durham-nc/ |
Es una base de datos que contiene referencias bibliográficas relacionadas con la agricultura, ha sido creada por National Agricultural Library (United States Department of Agriculture) y centros cooperantes .
La base de datos AGRIS es uno de los productos del Sistema internacional de información para las ciencias y la tecnología agrícolas, creado en 1974 por la FAO. Al ser una base de datos cooperativa los países participantes envían referencias de la literatura producida dentro de sus fronteras. La base de datos dispone de referencias bibliográficas de artículos de publicaciones científicas, libros, tesis, informes, etc.
En la base CARIS encontrará información sobre investigaciones agronómicas en curso (incluyendo: ciencia, producción y protección vegetal y animal; tecnología post-cosecha; pesca y acuicultura; elaboración de productos agrícolas; alimentación y nutrición humana; silvicultura y tecnología de la madera; maquinaria e ingeniería agrícola; recursos naturales y medio ambiente en relación con la agricultura; economía agrícola, desarrollo y sociología rural; educación y extensión agrarias). Este sistema ha sido creado por la FAO en 1975 para facilitar el intercambio de información e identificar las actividades en curso en materia de investigación agronómica en los países en desarrollo o que tienen relación con éstas.
Permite buscar en forma simultánea en las Bases de Datos producidas por instituciones nacionales e internacionales de América Latina y el Caribe disponibles en el servidor del SIDALC (Sistema de Información y Documentación Agropecuario de América). Puede recuperar información, buscando por: autor personal y/o corporativo, título, palabras clave, país y fecha.
Editadas por Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa). "A coleção Bases de Dados da Pesquisa Agropecuária, edição novembro de 2001, é um produto que tem por objetivo contribuir para o uso e a disseminação da informação agrícola produzida e colecionada pelas Unidades de Pesquisa da Embrapa em todo Brasil e por outras instituições agrícolas brasileiras". Entre otras dispone de un Catastro de 184 instituciones de Brasil relacionadas con la investigación agropecuaria, otrs muy importante es la Agrobase, es una base bibliográfica de la Agricultura Brasileira, cuenta con 197.545 referencias bibliográficas, contiene literatura agrícola brasileira, técnico-científica y de extensión rural, desde 1870. Es administrada por la Coordenação Geral de Informação Documental Agrícola (CENAGRI), órgano de la Secretaria de Apoio Rural e Cooperativismo (SARC), del Ministério da Agricultura e do Abastecimento.
Una herramienta de la búsqueda que proporciona información de los nutrientes de más de 6,000 comidas diferentes. Editada por la USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) - The Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL).
The web pages are designed by H. Fisher, Programs are created by D. Hewzulla, the project leader is Prof. M. C Boulter. The service is organized in four sections: a) Search data. b) Pictures. c) IOP. d) Maps.
Search data in a multiple databases. Find information by: Any taxon, Genus, Species, family, order, class, phylum.
Eurasian Neogene mammals (Internet Biodiversity Service). "This is a Eurasian Neogene terrestrial fossil mammals database.The database is maintained and coordinated at the University of Helsinski by Mikael Fotelius. It records the location of the fossils, and the locations are records both with names and longitude, latitude cordinates".
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "Databases of vascular plant and vertebrate animal occurrences on the world's biosphere reserves and other protected areas". University of California at Davis.
Fossil Record 2. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "a near-complete listing of the diversity of life through time, compiled at the level of the family. you can search, and create diversity, origination, and extinction curves online by selecting different variety of groups". The Fossil Record 2 database (Benton, M. J. (Ed.) 1993, Chapman & Hall,London. 845pp.)is originally compiled in Excel by Dr. Mary Benton).
Ocean Drilling Program. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is an international partnership of scientists and research institutions organized to explore the evolution and structure of Earth".
Plant Fossil Record. (Internet Biodiversity Service). Edited by International Organisation of Paleobotany. "The Plant Fossil Record (PFR2.2) database includes: descriptions and occurrences of many thousands of extinct plants. For the first time modern genera with fossil species are included in the description database. Names, places and ages can be searched and the occurrences are instantly plotted on a palaeogeographic maps. Patterns of migration and evolution through geological time can be clearly examined to help better understand the history of climatic and environmental change".
Brummitt Vascular Plants. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "A database of vascular plant families and genera". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Fishbase. (Internet Biodiversity Service). 25.630 Species, 72.000 Synonyms, 114.000 Common names, 29.000 Pictures, 24.000 references.
North American Pleistocene Mammals. (Internet Biodiversity Service). Kurten, B. & Anderson, E. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, 442pp.
Japan Microorganisms. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM) was founded in 1980 at RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), a semi-governmental research institute supported by the Science and Technology Agency (now Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) of Japan, as a culture collection of microorganisms. JCM contributes to domestic, regional, and global improvements of conservation of microbiological resources in cooperation with other culture collections and institutions. JCM supplies authentic microorganisms to researchers in the fields of life sciences and biotechnology. Available microorganisms from JCM are: about 3,900 strains of bacteria including actinomycetes, about 170 strains of archaea and about 2,400 strains of fungi including yeasts".
Global Pollen Database. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "The Global Pollen Database currently includes data from Africa, the Americas, and northern Asia. This database continues to grow as new data are organized and made available by various regional data cooperatives such as the Indo-Pacific Pollen Database, the Latin American Pollen Database, and the North American Pollen Database. The voluntary coordinator of the Global Pollen Database is Dr. Eric Grimm". The World Data Center System for Paleoclimatology.
The Families of Floweing Plants. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "Managed by the International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI), the Global Plant Checklist (GPC) is a cooperative international project designed to help humanity manage the earth's biodiversity efficiently and sustainably".
Virus databases on-line. (Internet Biodiversity Service). This database have been developed by the BioInformatics Group. Research School of Biological Sciences. Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University.
Zooarchaelogy Bivalves, Birds, Crustaceans, Fish, Gastropods, Reptiles. (Internet Biodiversity Service). Florida Museum of Natural Hisotry.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "The 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants was published as a book in 1998 by IUCN (The World Conservation Union), as part of IUCN/SSC's red list programme. The searchable database provided here was developed by WCMC (UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre), in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. This database makes available 35,319 records from the WCMC Threatened Plants Database of plants that are recorded as globally threatened. In addition to information published in the book, WCMC has included information on common names and synonymy. The WCMC Threatened Plants Database contains information on over 136,000 plant taxa of conservation importance based on 19,000 data sources.
IUCN Red list of Threatened Animals of the World. (Internet Biodiversity Service). "The WCMC (UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre) Animals Database holds information on threatened species and others of conservation concern. Part of this database is common to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, and this information is available here in interactive format. This information resource is a result of long-term collaboration between countless individual scientists worldwide and many organisations, notably the Species Survival Commission of IUCN, BirdLife International and WCMC".
Editada por AGBIOS Agriculture & Biotechnology Strategies (Canada) INC.
La base de datos ofrece información segura y descripciones completas sobre cosechas geneticamente modificadas que han recibido aprobación de entes regulatorios en Canadá, Estados Unidos y otros lugares.
"Our database of safety information on genetically modified crops provides complete descriptions for each of the crops that have received regulatory approval in Canada, the United States, and elsewhere. The synopsis presents an overview of all the products in the database".
Esta base de datos contiene una lista de citas bibliográficas relevantes relacionadas a los siguientes temas: medioambiente, alimentación del ganado y seguridad de las plantas genéticamente modificadas como alimento humano. Es posible buscar información por las siguientes alternativas: Food Safety, Environmental Safety, Detection Methods, Cost-Benefit, Livestock Feed Safety, Antibiotic Resistance Markers, Regulation and International Reports, Foreseeable Science.
Editada por : AGBIOS Agriculture & Biotechnology Strategies (Canada) INC.
"El Centro BioInfo es una base de datos que está en evolución permanente y que contiene artículos de prensa, informes técnicos, tablas de datos, discursos, y otros documentos que han sido recopilados por Monsanto y están disponibles en la red a fin de promover una comprensión más profunda de la biotecnología de alimentos y del papel que tiene en la sociedad". Monsanto es una corporación global con oficinas, fábricas y centros de investigación en más de 100 países, dedicada a las Ciencias de la Vida, orientada fundamentalmente a la alimentación y la salud en un mundo de rápida expansión, a la vez que reconoce la gran importancia del respeto al medio ambiente".
Desde éste enlace se accede a buscar en forma simultánea en las siguientes bases de datos: Montgomery Botanical Center; WCMC's Plant Conservation Bibliography; the Botanic Garden of the University of Copenhagen; The University of Oxford Botanic Garden; Phipps Conservatory and Botanic Gardens; The New York Botanical Garden; The Desert Botanical Garden; The EU Wildlife trade database; Denver botanic gardens; ELTE botanical gardens, Budapest; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; World Conservation Monitoring Centre - Threatened Plants; the Sir Harold Hillier Gardens and Arboretum; Holden Arboretum; The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University; Cornell Plantations. Esta metabase es administrada por el Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
"As part of the Species2000 initiative CABI Bioscience is incorporating Global Species Databases in the world database of names. GSDs contain complete, internally consistent taxonomy of a single species, or all species in a genus or higher taxon on a global basis. Some of these data result from in-house work and others have been contributed by other experts. We are grateful for these data-sets and full acknowledgement to the original compilers is stated. Contact links providing additional information (e.g. bibliographies, illustrations and on-line identification keys) are supplied. If you would like to contribute data please contact Paul Kirk"
Editor: CABI Bioscience es la fusión de cuatro institutos biológicos internacionales: International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC), International Institute of Entomology (IIE), International Institute of Parasitology (IIP) y International Mycological Institute (IMI). Está formado por un grupo dinámico de científicos muy calificados de trayectoria internacional que se dedican a asistir en algunos de los más importantes problemas sobre la agricultura sostenible y la diversidad biológica.
· Species Data: summaries of geographic distribution, habitat, and lifeform data for the approximately 8400 vascular plant taxa known to be native or naturalized in California, based on published literature as well as specific documented observations.
· Observation Data: over 600,000 specific observations of plants at locations within California, uniting data holdings of numerous public agencies, herbaria, private organizations, and individuals.
Autor: Es un proyecto realizado en cooperación entre: USDA Forest Service, the UC Berkeley Digital Library Project, the United States Geological Survey, the UC Davis Information Center for the Environment, the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, and others.
El Índice contiene bibliografía relacionada a plantas americanas existentes y fósiles y hongos, asimismo incluye información sobre ecología, botánica económica y la botánica general. La base de datos es editada por New York Botanical Garden.
"The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) is a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of all seed plants. Its goal is to eliminate the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names. The data are freely available and are gradually being standardized and checked. IPNI will be a dynamic resource, depending on direct contributions by all members of the botanical community".
Base de datos editada por el Missouri Botanical Garden. Se puede buscar por: Family, Genus, Infraspecific, Species, Cultivar name.
Editada por Plants for a Future, éste es un centro de recursos sobre plantas raras o no usuales, especialmente aquellas que tienen usos comestibles, medicinales u otras utilizaciones prácticas. La base de datos permite realizar búsquedas por: a) Name, Common Name or Family; b) Edible, Medicinal or Other Use; c) plants native to a particular geographical Area; d) plants which grow in a particular Habitat; e) every field for a particular Word.
Base de datos focalizada en plantas vasculares, musgos, líquenes y otras de EE.UU. y sus territorios, es editada por USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service. Incluye nombres, checklists, información de identificación, resumen de la especie , información sobre la cosecha, símbolos de la planta, datos de crecimiento de la planta, eslabones de la planta, referencias, etc.
Linking Plant Images and Databases for Public Access. The Missouri Botanical Garden has developed an image database application that can be downloaded and installed on your computer or web server.
Podrá buscar en todos los campos ó por scientific name, family, locality, collector. herbarium number.
Familias de Angiospermas: Sistema interactivo para identificar y recuperar información, incluye descripciones, ilustraciones, referencias y otro material subsidiario.
‘L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 14th December 2000. http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/’. Dallwitz (1980), Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993, 1995, 2000), and Watson and Dallwitz (1991) should also be cited (see References).
America (c. 1730), includes high quality images of over 700 specimens".
and the year of publication where known".
wildlife native to your specific UK locality".
Otras bases de datos disponibles: Solanaceae Source; Plant diversity in Paraguay; El Salvador Shade Tree Database; The Richard Spruce collection (Specimens from Richard Spruce's collections in Peru and Ecuador); Exploring Biodiversity; The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project.
"This site provides access to the Missouri Botanical Garden's VAST (VAScular Tropicos) nomenclatural database and associated authority files".
AgEcon Search: Research in Agricultural and Applied Economics es un sitio WEB desarrollado y mantenido por la University of Minnesota por la Magrath Library y el Department of Applied Economics.
AgEcon Search recoge, indexa y distribuye electrónicamente textos completos de investigaciones académicas en el campo de la economía agrícola, incluye subdisciplinas como agroindustria, alimentación, economía de los recursos naturales, economía medioambiental, comercio agrícola y desarrollo económico.
Se pude buscar en la base de datos por cualquier palabra usada en los títulos y/o resúmenes de los trabajos. Los textos completos están disponibles en formato PDF, éstos se pueden leer en línea, se pueden bajar o imprimir. Para leer archivos con extensión PDF debe tener el software Acrobat Reader, si no lo dispone en su computadora puede bajarlo en forma gratuita.
Compiled by the Committee on Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases of The American Phytopathological Society 1978-2001. ISBN 0-89054-161-2, Copyright 1994 APS PressUpdated 200.
The Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) compila y procesa datos sobre instituciones del área agronómica del mundo. Dispone de otras bases de datos, además de los perfiles por países. Es un área de investigación del Consultive Group on International Agricultural Research - CGIAR.
"Los Productos fitosanitarios son medios de producción agrícola necesarios en muchos casos, para la consecución de cosechas aceptables desde el punto de vista económico. Dado que su mal uso puede originar riesgos, tanto para la salud del manipulador o aplicador como para el medio ambiente o incluso para los propios cultivos a proteger, en nuestro país, al igual que en todos los demás de la Unión Europea, sólo pueden comercializarse los productos fitosanitarios que previamente hayan sido autorizados en España para las correspondientes especies vegetales y utilizarse en las condiciones en que fue autorizado. Condiciones y usos que han de figurar necesariamente en las etiquetas de los envases. Al objeto de ayudar a los utilizadores a resolver los problemas fitosanitarios que puedan presentárseles, se ofrece en las siguientes páginas relación de todos los productos fitosanitarios autorizados en España, por tanto los únicos que pueden utilizarse, con posibilidad de seleccionar aquellos que combaten en un determinado cultivo a una plaga o a una enfermedad especifica".
Autor: Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, España.
Una base de datos con más de 19.000 referencias bibliográficas forestales. Obtenido de publicaciones periódicas y actas de congresos forestales publicadas en España.
Fuente: Departamento de Montes. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO).
FORIS: "Presenta información por país sobre diversas cuestiones relacionadas con el sector forestal. Figuran todos los países y la mayoría de las páginas están disponibles por lo menos en dos idiomas".
FAOSTAT BOSQUES: "Es una base de datos que permite acceder a estimaciones por países de la producción de numerosos productos forestales. Para muchos de ellos se dispone de datos desde 1981. En general, el sistema ofrece estimaciones sobre productos forestales como madera elaborada, tableros de madera, pasta y papel".
NEXOS: "La base de datos de enlaces del programa forestal contiene enlaces clasificados por el personal del Programa Forestal de la FAO. Se pueden realizar búsquedas en la base de datos por temas, países y tipos de organización. También se puede introducir directamente una dirección de página web".
PRODUCTOS FORESTALES NON MADERABLES: "Este elemento permite acceder a información (dirección, perfil, actividad, campos abarcados y extensión geográfica) sobre organizaciones y personas que se ocupan de los productos forestales no madereros y que figuran actualmente en la base de datos. Los datos almacenados en este sistema de información se basan exclusivamente en respuestas a un cuestionario que se envía a las personas incluidas en esta lista de correo".
FAO MEDIA BASE (Fotografías): Archivo digital de imágenes.
REFORGEN: "Sistema mundial de información de la FAO sobre recursos genéticos forestales. En esta base de datos se puede buscar información sobre especies forestales y su manejo genético, así como sobre instituciones nacionales que trabajan en este campo".
UNASYLVA: "Es una revista internacional de silvicultura e industrias forestales que se publica trimestralmente en inglés, francés y español. U nasylva abarca todos los aspectos de la actividad forestal: política y planificación; conservación y ordenación de plantas y animales existentes en los bosques; desarrollo socioeconómico rural; mejoramiento de especies; desarrollo industrial; comercio internacional y consideraciones ambientales, incluso la función de los bosques y los árboles para mantener una base sostenible para la producción agrícola a nivel concreto y más general, así como los efectos del cambio ambiental sobre el sector forestal".
CURSOS FORESTALES: "La finalidad de esta base de datos es ofrecer información sobre cursillos de corta duración que se organizan en todo el mundo sobre cuestiones forestales y temas conexos, como la ordenación de cuencas hidrográficas, el manejo de las áreas protegidas y la flora y fauna silvestres o el turismo ecológico".
"Base de datos bibliográfica especializada en frutales tropicales. Esta base de datos fue creada por la Corporación Biotec (Colombia) con la colaboración de la Biblioteca del CIAT, con el objeto de establecer un centro de información referencial sobre frutales tropicales para canalizar y difundir los resultados de la investigación tanto en biotecnología como en agroindustria, como un aporte necesario para fortalecer los esfuerzos productivos y de investigación y desarrollo en el sector frutícola".
Index Fungorum is a community resource currently co-ordinated and supported by the following partnership: CABI Bioscience, CBS and Landcare Research (the custodians). The custodians, either collectively or individually, claim no IPR over the compilation, which correctly reside with the many contributors, including the custodians. It is free of any charge to the community on a non-commercial use basis. It should be cited as www.indexfungorum.org; a more formal citation should include the names of the custodians as above and the date of access.
"It was William Bridge Cooke’s idea to compile a list of fungal family names with nomenclatural and bibliographic information and he collaborated with David Hawksworth, who provided the lichen family names, in the first such publication in 1970 (Cooke, W.B. & Hawksworth, D.L. A preliminary list of families proposed for fungi (including lichens). Mycological Papers 121: 1—86). This list was subsequently updated and revised, including many contributions from colleagues and specialists around the world, and appeared in 1989 (D.L. Hawksworth & J.C. David. Index of Fungi Supplement – Family Names. 75 pp.). Following this publication all new family names, together with corrections to Family Names, have been included in the Index of Fungi. A subset of the list was further revised during the Names in Current Use initiative and was a component of NCU–1. Family Names in Current Use for Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Fungi (Greuter, W., Ed., in Regnum Vegetabile 126: 1—95, 1993). The present database is the culmination of this work and is still being updated as new information or corrections are revealed. Please forward any corrections or comments to John David. The search term may be truncated".
"Search for articles by either author or fungus genus. The search term may be truncated. Click on an article number to view more detail. Full bibliographic details for recent records are not available. Please refer to the printed product".
Dispone de 1,740 imágenes de hongos.
"Classification from the soon to be published 9th edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi. Enter a search term to locate a genus, or click on Kingdom and traverse the taxonomic hierarchy. The search term can be right truncated, eg 'trichom'".
"The Universal Virus Database, ICTVdB, is authorised by ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) and has been constructed by Cornelia Büchen-Osmond, from 1991-2000 in Bioinformatics Group, Australian National University, in consultation with ATCC and supported by NSF. In 2001 ICTVdB moved to the Biosphere 2 Center, the Western Campus of the Earth Institute, Columbia University of New York USA.
The directory of ICTVdB is an Index of Viruses, a list of approved virus names linked to virus descriptions coded from information in Virus Taxonomy: The Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, van Regenmortel et al. (eds) Academic Press (2000), and includes updates subsequently approved by ICTV. It also incorporates the plant virus database VIDEdB and is illustrated with EM pictures, diagrams and images of symptoms contributed by virologists around the world".
Autor: Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Facultat d'Enologia de Tarragona, Biblioteca. "Enovit nació el año 1992 con el objetivo de facilitar la búsqueda bibliográfica a los usuarios de la Facultat d'Enologia y para rentabilizar los recursos y el contenido de las publicaciones periódicas. Actualmente consta de 7.000 registros. Los ámbitos temáticos que abarca dicha base de datos son: viticultura, enología, industrias agroalimentarias y otras". materias afines.
Los datos presentados pertenecen a Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). El banco de datos permite consultas de datos de la producción, procesamiento, comercialización, importación y exportación a partir del año 1980.
Fuente: Fuente: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) Uva e Vihno. | 2019-04-20T11:26:40Z | http://agrarias.tripod.com/bases_de_datos_agrarias.htm |
Have adopted this constitution in compliance with historical, cultural, and social requirements of the era, through our elected representatives in the Loya Jirga dated / /1382 in the city of Kabul.
The religion of Afghanistan is the sacred religion of Islam.
Followers of other religions are free to perform their religious ceremonies within the limits of the provisions of law.
In Afghanistan, no law can be contrary to the sacred religion of Islam and the values of this Constitution.
None of the citizens of the nation shall be deprived of his Afghan citizenship.
The state prevents all types of terrorist activities , production and smuggling of narcotics.
The state regulates the foreign policy of the country on the basis of preserving the independence, national interests, territorial integrity, non-aggression, good neighborliness, mutual respect, and equal rights.
The State encourages and protects private capital investments and enterprises based on the market economy and guarantee their protection in accordance with the provisions of law.
De Afghanistan Bank is the central and independent bank of the state.
The archeological artifacts are the state property.
The state is obliged to adopt necessary measures for safeguarding archeological artifacts, proper exploitation of natural resources, and improvement of ecological conditions.
From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashaei, Nuristani, and other languages spoken in the country, Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.
Publications and radio and television broadcasting are free in all other languages spoken in the country.
The calendar of the country shall be based on the pilgrimage of the Prophet (PBUH).
Friday is a public holiday.
Other holidays shall be regulated by law.
The National Anthem of Afghanistan shall be in Pashtu.
1. The program and charter of the party are not contrary to the principles of sacred religion of Islam, and the provisions and values of this Constitution.
2. The organizational structure, and financial sources of the party are made public.
3. The party does not have military or paramilitary aims and structures.
4. Should have no affiliation to a foreign political party or sources.
Formation and functioning of a party based on ethnicity, language, religion and region is not permissible.
Education is the right of all citizens of Afghanistan, which shall be provided up to secondary level, free of charge by the state.
Forced labor, in times of war, calamity, and other situations threatening lives and public welfare are exceptions to this rule.
Children shall not be subjected to the force labor.
The state is obliged to adopt necessary measures for creation of a strong and sound administration and realization of reforms in the administration system of the country.
This rights has no limits, unless violation of the rights of the others.
The state is obliged to provide the means of preventive health care and medical treatment, and proper health facilities to all citizens of Afghanistan in accordance with.
The state takes necessary measures for regulating medical services and financial support to descendants of martyred, lost or disabled and handicapped individuals in accordance with Law.
The state guarantees the rights of pensioners and renders necessary assistance to needy elders, women without caretakers, and needy orphans in accordance with the law.
Theses people are obliged to observe the laws of the state of Afghanistan in accordance with the International Law.
The State, for the purpose of monitoring, observation of human rights in Afghanistan their protection, shall establish the Independent Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan.
Everyone in case of violation of his fundamental rights can launch complaint to this Commission.
The commission can refer the cases of violation of the fundamental rights of the persons to the legal authorities, and assist them defending their rights.
Structure, and mode of function of this Commission will be regulated by law.
No one can misuse the rights and freedoms under this Constitution against independence, territorial integrity, national unity, sovereignty and national unity.
The President is the head of the state of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and conducts his authorities in executive, legislative, and judiciary branches in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
The President is responsible to the nation.
The President shall have one Vice President.
The President on his candidacy shall declare the name of the Vice President to the nation.
The presidential term is expired at the first of (Jawza) of the fifth years after the elections.
In case of death of one of the candidates before the first or second round, or prior to the announcement of the results of elections, new elections shall be held in accordance with the provisions of law.
This commission shall be established to supervise all kinds of elections and referendums in the country, in accordance with the provisions of law.
1- Should be citizen of Afghanistan, Muslim and born of Afghan parents, and should not have citizenship of another country.
2- On the day of becoming a candidate, his age should not be less than forty years.
3- Should not have been convicted of crimes against humanity, criminal act, or deprivation of the civil rights by a court.
The provision of this article is applied to the Vice President as well.
In the name Allah Almighty, in the presence of you representatives of the nation of Afghanistan, I swear to obey and safeguard the provisions of the sacred religion of Islam, to observe the Constitution and other laws of Afghanistan and supervise their implementation; to safeguard the independence, national sovereignty, and the territorial integrity of Afghanistan and the fundamental rights and interests of the people of Afghanistan, and with the assistance of God and the support of the nation, to make great and sincere efforts for the happiness and progress of the people of Afghanistan."
1- Supervising the implementation of the Constitution.
2- Determining the fundamental policies of the state.
3- Being the Command-in-Chief of the armed forces of Afghanistan.
4- Declaration of war and ceasefire with the approval of the National Assembly.
5- Taking the required decision during defending of territorial integrity and protecting of the independence.
6- Sending contingents of the armed forces to foreign countries with the approval of the National Assembly.
7- Convening Loya Jirga except in a situation stated in Article Sixty-eight f this Constitution.
8- Declaring the state of emergency and ending it with the approval of the National Assembly.
9- Inaugurating the National Assembly and the Loya Jirga.
10- Accepting resignation of the Vice President.
11- Appointing of Ministers and the Attorney General with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga, and acceptance of their dismissal and resignation.
12- Appointing the head and members of the Supreme Court with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga.
13- Appointment, retirement and acceptance of resignation and dismissal of judges, officers of the armed forces, police, national security, and high-ranking officials in accordance with the law.
14- Appointment of heads of diplomatic missions of Afghanistan in foreign countries and international organizations.
15- Accepting the credentials of diplomatic missions in Afghanistan.
16- Signing of laws and legislative decrees.
17- Issuing credential letter for the conclusion of bi-lateral and international treaties in accordance with the provisions of law.
18- Reducing and pardoning penalties in accordance with law.
19- Issuing medals, and honorary titles in accordance with the provision of law.
20- Appointment of the Governor of De Afghanistan Central Bank with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga.
21- The establishment of commissions for the improvement of the administrative condition of the country, in accordance with law.
22- Exercising other authorities in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
In case of resignation, impeachment ,or death of the President, or of a serious illness that could hinder the performance of duties, the Vice President undertakes his duties and authorities.
3. Call for a referendum.
During this period the Vice President can nominate himself as a candidate for the post of President in accordance with the provisions of this constitution.
In the absence of the President, the duties of the Vice President shall be determined by the President.
In case of resignation and or death of the Vice President, another person shall replace him by the proposal of the President and approval of the Wolesi Jirga.
In case of simultaneously death of the President and Vice President, his duties shall be implemented by the Chair of the Meshrano Jirga and in the absence of the chair of the Meshrano Jirga, Chair of the Wolesi Jirga, and in the absence of the Chair of the Wolesi Jirga, the Foreign Minister shall take the duties of the President in accordance with the article 67 of this constitution.
1- Should be the citizen of Afghanistan.
2- Should have higher education, work experience and, good reputation.
3- His age should not be less than thirty-five.
4- Should not have been convicted of crimes against humanity, criminal act, or deprivation of the civil rights by a court.
1. Execute the provision of this Constitution, other laws, and final orders of the courts.
2. Protect the independence, defend the territorial integrity, and safeguard the interests and dignity of Afghanistan in the international community.
3. Maintenance of public law and order and elimination of administrative corruption.
4. Prepare the budget, regulate financial affairs, and protect public wealth.
5. Devise and implement programs for social, cultural, economic, and technological progress.
6. Report to the National Assembly at the end of the fiscal year about the tasks accomplished and about the main plans for the new fiscal year.
7. Perform other duties as recognized by this Constitution and other laws to be duties of the government.
The number of members of the Wolesi Jirga, proportionate to the population of each region, shall be between two hundred and twenty, and two hundred and fifty.
In the election law measures should be adopted for so the election system shall provide general and just representation for all the people of the country, and at least one female delegate should be elected from each province.
1- From among the members of each provincial council, the respective council elects one person for a period of four years.
2- From among the district councils of each province, the respective councils elect one person for a period of three years.
3- The President from among experts and experienced personalities appoints the remaining one-third of the members for a period of five years.
1. Should be the citizen of Afghanistan, or has obtained the citizenship of the state of Afghanistan at least ten years before becoming a candidate.
2. Should not have been convicted by a court for committing a crime against humanity, a crime, or sentenced of deprivation of his civil rights .
3. Members of Wolesi Jirga should be Twenty Five years old at the date of candidacy, and members of the Meshrano Jirga should be Thirty Five years old at the date of candidacy or appointment.
Credentials of members of the National Assembly are reviewed by independent commission for supervision of the elections in accordance with law.
The composition and procedure of this commission is specified in the internal regulations of Wolesi Jirga.
1- Ratification, modification, or abrogation of laws and or legislative decrees.
2- Approval of plans for economic, social, cultural, and technological development.
3- Approval of state budget, permission for obtaining, and granting loans.
4- Creation, modification of administrative units.
5- Ratification of international treaties and agreements, or abrogation of the membership of Afghanistan to them.
6- Other authorities specified in this Constitution.
2. Taking the final decision about the state's development programs and state budget, in case of a disagreement between the Wolesi Jirga and the Meshrano Jirga.
Wolesi Jirga, based on a proposal by one-tenth of all members, can interpellate each of the Ministers.
In case the President does not agree to what the National Assembly approves, he can send the document back with justifiable reasons to the Wolesi Jirga within fifteen days of its submission.
1. When the legislative session, or the annual session is inaugurated by the President.
2. When it is deemed necessary by the President.
The quorum of the sessions of each house of the National Assembly for voting is complete with the presence of the majority of the members, and its decisions are taken with the majority of the members present, unless this Constitution states otherwise.
In cases of death, resignation and dismissal of a member of the Wolesi Jirga, and/or disability or handicap, which prevents performance of duties permanently, election in the related constituency is held for a new representative for the rest of the legislative period, in accordance with the law.
1- Members of the National Assembly.
2- Chairpersons of the provincial, and district councils.
1- To take decision on the issues related to independence, national sovereignty, territorial integrity, and supreme interests of the country.
2- To amend the provisions of this Constitution.
3- To prosecute the President in accordance with the provisions of Article 69 of this Constitution.
Discussions of the Loya Jirga are open except when one -fourth of its members demand their secrecy, and the Loya Jirga accepts this demand.
The Supreme Court is composed of nine members who are appointed by the President for a period of ten years with the approval of the Wolesi Jirga with observance of the provisions of last paragraph of the Article 50 and article 118 of this Constitution.
1- The age of the Head of the Supreme Court and its members should not be lower than forty at the time of appointment.
2- Should be citizen of Afghanistan.
3- Should have higher education in law or in Islamic jurisprudence, and should have enough expertise and experience in the judicial system of Afghanistan.
4- Should enjoy high ethics and reputation of good deeds.
5- Should not have been convicted of crimes against humanity, crimes, and sentenced of deprivation of his civil rights by a court.
6- Should not be a member of any political party during the term of official duty.
The Supreme Court on only by request of the Government and or the Courts can review the laws, legislative decrees, international treaties, and international conventions, for their compliance with the Constitution.
The Supreme Court shall have the authority of the interpretation of the Constitution, laws, and legislative decrees.
This provision does not apply to establishing special Courts stated in Articles 69 and 78 and 127 of this Constitution and military courts.
When more than one-third of the members of the Wolesi Jirga demand the trial of the Chief Justice, or a member of the Supreme Court due to a crime committed during the performance of duty, and the Wolesi Jirga approves of this demand by a majority of two-thirds votes, the accused is dismissed from his post and the case is referred to a special court.
Courts will apply Shia school of law in cases dealing with personal matters involving the followers of Shia Sect in accordance with the provisions of law.
The government, while preserving the principle of centralism, shall delegate certain authorities to local administration units for the purpose of expediting and promoting economic, social, and cultural affairs, and increasing the participation of people in the development of the nation.
The provisions of adherence to the fundamentals of the sacred religion of Islam and the republican regime cannot be amended.
In order to implement proposals regarding amending the Constitution, a commission composed of members of the government, National Assembly, and the Supreme Court, would be established by a Presidential decree, and the commission shall prepare a draft of the amendments.
The President, Vice President, Ministers, Head and members of the Supreme Court, cannot engage in any profitable business contracts with the government or individuals during their term of office.
Property of the President, Vice President, and ministers and members of the Supreme Court before and after their term of office would be registered and monitored by an organ to be set by law.
For the ministers, members of the National Assembly, the Supreme Court, and judges, appropriate salaries shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of law.
The period, following the adoption of this Constitution, until the date of inauguration of the National Assembly, is deemed as transitional period.
1- Issue decrees related to the elections of the President, National Assembly and local councils within six months.
2- Issue decrees regarding the structure and authorities of the courts and basic administration structures within one year.
3- Establish an Independent Electoral Commission for Supervising Elections.
5- Adopt necessary y measures for preparing the ground for enforcement of the provisions of this Constitution.
The first President elected, takes up his duties after thirty days after the result of his election has been proclaimed, in accordance with this constitution.
Elections of the National Assembly will be held within one year of the Presidential elections. The powers of the National Assembly under this constitution until the establishment of the National Assembly is transferred to the Government and the Supreme Court is formed by the decree of the President.
The President of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan shall continue his duties until the elected President has taken has taken the office.
The executive, and judicial organs of the state in accordance with provisions of paragraph 3 of article 157 of this constitution shall continue their duties, until the formation of the Government and the Supreme Court.
The decrees enforced from the beginning of the interim period, shall be submitted to the first session of the National Assembly. These decrees are enforceable until they are annulled by the National Assembly.
This constitution is enforced upon its approval by the Loya Jirga, and will be signed and announced by the President of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
Upon the enforcement of it, laws and decrees contrary to the provisions of this constitution are invalid. | 2019-04-22T22:41:54Z | http://www.constitution.org/cons/afghan/draft_cons_eng.htm |
ABSTRACT - Stem families have received very little attention in consumer research, though they constitute one of the fastest growing household types. A phenomenological study of stem families was undertaken, with the following themes being found: increased importance of kinship networks (including in-laws) in socialization and family processes; increased influence of offspring in decision processes as they are given "adult status" earlier; and a sense of family both in trying to maintain continuity with the original nuclear family and in developing a new identity for the stem family.
Myra Jo Bates and James W. Gentry (1994) ,"Keeping the Family Together: How We Survived the Divorce", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 21, eds. Chris T. Allen and Deborah Roedder John, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 30-34.
Stem families have received very little attention in consumer research, though they constitute one of the fastest growing household types. A phenomenological study of stem families was undertaken, with the following themes being found: increased importance of kinship networks (including in-laws) in socialization and family processes; increased influence of offspring in decision processes as they are given "adult status" earlier; and a sense of family both in trying to maintain continuity with the original nuclear family and in developing a new identity for the stem family.
Consumer research has focused little attention on single-parent households; Ajhuba and Stinson (1993) found five Marketing studies on the subject, indicating a gap in the literature. The growing number of single-parent households in the U.S. suggests a need for exploration of this topic. The purpose of this paper is to examine the themes discovered in a study of divorced mothers and to describe consumption-oriented ways in which they maintained a feeling of belongingness (family connectedness) with their children during the separation and divorce process. Factors relevant from a consumer behavior viewpoint include changes in consumption patterns, changes in consumer decision processes linked to the divorce process, family member role transformations, and altered standards of living.
The U.S. divorce rate is creating stem family households at an unprecedented pace. [We will use "stem family" in lieu of single-parent family reflecting the fact that, while there may be only one parent in the household, there is another who may influence the child(ren).] In 1992, nearly 1.2 million couples divorced. Of ever-married Americans, approximately 26% have divorced at some time, and about one-third of the civil cases in the U.S. Court System deal with family relations (DeWitt 1992). It is estimated that two-thirds of first marriages will end in divorce (Martin and Bumpass 1989). From 1960 to 1990, the proportion of children, at any given time, living in stem families rose from 9% to 25%; thus a majority of all children will spend some part of their childhood with an absent parent.
The percentage of single-parent households (the Census Bureau term) increased from 5.5% in 1970 to 9.3% in 1990. Divorce is a process affecting all family members (Bohannan 1970), and the presence of children may well complicate the parental transition from being married to being single. During the divorce process, custodial parents need to emphasize a feeling of family for their children as they make the transition from nuclear family to stem family.
The work of McAlexander, Schouten, and Roberts (1993) is very insightful in terms of consumption and de-acquisition processes associated with divorce, but it focuses on the divorcing couple and omits the children. With an average of one child per divorcing couple (London and Wilson 1988), we assert that the McAlexander, Schouten, and Roberts (1993) study comprises only part of the phenomenon as actually observed in our society.
Previous divorce research shows the importance of qualitative methods for discovering the intricacies of the divorce process (Buehler 1987; Kitson, Babri, and Roach 1985; Kitson and Raschke 1981; McAlexander, Schouten, and Roberts 1993). In order to identify themes used by parents to aid children in coping with divorce, we organized a phenomenological study of divorce and how parents reassure and help their children realize that they still are a family, albeit a changed family. Use of the phenomenological method has been successful in past studies for eliciting ideas relevant to the subject of interest (Thompson, Locander, and Pollio 1990).
The Sample: Fourteen divorced, custodial mothers, were interviewed. These interviewees, located through the personal networks of the authors, reside in three medium-sized Eastern Nebraska and Western Iowa cities. A diverse set of respondents was used to obtain as wide a range of circumstances as possible, resulting in a wide age range for the mothers and their children. Of the 14 mothers, 11 have been married and divorced once; two are currently remarried and 12 are still divorced; one has had three marriages, and another has had two marriages, both resulting in divorce. Two mothers are graduate students; one is of retirement age and has never worked outside the home; 13 are in the workforce; three are grandmothers. The children's ages range from four to 42. Marriage duration was from six to 44 years, with the modal range being nine and 16 years.
The common factor qualifying a respondent was custody of the children. The incidence of divorcing fathers gaining custody of their children is increasing as, in 1990, 14% of fathers and custody, up from 10% in 1980 (Bernstein 1992). The study was not intended to be limited to women only; an attempt to use fathers fitting the parameters failed as none were found. Thus, because of circumstances, this study focused on divorced mothers.
Data Collection: Data were collected during informal sessions in which respondents talked freely about their experiences. These interviews were conducted at the respondent's home, her place of work, or a neutral site agreed upon by both parties. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, it was felt that a single interview with each respondent would be sufficient for the discovery of parental themes. The interviewing author has been divorced and could empathize with respondents and identify with some of the issues presented. Early interviews were less structured than the later ones, and were intended to pinpoint themes used by parents in maintaining a feeling of family as the children progressed through the divorce process. Interviews later in the process were also loosely structured, while at the same time the interviewer was more aware of the nature of individual themes. This helped the interviewer remain focused while allowing respondents freedom to express their own ideas. No respondent was asked to reveal anything that would make her uncomfortable and what was discussed was freely given. Near the end of all interviews, each respondent was asked if she could think of anything of importance that was not dealt with during the session. All dialogues were taped for later transcription and analysis. To ascertain accuracy, copies of the paper in progress were distributed to interviewees for their comments and suggestions which were then incorporated into the final version of the study.
Data Evaluation: Input from colleagues not involved in data gathering has proven valuable in previous ethnographic research (Hill 1991; Mick and Buhl 1992). The interviewing author provided the co-author with partial transcripts and comprehensive notes of each interview for separate evaluation and analysis. If necessary, the co-author could listen to the taped recording of each interview. Written and verbal feedback was given the interviewer for evaluation and was used in subsequent interviews. The authors also communicated on a regular basis concerning the contents of the interviews, and ideas were exchanged throughout the process. This exchange occurred after each interview and was especially beneficial in the identification of themes. At all times, the respondents were given the liberty to express themselves freely. Questions addressed to respondents were very general in nature at the beginning of the interview, gradually becoming more specific. For example, the mothers were asked about people who helped them cope with the divorce process and, after the sources were identified, the mothers were then asked how specific people helped.
The fundamental purpose of the interviews was to uncover themes in family belongingness. After several interviews, the basis for some of the themes began appearing, and gradually these themes became apparent to the interviewer. When no new themes were forthcoming, the interviewing process was stopped. These themes represent increased levels of interaction between the stem family and their kinship networks, an age-related role transformation on the part of the children, and "sense of family" notions (activities involving parent and child with special attention to holidays and rituals). These themes will be discussed in the following section of this paper.
Each respondent used different activities to maintain a feeling of family belongingness for her children. These activities, while individualized along family lines, were quite similar thematically across the diversified sample. The ages of the children did not appear to be related to the general behavior of the mothers. At one time the nuclear family had been the source of togetherness and now the stem family had to become that source. The stem family replaced the nuclear family as the basic unit of togetherness in the child's life.
In this study, the mother's kinship networks are the people with whom she has regular or semi-regular contact. The network includes relatives, ex-in-laws, friends, and co-workers who become important in helping the mother and children cope with the divorce process. The children's kinship network includes the same people as the mother's network but also adds the father as a member.
Mother's Parents: For divorced mothers, the role of intergenerational influence tends to increase with the breakdown of the nuclear family. Women are under greater time pressures (Weiss 1975), being responsible for all aspects of maintaining a home, raising children, and, often, the family's sole financial support (Weitzman 1985). Child care appears to be the dominant consumer domain where kinship networks enter. The provision of babysitting, minding sick children, and checking on latch-key kids by others allows mothers to cope with their numerous responsibilities. Increased network interaction also provides opportunity for socialization in the extended family.
The women studied here used kinship networks to help with children as they progressed through the divorce process. For some, the mother's parents are prominent, frequently increasing their role in their daughters' lives after divorce. Janice [Names of respondents have been changed to preserve their privacy.], whose parents helped "a lot," noted that her parents stayed close in case she or her daughters needed anything. They waited three years after her divorce before taking their first vacation, and even then, they telephoned her at least twice a week. Barbara, divorced over 20 years, stated "My mother has been my pal. She's not just a mother, she's my buddy." She and her mother live in the same neighborhood. Deanna reported that her parents minded her children when they were too sick for day care or school.
Mother's Siblings: Siblings of the divorced mothers also assisted. Peggy told of the relationship between her bachelor brother and her teenage son. "He (the brother) would take him to basketball games . . . They would always go out to Denny's after the games." Jane's sister brought her children over so the cousins could play together.
Non-Family: Non-related people also provide support. A neighbor, new to the area, helped Lori, who stated, "for some reason we just clicked." Co-workers and other friends assisted. Janice received "a lot of support from the people I work with." Much non-family help was in the form of moral supportCanother adult to whom the mother could turn for conversation and time out from the children. Others gave more tangible aid. Jeri described two friends as "family . . . Somebody extra to call." She left her children in the care of these friends rather than with their father when she went on business trips.
Ex-In-Laws: The role of in-laws was not uniform. In some cases, they were distant from the original nuclear family and maintained this distance after the divorce. "His family never chose to become involved or have contact while we were married" (Jane). Her children are not close to their grandparents, so the divorce was not disruptive of any established interactions between them. Peggy noted that "they were not the Grandmotherly and Grandfatherly type" and she remarked that the grandparent/grandchild relationship "hasn't changed" since her divorce.
In Donna's family, the in-laws were connected to the mother only through the child's father. "I talk to them occasionally." This father sees his parents rarely, usually when taking his daughter on holiday visits, thus limiting the child's contact with her grandparents.
In contrast, some stem families had extensive contact with their in-laws. Cheryl's ex-mother-in-law was instrumental in helping to give her family a feeling of continuity through her divorce, as she included Cheryl and her sons in family get togethers. She, Cheryl, and the children regularly attended church together and, even now, since Cheryl has remarried, they continue to share coffee on Saturday mornings. Kelly talked of her daughter's relationship with her ex-in-laws, stating that "She is very close to them, and I am too . . . I don't call her `ex-mother-in-law'." Long-term ties with an ex-husband's family were also noted. Paula, divorced from her son's father for nearly 20 years, stated, "I am still friends with them. . . I still see them two times a year." Paula's son is also close to his father's parents and visits with them at least once a month. In these cases, the in-laws are clearly a part of the kinship network.
The Father: The father's role in the kinship network varies. Some fathers, who had good relationships with their children before the divorce, maintained this relationship afterwards. Jeri and her ex-husband had a joint custody arrangement, so both parents remained active in their children's lives. Kelly's daughter regularly sees her father and her half-siblings from his previous marriage. As noted above, Kelly remains close to her ex-in-laws and this closeness may help explain some of the father's close relationship with his daughter.
Some fathers had a minimal role in their children's lives prior to the divorce but the divorce acted as a catalyst in changing this role. Mindy's daughters received telephone calls from their father after going away to college. He had shown little interest in them before they moved away from their home. Erica described her ex-husband as a "workaholic" who had little time for his children during the marriage. He has since re-established contact with the three oldest children. The youngest is still "very, very bitter."
For some families, the father disappeared totally from the lives of the stem family. Barbara has not seen nor heard from her ex-husband in over 20 years. Her youngest daughter has no memory at all of her father.
In summary, expanded kinship networks appear to be the rule in the case of stem families. Clearly, the study of household decision making becomes more complicated when members of the extended family play a greater role than that found in nuclear families. The presence of children in the family of divorce creates a greater likelihood of continued contact with one's ex-in-laws. Several mothers noted the roles of in-laws in the socialization of their children. Some parental control or influence about consumer choices could be transferred to kinship members who may hold different views from the mother. The McAlexander, Schouten, and Roberts (1993) study spoke little on the subject of ex-in-laws other than noting that some divorced people did get help from their ex-spouse's family. On the surface, one might assume that the study of stem families would be simplified due to the elimination of one adult from the household; instead, it appears that a thorough understanding of the consumer decision processes of stem families will be much more difficult to obtain due to the expanded kinship network associated with divorce. The stem mother may feel obligated to accept or accede to the advice and information given to her by kinship members about specific products or services. In the decision making process, the role of the ex-husband may be fulfilled by extended family members or friends adding a dimension not previously present before the divorce.
Frequently, with the death of a parent, children are told that they are expected to fill the vacated role (most commonly, a young man or boy is told that he is now "the man of the family"). We find such role impositions to be less prominent in the case of divorce, no doubt due to the existence of the estranged spouse. However, we do find a tendency to elevate the status of older (teenage or adolescent) children to that of friend and peer.
For mothers of younger children, the transformation of the child into a more adult-like person was not an issue. Donna thinks that her relationship with her ten year old daughter, Becky, would not be any different if she were still married to Becky's father. "Her father didn't ever have enough to do with her, so from the time she was a baby, I was the one who raised her. . . Maybe we've grown closer." Becky is still quite young and Donna considers herself to be a mother more than a friend. The transition for Deanna's two boys also has not occurred because she thinks they are still too young (eight and four). Kelly feels that the divorce may have slowed this process for her daughter. "I'd say she's been slower . . . She's not in a hurry."
The mothers with grown or nearly grown children speak of them as friends. Margaret's youngest son is now her "very best friend," the transition occurring when she started listening to what he had to say. "The clue is you listen. Even if you don't agree or you don't understand what he's talking about, you listen." For Erica, "This process was accelerated by the divorce . . . We did become more friends," and the process was fastest with her youngest son, the child most affected by the divorce.
As children mature, they gradually acquire adult status. This happens in all families, but our belief is that this process is more rapid in stem families than in nuclear families. [We have no comparable information on nuclear families, so our belief is somewhat inferential in nature.] We found that single parents seek adult companionship and may fill the void left by a spouse with relationships with older offspring (teenagers and adolescents, as opposed to adult children). Mindy and her children chat informally and talk about anything and everything. She doesn't think that this would be happening if she were still married; she would chat with her husband instead. In her mind, these sessions are an adult way of communicating and getting in touch with her children.
The subtle encouragement of children to become more peer-like may operate in the form of a self-fulfilling prophecy, resulting in the adult-like behaviors being observable earlier in children of stem families. Of her twin sons, now 10, Lori notes, "The thing that has really changed is that they are on their own so much that they have to be responsible for themselves . . . If they don't want hot lunch, they have to pack their own lunch." She thinks that they are more mature from being on their own so much and responsible for their behavior. She expects more out of them as far as chores, etc. as they grow older. "I've never talked down to them, even when they were two."
Just as divorce may result in more reliance on kinship networks, there appears to be greater reliance on offspring in consumer decision making in the stem family. While family decision-making research has paid some attention to intergenerational influence (Berey and Pollay 1968; Childers and Rao 1992), and reverse socialization processes (Ekstrom, Tansuhaj, and Foxman 1987), the standard perception of household decision making (based on nuclear families) is one dominated by fathers and mothers. As attention shifts to stem families, awareness of more joint parent-child decision making is critical (Roberts, Voli, and Johnson 1992). Attempts to market solely to the parent may well result in opportunities missed.
The third theme to emerge from this study was sense of family. The mothers endeavored to give their children a feeling that, no matter what had happened to the parents' marriage, the children still belonged to a family. Their particular family may have a different structure, but it is a family nonetheless.
Sense of family appeared in three ways. First, there was an attempt to hold on to vestiges of the past and preserve family structure. Second was a need to go forward and seek a new family identity. Finally, holidays provided a bridge between the past and the future.
Holding On To The Past: There were different ways in which the mothers held on to the past and maintained family structure. Continuing some of the nuclear family rituals helped bridge the transition to stem family. In general, some everyday activities were not changed drastically. Peggy continued sharing evening prayers with her son. Kelly stated that family rituals between her and her daughter are the same as when she was married.
The mothers felt that it was important for the family to get together sometime during the day. Eating meals together was very common. "We always have dinner together . . . There's been a few occasions when that hasn't happened and my children say, `What, we're not having dinner together?'" (Jane). She feels that sharing mealtime is important for a cohesive environment and nothing is allowed to intrude (TV, etc.) during dinner. It is family sharing time. For Erica, eating together was also important, but in her case it became eating out. "Oddly, one of the things we started doing was eating out." For Jeri the family meal was breakfast, as this was the best time of the day for the family to gather.
The mother's religious beliefs were important in maintaining a sense of family. Cheryl, as reported above, continued in the same church, attending with her ex-mother-in-law. Barbara would make "adventurous trips out of walking to church." Six mothers noted that regular attendance in church was important to them and they tried to instill this same feeling into their children with mixed results. Those with older children (Barbara and Mindy) reported that their children's attendance dropped as they approached and reached adulthood.
Pets have become part of that which is sacred (Belk, Wallendorf, and Sherry 1989; Tuan 1984), and can be linked to the past. Kelly's daughter "always had an animal wherever we moved," not necessarily the traditional dog or cat, but a bird, a mouse, or some other animal. Deanna and her sons kept the family dog and she associated this animal with the divorce. Erica added a dog after her divorce.
For some, living in the same house is important. Mindy is distressed because she must sell her home once monetary child support ceases. This house is where her children grew up and, now that they are almost grown, she can no longer afford to remain there. Conversely, Margaret is looking forward to selling her home. She finances her youngest son's college education, with no aid from his father, and upon his graduation, she plans to travel and tend to her own needs.
In cases where the family had to move, the mother provided some type of continuity for the children. Peggy sees to it that her son has a basketball hoop wherever they live. She also enrolls him in parochial school so "no matter where we lived he always, at least, went to the same school. I always felt that that was one plus." She felt that the same school, the same car pool, and the same set of friends give him a sense of security. When Donna changed homes, she set up her daughter's room right away with many of the same furnishings, except for a new bedspread and a more "grown up" dresser. The important thing for her was to establish the child's private space.
Going Forward: Building a new family identity was also accomplished in different ways. Erica's account of eating out is an example. She maintained the old sense of family through eating together, but in a different setting. Donna had a portrait of her and her daughter taken shortly after the divorce which she hung in her home telling her daughter, "That's our family now."
Trips and vacations are another way to cement a new family identity. Day trips are common for the stem families. Donna noted, "During the summer we go out to Chalco Hills Lake and . . . she usually rides her bike and I walk." Cheryl and Mindy rented cabins at a state park for summer retreats with their children. Deanna vacationed with her sons to prove that they could manage a long trip on their own. "Against everybody's suggestions, I took the kids on a vacation to Colorado Springs . . . We had a ball. It was fun." She would repeat the experience if finances allowed. Janice takes her daughters west where they try always to attend a rodeo, ride horses, and sit for a family portrait posing, in costume, as characters of the Old West. "I decided that maybe what we needed was to completely get away and just really be on our own, so that's what we did . . . We discovered it really pulled us together a lot more."
Being the most visible parent, these mothers interact a great deal with their children. They play Nintendo together (Kelly and Donna); they shop together (Kelly); they attend children's functions (Barbara, Kelly, Paula, Peggy, Janice, and Jane); they share quiet conversation (Mindy); and they have bedtime sharing (Peggy). Time together helped both mother and child make the transition from nuclear family to stem family.
Holidays: Rook (1985) called attention to the role of ritual(s) in consumer behavior. From a marketing perspective, holidays are a period of ritual consumption, from a Christmas tree, to special menus (Wallendorf and Arnould 1990), to birthday cards and gifts. For the stem families, holidays acted as a bridge between holding on to the past and going forward to develop new family identities. Children generally have contact with both parents, individually, thus reminding them of their "old" family. Stem mothers may incorporate both old and new rituals during a holiday season, giving the children a chance to look forward.
Peggy emphasized both Christmas and Thanksgiving. "We always went and cut a live Christmas tree . . . always made Thanksgiving and Christmas dinners even though I thought at the time it would be easier to go out to eat." Paula and her son, too, made a special trip to get a Christmas tree. "He and I would always go get the Christmas tree." Upon bringing it home, they would decorate it together. Janice stated, "I always take the girls' picture in the fall for the Christmas cards." Cheryl celebrates Christmas with her family a week early and then observes the actual holidays with her ex-mother-in-law and her family. Margaret did not remember any holiday not associated with her ex-mother-in-law. "Holidays and birthdays were almost a mandatory family attendance." One result of this is, now that her children are grown, they do not "make so much of birthdays."
Mindy keeps only a few presents under her tree and hides the rest. Every year before attending Christmas Eve services, she excuses herself, returns to the house, and places the rest of the gifts under the tree, making it look as if someone had delivered more while the family was out. One year she did not "have to go to the bathroom" and her kids kept asking if she had something to do inside. Arranging for a neighbor to bring out the presents was her way of "keeping ahead of them." Mindy's children are all high school age and above, and this incident, occurring with older children, demonstrates an enduring aspect of some rituals. Even as old as the children were, Mindy perceived their discomfort when she deviated from expected behavior.
Jeri describes Christmas as time for her family to gather, but "that can take several forms." She is flexible timewise, and the holiday schedule varies from year to year. Donna has difficulty in establishing holiday rituals because her daughter's visitation schedule changes yearly. Lori has never planned a holiday celebration. "Holidays have always been a mess because I work holidays."
Birthdays followed Christmas and Thanksgiving as the most celebrated time. In Jane's family the birthday person chooses the dinner menu "within reason," and they share the birthday dinner. "We always share birthdays together. No one makes any plans for birthdays." Mindy's family celebrates for two days. "We open a present the night before . . . A couple of years ago, it was my birthday and the day before when I got home from work in the garage door they had put streamers that said Happy Birthday." For her children, Mindy's birthday is as important as their own. Barbara's family extended birthday celebrations to include two parish priests. They made homemade gifts for these men and had a birthday picnic in their backyard. Barbara described the priests as part of the family and "the kids thought that was just great."
Holidays logically fall under the "sense of family" category. Menus (Margaret, Jane, Patsy), gift giving (Barbara, Mindy), and rituals (Mindy, Paula, Patsy, Jane) serve as a bridge between the nuclear family and the stem family. In this study, more attempts to hold on to the past during the holiday season were found than trying to create a new identity. This result differs somewhat from the findings of McAlexander, Schouten, and Roberts (1993), who found more evidence for the disposition to break free and for development of new individual identities. The presence of children in the stem families seemed to place more emphasis on the maintenance of family continuity, though in a reconstituted manner.
This study does not attempt to identify all themes or processes experienced by the stem family as it re-establishes itself as a family unit with a new structure, but it does provide some ideas as to how single mothers proceed through the process. The interviews revealed that mothers from different backgrounds appear to have common themes used to maintain a sense of family for their children.
This paper is an exploration into the behavior of stem families. It is an attempt to identify themes that can be examined from a marketing perspective. The 14 interviews provide a first step in developing a body of knowledge applicable to this segment of the population. The themes identified provide a foundation on which to base future study.
Future research is needed in the area of consumer decision making in the stem family. Two areas may be of particular interest. First, the process itself is affected by all the people involved. The extent of the influence of the kinship system needs to be examined. In appearance the stem mother may be solely responsible for the family, but for practical purposes some of this responsibility may be shifted to her kinship network. Second, product categories of stem family purchases are of interest to marketers. Stem family trips, eating out more often, and changes in residence indicate consumption patterns which may have different meanings for the stem family as opposed to the nuclear family.
This study was limited to mother-headed families, but as more fathers are granted custody of their children as a result of divorce, they too should be examined. There is also a need for intrafamily data gathering to gain insight into shared experience (Mick and Buhl 1992). As the number of stem families increases, marketers need to understand the behavior of this segment of the population. Some of this understanding may come with increased comparison to nuclear families.
Ajhuba, Roshan and Kandi Stinson (1993). "Female Headed Single Parent Families: An Exploratory Study of Children's Age in Family Decision Making," Advances in Consumer Research, 20, Forthcoming.
Berey, Lewis A. and Richard W. Pollay (1968), "The Influencing Role of the Child in Family Decision Making, Journal of Marketing Research, 5 (February), 70-72.
Bernstein, Aaron (1992), "When the Only Parent Is Daddy," Business Week, 3294 (November 23), 122, 127.
Bohannan, Paul (1970), "The Six Stations of Divorce," in Divorce and After, Paul Bohannan, (Ed.) Garden City, NJ: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 24-35.
Buehler, Cheryl (1989), "Initiator Status and the Divorce Transition," Family Relations, 36 (January), 82-86.
DeWitt, Paula Mergenhagen (1992), "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do," American Demographics, October, 52-58.
Ekstrom, Karin M., Patriya S. Tansuhaj, and Ellen R. Foxman (1987), "Children's Influence in Family Decisions and Consumer Socialization: A Reciprocal View," Advances in Consumer Research, 14, 283-287.
Kitson, Gay C., Karen Benson Babri, and Mary Joan Roach (1985), "Who Divorces and Why: A Review," Journal of Family Issues, 6 (September), 255-294.
Kitson, Gay C. and Helen Raschke (1981), "Divorce Research: What We Know; What We Need to Know," Journal of Divorce, 4 (Spring), 1-37.
Kron, Joan (1983), Home Psych: The Social Psychology of Home and Decoration, New York: Clarkson N. Potter.
London, Kathryn and Barbara Foley Wilson (1988), "D-I-V-O-R-C-E," American Demographics, October, 23-26.
McAlexander, James, H., John W. Schouten, and Scott D. Roberts (1993), "Consumer Behavior and Divorce," in Research in Consumer Behavior, Russell W. Belk (Ed.), Forthcoming.
Martin, Teresa Castro and Larry L. Bumpass (1989), "Recent Trends in Marital Disruption," Demography, 20 (February), 37-51.
Roberts, Scott D., Patricia K. Voli, and KerenAmi Johnson (1992), "Beyond the Family Life Cycle: An Inventory of Variables For Defining the Family as a Consumption Unit," Developments in Marketing Science, Vol. IV, Ed. Victoria L. Crittenden, San Diego, CA: Academy of Marketing Science, 71-75.
Rook, Dennis (1985), "The Ritual Dimension of Consumer Behavior," Journal of Consumer Research, 12 (December), 251-264.
Thompson, Craig J., William B. Locander, and Howard R. Pollio (1990), "The Lived Meaning of Free Choice: An Existential-Phenomenological Description of Everyday Consumer Experiences of Contemporary Married Women," Journal of Consumer Research, 17 (December), 346-361.
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1984), Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Wallendorf, Melanie and Eric J. Arnould (1991), "`We Gather Together': Consumption Rituals of Thanksgiving Day," Journal of Consumer Research, 18 (June), 13-31.
Weiss, Robert (1975), Marital Separation, New York; Basic Books.
Weitzman, Lenore J. (1985), The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America, New York: The Free Press. | 2019-04-22T22:15:13Z | http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/7557/volumes/v21/NA-21 |
There was an episode of the Brady Bunch called Young Ghosts. The Brady’s legendary split-level was under threat of being sold and all the children conspired to sabotage any potential buyer’s viewing. With moans and chains they protested the sale. They would dress as ghosts in linen, drifting through rooms to prove the house unlivable. In the end, the evocative spirit was the family’s attachment and Mike and Carol decided to stay in the decidedly imperfect home. Quite often my mind returns to that episode, imagining how I could employ the young Bradys’ tactics to vanquish any prospective buyers pursuing a million dollar farm atop a Vermont mountain. It was a year ago my family decided to sell.
At the risk of this becoming an advertisement, I’ve redacted identifying information.
My Grandfather purchased “the farm” in 1978. It was his dream as a boy to be a forest ranger, though a discerning father and his own resolve led him to become a Naval Officer and later a Wall St. banker, traveling between New York and London on the Concord jet for UK based Schroders Bank. My grandparents were well to do. They lived on five old growth acres in Weston, CT, kept a pied-à-terre in Manhattan and raised four children. In his fifties, nearing retirement, my grandfather sought to realize his dreams cast forth as a boy in Michigan and Algonquin Saskatchewan, to spend his time in the forest, building trails and bridges, studying nature and absorbing it.
My Uncle was studying agriculture at the University of Vermont and it’s there they took up the search for property, surveying available land in Chittenden, Washington and Addison county. My grandfather wished for contour, vastness and variety. My uncle, hoping to trade the stink of whey in the dairy industry for the sweet musty vapor of maple, sought healthy stands of broad based sugar maples.
What they found was beyond imagination. Over the years, granddad had taken me on tours of several of the parcels which were in the running those years ago--I wonder if only to enforce how remarkable such a discovery was. Compared to “the farm”, these properties lacked character and evoked the mundane aspects of a farm life: moving hay and feeding animals. The farm though, the farm is quite rather an adventure park. A farm is to provide the necessities of the person who works it. In addition to soil for crops, grass for beasts and timber for shelter, a person’s farm should offer ample nourishment for his or her soul with trails and rivers for recreation, beauty to observe and a peace to the land where feral neighbors can roam naturally. What they found was beyond imagination.
The property, nearly three hundred acres of farm frontier, abandoned since the since the turn of the century was a jungle of hardwoods, an electrified green bursting with tangled energy. Only the steep river, rushing over precipitous boulders into jugs of pebble lined trout pools permeated the maze of unfettered life. The road which led uphill to the old farm was choked with raspberry and ferns and years of storms were eroding it back to its natural fall line down the mountain. As the road climbed, it crossed the river on an old stone bridge, took a turn and climbed steeper yet. At 1000’ the road reached a crest. Spread along the left hand side of the road, which led over the mountain into the adjacent town, was a long corridor of pasture. To the right, the road bee lined, splitting the jewel of the property, a vast clearing of around fifteen acres cut into the mountain, a vernal amphitheater looking out along a curtain wall of ridged bastions containing the Mad River Valley. The meadow was densely overgrown with raspberry, goldenrod and nettle. There was a skeleton of a barn, hunched in the yard like a daddy long legs spider and an ancient house caving and splintering into its foundation. There were stone walls and fences, rusted plows and harrowing discs and archeological records of our hearty predecessors. There was an utter calm to the land, a stillness made more apparent by the evidence of abandon. In the absence of farmers, the presence of the land was undeniable.
When the deed was signed, camp was erected in the upper meadow. Two green canvas tent cabins, more M*A*S*H* than Hemingway, sat submerged in the thicket along the fringe of the upper woods, the highest point in the meadow. My whole family, grandparents, parents, aunt and uncles worked that first summer to tame the hairy, rewilded creature. Over weeks and weekends, they worked together at the ancient cause, hewing the raw land into use.
My parents were the first to try their hand at homesteading. The family purchased a single wide mobile home and parked it in the riverside lot at the base of the property. This was to be a temporary fix until a proper home could be built on a landing by the stone bridge just up the road. My mother, father, brother and sister (I’d be born four years later) spent nearly an exact calendar year on the land, marked by the desolate winter which shudders the land from existence, Burlington but 30 minutes away.
“Look Mommy, people!” my brother exclaimed one wintery day along the dirt road wandering out to the main road. It was an announcement which piqued my mother, frightened she’d raise maladjusted children. No one in the entire family has lived at the farm full-time since.
Over the course of the years though, the farm grew and gave. The timber spider was sheathed and filled, outfitted with a bunkhouse, comically spacious, that used every square foot so well it emptied after gatherings like a clown car. The fields were free with green ripple and a pond was dug in the center of the meadow; lined with perenials and white fence and a boat house with a small row boat tethered to its cleats. The barnyard was filled with gardens for vegetables and flowers. There were carriage sheds built for the amassing equipment and workshops to do the building.
My grandfather purchased Scotch Highland Cattle which traipsed across the fields resembling the Outer Hebrides, raising them for breeding and meat. My grandmother filled the roadside flank of pasture with Christmas trees. She’d spend all summer pruning each Scotch Pine, Blue Spruce and Douglas Fir and during Thanksgiving snowstorms the family would celebrate together cutting, baling and loading flatbeds bound for New York and Connecticut.
In the 80’s my uncle built a small outbuilding by the mobile home and started boiling sap in a small used evaporator, the start of his company. The farm contained two impressive maple groves and over twenty years he tapped 9000 maples, built a massive sugarhouse with a 35,000 gallon holding tank and produced over 100 barrels of Extra Fancy each season, selling the syrup worldwide.
Another pond was dug where the new house was to go. Trails were built with bridges and benches marking areas of interest. Horses, pigs, goats and chicken came and went. Everyone worked, everyone enjoyed. My other uncle lived in Connecticut but was a ubiquitous presence on the farm. He, without a doubt logged more work hours there than anyone else in the family; a machine.
In my life, the farm is a sanctuary. There’s is an obvious attraction for all, like a woman at the beach, but there is an intimacy we share, the farm and I, cultivated by mornings with my tired face against its chest, by gilded freeze frames of valued life, by suffering and gratitude. The farm has been my constant. By the time I was fifteen years old I had lived in fifteen different homes. I had two step parents and five step siblings. We’d left Vermont when I was five for Maine but the farm remained the nucleus of my life. With little money for vacations, my family would spend nearly all of our free time with my grandparents. My siblings and I would live a child’s dream, splashing through the river, getting lost in the woods with a couple of dogs for companions, building lean-tos and being wild. As I got older, I’d go there when my parents fought, escaping with my mother and siblings. Later, I was dropped there for a summer while they separated, another when they reconciled and a third summer when my mother remarried. No matter what house I lived in or who lived in it, my bed at the farm was the same. As I write this I can smell the linen, mixed with fresh hay and the air that rises from cold moving water.
After high school I returned promptly to Vermont, enrolling at Saint Michael’s College. My first night on campus, the temperature was driving well below zero and a blizzard stacked dry snow. Being the spring semester there was no orientation, no mingling of unfamiliar faces and a loneliness lit the cement room. It took ninety minutes through the drifts and wind to reach the farm and I spent the night watching a worn our Bridge on the River Kwai VHS by a warm wood stove.
There was rarely a moment I didn’t spend at the farm when I could. Being so close on my own accord, the cathartic experience of going off to college wasn’t partying, it was having this companion in my life, able to watch it live and change with each day with little interruption. Through that winter my uncle would often come out to work in the woods and we’d talk about skiing and sugaring. In the spring, my grandfather came up from their home in Florida (they had sold the Connecticut house ten years earlier) and he’s put me to work, spring chores, like collecting fallen tree limbs and repairing wash outs on the road.
On the last day of the semester, I drove out the farm before heading back to Maine for the summer. I had to drop off some things to store there for the summer and see about helping granddad before I left the area. There was plenty to do and I volunteered for the most interesting and quickest task on the list: There was a downed birch by the upper pond and I chain sawed it into lengths, loaded the John Deere Gator with salvageable firewood, stacked it on the woodpile at the top of the barnyard and, and took the rot to the ravine where we dumped.
It was already evening and granddad naturally assigned my next task. I told him it was time I got going, with a drive back to Maine ahead of me. He thought it odd I leave with so much to do but wished me luck and I left. That was the last time I saw him. He was diagnosed with cancer shortly thereafter and underwent treatment back in Florida. With his future understood, he went back to Vermont, where my mother cared for him in his final months. Toward his final days he was hospitalized but demanded he be returned to the farm. This was allowed, under strict rules he remain in bed. The following day, my mother woke to him already up, in the rocking chair putting on his boots for the day. They spoke briefly but there was no protest and he went outside to his ATV, throttling it uphill toward his day’s work.
In the evening he returned home, explaining to my mother the work he’d accomplished and in a candid moment of vulnerability, revealed his body would not let him do all he had wished. He had slipped and fallen working on a water line which fed ponds and troughs from the river, losing a tool and knocking out his breath. His mind had so much more life in it but his body did not, he confessed. They ate dinner, said goodnight and he went to bed for the last time, with a day well spent and much left to do.
After his passing, little about the farm changed, even less in fact than when he was alive. My uncle was still sugaring, my other uncle still made regular trips to hammer out chores in 36 hour stints. The houses and workshops became museums immortalizing the patriarch. My grandmother continued to summer there, I returned to Saint Michael’s College. My brother lived nearby. My aunt and cousins too, though less frequent visitors, and we’d all commune for holidays and birthdays and celebrations throughout the warmer months. The farm was never to be sold and my grandfather assured this by dividing ownership among his children. My grandmother was still the owner until her death but was a silent partner, unable to rule on the future. The boys each received 35% and the girls got 15% and would share their Florida home as well.
My uncle’s sugaring operation had been the chief industry on the farm for years. My grandmother stopped raising Christmas trees and the cattle, after a generation went unregistered, became costly pets. So it was he that filled the shoes, became the patriarch and steadied the farm’s course. He had fancied the land his for years and like a greying prince accepted the throne with gusto. The farm marched on. That was 2005.
In 2011 I got a job in California. I’d been living in Vermont since graduating. My then fiancé and I had just spent nine months living on the farm at the top of the mountain witnessing the land go from drab spring to vibrant summer, burning autumn and white winter. On a spring day with a few friends, we went up to the farm with some mushrooms to say goodbye to for a time. It ended up being a dreary day and we had an uneventful trip walking through the wet fields, watching rings ripple on the water from rain and trout rises and settling into the bunkhouse for the night. It was melancholy and I told the farm I’d be home soon.
Six months later I received a phone call from my mother. My uncle had been killed. As the story goes, he had come to the farm on a November morning to fell some trees in the woods. He allegedly arrived at the farm with arrangements to work with a neighbor who lived on the road leading to the farm. He had helped the family for years on projects and watched over the cows in the winter. Around noon, when the neighbor didn’t hear from my uncle, he went up to the sugarhouse to look for him. The lights were on and his car was in the lot so the neighbor presumed my uncle was working in the woods alone. As evening fell, my uncle, who would often overnight at the farm, had not driven out down the road by the neighbor’s house and therefore, the neighbor suspected harm. He went to the sugarhouse. My uncle wasn’t there. He went up the road, a mile and a half, guessing where to stop, miraculously discovering my uncle out of sight, down a ravine laying across a boulder, his chainsaw and helmet yards away and his ATV parked on a logging trail a bit further. According to the neighbor, my uncle was still breathing, gurgling. He’d been struck by a tree limb he’d been trying to top. Unable to carry my uncle and his cell phone on the fritz, the neighbor wrapped the chain from the winch of my uncle’s ATV around him, dragging him uphill out of the woods like a log. At the road, the neighbor hoisted him onto the ATV and rode him down to the sugarhouse where he called his wife to perform CPR, call the 9-1-1 and my uncle’s girlfriend. The neighbor has changed his story since but as it went that night, my uncle died on the cement floor of the sugarhouse, fifty yards from where his father died six years earlier. The state troopers who responded to the call that night presumed the neighbors account of events and declared it an accident. Neither detective actually set foot where my uncle was discovered but instead asked the neighbor to return to the scene the next day to take photos for them.
His death was caustic. My uncle had been married once before and had a son. In his will, his estate went entirely to my cousin. The document was two paragraphs long. After my uncle’s death, a new will was procured which gave everything to his girlfriend. They had a daughter together and she took his last name, though they never technically wed. She owned his company, his homes, his life insurance policy and my cousin’s inheritance. With this went the sugaring operation. The miles of tubing which snaked between the 9000 maples were torn down and left on the forest floor. She sold the farm’s tractor. The sugaring equipment was auctioned off and the sugarhouse was torn down in order to sell the salvaged lumber. My family fought her in court, hired a forgery expert to condemn the mystery will which over several pages divulged in technical language that all was to go to her. She won and skipped away to Hawaii with my uncle’s daughter and her son from a previous marriage that ended when her husband dropped dead of poisoning on a golf course.
Only by virtue of my uncle’s first divorce, did his girlfriend did not receive his share of the farm. They had been traded to my aunt who lent him a large sum to buy his first wife out of the sugaring company they started together.
His death and the subsequent fallout hung a cloud over the farm. My grandmother, who’d relished the country life of Vermont, her gardens and time with loved ones on the deck, was already favoring her home in Florida to the rigor required by a Vermont farm. She was devastated and exhausted by legal quarrel. My aunt, who now owned a disproportionate stake in the farm held the least amount of interest in it of anyone in the family. She wanted nothing to do with it, considering the inheritance a burden of taxes and upkeep. Still, my uncle plugged along as always, driving up late at night to exhaust himself over days, cloaked in sweat and flecks organic confetti. My mother’s pro-farm stance is narrow for she only possesses 15% of the pie.
The following autumn I got married. We had the rehearsal party at the farm. It was the first and last party at the farm since my uncle’s death. With all my family and friends together in the barnyard I spoke with my living uncle about our family and the farm. We discussed our history on the land, how his father and brother’s lives are woven into it, how fortunate our family was to share something so tangible and the moments we remembered spending together, moments that defined his and my relationship. We spoke of a plan to work together to move the farm forward. The night was warm and we lit off fireworks. The optimism of my wife and I’s imminent nuptial elevated the moment to one of triumph after such a difficult year. The wedding was a success but the lofty sentiments ended that night.
For the next few months I lobbied my grandmother, my aunt and uncle to keep the farm in the family. I urged them, as well as my siblings and cousins, to recall the value of the farm as a home and a resource, not its monetary worth. I volunteered to pay the taxes and insurance in exchange for shares. I professed my desire to work the land for myself and future family. I reminded them how a new generation was growing in our ranks who, in toddler years, already fancied agriculture and nature. Two months later it was put on the market.
Throughout this historical dissertation, I’ve neglected to invoke my family’s dynamic. Between all I’ve introduced so far, everyone has at some point been disowned by one another, underwent psychiatric treatment and in summation, are as dysfunctional and crazy as they come. I myself have been banned from the farm several times throughout my life for no reason but the opinion of one family member or another. This family dynamic makes the lovely commune concept of the farm impossible and today it’s clear we cannot work together to resolve or rebuild.
This month, I’m moving back to Vermont. The farm has been on the market for over a year now and has only grazed the interest of buyers. But, in my mind I have to conclude it’s gone. The houses and outbuildings are empty, the contents auctioned at pennies on the dollar. The vehicles too and the land sits, growing.
When I dream about being back in my home state, whether snorkeling in the swimming holes, climbing the mountains, or skiing in the winter drifts, my mind invariably returns home down the dirt road to the farm.
Each night I think of the Young Ghosts and what clever strategy I can employ to win the farm back, to guarantee its safety. I wonder how I can convince those who won’t speak to me how much it means, convince them to let me live there and work the land without the threat of being ousted on a whim. I wonder how I could convince a rich philanthropist or crowd sourcing site to give a middle class kid a million dollars to buy out his rich family. I wonder how I could sue the State Police for botching my uncle’s investigation. I wonder how I’ll react when it actually sells and denial can no longer temper my fears. I wonder if I’ll be able to amass enough wealth to buy it back and if the new owners would ever sell it to me.
I know it’s my own attachment to this sacred place that causes me to suffer. I know all is impermanent. I know this has been the fate of Vermonters for centuries, farms stripped from them by death, creditors or apathy. Instead it’s my own family walking away and kids in white cloth won’t do anything to stop them. | 2019-04-20T12:15:16Z | http://www.foodwaterattention.com/young-ghosts/ |
Scampi wrote: I was more than just a little surprised when I was thrown onto Roje's back and carried around at a terrifying speed. Before I could do so much as speak or even attempt getting off, I was in a bedroom. Her bedroom, I assumed. I just stayed where I was out and didn't question anything. If I did that, things might seem more complicated than it already was. I just listened to her and nodded. "Ok." I was never one to turn down something free, although I would find a way to pay her back one day. She seemed to nice for to steal and run. Besides, I'd be staying her and that would just be a bad idea. Plus she was miles quicker than me, as jut proven and could probably break my neck like a twig of she really wanted to. So no, I wouldn't do that. "When do you want to go?"
The look on his face made me want to laugh cause it looked like he was in shock due to my super speed. The reply he had given me was quite surprising. I thought he'd try to make up some sort of excuse or something to not let me pay for his clothes. "We're going now. Shopping for clothes takes a lot longer than you think." I slipped my wallet into my jacket pocket and zipped it so it couldnt fall out and I grabbed my keys to my motorcycle before grabbing Tai as well and speeding to my bike "You are going to wear this." I handed him the helmet "I really dont need it since i'm a vampire and all. Getting into a crash wont hurt me as much as it'll hurt you." Human safety first!
Creaturee wrote: Chanyeol nodded in respect, he was very much okay with that he didn't expect her to be loud unless she couldn't help it. He was very quiet too, unless he was blasting music in his room like any human on this earth would do. He was still completely human with different effects not like he was born to be what she was. He began to spread the blankets and tuck each edge under the mattress as she stood and watched. "I'm not going to complain about that, not at all" He replied to her,but no eye contact until he let his eyes wonder off the blankets and up to her. When he finished he stood up straight and laid his large hands on one another, not really knowing what to say anymore since they were both quiet people. "We might need to get food for the apartment though, ya know?" He was a healthy eater, if he ate junk food all the time it would be bad for magic. Most of the treatment and magic goes off of his health. "Since i'm a healthy eater, and you must be into meats am i correct?" He asked not knowing what werewolves ate nor shifters or anything animal in general he never had a pet dog or any pet he wouldn't know.
Haley smiled when he said he was not going to complain about her silence sometimes. As he mentioned food, she nodded "You're right, and yes, I do eat meat. Mostly chicken. I'm not really the steak type but i'll have it once in a while. Other than meats though I eat salads and things like that." Haley wasnt the junkfood type unless she craved it. Like icecream in the summer, popcorn in a movie theater, a dessert at a resturant. Things around that general area "I got some money to go shopping so, would you like to go now or would you like to wait?" she slowly backed up to his doorway and then leaned on it, waiting for his reply. Her pose was similar to a model's pose against the doorway.
I also hoped that Abby would come out of her shell, so I nodded my head in agree. "Yeah, I hope she'll recover from this. Until then, I'll be by her side." I responded with a smile before raising an eyebrow at my companion. "And how about you, Miss Minx? Do you intend to stick around?" I asked before realization of what I had said kicked in and I quickly added. "You don't have to; you are in no way obligated to stay."
Chanyeol listened, he happen to be a very good listener unlike a lot of people around here. He didn't really respond to what she said about what she liked. He kept it stuck in his mind as he managed to step forward toward her as she stepped back. Leaning against the door he grabbed his keys and slipped on his shoes, he nodded "Might as well now, unless later tonight we won't have anything to munch on." He gave a loose shrug and proceeded to clip on the room card to his car key chain so he wouldn't ever loose it. He grabbed his rough trench coat and slipped it on, although they maybe weren't going outside he liked wearing it since the weather was chilly. A gentle smile was very faint as he didn't know what to say before walking out the door and closing it behind them.
Haley backed up as he walked towards the doorway and she had gotten out of his way, watching as he went to the front door and got his keys with his jacket "Alright, we'll go now." she said as Haley turned and went to her room, opening the bag and pulling out a few 20's from the bag. If he were to ever look inside the bag, he would see tons of stacks of money. No she didnt rob a store, she actually had a friend who was richer than rich and had a liking to her so he gave her a good amount of money to live on 20's were on top and 100's on the bottom of her bag. She pulled out her wallet and put the 20's into the money pocket before making her way back into the main room.
Chanyeol smirked, as he noticed she had quite the amount of money he guessed they could stack up the place. So they didn't have to go out to much to get food, He rubbed his eyes before walking down the hallway eyeballing the numbers of the rooms and the texture of the flooring. "Is there a grocery store near?" He asked since he didn't seem to notice any place near, with his hair swooping over his eyes he felt calm and warming up to the place. He didn't feel like having a roommate would be so bad after all He kept quiet twirling his keys on his index finger he had a friend of his send his car to him it was much more easy since Chanyeol couldn't drive long enough to make it here in a day or two. "My car arrived i'll be able to drive us there" Only since he's been here for only three hours, it was good timing. He proped a loose smile and looked toward her.
Haley had no idea why he had been smirking since she didnt realize that he seen her bag. But she brushed it off for now "A grocery store...Yes there is in down. It's about maybe a 20 minute drive to get over there." as she followed him, she slipped her hands into her pockets. When he mentioned that his car arrived, she raised her eyebrow. "Your car arrived?" she asked "Didnt you drive it to the mansion?" how other way would he have gotten to the mansion? Unless he took a taxi or something all the way here.
Chanyeol nodded his head as he felt the need to act a little bit more casual around her, not like a complete creep glaring her down. Once he managed to turn his head away and listen to her speak, he already knew how to answer the question. "My friend shipped it to me, since i gain terrible migraines which doesn't allow me to drive over two hours." He gave a shrug and continued to walk before the staircase came closer and closer, stepping forward and heading down the staircase. He slipped his hands into his pockets, walking normally throughout the building seeing people as they acted like they never seen a korean man. He looked at her and opened the door for her, being polite even though they are in the mansion full of different creatures. Heading toward the car he smiled at how clean it was, he pat his hand on the hood unlocking the car with his hand on the button.
Chanyeol chuckled, standing slightly over the car and running his hands on it. "Don't worry, i have done enough to it." He then opened the door sliding in, he adjusted to where he got comfortable enough to drive. Putting his seat belt on and putting the keys in, putting the car in drive. He backed up and turned to where they could exit, he slightly turned up the radio as he turned to her giving her the aux cord. "Able to use it?" He asked giving a small grin to her, the only reason he felt so comfortable and smiled a lot is because he was going to be around her a lot might as well get along. Driving onto the road and going at a good speed as of 55 at least that's how fast he could go.
Haley smiled and got in the car at the same time he had and closed the door, Putting her seatbelt on and looking at the interior of the car. It was pretty nice with it's leather seats. It matched the car pretty well. Chanyeol had then handed her a cord and she looked at it, raising her eyebrow, she studied it and then looked at him "Yeah, I'm able to, but i'm not sure if you'd like the music I like." she was more into classical but sometimes had some pop/rock songs thrown into the mix. Though mostly classical was her favorite "Why dont you put your phone in?"
Chanyeol studied the girl, it's like she has never seen it before. "Any type of music is alright, but i'd like to get to know you a bit more. So try it out" He kept his eyes on the road, trying not to kill them right then and there. As they drove closer and closer he wish she'd play some of her own taste, getting to know each other was high on the list. Besides coming here, meeting some other people, maybe even fall in love. At the thought his whole body melted and tensed he hated the thought of love and laughed at the idea of it. But he drove silently as the sun was still up and the clouds grown darker. Making himself feel more comfortable to drive, he wasn't sure if his migraine would come hopefully it wouldn't.
Chanyeol nodded, when the music started to play he was trying to figure out what was going on. But when it started, just a few seconds in he suddenly seemed to like it. "Not to bad" He replied as they drove down the highway, many cars driving by it felt like five years getting there but he was in no rush she took his time. He chuckled watching her taking small glimpse just for a second to see her swaying her head. She must have really enjoyed this music, his music taste was fair it was generally alright. He was into the korean music and the american rock bands, papa roach, five finger death punch etc etc that type of rock. The view was also quite stunning as he still continued to keep his eyes on the road and sometimes on her. What was it about her, that really got him interested.
Haley was surprised when he said that it wasnt too bad. It actually had made her happy that he accepted it. Though, she had said nothing as he continued to drive and softly she swayed her head, her eyes closed as the music filled her ears. Even though she felt a little awkward with Chanyeol, the music kept her calm and relaxed "If it's too long for you I can always switch to something else if you'd like.." she then opened her eyes and looked at him with her light blue eyes with a gentle smile. Haley didnt want him to be afraid to ask her if she could change the song.
Chanyeol felt her gaze, he felt a small smile spread upon his face he couldn't help it. He felt the awkward tension between them he tried to remain calm and keep his eyes open although he could feel the Ora of the migraine circling but he continued. "No No it's completely fine, we'll make it." He lied, but he could make it she would just have to drive back he guess he could trust her with the car he didn't see a reason why he would just have to sleep well tonight. In solid darkness they went, the sun begun to set but the grocery store didn't close until later that night. They seemed to have arrived, he went around the parking lot to find a good spot for them to park. As he soon did, it was quite far but this place seem to be filled with regular old humans and busy as hell. He sat there putting the car in park, and unbuckling. "Well" It slowly slipped from his lips.
At least he didnt mind it. Chanyeol hadnt said anything after that as they made their way into down and to the supermarket where it was pretty darn packed "Must be a sale going on or something.." the wolf muttered as he pulled into a space and parked, making her look at him as a word escaped his lips "Well, we go in and get what we need." she smiled and unbuckled her seatbelt and unplugged her phone from the aux cord before getting out of the car and closing the door "If you want we could make it into a game." she said, putting her hands on her hips "It'll be fun."
Chanyeol huffed and got out of the car, closing the door and turning toward her. "Alright, a game sounds fun" He stood his turtle neck along hugging his neck and his trench coat that hung to his thighs. He smiled toward her slightly, as it fade quite quickly only toward what she mentioned. A game, interesting he wasn't much of a good competition but he would give it a go. "What's the game, if you don't mind me asking" She may have wanted to tell him what's going on in the game anyways. Since she brought it up, it was packed inside having to play a game surrounded by people was going to be quite the fun. Being around a lot triggered his anxiety but keeping his mind on her and the goal here would help his heart stay at a regular pace. He walked to the end of the car and went side by side with her waiting for the rules to be explained.
Haley was happy that he went with it. As she awaited him at the end of his car she then started explaining what he had to do as they walked towards the store "Alright, well, what we need to do is get two different carts and get what we have in mind on what we want. The catch to it though is that we're racing. Think of it as a race to the end which is the cash register." as they walked into the store, she nodded over to the cashiers "Once we're finished getting the stuff we need or want, we meet there. Whoever is there first wins. Feel free to turn it down if you dont like that idea." her warm smile had something comforting to it "I promise I wont tease you for turning down such a game."
He nodded his head, and chuckled at the idea As they walked across the parking lot into the large market he rubbed his hands together looking at everything that was before him. "Sounds simple and more exciting then it should be." He grinned, giving her a cart and pulling himself one. He then looked at her and got into a stance where he was ready to go. He then he stood straight back up just trying to be funny and make her smile. But he did get pumped up to go, then when she said go. He looked for the nearest drink section walking fast toward it when he got down the idle he grabbed Sprite, Gatorade, and Smart waters. Putting them into the cart and going to the next idle where chips and dip and tiny snacks were before continuing grabbing stuff he liked.
"This is already fun." she giggled to herself and took her cart, pushing it around and looking down other isles. She needed to get veggies and some meats "Crap.." Haley then turned around and ran back to the cold section, looking at the meats. Chicken and steaks.
Chanyeol was running down isles, grabbing apples, grapes, strawberries, bananas, and avocados. He was almost half full, then going to the cold section where he saw meats, he got ground beef and put it in there before seeing Haley. He smirked and bolted to another isle, grabbing spices and sauces he didn't know what she'd like so he just got every kind except garlic he hated garlic. He was happy right now, his heart racing not as much as before but he was still quite enjoying it. Before getting everything he wanted, he started going for the check out when he arrived he chuckled to himself spying for Haley waiting to see his eye on her. He had quite a lot, not knowing what was good or not it was mostly healthy maybe he got some pop tarts i there and some ice cream he still enjoyed that stuff.
Chanyeol smile grew large when his eyes laid upon Haley, noticing he had beat her made him quite proud. "You can't eat healthy all the time" He looked down at her, hovering over her cart and eyeing what she got. Meats, veggies, and Japanese soda figures he smiled he really liked those he didn't know they had them here. He went to the check out and starting piling stuff up on the counter as they went down toward the cash register. Hearing beep beep over and over, he noticed he got a lot and helped her put her stuff on there as well. Being a witch doctor standing next to a werewolf surrounded by humans was extremely odd. Chanyeol when he was younger was a foreign exchange student from South Korea, coming to America in all odds was quite weird to him. Learning English and figuring the place out was weird as well. He kept eyeing people until they were finished checking out, when they were he watched her give them the money and booked it out of there pushing carts full of bags of foods, drinks etc etc. "Never seen a place so full." He grinned at her and sniffled.
"Well I know that. But still." she smiled and allowed him to go first watching as he put his stuff onto the belt. Haley couldnt help but help him out a bit before it was her turn to put her stuff onto the belt as well. Chanyeol decided to help her "Thanks." a smile appeared on the werewolf's face as the cashier kept ringing stuff up and the bagger was having a hard time keeping up. Once her cart was empty she then slipped past Chanyeol and helped the bagger out before she had to pay. Of course the price was high but Haley had a ton of money to spare. Paying the cashier, she took the last of the bags and put them into the cart.
Sadly they needed to use both carts. not that she minded that. They then headed out and she laughed "Hey, people like shopping. During the early afternoon it's absolutely insane. This is just probably the last set of rush hour. On Holidays it's so much worse." she pushed her cart to his car and when she got there, she waited for him to pop open the trunk. "Now we dont have to go shopping for at least a week or so."
Chanyeol started grabbing the keys from his pocket, moving the other keys and popped the trunk, before pushing it up enough for her. When she did the bags in her cart, he did the ones in his making it fair enough for the both of them. It took a little while before finishing as he pushed the cart to the side where they are suppose to go. Unlocking the car and letting her finish he shut the trunk for her. He was being quite respectful to her, like he had a soft spot for the werewolf. He opened the car door and got in putting his seat belt on and closing the door, he was going to let her drive this time because his head couldn't handle it to many lights beaming into his eyes causing the ora to throb even more. He rubbed his eyes and his some what messy hair before looking at her getting in he gave her the keys. "I believe this will last us about a couple weeks." He chuckled, giving a loose shrug and laying his hands in his lap. Before turning his eyes away from her. | 2019-04-19T19:28:46Z | http://houseofimmortality.forumotion.com/t548p125-house-of-immortality-pt-2 |
Final PMB November 2011 exam timetable 2 2:05 PM 10/24/2011 Date 11-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 Time Code Business Law 102 Computing 102 Economics 102 Description Stud Nos 118 52 99 33 55 63 48 56 50 48 51 49 12 171 176 29 31 35 7 313 53 107 17 20 62 19 18 10 28 67 16 7 13 3 5 1 63 28 31 31 30 30 26 15 3 4 2 7 2 2 7 63 390 Venue PET CWH SU PET PET WOB COM PET WOB SU SU PET PET WOB SU WOB PET PET COM COM COM COM PET WOB PET SU PET PET COM SU PET WOB SU WOB PET WOB COM PET SU LAN PET SU PET WOB WOB PET SU COM CWH WOB WOB SU SU/WOB Duration (mins) 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 9:00 BBAP1BL 9:00 BBAP1C2 9:00 BBAP1MS 9:00 BBAP2H2 9:00 BBAP2MM 9:00 BBAP313 9:00 BBAP3BT 9:00 BBAP3SM 9:00 BILA120 9:00 BIMI120 9:00 BIOC304 14-Nov-11 14:00 BBAP1E2 9-Nov-11 14:00 BBAP212 Management Science 101 Business Accounting 212 Human Resource Management 212 Marketing Management 202 Supply Chain Management 202 Business Management 313 (Ethics) Business Management 314 (Project Mgnt) Business Tax 313 Supply Chain Management 302 Introduction to Hellenistic Greek Introductory Biochemistry and Microbiology Signal Transduction and Metabolism Protein Structure and Function Regulation of Metabolism Immuno.and Protein Chemistry Foundation Biology Life on Earth Life on Earth (Augmented) Foundation Biology Modern Applications of Molecular Biology Plant Diversity and Use Vertebrate Biology Evolution and Systematics Wildlife Conservation and Management Applied Biotechnology Reproductive Behavioural Ecology Introduction to the Environment Introduction to the Old Testament Critical Tools for Biblical Study Biblical Theology Old Testament Exegesis New Testament Exegesis in English New Testament Exegesis in Greek Experimental Design Multiple Regression Business Communication 111 Business Computing 111 Logical Reasoning 111 The Environment of Business 111 Introduction to Management Science Classical Civilisation 1B Classical Civilisation 2B Classical Civilisation 3B Additional Classics Module B Greek 1B Latin 1B Latin 2B Latin 3B Foundation Chemistry General Principles of Chemistry Chemical Reactivity 4-Nov-11 14:00 BBAP2SC 12-Nov-11 14:00 BBAP314 10-Nov-11 14:00 BIOC212 14-Nov-11 14:00 BIOC310 5-Nov-11 14:00 BIOC316 9-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 9:00 BIOL099 9:00 BIOL102 9:00 BIOL196 9:00 BIOL199 9:00 BIOL205 9:00 BIOL211 14-Nov-11 14:00 BIOL222 16-Nov-11 14:00 BIOL304 9-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 9:00 BIOL312 9:00 BIOL315 9:00 BIOL325 9:00 BIST120 9:00 BIST220 17-Nov-11 14:00 BIOR118 11-Nov-11 14:00 BIST310 3-Nov-11 14:00 BIST331 14-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 9:00 BIST340 9:00 BIST341 9:00 BMET222 9:00 CBAP0CM 16-Nov-11 14:00 CBAP0CP 19-Nov-11 14:00 CBAP0CP 14-Nov-11 9:00 CBAP0EB 11-Nov-11 14:00 CBAP0MS 5-Nov-11 14:00 CCCV102 19-Nov-11 17-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 9:00 CCCV202 9:00 CCCV302 9:00 CCGK102 9:00 CCLT102 9:00 CCLT202 9:00 CCLT302 9:00 CHEM099 9:00 CHEM110 14-Nov-11 14:00 CCCV304 4-Nov-11 14:00 CHEM120 .
Surgical Therapeutic Dietetics Internship Drama Performance Studies 102 Drama Performance Studies 2: Production Drama Performance Studies 204 Drama Performance Studies 2: Special Topics Drama Performance Studies 3: Production Drama Performance Studies 305: Elective Directing and Choreography Playwriting Education Development B Drama Performance Studies 3: Special Topics Rocks Minerals the Environment Theory Rocks Minerals the Environment Practical Principles of Macroeconomics Augmented Economics 102 Intermediate Macroeconomic Applications Augmented Economics 201 Special Topics Applied Microeconomics International Trade Development Economics Industrial Economics Public Finance International Economics Macroeconomics Accounting Teaching 401 Afrikaans (B) Teaching Arts and Culture Biology/Life Sciences Teaching 401 Business Economics Management Teaching 401 Economics & Management Sciences Economics Teaching 401 Education and Development 110 Education and Development 120 Comparative Studies in Ed Development Stud Nos 173 60 107 71 39 39 80 43 30 39 28 27 55 25 26 48 32 34 29 45 14 48 25 9 7 14 13 9 1 59 59 440 55 495 34 1 99 123 62 23 21 14 20 26 2 21 36 96 32 49 89 10 30 Venue SU WOB WOB CWH WOB SU WOB LAN(G24) CWH WOB PET SU PET CWH SU SU SU SU CWH SU SU CWH SU WOB PET WOB SU PET SU CWH WOB SU/WOB WOB SU/WOB WOB SU COM PET COM CWH CWH WOB WOB COM PET COM PET SU COM COM SU WOB WOB Duration (mins) 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 120 180 90 90 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 10-Nov-11 14:00 CHEM173 4-Nov-11 14:00 CHEM196 12-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 9:00 CHEM199 9:00 CHEM310 9:00 CHEM320 9:00 COMP102 9:00 COMP106 9:00 COMP203 3-Nov-11 14:00 CHEM230 7-Nov-11 14:00 COMP201 5-Nov-11 14:00 COMP304 12-Nov-11 14:00 COMP314 14-Nov-11 14:00 CTEC233 7-Nov-11 14:00 CTEC313 18-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 9:00 CTEC343 9:00 DIET237 12-Nov-11 14:00 DIET351 19-Nov-11 14:00 DIET360 14-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 9:00 DIET711 9:00 DRAM203 18-Nov-11 14:00 DRAM102 7-Nov-11 14:00 DRAM204 12-Nov-11 14:00 DRAM270 15-Nov-11 14:00 DRAM303 9-Nov-11 14:00 DRAM305 12-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 9:00 DRAM309 9:00 DRAM310 9:00 DRAM311 9:00 EART122 9:00 EART122 12-Nov-11 14:00 DRAM370 5-Nov-11 14:00 ECON102 5-Nov-11 14:00 ECON106 16-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 9:00 ECON201 9:00 ECON205 9:00 ECON310 9:00 ECON330 9:00 ECON360 9:00 ECON370 9:00 ECON705 9:00 ECON706 9:00 ECON708 9:00 ECON7MA 9:00 EDAC604 9:00 EDAR604 23-Nov-11 14:00 EDAF605 16-Nov-11 14:00 EDBS604 19-Nov-11 14:00 EDBU604 24-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 9:00 EDBU605 9:00 EDBU606 9:00 EDDE110 14-Nov-11 14:00 EDDE120 14-Nov-11 14:00 EDDE220 .Final PMB November 2011 exam timetable 3 2:05 PM 10/24/2011 Date Time Code Description Chemistry Society 2 Chemical Reactivity (Augmented) Foundation Chemistry Physical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Computer Programming Computing for Natural Scientists Data Structures Internet Technologies Artificial Intelligence Theory of Computation Chemical Analysis Environmental Analysis Industrial Chemistry DIET1:Weight_Diabetes_Heart disease Behavioural Science for Dietetics Diet 3: Diet Therapy .
Final PMB November 2011 exam timetable 4 2:05 PM 10/24/2011 Date 7-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 Time Code Description Service Learning for Education Development Rural Education and Development Drama Teaching 401 English (A) Teaching 401 English (B) Teaching 401 Numeracy for Foundation Phase Literacy for Foundation Phase Life Skills for Foundation Phase Geography Teaching 401 History Teaching 401 Languages Life Orientation Mathematics Teaching 401 Mathematics Natural Science Agriculture Teaching Specialisation Music Teaching 401 Visual Art/Fine Art Teaching 401 Social Sciences Technology Travel & Tourism Teaching 401 Zulu (A) Teaching 401 Zulu (B) Teaching 401 Business Language Development B Engineering Design Introduction to Engineering Materials Structural Analysis Food Engineering Unit Operations Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Chemical Engineering Principles 2 Introduction to English Studies B English 2: Visual Literacy English 2: Theory and Literary Analysis English 3: Literature and Journalism English 3:Postmodernisms/Gender English 3: The African Autobiography Introduction to Entrepreneurship Environmental Systems Geographic Information Systems GIS Remote Sensing Environmental Management Advanced Remote Sensing Advanced Biogeography Environmental Science Res Project Ethics 1: Life_ Sexuality and Death Ethics 1:Life_ Sexuality and Death (Augment) Ethics 2: The Ethics of Power Ethics and Literature Professional Ethics Production Economics and Marketing Introduction to Food Security Applied Digital Arts Finance 202 Stud Nos 20 20 12 13 25 34 58 57 22 8 11 49 22 52 44 1 5 7 36 53 25 25 22 46 59 59 11 20 11 7 303 31 37 40 25 13 148 260 147 76 81 8 11 5 241 34 171 11 27 16 17 5 133 Venue WOB SU SU WOB PET PET COM PET COM SU SU PET COM PET SU PET PET WOB PET PET PET WOB SU SU SU COM COM CWH COM SU SU PET SU PET WOB SU PET WOB PET WOB WOB WOB WOB CWH WOB WOB SU WOB COM CWH WOB COM PET Duration (mins) 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 90 180 180 9:00 EDDE303 9:00 EDDE304 14-Nov-11 14:00 EDDR604 17-Nov-11 14:00 EDEN604 18-Nov-11 14:00 EDEN605 21-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 24-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 9:00 EDES601 9:00 EDES602 9:00 EDES603 9:00 EDGG604 19-Nov-11 14:00 EDHS604 16-Nov-11 14:00 EDLE604 21-Nov-11 14:00 EDLF604 16-Nov-11 22-Nov-11 23-Nov-11 21-Nov-11 24-Nov-11 21-Nov-11 9:00 EDMA604 9:00 EDMA606 9:00 EDPD454 9:00 EDPD657 9:00 EDSS604 9:00 EDTT604 18-Nov-11 14:00 EDNS604 14-Nov-11 14:00 EDPD658 15-Nov-11 14:00 EDTE604 15-Nov-11 14:00 EDZU604 17-Nov-11 14:00 EDZU605 18-Nov-11 14:00 ELDV1C2 18-Nov-11 14:00 ENAG1DE 15-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 5-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 9:00 ENAG1MT 9:00 ENAG3SA 9:00 ENAG4SW 9:00 ENGL102 9:00 ENGL206 9:00 ENGL308 7-Nov-11 14:00 ENAG4FE 10-Nov-11 14:00 ENCH1EB 4-Nov-11 14:00 ENGL205 7-Nov-11 14:00 ENGL303 18-Nov-11 14:00 ENGL309 10-Nov-11 14:00 ENTR2EN 12-Nov-11 14:00 ENVS120 5-Nov-11 9:00 ENVS211 4-Nov-11 14:00 ENVS316 15-Nov-11 14:00 ENVS322 17-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 9:00 ENVS720 9:00 ENVS723 9:00 ENVS730 9:00 ETHS102 9:00 ETHS104 9:00 ETHS201 9:00 ETHS304 9:00 ETHS305 9:00 FBMT151 9:00 FDSC350 9:00 FIAR304 9:00 FINA202 .
Final PMB November 2011 exam timetable 5 2:05 PM 10/24/2011 Date 7-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 17-Nov-11 Time Code Description Financial Risk Management Corporate Financial Management Corporate Finance International Business Finance French 1B: French for Beginners French 2A: Intermediate French French 2B: Intermediate French French 3B: Advanced French Paper 1 French 3B: Advanced French Paper 2 Introduction to Food Science Management Theory Practice Food Service Management Internship Genomics and Molecular Diagnostics Animal Genetics Geographies of Urban and Rural Change Tourism Studies Environmental Management EIAs Geographical Sciences Research Project Rural Development Land Reform Advanced Tourism Studies History of Christianity: The Modern Period Empires of the Modern World Culture History: 19th 20th Century KZN Topics in African History Advanced Human Physiology Introduction to HR Collective Employment Relations Law Individual Organisational Development Environmental Aspects of Hydrology Environmental Water Quality Applied Hydrology Water Resources Policy_ Laws and Institutions Integrated Water Resources Management Advanced Hydrological Processes Advanced Hydrological Modelling Skills End User Computing IS T Development Fundamentals Development and Applications Fundamentals Databases and Programming Advanced Systems Implementation Info Infrastructure for Bus Solutions Database Management Information Systems Planning Aspects of South African Law Foundations of SA Law Business Enterprises Law Special Topics in Business Law Constitutional Law Delict Human Rights Interpretation of Law Property Accounting for Legal Practice Stud Nos 69 66 9 11 33 1 9 6 6 60 32 27 27 30 108 69 1 14 9 16 8 31 10 8 53 364 82 90 24 27 21 20 6 6 5 155 152 268 70 55 52 45 18 281 128 244 301 260 132 131 138 127 3 Venue CWH SU CWH COM SU COM COM COM SU COM PET WOB CWH SU WOB SU COM COM WOB SU CWH PET WOB COM PET SU/PET WOB CWH CWH SU SU COM CWH WOB SU WOB PET SU SU LAN CWH COM WOB COM COM WOB SU COM SU CWH WOB PET COM Duration (mins) 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 120 120 120 180 180 90 180 240 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 9:00 FINA312 9:00 FINA321 9:00 FINA7CR 9:00 FINA7IB 9:00 FREN201 9:00 FREN202 9:00 FREN302 9:00 FSCI120 9:00 FSMT711 12-Nov-11 14:00 FREN102 18-Nov-11 14:00 FREN302 9-Nov-11 14:00 FSMT333 3-Nov-11 14:00 GENE330 9-Nov-11 14:00 GENE350 16-Nov-11 14:00 GEOG220 18-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 9:00 GEOG301 9:00 GEOG322 9:00 GEOG730 9:00 GEOG735 9:00 HICH311 9:00 HIST201 9:00 HIST301 19-Nov-11 14:00 GEOG744 7-Nov-11 14:00 HIST105 7-Nov-11 14:00 HPHY200 7-Nov-11 14:00 HRMG2HR 5-Nov-11 14:00 HRMG3CE 18-Nov-11 9:00 HRMG3OD 7-Nov-11 14:00 HYDR220 12-Nov-11 14:00 HYDR322 18-Nov-11 14:00 HYDR324 10-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 9:00 HYDR330 9:00 HYDR720 9:00 HYDR725 9:00 HYDR795 9:00 ISTN102 9:00 ISTN103 9:00 ISTN212 9:00 ISTN32A 9:00 ISTN32E 9:00 ISTN32F 9:00 ISTN722 15-Nov-11 14:00 ISTN100 4-Nov-11 14:00 LAWS1AS 4-Nov-11 14:00 LAWS1FL 5-Nov-11 9:00 LAWS2CA 9-Nov-11 14:00 LAWS2CB 5-Nov-11 14:00 LAWS2CS 9-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 17-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 9:00 LAWS2DL 9:00 LAWS2HR 9:00 LAWS2LW 9:00 LAWS2PR 9:00 LAWS3AP .
Final PMB November 2011 exam timetable 6 2:05 PM 10/24/2011 Date 8-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 4-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 17-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 4-Nov-11 Time Code Criminal Procedure Contract Delict Evidence Human Rights Jurisprudence Legal Diversity Description Stud Nos 89 95 59 96 59 111 94 56 8 75 6 64 17 77 69 62 8 42 18 14 17 13 11 168 377 123 126 7 49 85 61 41 252 16 107 56 12 18 25 1 209 41 92 47 67 513 88 79 1 143 113 49 43 Venue COM SU SU WOB WOB SU COM WOB CWH WOB COM SU COM CWH COM SU CWH SU SU CWH COM COM CWH WOB SU/WOB PET CWH PET SU SU CWH SU WOB SU PET SU SU SU WOB COM SU PET WOB CWH SU SU/WOB WOB WOB WOB SU PET WOB SU Duration (mins) 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 120 180 120 120 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 120 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 120 180 180 9:00 LAWS3CP 9:00 LAWS3DL 9:00 LAWS3EV 9:00 LAWS3HR 9:00 LAWS3JP 9:00 LAWS3LD 9:00 LAWS3LW 9:00 LAWS4AJ 9:00 LAWS4EN 9:00 LAWS4ML 9:00 LAWS4NG 9:00 LAWS4SI 9:00 LAWS4SL 9:00 LAWS4SN 9:00 LIIS630 9:00 LIIS652 9:00 LIIS660 9:00 LIIS670 9:00 LIIS713 9:00 MAFM300 9:00 MARK2MK 17-Nov-11 14:00 LAWS3CT Interpretation of Law Access to Justice in South Africa Civil Procedure Environmental Law Insurance Agency Maritime Law Negotiable Instruments Security Insolvency Sale_Lease Credit Agreements Sentencing (Elective) Internet Expertise (PMB) Management of Information Agencies Information Searching and Retrieval Subject Analysis Automation of Information Centres Web-Based Information Systems Managerial Accounting Financial Mgt 300 Introduction to Marketing Marketing Communications Special Topics in Marketing Foundation Mathematics Introduction to Calculus Calculus and Linear Algebra Mathematics 1B (Eng) Applied Mathematics 1B (Eng) Further Mathematics for Natural Sciences Calculus and Linear Algebra (Augmented) Foundation Mathematics Further Calculus and Introductory Analysis Networks Graph Theory Complex Analysis Numerical Methods Algebraic Structures Introduction to Media Studies Screen Studies Public Relations Advertising and Marketing Television Studies Management 120 Business Ethics Special Topics in Management International Business Introductory Food Microbiology Introductory Microbial Ecology Microbial Processing Death Control of Micro-organisms 9-Nov-11 14:00 LAWS4CV 12-Nov-11 14:00 LAWS4IA 18-Nov-11 14:00 LIIS120 12-Nov-11 14:00 MARK302 19-Nov-11 14:00 MARK305 18-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 5-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 9:00 MATH099 9:00 MATH130 9:00 MATH140 9:00 MATH141 9:00 MATH142 9:00 MATH143 9:00 MATH196 9:00 MATH199 16-Nov-11 14:00 MATH251 16-Nov-11 14:00 MATH322 19-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 17-Nov-11 9:00 MATH323 9:00 MATH324 9:00 MATH340 9:00 MECS102 4-Nov-11 14:00 MECS201 16-Nov-11 14:00 MECS212 15-Nov-11 9:00 MECS312 3-Nov-11 14:00 MECS322 11-Nov-11 14:00 MGNT102 16-Nov-11 14:00 MGNT310 11-Nov-11 4-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 9:00 MGNT313 9:00 MICR214 9:00 MICR304 9-Nov-11 14:00 MGNT315 15-Nov-11 14:00 MICR220 17-Nov-11 14:00 MICR360 .
Final PMB November 2011 exam timetable 7 2:05 PM 10/24/2011 Date 5-Nov-11 5-Nov-11 5-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 Time Code HIV/AIDS 133 Description Professional Practice 154 Administration & Management 1 & 2 Instruction & Learning 1 & 2 Life Skills 117 Maths 227 Life Orientation 215 Life Skills 217 Natural Science and Technology 235 Natural Science 233 Maths 230 Numeracy 1 & 2 Communication 1 & 2 Human Nutrition 1: Lifecycle Macronutrients Nutrition Communication Applied Nutrition Science Community Nutrition Internship Philosophy Ethics from Ancient to Modern Being and Knowing Philosophy and Society Philosophy of Mind Foundation Physics Electromagnetism_ Waves and Modern Physics Modern Physics for Life Sciences Agric Chemical Engineering Physics 1B Electromagnetic Waves Mod Phys (Augmented) Foundation Physics Electromagnetism_ Waves Vibrations Electromagnetism and Solid State Physics P2 Electromagnetism and Solid State Physics P1 Topics in Modern Physics Property Law Governance in South Africa Governance in South Africa Civil Society Public Policy Policy Monitoring Evaluation Introduction to Global Politics Introduction to Global Politics (Augmented) Issues in International Affairs History of Political Thought Issues in International Affairs (Augmented) Political Change in Developing Regions Comparative Government and Politics Policy Issues Community Service Political Philosophy in Context Ethics of Conflict_ Diplomacy_ and Peace Political Change in Africa Political Philosophy in Context Political Change in Africa Fungi_ Food and Phytopathogens Principles of Plant Disease Management Biotechnology for Plant Pathologists Introduction to Practical Theology Stud Nos 73 240 12 6 60 7 21 133 68 28 13 12 6 68 32 3 33 276 73 22 16 7 94 211 12 13 107 19 15 15 13 1 12 7 7 7 418 74 171 57 40 92 107 14 4 14 11 4 1 48 11 11 6 Venue COM COM COM COM COM COM COM COM COM COM COM SFP SFP PET SU SU WOB COM WOB WOB SU SU SU SU SU SU SU SU WOB PET SU SU CWH CWH SU COM SU/PET PET WOB PET WOB COM COM COM WOB COM WOB WOB WOB COM CWH SU SU Duration (mins) 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 120 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE VT 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE 9:00 NPDE VT 5-Nov-11 13:00 NPDE VT 12-Nov-11 13:00 NPDE VT 18-Nov-11 14:00 NUTR124 16-Nov-11 14:00 NUTR342 19-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 9:00 NUTR350 9:00 NUTR711 9:00 PHIL102 14-Nov-11 14:00 PHIL205 12-Nov-11 14:00 PHIL305 19-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 4-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 17-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 17-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 9:00 PHIL307 9:00 PHYS099 9:00 PHYS120 9:00 PHYS133 9:00 PHYS162 9:00 PHYS196 9:00 PHYS199 9:00 PHYS212 9:00 PHYS305 9:00 PHYS352 9:00 PLA3PT2 9:00 PODS602 9:00 PODS702 9:00 PODS804 9:00 PODS805 9:00 POLS102 9:00 POLS104 9:00 POLS201 9:00 POLS207 9:00 POLS208 9:00 POLS303 9:00 POLS304 9:00 POLS310 9:00 POLS706 9:00 POLS714 9:00 POLS722 9:00 POLS806 9:00 POLS822 9:00 PPTH214 9:00 PPTH360 9:00 PPTH370 9-Nov-11 14:00 PHYS305 16-Nov-11 14:00 PRTH110 .
to South African Society (Augmented) Social Change Social Studies in Conservation Culture_ Communication Development Rural Studies_ Gender Development Spanish 1B Pedology Soil Fertility Plant Nutrition Soil Processes_Ground Water_AtmosPollution Biological Processes in the Soil Environment Sustainable Soil Fertility Management Pedological Processes in the Environment Basic Statistics Introduction to Statistics Introduction to Statistics Statistical Methods Statistical Inference Biostatistics Methods Random Processes Introduction to Theological Method Introduction to Christian Ethics Systematic Theology-Cluster Elective Systematic Theology-Special Focus Lutheran Theology Tax Estate Planning 300 Exegesis of Selected Biblical Texts Community Development Theologies of Transformation Key Themes in Christian Faith Selected Biblical Texts in Greek or Hebrew 2 Theologies of Transformation Stud Nos 4 10 3 442 17 60 177 181 177 224 81 95 112 34 1 43 12 170 1 145 144 137 10 80 71 46 18 10 19 10 4 5 3 4 60 873 55 30 13 15 10 6 3 1 7 142 1 7 2 5 1 5 Venue COM PET SU SU/WOB WOB WOB SU WOB COM COM WOB PET COM PET SU PET WOB SU COM WOB CWH PET PET CWH SU SU COM SU CWH WOB PET SU PET COM WOB SU/WOB/ PET/CWH CWH COM CWH COM SU SU SU COM CWH SU CWH PET PET SU SU PET Duration (mins) 180 180 180 75 180 180 90 180 90 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 240 180 180 180 180 180 180 9:00 PRTH220 9:00 PRTH310 16-Nov-11 14:00 PRTH381 8-Nov-11 14:00 PSYC102 14-Nov-11 14:00 PSYC103 8-Nov-11 14:00 PSYC105 11-Nov-11 12-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 3-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 9:00 PSYC202 9:00 PSYC215 9:00 PSYC301 9:00 PSYC303 9:00 RDNA202 9:00 RELG101 9-Nov-11 14:00 PSYC209 8-Nov-11 14:00 PSYC318 16-Nov-11 14:00 RELG316 9-Nov-11 14:00 RRMG350 17-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 17-Nov-11 9:00 RRMG700 9:00 SCMA2OP 9:00 SCMA305 9:00 SCMA311 14-Nov-11 14:00 SCMA306 3-Nov-11 14:00 SOCY102 3-Nov-11 14:00 SOCY105 15-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 7-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 15-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 10-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 8-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 4-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 9:00 SOCY202 9:00 SOCY304 9:00 SOCY707 9:00 SPAN102 9:00 SSCI230 9:00 SSCI320 9:00 SSCI372 9:00 SSCI760 9:00 SSCI770 9:00 SSCI780 9:00 STAT101 9:00 STAT130 9:00 STAT130 9:00 STAT140 9:00 STAT240 9:00 STAT350 9:00 SYTH222 9:00 SYTH350 9:00 SYTH370 9:00 TAXA300 9:00 THEO709 9:00 THEO731 9:00 THEO737 9:00 THEO738 9:00 THEO837 16-Nov-11 14:00 SOCY310 10-Nov-11 14:00 STAT305 11-Nov-11 14:00 SYTH120 16-Nov-11 14:00 SYTH340 3-Nov-11 14:00 THEO833 .Final PMB November 2011 exam timetable 8 2:05 PM 10/24/2011 Date 8-Nov-11 19-Nov-11 Time Code Description Introduction to Christian Education Community Development Practical Theology-Cluster Elective 1 Introduction to Psychology B HIV/AIDS Counselling Introduction to Psychology B (Augmented) Social Psychology African International Perspectives Social Psychology of Intergroup Conflict Measurement_ Experiment Observation Change and Transformation Psychology in Education Molecular DNA Technology Introduction to Religion Religion and Ethics Community Development Systems Project Systems Thinking Foundations Introduction to Operations Management Purchasing Management Contemporary Issues Logistics Physical Distribution Special Topics in Supply Chain Management Introduction to South African Society Intro.
Final PMB November 2011 exam timetable 9 2:05 PM 10/24/2011 Date 4-Nov-11 11-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 Time Code Description Key Themes in Christian Faith Introduction to IsiZulu B Bridging IsiZulu B Advanced IsiZulu B Heritage and Culture Traditional Modern Poetry Teaching IsiZulu as a Second Language Basic IsiZulu Language Studies B Intermediate IsiZulu Language Studies B Advanced IsiZulu Language Studies B Translation and Interpreting Stud Nos 4 140 3 46 86 8 10 17 3 2 Venue SU SU CWH PET SU WOB COM CWH WOB CWH Duration (mins) 180 120 180 120 180 180 180 180 180 180 9:00 THEO838 9:00 ZULM102 9:00 ZULM104 18-Nov-11 14:00 ZULM202 17-Nov-11 14:00 ZULM203 18-Nov-11 14-Nov-11 16-Nov-11 18-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 9-Nov-11 9:00 ZULM305 9:00 ZULM307 9:00 ZULN102 9:00 ZULN202 9:00 ZULN302 9:00 ZULU714 . | 2019-04-21T16:18:10Z | https://www.scribd.com/document/71203704/Final-Pietermaritzburg-Exam-Timetable-Nov-2011-Sflb |
Lake Peipsi (or Lake Peipus) is near Tartu. It is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Europe, with the Russian border running down its center. We stopped briefly for this view. It looks like one of North America’s Great Lakes from here. There is much history along these shores.
This is the Kiviõli Concentration Camp Holocaust Memorial near our collecting site today. The 20th century history of this region, especially during World War II, is notably grim and brutal. Relatively little has been published on the German concentration camps in Estonia.
This is the oil shale mine we visited near Põhja-Kiviõli in northern Estonia. The oil shales, in the form of kukersite, are the brown units in the top half of the outcrop. The shales are dug from these pits and then separated from the limestones, which appear light gray. The pits fill quickly with water, so there are massive pumps continually working nearby.
A closer view of an oil shale outcrop. These units are Late Ordovician in age (Sandbian) and nearly unique to Estonia. They are very rich in organic material — up to 55% of the rock. The oil shales are used in a variety of ways for energy and petroleum products.
Finding specimens of the spherical rhombiferan echinoderm Echinosphaerites was one of our goals for this trip. Here is one in limestone. The best are those that are in the oil shale because they pop free of the matrix. We didn’t find very many, though.
Giant bryozoans were surprisingly common in the oil shales. This is the base of a large trepostome. We found many of these bryozoans with beautiful borings. It was a good collecting site.
Here are our delightful Estonian hosts at lunch following fieldwork. From left to right: Olev Vinn (a colleague since 2006), Ingrid Vinn, and Mare Isakar.
Much to our surprise we were able to go to the storied easternmost Estonian city of Narva. This was very much a treat. Narva sits along the Narva River, which is the border with Russia. The city has a high concentration of Russian-speakers and a distinct Estonian-Russian culture. Its history has been, needless to say, complex even to present times.
This is Hermann Castle, also called Narva Castle, the focus of our visit. Hermann Castle is the blocky, high structure. To the right is visible another castle on the other side of the Narva River (see below).
This is that Russian castle opposite the Hermann Castle on the castle on the other bank of the Narva River. It is the Ivangorod Fortress. It makes for quite a striking boundary at the western edge of Russia.
The Narva River between the two castles, looking upstream. The Ivangorod Fortress is on the left. This is effectively the boundary between East and West in Europe.
The Narva border crossing bridge between Estonia on the left and Russia on the right. This is the view from the top of the Hermann Castle. At this point my phone gave me a message: “Welcome to the Russian Federation”.
The interior of the Hermann Castle is a museum. I thought these stone cannon balls were geologically interesting, considering that earlier this summer I saw their equivalents in Wales. Note my foot for scale.
On the way back to Tartu, we visited the town of Sillamäe on the Baltic coast. During Soviet times factories in Sillamäe extracted uranium oxides from local oil shales and then from other ores mined throughout the Soviet Empire. Because of the high concentration of scientists and engineers, this town was built with, shall we say, higher architectural and aesthetic standards than the usual Soviet constructions. It was a “closed town” forbidden to foreigners or even most Estonians.
What a rich trip this was. Thank you again to Olev, Ingrid and Mare.
In the summer of 2009 I had a field adventure in Russia. It was an extraordinary time. I learned considerable amounts of Russian geology and paleontology, of course, and was immersed in the Russian geological culture. Along the way I collected the above unusual brachiopod. We are looking at its posterior (where the articulating hinge is), with the ventral valve below and dorsal valve above.
This is the anterior view of the same specimen showing the junction between the valves (the commissure). The brachiopod is Ladogia Nalivkin, 1941, a rhynchonellid from the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) of the Central Devonian Field somewhere along the Syas River in the Leningrad Oblast of western Russia. We can immediately see that this brachiopod is very tall for its kind, with a strongly defined fold (the top part of the “anticline” in the dorsal valve) and sulcus (the lower folded surface in the ventral valve). Note that the sulcus has several encrusting organisms, including eroded microconchids.
The side view shows the dramatic upward sweep of the dorsal valve and the fine radiating ornamentation. The tall fold was effective in separating the incoming water for filter-feeding from the outflow of filtered water, essentially functioning like a chimney. Many brachiopods have such a fold and sulcus, but few have a set of such amplitude.
Ladogia was described by Dmitrii Vasil’evich Nalivkin (1889-1982) in 1941. Nalivkin was a Soviet paleontologist and geologist born in 1889 in St. Petersburg. He graduated from the Institute of Mines in Petrograd (the name was changed from St. Petersburg) in 1915. In 1917 he joined the Geological Commission of Russia, staying a member through its many changes for over six decades. In 1920 he became a professor at the Institute of Mines after, we presume, the political situations from the Great War, the Bolshevik Revolution and the Russian Civil War calmed down. He is notable for giving the first lecture series on facies theory in the USSR in 1921. After World War II he was chairman of the Turkmen section of the Academy of Sciences. In 1954 he was made chairman of the Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1954 he was appointed chairman of the Interdepartmental Stratigraphic Committee of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Nalivkin specialized in stratigraphy and paleontology of the Paleozoic, especially the Devonian and Carboniferous. He is best known for his geological maps of the USSR, for which he received the Lenin Prize in 1957. Here’s a man who saw a lot of history in his time.
Nalivkin, D.V. 1941. Brachiopods of the Main Devonian field. Akademii Nauk SSSR Trudy 1: 139-226.
Sokiran, E.V. 2002. Frasnian-Famennian extinction and recovery of rhynchonellid brachiopods from the East European Platform. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 339-354.
Zhuravlev, A.V., Sokiran, E.V., Evdokimova, I.O., Dorofeeva, L.A., Rusetskaya, G.A. and Malkowski, K. 2006. Faunal and facies changes at the Early-Middle Frasnian boundary in the north-western East European Platform. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 51: 747-758.
From the Russian wilderness to the big city!
Arriving in Moscow was a sharp return to reality. Suddenly all of the things that had come to feel normal while we were in Kamchatka – the winding gravel roads and little towns with random meandering livestock that would peek in your windows – were replaced by traffic jams and the overwhelming immensity of the city!
One unique experience in Kamchatka was shopping. Shopping, like everything else in Russia is a very long, arduous process that takes hours longer than it should. Above is shown a typical store in Kamchatka. All of the goods are located behind the counter, so each item had to be individually requested from the shopkeeper. However, in all likelihood the first shop you visited would not have half of the items you required, so you would have to visit two or three additional establishments to find everything you needed. Even so, simple necessities like bread or beer were not always available. Also, take note of the high tech abacus being used!
The items we purchased were also completely foreign to me. While I was initially pretty skeptical, everything was quite tasty if you had an expert cook like Tatiana to prepare it!
Cow-in-a-can anyone? More commonly referred to as Tushonka.
There are a variety of culinary influences present. Lots of Uzbek cuisine, but we also encountered Georgian, Russian, and Ukrainian dishes. A common afternoon meal with borscht, beat soup of Ukranian origin, is pictured above.
While in Moscow we toured the Institute, a towering majestic building, one of seven built around the city, which houses several departments of Moscow State University, a museum, faculty and students.
An apartment in the wing to the right was actually our home for the duration of our visit.
While in Moscow we of course visited the touristy section of the city.
Dr. Wiles with our two hosts, Olga and Vladimir in front of St. Basils.
One of the prominent monuments on the Red Square is Lenin’s tomb. He has been on public display since shortly after his death in 1924.
One last picture from Kamchatka. Thanks for following us through our journey! We look forward to reporting on our findings from the lab soon!
Coring larch trees in the mountains of the Eastern Range.
Coring took us to every reach of the Kamchatka Peninsula. We made our way as far north as Ust-Kamchatsky, a port city that was strategically important during the Cold War when the entire peninsula was closed to nonresident Russians and foreigners alike. Then we drove all the way west to the Sea of Okhotsk before returning east to Petropavlovsk, a large port city on the Pacific.
During our travels we have explored a variety of environments. While the most pervasive by far was the taiga, swampy coniferous forests, we also appreciated the beauty of spring in the tundra.
The devastation caused by the frequent volcanic eruptions was also evident. We frequently came across open ash fields and even pyroclastic flow deposits!
The desolate remains of a pyroclastic flow (fast moving current of hot gas and rock) produced by the adjacent volcano.
Besides collecting cores, we also learned a bit about the local culture and history. In Esso, we visited the museum where we learned about the traditional practices of the indigenous peoples and how they survived Kamchatka’s harsh climate.
The main building of the museum exhibits the beautiful woodwork typical of the region.
A reproduction of a traditional home of the Koryak people. In order to optimize heat retention, the structure is built partially underground and in the shape of an oven. It even has an escape hatch out of the top for when snow buries the structure.
Esso is also significant as the starting point of the Beringia, Kamchatka’s traditional dog sled race, which in the 1990s held the record for the longest dogsled race, rivaling Alaska’s Iditarod.
Finally, for those have been asking about the bears. Here is a cutie that we came across on one of our last days in the field. These Kamchatka brown bears are very large, though not a big threat to humans, particularly in the summer when food is plentiful.
Volcanoes, Mosquitoes, and Bears, Oh My!
After three weeks in Russia it sure feels great to be back on US soil! Since we didn’t have internet access during this expedition, our blog posts come a bit delayed. Here is a bit about our first week in Kamchatka: If, like me, you have never played the board game Risk, you likely have never heard of Kamchatka. So to give you some context of where we are, below is a map of the North Pacific. As you can see, this peninsula, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, is further east than Siberia and it is not far from Alaska. However, since flights between Alaska and Kamchatka are extremely limited, we were forced to fly the long way around.
After our nearly 40hr journey, crossing 16 time zones, it was a relief to arrive in Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka.
Above is a picture taken on top of an extinct volcano that overlooks the city. From L to R, Tatiana Kuderina (Senior Researcher at Moscow University), Sarah Frederick (’15), Vladimir Matskovsky (Researcher at Moscow University) and our lovely host Tatiana. This picture is an achievement, because as you will notice, it is the only picture in which all of the Russians are smiling!
We were greeted in Kamchatka, the land of many mosquitoes, bears, and volcanoes, by scientists from the Volcanology Institute. And after a day of recovery we headed north into the great wild. While there have been no bear attacks, just three sitings so far, we were lucky enough to witness a small volcanic eruption during one of our expeditions! Though described in the literature as ‘pristine’ and ‘untouched,’ over the past week we have found much of Kamchatka far from that with the forests along the single main road (unpaved dirt and gravel) having been clear cut. Even so, with a lot of help from our driver, Vasily, and his mighty passenger truck, we managed to locate old growth larch in the north. While our quest for trees has required us to spend extensive time in the swamps being devoured by millions of mosquitoes, we also made it to some of the more picturesque parts of Kamchatka as well. The highlight thus far was our trekup the Tolbachik volcanic complex where we were greeted by unseasonably clear weather. Not only could we see the majestic glacier topped volcanoes of the Eastern Range, but to the west, the towering volcanoes of the Median Range were also visible! We are now heading south for our last few days of tree hunting. It is our hope that the tree ring data that we are collecting will help to connect the extensive network of tree ring chronologies developed for the Gulf of Alaska with those from the West Pacific. Helping to develop a better understanding of North Pacific climate.
We are currently finishing our first leg of field research on Sakhalin Island, Fareast Russia, and today we are traveling to Vladivostok to stage the next two weeks of sampling climate-sensitive trees. This is collaborative Wooster project funded by NSF with Kevin Anchukaitis (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute) and Rosanne D’Arrigo (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory). Our Russian collaborators include Olga Solomina (Russian Academy of Sciences), researchers Ekaterina Dolgova; Eugenio Grabenko Vladimir Matskovsky, Tatiana Maratovna Kouderina and our host on Sakhalin, Yury Gensiorovskiy. Future Wooster student projects will include work on the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Sikhote-Atlin Mountains and the Kurile Islands.
The team at our final dinner at the Far East Branch of Geological Institute in Yuhzno-Sakhalinsk.
The group split into two teams to find old and climate sensitive trees on the Island. My group traveled with Victor (above) who ably drove us in the Gas66. Here Victor takes a break on the shore of the Sea of Ohotsk.
Tatiana (originally from Kazakstan) cores a an old larch in a sea of Pinus Pumulus. This site is on the northern most part of the island – the Smit Peninsula.
Camp near Nogliki. Olga and I sampled the larch site near here ten years ago and the group updated this important site by re-coring the trees.
This view is of the many pump jacks and oil wells near Oxa. There are many strong landscapes on the island attesting to an extreme history of logging, oil and gas, fire and political upheaval. In spite of this there are many pockets of old growth forests remaining in beautiful settings.
The large of local foods including a full range of sea food makes for excellent dinners after a long day.
Wooster Geologist in the Far East of Russia — and on Russian TV!
Dr. Greg Wiles, the Ross K. Shoolroy Chair of Natural Resources at Wooster, is currently on an adventurous dendrochronology research trip to the Far East of Russia, including Sakhalin Island. He will have much more to say about it on this blog when he gets the chance. In the meantime, his wife Theresa Ford sent us this link to a Russian news video about his team and their work. The connection is awkward — the video only works for me on my Safari browser — but it is worth the download time to see our Dr. Wiles explaining those wiggly lines and soda straws filled with wood.
There is also a summer 2004 story in Go Nomad touching on Greg’s previous expedition to Sakhalin Island. Theresa found this too, and it was new to me. Here’s a link to a Russian Academy of Sciences page about that earlier research. It has some nice photographs.
This is the asaphid trilobite Asaphus lepidurus Nieszkowski, 1859. This group is known for having fantastic eyes, some on long stalks and others with calcareous “eyeshades” above them. This species has more conventional eyes, but they’re still cool.
A. lepidurus studies us with a cold, dead eye. From this perspective the facial suture is visible as the curved, raised line running from the near eye to the periphery of the cephalon (head). This is a line of weakness the trilobite used to split its exoskeleton for molting (ecdysis). These sutures often have diagnostic value for distinguishing trilobites, especially at the species level.
A. lepidurus was first described and named by Jan Nieszkowski (1833-1866), a Polish paleontologist (and naturalist and medical doctor). He was born in Lublin, Poland, son of an army captain. He studied at the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu in Estonia) and soon became an avid and productive paleontologist. He then participated in the January Uprising of Poles against the occupying Russians in 1863. He was captured and exiled to the Russian city of Orenburg, where he died at a young age of typhus.
This little trilobite brings back memories of my Russian adventure, and it is also a reminder that science is never done in a political vacuum. Here’s to the Polish patriot and scientist Dr. Jan Nieszkowski.
Dronov, A., Tolmacheva, T., Raevskaya, E., and Nestell, M. 2005. Cambrian and Ordovician of St. Petersburg region. 6th Baltic Stratigraphical Conference, IGCP 503 Meeting; St. Petersburg, Russia: St. Petersburg State University.
Ivantsov, A.Y. 2003. Ordovician trilobites of the Subfamily Asaphinae of the Ladoga Glint. Paleontological Journal 37, supplement 3: S229-S337.
Nieszkowski, J. 1859. Zusätze zur Monographie der Trilobiten der Ostseeprovinzen, nebst der Beschreibung einiger neuen obersilurischen Crustaceen. Archiv für die Naturkunde Liv-, Ehst-, und Kurland, Serie 1: 345-384.
This small fossil was completely new to me when I found it during my research trip to the Ordovician of Russia in the Fall of 2009. A side view is shown on the left of this conical skeleton, and the top view is right. I could tell it was an echinoderm because it has a characteristic structure in its calcitic skeleton known as the stereom (a network of tiny passageways inside the crystals). Other than that, it was a mystery to me.
My Russian colleague Andrey Dronov showed me that it is of the genus Bolboporites, a strange relative of the crinoid found only in the Ordovician of the Baltic Region and North America. As you can see in the reconstruction on the right below, it probably lived in the sediment as an upwardly-flaring cone with a single feeding arm (the brachiole) collecting suspended organic matter from passing water for food. In the fossil view above and right, you can see the hole where the missing brachiole fit; inside of that you can just make out an opening that is likely the mouth.
Bolboporites likely originated on the paleocontinent of Baltica and then migrated to North America. As far as I can tell it is vanishingly rare over here — I’ve never seen Bolboporites before in the field or in collections. Now Wooster has one of the very few of these little treasures.
Rozhnov, S.V. 2009. Eocrinoids and paracrinoids of the Baltic Ordovician basin: a biogeographical report. IGCP Meeting, Ordovician palaeogeography and palaeoclimate, Copenhagen, p. 16.
Rozhnov, S.V. and Kushlina, V.B. 1994. Interpretation of new data on Bolboporites Pander, 1830 (Echinodermata; Ordovician), p. 179-180, in David, B., Guille, A., Féral, J.-P. & Roux, M. (eds.), Echinoderms through time (Balkema, Rotterdam).
TALLINN, ESTONIA–On my last evening in Estonia this year I finally had time to figure out how to post some of the short video clips I’ve taken over the past several weeks. The Iceland group pioneered the concept on this blog with their excellent Great Basalt Race. I can’t come close to matching that excitement, but since we have this cool equipment I might as well display the results! These clips are also now included in the appropriate blog posts.
First, going back to the May work in Israel, here is a brief view of some girls dancing just outside the Old City of Jerusalem. Next is a simple pan from outside Andrey Dronov’s cottage in Russia looking at the Lynna River. Then sailing into pack ice in Isfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Soon afterwards I filmed waves lapping on an iceberg in the same area. Finally, today we saw some Medieval dancing in the town square of Tallinn, Estonia.
I’ve also uploaded a couple of very short movies from the 2005 Wooster Israel expedition: Yoav Avni explaining some geology at Makhtesh Ramon, and Jeff Bowen collecting in Makhtesh Gadol.
No Oscars coming my way for these, but maybe a little flavor of these places is conveyed by the sound and movement. The clips are also mercifully short! | 2019-04-24T03:57:59Z | http://woostergeologists.scotblogs.wooster.edu/tag/russia/ |
Agora is one of the largest in a portfolio of similar public schools across the country run by K12. Eight other for-profit companies also run online public elementary and high schools, enrolling a large chunk of the more than 200,000 full-time cyberpupils in the United States.
The pupils work from their homes, in some cases hundreds of miles from their teachers. There is no cafeteria, no gym and no playground. Teachers communicate with students by phone or in simulated classrooms on the Web. But while the notion of an online school evokes cutting-edge methods, much of the work is completed the old-fashioned way, with a pencil and paper while seated at a desk.
Kids mean money. Agora is expecting income of $72 million this school year, accounting for more than 10 percent of the total anticipated revenues of K12, the biggest player in the online-school business. The second-largest, Connections Education, with revenues estimated at $190 million, was bought this year by the education and publishing giant Pearson for $400 million.
The business taps into a formidable coalition of private groups and officials promoting nontraditional forms of public education. The growth of for-profit online schools, one of the more overtly commercial segments of the school choice movement, is rooted in the theory that corporate efficiencies combined with the Internet can revolutionize public education, offering high quality at reduced cost.
Some teachers at K12 schools said they felt pressured to pass students who did little work. Teachers have also questioned why some students who did no class work were allowed to remain on school rosters, potentially allowing the company to continue receiving public money for them. State auditors found that the K12-run Colorado Virtual Academy counted about 120 students for state reimbursement whose enrollment could not be verified or who did not meet Colorado residency requirements. Some had never logged in.
Option A: $7,500, a student-teacher ratio of 35-40 to 1, and an average teacher salary of $45,000.
Option B: $6,500, a student-teacher ratio of 50 to 1, with less experienced teachers paid $40,000.
Option C: $4,800 and a student-teacher ratio of 60 to 1, as well as a narrower curriculum.
In all, for-profit educational management companies run 79 online schools around the country, according to the study by researchers at Western Michigan University.
Many educators believe there is a place for full-time virtual learning for children whose pace is extremely accelerated or those with behavioral or other issues, like teenage mothers who need to stay home with their babies. But for most children, particularly in the elementary grades, the school experience should not be replaced with online learning, they say.
“The early development of children requires lots of interaction with other children for purposes of socialization, developing collaboration and teamwork, and self-definition,” said Irving Hamer Jr., deputy superintendent of Memphis city schools.
He acknowledged what he called a “degradation” in K12’s test scores, but he argued that they are an inaccurate measure because many students are already behind when they arrive. “The type of child now coming to an online school, 75 percent of those kids coming in are behind more than one grade level,” Mr. Packard said.
He said K12 continues to invest in its curriculum and has developed interventions, like a remedial math program, to help struggling students.
“Kids have been shackled to their brick-and-mortar school down the block for too long,” Mr. Packard has said repeatedly, adding that for the first time, every child, regardless of where he or she lives, has a choice.
The company planned to sell an education package directly to parents who wanted to home-school their children. But within months, K12 had decided to tap into public education dollars.
As the company’s product has become more popular, the cost has soared.
Mr. Bennett, who left the company in 2005, originally said a home-schooling package would cost about $1,000 per student per year. Parents who wanted teacher support would pay more.
Today, K12 receives an average of $5,500 to $6,000 per student from state and local governments. The schools also receive money for federal programs.
Because online schools do not collect every type of financing that goes to traditional public schools, Mr. Packard contends that his company’s schools, on a national average, cost taxpayers 40 percent less per student.
“Any high school student taking economics could immediately recognize the fundamental flaws in their pricing structure,” said John E. Freund III, a Pennsylvania lawyer who represents a number of districts who are losing students to the online schools and the public financing that goes with them.
Because many states prohibit for-profit public education, the management companies for virtual schools run schools under contract with public districts or nonprofit charter schools, which also receive public money. But companies like K12 are almost fully in charge — devising curriculum, hiring teachers and principals and evaluating student performance.
Another way K12 maximizes its income is to establish schools in poor districts, which receive larger subsidies in some states. The company administers one of K12’s newest schools from Union County, Tenn., a mountainous Appalachian enclave where nearly a quarter of the residents live in poverty.
The Tennessee Virtual Academy is technically part of the local school district, which receives more per pupil from the state than most other districts in Tennessee. But of the school’s 1,800 pupils, few are actually from Union County.
Out of the state money, the Union County schools will get an administrative fee of about $400,000. K12 stands to collect almost $10 million to staff and manage the school. Dozens of other Tennessee counties, however, lost state financing when some of their students elected to go to the virtual school.
The online schools have enabled entrepreneurs like Michael R. Milken, whose company Knowledge Universe started K12 a decade ago and who remains an investor, to use education as a source of government-financed business, much as military contractors have capitalized on Pentagon spending.
Mr. Packard reports to investors every year with higher enrollment numbers and sales. On Nov. 15, he announced that the company’s online schools had enrolled more than 94,000 students. “I think online schools are becoming more mainstream,” said Mr. Packard, who was paid $5 million this year.
A sizable portion of the public money collected by K12 is rolled back into generating more business, a common practice by for-profit companies that nevertheless raises questions when the money is intended to educate schoolchildren. K12 spent $26.5 million on advertising in 2010, according to an analysis prepared for The New York Times by Kantar Media.
K12 has run thousands of the sessions, where part of the pitch is supplying computers and subsidized Internet connections for qualifying families. Dr. Seidenberger said he was surprised to see ads for online schools in the outfield at Coca-Cola Park, the stadium of the Lehigh Valley IronPigs minor league baseball team.
Parents who become interested in K12’s schools can follow up by calling 866 numbers, which connect them to a call center in Herndon.
School employees who have visited the center have described a high-pressured sales environment aimed at one thing: enrollment.
Some workers, called “enrollment pals,” are paid bonuses based on the number of students they sign up, according to former employees knowledgeable of the operations. Mr. Packard’s annual bonus is also partly tied to enrollment.
Because the online schools are public, students cannot legally be denied enrollment. But former K12 employees said the aggressive and impersonal enrollment process lures students who are not a good fit.
“When you have the television and the Xbox and no parental figure at home, sometimes it’s hard to do your schoolwork,” said one Agora teacher, who asked not to be identified because of concerns over job safety.
Gary Miron, a professor of education at Western Michigan University who researches for-profit school management companies, called the turnover troubling. “The kids enroll. You get the money, the kids disappear,” he said.
A review of K12 management contracts reveals that the company may still benefit from students who end up leaving. Under its contracts with some charter schools, K12 charges “upfront” fees for books and other supplies.
According to an Agora price list for the 2009-10 school year, K12’s upfront billings for elementary and middle school students were $60 a course for online services, $75 a course for materials and $75 per student for computers. With students frequently enrolled in six courses, the fees could surpass $800.
Under some of K12’s contracts, only a portion of the fees would be returned if students withdrew quickly. Mr. Packard has said the company does not make money if students leave because of the cost of the materials and shipping.
The state audit of the Colorado Virtual Academy, which found that the state paid for students who were not attending the school, ordered the reimbursement of more than $800,000.
With retention a problem, some teachers said they were under pressure to pass students with marginal performance and attendance.
Students need simply to log in to be marked present for the day, according to Agora teachers and administrators.
For most students, attendance is recommended but not mandatory at what are called synchronous sessions — when they can interact online with the teacher. A new grading policy states that students who do not turn in work will be given a “50” rather than a zero. Several teachers said assignments were frequently open for unlimited retakes.
Agora records from last year show that failing students were told they could make up their work. “All students with a course average of 40 to 59 percent were called and told all assignments past due could be made up without penalty,” according to minutes from a school board meeting. Similar calls were going out to students with averages of 0 to 39 percent.
Theresa Henderson, an Agora teacher until June 2010 and the mother of four of its students, said she was among faculty members who requested a stronger policy to dismiss students who were not doing their work.
Several current and former staff members said that a lax policy had allowed students to remain on the rolls even when they failed to log in for days. Officials of the Elizabeth Forward School District in western Pennsylvania complained that Agora had billed the district for students who were not attending.
One of them was a girl who had missed 55 days but was still on the school’s roster, according to Margaret Boucher, assistant business manager at Elizabeth Forward.
The school has cracked down on disengaged students, according to a statement by its director, Sharon Williams, who said a policy adopted last December mandates attendance at online classes for those students who do not log in, repeatedly fail to complete lessons or are failing three courses. She said the school follows state law by removing students who are absent for 10 consecutive days.
Poor attendance and disengaged students have been such a problem that Agora dismissed 600 students last year for nonattendance, 149 of them just before state tests were administered, according to school board minutes.
With K12 estimating the market for its schools as high as $15 billion, the company’s manifest destiny is to expand across the United States. Its newest conquest is Tennessee, where the company got legislative approval last May and began holding information sessions in July.
By fall, 1,800 students had enrolled in the Tennessee Virtual Academy.
About 75 of them came from the struggling Memphis city school system, including the children of Denita Alhammadi.
In a neighborhood teetering on the edge of middle class, Ms. Alhammadi has converted her living room into a classroom. Two desks are for her children, Romeo, 13, and Yasmine, 8. Another is for Ms. Alhammadi, a former Army supply officer who is also studying online, through Kaplan University.
Within weeks of attending a K12 information session, Ms. Alhammadi had become parent and teacher, wrapped into one. She spends as much as six hours a day as the official “learning coach” for her children.
Like many parents who move their children to online schools, she had worried about violence. But no single reason leads families to make the switch. The students are a broadly diverse group, ranging from entertainers and athletes in training to children with cancer, seizure disorders, peanut allergies or behavioral problems. Some have been expelled from regular schools. In many cases their parents are simply dissatisfied.
Kathryn Ubiarco, whose son and daughter are also enrolled in Tennessee, said that her daughter’s school in Memphis had not been teaching her to read. “There’s no way to come up with the B that she got in reading last year,” Ms. Ubiarco said. “The child can’t read.” She believes the virtual school curriculum is more rigorous.
A lesson from a middle school world history class focuses on the history of the calendar and the recording of time. Intended to take one hour, the lesson opens online with an illustrated introduction. A video explains how time zones vary around the globe. After reading from a textbook, students define terms in a written journal. Then, the parent helps chart a timeline of the student’s own life.
The student can click on other online resources — flashcards, three timelines, two games and links to more than 20 other Web sites.
Students say the games are fun. They may encounter problems, though, when navigating the links. Of more than 20 links in the history lesson, five were not working on a recent day. Several linked to commercial sites including the History Channel and Yahoo Kids.
Students must score an 80 on an online assessment to move to the next lesson.
Some teachers have complained that it can be difficult to determine whether students are actually doing the work, or getting help from their parents or others. “Virtual schools offer much greater opportunity for students to obtain credit for work they did not do themselves,” said a report in October from the National Education Policy Center, which receives financing from the National Education Association.
Ms. Alhammadi, who runs her tiny school like boot camp, has hidden Romeo’s computer login so she has control. Otherwise, he would skip the lessons and move straight to the online test — a habit cited by critics of K12’s curriculum.
As two frisky cats run back and forth, Romeo raises his hand — a formality required by his mother — and asks to leave the room. He returns with headphones and plugs them into his computer. As he lip syncs Rihanna’s hit “Umbrella” it becomes clear that Romeo is not listening to any lesson. “I concentrate better with my music,” he says.
On his computer screen, a series of multiple choice questions ask him to select the correct answer to algebraic equations using negative numbers. Romeo scores a 67 percent.
When Romeo moves to science, he misses a question on the definition of matter.
Romeo is scheduled for a virtual session with his assigned teacher and class at 1 p.m. But when he signs into the class, no one else is there. “Wow, the room is completely empty,” he says. He types, “Anyone here?” There is no response.
The monthly meeting of the Agora Cyber Charter School board of trustees is live on Blackboard, the same platform students and teachers use for class. During the November meeting, an elementary teacher, Jessica Long, placed a checkmark by her name, indicating she wanted to speak. Then she challenged school figures showing its student-to-teacher ratio is 49 to 1.
Some teachers said they were initially attracted to K12 by the flexibility of working from home, in some cases allowing them to take care of their own children while teaching.
Gwen Schwartz, an Indiana University graduate who teaches for the Tennessee Virtual Academy, works from her home in a remote area of eastern Tennessee while her children are next door with their grandparents. In addition to saving on child care, Ms. Schwartz can save on commuting costs and clothing.
But many teachers said the job had become less desirable as the company increased enrollment, particularly because pay at many K12 schools starts in the low 30s — low even for online schools. Some class sizes have become unwieldy, they said, requiring 60-hour weeks and compromising instruction.
At Agora, enrollment has reached 8,836, up from 6,323 in May, according to figures released by the school. As of late November, the total number of staff members — 408 — was lower than last year. Some high school teachers said they were managing as many as 270 students, even though they had been told they would have 150. Agora officials said last week that they hired 25 teachers in the past couple of weeks.
Some Agora teachers have been asked to take on extra students at the rate of $1 per student, per day, according to a newsletter from the Pennsylvania State Education Association.
In interviews, former teachers at Ohio Virtual Academy and Colorado Virtual Academy also complained of bigger class loads, with elementary teachers who once handled 40 to 50 pupils now supervising 75. A teacher with an elementary class that size and a 40-hour workweek could devote little more than 30 minutes a week to each student.
Mary Ravanelli, a former teacher at Ohio Virtual Academy, said she oversaw more than 70 students at a time, answering calls from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., updating parents on students’ progress and attending various school outings. “We’d actually meet our students several times a year,” she said.
With teacher salaries and benefits the biggest cost to K12, increasing student-to-teacher ratios is an easy way for the company to increase profits. Ms. Henderson, the former Agora teacher and mother of four students, said the ultimate losers are the children.
“Choice” is a mantra of the charter school movement, which promotes competition as a way of compelling traditional public schools to improve. The for-profit companies that operate some charter and online schools take the idea a step further by arguing that private business models are more efficient than public school systems.
Together, the groups have formed a lobbying juggernaut in state capitals.
In Pennsylvania, where K12 Inc. collects about 10 percent of its revenues, the company has spent $681,000 on lobbying since 2007. The company also has friends in high places. Charles Zogby, the state’s budget secretary, had been senior vice president of education and policy for K12. In a statement, Mr. Zogby said he still owned a small number of K12 shares, but did not make decisions specifically affecting online schools.
An analysis by the National Institute on Money in State Politics concluded that K12 and its employees had also contributed nearly $500,000 to state political candidates across the country from 2004 to 2010.
One of the industry’s most persuasive promotional tools has been the young children who show up en masse at hearings to support online-school legislation. They are mobilized by groups tied to online schools. Records show that at least some receive industry funding.
“They had on different colored T-shirts representing their cyber schools,” he added.
One of the organizers of such turnouts has been the Pennsylvania Families for Public Cyber Schools. Records show that the group, which gets money both from K12 and Connections Education, has spent about $250,000 on lobbying in the past five years.
Similar family organizations have cropped up across the country.
The protest was prompted by questions Mr. Dyer had raised over the state’s financing formula for charter and online schools. The group describes itself as a coalition of parents, teachers and employees of the schools. But Mr. Dyer said that his wife questioned the people carrying the signs and found out they were paid temp agency workers.
A telephone call to a toll-free number on the Web site for My School, My Choice was returned by Mark Weaver, a Columbus lawyer and political consultant with Republican ties dating back to the Reagan administration.
Mr. Weaver said the group’s crowning achievement was a 2009 rally against legislation in Ohio that would limit school choice. “We put 4,500 people on the statehouse lawn,” he said. But he declined to answer questions about the group’s leadership and financing.
Documents incorporating the organization provide clues. The forms name one of the group’s founders as Tim Dirrim, a Huntington National Bank employee who serves as board president of the Ohio Virtual Academy, which is managed by K-12 and receives more than $60 million a year from the state. Mr. Dirrim said he knew little about My School, My Choice and was not aware of the campaign against Mr. Dyer.
Much of the Ohio Virtual Academy’s money goes through an account at Huntington National, according to the Ohio auditor’s office. Mr. Dirrim said the banking arrangement was made before he joined the board and that he did not make decisions relating to the bank’s account with the school.
Mr. Packard has repeatedly delivered upbeat assessments to Wall Street about the progress of K12 Inc. students, even as many schools were performing poorly on state tests.
During an investment analysts call in October, Mr. Packard boasted about results at Agora, calling them “significantly higher than a typical school on state administered tests for growth.” Weeks earlier, data had been released showing that 42 percent of Agora students tested on grade level or better in math, compared with 75 percent of students statewide. And 52 percent of Agora students had hit the mark in reading, compared with 72 percent statewide. The school was losing ground, not gaining it.
Mr. Packard said in a recent interview that he was not aware of the data at the time he made the comments. A spokesman said Mr. Packard was relying on older data.
Devora Davis, the center’s research manager, said the group’s analysis of Pennsylvania online schools showed that students were slipping. “If they were paired with a traditional public schools student, the public school student kept their place in line, and the cyberstudent moved back five spots,” she said.
An analysis by the Carroll County Public School District in Virginia shows that the 400 students in the virtual program there performed worse than the regular students in 19 of 26 categories on the state assessment test.
The Carroll County superintendent, James Greg Smith, said he was particularly concerned about scores in middle school math, history and social sciences. In seventh-grade math, for example, only 35 percent of the online students passed a state assessment; 68 percent of the traditional students did.
It will be a while before test results are available for students at the new virtual school in Tennessee. Back in Memphis, Ms. Alhammadi is worried that her daughter, Yasmine, is moving too quickly. A computerized analysis shows that, at the rate she is going, Yasmine will be finished with all but one of her classes by March.
Red flags go up if a student is “zapping through like a rocket, lesson by lesson,” according to Tom DiGiovanni, K12’s senior director of product planning. “The teachers are instructed to drop in (by phone) and do a little quiz to kind of test students” to make sure they understand the concepts.
Five miles from Ms. Alhammadi’s home, Ms. Ubiarco has also turned her living room into a classroom. Her daughter Sabrina, 10, is in the fifth grade and her son, K.C., 6, is in kindergarten at the Tennessee Virtual Academy.
Ms. Ubiarco is giving Sabrina a math lesson — about the distributive property — on a white board in the family’s living room.
While his mother focuses on his sister, K.C. is doing his own thing — lying on the carpet crashing cars into Spider-Man and Batman action figures.
For the most part, Mrs. Ubiarco said the switch to online had gone smoothly, although she was initially stumped when she first got the K12 curriculum.
A picture caption on Tuesday with an article about the operations behind the online-school business K12 Inc. misidentified, in some editions, the woman seated between her two children, both students at the K12 program Tennessee Virtual Academy. She is Denita Alhammadi — not Kathryn Ubiarco, another mother whose children are also enrolled in the Tennessee program. | 2019-04-21T12:14:46Z | https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/education/online-schools-score-better-on-wall-street-than-in-classrooms.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 |
Hello everyone - I'm the head of the American Embassy's Political Affairs Office where we have 17 State Department diplomatic staff working on democracy and human rights issues as well as US-Iraqi political relations. I won't pretend to be the world's expert on Iraq, but I'm happy to share my thoughts and perspectives after working on Iraqi political issues close-up for nearly 2 years in Baghdad plus three months in the Shia holy city of Najaf.
Cliff, Iraqi political and religious leaders have made a real progress toward standing up their permanent government. They have agreed on three important policy-making measures: (a) they agreed to a set of by-laws by which their cabinet secretaries will make decisions; (b) standing up a new, national security council to bring top officials from the presidency, prime ministry, parliament and political blocs to coordinate policy decisions; (c) they made up a list of top policy questions that their new national unity government must address as a priority.
Of course, there are still big decisions to be made. They still have to finalize the choice of Prime Minister and his deputies, President and his deputies, the parliament leadership, as well as the cabinet ministers. However, there is a much greater sense of progress and purpose now.
Our Ambassador, Zalmay Khalilzad, is in with them everyday, urging them to focus hard on decisions and maintain their intensive rounds of negotiations. He is also urging them to keep in their minds the needs of the all the Iraqis negotiating and thus he is encouraging the Iraqis to bring realistic demands to the table.
Dear Counselor Robert S. Ford: Could you comment on the challenges of encouraging the formation of a unity government in Iraq, especially comparing the U.S.'s 200 years and today in a time of war, a unity government in the U.S. is a fuzzy example? Also I am thinking of driving two hours to hear Yitzhak Nakash, author of "Shiis of Iraq", give a speech at the World Affairs Council, are you able to comment on this book and should I go?
I think your point about the time frame is a good one, Peter. The challenges of reinforcing and consolidating the new Iraqi state are huge. We should not expect immediate results. One of the big problems the Iraqi leaders are addressing now is the legacy of fear and mistrust that Saddam Hussein left behind. The Shia are resentful for years of persecution and discrimination against them during the old regime. The Kurds have suffered huge casualties from Saddam and his henchmen.
Although Sunni Arabs also suffered under Saddam, because they were the ruling sect in Iraq for so long, many of the other groups hold all Sunni Arabs responsible for Saddams crimes. On top of that legacy, there are killings -- assassinations, car bombs and other terror attacks -- daily in Baghdad and the provinces in central and Western Iraq (not many in the North and South, however) that aggravate fears and tensions. Getting elected leaders from all these communities - Shia, Kurds and Sunni Arabs at the same table talking about standing up a government is quite new for them. It didn't happen during CPA, it didn't happen during the Coalition Provisional Authority period from May 2003 to June 2004; it didn't happen during the stand-up of the Iraqi Transitional Government in the Spring of 2005 (there were very few elected Sunni Arabs, which was a serious problem). We worked very hard especially with the Sunni Arab community last year to convince them to join the political process, while we also worked to reassure the Shia and Kurds we would not sell them out to some weird new Baathist regime (they really worried about that). Now, in the Spring of 2006 we finally have the elected leaders all on the same page. Thus, we should have a permanent government more able to address the real and serious sectarian splits in Iraq as well as address the real economic problems facing Iraq.
Nakash's book is excellent and provides lots of good context for understanding the biggest community in Iraq - I don't know how good a speaker he is, but he's definitely an expert in his field.
How will the democratic government be made to appease the various sects of Islam and prevent a civil war?
As I noted earlier, there are real and serious sectarian divides in Iraq. The aftermath of the February 22 bombing of the Shia holy site in Samarra served in some ways as a wake-up call to the Iraqi political and religious leadership.
They are keenly aware of the danger of wider sectarian conflict, especially along the fault lines where the the Kurdish, Shia and Sunni Arab communities come together (like Baghdad). The government we are helping to stand up will have elected representatives from all these communities - local leaders of real standing (something we just haven't had from all three communities before). They are agreeing to work as a team to address a pressing list of issues ranging from security to de-baathification to government hiring/firing. All the communities have grievances, but the political leaders have agreed to work together on them. Sectarian divides don't disappear in a year or two or three (the Middle East is full of examples).
As Iraqi security forces gradually restore security throughout the troubled central regions of Iraq where these fault lines are mostly located, and the rule of law takes hold, the protections in that constitution for all of Iraq's communities will help begin to diminish the fear that drives much of the sectarian violence. It will, however, take time.
David - Sitting here, I just ran off a list: toppling a dictator; handing over sovereignty to the Iraqi people in June 2004; standing up a new Iraqi army that 6 months ago had about 2/3 of an Army infantry division and now has 2 full infantry divisions and is still growing and taking over more and more of the battlefield every month (our military here says they have returned to Iraqi control 34 of 110 operating military bases now); getting a constitution written in the autumn of 2005 - a huge effort, let me tell you; helping the Iraqis hold three elections (for a transitional parliament in January 2005, a constitutional referendum in October 2005 and for a permanent parliament in December 2005, plus elections for state-level legislatures in January 2005 and then their electing state governors); standing up a central criminal court and getting credible judges in place to start criminal trials.
Unlike winning strategic military battles, however, these "battlegrounds" will require constant work and attention from the Iraqis and a shared political vision among Iraqis. The national unity government will not be perfect (what government is?) but it should keep them on the right track.
Paul, I dont think I have room here to answer all the different aspects of your question in this forum, but let me cite a couple of key things: (a) GDP grew last year about 2.5 percent, according to the IMF. That's not bad, considering the sabotage against infrastructure, and the IMF predicts roughly 10 percent GDP growth this year; (b) on human rights, one of my favorite topics, we played a huge role in Iraq getting a new constitution done that has the best human rights protections in the region, including on freedom of thought and conscience, freedom of speech, freedom of association and women's rights. There are big problems with human rights violations still, as we noted in our 2006 annual report on the human rights situation in Iraq (you can find that report on the web), but we have American teams working directly with the Iraqi police, and training and judicial strengthening programs underway to address those problems; (c) on the Iraqi military, they now have 2 full infantry divisions whereas 2 years ago when I came here to open the Embassy they had zero. Those Iraqi forces are still growing. In three of the past five months the number of Iraqi independent military operations exceeded the number of operations that our forces were involved in.
I got some of this data from a State Department's website that can answer most of your queries. It is important to keep in mind though, that metrics alone wont give you a full picture of the scope of progress being made in this war. Changing a countrys political structure, assuaging years of mistrust, and providing generations of Iraqi children boys and girls with a new future is not measurable only in numbers.
Do you have time frame for when all the rebuilding and democracy will be done? How close are we to achieving our goals in Iraq? Its hard to support this project when we are all in the dark about it, also it just seems to me that this war is dragging on. Although if the American people can see the light out of the end of the tunnel I think more of them would get behind and support our President. Thank you for doing this question and answer session.
I can't give you an end date for the project. We should have a permanent, democratically elected national government within a few weeks. That said, there is still plenty to do here.
Notably, the security situation is still tough; as I sat typing here, I heard a bomb in the distance. The Iraqi security forces are getting bigger and better. When I went to the battle of Najaf in August 2004 to advise the Marines' commander, the Iraqis had only a few troops next to ours, and they lasted three days only.
Last December in operations along the Syrian border aimed at shutting off terrorist infiltration, the Iraqis outnumbered our forces and stayed in the battle throughout the month it lasted. Those of us who remember how little the Iraqi army could do in 2004 now see light at the end of the tunnel as we see their forces coming onto the field. I can't tell you how long our troops will be here, however.
In the end, we need both good Iraqi security forces and to dry up some of the support for the insurgency among restive communities here - and that means a good political process where Iraqi people think their government will address their problems fairly. The new, democratically elected government, which includes elected representatives from even the roughest parts of Iraq like Anbar province, will be a big step forward. We are reducing our troops and aid to Iraq over time, but we will still be working very closely with the Iraqi government with training and advice to help it satisfy its citizens needs.
How far along is the training program for Iraq's military? For instance how many helicopter pilots have we trained? Are they getting the equipment they need? Do some of their units come to the US for advanced training? We hear about 3 different factions in their society. Are the soldiers of different backgrounds integrated together in their units?
John, Im going to defer on the specifics of training programs to our military, but I can tell you that there are three major communities in Iraqi society: the Shia, the Sunni Arabs, and the Kurds. The Shia and the Sunnis are Arabs, but of different religious sects. The Kurds though mostly of the Sunni sect - are a separate ethnic group and primarily see themselves as Kurds, not Arabs. There are a few integrated military units, and we are working on establishing more.
During 2004 and 2005 the Sunni Arabs refused to join the army - it was a kind of protest. Now, after the December 2005 elections in which they voted in huge numbers, they are joining the army by the thousands. That's real progress.
As Im sure you know, an important Shia mosque located in a predominately Sunni Arab province was bombed by terrorists on February 22 this year. Despite the confusion and hot emotions of that day and those that followed, the Iraqi Security Forces held together and reduced the sectarian violence. With more time and training, the Iraqi forces will be both politically credible to all of Iraq's communities and militarily able to stand alone without our help.
Dear Sir, Will the United States continue to fund and employ US government agencies to sustain Iraqi Reconstruction in the distant future? Is this effort comparable to the Marshall Plan of WWII? Thank you for taking this question.
Chris - Excellent question. I don't think the work in Iraq yet equals that of the Marshall Plan, but it is certainly the largest reconstruction effort in the history of the Middle East.
Iraq still has far to go; electricity service, for example, is still not where we want it to be, although it is improving. Realistically, some U.S. government agencies will continue to be involved in assisting the Iraqis for some time.
That said, the international community has a huge role to play here; Iraq and the U.S. cannot fix all of Iraq's reconstruction problems alone. Thus, we are urging other donor countries and international agencies to honor their pledges made at the Madrid Conference in October 2003. The President has requested additional funding for Iraqi reconstruction projects. For more detailed information, let me send you to the State Departments report on Advancing the Presidents National Strategy for Victory in Iraq.
Why does the President and his administration keep denying thatthere is a civil war in Iraq? If the sectarian divisions that Bush alluded to in his last speech are committing acts of violence against one another, then isn't that by definition a "civil war"??
Michael - In the aftermath of the February 22 Samarra mosque bombing, it's true that we did see a big spasm in sectarian violence. It was limited, however, to Baghdad, Babil, Diyala and Basrah provinces - four of Iraq's eighteen provinces. Most of Iraq - the North, the South and the East - are free of much sectarian violence on any given day.
The center -- Baghdad, Diyala, Babil and eastern Anbar, are where the Shia and Sunni communities meet and here the problems have been more serious. There is still alot of killing going on, and the Ambassador has spoken in public and privately to leaders about the dangers of sectarian violence.
It is important to recognize that Iraqi political and religious leaders immediately after the February 22 bombing called for calm and denounced the acts of violence that had occurred. Iraqi political leaders from all groups met in emergency sessions with the Prime Minister to talk about concrete steps they could take to reassure the public and their constituencies. I sat in one of those meetings and they were quite blunt with each other but they also realized that they had to work together.
In the aftermath of that bombing, Iraqs leaders are meeting daily to hammer out a broadly inclusive and effective government that can unify the country. We are in many of those meetings with them urging them to consider alternatives, look for creative compromises and to be realistic with each other.
How hard is it to establish a democracy that represents both religious freedom and freedom of speech while being respectful to the views and ideals of Islam? What progress has been made in such a democracy? Thanks.
Jason, I've worked in the Arab World for almost 20 years. There are two forces at work in the Arab World now: those who want more freedom of choice and religious fundamentalists who want to shut choice off. In a sense, Iraq is the key battleground now. Interestingly, religious parties here, on both the Shia and Sunni side, have accepted the principle, enshrined in a constitution, of freedom of speech, freedom of thought and religion and even things like freedom to choose which kind of family law court - religious or secular. In a sense, Iraq is a crucible this way. I have Egyptian and Bahraini friends who've written me in the past few months and told me that people in those countries watch the democratic process here with huge interest.
Some media reports have stated that much of the insurgency is being carried out by third country nationals (TCNs). Is the Iraqi government considering its own immigration laws and policy as a means of combating such "imported" trouble-makers?
Mark - Third country nationals, like Zarqawi, are responsible for much of the fighting against American and Iraqi forces. Iraq has implemented stringent border controls and shut down some border entry points entirely. The biggest problem is people sneaking across open desert or getting past inefficient border control points. We have American military and civilian personnel working with the Iraqi border police and the Iraqi military to tighten controls and access. Our sense is that we are having some success shutting down foreigners' infiltration routes.
Ultimately, however, most of the insurgency comes from Iraqi sources and we are pushing on political, military and economic tracks to undermine the support insurgents enjoy in some parts of the country.
Norman - Ambassador Khalilzad and the President have insisted we develop detailed plans on how to help get the Iraqis to address their security, economic and political problems. (I work on the latter.) We have been working off these detailed plans for the past year. Iraq is still a very undeveloped country, not so different from Cameroon, in central Africa, where I worked 7 years ago, and it needs a lot of help from the U.S. and from other countries too; we should not be the only ones to provide help. Many U.S. Government cabinet agencies, including the Departments of Treasury, Justice, Transportation, Agriculture, USAID and the FBI, not to mention the Pentagon, are working with us out here, and we are considering whether additional help would be useful once the new Iraqi government gets stood up and tells us what its priorities will be.
We hear a lot about the sectarian violence in Iraq. How will the Iraqis achieve a peaceful "democratic" solution to this problem if there is as much animosity among the squabbling groups as the media would leave us to believe? Enough of them seem not to trust one another to keep things stirred up for generations. It seems to resemble Northern Ireland to me.
John - Sectarian violence IS a big problem in Iraq; it always has been, and Saddam made it worse. The good news is that there are political and religious leaders reaching across the divide. What I most remember amidst all the violence was a group of hardline Sunni clerics joining a group of hardline Shia clerics (Moqtada Sadr's loyalists) on February 25 and performing prayers together and then holding a joint press conference at the end of which they held hands and shouted "Islam is one religion! Allah is most great!" Even for a foreigner like me, it was a very powerful image and all the Iraqis I know were very moved by it.
What we are doing is (a) getting Iraqi security forces more able to find and stop terrorists - there are plenty of bombs defused everyday that people don't read about back home - not news and (b) getting communities to marginalize the extremists in their midst - just shun them and turn them over to the police if they are violent. We are pushing hard on the Iraqis to stand up a national unity government with both Shia and Sunnis that will help bring the communities together and start rebuilding trust that would encourage communities to marginalize the extremists in their midst.
I understand the President gave a stirring extemporaneous talk in Wheeling WVA regarding the war effort, and, as expected, it was essentially not covered by the press. Is there a transcript or some other way I can enjoy his remarks?
Yes, Jim. The President delivered remarks last Wednesday (March 22, 2006) at Capitol Music Hall in Wheeling, West Virginia. A transcript from the event may be found on the White House website here: www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060322-3.html.
Dear Mr. Ford: Wouldn't Iraq be better off, and with much less violence and problems, if the country were split into three separate provinces? One for the Sunnis, one for the Shiites, and one for the Kurds.
Morris - I have not in my 2+ years here yet met an Iraqi who thinks this would be a good idea. They want to stay a single country and they have had one for the past 85 years. They also want to get their security situation under control, they want to have safe streets and a growing economy. We very much want for Iraq to remain a united country, both because that is what its people want but also because the division of Iraq could add to instability in the Middle East which has more than enough instability as it is. For exactly that reason, Iraq's neighbors all want it to stay a single country too.
Mr. Ford, why have we opened up dialogue with Iran concerning the progress of democracy and the new government in Iraq? Is it not a major concern that the two could ally against us and American interests in the future?
Alan - I don't think the Iraqis will join up with Iran against us. The political leaders of Iraq all are our friends and want our help. The Iranians are being most unhelpful now in Iraq - helping armed groups and interfering in the political process. We need to tell them clearly what they must cease doing while also underlining that Iran would benefit from having a strong Iraq that has regular, friendly relations with all its neighbors, including Iran.
It's just after 11 PM Baghdad time and I still need to clean out the rest of my inbox upstairs. I appreciate the opportunity to explain to folks back home what is happening here and what we are doing to fix the real problems that Iraq has. Let me also just say that people at this Embassy have high spirits because despite the dangers of working in a war zone everyone here recognizes how important our work is for the future of the Middle East and thus for America. Thank you back home for your support and best wishes from Baghdad, Robert. | 2019-04-26T10:55:55Z | https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/ask/text/20060330.html |
The Delonghi DD70PE can best be described as a “luxury” large capacity dehumidifier. This unit has all the bells and whistles you would expect for a unit that MSRPs for more than any other 70 pint dehumidifier on the market. Also notable is the fact that this unit features great reliability – it is one of the most solidly constructed large capacity dehumidifiers we tested. We cover its myriad features and its superior build quality among many other aspects to this dehumidifier in great detail in our review below.
Note: In 2014 we reviewed ten different 70 pint dehumidifiers. In 2015 we reviewed six more. This particular review was written in 2014, thus all comparisons within this review were made comparing this dehumidifier to nine other 70 pint dehumidifiers and the top rated 70 pint dehumidifier at the time, the Frigidaire FAD704DWD. All new reviews compare all sixteen 70 pint dehumidifiers we’ve tested and reference the current top rated 70 pint dehumidifier, the Frigidaire FFAD7033R1.
We preface this section by saying that the Delonghi was the least energy efficient 70 pint dehumidifier we tested. The advertised claimed wattage by the manufacturer is 680 watts which is well below both the SPT (720 watts) and the Friedrich (746 watts). In fact, the Delonghi even outperforms units that do not include a built-in pump as far as manufacturer specified wattage is concerned. If you only had manufacturer specifications to go by you would find the Delonghi to be one of if not the most energy efficient 70 pint dehumidifier on the market, period.
As we alluded to above our real world testing garnered much different results. The Delonghi drew 655 watts of power even in our mildly humid test environment (approx. 50% RH). Compare this result to 620 watts for the Friedrich and only 600 watts for the SPT in the same environment and under the same conditions. Four of the ten 70 pint units we tested drew only 590 watts of power in the same test with manufacturer specified wattage much greater than the Delonghi. The Keystone, for instance, is rated at 720 watts and only pulled 590 watts of power in our energy efficiency test.
The bottom line is that our real world test indicates that the Delonghi is the least energy efficient large capacity dehumidifier we tested. If energy usage is a priority for you, we cannot recommend this unit.
The Delonghi exhausts out of the top of the unit and thus was at a disadvantage in our noise output tests (we discuss why here). Still, even compared to other top exhaust units it wasn’t the quietest unit we tested. The Delonghi placed either in the middle or the bottom half in all four of our noise output tests.
Of note is the fact that the Delonghi produced slightly less of a compressor buzz than most other large capacity units we tested. The compressor buzz was barely audible on low fan speed and imperceptible at high fan speed. Thus, the noise that it did produce was mostly fan noise which is a much less grating sound than the compressor’s buzzing noise.
The Delonghi performed less well in our moisture removal tests than we would have liked for a unit at its price point. It was 7th slowest (of ten 70 pint units we tested) in dehumidifying a 50 sq ft room from 90% to 40% relative humidity. It was the slowest of all the large capacity units we tested in dehumidifying the same room from 80% to 50% relative humidity.
If quick and efficient moisture removal is a priority for you we cannot recommend the Delonghi. There are simply less expensive large capacity units available (such as the Danby) that remove moisture much more quickly and much more efficiently.
Compared to the other two 70 pint units we tested that feature a built-in pump the Delonghi performed similarly to the Friedrich in both moisture removal tests. The SPT outperformed both the aforementioned units in both tests. It was over a minute faster in both tests.
This unit’s hygrometer had below average accuracy. Its measured readings were only within 3 to 4% of the actual room humidity at best. The hygrometer on this unit reads humidity levels in 1% increments.
The Delonghi’s water tank does not have a brace for increased rigidity and stability when emptying. However, we found the parts used to construct the tank to be well made and rigid and we wouldn’t lack confidence in carrying and emptying a filled a water tank. On many of the units we tested the lack of a brace (to improve stability) across the top of the water tank gave us legitimate cause for concern as their water tanks were not nearly as well made as is the Delonghi’s.
In general, we found the Delonghi to be one of the most well built large capacity units we tested. The DD70PE does sell at a higher price point than all of the other 70 pint units we tested. Its higher price is primarily due to its inclusion of a built-in pump. While this inclusion explains its price somewhat, there are still a few less expensive built-in pump large capacity units on the market.
We definitely felt like the quality of materials used to construct this unit was another major factor in Delonghi setting this unit’s MSRP as high as they did. All of the parts on this unit look and feel more durable and of a higher quality than most of the less expensive units we tested. This is perhaps the category in which we see the Delonghi’s high price tag most justified.
The Delonghi has received two 1 and 2 star reviews of 17 total reviews left for this unit at the time of the writing of this editorial review. While the sample size is small the small percentage (12%) of negative reviews for this unit is notable. Compare this percentage to a negative review percentage of close to 20% for the Friedrich. We note here that of the two negative reviews that were left, one didn’t even have anything to do with the unit failing (as most 1 and 2 star reviews do). The customer simply found the unit difficult to program (more on that later in the review).
If anything, the take away here is that the lower percentage of negative reviews it has received so far indicates that this unit has a good chance of becoming one of the more durable and reliable large capacity dehumidifiers on the market.
Delonghi is known for being a manufacturer of kitchen appliances, most notably coffee and espresso machines. They are more of a luxury brand compared to other brands that manufacture dehumidifiers and many of their products cater to a more wealthy and affluent customer base. It should come as no surprise that the DD70PE was the most expensive 70 pint dehumidifier we tested.
The Delonghi offers outstanding build quality, utilizing high quality durable parts in its construction and design. It and the Friedrich were the two most well built high capacity dehumidifiers we tested. The Friedrich, however, had a much higher percentage of negative consumer reviews. Thus, we have to give the nod to the Delonghi as being the most durable high capacity dehumidifier we tested. The DD70PE receives a perfect 5/5 for durability.
The Delonghi’s humidistat can be adjusted in 5% increments which is standard for the vast majority of both large and medium capacity units we tested.
This unit’s timer can be adjusted in half hour increments up to ten hours and one hour increments past ten hours up to 24 hours, again standard for most of the large and medium capacity units we tested.
The Delonghi features two fan speeds, which is again standard for its size class. Unique to the Delonghi, however, is the fact that you can only toggle between high and low fan speed when the set humidity level is below that of the ambient air. When setting the desired humidity level above the ambient air’s humidity level, the fan speed will automatically be set to low and cannot be adjusted. Setting the desired humidity level below the ambient air’s relative humidity will allow you to manually select a high or low fan speed.
This unique feature is really a moot point as you most likely won’t be setting the desired humidity level above the actual room humidity level anyway, thus you’ll never feel limited in setting the fan speed. We thought it appropriate to mention this “unique feature” in this section, if only because none of the other 70 pint units we tested limited the fan speed when setting the desired humidity level above the ambient air humidity level.
The Delonghi does feature a continuous mode. We discuss the benefits of this mode in detail here. The unit does not feature an auto mode. We discuss why auto mode isn’t really helpful in complete detail here.
The Delonghi gets average marks across the board in this category. The fan speed quirk is really not a negative as we explain above. The unit does have a continuous mode which contributes to its slightly above average score of 4/5 for adjustability.
The Delonghi has an above average set humidity range at 30-80%. Many of the 70 pint units we tested could only be set to 35%. In any scenario where a dryer than normal environment is desired, this extra 5% on the low end of the range will allow you to achieve it. We don’t really recommend that you dehumidify past 40% RH (relative humidity), however, we do recommend a unit that can be set to at least 35% RH as we discuss further here. The Delonghi fulfills this requirement and gives you the extra 5% of leeway should you require this functionality.
The Delonghi has a slightly below average operating temperature range. Most of the large capacity units we tested were recommended (by the manufacturer) to operate in temperatures between 41° F and about 95° F or 96° F. The Delonghi is recommended to be operated in temperatures between 41° F and 89.6° F. As you can see this unit won’t limit you in low temperature applications, however, should the operating environment reach temperatures greater than 90° F, the Delonghi may be less efficient than most of its competitors.
We should note here that we didn’t test any of the units extensively in temperatures outside of the manufacturer recommended range, thus we can’t tell you whether operating the dehumidifier outside the manufacturer recommended range impacts efficiency dramatically. Obviously, operating the unit below the recommended range (below 41° F) is not advised and will result in certain parts of the unit freezing up and/or breaking. However, operating the unit above the recommended range really shouldn’t have any lasting effects on the unit (such as parts breaking). If anything, efficiency may be reduced but we cannot verify this as we didn’t test it.
Still, we find it important to note that the manufacturer, Delonghi in this case, does not recommend that you operate the unit outside of the recommended temperature range. Thus, we do not recommend this unit if you’re going to be operating it in temperatures exceeding 90° F. There are other options that can be operated up to 96° F and should you need to operate the dehumidifier beyond 96° F, we can only surmise that the Delonghi will perform less efficiently than those units that have a higher recommended temperature range.
A gravity drain hose is included although its short length limits its usefulness. The gravity drain hose included with the Delonghi is the same length as the gravity drain hose included with the Friedrich (only 39 in). We discuss how this may affect you in detail in our Friedrich review. Here we’ll simply mention that we do not recommend the Delonghi (or any of the three built-in pump units we tested) if you’re going to be draining the unit using gravity.
This is most likely the reason why you’re even considering the Delonghi to begin with. This unit does feature a built-in pump and we should note that a second drain hose is included with the unit that comes with a fitted adapter that clicks into the drain hose port on the front of the unit. This pump drain hose is over 16 ft long.
Delonghi recommends that you do not drain the unit further than 13 ft away from the dehumidifier. Compare this recommendation to 15 ft for the Friedrich and 16 ft for the SPT, the two other built-in pump units we tested. You can see that the Delonghi has the smallest range of three built-in pump 70 pint dehumidifiers we tested and by a substantial margin. Depending on where you plan on placing the unit and the location of where you’re going to drain the unit you may need the extra few feet of drainage range.
As we mentioned above, the Delonghi’s pump drainage port is on the front of the unit. The other two built-in pump 70 pint units we tested feature pump drainage ports on the back of the respective units. Again, depending on the application this feature may be useful or limiting.
The Delonghi has an above average set humidity range. It has a below average operating temperature range and we really cannot recommend it, especially at its price point, if you’re going to be utilizing gravity drainage to drain the unit.
On the positive side, the unit’s built-in pump is perhaps its greatest selling point and because of its inclusion we give the Delonghi an average score of 3.5/5 for versatility despite its shortcomings in this same category.
The Delonghi does feature a separate temperature display that shows the ambient air temperature. We discuss why we consider this to be a useful feature here.
The Delonghi also includes a defrost mode for more efficient low temperature operation. Both the Friedrich and the SPT also feature a defrost mode which means the Delonghi’s inclusion of a defrost mode isn’t a fact that separates it from the competition.
Due to the setup of the LCD control panel (more on this later in the review) the Delonghi doesn’t feature a check filter light.
The Delonghi features a separate temperature display and a defrost mode. It doesn’t, however, offer a check filter light to let you know when the filter needs to be cleaned. We still give this model a perfect 5/5 for extra features.
A defining feature on the Delonghi – while all other large capacity units we tested had an LED display, the Delonghi featured a far superior back-lit LCD display. The control panel on this unit looks much better than any of the control panels on the other dehumidifiers we tested.
While the LCD display looks great, we found it a little bit more difficult to input settings on this unit than we did for most other large capacity units we tested. First, the back-light on this unit turns off after a few seconds of not inputting any settings. It’s very difficult to see the settings you left it on in bright daylight or in any environment that has a lot of lighting. In this same scenario you’ll need to press a button for the back-light to turn on and only then will you be able to see what the settings are.
Once you are able to see the settings there are a few things that may make setup a little bit more difficult for some users. First, toggling between fan settings will highlight either a large or small fan symbol. You’ll need to figure out (again, this may only be difficult for some users) that the large symbol is associated with a high fan speed and the smaller symbol is associated with a low fan speed.
Should you turn the unit off and immediately back on, the defrost light will blink, signaling that the unit will not resume normal operation for a few minutes. During this time you won’t be able to set the fan speed. Unless you read the manual, you probably won’t have any idea why the defrost light, of all indicator lights, is blinking for this reason. You also probably won’t know why you can’t set the fan speed while this is happening.
These are all small issues that you won’t find on any of the other 70 pint units we tested. Our goal here is only to inform. If you find our bringing up of these “issues” to be nitpicking then we certainly understand. We just want to let you know of these little quirks before you consider buying this particular unit.
To remove the filter on this unit you will first need to remove the water tank. You’ll then be able to access the filter through the tank compartment. This is a standard design for most of the dehumidifiers we tested. The Friedrich does feature a top slide-out filter which is easier to access. However, you really won’t be removing and replacing the filter often, so don’t let this be a deciding factor in your purchase decision.
This model’s user manual was easy to read and follow. We have no complaints.
This unit has the smallest tank size of the three built-in pump 70 pint units we tested at 12.7 pints.
We give the Delonghi a slightly below average 3/5 for ease of use. While the LCD display looks great it does make this unit a little more difficult to operate. For most of the dehumidifiers we tested, you probably won’t ever have to even look at the manual. On this unit, you may find looking at the manual before operating it useful. It does have a few quirks that make it a little bit more difficult to use than its competitors. This unit also features a smaller than average water tank, further detracting from its score in this category.
A very strong category for the Delonghi – we mentioned above how we felt like its higher price was at least partly justified by the high quality parts used in its construction. These same high quality parts also come together to make for a very good looking dehumidifier. The Delonghi features a very elegant and tasteful design. The front grille’s design is pleasing aesthetically and also contributes to improved airflow in the front fan on the unit pulling humid air onto the dehumidifier’s evaporator coils. We found the Delonghi and the Friedrich to be the two best looking large capacity units we tested. If you’re going to be placing the dehumidifier in a highly trafficked area central to your home, what it looks like may be a priority for you. If that is the case, definitely consider either one of these units as great options to dehumidify your home.
The DD70PE was the second heaviest large capacity unit we tested (of ten total) at 46.3 lb. Only the Friedrich, another built-in pump unit, weighed more at 47 lb. Among the three built-in pump large capacity units we tested, the Delonghi was also second heaviest. As we mentioned, the Friedrich was the heaviest followed by the Delonghi. The SPT was the lightest built-in pump unit of the three we tested, weighing only 40 lb. If weight is a big factor for you -say, if you’re going to be carrying the unit up and down stairs or across large distances regularly, definitely take a look at our SPT review. While the approximately 7 lb difference between the Delonghi and the SPT isn’t necessarily a deal breaker one way or the other, it is still a substantial difference and should be factored into your purchase decision if you’re deciding between these two units and portability is important to you. We definitely felt a noticeable difference between picking up and carrying around the Delonghi versus transporting the much lighter SPT. The SPT was much easier to carry and move around.
The Delonghi doesn’t feature a top extendable handle like some of the more portable units we tested. It does feature standard side handles by which you can pick up the unit if you need to carry it. Note that the unit does come installed with casters so if you don’t need to actually pick it up you can easily push it across carpet or any smooth hard surface.
The Delonghi also doesn’t feature any type of cord storage. As we discuss in much greater detail here, this feature may seem unnecessary to many potential buyers. If, however, you plan on moving the unit around a lot (as we had to during our testing) then cord storage is a great addition and a very helpful feature. Thus, we detract points for portability for any unit that doesn’t offer cord storage, including this Delonghi.
We didn’t have any problem moving the Delonghi around on carpet or tile. It should do fine on any smooth surface. The reason we have this category is because some of the units we tested didn’t perform well on carpet because of their low quality casters. The Delonghi’s casters were standard quality and performed well in any situation where we had to move the unit from place to place.
The Delonghi is a heavier 70 pint unit. It also doesn’t have a top extendable handle or any place to store or wrap the power cord. Mostly due to its weight we have to give the Delonghi a less than stellar 3/5 for portability. There are simply better choices if you’re looking for a 70 pint dehumidifier that’s portable (the Frigidaire) or if you need a unit with a built-in pump that is portable (the SPT).
The Delonghi comes with an industry standard full 1 year warranty on the dehumidifier itself and an additional 4 year warranty on the unit’s sealed system (compressor, condenser, etc.). Of the ten large capacity dehumidifiers we tested, only the Danby units come with a better warranty (full 2 year warranty on all parts).
As we mentioned earlier in the review, the DD70PE is the most expensive large capacity dehumidifier we tested. It retails for about $350 although we’ve seen it priced as high as $450 and as low as $320 online. Compare its price at $350 (approx.) to slightly less than $300 (approx.) for the Friedrich and only about $250 for the SPT, the other two units we tested that also come equipped with a built-in pump.
The bottom line is that the unit’s built-in pump is not reason enough to buy it at this more expensive price point, even if you require pump drainage. You can purchase a Keystone dehumidifier and a separate condensate pump at under $250 (approx.) for both items. Even the highly rated Frigidaire with a separate pump and hose should cost less than $270 (approx.).
Compared to other built-in pump 70 pint units, the Delonghi is also not the best value. Both the Friedrich and the SPT are less expensive and also feature built-in pump functionality.
Why then, should you even consider the Delonghi as a possible solution for your humidity problem? As we discussed earlier in this review, the Delonghi was perhaps the most solidly constructed dehumidifier we tested. All of the parts on this unit are very high quality which bodes well for the unit’s durability and eventual longevity. Consumer feedback doesn’t indicate that the unit is likely to break down. And should it last longer than some of the less expensive units available on the market, it should make up for its higher price over time.
The Delonghi is also one of the better looking dehumidifiers we tested. If you’re going to be using the dehumidifier in a highly trafficked part of your house and you want an appliance that doesn’t stand out like an eyesore, the Delonghi is a great choice. As we noted above, the Delonghi was the only unit that featured an LCD display versus the “microwave-like” LED display that is used for all of the other units we tested. If you value this type of attention to detail and quality then the Delonghi is highly recommended. We also note here that in the rare case that you need a built-in pump unit that drains out of the front of the unit instead of the back the Delonghi is also our recommendation.
I have an old Delonghi that has worked well over time. Now I have errors E1 and E2, which are apparently circuit board problems.
As I go out of town for months at a time, I need a dehumidifier with a pump. Also one that is elevated from the base, as this one with its large caster wheels. Being too close to the rug, those with less space have rotted out my carpet twice.
The new Delonghi units are only 1/2-3/4 inch over the floor, which won’t work for me. | 2019-04-24T11:46:12Z | http://www.dehumidifierbuyersguide.com/delonghi-dd70pe-review/ |
For Linux and other platforms, openness at the sponsor level entails greater openness at the user level, as it implies not only nondiscrimination in platform access, but also in the process of defining platform standards.
The retention of acceptable accessibility is why more often than not, companies based on closed and proprietary practices are unable or unwilling to produce truly open products, protocols or platforms.
So, in other words, Windows is open for “demand-side” users and “supply-side” users (developers) but closed when it comes to design and intellectual property, meaning the look and the underlying code can’t be changed or used by anyone other than Microsoft. An open-source platform like Linux, of course, is open in every sense of the word. And while the iPhone is open for users, it’s closed to developers and anyone who wants to change the platform. Even these definitions are open to debate, however: Dixon says that some see the iPhone as only partly closed to developers — a truly closed platform wouldn’t allow third-party apps at all, as most phones didn’t before the iPhone.
My last article about spreading Linux here in Africa and other developing places seemed to have sparked off some interesting debate about what really hinders the spreading of FOSS in general and Linux in particular on this continent. FOSS blogging giants like Mr Glyn Moody are among those that added their voices to the debate.
For the sake of clarity, I would like us to take a detailed look (from the perspective of an African living in Africa) at what I strongly and sincerely believe are obstacles to the adoption and use of Free and Open Source Software. For ease of reading, I would be dividing this article into 2 parts – the environmental factors and the software/vendor factors. For the sake of simplicity, I would also be using my country Ghana as a microcosm for the African continent.
CassiaNote: This must be why almost all of the major e-book readers run on Linux and Google’s own Chrome OS is based on it, while the Windows Mobile market share is shrinking rapidly – see “Windows Mobile market share drops like a rock” here.
CentOS has been referred to often as Red Hat without the expensive support price tag. This is accurate, as CentOS is indeed based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Unlike its Red Hat counterpart however, CentOS is completely free of charge, enterprise friendly and is designed to meet the needs of enterprise servers, workstations and desktop environments.
Maintaining Linux in the home.
Sure there is still a lot of focus on Linux for home use and there are many distributions who’s target audience is for home users. I have recently written an article about such a distribution. I do feel that there is something missing in all the hype about Linux that is being spread around so I guess that that duty falls on me to say something about it.
It does not matter where in the world this person may be. As an example, I live in Turkey and can just as easily service my Linux using relatives in Australia as I can my daughters laptop in the next room. The speed of internet connection is not important as anything from a text only mode to a full graphical environment can be used. I cannot imagine easily doing that with any other proprietary home targeted operating system.
Released Monday, the report revealed that Linux servers in Asia-Pacific represented 5.1 percent of the total server market over the last 12 months, with Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) chalking up 4.7 percent, South America at 4.6 percent, and North America at 4.2 percent.
Legalizing Linux DVD Playback: Why Bother?
CSS is licensed by the DVD Copy Control Association, which works in lock-step with the Motion Picture Association of America to prevent copyright violations. The upshot of the CSS license is this: if you have a DVD playback device, then you need to license the CSS encryption code. No license, then no DVD.
Google’s Android, the increasingly important embedded Linux, had one major problem: it had been moving slowly away from the Linux mainstream. Now, after the recent Linux Foundation Collaboration Conference, Android and Linux are coming back together.
Not only is Google going to be hiring two new Android developers to work more closely with the Linux kernel development team, they’re also working on re-merging its driver code with Linux. Indeed, the first series of driver patches that will bring Android and Linux back into alignment have already arrived.
Prior to launching their next-generation graphics processors, NVIDIA dropped their obfuscated open-source driver and have said they will not provide any open-source support at all for their GeForce GTX 400 “Fermi” series as they just recommended their customers use the X.Org VESA driver until they can install the official binary Linux driver. However, the community developers working on the Nouveau driver project still plan to support the GeForce GTX 470/480 graphics cards via clean-room reverse engineering. Today their efforts might be helped thanks to a hardware sponsorship.
The NVIDIA 195.36.24 release brings forward official GeForce GTX 470/480 (a.k.a. Fermi) hardware support plus Tesla C2050 compatibility. This release also carries official X.Org Server 1.8 support, even though there has been unofficial support for this newest X Server release for a fair while when passing the X.Org Server the -ignoreABI argument to ignore the ABI differences.
Surveys suggest that up to 90% of home computer users do not back up their data. That is a pretty frightening statistic bearing in mind how valuable and precious users’ files are. Computer users who do not backup their files are at risk of losing all of their personal and irreplaceable documents. The hard drive in a PC can malfunction at any time, sometimes without any warning at all. Alternatively, the computer’s hard disk can be damaged by an accident, a fire, flood, power cut, or infected by a virus.
A few days ago I’ve posted about new FOSS science fiction game under development named Avaneya.
The clipboard is one of the oldest and most important features of desktop computing. With it, you can temporarily store pictures, images, and even file information in the system’s memory, and then copy or move that information to a new destination.
Valve rolled out their “Steam 2010 Client” to Windows gamers today, which brings a new user-interface and other improvements (here’s the details for those interested), and is also what their forthcoming Mac OS X client is based upon. Hidden within this major Steam client update are more references to Linux.
Enemy Territory Quake Wars – OMG!
I have missed my train with ETQW, but it’s never too late to start. This is a fabulous game with extremely pleasing graphics, a rich and detailed gameplay, and the fun bits that made Wolfenstein so popular. At just seven dollars on Amazon, it’s a mistake not to buy it.
Enemy Territory Quake Wars seems like a very smart investment. And if you have decent hardware with a Linux distribution on top of it, then here’s a good chance to put it to some good use. If you have skeptic friends who may point out that Mahjongg is the only game running on Linux, again, you have a gloating platform and some lovely screenshots to show.
While Alien Arena 2009 brought numerous improvements to this open-source game, John Diamond has been hard at work on Alien Arena 2010. We received a message from John saying this inaugural 2010 release will feature “a host of updates, new content and bugfixes.” He also said the release will arrive in a matter of weeks. Though in anticipation of the Alien Arena 2010 release he has put out a trailer (embedded below) and also updated screenshots on this media page.
One thing about Mint 8 LXDE: it boots fast. And a room full of tech people saw it boot fast. That same room saw the desktop come up in a hurry (full disclosure: I had set SLiM on this laptop to auto-login.) They saw me login to the VPN with no issues. They saw me fire up the client.
LXDE panel also has limitations and it takes some time to learn how to adjust to LXDE according to one`s needs.
LXDE also lacks a well defined control center as is offered by KDE and GNOME and this is a real big short coming. Many distributions supply custom made tools for LXDE management because of lack of a native LXDE control center. Openbox is used along with LXDE and it helps to overcome many shortcomings of LXDE.
One rather cool user which is missing is Weta Digital. Whenever I’ve been out the flat this week I’ve seen adverts for the Avatar DVDs, those blue 3D faces are all made on Kubuntu desktops and a whopping 35,000 cluster of rendering machines. That must be a large proportion of computers in New Zealand running Kubuntu.
The “psb” Poulsbo driver from Intel was broken on X server 1.7, because of API changes notably.
HP and Red Hat: Ganging Up On Sun?
There’s plenty of traditional channel partner news here at the HP Americas Partner Conference in Las Vegas. But sometimes, the juiciest news occurs over dinner. A case in point: Sources say HP VP Frank Rauch and Red Hat North America Channel Chief Roger Egan will likely meet for a meal tonight. Their mutual interest, besides fine dining: Finding new ways to target and engage Sun Microsystems’ customer base. Here’s the scoop.
The wonderful Olivier Blin of Mandriva has come through with his patches for making the psb video driver for Poulsbo (GMA 500) chipsets work on newer versions of X.org. He reports success – including 3D – with X server 1.7.
FUDCon headed to the Southwest?
Well, we’d definitely like to erase that question mark in the title if possible, when it comes to the next North American FUDCon.
Ten days back, the new leader of the Debian GNU/Linux project, Stefano Zacchiroli, began his term as the only elected leader of a free software project. But that’s not the only thing that makes Debian unique in the FOSS space.
In the open source world, there are two kinds of freedom. There is software that is free as in beer, a mysterious phrase that relates to something which costs no money. By definition, any software released under the GPL or many related licenses which can be freely redistributed fits this definition. This is pretty much the state of most open source software. Less common, though, is software that fits the second type of freedom, “free as in speech”. This sense means that it has no restrictions, or is “libre” — something that in practice is much harder to achieve than simply being gratis.
Except for the wireless issue, I was very pleasantly surprised by how easy gNS was to use. Specific package and application choices are different than a less restrictive distro might have, but basic functionality was on a par with what I’d expect for a baseline distro. (I’ll give gNS a pass on freezing up when I asked it to play my DVD — in retrospect, it was trying to save that hour and a half of my life.) It may be subliminal brainwashing by proprietary forces, but I think that I had assumed that the “libre” would have to work out to some kind of added difficulty.
Canonical has announced that it will offer its own certification programme for Ubuntu 10.04 LTS and that graduates will be entitled to claim an ‘Ubuntu Certified Professional’ certification. Previously Canonical had worked with the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) to offer the Ubuntu Certified Professional exam which combined the general Linux LPI 101 and 102 modules with the Ubuntu 199 module to provide an Ubuntu tailored qualification.
Canonical, the firm around Ubuntu sponsor Mark Shuttleworth, is planning its own certification for Ubuntu 10.04 LTS that is to appear still in April.
Wubi, the famous Windows Ubuntu installer, is probably one of the reasons why Ubuntu is the most popular Linux desktop distro, at least among Windows users. Agostino Russo – original author and ‘inventor’ of Wubi – told me more about how everything was started from a blueprint.
Tonight at least, when I’m blogging as opposed to doing full “Web production,” and using Chromium instead of Firefox, I’m quite enjoying Ubuntu 10.04.
It all boils down to democracy. No, everything does not have to be a democracy, but people will give you their opinions when they offer you their services, whether warranted or not. When a large number of people hate the latest change or decision, then why implement it? Sure, people that like it don’t band together to offer praise, and people that hate it band together to fight it. But when there are enough people that hate it, it’s worth second guessing and taking their disdain seriously. Canonical doesn’t, until they cave to media frenzy.
I’m posting about the artwork again to follow-up on the contest and the desktop backgrounds for Linux Mint 9.
Mythbuntu 10.04 like the other members of the Ubuntu family is quickly approaching its final release. Mythbuntu also known as Ubuntu with MythTV Media center is a community supported operating system that focuses on setting up a standalone MythTV based PVR (personal video recorder) system. The development cycle of Mythbuntu closely follows that of Ubuntu, releasing every six months along side Ubuntu releases.
The agreement with Mentor Graphics calls for the company to work with Freescale on developing a common Linux build and distribution methodology for PowerQUICC and QorIQ system-on-chips (SoCs).
Marvell is shipping a new member of its Linux-ready Armada line of system-on-chips touted for delivering up to 1GHz performance while consuming less than a single Watt. A slower but more power-efficient version of the Armada 300, the Armada 310 offers 256KB L2 cache, plus PCI-express, gigabit Ethernet, and USB 2.0 connectivity, says the company.
It seems that at least six Japanese companies, which include NTT DoCoMo, Renesas Electronics, Fujitsu, NEC, Panasonic Mobile and Sharp, have teamed up to come up with a new mobile application platform which will target Symbian and Linux mobile operating systems.
The Android-powered Alex e-reader has just gotten rooted, where all you need to do is download the .ZIP file here, copy it to the root folder of your Alex’s SD memory card and you’re good to go. Once done, just power down your device, press and hold both “Back” and “Next” page buttons, and the power button as well until the Alex logo appears on the display. You will then enter recovery mode, whereby you release all buttons. Hit both “Back” and “Power” buttons to apply the ZIP file. Anyone given it a go?
Two in one week — Two leaked Chinese Motorola phones with Android and transparent MOTOMING-like flip covers, that is.
Netbook desktops in free and open source software (FOSS) are in a state of rapid development.
EasyPeasy’s software has few surprises for anyone familiar with Ubuntu’s. Generally, it consists of GNOME components such as Evolution, or Ubuntu parts such as Computer Janitor or Software Sources. In fact, you do not have to look far to see uncustomized pieces such as an icon for Ubuntu Software Centre or Ubuntu One.
Nor does EasyPeasy avoid proprietary software such as Skype or Flash — no doubt in the name of user convenience. Like Ubuntu, it also includes a number of Mono applications, such as Tomboy and Banshee. Since EasyPeasy openly declares its willingness to make such choices, you cannot be very surprised that it walks the walk as well as talks the talk.
To the open source veterans out there, that sounds moronic. Of course open source doesn’t mean free. And why would free mean open source? Heck, until recently anyone could download Internet Explorer (Mac users can’t anymore, but they weren’t using it anyhow), and no one would mistake that for open source software.
When it comes to browsers, I have no loyalty. I am constantly hopping back and forth between Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome. Why? They’re both great browsers that have real advantages over competitors like Microsoft Internet Explorer and the Apple Safari browser. Google Chrome is a really clean and uncluttered browser that is stable and performs well. For its part, Firefox has a slew of great add-ons available to make your browsing experience a little better. Chrome is beginning to amass a pretty good collection of its own browser extensions, but, for now at least, Firefox still has them beat.
The rise of the NoSQL movement is also highly relevant in the context of open source software, however, especially in relation to two key issues related to open source software.
We estimate that there are 500,000 sites built with Drupal. There are thousands of people making money with Drupal. I never expected this to happen, and I feel that I have a very unique situation as the leader of the Drupal project. Certainly, my life is different from that of many of my friends.
It would appear that the OpenSolaris project is back on track. This is a bit long overdue. The acquisition of Sun by Oracle left a few projects in questionable states. It was unknown as to whether Oracle would continue supporting these open source projects. OpenSolaris was included in that list.
Those of us feeling left in the dark might be pleased to know that build 134a, the first candidate for the next stable release of OpenSolaris, has been tagged in Oracle’s release branch (in project jargon: “snv_134a, the first respin of 134, closed earlier this week”). A packaged build should be available for internal QA soon, but even if it passes, it will be while some time before the release can be published to the external repo.
Public sector procurement is becoming a real battleground for open source in Europe. There have been few successes, but lots of groundwork has been laid in the form of interoperability frameworks and suchlike – despite fierce rearguard actions by old-school software companies naturally alarmed about losing their cosy monopolies.
Some people say that Perl (at least versiosn 1 Perl 5) is a cleaned up dialect of the language called Unix. Certainly that’s how I develop. Unix is my IDE, and I use Unix tools as much as possible.
You can see the schism between Unix developers and everyone else in the Perl world. Cygwin doesn’t get as much attention and testing and bugfixing as it deserves. Dealing with shared libraries and installation on Windows and Mac OS X often requires special skills and knowledge and dedication that isn’t always available or obvious or interesting to those of us for whom Unix and the free Unix-alikes just work.
If you are an American, you probably assume that this is a free country. So if you agree to undergo imaging tests — which cost you or your insurance company hundreds and even thousands of dollars and may subject you to radiation — you have every right to see the results.
Blippy pledges to invest in security in response to the discovery that user credit card numbers had been exposed in Google search results. According to Blippy, the credit card information had been available since February.
Three Spokane businesses that saw tens of thousands of dollars stolen from their online bank accounts have taken the lesson to heart. All three say they no longer bank online and won’t until they’re sure they won’t get stung again.
A GRANDMOTHER was dragged to court – after carefully leaving a cardboard box next to a council recycling bin.
A move to allow Scottish police forces to hold the DNA of innocent people for up to six years has been thrown out by a committee of MSPs.
Labour’s amendment to the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Bill would have brought Scots law in line with the rest of the UK.
A 58-year-old woman who was arrested, strip-searched, and handcuffed last year for grabbing her cooler (filled with applesauce and yogurt for her 93-year-old mother) from a Burbank airport TSA employee finally had her case thrown out.
This implies two things. First, because creditors know that the government will stand behind the debt of a TBTF in a crisis, they view its debt as less risky than the debt of other institutions. This means that the TBTF banks will be able to borrow at lower cost than other institutions. CEPR did a short paper last fall that suggested that the size of this TBTF subsidy to large banks could be as much as $34 billion a year.
The Senate is set to hold a test vote today on a Democratic plan to overhaul regulation of Wall Street, a showdown with political risks for both sides.
White House officials and Democratic lawmakers seized on internal e-mails from Goldman Sachs Group inc. to push for curbs including a ban on proprietary trading as they brace for a Senate showdown on Wall Street oversight.
Goldman Sachs Group Inc. was sued by shareholders over a collateralized debt obligation known as Abacus 2007-AC1 that prompted a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission lawsuit earlier this month, a law firm said.
Rich: Fight On, Goldman Sachs!
The financial overhaul billcreeping toward law is more than a thousand pages, but it has a simple story line. President Barack Obama and the Democrats have decided to turn Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and a few other financial giants into organizations that resemble ATT Corp. in the 1950s.
With any major financial transaction there needs to be a middle man. In many cases, Goldman Sachs (NYSE:GS) is that middle man. Goldman Sachs Group is a powerhouse in the financial industry, providing investment banking and investment management services to corporations and high-net-worth individuals. Basically it does exactly what any bank does, only it caters to very wealthy people. Recently Goldman has been dominating front-page news for its role in a rather complex case of alleged financial fraud. What’s happening here isn’t as hard to understand as media reports make it seem, and it’s an important story everyone, regardless of net worth.
Led by a former federal prosecutor and a pair of veteran SEC investigators, the team was preparing to take legal action against America’s most storied financial firm. On the line was the promise made by SEC Chairman Mary Schapiro, appointed by President Obama last year, that the agency would restore its traditional role as an aggressive check on Wall Street abuses.
In an exclusive interview with ABC News’ Bianna Golodryga, Jon Corzine addresses the allegations against Goldman and also urges for financial regulatory reform. While skirting around the issue of whether Goldman acted improperly, he said that the business practices and transactions are hard to justify.
Goldman Sachs executives bragged in internal e-mails in 2007 that they were making “some serious money” as the real estate bubble burst, according to documents released Saturday by a Senate subcommittee.
There is a plethora of Goldman alums sprinkled throughout the Obama administration.
If there were an opening today for a Federal Reserve governor or deputy Treasury secretary or prominent White House economic role, a Goldman Sachs background, Obama administration officials privately admit, would be lethal.
“Clearly, they’ve become a toxic asset,” says Simon Johnson, a former International Monetary Fund economist who is now a finance professor at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Emails sent by Goldman Sachs Group Inc’s (GS.N) executives on money the firm made by betting against risky mortgage securities highlight the need for transparency in financial markets, senior White House adviser Lawrence Summers said on Sunday.
Lawmakers said the internal e-mails, released Saturday by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, contradict what they said are Goldman’s assertions that the bank was not trying to profit from the decline of the housing market in 2007 and was merely seeking to protect itself if prices collapsed.
He has also put his money where his mouth is and put up $1,000 dollars against any and all comers that GS does not win this case.
Five senior executives of Goldman Sachs Group Inc., including the firm’s co-general counsel, sold $65.4 million worth of stock after the firm received notice of possible fraud charges, which later drove its stock down 13%.
The SEC’s charges against the investment firm may provide an unwelcome distraction for the campaigns of former business executives Carly Fiorina and Meg Whitman.
John Paulson, leader of the $33 billion hedge-fund firm Paulson & Co., helped Democrat Schumer collect nearly $100,000 in the first three months of this year. Schumer is running for a third term in November.
The destruction of Ashanti Gold by Goldman Sachs was saturated with fraud and conflicts of interest: Goldman Sachs served as Ashanti’s Financial Advisors; profitted form the contracts they designed and marketed for Ashanti; was involved in the manipulation of the gold prices on which the contracts depended; represented Ashanti’s creditors when the contracts went bad; and profitted as the Financial Advisors to the company that picked up the Ashanti corpse for pennies on the dollar.
Few people I know watch Bill Moyer’s Journal. His broadcast last week was really thought provoking. He first interviewed Professor William K. Black, a one time bank regulator link here and then FCC commissioner Michael J Copps link here, each with videos followed by transcripts.
The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has put up a pretty interesting chronology of data breaches (via Guardianista) detailing leaks in the US since 2005 that resulted in the loss of people’s personal info. They’ve totaled up the figure over the past five and a bit years, and it’s a staggering 358.4 million records lost.
As the music and movie industries tour the world lobbying for changes in the law in an attempt to slow down online piracy, New Zealand’s legislation moves a step closer to becoming law. The Copyright (Infringement File Sharing) Amendment Bill, which allows for large fines and six month Internet suspensions, has just received its first reading in Parliament, to unanimous support.
The charges stemmed from a recent trip to Tel Aviv where he used 350,000 kb of data on his Mifi connection. As we’ve extensively documented, Verizon charges 2 cents per kilobyte. Before leaving the states, a Verizon rep told him how much it would cost. Not used to thinking in kilobytes, David asked what his normal data usage was. His response was that David was on the unlimited plan so he was not charged by kilobyte. While a truthful statement, it didn’t exactly answer David’s question.
Amazon customers are complaining that Fox has gummed up the Avatar DVDs with DRM, rendering them unplayable on many Blu-ray players in an effort to prevent piracy. That is, if you consider making a copy of a DVD you own as piracy.
To mark the 10th anniversary of World Intellectual Property Day, the Justice Department said Monday that it has appointed 15 new assistant U.S. attorneys and 20 FBI special agents who will focus on combating domestic and international intellectual property crimes.
Here Targo Bank’s registration at the DPMA. I wonder if they cleared any overlapping trade mark rights.
Data center fight: F5 Networks Inc. (Nasdaq: FFIV) claims A10 Networks Inc. is infringing its patents.
We think they should settle their differences more peacefully. Maybe meet at the G-20 summit and get the B-52s to play.
What Did The Three Amigos Tender To The Canadian Copyright Consultation?
So out of the Three Amigos, the only one who filed a submission was Barry. Barry calls his an essay, and at 13,324 words, I’d agree. I’m still reading it, however it appears to have Barry’s usual level of accuracy, I’ve spotted a couple of errors in the first few paragraphs. I’ll be dissecting it in detail later – I’ll say one thing for Barry – he is verbose.
Why doesn’t the Labour Party respect copyright?
Mandrake understands that party officials removed the image from the website after they received complaints about its tastelessness.
So it’s a bit bizarre to hear that Labour and Mandelson have put out a second, quite similar, poster that appears to be just as questionable on the copyright front. Misterfricative writes in to alert us to a new controversy over yet another campaign poster involving the Conservative candidate photoshopped into an image from a BBC television program. Once again, the poster has been “withdrawn” over other aspects of the controversy, but it certainly looks like this should be Mandelson’s second strike, right? After all, these posters are supposedly his responsibility. If he wants to set a good example, perhaps he should cut off his own internet access. But I guess he shouldn’t worry. After all, as Mandelson himself pointed out, once kicked off, he can pay up in order to file an appeal.
Why Is UNESCO Supporting Locking Up Information?
This is bizarre for all sorts of reasons. An organization focused on encouraging education and international collaboration seems like the last place that would be supporting locking up information through government-granted monopolies.
“Medicrime is not overlapping with ACTA,” said Kristian Bartholin, expert at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, talking to Intellectual Property Watch after a meeting in Basel last week that started talks on the implementation of Medicrime.
Criminal law tends to be conservative. Most lawyers share an elitist conception that the legislator shouldn’t unbalance the inner beauty of the inherited statutory law and that popular opinion has to be shielded from criminal law. Otherwise the welfare council leviathan would invent and punish all sorts of crimes to satisfy tabloid media.
1.35 Each Party shall provide for criminal procedures and penalties to be applied at least in cases of willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright or related rights piracy on a commercial scale.
After two years of negotiations behind closed doors we have finally seen a draft of ACTA, the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement. It’s about time. This is the first official release of a document since negotiations on the treaty started in June 2008.
The mere fact that the draft was released is a great victory for campaigners who have long fought for more transparency of the negotiations. However, it can only be the first step.
It is imperative for consumer protection that ACTA clearly defines what “counterfeiting” means as expressed by international law in TRIPS. ACTA should refer to trademark protection 1 as defined by international law. Consumers are in favour of measures that confront commercial fraud, especially when it affects public safety and health, the quality of consumer products or the false representation of a trademark. Counterfeiting, that can really be dangerous for consumers, should not be in the same agreement as other complex issues such as patent infringement.
2. Consumers request that patents be excluded from ACTA to avoid higher prices and fewer innovative products. | 2019-04-22T17:57:02Z | http://techrights.org/2010/04/27/kde-desktops-made-avatar/ |
Here is, thanks to a great guy on Internet, software for the eprom programmers EW-901. EW-901 is different from EW-901B both in hardware and software. EW-901 has the fixed I/O address 3C0h!!!! This is not very good because that is the address of VGA-cards which can cause you problems.
FILE: The file EW901.EXE can be unpacked in a directory of your own choice and the software will be ready for use. There is NOT included any utilitys in this file.
PROBLEMS USING THE EW-900 SERIE: Please look further down.
After some requests here is, according to my information, the latest version of software for the eprom programmer EW-901B and EW-904B. I think this is the oldest eprom programmer from Sunshine so the software will not be updated further. The replacement for EW-90xB is called EW-70x serie, where x = 1, 4 or 8.
FILE: The file EW904B.EXE can be unpacked in a directory of your own choice and the software will be ready for use.
INFORMATION: I have a problem using the software for EW-901B on my Pentium 133 (overclocked to P166 and 83MHz on the bus). The software run in some kind of a WHILE loop until it crash my computer so I have to restart it. I have no problem with the software for EW-904B. I know from other people, that the software for EW-901B actually works.
After some requests here is the software to the eprom programmer EW-910B. This is NOT the latest software version. I think that it is version 6.1 which I lost in a harddisk crash a few years ago.
FILE: The file EW910B.EXE can be unpacked in a directory of your own choice and the software will be ready for use.
Here is, thanks to a great guy on Internet, software for the eprom programmers EW-901BN and EW-904BN. EW-904BN is different from EW-904B both in hardware and software. EW-904BN has the fixed I/O address 2A0h.
FILE: The file EW904BN.EXE can be unpacked in a directory of your own choice and the software will be ready for use.
MODEL EW-904,904A: have been faded out at 1986,servicing only.
I/O BASE ADDRESS is 3C0.
Software V1.0 to V5.7 is old style menu.
Software V6.0 or greater is new style menu.
More powerful than old software.
MODEL EW-904B : have been faded out,servicing only.
I/O BASE ADDRESS is 390.
MODEL EW-904BN : available at end of FEB 1989(new model).
I/O BASE ADDRESS is 2A0.
Software V7.0 is almost the same as V6.0.
are solved on this model.
has to be programmed by its own algo.
EW-904BN is not compatible with EW-904B on software and hardware.
Problems using the EW-900 serie:It can be a problem programming on a fast PC like the 486+ because the EW-900 serie is very critical about the AT-bus (ISA) speed which is running approx. 8MHz and if it is too high there can be a problem. The AT-bus speed have to run below 8MHz (or as slow as possible) but even that is not always enough. I don't know why, but sometimes it simply won't run!
If you have a 486 PC you could try to turn OFF the turbo speed and see if it helps before changing the BIOS.
I'm using a EW904B too, for more than 12 years! I'm a hardware freak, otherwise you don't need a programmer!!! Many years ago I had enormous problems with the I/O adress of 390H and the range it uses. There were conflicts with my soundblaster, overlapping of the I/O range, caused by a very stupid adressing in the SB16. Someone has forgotten to include some lower adress bits, by adressing the MIDI channel it adresses 32 bytes at the same time. 380H - 39FH.
I changed my EW904B, put an inverter in one of the adress lines, I/O start point from 390H to 290H. very quit over there!!! After some headache and disassembling it appeared to be very simple to patch the software: only changing 1 (ONE) byte , the I/O vector, at the start of the program. I don't know wich version I have, while typing this email. I also changed the hardware on pin 26 (Vcc with 2716/2732) to make it work better and faster as a adress line. Had to many killed chips....... before no problems in a 386SX, but they came in a 486DX2 in the early ninety's, that was tricky. Needed a change.
Hereby you receive a sign of life after my mail to attend you on lots and lots of info I have about the 904 series Sunshine programmers. After many measuring sessions and testing I have some simple information TXT files. Probably they will change and in the future you will receive an update. The info is very, very informative for those just like me: the solder/ hardware enthousiasts.
Paperwork from the past is "rebuild" (the last weeks). In total 9 sheets. 4 for the 904B, 1 for an update for A13 - the hex 1000 error, and 4 for the 904BN. I have completely reverse engineered both programmers. And analysed their problems an how to cope with them.
271000, 1001, 2000 and 2001 eproms in Jedec as well as in ROM mode, programmed in 27C128 mode. And one adapter for 27C4000 eproms in programmed in 27C256 mode. I made some photographs.
A quick view to a EW904BN board that I got in hands showed that it is working properly, no ground loop related problems in the TL497 circuit like in the EW904B version. Thanks to the redesign of the ground traces no instabili-ty. See the EW904B TXT file for more explanation and info for this part of the programmer. Advised reading... But........ The safety by-pass diode of the power transistor TIP31C is a small signal one: 1N4148. That is not the way it should be: I replaced it by a safer one: the BYD33G. Replacing C16 - 100nF with a tantalum cap of 4.7 or 10uF is anot-her good idea: more local buffering. One more hint: replacing the 1N4002 (ugh) with a RGP10M : again reduced the ringing pulses during switch-off remarkably. You could finalise the TL497 part with a tiny damping network across the L's: 4.7 nF in series with 150 Ohm is splendid. See a picture taken from a memory scope.
Diode D5, one of the protection diodes on the PIO (8255) databus (bit-d2) to the EPROM socket is NOT connected to +5V like the other diodes, but to EPROM-Vcc (5 - 6.5V). This diode should protect the PIO against too high Vcc (>5V) and should be connected to +5V to limit spikes. During test mode you could measure on all but one data channel 0V or +5V, only one (databit d2) is only 2.5 - 2.8V high. It looks like this PIO channel is blown, but it is NOT. The current is only leaking away because the circuit is wrong. This is corrected. I disconnected the + side of the diode and lifted it. I soldered a piece (1.5 x 3 mm) of double clad board on top of the original connection point. The diode is soldered on top, it is now fixed in position and isolated from the former connection point. A piece of PTFE wirewrap to normal Vcc: problem solved. Replacing all the diodes by schottky BAT41 types (0.3V drop) gives even better protection.
After rebuilding the A13 circuit (among others) in the former 904B programmer (solving the 1000H, 2000H errors in a 486DX-2 PC, A13 timing now being much less than 1 usec), I checked the performance of the A13 circuit in the 904BN version. I did this using my ZIF socket adapter from the 904B version (I only have the board, it was sold second hand as it was for $5,-- A must have for me!!). This socket module is not suited to program EPROM's, some /CE and /OE pins are different. But I presume that the Vcc2 -A13 capaci-tors are almost identical on this line to pin 26. Going down/ fall-time is OK (< 5usec) but a very wrong dU/dt curve going up / risetime about 300usec. That looks incredible. Are the capacitors really the same (4x 10nF)? Are the 1000H, 2000H errors therefore also in this pro-gram-mer ..-...??? This part doesn't look full of promise.
Due to the already improved circuit design only an extra pull-up resistor (470 to 220 Ohm) on the right spot solved this risetime problem for a great deal. Risetime is now about 15 to 10 usec, which is accepta-ble for a slow machine only. The R is connected between pin 10 and pin 14 of U3 = 7407. In the 386DX40 the A13 rise time is only stabilised AFTER the /OE (not /CE) read pulse, so this is still NOT OK. Modified with a Maxim driver MAX 627 or MAX 628 (non inverting part) in place of the last 7407 buffer (glued on top of it), would make risetimes << 1 usec. I haven't tested this yet. Due to a lack of the proper (diffe-rent) MAXIM buffers. Will be continued.
I also changed the Vcc to Vpp clamp diode by a schottky version: BAT41. Normal Vcc without Vpp went up from 4.3 to 4.6 volts, looks much better. Vpp to Vcc timings were tricky but OK, smaller than 10 usec. In some programming algorithms Vpp stayed on!
The Vpp pots were hard to adjust. They appeared to have the wrong value for proper smooth adjustment: 2Kohm. Calculated setting for all 4 pots is about 500 ohms, so a value of 1K is more appropriate. I drilled an extra hole between the top and bottom hole and placed 1K multiturn trimpots. Smooth adjustment as a re-sult ....-.... Also changed the setting R's by metalfilm types: more stable and less temperature dependant voltage. The changed setting R's are: R3 - 10K, R34 - 100, R35 - 470, R36 - 22, R37 - 470.
Success with the rebuild of your EW904BN programmer.
I soldered a 74LS04 on top of U3, connecting only pins 7 and 14. Cutting off all the other pins, only leaving a small piece to solder on. I only used pins 1 and 2, leave the rest floating. I also placed a jumper to choose between 290H and 390H. A photograp-hic view is available of the change. Also see my schematic dia-grams for more info how to do it.
After changing both software and hardware: a testrun. OK, all worked well.
First: I've completely reverse engineered both the EW904B as well as the EW904BN programmer cards. Complete circuit diagrams are by now available. Try to obtain them and place them next to this story and in your work-shop. So you know what you are doing. The following improvements are also indicated on them.
The TL497 circuit is susceptible for instability due to unideal ground connections or layout. The circuit as a whole (with power stage) produces by its nature most of the noise that causes insta-bility. It interferes with itself!! If unwanted feedback occurs swit-ching is unstable: i.e. not completely on or off of Q4. The drive at the base of Q4 doesn't get low all the time it should be. Or switching at a too high frequency: a normal on-off cycle is interrupted a few times. This produces a lot of unnecessary heat in 21 or 25 volt mode. Q4 must be driven in saturation in ON mode (and no glitches) and be complete-ly off in OFF mode. Switching should also be not too slow, that causes even more heat.
If you find yourself capable of modifying this circuit place your oscilloscope beside the PC and watch for yourself the peculiari-ties on this board. Use a test PC with sufficient "open space". If you don't have a scope available to check, don't do anything!
Testing takes place at 25V Vpp mode. Tapping an "X" after program start takes you to test mode, you'll see the rest for yourself. We will use 2 scope channels simultaneously. To start set time/divi-si-on on 50usec. Both probe's are connected to the L's, one on each side. That's on top of the board and the most easiest to reach. It is unsafe to connect ground to the board, it could slip off and ruin your PC!! Safest is to put a solder tag/lug (?) under the board connection screw with a piece of wire soldered to it for ground. Hopefully there is not to much hum/noise between case and ground. One probe gives voltage indica-tion, that's the one connec-ted to the side of the C of Q4: set-up 10V per division in DC mode. The second probe is placed between the cur-rent limit-R and the L: 1V / div in AC mode. This will give an indication of the current spikes. If voltage triggering stays unstable, try current trigge-ring, negative going. If the circuit is working properly the current indication gives a triangular current dip downwards, some 100 - 200 usec pause, and again a similar dip. If the dip goes rapidly steeper near the top: that's saturation caused by a bit to high current and a rapid reduction of the L value. This getting steeper shouldn't become too high: getting hot coils!! Current level about 0.5 to 1 Vpp; 1Vpp = 1 square. Going down is Q4 on (saturated), voltage at the collector = 0, now loading di/dt. Current curve going up again is Q4 off, di-scharging coil di/dt via the rectifier in the elec-trolyt. And char-ging this capacitor. Voltage pulse on Q4-c is now depen-dant from the output voltage = 25V. If the charging by di/dt stops, ringing or oscilla-tion may occur, or more serious: a bit bumping up and down before it stops, current could flow through the by-pass diode if already placed. If not you have undesired undershoot. This again is a cause of insta-bili-ty. During the pause be-tween pulses the voltage at Q4-c is equal to the input voltage = 12V. If you measure a nearly continuous square wave at Q4-c the circuit is wrong and Q4 gets hot rapidly. But: nothing has to be defective to be in this mode!!! Only the layout and the component values are causing this error mode!! The circuit could possibly burn out if you leave it in this situation for a longer period of time. See my digital scope printouts (Tektronix 2232 with PC software) for an indication of the problems.
Making some R's in the 904B equal to the values in the 904BN is a good idea to start with, but wait a moment. First reduce ground related problems and switching noise.
Going on with soldering..... To protect Q4 from the negative pulses during switch-off and ringing: place a real switch diode in parallel to Q4 to give those currents a by-pass. No undershoot allowed. I took a BYD33G diode, relative fast (250 nsec) and max 400V reverse voltage. BYVxx series or RGPxx series are also OK. I soldered it to test underneath, later I drilled two holes near the emitter and put the diode over there. Connected between e and c of Q4. If available see photographic view (in a file). As I also service TV sets and (PC-)switch supply's for my hobby I have suitable components available. A TV-service shop could supply equivalent devices for a few pennies.
To reduce switch-off times it is necessary to reduce the R-be of Q4. R20 = 18K is much to high. A resistor in the range of 330 Ohm to 1K ohm is more appropriate. In the 904BN series 1K is chosen, so I also did.
A standard rectifier is placed for D2: a 1N4002 diode. This is by no means a switch rectifier, it's more a mains rectifier. Because the power is low and the frequency not very high, it doesn't burn out or even become hot. But if you increase one or both, it could burn. I've tested it. So D2 must be replaced by a better diode, one that is more suited for this task. I've again chosen a TV equivalent: RGP10M. The ringing / oscillations are also damped a lot by this improvement.
The circuit also gets unstable due to the high frequency of the ringing. It is more stable if the wild oscillations are a bit reduced. Texas Instruments (the builder of the TL497) suggests a 1 Kohm parallel R to the coils. Indeed this helps but consumes too much power. I tested a few combinations and found a series circuit of a 4.7nF cap. and a 150 Ohm R excellent. No waste of power and a nice (slower) sinusoidal switch off.
It is remarkable that the minor above changes have a dramatic stabilising effect on the circuit. Measure it again.
If you are not satisfied yet with the result (that ought to be improved a lot already!!!) you could finally give the current limit circuit a bit more "headroom" by reducing the current limit-R. Making it the same as in the 904BN series couldn't be a problem so you could reduce it from 1 Ohm to 0.5 ohm. The same is valid for the drive limit R: reducing this R from 100 to 56 ohm works some-times OK to reduce false spikes in the Q4 ON period. For testing purposes solder a resistor with the same value on the back in parallel. If you're not satisfied or if it doesn't help you can remove it without any further damage. Those false spikes could also be caused by stray capacitance that disturbs the timing circuit around the timing cap. of 1nF or the circuit traces that are connected to the voltage pot's. I tried to reduce / compensate them by adding a small cap (47pF) from pin 2 to ground or to Vpp, but that didn't work. A second EW904B board didn't need those R reducing, that board worked already perfectly with the other improvements. Probably a TL497 change could help...?
Also a TXT file added with info about the timings and problems (a.o. the A13) related to it. See a separate TXT file for the possible rebuild of the circuit part for the A13-Vcc switch. (1000H, 2000H, a.s.o. errors) This part is working much too slow. The I/O vector could also be changed: 390Hex is NOT the only address an EW904B could work on. Only after some soldering and patchwork.
Also see a TXT file with some remarks related to the newer EW904BN programmer and improvements.
Success with the rebuild of your programmer, hopefully nothing gets blown....... Soldering is at your own risk, you know...... ??
A13 - Pin 26 related problems of the EW904B programmer card.
The original circuit has much too slow dU/dt on A13, ZIF pin 26. Going on (risetime) = 40 usec, going off (falltime) = > 60 usec. That's why the 1000H 2000H 3000H 4000H a.s.o. errors occurred. The A13 change is only stabilized after a second succesive read, at the second address!!! The previous address is lost........ There is also a too heavy DC load: max. U-A13 = 2.75V. Lowering R12 to give a voltage rise doesn't help much. Cause is a parasitic current path through the 7805 and the ballast R! A design flaw!! Adding series diodes as in this update to the 7805 and only changing the Q7 circuit to a PNP driver from +5V (with a BC640) gives indeed some minor improvements, a faster rise and higher A13 values, but still the discharge / fall times are wrong. See for yourself if you have an oscilloscope nearby and perform a read master test. Trigger on A13 (pin 26) on one channel, put A0 (pin 10) on the other as a reference. Connect to the ZIF unit with small pieces of isolated wire in it; keep it save. Do this twice: one time for positive and one time for negative going triggering. If you have a scope with memory available: even much better. Or look over here for a scope snapshot.
So a complete rebuild around this pin 26 appeared necessary: Due to the fact that a high capacitive load will remain (the Vcc decouple C's), I've chosen a power MOSFET driver from MAXIM, a MAX 626 (= improved TSC 426), intended to drive a capacitive load with high currents without problems. MAX 626 has two inverting buffers, I used them in parallel, that's allowed. The MAX628 (= TSC428) has one inverting and one NON-inverting buffer, if used: ground the unused buffer. (The MAX 627 (TSC 427) has two NON-inverting buffers: good for the 904BN version) To reduce +5V Vcc dropout spikes: charging is done via the 22 Ohm R and the BAV21 diode. Also: supply bypassing is extremely important: extra 4.7uF tantalum + 100nF ceramic. To avoid a parasitic ballast R on Vcc with a series diode and not without. Discharge via the 180 Ohm R and a speedup C of 180 nF. The 180 Ohm R is no problem in the event the 5 V remains on. The 180 nF parallel C gives capacitive compensation just like the C's in an oscilloscope probe. With the proper value it compensates the Vcc capacitors in the ZIF socket completely. Giving a nice rectangular square wave despite a heavy capacitive loading. To avoid undershoot pulses on the A13 line (if not 100% in balance) a schottky diode, BAT41, is added in the ZIF socket unit, in an open space for a ballast R. First I used a too high compensation C (1uF), giving a small undershoot pulse of 0.4V but a bit faster falltime. A value of 150 nF (rectangular) to 330 nF (a small undershoot dip) should be chosen. Tests were done with 150 nF, later 180 nF was chosen.
This circuit change is in use for many years on a 486DX-2 without any problem. No 1000H 2000H a.s.o. error has ever occurred after the change. The delays are now smaller than 1 usec!! Occasionally there are misprogrammings (probably after a bad erasure?, who has none??) , but a dummy blank check before a real one sets all the internal settings OK.
The TL 497 (U1) circuit has had many minor changes. See a separate TXT file for those improvements. Due to the lower ballast R's there is more power drain from the Vpp supply. This was no problem after the TL497 circuit changes.
General program timings and hardware requirements.
The adaptation of some I/O circuits to faster demands.
On a very slow machine in "read master" mode the /CE (chip select or "read") pulse for a EW904B comes at 50 to up to more than 100 usec after an address change. This is the /OE read pulse for a EW904BN. On a 386SX-16 this is already decreased to 14 to 30 usec. On a 386SX-33 this is about 7 to 15 usec. On a 386DX-40 delays are getting smaller than 5 to 10 u-sec, and on a 486 ... 2 to 5 usec. A0 timings smaller than 15 to 20 usec: not all goes well. You see we have a problem. Real timings via timer interrupts (the pro-gramming pulses) are always OK, but as normal program execution goes high with newer machines, the "normal" delays necessary for (address) voltage changes to stabilise before the next action takes place (read!) are getting a problem. Those "address cycles" are probably NOT programmed timer interrupts or fixed programmed delays in the main program loop, but only runtime delays. A lack of only a few statements in the software. This is to my opinion the problem with the cards I got in hand. At 1000H the A13 line comes "alive"; a typical address that causes serious problems. Not only A13 has much to high delay (40 - 60 usec), also the Vpp to Vcc switching is just too slow on the 904B, 20 usec or even more. See the "rebuild" story for pin 26 - the A13 line. With the reduction of the settling delays the programmer may work on much faster machines as original was possible, but even an old pentium still looks too fast. See the measured timings further down.
I was testing some timings on a 386DX-40 and used an old AMI-bios trick to switch to old PC/XT speed (4.77 MHz). Use ALT+CTRL+(grey minus key) utter right. To my astonishment speed dropped more than 10 times on the oscilloscope. Switch back = ALT+CTRL+(grey plus key). All timing problems were solved in PC speed mode .......... Only hit a key to come out of turbo speed and your programmer works!! Or use the turbo button at your desktop. So: if your 486 has no turbo (off) button, probably the keyboard trick works. Or: a slow motion program (TSR) for an old game could be a solution to slow things down a bit.
A lot of old scrap machines from the shed have come alive again for the following tests (luckily I still had them!!). Below is the timing table for address bit A0 in "read master" mode. It is the total time duration for a "0" or a "1" during successive address increments. During programming timings are much longer, much more action takes place. Somewhere in this A0 window is the /CE or /OE pulse for a data fetch. See the next table following the first.
ALL values are in microseconds (usec).
The next following table is the start of /CE (904B) or /OE (904BN) after the A0 change for a data fetch. In the 904B there are two /CE pulses, a narrow one as a start (false??) and a wider one (real??) a bit later. The false (?) /CE can overlap Vpp to Vcc switching delays during programming (to be exactly: at verify between programming pulses). A cause for errors I think??
If you look at the decrease in possible settling time for address changes you see why things are getting tricky on a 486DX2 or even a 386DX machine. Even more if you would know what the delays really are for pin 26 - A13 and other points. At my place a EW904B is working OK in a 486DX2-66 ...... How did I do that???
2) The circuit for A13 - Vcc2 on pin 26 was the greatest problem: rise : 40 usec, fall 60 (to 80) usec!! compare this with the A0 cycle time!! 1000H errors on a bit faster machine than an XT are due to a design imperfection!!
This A13 problem needed the most attention, but it was not easy to cope with. I had to place a special buffer chip to solve that problem: a powermosfet driver. See a separate story with more explanation. Also in the redesigned 904BN the A13 circuit is NOT perfect at all. (If you take into account that there are decouple C's connected to it in the ZIF unit). Fall = OK: 5 usec, rise 300 usec!! (measured NOT with the original ZIF unit). This ZIF unit (from the 904B) has 4x 10nF decouple C's on Vcc-2 / A13. I don't know how it was on the original unit, probably not much different.
After changing my EW904B with lower (Vpp) discharge R's: address delays on Vpp pins now: rise time 2 usec or smaller, fall 5 usec or smaller. A13 - pin 26 with extra chip: rise and fall both now smaller than 1 usec!! My A13 idea could also be used for the 904BN. With a different buffer chip.
Vpp to Vcc (25 to 5 Volt) switching falltime during repetitive program/ verify pulses has to be completed before a /CE takes place. You could ruin your eproms.... I reduced those delays to more than half of it. At the same pins are address bits, so they are much faster too now. If voltage was to much reduced to the heavier loading, a pull-up was added on the right place. After the rebuild of the TL497 circuit the extra load on Vpp was no problem.
A collection of eprom programmer related images.
foto15.jpg Larger view of the MAX626 circuit, other side, with wires attached.
foto17.jpg EW904B total component side view, all modifications: I/O290, earth loop correction, TL497 circuit, some pull-up R's, Vpp pull down R's and the A13 modification. A mess, but works great.
foto18.jpg EW904B view zoomed in on the component side, all modifications: I/O290, earth loop correction, TL497 circuit, and A13 modification are visible.
foto26.jpg Component side EW904BN board, notice: yellow wire databus diode near mounting bracket, diode changes Vpp, coil oscillation damp components, multiturn pots in place of original pots, and the A13 pull-up R.
foto31.jpg TTL prom readout adapters plus construction example (a reverse engineering aid). DIL plug as mounting base, wire-wrap socket (pins partly cut) placed inside, wiring with wirwrap wire and solder. Some epoxy resin to stabilise.
Information about the scope pictures /screendumps.
Scope used for test location one (home) is a Tektronix 2232 analog + digital storage combiscope, with PC software "docuwave".
All voltages on the scope / screendumps should be multiplied by 10 (ten) Cheaper scope probes were used without divide by ten marker pins. If you know, that's no problem. max. 0.5 Volt Vcc and max. 2.5 V Vpp (programming voltage) looks strange otherwise.
904B-T EW904B TL497 Vpp = 25 volt out, also for all other related curves. Original start situation, circuit is in error. Timing wrong mainly due to parasitic feedback. TIP31C becomes hot.
904B-U EW904B TL497 Parasitic feedback problems solved. ONE ground wire added and an extra buffer electrolyte. No RC or by-pass D yet added, no D's changed. Lots of "bumping". If the bump hits zero, current becomes negative. See positive dips in current curve.
(904B-1) EW904B TL497 Almost finished. RC damping added and a by-pass switch diode. Normal 1N4002 rectifier still in place.
And the TIP31C doesn't become (too) hot anymore.
(904BN-OK) EW904BN TL497 The circuit itself is unchanged, it is OK. The diodes are both changed by switch versions, and a damping network was added.
A13-OFF EW904B A13 A13 ON and OFF with the former 1 uF speedup-C. Works great but the looks are not neat.
A13-ON EW904B A13 A small dip under and overshoot. Watch timing scale: 50usec/div. 5usec/div would have been more appropriate. I didn't realised then it was that worse!
A13-BN EW904BN A13 Original rise time is the slowest 300 usec one!!!
904BA13A EW904B A13 A more appropriate comparison: A13 falltime compared with the A0 cycle time on a 386SX-33 (= 18 usec). And now at 10usec/div.
904BA13B EW904B A13 And this is the A13 rise time compared with 18usec A0.
(904BA13E) EW904B A13 This is the improved A13 circuit falltime with A0 cycle and original circuit timings combined. There is one thing changed now: the speedup-C = 150 nF, we are reaching zero very neat, but is slowly creeping to exactly zero. A 0.2 Volt improvement is with a 180nF speedup-C inplace of the 150nF.
904BA13D EW904B A13 This is the risetime pulse, original and improved. The original slow rise has been shifted to the right. It starts original at the same point (centre-trigger was chosen).
904B-CE EW904B /CE Both showing /CE pulses with 18 or 21 usec A0 timing false (?) pulse and real /CE pulse.
904BN-OE EW904BN /OE On the 904BN version the software is even running faster. Only 11 to 12 usec A0 timing (486DX2-66). And this file shows how tricky the timing is.
I will continue to update this information. | 2019-04-26T08:19:16Z | http://www.danbbs.dk/~rmadrm/eprom9.htm |
A steam turbine is a device which extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.
The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by Sir Charles Parsons, whose first model was connected to a dynamo that generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity. The invention of Parsons' steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible and revolutionized marine transport and naval warfare. Parsons' design was a reaction type. His patent was licensed and the turbine scaled-up shortly after by an American, George Westinghouse. The Parsons turbine also turned out to be easy to scale up. Parsons had the satisfaction of seeing his invention adopted for all major world power stations, and the size of generators had increased from his first 7.5 kW set up to units of 50,000 kW capacity. Within Parson's lifetime, the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 times, and the total output from turbo-generators constructed by his firm C. A. Parsons and Company and by their licensees, for land purposes alone, had exceeded thirty million horse-power.
A number of other variations of turbines have been developed that work effectively with steam. The de Laval turbine (invented by Gustaf de Laval) accelerated the steam to full speed before running it against a turbine blade. De Laval's impulse turbine is simpler, less expensive and does not need to be pressure-proof. It can operate with any pressure of steam, but is considerably less efficient. fr:Auguste Rateau developed a pressure compounded impulse turbine using the de Laval principle as early as 1896, obtained a US patent in 1903, and applied the turbine to a French torpedo boat in 1904. He taught at the École des mines de Saint-Étienne for a decade until 1897, and later founded a successful company that was incorporated into the Alstom firm after his death. One of the founders of the modern theory of steam and gas turbines was Aurel Stodola, a Slovak physicist and engineer and professor at the Swiss Polytechnical Institute (now ETH) in Zurich. His work Die Dampfturbinen und ihre Aussichten als Wärmekraftmaschinen (English: The Steam Turbine and its prospective use as a Mechanical Engine) was published in Berlin in 1903. A further book Dampf und Gas-Turbinen (English: Steam and Gas Turbines) was published in 1922.
The Brown-Curtis turbine, an impulse type, which had been originally developed and patented by the U.S. company International Curtis Marine Turbine Company, was developed in the 1900s in conjunction with John Brown & Company. It was used in John Brown-engined merchant ships and warships, including liners and Royal Navy warships.
The manufacturing industry for steam turbines is dominated by Chinese power equipment makers. Harbin Electric, Shanghai Electric, and Dongfang Electric, the top three power equipment makers in China collectively hold a majority stake in the worldwide market share for steam turbines in 2009-10 according to Platts. Other manufacturers with minor market share include Bhel, Siemens, Alstom, GE, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Toshiba. The consulting firm Frost & Sullivan projects that manufacturing of steam turbines will become more consolidated by 2020 as Chinese power manufacturers win increasing business outside of China.
Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small <0.75 kW (<1 hp) units (rare) used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to 1 500 000 kW (1.5 GW; 2 000 000 hp) turbines used to generate electricity. There are several classifications for modern steam turbines.
Turbine blades are of two basic types, blades and nozzles. Blades move entirely due to the impact of steam on them and their profiles do not converge. This results in a steam velocity drop and essentially no pressure drop as steam moves through the blades. A turbine composed of blades alternating with fixed nozzles is called an impulse turbine, Curtis turbine, Rateau turbine, or Brown-Curtis turbine. Nozzles appear similar to blades, but their profiles converge near the exit. This results in a steam pressure drop and velocity increase as steam moves through the nozzles. Nozzles move due to both the impact of steam on them and the reaction due to the high-velocity steam at the exit. A turbine composed of moving nozzles alternating with fixed nozzles is called a reaction turbine or Parsons turbine.
Except for low-power applications, turbine blades are arranged in multiple stages in series, called compounding, which greatly improves efficiency at low speeds. A reaction stage is a row of fixed nozzles followed by a row of moving nozzles. Multiple reaction stages divide the pressure drop between the steam inlet and exhaust into numerous small drops, resulting in a pressure-compounded turbine. Impulse stages may be either pressure-compounded, velocity-compounded, or pressure-velocity compounded. A pressure-compounded impulse stage is a row of fixed nozzles followed by a row of moving blades, with multiple stages for compounding. This is also known as a Rateau turbine, after its inventor. A velocity-compounded impulse stage (invented by Curtis and also called a "Curtis wheel") is a row of fixed nozzles followed by two or more rows of moving blades alternating with rows of fixed blades. This divides the velocity drop across the stage into several smaller drops. A series of velocity-compounded impulse stages is called a pressure-velocity compounded turbine.
By 1905, when steam turbines were coming into use on fast ships (such as HMS Dreadnought) and in land-based power applications, it had been determined that it was desirable to use one or more Curtis wheels at the beginning of a multi-stage turbine (where the steam pressure is highest), followed by reaction stages. This was more efficient with high-pressure steam due to reduced leakage between the turbine rotor and the casing. This is illustrated in the drawing of the German 1905 AEG marine steam turbine. The steam from the boilers enters from the right at high pressure through a throttle, controlled manually by an operator (in this case a sailor known as the throttleman). It passes through five Curtis wheels and numerous reaction stages (the small blades at the edges of the two large rotors in the middle) before exiting at low pressure, almost certainly to a condenser. The condenser provides a vacuum that maximizes the energy extracted from the steam, and condenses the steam into feedwater to be returned to the boilers. On the left are several additional reaction stages (on two large rotors) that rotate the turbine in reverse for astern operation, with steam admitted by a separate throttle. Since ships are rarely operated in reverse, efficiency is not a priority in astern turbines, so only a few stages are used to save cost.
A major challenge facing turbine design is reducing the creep experienced by the blades. Because of the high temperatures and high stresses of operation, steam turbine materials become damaged through these mechanisms. As temperatures are increased in an effort to improve turbine efficiency, creep becomes more significant. To limit creep, thermal coatings and superalloys with solid-solution strengthening and grain boundary strengthening are used in blade designs.
Protective coatings are used to reduce the thermal damage and to limit oxidation. These coatings are often stabilized zirconium dioxide-based ceramics. Using a thermal protective coating limits the temperature exposure of the nickel superalloy. This reduces the creep mechanisms experienced in the blade. Oxidation coatings limit efficiency losses caused by a buildup on the outside of the blades, which is especially important in the high-temperature environment.
The nickel-based blades are alloyed with aluminum and titanium to improve strength and creep resistance. The microstructure of these alloys is composed of different regions of composition. A uniform dispersion of the gamma-prime phase – a combination of nickel, aluminum, and titanium – promotes the strength and creep resistance of the blade due to the microstructure.
Refractory elements such as rhenium and ruthenium can be added to the alloy to improve creep strength. The addition of these elements reduces the diffusion of the gamma prime phase, thus preserving the fatigue resistance, strength, and creep resistance.
These types include condensing, non-condensing, reheat, extraction and induction.
Condensing turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants. These turbines receive steam from a boiler and exhaust it to a condenser. The exhausted steam is at a pressure well below atmospheric, and is in a partially condensed state, typically of a quality near 90%.
Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications. The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure. These are commonly found at refineries, district heating units, pulp and paper plants, and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam are needed.
Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants. In a reheat turbine, steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added. The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its expansion. Using reheat in a cycle increases the work output from the turbine and also the expansion reaches conclusion before the steam condenses, thereby minimizing the erosion of the blades in last rows. In most of the cases, maximum number of reheats employed in a cycle is 2 as the cost of super-heating the steam negates the increase in the work output from turbine.
Extracting type turbines are common in all applications. In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feedwater heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency. Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve, or left uncontrolled.
Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power.
These arrangements include single casing, tandem compound and cross compound turbines. Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator. Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator. A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds. A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications.
A two-flow turbine rotor. The steam enters in the middle of the shaft, and exits at each end, balancing the axial force.
The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial thrust on the turbine shaft, but the axial thrust in a simple turbine is unopposed. To maintain the correct rotor position and balancing, this force must be counteracted by an opposing force. Thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings, the rotor can use dummy pistons, it can be double flow- the steam enters in the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends, or a combination of any of these. In a double flow rotor, the blades in each half face opposite ways, so that the axial forces negate each other but the tangential forces act together. This design of rotor is also called two-flow, double-axial-flow, or double-exhaust. This arrangement is common in low-pressure casings of a compound turbine.
A simple turbine schematic of the Parsons type: rotating and fixed stators alternate and steam pressure drops by a fraction of the total across each pair. The stators grow larger as pressure drops.
An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly isentropic, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20–90% based on the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades or buckets. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.
To maximize turbine efficiency the steam is expanded, doing work, in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as either impulse or reaction turbines. Most steam turbines use a mixture of the reaction and impulse designs: each stage behaves as either one or the other, but the overall turbine uses both. Typically, higher pressure sections are reaction type and lower pressure stages are impulse type.
An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which is converted into shaft rotation by the bucket-like shaped rotor blades, as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the stage. As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to the exit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the condenser vacuum). Due to this high ratio of expansion of steam, the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the carry over velocity or leaving loss.
The law of moment of momentum states that the sum of the moments of external forces acting on a fluid which is temporarily occupying the control volume is equal to the net time change of angular momentum flux through the control volume.
The swirling fluid enters the control volume at radius with tangential velocity and leaves at radius with tangential velocity .
and are the absolute velocities at the inlet and outlet respectively.
and are the flow velocities at the inlet and outlet respectively.
and are the swirl velocities at the inlet and outlet respectively.
and are the relative velocities at the inlet and outlet respectively.
and are the velocities of the blade at the inlet and outlet respectively.
is the guide vane angle and is the blade angle.
For an impulse steam turbine: . Therefore, the tangential force on the blades is . The work done per unit time or power developed: .
When ω is the angular velocity of the turbine, then the blade speed is . The power developed is then .
A stage of an impulse turbine consists of a nozzle set and a moving wheel. The stage efficiency defines a relationship between enthalpy drop in the nozzle and work done in the stage.
Where is the specific enthalpy drop of steam in the nozzle.
Nozzle efficiency is given by = , where the enthalpy (in J/Kg) of steam at the entrance of the nozzle is and the enthalpy of steam at the exit of the nozzle is .
The ratio of the cosines of the blade angles at the outlet and inlet can be taken and denoted . The ratio of steam velocities relative to the rotor speed at the outlet to the inlet of the blade is defined by the friction coefficient .
and depicts the loss in the relative velocity due to friction as the steam flows around the blades ( for smooth blades).
For equiangular blades, , therefore , and we get . If the friction due to the blade surface is neglected then .
1. For a given steam velocity work done per kg of steam would be maximum when or .
2. As increases, the work done on the blades reduces, but at the same time surface area of the blade reduces, therefore there are less frictional losses.
In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.
is equal to the kinetic energy supplied to the fixed blades (f) + the kinetic energy supplied to the moving blades (m).
Or, = enthalpy drop over the fixed blades, + enthalpy drop over the moving blades, .
The effect of expansion of steam over the moving blades is to increase the relative velocity at the exit. Therefore, the relative velocity at the exit is always greater than the relative velocity at the inlet .
Because of the high pressures used in the steam circuits and the materials used, steam turbines and their casings have high thermal inertia. When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have a bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also, a turning gear is engaged when there is no steam to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent uneven expansion. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the rotor to assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is disengaged and steam is admitted to the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the turbine at 10–15 RPM (0.17–0.25 Hz) to slowly warm the turbine. The warm up procedure for large steam turbines may exceed ten hours.
During normal operation, rotor imbalance can lead to vibration, which, because of the high rotation velocities, could lead to a blade breaking away from the rotor and through the casing. To reduce this risk, considerable efforts are spent to balance the turbine. Also, turbines are run with high quality steam: either superheated (dry) steam, or saturated steam with a high dryness fraction. This prevents the rapid impingement and erosion of the blades which occurs when condensed water is blasted onto the blades (moisture carry over). Also, liquid water entering the blades may damage the thrust bearings for the turbine shaft. To prevent this, along with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high quality steam, condensate drains are installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine.
Maintenance requirements of modern steam turbines are simple and incur low costs (typically around $0.005 per kWh); their operational life often exceeds 50 years.
The control of a turbine with a governor is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly to prevent damage and some applications (such as the generation of alternating current electricity) require precise speed control. Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine rotor can lead to an overspeed trip, which causes the nozzle valves that control the flow of steam to the turbine to close. If this fails then the turbine may continue accelerating until it breaks apart, often catastrophically. Turbines are expensive to make, requiring precision manufacture and special quality materials.
During normal operation in synchronization with the electricity network, power plants are governed with a five percent droop speed control. This means the full load speed is 100% and the no-load speed is 105%. This is required for the stable operation of the network without hunting and drop-outs of power plants. Normally the changes in speed are minor. Adjustments in power output are made by slowly raising the droop curve by increasing the spring pressure on a centrifugal governor. Generally this is a basic system requirement for all power plants because the older and newer plants have to be compatible in response to the instantaneous changes in frequency without depending on outside communication.
To measure how well a turbine is performing we can look at its isentropic efficiency. This compares the actual performance of the turbine with the performance that would be achieved by an ideal, isentropic, turbine. When calculating this efficiency, heat lost to the surroundings is assumed to be zero. The starting pressure and temperature is the same for both the actual and the ideal turbines, but at turbine exit the energy content ('specific enthalpy') for the actual turbine is greater than that for the ideal turbine because of irreversibility in the actual turbine. The specific enthalpy is evaluated at the same pressure for the actual and ideal turbines in order to give a good comparison between the two.
The isentropic efficiency is found by dividing the actual work by the ideal work.
Electrical power stations use large steam turbines driving electric generators to produce most (about 80%) of the world's electricity. The advent of large steam turbines made central-station electricity generation practical, since reciprocating steam engines of large rating became very bulky, and operated at slow speeds. Most central stations are fossil fuel power plants and nuclear power plants; some installations use geothermal steam, or use concentrated solar power (CSP) to create the steam. Steam turbines can also be used directly to drive large centrifugal pumps, such as feedwater pumps at a thermal power plant.
The turbines used for electric power generation are most often directly coupled to their generators. As the generators must rotate at constant synchronous speeds according to the frequency of the electric power system, the most common speeds are 3,000 RPM for 50 Hz systems, and 3,600 RPM for 60 Hz systems. Since nuclear reactors have lower temperature limits than fossil-fired plants, with lower steam quality, the turbine generator sets may be arranged to operate at half these speeds, but with four-pole generators, to reduce erosion of turbine blades.
Lua error in Module:Redirect at line 61: could not parse redirect on page "Turbine Steam Ship".
High and low pressure turbines for SS Maui.
Parsons turbine from the 1928 Polish destroyer Wicher.
In steamships, advantages of steam turbines over reciprocating engines are smaller size, lower maintenance, lighter weight, and lower vibration. A steam turbine is only efficient when operating in the thousands of RPM, while the most effective propeller designs are for speeds less than 300 RPM; consequently, precise (thus expensive) reduction gears are usually required, although numerous early ships through World War I, such as Turbinia, had direct drive from the steam turbines to the propeller shafts. Another alternative is turbo-electric transmission, in which an electrical generator run by the high-speed turbine is used to run one or more slow-speed electric motors connected to the propeller shafts; precision gear cutting may be a production bottleneck during wartime. Turbo-electric drive was most used in large US warships designed during World War I and in some fast liners, and was used in some troop transports and mass-production destroyer escorts in World War II.
The higher cost of turbines and the associated gears or generator/motor sets is offset by lower maintenance requirements and the smaller size of a turbine when compared to a reciprocating engine having an equivalent power, although the fuel costs are higher than a diesel engine because steam turbines have lower thermal efficiency. To reduce fuel costs the thermal efficiency of both types of engine have been improved over the years. Today, propulsion steam turbine cycle efficiencies have yet to break 50%, yet diesel engines routinely exceed 50%, especially in marine applications. Diesel power plants also have lower operating costs since fewer operators are required. Thus, conventional steam power is used in very few new ships. An exception is LNG carriers which often find it more economical to use boil-off gas with a steam turbine than to re-liquify it.
Nuclear-powered ships and submarines use a nuclear reactor to create steam for turbines. Nuclear power is often chosen where diesel power would be impractical (as in submarine applications) or the logistics of refuelling pose significant problems (for example, icebreakers). It has been estimated that the reactor fuel for the Royal Navy's Vanguard-class submarines is sufficient to last 40 circumnavigations of the globe – potentially sufficient for the vessel's entire service life. Nuclear propulsion has only been applied to a very few commercial vessels due to the expense of maintenance and the regulatory controls required on nuclear systems and fuel cycles.
The development of steam turbine marine propulsion from 1894-1935 was dominated by the need to reconcile the high efficient speed of the turbine with the low efficient speed (less than 300 rpm) of the ship's propeller at an overall cost competitive with reciprocating engines. In 1894, efficient reduction gears were not available for the high powers required by ships, so direct drive was necessary. In Turbinia, which has direct drive to each propeller shaft, the efficient speed of the turbine was reduced after initial trials by directing the steam flow through all three direct drive turbines (one on each shaft) in series, probably totaling around 200 turbine stages operating in series. Also, there were three propellers on each shaft for operation at high speeds. The high shaft speeds of the era are represented by one of the first US turbine-powered destroyers, USS Smith, launched in 1909, which had direct drive turbines and whose three shafts turned at 724 rpm at 28.35 knots. The use of turbines in several casings exhausting steam to each other in series became standard in most subsequent marine propulsion applications, and is a form of cross-compounding. The first turbine was called the high pressure (HP) turbine, the last turbine was the low pressure (LP) turbine, and any turbine in between was an intermediate pressure (IP) turbine. A much later arrangement than Turbinia can be seen on RMS Queen Mary in Long Beach, California, launched in 1934, in which each shaft is powered by four turbines in series connected to the ends of the two input shafts of a single-reduction gearbox. They are the HP, 1st IP, 2nd IP, and LP turbines.
The quest for economy was even more important when cruising speeds were considered. Cruising speed is roughly 50% of a warship's maximum speed and 20-25% of its maximum power level. This would be a speed used on long voyages when fuel economy is desired. Although this brought the propeller speeds down to an efficient range, turbine efficiency was greatly reduced, and early turbine ships had poor cruising ranges. A solution that proved useful through most of the steam turbine propulsion era was the cruising turbine. This was an extra turbine to add even more stages, at first attached directly to one or more shafts, exhausting to a stage partway along the HP turbine, and not used at high speeds. As reduction gears became available around 1911, some ships, notably the battleship USS Nevada, had them on cruising turbines while retaining direct drive main turbines. Reduction gears allowed turbines to operate in their efficient range at a much higher speed than the shaft, but were expensive to manufacture.
Cruising turbines competed at first with reciprocating engines for fuel economy. An example of the retention of reciprocating engines on fast ships was the famous RMS Titanic of 1911, which along with her sisters RMS Olympic and HMHS Britannic had triple-expansion engines on the two outboard shafts, both exhausting to an LP turbine on the center shaft. After adopting turbines with the Delaware-class battleships launched in 1909, the United States Navy reverted to reciprocating machinery on the New York-class battleships of 1912, then went back to turbines on Nevada in 1914. The lingering fondness for reciprocating machinery was because the US Navy had no plans for capital ships exceeding 21 knots until after World War I, so top speed was less important than economical cruising. The United States had acquired the Philippines and Hawaii as territories in 1898, and lacked the British Royal Navy's worldwide network of coaling stations. Thus, the US Navy in 1900-1940 had the greatest need of any nation for fuel economy, especially as the prospect of war with Japan arose following World War I. This need was compounded by the US not launching any cruisers 1908-1920, so destroyers were required to perform long-range missions usually assigned to cruisers. So, various cruising solutions were fitted on US destroyers launched 1908-1916. These included small reciprocating engines and geared or ungeared cruising turbines on one or two shafts. However, once fully geared turbines proved economical in initial cost and fuel they were rapidly adopted, with cruising turbines also included on most ships. Beginning in 1915 all new Royal Navy destroyers had fully geared turbines, and the United States followed in 1917.
In the Royal Navy, speed was a priority until the Battle of Jutland in mid-1916 showed that in the battlecruisers too much armour had been sacrificed in its pursuit. The British used exclusively turbine-powered warships from 1906. Because they recognized that a significant cruising range would be desirable given their world-wide empire, some warships, notably the Queen Elizabeth-class battleships, were fitted with cruising turbines from 1912 onwards following earlier experimental installations.
In the US Navy, the Mahan-class destroyers, launched 1935-36, introduced double-reduction gearing. This further increased the turbine speed above the shaft speed, allowing smaller turbines than single-reduction gearing. Steam pressures and temperatures were also increasing progressively, from 300 psi/425 F (2.07 MPa/218 C)(saturation temperature) on the World War I-era Wickes class to 615 psi/850 F (4.25 MPa/454 C) superheated steam on some World War II Fletcher-class destroyers and later ships. A standard configuration emerged of an axial-flow high pressure turbine (sometimes with a cruising turbine attached) and a double-axial-flow low pressure turbine connected to a double-reduction gearbox. This arrangement continued throughout the steam era in the US Navy and was also used in some Royal Navy designs. Machinery of this configuration can be seen on many preserved World War II-era warships in several countries. When US Navy warship construction resumed in the early 1950s, most surface combatants and aircraft carriers used 1,200 psi/950 F (8.28 MPa/510 C) steam. This continued until the end of the US Navy steam-powered warship era with the Knox-class frigates of the early 1970s. Amphibious and auxiliary ships continued to use 600 psi (4.14 MPa) steam post-World War II, with USS Iwo Jima, launched in 2001, possibly the last non-nuclear steam-powered ship built for the US Navy.
Turbo-electric drive was introduced on the battleship USS New Mexico, launched in 1917. Over the next eight years the US Navy launched five additional turbo-electric-powered battleships and two aircraft carriers (initially ordered as Lexington-class battlecruisers). Ten more turbo-electric capital ships were planned, but cancelled due to the limits imposed by the Washington Naval Treaty. Although New Mexico was refitted with geared turbines in a 1931-33 refit, the remaining turbo-electric ships retained the system throughout their careers. This system used two large steam turbine generators to drive an electric motor on each of four shafts. The system was less costly initially than reduction gears and made the ships more maneuverable in port, with the shafts able to reverse rapidly and deliver more reverse power than with most geared systems. Some ocean liners were also built with turbo-electric drive, as were some troop transports and mass-production destroyer escorts in World War II. However, when the US designed the "treaty cruisers", beginning with USS Pensacola launched in 1927, geared turbines were used for all fast steam-powered ships thereafter.
Since the 1980s, steam turbines have been replaced by gas turbines on fast ships and by diesel engines on other ships; exceptions are nuclear-powered ships and submarines and LNG carriers. In the U.S. Navy, the conventionally powered steam turbine is still in use on all but one of the Wasp-class amphibious assault ships. The U.S. Navy also operates steam turbines on their nuclear powered Nimitz-class and Ford-class aircraft carriers along with all of their nuclear submarines (Ohio-,Los Angeles-, Seawolf-, and Virginia-classes). The Royal Navy decommissioned its last conventional steam-powered Leander-class frigate in 1993, also converting its sole Type 82 destroyer, HMS Bristol, into a training ship that same year. In 2013, the French Navy ended its steam era with the decommissioning of its last Tourville-class frigate.
Of the remaining blue-water navies, the Russian and Chinese navies currently operate steam-powered Kuznetsov-class aircraft carriers and Sovremenny-class destroyers, with China also operating steam-powered Luda-class destroyers. The Indian Navy currently operates two conventional steam-powered carriers, INS Viraat, a former British Centaur-class aircraft carrier (to be decommissioned in 2016), and INS Vikramaditya, a modified Kiev-class aircraft carrier; it also operates three Brahmaputra-class frigates commissioned in the early 2000s and two Godavari-class frigates currently in the process of being decommissioned. The JDS Kurama, the last steam-powered JMSDF Shirane-class destroyer, will be decommissioned and replaced in 2017. Most other naval forces either retired or re-engined their steam-powered warships by 2010; as of 2015, the Brazilian Navy operates São Paulo, a former French Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier, while the Mexican Navy currently operates four former U.S. Knox-class frigates and two former U.S. Bronstein-class frigates. The Peruvian Navy currently operates the former Dutch De Zeven Provinciën-class cruiser BAP Almirante Grau; the Ecuadorian Navy currently operates two modified Leander-class frigates.
A steam turbine locomotive engine is a steam locomotive driven by a steam turbine.
The main advantages of a steam turbine locomotive are better rotational balance and reduced hammer blow on the track. However, a disadvantage is less flexible output power so that turbine locomotives were best suited for long-haul operations at a constant output power.
The first steam turbine rail locomotive was built in 1908 for the Officine Meccaniche Miani Silvestri Grodona Comi, Milan, Italy. In 1924 Krupp built the steam turbine locomotive T18 001, operational in 1929, for Deutsche Reichsbahn.
British, German, other national and international test codes are used to standardize the procedures and definitions used to test steam turbines. Selection of the test code to be used is an agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer, and has some significance to the design of the turbine and associated systems. In the United States, ASME has produced several performance test codes on steam turbines. These include ASME PTC 6-2004, Steam Turbines, ASME PTC 6.2-2011, Steam Turbines in Combined Cycles, PTC 6S-1988, Procedures for Routine Performance Test of Steam Turbines. These ASME performance test codes have gained international recognition and acceptance for testing steam turbines. The single most important and differentiating characteristic of ASME performance test codes, including PTC 6, is that the test uncertainty of the measurement indicates the quality of the test and is not to be used as a commercial tolerance.
↑ A Stodola (1927) Steam and Gas Trubines. McGraw-Hill.
↑ Friedman, Norman, "US Destroyers, an Illustrated Design History, Revised Edition, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis: 2004, p. 23-24.
↑ Bowie, David, "Cruising Turbines of the Y-100 Naval Propulsion Machinery"
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steam turbines.
This page was last modified on 9 January 2016, at 16:06. | 2019-04-19T06:25:12Z | http://www.infogalactic.com/info/Steam_turbine |
EDWARD F. BROWN & another vs. BOSTON AND MAINE RAILROAD & others.
Public Service Commission. Boston and Maine Railroad. Practice, Civil, Brief before full court. Corporation, Ultra vires. Constitutional Law.
the consolidation of the railroad companies constituting the Boston and Maine Railroad system and the reorganization of that system under Spec. St. 1915, c. 380, as extended by Spec. St. 1917, c. 323.
Where the plaintiffs in their brief in a suit in equity to review an order of the public service commission in regard to a consolidation of railroad companies and the reorganization of a railroad system declined to discuss the validity of an "alleged debt" of $13,306,000, which was to be paid under the plan of reorganization, further than to restate their previous contentions, and the record disclosed evidence sufficient to determine the validity of this indebtedness, it was held that this equivocal position of the plaintiffs was not to be treated as an admission or a waiver, and the court proceeded to decide the question.
On a bill in equity under St. 1913, c. 784, § 27, by minority stockholders of the Boston and Maine Railroad to review an order of the public service commission approving the agreement for the consolidation of the Boston and Maine Railroad system and the plan for the reorganization of that system, it appeared that the notes constituting the unfunded debt of the Boston and Maine Railroad outstanding on March 31, 1915, to be paid or funded under the provisions of Spec. St. 1915, c. 380, § 7, amounting to $13,306,000, all were authorized by votes of the directors, that all were sold for cash, that the proceeds all went into the treasury of the company and that no valid defence to any of the notes was shown, and it was held that the debt was a valid one.
In St. 1898, c. 194, authorizing the Boston and Maine Railroad to purchase the shares of any railroad corporation whose road is leased to or operated by it, or of which it owns a majority of the capital stock, the means provided in § 2 of that statute for purchasing such shares by the issuing and sale of its own capital stock is not exclusive of other methods of purchase, and the money for the purchase may be provided by the sale of notes of the company.
Even assuming that the purchase by the Boston and Maine Railroad of shares in its leased and subsidiary lines by means of the sale of notes was ultra vires, it could be and was ratified by subsequent legislation.
Sections 2 and 6 of Spec. St. 1915, c. 380, giving the public service commission authority to approve certain acts of the Boston and Maine Railroad after notice and hearing, lawfully confer upon the commission administrative powers and quasi judicial functions.
The provisions of Spec. St. 1915, c. 380, deal with a situation peculiar to the Boston and Maine Railroad and its leased lines, no other railroad corporation being similarly situated, and in no way violate the constitutional provisions requiring equal laws.
The approval, in the order of the public service commission above referred to, of the issue by the Boston and Maine Railroad, upon vote of two thirds in interest of the common stock of that corporation, at any time before January 1, 1924, of one hundred and twenty thousand shares of first preferred stock at the par value of $12,000,000 for the purpose of paying an equal amount at par of bonds issued under the reorganization plan for the payment of the floating indebtedness, was held to be valid under the circumstances shown.
Railroad, and it was held that the directors of the holding company were authorized to vote on the stock.
In the same case it was held that the delegation by the directors of the holding company of the casting of the vote to two of their number was proper, voting by proxy being authorized by St. 1906, c. 463, Part II, § 37.
In the same case it was held that, the Boston and Maine Railroad being a Massachusetts corporation, voting by proxy at a meeting of its stockholders held here in accordance with Massachusetts laws was binding upon the corporation, even if it should be assumed that the law of New Hampshire, under the laws of which State the Boston and Maine Railroad also was incorporated, did not allow voting by proxy.
BILL IN EQUITY , filed in the Supreme Judicial Court on May 1, 1919, by two minority stockholders of the Boston and Maine Railroad under St. 1913, c. 784, § 27, to review, annul, modify or amend an order of the public service commission of March 25, 1919, approving an agreement dated November 26, 1918, for the consolidation of the railroad companies constituting the Boston and Maine Railroad system and a plan for the reorganization of that system under Spec. St. 1915, c. 380, as extended by Spec. St. 1917, c. 323.
The case was heard by Braley, J., who made a final decree that the bill be dismissed. The plaintiffs appealed.
The decree appointing the trustees of the stock of the Boston Railroad Holding Company, referred to in the opinion, was made by the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York on October 17, 1914.
C. W. Crooker, (E. F. Dwelley with him,) for the plaintiffs.
G. L. Mayberry, (L. R. Chamberlain with him,) for the defendant railroad corporations.
B. E. Eames & W. C. Rice, representing certain holders of notes of the Boston and Maine Railroad, were given leave to file a brief as amici curiae.
a reorganization of the Boston and Maine Railroad and a consolidation by it with its numerous subsidiary and leased railroads. In assumed pursuance of the special act, the presidents and a majority of the directors of each of the defendant railroads, acting for the respective railroads but subject to the consent of the stockholders of the several railroad corporations and to the approval of public authorities of the different States having jurisdiction, entered into an agreement for consolidation of the several railroads into a single corporation. Votes of the stockholders of the several corporations were passed purporting to approve the agreement of consolidation by large majorities. The several corporations then petitioned the public service commission to issue orders and certificates necessary to enable them to carry into effect the agreement for consolidation. Hearings were had and thereafter the public service commission made a report of its findings of fact and issued orders and certificates approving the agreement for consolidation and enabling it to be consummated substantially in accordance with the prayers of the petition.
1. The defendants question the jurisdiction of this court to consider the bill on the ground that the provisions of St. 1913, c. 784, § 27, authorizing proceedings in general for the correction of errors of law in any ruling or decision of the public service commission, are not applicable under the special act. The revision by this court of the orders and rulings of the public service commission, provided for by § 27, relates only to such as are unlawful and then "to the extent only of such unlawfulness." A careful study of the special act reveals no provision which either expressly or by fair implication exempts the public service commission in the performance of the duties thereby imposed upon it from the supervisory control of the court established by § 27. It is not consonant with the main design of the general law or of the special act that unlawful acts committed by the public service commission in respect of this consolidation should go unredressed by the speedy and direct method ordinarily applicable to its rulings and orders.
acts of the year nineteen hundred and thirteen, and of any acts in addition thereto or in amendment thereof, for the purpose of paying or funding its unfunded debt outstanding on the thirty-first day of March in the year nineteen hundred and fifteen, and any debt of any of its subsidiary companies outstanding on such date which it may lawfully assume under the provisions of this act in connection with the purchase of the properties and franchises of or consolidation with such subsidiary companies, which debts, for the purpose of such finding, shall be deemed to be debts properly incurred for lawful purposes under the statutes of this Commonwealth." In § 4, after authorization of the issue of new stock of the reorganized corporation, there is a somewhat similar provision to the effect that "The proceeds of such stock so issued may be applied to the payment of the unfunded debt of the corporation outstanding on the thirty-first day of March in the year nineteen hundred and fifteen, including any indebtedness of any subsidiary company outstanding on said date which said corporation may lawfully assume under the provisions of this act, which debts for the purpose of such payment shall be deemed to be debts properly incurred for lawful purposes under the statutes of this Commonwealth." It appears from the record that these provisions of the special act refer to and include an indebtedness of the Boston and Maine Railroad amounting to $13,306,000 and to indebtedness of subsidiary companies aggregating several millions of dollars.
ground upon which to rest an argument as to the unconstitutionality of the statute has slipped away so far as concerns this debt.
If it be conceded that the debt of $13,306,000 of the Boston and Maine Railroad which is to be refunded is valid, nothing remains to the plaintiffs worthy to be dignified as a constitutional question concerning deprivation of property without due process of law or denial of equal protection of the laws. It needs no discussion to prove the power of the Legislature to authorize a public service corporation in such financial straits as the Boston and Maine Railroad has been, acting through a majority vote of its stockholders, to refund its valid indebtedness in the manner authorized by the special act against the protest of minority stockholders so far as relates to deprivation of their property without due process of law or denial to them of the equal protection of the laws.
It is not clear, however, that the plaintiffs intend to make such a sweeping admission. A mere declination to discuss the validity of the indebtedness, without admission of its validity for the purposes of this case, cannot compel the court to rest its decision upon constitutional grounds based upon assumption of the invalidity of the debt, when the record discloses enough to determine its validity for the purposes of this proceeding. A statement of desire not to argue propositions "further than to plainly restate them" may be regarded as not a satisfactory waiver and not intended as such. A complete and plain statement of a contention often is a cogent argument in its support.
If there were ground for the contention that the order of the public service commission authorized the inclusion of so large a sum as $13,306,000 unlawfully in the capitalization of a public service corporation, we should hesitate long before passing it over in a proceeding like the present even upon waiver of the point by a party. It would be a gross perversion of the idea of public supervision of capitalization of corporations to permit such an over-capitalization, or capitalization of illegal claims in the nature of debts upon which rates must be permitted to enable a fair return as upon capital honestly invested.
that the rights of persons in interest not parties hereto cannot be precluded.
4. The finding of the public service commission was that there were outstanding notes of the Boston and Maine Railroad to the amount of $13,306,000, and that this fact was not disputed. The record confirms the truth of this finding. The commission permitted the counsel for the plaintiffs to introduce any competent evidence of any facts which tended to show that any of the notes were not enforceable obligations of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The commission found, however, that in every instance the issue of the notes was authorized by vote of the directors, that the notes were all sold for cash, that the proceeds all went into the treasury of the company and that no valid defence to any of the notes was disclosed. Assuming that a considerable portion of these proceeds afterwards was used to purchase stock of the Worcester, Nashua and Rochester Railroad Company and the Maine Central Railroad Company, the commission further found that there was nothing in such use which affected the liability of the Boston and Maine Railroad on the notes.
end would naturally have been used. This construction is confirmed by practical considerations which need not be detailed at length and by reference to St. 1891, c. 308, which under restrictions authorized the acquisition by the Boston and Maine Railroad of the franchises and property of its lessee and subsidiary companies and recognized as valid its ownership of the capital stock of some of them. See, for example, Sts. 1888, c. 250; 1890, c. 185.
Unless restricted by some provision of law, a railroad corporation has authority to incur debts for lawful purposes. To that end it may borrow money and give its notes therefor. Commonwealth v. Smith, 10 Allen 448, 455. Railroad Co. v. Howard, 7 Wall. 392, 412, 413. See R. L. c. 109, § 24; Sts. 1906, c. 463, Part II, § 48; 1912, c. 725, Part II, § 5.
The result is that the debts of the Boston and Maine Railroad, amounting to $13,306,000, so far as concerns the special act and the authority of the public service commission thereunder, were valid. From this the conclusion is irresistible and indubitable that no question as to the constitutionality of the special act is reached or can arise founded upon any contention that the unfunded debt of $13,306,000 of the Boston and Maine Railroad is illegal. This decision rests upon this ground.
enforceable such debts although ultra vires at the time they were incurred. Such subsequent validation no more interferes with the vested constitutional rights of the stockholders than does a statute confirming the sale of a corporate franchise or the execution of a mortgage originally not authorized by law. Shaw v. Norfolk County Railroad, 5 Gray 162, 180. Graham v. Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad, 118 U. S. 161, 168-172.
There is no substance in the contention that a subsequent statute ratifying and confirming a debt of a corporation, incurred on sufficient consideration but ultra vires, is the taking of property rights of the stockholder without due process of law. Statutes validating contracts void or non-enforceable in their inception have been upheld in numerous instances on the ground that they effectuate the intent of the parties and prevent one from escaping payment for property which he has received. Hanscom v. Malden & Melrose Gas Light Co. 220 Mass. 1, and cases collected at page 8. Utter v. Franklin, 172 U. S. 416. Gross v. United States Mortgage Co. 108 U. S. 477. White Water Valley Canal Co. v. Vallette, 21 How. 414, 425, 426. Anderson v. Santa Anna, 116 U. S. 356, 363, 364. Ritchie v. Franklin County, 22 Wall. 67. Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden, 112 U. S. 261, 270, 272. Randall v. Kreiger, 23 Wall. 137,149. Watson v. Mercer, 8 Pet. 88.
6. This principle and these decisions effectually dispose also of the contention that it is the exercise of a judicial function by the Legislature to ratify and confirm and authorize the corporation to treat as legal its ultra vires debts. Wildes v. Vanvoorhis, 15 Gray 139. See In re Mayor & Aldermen of Northampton, 158 Mass. 299.
7. There is nothing in the suggestion that § 7 of the special act confers upon the public service commission power to decide a controversy concerning property without trial by jury.
8. There is no vested right in stockholders to subscribe for this issue of new stock. Attorney General v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 109 Mass. 99. See Gray v. Portland Bank, 3 Mass. 364. The issue of new stock may be upon such terms as is voted by the stockholders within the scope of legislative sanction. Hale v. Cheshire Railroad, 161 Mass. 443.
judicial functions. They are of a kind which have been exercised in this Commonwealth by this and other commissions of a kindred character for many years. They have been recognized too long as not violative of any constitutional provision now to be open to question. No authorities are cited by the plaintiffs in support of this contention and we believe none can be found. That these sections violate no provision of the Constitution is within the principle of many decisions. Mayor & Aldermen of Worcester v. Norwich & Worcester Railroad, 109 Mass. 103. See Selectmen of Norwood v. New York & New England Railroad, 161 Mass. 259; Providence & Worcester Railroad v. Norwich & Worcester Railroad, 138 Mass. 277; Weld v. Gas & Electric Light Commissioners, 197 Mass. 556; Commonwealth v. Hyde, 230 Mass. 6; Boston, petitioner, 221 Mass. 468; Childs v. Krey, 199 Mass. 352; Weston v. Railroad Commissioners, 205 Mass. 94; Holcombe v. Creamer, 231 Mass. 99, 111.
10. There is no foundation for an argument that the special act violates the constitutional provision requiring equal laws. This case presents a situation peculiar to the Boston and Maine Railroad and its leased lines. Special legislation was wholly appropriate under these circumstances. No other railroad corporation is similarly situated. For many years all legislation respecting railroads was by special act. Because certain general laws have been passed is no reason why in appropriate instances special acts may not still be enacted.
11. Manifestly it is lawful for the Legislature to provide in enacting a general plan for the consolidation of several railroads that an existing corporation, in this case the Boston and Maine Railroad, to which the others become joined, shall assume and pay or provide for the payment or refunding as its own of debts of other subsidiary companies as part consideration for the purchase of their property and franchises which otherwise under existing law it would be unlawful for the Boston and Maine Railroad to pay or to refund. There has been no serious question on this record concerning the validity of the debts of the several subsidiary railroad corporations, as against the original debtors, which under the special act may be and under the order of the public service commission are to be refunded by the Boston and Maine Railroad as reorganized.
12. The order of the public service commission approved the issue, upon vote of two thirds in interest of the common stock of the Boston and Maine Railroad at any time before January 1, 1924, of one hundred and twenty thousand shares of first preferred stock at a par of $12,000,000 for the purpose of paying an equal amount at par of bonds issued under the plan. This order was valid under the circumstances. The option to issue this stock rests with the majority vote of the common stockholders. It is not a right to demand stock vested in the bondholders. Section 7 of the special act expressly authorizes the issue of such stock, to pay its unfunded debt, without limit as to time. The present order and plan authorize issuance of the stock to pay bonds by which in the first instance the floating indebtedness is to be paid. There is nothing in Bulkeley v. New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad, 216 Mass. 432, at all at variance with this conclusion. In that case the general law was considered, while the case at bar rests upon a special act passed for the avowed purpose of establishing different rules to meet an extraordinary situation. In that case the option to demand stock rested with bondholders, whose interest inevitably would be to exercise their option only in the event that they could get stock of a railroad corporation by paying less than its real value and thus unduly increase capitalization. In the case at bar the option rests with those whose interest will lead them to get full value for the stock and not to increase the capitalization beyond that for which the corporation receives full return. The time within which the right may be exercised is not under these circumstances unreasonably long. The facts in that case were radically different from those in the case at bar.
13. There is nothing on this record to show that the meetings of the stockholders of the several corporations, at which the votes were passed approving the terms of the consolidation agreement, were not legally called and held. The finding of the public service commission is explicit. The burden is upon the plaintiffs to show that this finding is invalid. We find nothing on the record to support a reversal of this finding as illegal.
held a majority of the stock of the former corporation. No legal meeting of its stockholders could be held without this stock. St. 1906, c. 463, Part II, § 33. The decree of the federal court appointing trustees of the stock of the Boston Railroad Holding Company among other matters directed them to "exercise all the powers which owners of shares of the holding company are entitled to exercise, except the right to sell or otherwise dispose of them," to act in the election of directors in any corporation which it controls so as to assure efficient management in the interest of that corporation and to aid in facilitating a reorganization of the Boston and Maine Railroad. These powers involved a voting of the stock in order to effectuate the manifest design of the decree. The delegation by the directors of the holding company of two of their number to vote its stock in the Boston and Maine Railroad was proper. Voting by proxy was authorized. St. 1906, c. 463, Part II, § 37.
15. The Boston and Maine Railroad being a Massachusetts corporation, voting by proxy at a meeting of its stockholders held here in accordance with Massachusetts law was binding upon the corporation. Even if it be assumed that the law of New Hampshire, within which State the Boston and Maine Railroad also was incorporated, was different in respect of permitting voting by proxy at the meeting of the stockholders, a fact not clearly apparent upon this record, the stockholders' meeting held in Massachusetts and conducted according to its law was lawful. The meeting need not be repeated in New Hampshire, even if it be assumed that the law of that State was different in this particular and did not allow voting by proxy., Graham v. Boston, Hartford & Erie Railroad, 118 U. S. 161, 168, 169. Attorney General v. New York, New Haven, & Hartford Railroad, 198 Mass. 413, 420, 422.
16. For the same reasons the meetings of the other corporations chartered under Massachusetts laws and under the laws of other States were valid and binding because held here and in accordance with our laws.
All the questions argued by the plaintiffs have been considered. No further discussion is required. There is no merit in any of the plaintiffs' contentions. | 2019-04-19T08:25:45Z | http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/233/233mass502.html |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.