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What is the use of a vaccine? | A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. | Vaccines can be used to provide immunity to a specific disease or infection. It works by stimulating the body's immune system to be able to identify and destroy threat agents. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Torpedo Moscow must play two home matches behind closed doors because of the racist abuse aimed at Zenit St Petersburg forward Hulk in Sunday's Premier League match. 'Due to the offensive racial behaviour of the Torpedo fans towards Hulk we have fined the club 300,000 roubles (£3,342) and they will have to play two home league matches behind closed doors,' Russian Football Union disciplinary committee chief Artur Grigoryants told reporters on Wednesday. 'If there is a repeat of this racial abuse there will be an even stronger punishment next time.' Torpedo Moscow have been hit with a two-match stadium ban after their fans racially abused Hulk (right) Russian outfit Torpedo will have to play their next two matches behind closed doors following the incident . Brazil international Hulk, 28, scored the only goal for leaders Zenit in their 1-1 draw at fifth from bottom Torpedo. It is not the first time this season that Torpedo supporters have been punished for offensive behaviour. The club were sanctioned in September for racist chants directed at Dynamo Moscow's Christopher Samba, playing one match with part of their stadium closed. Torpedo supporters were also found guilty in November of aiming monkey chants at Rostov's black players which resulted in the club having to play three home fixtures with part of the stadium closed. Torpedo were made to play with part of their stadium closed for one match after fans aimed abuse at Christopher Samba back in September . Earlier on Wednesday, Premier League president Sergei Pryadkin vowed to hit offenders hard. 'This is not the main problem facing us but racism certainly is a problem,' said Pryadkin. 'In some countries where football is very well developed this problem occurs and racism happens every week. Even in England it is a problem. 'We will take responsibility for what has happened. Together with the Russian Football Union and the Sports Ministry we will work to cut out this problem,' added Pryadkin. 'We have a lot of different nationalities in our country, no other country in the world has as many, but every club unfortunately has its undesirable elements. Only tough measures will help to overcome the problem of racism.' | Zenit forward Hulk was racially abused during match against Torpedo . Torpedo have been hit with a £3,342 fine and two-match stadium ban . Russian Premier League president Sergei Pryadkin vowed to take action . |
Give a single-sentence explanation of this paragraph without quoting from the text. | The type of soil would make a difference to the design of the motte, as clay soils could support a steeper motte, whilst sandier soils meant that a motte would need a more gentle incline. Where available, layers of different sorts of earth, such as clay, gravel and chalk, would be used alternatively to build in strength to the design. Layers of turf could also be added to stabilise the motte as it was built up, or a core of stones placed as the heart of the structure to provide strength. Similar issues applied to the defensive ditches, where designers found that the wider the ditch was dug, the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be, making it more defensive. Although militarily a motte was, as Norman Pounds describes it, "almost indestructible", they required frequent maintenance. Soil wash was a problem, particularly with steeper mounds, and mottes could be clad with wood or stone slabs to protect them. Over time, some mottes suffered from subsidence or damage from flooding, requiring repairs and stabilisation work. | Soil type and composition play a significant role in the kind of mound that can be built to support a motte and the maintenance required to upkeep it. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | All-rounder Chris Jordan has admitted his England team-mates have been left 'gutted' by their early World Cup exit. England have lost four of their five games, and have rarely been competitive, with Monday's 15-run defeat to Bangladesh sending them crashing out at the group stage. 'Everyone is gutted. Gutted for the fans that came over and the fans at home watching,' Jordan said. 'There was probably a bit of anger inside some people (in the dressing room after the game), thinking about every single moment in the game that could have affected it - could they have done something different? That's only natural.' England captain Eoin Morgan (left) talks to coach Peter Moores during Wednesday's nets session . England players huddle around Moores as they come in for fierce criticism for their World Cup performances . So premature has been England's demise that their hopes of qualification have ended even before their final group game against Afghanistan in Sydney on Friday. The match looms as a potential banana skin for a team low on confidence and who know that a long plane journey home will follow where the recriminations have already begun. 'Because of that result you want to get back on the horse quite quickly and try to put in a performance that rectifies what we did the other night,' Jordan said. 'That's the only way to deal with it at the minute. 'Friday is just an opportunity first of all to put that right and just put in a good performance for England.' England will be without all-rounders Chris Woakes and Moeen Ali after they were ruled out with injuries suffered against Bangladesh. Woakes left the Adelaide Oval with a protective boot on his left foot after first feeling the problem as he hit an unbeaten 42. Moeen suffered his problem while bowling and while he was able to continue on he will not play in Sydney. 'Scans (on Wednesday) revealed Chris Woakes has a left third metatarsal stress reaction and Moeen Ali has a left sided abdominal strain,' an England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) spokeswoman said. Moores throws down a ball during the nets session ahead of England's final game against Afghanistan . Chris Jordan was downbeat as he addressed the media the day after England's defeat by Bangladesh . 'Both players have been ruled out of the match against Afghanistan on Friday and will be reassessed when the team returns to the UK.' England are due to name their squad for the Test tour of the Caribbean on Tuesday and both players could now be in some doubt. That would come as a blow to coach Peter Moores, who will hope to take a full-strength to the West Indies as pressure mounts on his job following the World Cup debacle. ECB managing director Paul Downton has already confirmed a major review will be conducted into England's failings Down Under and he himself has come under some pressure to keep his job, while senior players such as James Anderson, Stuart Broad and Ian Bell might have reason to feel uneasy with suggestions England's embarrassment may prompt a clear-out for younger players. Jordan is the type of player who might expect to be immune to such a cull and the 26-year-old admits he intends to use the pain of his first World Cup to make sure England do not repeat the same mistakes when they host the tournament in four years' time. 'We've had a few lows and you can only draw on these experiences in the future to make you stronger and to motivate you to get up every morning, to get your body in order and get your game in order,' he said. 'If I'm still around in four years' time hopefully I'll be somewhere close to the finished article and making sure days like the other day don't happen again.' Jordan dismissed suggestions that major changes now need to be made if England are to catch up with the best sides in the world. 'I don't think so. There's loads of talent not just in that dressing room but in the whole of England,' he said. England vice captain Jos Buttler looks dejected as he leaves the field after England's latest reversal . Takin Ahmed of Bangladesh celebrates after taking the wicket of James Taylor . Bangladesh celebrate their victory over England to compound Peter Moores' side's misery . 'We've beaten some good teams in the past and we will beat good teams in the future. I don't think there needs to be wholesale changes. 'I can't put my finger on what exactly went wrong but hopefully in the future it won't happen again and we can put that right.' The Sussex all-rounder was also supportive of Moores, who has already been given backing from Downton to remain in charge ahead of the Test tour of the Caribbean next month. 'Pete has done a brilliant job,' he said. 'He comes in with enthusiasm every day and gets the boys up for training, gets the boys up for games. It's just a bit disappointing that us as players didn't put in the performance we should have done. That's all I can say really.' England will play their first-ever one-day international against Afghanistan, who did not have a national team until 2001. The Asian nation's rapid rise has been one of the feel-good stories of this World Cup and, after securing a maiden win at the tournament in a thrilling contest against Scotland, they will bid to finish their campaign by knocking over England. 'They don't have anything to lose,' Jordan said. 'We have footage on every single player. It's not a game we will be taking lightly at all. We will be preparing thoroughly and looking for weaknesses to attack them.' Bell also missed England's training session on Wednesday, but is expected to be fit to play after falling on a ball while fielding in Adelaide. | England crashed out of World Cup after fourth defeat in five matches . Their fate was sealed after losing to Bangladesh by 15 runs on Monday . All-rounder Chris Jordan admitted the team have been left 'gutted' England complete their campaign against Afghanistan on Friday . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Victor Razumov Jr., who stands accused of murder, gouged out both of his eyes in prison in December . A man accused of murdering an elderly widow in her home during a robbery has gouged out both of his eyes in separate incidents in prison, it has emerged. Victor Razumov Jr.'s horrific injuries were revealed as it emerged he will receive a competency hearing due to the two incidents in New Jersey State Prison in Trenton last December. 'He was transported to Trenton State Prison where he apparently, according to the guards, put his own eye out and was brought to Jefferson Hospital in Philadelphia,' his attorney Robert Baer told the New Jersey Herald. 'Then he was brought back to Trenton State Prison and the next thing you know, he was back in the hospital and they're having to take his other eye out. Now he is completely blind.' It is not clear how Razumov gouged out his eyes. Baer said he is still waiting for further information as to what exactly happened. He will now undergo a hearing to determine if he's fit to stand trial, NJ.com reported. A status conference on the case is scheduled for May 30, his attorney said. Razumov was 18 when he was charged with murder for allegedly stabbing Virginia 'Suzy' Sommer, 73, to death during a robbery at her Wantage home in November 2012. Police tracked him down several days later after they found some of her stolen jewelry at local pawn shops. Locked up: Razumov, who had been transferred to a state psychiatric hospital after his November 2012 arrest, took out both of his eyes while behind bars at New Jersey State Prison, pictured . Among his multiple charges, he faces counts of stealing jewelry, selling stolen jewelry and tampering with a probation receipt by eating it, the New Jersey Herald reported. Razumov was a senior at High Point Regional High School at the time. His older brother, Alexey Razumov, was also charged in the crime after allegedly driving his younger brother to the pawn shops. He was charged with third-degree conspiring to deal in stolen property and third-degree conspiring to receive stolen property. After Victor Razumov was arrested, he was transferred to a state psychiatric hospital and placed under suicide watch, authorities said. It is not clear if he remained under suicide watch at the time of the eye-gouging incidents. Sommer, a retired nurse who lived about half a mile from Razumov, was found by a family friend who had been unable to reach her on the phone. She had been stabbed several times. Scene: Virginia Sommer, known to her friends as Suzy, was found stabbed to death inside this home where she lived alone after her husband passed away. Her jewelry was stolen and turned up in a pawn shop . Police said there were no signs of forced entry and that nothing was out of place, and only the jewelry appeared to be missing. She left behind her three children, seven grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Her late husband, Bob, had served as mayor of Lafayette. 'She was intelligent and she had a good sense of humor and she'd tell it like it is, you know a hard worker,' her friend Marie Flaumenbaum, 82, told the Sparta Independent after the murder. 'She was a wonderful person. She didn't deserve this.' | Victor Razumov Jr. gouged out his eyes in two separate incidents in Trenton State Prison, New Jersey in December, his attorney has said . He will now undergo a competency hearing to see if he can stand trial . He is accused of stabbing Virginia Sommer to death inside her Wantage home in November 2012 and then selling her stolen jewelry . After his arrest several days later, he was transferred to a state psychiatric hospital and placed under suicide watch . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Outside of Israeli politics, Isaac Herzog is not a well-known name. That may change on March 17, when Israelis head to the polls for election day. In the final round of polling before the elections, Herzog's Zionist Union party is in the lead, holding a four-seat edge over Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's Likud party. "I believe in a certain type of leadership that is not always customary in this region. I'm not a general. I don't give orders. I know how to work together," he says. Throughout the campaign, Herzog has been seen as an underdog, lacking the charisma and the English fluency of Netanyahu. Herzog says that doesn't bother him at all. "I have always suffered from a certain underestimation," Herzog said, "and I have always surprised." He promised, "I will surprise again, and I will show my leadership and stamina." Herzog began his political career in 2003, when he first won a seat in the Knesset with the Labor Party. He held a variety of ministerial positions, including minister of housing and construction, minister of tourism, and minister of welfare and social services, before becoming leader of the Labor Party in 2013. In those elections, he also became the leader of the opposition, as Benjamin Netanyahu won another term as prime minister. But when Netanyahu called for early elections in 2014, Herzog pegged his bid for the premiership on social reform. "What I run for is social justice. I will change the nature of the division of wealth in a fair and more balanced way, close inequality and give a sense of purpose to the people here in the workplace, in the housing, and in the cost of living," promised Herzog. Before the election, the issue of a nuclear Iran garnered international headlines as it further aggravated tense relations between the White House and Netanyahu. Herzog, in a speech almost immediately after Netanyahu's address to Congress, promised to work with the United States and European powers, not against, to ensure the safety of Israel. He echoed that sentiment in an interview with CNN's Elise Labott. "A nuclear-armed Iran is dangerous to world peace, is dangerous to our region, is dangerous to Israel. As leader of Israel, I will never accept a nuclear-armed Iran. Never. And all options are on the table." In these elections, negotiations with the Palestinians haven't been one of the major issues, but Herzog promised to restart the stalled peace talks with the Palestinian Authority. "I will do my best to ignite a political process with our Palestinian neighbors. ... Although I cannot promise 100% results, I promise 100% effort." Herzog comes from Israeli political royalty. His grandfather, Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, was the first chief rabbi of the state of Israel. His father, Chaim Herzog, was an Army general, an ambassador to the United Nations and the president of Israel. Herzog believes it is his destiny to be the next prime minister of Israel. "What I carry with me is a unique legacy, a family legacy, but most important, an experience that brings me to be able to lead our nation." | Polls show Isaac Herzog's Zionist Union party four seats ahead of Benjamin Netanyahu's party . Israeli parliamentary elections will be on March 17 . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Former Barcelona defender Eric Abidal has insisted Real Madrid's most important player is not Cristiano Ronaldo but Karim Benzema. Ronaldo has 30 goals in La Liga compared to Benzema's 13, but former France international Abidal reckons his compatriot is the more desirable player to have in a team. 'Benzema is the man I'd sign from Madrid if I were at Barca because for me he is Madrid's most important player right now,' Abidal told Gol TV. Eric Abidal has insisted Real Madrid's most important player is not Cristiano Ronaldo (pictured) Former Barcelona defender Abidal would rather have Karim Benzema (pictured) in his team . Real's Ronaldo, Gareth Bale and Benzema celebrate a goal during their La Liga match against Levante . 'If you take Benzema away from Real Madrid then they would continue scoring goals but not as many as they do with Karim in the team. 'He's a very complete player and other players [play] well in Madrid when Karim is there. 'So yes, if I have to sign one person it would be him, and not just because he is my friend and my compatriot but because of his qualities.' Abidal left Barcelona in 2013 and feels his former club will prove too strong for their Madrid rivals. He continued: 'I think it will finish 3-1 to Barca. I think Neymar, Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez will each score, though I'd like Javier Mascherano to get a goal for the club. 'Barca are doing much better than at the start of the season, when they struggled a little bit. Now, in 2015, everything's looking impressive and hopefully that continues until the end of the season.' Former Barcelona defender Abidal left Nou Camp in 2013 and has had his say ahead of El Clasico . | Real Madrid face Barcelona at the Nou Camp on Sunday in La Liga . Former Barcelona defender Eric Abidal has had his say on the match . Abidal feels Real's most important player is not Cristiano Ronaldo . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Les Ferdinand believes English football remains inherently racist, claiming John Terry was only saying what most people in the game think when he racially abused Ferdinand’s cousin, Anton, in 2011. Speaking to Sir Trevor Phillips as part of a Channel 4 documentary on race to be screened on Thursday, QPR’s director of football also claimed the fact that he has only once been offered a route into football management since retiring as a player did not reflect well on the game in this country either. But his views on the Terry controversy, which led to the Chelsea skipper being stripped of the England captaincy, banned for four matches and fined £220,000, are most damning. QPR director of football Les Ferdinand says that he believes English football remains inherently racist . Ferdinand claimed John Terry was saying what most people in the game think in his racial abuse incident . Ferdinand feels that football handled the situation ‘terribly’, even though the FA charged Terry with using ‘abusive and/or insulting words and/or behaviour’ which ‘included a reference to the ethnic origin and/or colour and/or race of Ferdinand’ less than a fortnight after Terry was acquitted in court. Asked by Phillips for his view on the Terry incident, Ferdinand said: ‘I suppose it was disbelief really, that the England captain would use language like that on a football field, or anywhere in fact.’ But it is when Phillips then asked Ferdinand for his view on ‘how the game handled it’ that the former England striker put the situation into a wider context. Terry and Anton Ferdinand clashed during QPR's win over Chelsea in 2012 and Terry was stripped of the England captaincy, fined £220,000 and given a four-match ban after being charged by the FA . Ferdinand feels that football handled the situation ‘terribly’ and that it could have been put to bed quicker . Weeks before the FA charge, Terry had been cleared of racial abuse at Westminster Magistrates' Court . ‘Terribly,’ he responded. ‘I think it’s a situation that could have been put to bed quite quickly. ‘And when you look at the game and the disproportion of black coaches in the game, maybe they’re not actually saying what John Terry said, but are they thinking it? Because I have to believe that.’ Phillips then asked Ferdinand how many times, in the 10 years since he stopped playing, he had been offered the opportunity to become a first-team coach. The QPR director of football says he has only been offered one first-team coaching job in 10 years . Ferdinand says he knows black players who would like to go into management but don't get opportunities . ‘Once,’ said Ferdinand. ‘Yeah once, when I came out of football I spoke to the then chairman of Bournemouth. ‘I know lots of players that I play with who’d love to go into coaching and management and they’ve done all the badges, but they just won’t get an opportunity. ‘We’ve been talking about this for 15 years now; the only difference is the venues seem to be getting better. When I first started doing it, it was in a little classroom, then we moved onto a hotel room, and now we’re at Parliament but the outcome’s still the same because we’ve not moved on.’ THINGS WE WON’T SAY ABOUT RACE THAT ARE TRUE, CHANNEL 4, THURSDAY, 9PM . | Les Ferdinand believes English football continues to be inherently racist . He claims John Terry only reflected people's thoughts in racism incident . Terry was stripped of England captaincy and got four game ban plus a fine . QPR director of football feels football handled the incident 'terribly' He feels there is a disproportionate number of black coaches in the game . Ferdinand has only been offered one first-team coaching role in 10 years . |
Who produced the song Polly? | The song was written by Sumney with American singer-songwriter Tom Gallo. Sumney also solely produced the track. | The song was written and produced by American singer-songwriter Moses Sumney. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Harry Kane scored 79 seconds in to his England debut and received the full viral treatment on Twitter. Tributes flooded in for the Tottenham striker, who notched up his 30th goal of the campaign, from various Premier League stars. Charlie Austin was a contender for a place in the England squad but he was happy to praise the 21-year-old. Kane's older brother also revealed his celebratory plans. Harry Kane is dubbed up as Superman by BBC Sporf as the Tottenham striker scored on his England debut . Soccer Memes posted a picture of Barack Obama after the Spurs striker made an immediate impact . Talking THFC mocked up a picture of England's 1966 win and has Kane lifting the World Cup . Twitter user Sonny posted a picture of Cristiano Ronaldo revealing a Kane shirt . QPR striker Charlie Austin praised Kane after he scored an early debut goal after just three touches . Newcastle forward Rolando Aarons lauded Kane's goalscoring abilities after he delivered for England . | Harry Kane made his England debut in a 4-0 win against Lithuania . Kane was substituted on 72 minutes into the European Qualifier . The Tottenham striker was praised by a number of Premier League stars . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Deep within the Amazonian rainforest of Ecuador live the Huaorani. Photographer Trupal Pandya traveled about 30 hours by air, water and land to reach this native community and take their portraits. The Huaorani, which means "the people" or "human beings," are believed to have inhabited the rainforest for thousands of years. Until about the 1960s, they never had any contact with the outside world. Pandya said there is a contrast between the modernization of the younger generation, who travel to areas outside of their community, and the older generation, who make efforts to maintain their traditional ways of living. Diverse changes have taken place within the community: the introduction of radios within many Huaorani homes, the consumption of food from cities and the adoption of Westernized clothing. For Pandya, these changes were a significant factor in his decision to photograph the Huaorani. "The biggest (reason) was to just go out there and photograph the change before everything changes," Pandya said. "I think if I would have (photographed the Huaorani) 10 years back down the line or a little later than that, I don't think I would have got what I just got." Another aspect of modernization has to do with language. Many Huaorani, who for years have only communicated using a regional dialect, now speak the Ecuadorian native language of Spanish. Pandya speaks English, so he needed translators to interact effectively. But it is apparent from his experiences with the Huaorani that actions can certainly not only speak louder than words, but be more effectual than words when attempting to convey one's intentions. "I never started photographing when I (first) saw (the Huaorani)," he said. "I didn't even have my camera. I waited to let them get used to me around them. I gave myself time to get a little easier around them. Even if you cannot talk in the same language, I feel that you definitely connect to them as a human being." Social media . Follow @CNNPhotos on Twitter to join the conversation about photography. Prior to creating formal portraits using his professional camera equipment and lighting, Pandya took Polaroid photos of the Huaorani that they were then able to keep. "I think some of them saw the Polaroid for the first time, so they were really happy to see themselves like that," Pandya said. For his formal portraits, Pandya placed his subjects in front of a solid white background in order to portray the Huaorani in a very direct and concise manner, eliminating the presence of any distractions. "The main reason was to have the focus only on the people and their clothes and nothing else but them as an individual, them as a human being," he said. Pandya's decision to use a white background also proved effective in highlighting the coexistence between the Huaorani and the different kinds of animals they encounter daily in their natural environment. Creating portraits of the Huaorani has been a "fascinating, challenging" experience for Pandya, who is studying photography in New York at the Fashion Institute of Technology. After witnessing firsthand the simplicity in which the Huaorani live in harmony with their environment, Pandya said he finds himself thinking about and reflecting upon what it truly means to be satisfied and content with life. "I think the question I ask myself is: 'Who's richer?' " he said. "(This has been) a really big learning curve of how to just live a very beautiful, normal life." Trupal Pandya is an Indian photographer studying at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York. You can follow him on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. | Photographer Trupal Pandya took portraits of the Huaorani people in Ecuador's rainforest . The community is beginning to modernize, but it still maintains its traditional ways of living . |
How did Frederic Hudson start working at the Herald? | Hudson was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1819, and attended the town school in Concord, Massachusetts. When he was 17, he moved to New York City, where his brothers had opened "Hudson's News Room". In 1836, he there met James Gordon Bennett Sr., who had founded the Herald in 1835, and soon went to work for him, becoming the third full-time employee of the paper. | While working at "Hudson's News Room" in 1836, Hudson met James Gordon Bennett Sr., who had founded the Herald just one year prior in 1835. The 17 year old Hudson went to work for the Herald shortly thereafter, becoming just the third full-time employee of the Herald. |
Was the USS Rachel Seaman built in the 20th century? | USS Rachel Seaman was a wooden schooner purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. | No, it was purchased during the American Civil War, so it was likely built in the 19th century. |
What is Southern Charm the TV Show? | Southern Charm is an American reality television series that premiered on Bravo on March 3, 2014. The series chronicles the personal and professional lives of several socialites who reside in Charleston, South Carolina.
The show focuses on the Southern culture, along with the political history of the area, and has featured local historical places including Lewisfield Plantation and Mikell House. The show gives viewers an inside look at modern day aristocracy in Charleston, South Carolina. | Southern Charm is a Bravo TV Show based in Charleston SC. They go to dinners, throw parties, fight with each other like any other reality TV show. Some of the known character on the show include Craig Conover, Shep Rose, Austen Kroll, Leva Bonaparte, Madison LeCroy, and Taylor-Ann Greene. |
Who is Phil Murphy? | Philip Dunton Murphy (born August 16, 1957) is an American financier, diplomat, and politician serving as the 56th governor of New Jersey since January 2018. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the United States ambassador to Germany from 2009 to 2013 under President Barack Obama. | Philip Dunton Murphy (born August 16, 1957) is an American financier, diplomat, and politician serving as the 56th governor of New Jersey since January 2018. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the United States ambassador to Germany from 2009 to 2013 under President Barack Obama.
Murphy had a 23-year career at Goldman Sachs, where he held several high-level positions and accumulated considerable wealth before retiring in 2006. He is involved in many civic organizations and philanthropic pursuits. He served as finance chairman for the Democratic National Committee in the mid-late 2000s under Howard Dean. In the Obama administration, Murphy served as the United States ambassador to Germany from 2009 to 2013, during which time he dealt with the international fallout from the United States diplomatic cables leak.
While planning to run for governor, Murphy and his wife Tammy Murphy launched New Start New Jersey, a progressive organization active from November 2014 to December 2017, intended to increase his political visibility in the state. He defeated then-Lieutenant Governor Kim Guadagno in the 2017 gubernatorial election with 56% of the vote. In December 2019, Murphy became the chairperson of the Democratic Governors Association, a position he held for a year. He was reelected in 2021, defeating Republican nominee Jack Ciattarelli with 51.2% of the vote, becoming the first Democratic governor of New Jersey to win a second term since Brendan Byrne in 1977. In July 2022, Murphy became the first National Governors Association chair from New Jersey. |
In what year did George Washington die and how old was he? | Washington's death came more swiftly than expected. On his deathbed, out of fear of being entombed alive, he instructed his private secretary Tobias Lear to wait three days before his burial. According to Lear, Washington died between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with Martha seated at the foot of his bed. His last words were "'Tis well", from his conversation with Lear about his burial. He was 67. | George Washington died in the year 1799 at the age of 67. |
What is the Krusty Krab? | The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It is famous for its signature burger, the Krabby Patty, the formula to which is a closely guarded trade secret. | The restaurant was founded by Eugene H. Krabs (often referred to as Mr. Krabs), who is also the owner and manager. SpongeBob SquarePants (who works as the fry cook) and Squidward Tentacles (the cashier) are the only full-time employees. The primary competitor to the Krusty Krab is the Chum Bucket across the street, which is operated by Plankton, a plankton and Karen, a waterproof supercomputer and Plankton's wife. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Raheem Sterling will be allowed to miss England's friendly with Italy as he struggles with a toe injury. England boss Roy Hodgson needs Sterling for the qualifier with Lithuania but has decided to allow the forward to skip the trip to Turin. Hodgson is already without Daniel Sturridge and Adam Lallana through injury and had hinted that more players would miss the Italy friendly. Raheem Sterling will be allowed to miss England friendly with Italy in Turin as he recovers from injury . Sterling has a problem with his toe and Roy Hodgson will give him permission to rest it next week . 'I fear we're going to lose a few more,' Hodgson told talkSPORT. 'I mean there's one or two that I know won't be able to join us against Italy because of the current problems that they're dealing with at the moment, so on this occasion in particular it won't be as strong a team as I maybe would have liked to put out.' Hodgson told talkSPORT on Tuesday that he fears he will have players added to his injury issues . Sterling has been playing constantly under Brendan Rodgers at Liverpool of late but is carrying an injury . | Roy Hodgson has said he expects to lose players ahead of Italy friendly . Raheem Sterling is one of the players who will be given time off . Sterling is recovering from a toe injury but can play against Lithuania . |
Extract the essential tools for a mini survival kit from the following Wikipedia article. | Mini survival kits or "Altoids" tin survival kits are small kits that contain a few basic survival tools. These kits often include a small compass, waterproof matches, minimum fishing tackle, large plastic bag, small candle, jigsaw blade, craft knife or scalpel blade, and/or a safety pin/s. Pre-packaged survival kits may also include instructions in survival techniques such as fire-starting or first aid methods. In addition, paracord can be wrapped around the tin. The paracord can be used for setting up an emergency shelter or snaring small animals. They are designed to fit within a container roughly the size of a mint tin. | Small compass, waterproof matches, minimum fishing tackle, large plastic bag, small candle, jigsaw blade, craft knife, and safety pins. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Once he had come round after emergency surgery, Ben Morgan asked the surgeon two pressing questions; would he ever play again and if so, could he make it back in time for the World Cup? Mercifully for the Gloucester and England No 8 – who had shattered his leg in a match against Saracens the previous night – the answer to both was 'yes'. But that was just the theory; the practice involves relentless determination and dedication, including endless hours in a hyperbaric chamber, where the 26-year-old is mastering the art of sketching while wearing an oxygen mask. No stone is left unturned in Morgan's quest to regain full fitness in time to be part of the national squad for the global gathering in September and October. There are no guarantees he will be ready, but despite the magnitude of his injury, the signs are good and he is infused with optimism. Ben Morgan is undergoing sessions in a hyperbaric chamber to speed up his recovery from a fractured leg . Morgan has been out of action since he injured his leg playing against Saracens in January . Morgan was named England's player of the series following his superb displays during the November Tests . He simply has to take part in the tournament, and help the hosts excel, because the final takes place on his mother's birthday and she would like her son to mark it in style! On January 9, Morgan was driving for the line during an Aviva Premiership match at Kingsholm when his season was crudely terminated. He heard the sounds of breaking bone, and when team-mates and opponents moved sharply away as he lay on the ground, he knew he was in real trouble. 'All I remember was that we had a scrum in the left-hand corner, I picked up the ball and went on a usual run,' he told Sportsmail. 'I got tackled by Jacques Burger and having looked back at the clips, I was able to see he wrapped his legs around my leg and I didn't really have anywhere to go. 'At the time, I didn't really know what the hell had happened and I just started yelping. I like to think I wouldn't make those noises unless it was serious! People moved out of the way pretty quickly and even though I wasn't in that much pain, I knew I had done something. Gloucester No 8 Morgan lines up London Welsh fly half Olly Barkley at the Kassam Stadium . 'I just didn't know how bad it was going to be, but I had an immediate realisation that I was going to be out for a while. When I got to the hospital, the staff were pretty guarded, but I got more of a sense of how bad things were when a few hours had passed.' A surgeon from Cheltenham came to the hospital in Gloucester to perform the operation during the night and when the anaesthetic wore off, Morgan sought to put his mind at rest about his predicament. 'When I'd come round, I fired loads of questions at the surgeon,' he said. 'The first thing was 'Is it a career-ender?'. I knew he couldn't be precise, but I needed a ball-park idea of how long I'd be out for and he told me six months.' The damaged leg contained a significant amount of precious metal; to help the healing process. He will have another operation next month to replace a pin with more flexible wire, but a plate will remain in place. Morgan has not yet had a chance to set off airport scanners, but he quipped: 'I'm made of Meccano – don't put any magnets near me!' Morgan is brought to ground by flanker Marcell Coetzee during England's loss to South Africa in November . His self-deprecating humour is part of a philosophical attitude towards the situation he is in. While a home World Cup would be a momentous career highlight, he refuses to agonise about whether his recovery happens fast enough, despite moving heaven and earth to make sure it does. A six-month rehabilitation period would mean Morgan is match-fit by July 10 and wouldn't need to miss any of the training camp which starts just before that red-letter date. But he said: 'If it takes longer, that's just how it is. 'The World Cup is the carrot, but I have to be realistic; if I don't make it, I don't make it. I'm not going to tear myself up about it. I'm doing everything I can to get back for it, but there are certain hurdles I have to clear. I'm quite relaxed about it. I'm pretty sure I'll be back. If I do end up going into the World Cup training camp, I'll be fresh. I'll be blowing out of my a**e, but I'll be fresh!' The recovery programme has conventional elements, with Morgan spending seven weeks in a cast and following up that initial stage with physiotherapy and weight-training at the club. But he is also employing cutting-edge methods to help his leg mend rapidly. Twice a day, four times a week, he spends 90 minutes in a hyperbaric chamber at an MS centre in Gloucester. Morgan makes another powerful ball carry against the Wallabies at Twickenham in November . 'The bulk of what I'm doing is oxygen therapy,' he said. 'I'm being pressurised, to simulate being 10 metres below sea level, and I'm breathing pure oxygen. The thinking is that it increases the red blood cells in your blood, which is brilliant for healing. 'I go in the morning, then go to train with Gloucester, get physio and do upper-body weights, then go back to the oxygen chamber. I'm in there for an hour-and-a-half.' To pass the time, Morgan's creative side is emerging, as he is filling up a large sketch-book with pencil drawings. The subjects are wide-ranging. Billy Vunipola regained the No 8 jersey in Morgan's absence and has started all three Six Nations games . 'I've drawn a few pictures; my dog, my nephew, a little Mickey Mouse, a turtle, a light-bulb,' he said. 'There's also a little lizard, a Ninja Turtle, an owl… I've just ordered some sketching pencils because it's difficult to get good shading with the ones I've been using. I'm stepping it up! 'I did a couple of bits and pieces at school. It's just a bit of fun, a way of passing the time. I'd be bored out of my brain if I wasn't doing something like the sketching.' Morgan was on a roll before his horror injury. He was named England's Player of the Series after the autumn campaign and had usurped Billy Vunipola to reclaim the No 8 shirt before his barnstorming progress was abruptly halted. In recent weeks, instead of being at the heart of the national team's RBS Six Nations campaign, he has been an observer. He will be at Twickenham next Saturday to watch against and is aiming to spend a day at the team hotel, while maintaining contact with the England coaches. Stuart Lancaster will dearly hope to have Morgan involved at the World Cup and the long-term casualty is confident he will be ready. Veteran Harlequins back rower Nick Easter has been another player to profit from Morgan's absence . He said: 'I feel really positive and, hopefully, that positive attitude will help my healing process. Some people get dragged down with really dark thoughts, but I'm staying upbeat. 'Getting back in time is the hardest battle, but then I have to get selected again, which is going to be a very tough task. Nick Easter has done well since coming back in, Billy is playing well too and I'm missing a block of games. Luckily, I ended on a bit of a high, but I'll have had six months out of rugby. Whether that is a good thing, because I'll be fresh, or will count against me, I don't know, but I'll do everything in my power to be there.' If he makes it, he will have a sketch-book full of souvenirs from his rehabilitation – and a chance to give his mum the ultimate birthday present. | Ben Morgan fractured his left leg playing for Gloucester in January . Morgan is targeting a comeback at the World Cup in September . The Gloucester No 8 is undergoing sessions in a hyperbaric chamber to speed up his recovery . Morgan was named England's player of the series following his superb displays during the November Tests . Billy Vunipola has reclaimed the England No 8 shirt in Morgan's absence . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Flight attendants often complain that their uniforms are itchy or too tight, but these outfits worn by staff on a flight in China may rank among the most comfortable ever. Cabin crew for Tianjin Airlines surprised passengers recently when they wore their pyjamas and dressing gowns instead of their usual uniforms on flights across the country. But the publicity stunt wasn’t intended for their own comfort. Scroll down for video . Tianjin Airlines flight attendants wore their pyjamas and onesies on flights across the country recently . The regional carrier, based in Tianjin in northern China, was promoting the benefits of a good night’s sleep by dressing its employees in their PJs and onesies. Organisers of the event said many physical and psychological problems can be cured by establishing proper sleep patterns. It appears to have worked, with passenger Tain Li, 35, telling local media: ‘I was getting onto the plane and there to show me to my seat was a beautiful girl in her night clothes. ‘I thought I must be dreaming. I think it worked though as I quickly fell asleep and got a few hours in, which is more than normal for me on a plane.’ The airline, based in Tianjin in northern China, was promoting the benefits of a good night's sleep . Flight attendants gave instructions on how to relax and meditate to help passengers fall asleep . Flight attendant Tao Chu, 27, said many passengers find it hard to sleep on planes, and they’ll often miss out on a whole night’s sleep. She added: ‘We gave them instructions in how to relax and meditate so they will be able to sleep, even on a plane on long flights. ‘It is very important to have the right number of hours sleep to you want stay healthy. It not only helps the body to heal and regenerate, but also helps us to work better and concentrate.’ | Flight attendants for Tianjin Airlines wore their pyjamas and onesies . The airline was promoting the benefits of a good night's sleep . It appears to have worked, with one passenger saying he fell asleep quickly . Flight attendants gave instructions on how to relax and meditate . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Ireland captain Will Porterfield accused the International Cricket Council of 'shutting doors in the face' of associate nations with their plans to reduce the 2019 World Cup to 10 teams. The 2015 World Cup in Australia and New Zealand featured 14 teams but the ICC are pressing ahead with plans to streamline the tournament in four years time, a move that Porterfield condemned. The Ireland captain suggested there was no point in associate nations continuing if the ICC decide to run a 'members only' club and make more money for the elite nations. The 30-year-old told BBC Radio 5 Live: 'It's frustrating when we keep doing everything that's asked of us by the ICC, and then they keep slapping you in the face with decisions like this. Ireland captain Will Porterfield blasted the ICC's decision to reduce the next World Cup to 10 teams . Ireland came close to reaching the quarter-finals of the World Cup and beat West Indies in the group stage . 'Cutting teams is not the way forward. It's only full members, pretty much, they're giving the opportunities to - it may as well be a members' cup, as opposed to a World Cup. 'It's a decision that not only I but a lot of other people completely disagree with. If you look at any other sport around the world, they're looking to expand and develop. The way the ICC are going, they don't seem to be doing that really. 'I think how we've done, and what we've shown over the last few years, merits a place at the World Cup. But the ICC just seem to be shutting doors in your face really. 'It's almost getting to the stage of "What's the point?" for a lot of the teams. If you keep closing the door, they can't get on to the world stage. Kevin O'Brien's century helped Ireland stun England at the 2011 World Cup in Bangalore, India . 'I'd like to know what Dave Richardson's (ICC chief executive) vision for the game is. It's not just Ireland here - we're talking about a global game. 'This is the International Cricket Council. If his vision for the game is to shrink it and make as much money for the top few nations as possible, then come out and say that.' Ireland narrowly missed out on a place in the quarter-finals of this World Cup when they were beaten by Pakistan in their decisive group game in Adelaide. Porterfield's side won three of their first four matches in the tournament including victories over the West Indies and Zimbabwe before falling short against India and Pakistan. Ireland advanced to the super-eight stage of the 2007 World Cup in the Caribbean after beating Pakistan . Their impressive performances at this tournament follow their win over Pakistan in Jamaica in 2007 and against England in Bangalore in 2011. Before the current World Cup, their last ODI against an elite nation was against Sri Lanka in Dublin in May 2014. Ireland are also due to play England and Australia in one-off matches this summer. Porterfield added: 'The last four years between World Cups, we've played nine games against top-10 teams. Even if we'd won every single game we played, we still can't break in - so that's what we're up against.' | ICC plan to reduce 2019 World Cup to 10 teams down from 14 . Move would make it harder for associate sides to qualify . Ireland have produced a number of shocks at last few World Cups . Will Porterfield thinks ICC's plan to reduce teams is about making money for the elite nations and not growing the game of cricket . Ireland captain says the ICC keeps on 'slapping you in the face' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The last ever professional photos of Marilyn Monroe taken just weeks before her untimely death have emerged for sale for a staggering $36,000. The six poignant pictures of the screen siren were taken by close friend George Barris on July 13, 1962, destined for a book about Monroe. Just three weeks later Monroe was found dead - making Barris's pictures of the world's biggest star hugely valuable. Yet New York native Barris was devastated by the loss of his friend, and scrapped plans for the book. He also refused to allow the images, the last professional shots ever to be taken of Monroe, to be published for several years afterwards. The last kiss: This appears to be the final picture taken by a professional photographer of Marilyn Monroe, shot by close friend George Barris on a beach in Santa Monica on July 13, 1962 . Collectibles: This collection of six pictures by Barris are going up for auction next week . Comfortable: The two had become good friends - which shows clearly in the relaxed shots taken by Barris . The set of six original prints have now come up for sale, and experts are predicting they could fetch as much as $6,000 each - around £4,000. The intimate shots appear to show just how comfortable Monroe was with her friend of seven years. Barris had first met Monroe on the set of her film The Seven Year Itch in 1954. 'When I first saw her I thought she was the most beautiful, fantastic person I'd ever met,' Barris told the Los Angeles Daily News in 2012, ahead of an exhibition to mark what would have been the film star's 86th birthday. 'She completely knocked me off my feet.' The two remained firm friend. Barris told the Huffington Post: 'What I particularly liked about Marilyn was that she didn't act like a movie star. 'I was most impressed that Marilyn was always polite and friendly to everyone on the set. She was no phony or snob.' Barris revealed to the Daily News that the final shot he ever took of Monroe was on the beach, wrapped in a blanket. 'She puckered up and said, `This is just for you, George,' and blew a kiss to me. That's the last picture I took of her,' he said. A print of that picture among the six on sale, along with a two more from the beach in Santa Monica, while two are taken inside a house in Hollywood. Compilation: Barris had planned to include the pictures in a book about Monroe he was putting together . Grief: But Barris scrapped plans for the book, and refused to publish the pictures for years after her death . Devastated: After her death, Barris moved to Paris, where he lived for the next 20 years . Memories: Barris finally published the book, which he started working on in 1962, in 2012 . Also on sale are six signed shots from the iconic photoshoot of Monroe taken by fellow photographer Bert Stern in late June 1962 for Vogue magazine. Stern's images would become known as 'The Last Sitting' - despite Barris's pictures being taken later on. The black and white Stern shots, which include one of a sultry Monroe naked on a bed, are also expected to make anything between $3,500 and $8,000 each (about £2,300 to £5,200). Both collections are being sold by Heritage Auctions in Dallas, Texas, on behalf of two private collectors. Iconic: Six pictures for Bert Stern's Last Sitting collection for Vogue are also on sale at auction . Stunning: This particular print - signed by photographer Stern - is expected to fetch $8,000 . Ironic: Stern's pictures became known as The Last Sitting, despite Monroe posing for Barris later . Rachel Peart, director of photographs at Heritage New York, said: 'Bert Stern did a shoot with Marilyn Monroe for Vogue magazine in June 1962 which everyone refers to as 'The Last Sitting' - her last ever studio photos. 'The images he took became very iconic. Marilyn was the biggest star in the world at the time and Stern's photos were very glamorous. 'What is less well known is that another photographer, George Barris, took a series of intimate pictures of Marilyn a few weeks after Bert Stern's shoot - so those are technically the last ever studio shots of her.' Glamorous: This photograph - titled Feeling Good - is expected to make as much as $3,500 . Legendary: The Stern shots form an important part of the Monroe tale and are likely to be highly sought after . Sale: The auction of prints like this one, signed by Stern, takes place between March 10 and March 15 . Pearl added: 'All the pictures we are selling are authentic, genuine prints made by and signed by the photographers, many within five years of the originals being taken. 'Marilyn Monroe transcends generations and appeals to a wide range of collectors. She is timeless and market for Marilyn memorabilia is very strong. 'Because Marilyn was so iconic a lot of people took photos of her, however these photos are among the best and most rare out there.' The online auction will be spread over six days, from March 10 and March 15. | Taken by friend and celebrity photographer George Barris in July 1962 . Monroe was found dead at her Hollywood home just three weeks later . Devastated Barris refused to publish pictures for years afterwards . The six prints, signed by Barris, are expected to fetch around $6,000 each . Collection of iconic prints known as The Last Sitting also on sale next week . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Aberdeenshire, Scotland (CNN)In an exclusive interview ahead of his U.S. tour -- and ahead of his 10-year wedding anniversary -- Prince Charles paid tribute to the "brilliant" way his wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, has taken on the "real, real challenge" of defining her public role. "It's always marvelous to have somebody who, you know, you feel understands and wants to encourage. Although she certainly pokes fun if I get too serious about things. And all that helps," Prince Charles told CNN. The couple first visited the U.S. together as newlyweds in 2005, and Camilla was confronted by hardcore Princess Diana fans with abusive placards. Polls at the time found that between 57% and 73% of Brits opposed Charles' new wife being known as queen. If you go back even further, to 1997, the year Diana died, an Ipsos MORI poll put it at 86%. Reporter's notebook: Interviewing the royal couple . But there's been a change in sentiment since they married. A new poll conducted by Comres for CNN found that only 35% now oppose Camilla being known as queen. Nearly one in four said they liked her more now than they did 10 years ago. This coincides with a change in palace strategy -- away from the aggressive spin machine of the 1990s to simply allowing Camilla to be herself. When she appears in public, she's either seen supporting her husband or promoting a set of causes she has a genuine connection with. Prince Charles praised how his wife has handled herself. "She's done an enormous amount for the whole issue around osteoporosis, which of course runs in her family," he said, noting that Camilla's mother and grandmother both suffered from the bone disease. He also points to other issues Camilla is associated with, including literacy and preventing sexual violence. The Duchess of Cornwall, by sticking to what she knows and cares about, is able to connect with the people she meets, which doesn't always come across on camera. When Charles and Camilla married in 2005, there was huge sensitivity around the legacy of Diana, who was expected to be queen herself. With this in mind, royal aides announced that Camilla would not use the title of Queen when Charles becomes King. Instead she would be known as Princess Consort. That still stands, although the public of today looks less likely to oppose the title of Queen. | Prince Charles and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, preparing for U.S. trip . Charles praises Camilla for how she has defined her public role . The two are coming up on their 10-year wedding anniversary . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | David Beckham has lifted the lid on his son Brooklyn's first date, in which the former Manchester United midfielder watched on from a nearby table in a London restaurant. Speaking to James Corden on the Late Late Show in America, Beckham told the hilarious story of his 16-year-old son's first foray into the world of dating. When probed by Corden, who asked, 'He must be getting quite big into the dating circuit now?', Beckham said: ''Yeah, it's happening. He's going to hate me for this. David Beckham embarrassed his son Brooklyn on James Corden's Late Late Show in America . Brooklyn watched on from the audience as his father told the story of his first date, at a sushi bar in London . Beckham was a guest on Corden's show, alongside Claire Danes (second left) and Bob Odenkirk (right) 'I'm fine with it, because on his first date - when he was about 14 and a half - it was Valentine's Day so he said, "I'd love to take this girl to dinner." 'I said, "Okay, great." I spoke to Victoria, and she was like, "Really?", so I said, "Yeah, he's going to do it." 'She said, "Okay, make sure you take him and then make sure you sit in the restaurant." So I was like, "Really, you're going to make me do that?" and she said "Yeah, that's the only way I'm going to let him go."' Brooklyn is looking to follow in his father's footsteps by becoming a professional footballer . Beckham's affection for his son is clear; he posted this on Brooklyn's 16th birthday at the start of March . 'So we took him to a small sushi restaurant and he sat at the sushi bar and I sat about five tables back. By the way, my daughter is four years old. When she gets to that age, I will be closer than that!' Beckham's son Brooklyn, who was sat in the audience as his dad retold the embarrassing story, is aiming to follow in his father's footsteps by becoming a professional footballer. This season, he has been playing for Arsenal's Under 16s but was recently dealt a blow with the news that the Gunners will not hand him a new deal at the end of the season. Beckham also told the story of his son getting a weekend job at a French cafe to get him pocket money . Beckham kept a close eye on Brooklyn's first date, after being instructed to by wife Victoria (right) Corden began hosting the Late Late Show on March 23, and Beckham was a guest on his fourth show . For now, Brooklyn is enjoying his teens, but being the son of one of the most famous men in the world has not stopped him from having to get a weekend job. 'A couple of years ago, you know what kids are like, they want new sneakers, they want new soccer boots,' Beckham told Corden. 'It came to the point where he turned 14, 14 and a half, and I thought "If you want something, then go and work and you've got your own money". 'It got to the stage where I was like, "Okay, if you wanna buy some new stuff, or new boots or new trainers, then if you're working for them then you can afford them yourself". 'Much to his dismay, we packed him off to the French cafe and he works there every Saturday and Sunday and gets his own pocket money.' | David Beckham was a guest on James Corden's Late Late Show . He told the story of son Brooklyn's first date, at a London sushi bar . Beckham watched the date from afar under instruction from wife Victoria . He also revealed that 16-year-old Brooklyn has a weekend job at a cafe . WATCH: Beckham strips off with Corden for a spoof underwear advert . |
List down some facts regarding the Republican Party of Arkansas from given text | The Republican Party of Arkansas (RPA), headquartered at 1201 West 6th Street in downtown Little Rock, is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Arkansas. It is currently the dominant party in the state, controlling all four of Arkansas' U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, all statewide executive offices, including the governorship, and supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature. | 1. The Republican Party in Arkansas is affiliated with the Republican Party of Arkansas (RPA), which has its headquarters at 1201 West 6th Street in downtown Little Rock.
2. It currently holds the majority in the state.
3. Possessing supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature and control of all four U.S. House seats, both U.S. Senate seats, all statewide executive positions, and the governorship. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A restaurant worker was left for dead after he was battered by three masked men wielding a baseball bat. Jamil Ahmed was left with a bleed on the brain and needed hospital treatment for two weeks after the brutal assault in Sparkbrook, Birmingham, on December 15 last year . Detectives believe the 27-year-old was deliberately targeted as a result of a 'grudge' because the masked gang didn't steal anything. Mr Ahmed was so badly injured he has been unable to return to his restaurant job. Jamil Ahmed was left with a bleed on the brain and needed hospital treatment for two weeks after he was battered by three masked men wielding a baseball bat . Police have now released a shocking picture of Mr Ahmed taken in hospital after the vicious assault in a bid to track down his assailants. It shows him sitting in a hospital bed with a white bandage over his head and blood covering his face. Detective Constable Michelle Akers, from West Midlands Police, said the investigation had so far been unable to identify those responsible or confirm a motive for the beating. She added: 'This was a targeted attack, nothing was stolen and it appears Mr Ahmed has been assaulted by someone with a grudge against him, but precisely what's prompted it remains unclear. Detectives believe the 27-year-old was deliberately targeted as a result of a 'grudge' because the masked gang didn't steal anything during the brutal assault in Sparkbrook, Birmingham, on December 15 last year (file picture) 'There can be no justification for an assault of this nature. 'It was a cowardly attack by three people, armed with baseball bats and with their faces covered. Mr Ahmed stood no chance of protecting himself and has been left with lasting physical, emotional and psychological scarring. 'This has happened during a busy time of day on Ladypool Road in full view of members of the public. 'Somebody must have seen something, or suspects who is involved, and I would appeal to their consciences to come forward with information.' A police trawl of local CCTV cameras reveals one offender was wearing a black face covering, gloves, a long-sleeved grey top, and grey Adidas tracksuit bottoms with light blue stripes on the side of the legs. Anyone with information is urged to call DC Michelle Akers at West Midlands Police on the 101 number or call the independent charity Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111. | Jamil Ahmed left with a bleed on the brain and is unable to return to work . Detectives believe he was deliberately targeted as a result of a 'grudge' Police have released a shocking picture of Mr Ahmed taken in hospital . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | World Cup runners-up New Zealand have had five players named in the International Cricket Council's team of the tournament. Black Caps captain Brendon McCullum has been chosen as skipper of the side with fellow opener Martin Guptill, all-rounders Corey Anderson and Daniel Vettori and fast bowler Trent Boult also representing the beaten finalists. McCullum scored 328 runs in nine World Cup matches with four half-centuries at a strike-rate of 188.50, while Guptill was the tournament's highest run-scorer with 547 including a stunning World Cup record 237 not out against the West Indies in the quarter-finals. World Cup runners-up New Zealand have had five players named, including captain Brendon McCullum (right) McCullum's fellow New Zealand opener Martin Guptill (centre) has also been named in the best team . Martin Guptill (New Zealand), Brendon McCullum (New Zealand, captain), Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka, wicketkeeper), Steve Smith (Australia), AB de Villiers (South Africa), Glenn Maxwell (Australia), Corey Anderson (New Zealand), Daniel Vettori (New Zealand), Mitchell Starc (Australia), Trent Boult (New Zealand), Morne Morkel (South Africa), Brendan Taylor (Zimbabwe) (12th man) Champions Australia were also well represented with Mitchell Starc, who was joint highest wicket-taker alongside Boult with 22, Steve Smith and Glenn Maxwell all selected. South Africans AB de Villiers and Morne Morkel complete the side along with Sri Lanka's Kumar Sangakkara while Brendan Taylor of Zimbabwe is 12th man. 'There were a number of other players that were discussed as possible selections in the team,' said Geoff Allardice, chairman of the selection panel. 'These included batsmen Mahmudullah (Bangladesh) and Shaiman Anwar (UAE), fast bowlers Umesh Yadav, Mohammad Shami (both India), Wahab Riaz (Pakistan) and spinners Imran Tahir (South Africa) and R.Ashwin (India). 'But there were so many brilliant individual performances during the tournament that it was not possible to fit them into the team. The panel eventually came up with this side, which, in their view, was the most balanced outfit that is capable of beating any side on any given day.' Corey Anderson and Daniel Vettori (pictured centre, hugging) following the Cricket World Cup semi-final . New Zealand fast bowler Trent Boult also represents the beaten finalists in the World Cup's best team . | Australia beat New Zealand by seven wickets to win Cricket World Cup . New Zealand captain Brendon McCullum has been chosen as skipper . Fellow opener Martin Guptill is named in the tournament's best team . All-rounders Corey Anderson and Daniel Vettori have been named . Fast bowler Trent Boult also represents beaten finalists New Zealand . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Authorities reportedly discovered a Lamborghini discarded on a Texas highway over the weekend. The vehicle was discovered on the southbound side of the Dallas North Tollway, local media reported. Whoever was behind the wheel seemed to have ditched the car after slamming into a highway barrier, WFAA reported. Discovery: Authorities reportedly discovered a Lamborghini discarded on a Texas highway over the weekend . WFAA reported the Lamborghini did not contain any 'identifying information' inside. The expensive vehicle was taken to a Dallas police impound lot, the television station reported. Lamborghinis generally retail for hundreds of thousands of dollars. The Dallas Police Department did not immediately return a message seeking comment. Luxury item: The vehicle was discovered on the southbound side of the Dallas North Tollway . | A yellow Lamborghini was discovered on the southbound side of the Dallas North Tollway . Whoever was behind the wheel seemed to have ditched the car after slamming into a highway barrier . The expensive vehicle was taken to a Dallas police impound lot . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | These kaleidoscopic photographs show the inside of the colourful Crayola factory which produces around 12million crayons every day. Photographer Bryan Derballa, 32, captured the incredible crayon-making process during a visit to the factory in Easton, Pennsylvania. Crayola, which was founded in 1885, uses a complicated production line to make the iconic colouring sticks. Mr Derballa's pictures provide a fascinating glimpse into the creation of the crayons which certainly take many of us back to our childhoods. Scroll down for video . Photographer Bryan Derballa took these stunning pictures inside the Crayola factory. Here, crayons are separated and funnelled into boxes . A rotary table moulds coloured paraffin into wax crayons at the factory in Easton. Excess wax is caught by a scraper blade and recycled . A mixing kettle full of paraffin and orange powdered pigment is stirred up before being moulded into crayons at the Crayola factory in Easton . The photographer, from New York, said he walked for miles as he photographed the manufacturing process. He said: 'The factory was massive. I probably walked a couple of miles during the course of our shoot just moving from one end of the factory to the other. 'That doesn't even include the storage and shipping departments that we saw but didn't really cover. His pictures show a silo, which contains 100,000lbs of uncoloured paraffin wax and is heated and moved to mixing kettles. Powdered pigment is then added to create a colour. The coloured liquid is then pumped into a water-cooled mould, before it is ejected through crayon-shaped cavities and sent for labelling. Anthony Breton, who works in general utility at the factory, adds orange pigment to paraffin to make crayons at the Pennsylvania factory . Orange crayons file through the mould table to the labeller, left, and right, labels wrap around orange crayons at the Crayola factory in Easton . Once labels are attached, completed crayons are separated by funnels, which help sort them into 24 count boxes to be sold . Once the label has been attached, the crayons roll off the production line and are fed into funnels, which help sort them into boxes. Finally, the boxes are date coded and checked via a metal detector, which confirms there are only crayons inside. Mr Derballa added: 'I loved the mixing kettles where the pigment is mixed with the melted wax - they were these beautiful vats of molten colour. 'One of the best parts of this shoot was how earnest and innocent it all was. 'And the smell of paraffin brought me back to my childhood.' A mixing kettle full of paraffin and cerise pigment is stirred up, left, and right, the paraffin is moulded into cerise crayons by the rotary table . As the paraffin is turned into wax crayons, the excess is caught by a scraper blade and recycled to make more crayons later on . Cerise crayons roll down a moving belt from the rotary mould table to the labeller at the Crayola factory in Easton, Pennyslvania . Pictured left, early steps involve mixing uncoloured paraffin with powder pigment and right, formed crayons are labelled before being sorted . The world-famous factory makes around 12million crayons a day. Pictured, cerise crayons are boxed after being moulded and labelled . Photographer Bryan Derballa, right, said: 'I loved the kettles where the pigment is mixed - they were these beautiful vats of molten colour' Mr Derballa said he walked miles walking across the factory. Pictured, a packing wheel contains all the colours used in a 24 pack of crayons . He added: 'One of the best parts of this shoot was how earnest and innocent it all was.' Pictured, a box of 24 pack crayons waiting to be sealed . Starting from a silo of paraffin, finished boxes of unpackaged crayons wait on the packing room floor at the Crayola factory in Easton . Completed packs of crayons move down a conveyor belt to be boxed and shipped at the Crayola factory . Christian Denker, a blend processor, climbs a train car to help siphon paraffin from the car into the silos at the Crayola factory in Easton . Crayola, founded in 1885, claims to have 99% name recognition across US households - and even the factory hallway is a riot of colour . | Photographer Bryan Derballa captured the incredible crayon-making process at the factory in Easton, Pennsylvania . His pictures provide a glimpse into the creation of the products which take many of us back to our childhoods . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The Islamic State cherry picks sections of the Koran and misinterprets the accounts of the Prophet Muhammad in order to wage jihad and sign up new recruits, experts say. It is estimated that 20,000 people have streamed into the territory in Iraq and Syria, where ISIS has proclaimed what it calls a 'caliphate', ruled by its often brutal version of Islamic law. The group purport to recreate the conquests and rule of the Prophet Muhammad and his successors and maintains its worst brutalities - such as beheading captives - only prove its purity in following what it contends is the prophet's example. An ISIS member parades through the streets of Raqqa in Syria waving an Islamic State flag and brandishing a gun. Experts have now said that ISIS misinterprets the Koran in order to wage jihad . But now Muslims clerics and other experts are speaking out, saying that the group hand picks what it wants from Islam's holy book, the Koran, and from accounts of Muhammad's actions and sayings, known as the Hadith. It then misinterprets many of these, while ignoring everything in the texts that contradicts those hand-picked selections. Writings by the group's clerics and its English-language online magazine, Dabiq, are full of citations from Koranic verses, the Hadith and centuries of interpreters, mostly from hardliners. But Joas Wagemakers, an assistant professor of Islamic Studies at Radboud University in the Netherlands, says these are taken far out of context by ISIS. He explained that Muslim scholars throughout history have used texts in a 'decontextualised way' to suit their purposes and says that ISIS represent the extreme. He added: 'It would be a mistake to conclude the Islamic State group's extremism is the true Islam that emerges from the Koran and Hadith. Muslim clerics say ISIS just hand picks certain parts of the Koran to boost their cause while ignoring other parts that contradict their selections . Meanwhile Khaled Abou El Fadl, an Islamic law scholar at the University of California, says despite its claims to the contrary, ISIS is a largely political group, borne out of the conflicts of Syria and Iraq. He said: 'The group is trying to make God a co-conspirator in a genocidal project.' Ahmed al-Dawoody, an assistant professor at the Institute for Islamic World Studies at Zayed University in Dubai, agreed. He added that the phenomenon of reading religious sources out of context has existed throughout the ages. He explained: 'We should not grant any legitimacy to those who violate Islam, then hijack it and speak on its behalf. 'This is not Islamic terror, this is terror committed by Muslims.' Muslim clerics also say that while misreading some texts, ISIS also ignore certain Koranic verses which promote mercy, preservation of life and protection of innocents, all of which are binding under Islamic Shariah law. It is estimated that 20,000 people have streamed into the territory in Iraq and Syria, where ISIS has proclaimed what it calls a 'caliphate' Many mainstream clerics compare the group to the Khawarij, an early sect that was so notorious for 'takfir,' or declaring other Muslims heretics for even simple sins, that it was rejected by the faith. Part of the problem in countering the group's ideology is that moderate clerics have struggled to come up with a cohesive, modern interpretation, especially of the Koranic verses connected to Muhammad's wars with his enemies. Militants often point to the Koran's ninth sura, or chapter, which includes calls for Muslims to 'fight polytheists wherever you find them' and to subdue Christians and Jews until they pay a tax. Moderate clerics counter that these verses are linked to specifics of the time and note other verses that say there is 'no force in religion.' And while moderate clerics disagree with the Islamic State group's interpretation point-by-point, at times they accept the same ideals. Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb, the grand imam of Egypt's Al-Azhar, one of Sunni Islam's most prestigious seats of learning, denounced the burning of the Jordanian pilot as a violation of Islam. But then he called for the perpetrators to be subjected to the same punishment that ISIS prescribes for those who 'wage war on Islam' - crucifixion, death or the amputation of hands and legs. There are citations in the Hadith of Muhammad of ordering beheadings, and verses in the Koran setting out rules for dealing with slaves. Most Muslims denounced the burning of a Jordanian pilot as a violation of Islam with some calling for the perpetrators to be subjected to the same punishment . Pivoting off these, ISIS contends that anyone who rejects beheadings or enslavement is not a real Muslim and has been corrupted by modern Western ideas. One ISIS cleric, Sheikh Hussein bin Mahmoud, wrote a vehement defence of beheadings after the killing of American journalist James Foley. He wrote: 'Those who pervert Islam are not those who cut off the heads of disbelievers and terrorise them but those who want (Islam) to be like Mandela or Gandhi, with no killing, no fighting, no blood or striking necks. 'Islam is the religion of battle, of cutting heads, of shedding blood.' To support beheadings, the group cites the Koran as calling on Muslims to 'strike the necks' of their enemies. But other clerics counter the verse means Muslim fighters should swiftly kill enemies in the heat of battle, and is not a call to execute captives. Sheikh Hamadah Nassar, a cleric in the ultraconservative Salafi movement said: 'It appears the Islamic State have adopted violent ideas first, then searched books of religious interpretation to find a cover for their actions.' | ISIS purport to recreate conquests and rule of the Prophet Muhammad . But experts say ISIS just cherry pick sections of the Koran for its cause . Add they misinterpret Islamic texts and ignore others that contradict them . Argue that ISIS are political despite claims they are a religious group . So far an estimated 20,000 people have joined the group in their territory . ISIS run a 'caliphate' under brutal conditions in parts of Iraq and Syria . |
How many seasons is House the TV series? | House (also called House, M.D.) is an American medical drama television series that originally ran on the Fox network for eight seasons, from November 16, 2004, to May 21, 2012. The series' main character is Dr. Gregory House (Hugh Laurie), an unconventional, misanthropic medical genius who, despite his dependence on pain medication, leads a team of diagnosticians at the fictional Princeton–Plainsboro Teaching Hospital (PPTH) in New Jersey. The series' premise originated with Paul Attanasio, while David Shore, who is credited as creator, was primarily responsible for the conception of the title character. | House, M.D. is an American medical drama television series that originally ran for eight seasons. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A 'deals on wheels' cannabis gang which used a parked Mazda near a university as its mobile drug den has been jailed. The group made £600 a day pushing the drug onto students in Cardiff after parking the black vehicle near its campus in Cathays. Four of its Kurdish members were jailed after being watched by police as they opened the car's door to one customer. Haram Kalaf (left) and Saman Ahmed (right) were among members of the gang which sold drugs from a black Mazda parked near Cardiff University . South Wales Police Officers found £3,650 of cannabis and £2,399 in cash inside. Haram Kalaf, 25, a failed asylum seeker and Saman Ahmed, 28, Nasir Karimi, 26, and Bakhutar Shakir, 28, were all handed sentences of between 13 and 21 months each. Cardiff Crown Court heard how the gang also used rental cars to shuttle drugs from the Mazda to customers. When police seized the vehicle they found 295 small bags of the drug hidden alongside thousands of pounds in cash stashed beneath the carpet. Nair Karimi had been living 'hand to mouth' for eight years before being jailed, the court heard . The gang was stopped when officers monitoring another of their cars watched them invite a young woman into the vehicle to buy £20 of the drug. 'The car door opened as if to draw her attention, she got in and left seconds later', prosecutor Jason Howells said. 'When she was stopped, she said "I’m sorry, I don’t want to get into trouble. I’ve just bought some weed for £20"'. After searching that vehicle, a Vauxhall Astra, they were taken to the Mazda where the majority of the haul was kept. Sentencing Judge Huw Rees said all of the men had come to the UK to sell drugs. 'You came here with a single purpose, to supply cannabis, making a lucrative profit. 'It was a well organised venture and the location you chose is significant - you came to an area of the city where students live, that intention is clear. 'And you used an extra vehicle with the sole purpose of storing your hoard so that if you were caught, you would only have small amounts on you.' Kalaf, a failed asylum seeker from Bristol, told police he was selling £600 of drugs every day. Ahmed, a father-of-two, was recruited as his driver while Karimi had been living 'hand to mouth' since arriving in the UK eight years earlier. Shakir, a gambling addict, had previously been arrested for drug offences. The drug dealers parked the Mazda on Rhymney Street in Cardiff and used other vehicles to shuttle drugs around the city . | The gang of men dealt drugs from the car not far from Cardiff University . Coaxed students into buying cannabis and shuttled drugs around city . Ringleader Haram Kalaf told police he'd been making £600 a day . Police discovered almost 300 small bags of cannabis in car upon raid . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Britain will carry on shivering its way into spring with snow and sub-zero temperatures over the next few days. But winter will feel well and truly left behind by the weekend as temperatures are expected to reach a balmy 13C (55F). Parts of the country were battered by snow showers and freezing conditions yesterday, making driving perilous. Scroll down for video . Treacherous: An car flipped on the side of the road after an accident on the M6 in Cumbria where icy conditions caused problems for drivers . Gridlock: Poor visibility caused by heavy snow showers led to queues of traffic in Danholme, near Bradford West Yorkshire, this morning . Snow showers: Freezing temperatures caused rainfall to freeze in Birmingham, where commuters were forced to shelter under umbrellas . Wintry white: While yesterday was the first official day of spring, parts of the country, including the Howgill Fells in Cumbria, woke up to snow . Where's the warm weather? Two freezing lambs stand next to their mother in a Cumbrian fields as they wait for more milder spring weather . Stranded: A motorist is pictured waiting for help after his car became stuck in the snow in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire this morning . And forecasters last night warned that there is more bad weather to come this week – with plummeting temperatures expected to bring a fresh flurry of blizzards today. Freezing temperatures will persist tomorrow with a low of -3C (27F) in the South. And parts of north-west England and Wales are expected to wake up to at least two inches of snow. However, that will all change this weekend as temperatures leap by as much as 15C (59F). By Friday the mercury is set to rocket to a maximum of 13C (55F) in the South and 12C (54F) in the North. Forecaster Gemma Plumb, from MeteoGroup, said: ‘From the weekend and going into next week, we’re going to see a high-pressure system sitting across much of the UK. That will bring mainly dry and fine conditions, with some risk of rain in the North West.’ And Met Office forecaster Kate Brown said: ‘Any chance of terrible wet and windy weather for the rest of the month looks small. It will be colder at nights but temperatures will stay closer to average for this time of year.’ Yesterday north-west England and Northern Ireland saw several inches of snow as Manchester dropped to -1C (30F). In London, though, it was a brisk 5C (41F) with bright sunshine a hint of the warmer week . Photographs taken across the UK this morning show cars abandoned at the side of the road as drivers in northern and western parts of Britain struggled against poor visibility and icy conditions. One car was seen flipped over on the side of the M6 in Cumbria today, where people woke up to blankets of snow and colder-than-average temperatures. And in Birmingham, people were forced to carry umbrellas as plunging temperatures caused showers to turn snowy. Commuters in Stowmarket, Suffolk, were faced with blizzard conditions as they drove to work, whilst others in Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire also saw snow flurries. The Met Office has issued a yellow warning for snow and ice from 6pm today to 10am tomorrow in Northern England, Northern Scotland and Western Scotland. Some areas could see 3cm of snow and up to 8cm is expected on higher ground. Though it is not yet known how much snow has fallen across Britain, forecasters predicted yesterday than around 4in of snow may fall over the Pennines and the Scottish Highlands on land above 1,300ft (400 metres). And 2.4in of snow was forecast to fall in western Britain. While daytime temperatures mean that it is unlikely snow will settle over the course of the day, more is expected to fall as temperatures plummet tonight. Northern Scotland is expected to see the worst of the cold weather, with forecasters predicting readings of -1C in some areas. Braving the elements: This runner was forced to sport gloves and a long-sleeved top for his run through Temple Newsham park in Leeds today . Warning: The Met Office were forced to issue an amber warning for poor visibility and icy roads in areas including Bradford, pictured . Chilly: The M6 in Cumbria was just one major road affected by the snowy showers this morning - and is expected to see more tomorrow . Wrapped up: Huddled in jackets beneath umbrellas, commuters make their way to work in Birmingham city centre this morning . Prepared for more: A snow plow was brought out to clear the M6 in Cumbria today, where wintry weather caused traffic congestion . It means parts of the country that see snow today could wake up to snow on the ground tomorrow, according to Met Office forecasters. Spokeswoman Laura Young said: 'There is a little bit more to come, definitely for the first part of the week.' But she said warmer weather was expected by Wednesday and Thursday, with parts of southern England seeing temperatures reaching double figures. Bands of higher pressure mid-week will mean that there is less rain or snow by Wednesday. But clearer skies will also herald colder overnight temperatures - with the last frost for a while expected on Thursday morning. Blanketed: A snow storm clears over the rolling patchwork of drystone walled fields on the Howgill Fells in Cumbria . Caught in a flurry: A bird searches for food as snow falls in Temple Newsham park in Leeds today, where temperatures will hover around 5C . Bitterly cold: A dog walker in Denholme, near Bradford, West Yorkshire, left, and two people march through a park in Leeds, right . Traffic chaos: Cars crawl along the road as drivers navigate heavy snow in Denholme near Bradford, West Yorkshire, this morning . Despite the wintry weather this week, the country has experienced a very mild few months. Provisional Met Office statistics show that the UK has had its sunniest winter in records dating back to 1929. The weekend weather will see a divide between the north and south. People in the north and north-west can expect it to be cloudy and windy with outbreaks of rain, while in southern England it will be generally drier with good sunshine. 'There will be a wintry feeling today and Tuesday, but as we head towards the weekend temperatures will gradually go up to the mid-teens,' said Helen Roberts, of the Met Office. 'It will be quite a contrast to the start of the week, we will generally see temperatures of 12 or 13C but there may be the odd 15C in isolated areas in the South.' ... But there are touches of spring in the south: Barry Champion, left, a renowned Cornish horticulturalist and Toby Ashworth, right, admire a flowering Magnolia campbellii tree in the gardens at Tregothnan Estate in Cornwall, where there was dry and sunny weather this morning . | Swathes of heavy snow caused problems for rush-hour commuters in northern and western Britain this morning . Pictures show flipped cars abandoned on the side of the road as drivers struggled with poor visibility and icy roads . And forecasters warned there is still more to come - with more of the country set to wake up to snow tomorrow . Temperatures are expected to plummet overnight with readings of -1C expected in parts of northern Scotland . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The man accused of using Facebook to lure a teenager to her death confessed the murder to his ex-girlfriend, according to testimony she gave in court on Monday. Kyle Dube, 21, of Orono, Maine, is accused of using a phony social media account to kidnap 15-year-old Nichole Cable, of Glenburn, and kill her in May 2013. The Bangor Daily News reports that Dube's ex-girlfriend Sarah Mersinger testified Monday that he told her he killed Nichole. Mersinger says Dube covered up Nichole's body with leaves and sticks. During an emotional testimony, she added: 'He told me that he strangled her at the end of her road. He said he put duct tape on her mouth, her eyes and on her hands and feet. Elaborate plot? Kyle Dube, 21, (pictured left in court last week) allegedly abducted Nichole Cable, 15, (right) in 2013 so that he could stage a rescue and be hailed as a hero. His ex-girlfriend has told a court he confessed to killing her and dumping her body in woodland in Bangor, Maine . 'He said he took her clothes off so the police dogs couldn’t smell her. He said he covered her with sticks and leaves, so they couldn’t see her from the sky.' The court heard Mersinger would spend 18 or 19 days out of 21 at the house Dube shared with his parents and a four-year-old daughter from another relationship. Mersinger also told the jury that she had met Dube on Facebook, where they began messaging each other. They began dating in November 2012 but her mother didn’t approve . Prosecutors say DNA evidence ties Dube to Nichole's disappearance. His attorneys say someone else killed the high school sophomore. Dube is pleading not guilty to abduction and murder, arguing that somebody else committed the crimes. During a court hearing last week, it was alleged Dube was intending to abduct her then stage a fake rescue so he could be hailed as a hero. According to the prosecution, the bogus account was traced to his home, his DNA was found on a hat at the end of Nichole's driveway and cell tower records show that he was in the area of Nichole's home. Accused: Prosecutors say Dube, pictured with his attorney during a hearing last Monday, left a hat with his DNA on it near Nichole's home . Defense attorney Wendy Hatch said last Monday that the state rushed to judge Dube, and she argued that someone else had committed the crimes. 'We are here to show you the state has holes in their case. They have mistakes, big mistakes,' Hatch told the jury, adding that Dube 'got up the next morning, got dressed, kissed his daughter goodbye and went to work.' Assistant Attorney General Donald Macomber said Dube's DNA was also found on Cable's fingernails, and he had scratches on his face after she disappeared. He also said Dube alluded to the crime while having an emotional outburst as officers tried to calm him down while he reported to jail for an unrelated traffic offense. 'Dube responded it was what he had done, that they didn't know he had done, that he was worried about,' Macomber said. Horrifying: The court heard Dube (mugshot left) covered Nichole's (right) body in leaves so she couldn't be seen from the sky and took her clothes off so police dogs couldn't smell her . The trial is expected to last two weeks and includes a witness list with more than 80 names. The case prompted discussions about the appropriate use of social media at the high school she attended in Old Town. Nichole's mother, Kristine Wiley, testified that she knew Dube as a friend of her daughter's who came by their house two or three times before her disappearance. Between tears, she testified that Dube reached out to her with an offer to baby-sit her other children after Nichole vanished but before her body was found. Wiley said Dube first told her he had heard Wiley said he was responsible for Nichole's disappearance. Wiley said she denied the accusation and that Dube then told her 'if I needed anything, call' and that he would watch her other children for her. She said she never took him up on the offer. Sorry we are not currently accepting comments on this article. | Kyle Dube, 21, 'plotted to kidnap then rescue 15-year-old Nichole Cable' His ex-girlfriend Sarah Mersinger says he confessed to her murder . She told the court he said he used leaves and sticks to cover the body . Added he took off her clothes so the 'dogs would not smell her' Prosecutors say DNA evidence ties Dube to victim's disappearance . He is pleading not guilty to abduction and murder . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Paris St Germain will NOT be able to appeal Zlatan Ibrahimovic's dismissal during Wednesday night's tempestuous Champions League clash with Chelsea. The Sweden striker was given a straight red for a foul on Oscar in the first half of a 2-2 draw which sent the French side through to the last eight on away goals. Chelsea manager Jose Mourinho said Ibrahimovic had no ill intent and should be cleared to play in the quarter finals next month, while PSG manager Laurent Blanc said the club would discuss whether to lodge an appeal . Zlatan Ibrahimovic (second right) is shown the red card by referee Bjorn Kuipers (centre) on Wednesday night . Ibrahimovic (centre) makes the challenge on Oscar (left) and is sent off during the Champions League clash . Ibrahimovic (left) immediately raised his hands to protest his innocence after the tackle on Oscar . However, Uefa have told Sportsmail that clubs can only appeal red cards if they believe the referee has mistaken the identity of the offender. All red cards picked up in European competitions carry an automatic one-match ban which may be increased to three after a disciplinary panel reviews footage. UEFA says the panel will study the case at its March 19 meeting. If they decide to extend the ban, then PSG can launch an appeal against the additional matches but not the first. In England, the situation is different. Clubs are allowed until the end of the next working day after the match in question to lodge an appeal against a decision regardless of whether the referee has identified the correct offender. They then have a further 24 hours to supply evidence. Ibrahimovic protests his innocence as Oscar begins to writhe on the floor following the tackle . Ibrahimovic is shown the red card by the referee, under pressure from nine Chelsea players surrounding him . Ibrahimovic trudges down the tunnel after he had been sent off during the first half at Stamford Bridge . | Zlatan Ibrahimovic's dismissal cannot be appealed by PSG . The striker was sent off for a foul on Oscar during the first half . Uefa have told Sportsmail that a red card can only be appealed if a club believes the referee has mistaken the identity of the offender . PSG knocked Chelsea out of the Champions League last-16 on away goals . Jamie Carragher: Chelsea players are a 'disgrace' for influencing referee . READ: Ibrahimovic brands Chelsea 'babies' as Blues are dumped out . |
Given this article about Operation Aurora, which companies were targeted in the attacks? | Operation Aurora was a series of cyber attacks conducted by advanced persistent threats such as the Elderwood Group based in Beijing, China, with ties to the People's Liberation Army. First publicly disclosed by Google on January 12, 2010, in a blog post, the attacks began in mid-2009 and continued through December 2009.
The attack was aimed at dozens of other organizations, of which Adobe Systems, Akamai Technologies, Juniper Networks, and Rackspace have publicly confirmed that they were targeted. According to media reports, Yahoo, Symantec, Northrop Grumman, Morgan Stanley, and Dow Chemical were also among the targets.
As a result of the attack, Google stated in its blog that it plans to operate a completely uncensored version of its search engine in China "within the law, if at all," and acknowledged that if this is not possible, it may leave China and close its Chinese offices. Official Chinese sources claimed this was part of a strategy developed by the U.S. government.
The attack was named "Operation Aurora" by Dmitri Alperovitch, Vice President of Threat Research at cybersecurity company McAfee. Research by McAfee Labs discovered that "Aurora" was part of the file path on the attacker's machine that was included in two of the malware binaries McAfee said were associated with the attack. "We believe the name was the internal name the attacker(s) gave to this operation," McAfee Chief Technology Officer George Kurtz said in a blog post.
According to McAfee, the primary goal of the attack was to gain access to and potentially modify source code repositories at these high-tech, security, and defense contractor companies. "[The SCMs] were wide open," says Alperovitch. "No one ever thought about securing them, yet these were the crown jewels of most of these companies in many ways—much more valuable than any financial or personally identifiable data that they may have and spend so much time and effort protecting."
History
Flowers left outside Google China's headquarters after its announcement it might leave the country
On January 12, 2010, Google revealed on its blog that it had been the victim of a cyber attack. The company said the attack occurred in mid-December and originated from China. Google stated that over 20 other companies had been attacked; other sources have since cited that more than 34 organizations were targeted. As a result of the attack, Google said it was reviewing its business in China. On the same day, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton issued a brief statement condemning the attacks and requesting a response from China.
On January 13, 2010, the news agency All Headline News reported that the United States Congress plans to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists.
In Beijing, visitors left flowers outside of Google's office. However, these were later removed, with a Chinese security guard stating that this was an "illegal flower tribute". The Chinese government has yet to issue a formal response, although an anonymous official stated that China was seeking more information on Google's intentions.
Attackers involved
Further information: Cyberwarfare by China
Technical evidence including IP addresses, domain names, malware signatures, and other factors, show Elderwood was behind the Operation Aurora attack. The "Elderwood" group was named by Symantec (after a source-code variable used by the attackers), and is referred to as the "Beijing Group" by Dell Secureworks. The group obtained some of Google's source code, as well as access to information about Chinese activists. Elderwood also targeted numerous other companies in the shipping, aeronautics, arms, energy, manufacturing, engineering, electronics, financial, and software sectors.
The "APT" designation for the Chinese threat actors responsible for attacking Google is APT17.
Elderwood specializes in attacking and infiltrating second-tier defense industry suppliers that make electronic or mechanical components for top defense companies. Those firms then become a cyber "stepping stone" to gain access to top-tier defense contractors. One attack procedure used by Elderwood is to infect legitimate websites frequented by employees of the target company – a so-called "water hole" attack, just as lions stake out a watering hole for their prey. Elderwood infects these less-secure sites with malware that downloads to a computer that clicks on the site. After that, the group searches inside the network to which the infected computer is connected, finding and then downloading executives' e-mails and critical documents on company plans, decisions, acquisitions, and product designs.
Attack analysis
In its blog posting, Google stated that some of its intellectual property had been stolen. It suggested that the attackers were interested in accessing Gmail accounts of Chinese dissidents. According to the Financial Times, two accounts used by Ai Weiwei had been attacked, their contents read and copied; his bank accounts were investigated by state security agents who claimed he was under investigation for "unspecified suspected crimes". However, the attackers were only able to view details on two accounts and those details were limited to things such as the subject line and the accounts' creation date.
Security experts immediately noted the sophistication of the attack. Two days after the attack became public, McAfee reported that the attackers had exploited purported zero-day vulnerabilities (unfixed and previously unknown to the target system developers) in Internet Explorer and dubbed the attack "Operation Aurora". A week after the report by McAfee, Microsoft issued a fix for the issue, and admitted that they had known about the security hole used since September. Additional vulnerabilities were found in Perforce, the source code revision software used by Google to manage their source code.
VeriSign's iDefense Labs claimed that the attacks were perpetrated by "agents of the Chinese state or proxies thereof".
According to a diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, a Chinese source reported that the Chinese Politburo directed the intrusion into Google's computer systems. The cable suggested that the attack was part of a coordinated campaign executed by "government operatives, public security experts and Internet outlaws recruited by the Chinese government." The report suggested that it was part of an ongoing campaign in which attackers have "broken into American government computers and those of Western allies, the Dalai Lama and American businesses since 2002." According to The Guardian's reporting on the leak, the attacks were "orchestrated by a senior member of the Politburo who typed his own name into the global version of the search engine and found articles criticising him personally."
Once a victim's system was compromised, a backdoor connection that masqueraded as an SSL connection made connections to command and control servers running in Illinois, Texas, and Taiwan, including machines that were running under stolen Rackspace customer accounts. The victim's machine then began exploring the protected corporate intranet that it was a part of, searching for other vulnerable systems as well as sources of intellectual property, specifically the contents of source code repositories.
The attacks were thought to have definitively ended on Jan 4 when the command and control servers were taken down, although it is not known at this point whether or not the attackers intentionally shut them down. However, the attacks were still occurring as of February 2010.
Response and aftermath
The German, Australian, and French governments publicly issued warnings to users of Internet Explorer after the attack, advising them to use alternative browsers at least until a fix for the security hole was made. The German, Australian, and French governments considered all versions of Internet Explorer vulnerable or potentially vulnerable.
In an advisory on January 14, 2010, Microsoft said that attackers targeting Google and other U.S. companies used software that exploits a hole in Internet Explorer. The vulnerability affects Internet Explorer versions 6, 7, and 8 on Windows 7, Vista, Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 R2, as well as IE 6 Service Pack 1 on Windows 2000 Service Pack 4.
The Internet Explorer exploit code used in the attack has been released into the public domain, and has been incorporated into the Metasploit Framework penetration testing tool. A copy of the exploit was uploaded to Wepawet, a service for detecting and analyzing web-based malware operated by the computer security group at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "The public release of the exploit code increases the possibility of widespread attacks using the Internet Explorer vulnerability," said George Kurtz, CTO of McAfee, of the attack. "The now public computer code may help cybercriminals craft attacks that use the vulnerability to compromise Windows systems."
Security company Websense said it identified "limited public use" of the unpatched IE vulnerability in drive-by attacks against users who strayed onto malicious Web sites. According to Websense, the attack code it spotted is the same as the exploit that went public last week.[clarification needed] "Internet Explorer users currently face a real and present danger due to the public disclosure of the vulnerability and release of attack code, increasing the possibility of widespread attacks," said George Kurtz, chief technology officer of McAfee, in a blog update. Confirming this speculation, Websense Security Labs identified additional sites using the exploit on January 19. According to reports from Ahnlab, the second URL was spread through the Instant Messenger network Misslee Messenger, a popular IM client in South Korea.
Researchers have created attack code that exploits the vulnerability in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) and IE8—even when Microsoft's recommended defensive measure (Data Execution Prevention (DEP)) is turned on.[dubious – discuss] According to Dino Dai Zovi, a security vulnerability researcher, "even the newest IE8 isn't safe from attack if it's running on Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) or earlier, or on Windows Vista RTM (release to manufacturing), the version Microsoft shipped in January 2007."
Microsoft admitted that the security hole used had been known to them since September. Work on an update was prioritized and on Thursday, January 21, 2010, Microsoft released a security patch aiming to counter this weakness, the published exploits based on it and a number of other privately reported vulnerabilities. They did not state if any of the latter had been used or published by exploiters or whether these had any particular relation to the Aurora operation, but the entire cumulative update was termed critical for most versions of Windows, including Windows 7.
Security researchers continued to investigate the attacks. HBGary, a security firm, released a report in which they claimed to have found some significant markers that might help identify the code developer. The firm also said that the code was Chinese language based but could not be specifically tied to any government entity.
On February 19, 2010, a security expert investigating the cyber-attack on Google, has claimed that the people behind the attack were also responsible for the cyber-attacks made on several Fortune 100 companies in the past one and a half years. They have also tracked the attack back to its point of origin, which seems to be two Chinese schools, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Lanxiang Vocational School. As highlighted by The New York Times, both of these schools have ties with the Chinese search engine Baidu, a rival of Google China. Both Lanxiang Vocational and Jiaotong University have denied the allegation.
In March 2010, Symantec, which was helping investigate the attack for Google, identified Shaoxing as the source of 21.3% of all (12 billion) malicious emails sent throughout the world.
Google retrospective
On October 3, 2022, Google on YouTube released a six-episode series covering the events that occurred during Operation Aurora, with commentary from insiders who dealt with the attack, though the series primary focus was to reassure the Google-using public that measures are in place to counter hacking attempts. | Google, Adobe Systems, Akamai Technologies, Juniper Networks, Rackspace, Yahoo, Symantec, Northrop Grumman, Morgan Stanley, and Dow Chemical appear to have been targted in these attacks. Some pubically confirmed this while others were claimed to be targeted in media reports. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A 27-year-old driver has been arrested after allegedly 'doing donuts' on a frozen river until his pickup truck smashed through the ice - then saving his own life while leaving his pet dog behind to die. Andrew Mayer was traveling through New Jersey with his two-year-old boxer mix, Rolo, in the early hours of Sunday when he reportedly drove onto the Toms River, which had completely frozen over. He then repeatedly drove his 1989 Mazda B2200 truck around in circles, causing it to plunge through the ice into the frigid water below, police said. Mayer escaped from the vehicle as it was sinking. However, he allegedly left Rolo inside the truck, which was quickly filling up with water. Divers later found the black pup lying dead on the backseat of the sunken vehicle after a passerby called 911. Scroll down for video . Arrest: Andrew Mayer (left), 27, was traveling through New Jersey with his two-year-old boxer mix, Rolo (right), in the early hours of Sunday when he reportedly drove onto the Toms River, which had completely frozen over . Smashed ice: He then repeatedly drove his 1989 Mazda B2200 truck around in circles, causing it to plunge through the ice into the water below, police said. Above, the hole under which the sunken vehicle was found . Now, Mayer, who lives in Toms River, Ocean County, has been charged with criminal mischief and careless driving, police told NJ.com. Animal cruelty charges are also pending against him. Daniel Jolly, 25, was a passenger in the blue and gray truck on the day of the sinking. He has not been charged because he got out of the vehicle before Mayer drove it onto the ice, officials said. Neither of the pair was injured in the incident. Police and U.S. Coast Guard search and rescue teams were dispatched to the scene at 12.15am on Sunday following a report of a truck 'doing donuts' on the frozen river near Gladney Avenue. When they arrived at the river, the witness who had dialed 911 told them they had seen Mayer climbing out of the truck and escaping across the iced-over river before the vehicle went down. As daylight swept in, a Coast Guard helicopter located a hole in the ice. Divers were sent into the freezing water, where they discovered the truck and Rolo's body lying on the backseat, it is said. Frozen-over Toms River: Mayer escaped from the vehicle as it was sinking. However, he apparently left Rolo inside the truck, which was quickly filling up with water. Divers later found the black pup dead on the backseat . Police search: Rolo is pictured in a Facebook photo (left), while emergency crews are seen scouring the river for signs of the truck (right). It was eventually located after Coast Guard helicopter spotted the hole in the ice . Victim: On Tuesday morning, Mayer's relatives insisted he had loved his pet dog (pictured) and had desperately tried to save its life, but the terrified animal had refused to leave the pickup truck as the water had flooded in . The multi-agency search for the pickup truck reportedly cost 'hundreds of thousands of dollars'. Mayer and Jolly both turned themselves into police on Sunday morning, according to ABC 7. A police investigation is ongoing, State Police spokesman Sgt. First Class Gregory Williams said. A spokesman for SPCA added that the agency has launched its own inquiry into Rolo's death. On Tuesday morning, Mayer's relatives insisted he had loved his pet dog and had desperately tried to save its life, but the terrified animal had refused to leave the truck as the water had flooded in. Speaking to NJ.com, Mayer's cousin, Donna Jung, said the suspect had even attempted to get back inside the vehicle after climbing out in a bid to rescue Rolo, prompting his friends to pull him away. 'Andy jumped on the roof of the truck to get back in as the truck was going under the ice,' said Miss Jung, who has posted several photos of Rolo online. 'His friends pulled him out a second time.' Emergency crews at the scene: A police investigation is ongoing, State Police spokesman Sgt. First Class Gregory Williams said. A spokesman for SPCA added the agency has launched an inquiry into Rolo's death . Relatives: Mayer's cousin, Donna Jung (pictured, left, with her fiancee, Helecia Morris), said the suspect had tried to get back inside the vehicle after climbing out to rescue Rolo, prompting his friends to pull him away . Hunt: State Police posted this message on their Twitter page on Sunday, saying they were conducting a search . Discovery: They later said they had two suspects in custody. However, they have since said passenger Daniel Jolly, 25 has not been charged because he climbed out of the vehicle before Mayer drove it onto the icy river . Miss Jung's fiancée Helecia Morris added that Mayer was 'completely devastated' and 'infuriated' with himself because of his 'stupid' actions'. 'He did almost kill himself trying to save his dog,' she said. A friend of Mayer's, who wished to remain anonymous, described Rolo as the suspect's 'baby'. Mayer rents the basement of a home in Toms River with Jolly, according to NBC. He does not have a listed phone number nor listed attorney, and could not be immediately reached for comment. During an interview with police, Jolly reportedly claimed he had climbed out of Mayer's pickup truck after learning of his friend's desire to 'do donuts' on the ice and arguing with him about it. A private company is expected to be contracted to remove the vehicle from the water. | Andrew Mayer, 27, allegedly 'did donuts' on the Toms River in New Jersey . When his pickup truck eventually fell through ice, he escaped from vehicle . However, he reportedly left two-year-old boxer mix, Rolo, on the backseat . Black-colored pup was discovered dead by divers after witness called 911 . Now, Mayer has been charged with criminal mischief and careless driving . Animal cruelty charges also expected to be dealt pending an SPCA inquiry . Mayer's relatives have claimed suspect tried to save Rolo as vehicle sank . His cousin's fiancée said: 'He almost killed himself trying to save his dog' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | This weekend's FA Cup action unsurprisingly brought up a number of talking points. Here, Sportsmail's Graham Poll talks us through the key events from Liverpool's FA Cup quarter-final draw with Blackburn on Sunday. Andre Marriner was well served by not giving decisions at Anfield, where there were four decent penalty appeals. While one could make a case — certainly technically — for three of the four to be given, I felt Marriner got every one of those decisions right. Liverpool’s best chance of a penalty was their first appeal when Adam Lallana went down under pressure from Matt Kilgallon. Liverpool attacker Adam Lallana (right) was denied a penalty after tumbling from a challenge by Matt Kilgallon . Lallana can't believe it after referee Andre Marriner waves away his protests . While slow-motion replays perhaps indicated that Kilgallon may not have played the ball, he certainly appeared to from all angles at full speed. The other two appeals in the first half were for handball and both were accidental. Blackburn defender Kilgallon (left) also made contract with Daniel Sturridge in the box during the second half . Early in the second half, Daniel Sturridge felt Kilgallon’s arm make contact so he went to ground, knowing he wasn’t going to reach the pass played for him. Once again, Marriner was right to allow play to continue, understanding that not every contact is a foul. | Liverpool drew 0-0 against Blackburn in their FA Cup quarter-final tie at Anfield on Sunday . There were four decent penalty appeals during the game . Referee Andre Marriner got every one of them correct . The two handballs in the first half were accidental and Matt Kilgallon played the ball despite Adam Lallana going down under the challenge . Kilgallon made contact with Sturridge in the box, but Marriner was also right to wave play on as the former knew he wasn't going to get the ball . |
Given this article about Operation Aurora, Which nation was beleived to be behund the attacks? | Operation Aurora was a series of cyber attacks conducted by advanced persistent threats such as the Elderwood Group based in Beijing, China, with ties to the People's Liberation Army. First publicly disclosed by Google on January 12, 2010, in a blog post, the attacks began in mid-2009 and continued through December 2009.
The attack was aimed at dozens of other organizations, of which Adobe Systems, Akamai Technologies, Juniper Networks, and Rackspace have publicly confirmed that they were targeted. According to media reports, Yahoo, Symantec, Northrop Grumman, Morgan Stanley, and Dow Chemical were also among the targets.
As a result of the attack, Google stated in its blog that it plans to operate a completely uncensored version of its search engine in China "within the law, if at all," and acknowledged that if this is not possible, it may leave China and close its Chinese offices. Official Chinese sources claimed this was part of a strategy developed by the U.S. government.
The attack was named "Operation Aurora" by Dmitri Alperovitch, Vice President of Threat Research at cybersecurity company McAfee. Research by McAfee Labs discovered that "Aurora" was part of the file path on the attacker's machine that was included in two of the malware binaries McAfee said were associated with the attack. "We believe the name was the internal name the attacker(s) gave to this operation," McAfee Chief Technology Officer George Kurtz said in a blog post.
According to McAfee, the primary goal of the attack was to gain access to and potentially modify source code repositories at these high-tech, security, and defense contractor companies. "[The SCMs] were wide open," says Alperovitch. "No one ever thought about securing them, yet these were the crown jewels of most of these companies in many ways—much more valuable than any financial or personally identifiable data that they may have and spend so much time and effort protecting."
History
Flowers left outside Google China's headquarters after its announcement it might leave the country
On January 12, 2010, Google revealed on its blog that it had been the victim of a cyber attack. The company said the attack occurred in mid-December and originated from China. Google stated that over 20 other companies had been attacked; other sources have since cited that more than 34 organizations were targeted. As a result of the attack, Google said it was reviewing its business in China. On the same day, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton issued a brief statement condemning the attacks and requesting a response from China.
On January 13, 2010, the news agency All Headline News reported that the United States Congress plans to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists.
In Beijing, visitors left flowers outside of Google's office. However, these were later removed, with a Chinese security guard stating that this was an "illegal flower tribute". The Chinese government has yet to issue a formal response, although an anonymous official stated that China was seeking more information on Google's intentions.
Attackers involved
Further information: Cyberwarfare by China
Technical evidence including IP addresses, domain names, malware signatures, and other factors, show Elderwood was behind the Operation Aurora attack. The "Elderwood" group was named by Symantec (after a source-code variable used by the attackers), and is referred to as the "Beijing Group" by Dell Secureworks. The group obtained some of Google's source code, as well as access to information about Chinese activists. Elderwood also targeted numerous other companies in the shipping, aeronautics, arms, energy, manufacturing, engineering, electronics, financial, and software sectors.
The "APT" designation for the Chinese threat actors responsible for attacking Google is APT17.
Elderwood specializes in attacking and infiltrating second-tier defense industry suppliers that make electronic or mechanical components for top defense companies. Those firms then become a cyber "stepping stone" to gain access to top-tier defense contractors. One attack procedure used by Elderwood is to infect legitimate websites frequented by employees of the target company – a so-called "water hole" attack, just as lions stake out a watering hole for their prey. Elderwood infects these less-secure sites with malware that downloads to a computer that clicks on the site. After that, the group searches inside the network to which the infected computer is connected, finding and then downloading executives' e-mails and critical documents on company plans, decisions, acquisitions, and product designs.
Attack analysis
In its blog posting, Google stated that some of its intellectual property had been stolen. It suggested that the attackers were interested in accessing Gmail accounts of Chinese dissidents. According to the Financial Times, two accounts used by Ai Weiwei had been attacked, their contents read and copied; his bank accounts were investigated by state security agents who claimed he was under investigation for "unspecified suspected crimes". However, the attackers were only able to view details on two accounts and those details were limited to things such as the subject line and the accounts' creation date.
Security experts immediately noted the sophistication of the attack. Two days after the attack became public, McAfee reported that the attackers had exploited purported zero-day vulnerabilities (unfixed and previously unknown to the target system developers) in Internet Explorer and dubbed the attack "Operation Aurora". A week after the report by McAfee, Microsoft issued a fix for the issue, and admitted that they had known about the security hole used since September. Additional vulnerabilities were found in Perforce, the source code revision software used by Google to manage their source code.
VeriSign's iDefense Labs claimed that the attacks were perpetrated by "agents of the Chinese state or proxies thereof".
According to a diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, a Chinese source reported that the Chinese Politburo directed the intrusion into Google's computer systems. The cable suggested that the attack was part of a coordinated campaign executed by "government operatives, public security experts and Internet outlaws recruited by the Chinese government." The report suggested that it was part of an ongoing campaign in which attackers have "broken into American government computers and those of Western allies, the Dalai Lama and American businesses since 2002." According to The Guardian's reporting on the leak, the attacks were "orchestrated by a senior member of the Politburo who typed his own name into the global version of the search engine and found articles criticising him personally."
Once a victim's system was compromised, a backdoor connection that masqueraded as an SSL connection made connections to command and control servers running in Illinois, Texas, and Taiwan, including machines that were running under stolen Rackspace customer accounts. The victim's machine then began exploring the protected corporate intranet that it was a part of, searching for other vulnerable systems as well as sources of intellectual property, specifically the contents of source code repositories.
The attacks were thought to have definitively ended on Jan 4 when the command and control servers were taken down, although it is not known at this point whether or not the attackers intentionally shut them down. However, the attacks were still occurring as of February 2010.
Response and aftermath
The German, Australian, and French governments publicly issued warnings to users of Internet Explorer after the attack, advising them to use alternative browsers at least until a fix for the security hole was made. The German, Australian, and French governments considered all versions of Internet Explorer vulnerable or potentially vulnerable.
In an advisory on January 14, 2010, Microsoft said that attackers targeting Google and other U.S. companies used software that exploits a hole in Internet Explorer. The vulnerability affects Internet Explorer versions 6, 7, and 8 on Windows 7, Vista, Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 R2, as well as IE 6 Service Pack 1 on Windows 2000 Service Pack 4.
The Internet Explorer exploit code used in the attack has been released into the public domain, and has been incorporated into the Metasploit Framework penetration testing tool. A copy of the exploit was uploaded to Wepawet, a service for detecting and analyzing web-based malware operated by the computer security group at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "The public release of the exploit code increases the possibility of widespread attacks using the Internet Explorer vulnerability," said George Kurtz, CTO of McAfee, of the attack. "The now public computer code may help cybercriminals craft attacks that use the vulnerability to compromise Windows systems."
Security company Websense said it identified "limited public use" of the unpatched IE vulnerability in drive-by attacks against users who strayed onto malicious Web sites. According to Websense, the attack code it spotted is the same as the exploit that went public last week.[clarification needed] "Internet Explorer users currently face a real and present danger due to the public disclosure of the vulnerability and release of attack code, increasing the possibility of widespread attacks," said George Kurtz, chief technology officer of McAfee, in a blog update. Confirming this speculation, Websense Security Labs identified additional sites using the exploit on January 19. According to reports from Ahnlab, the second URL was spread through the Instant Messenger network Misslee Messenger, a popular IM client in South Korea.
Researchers have created attack code that exploits the vulnerability in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) and IE8—even when Microsoft's recommended defensive measure (Data Execution Prevention (DEP)) is turned on.[dubious – discuss] According to Dino Dai Zovi, a security vulnerability researcher, "even the newest IE8 isn't safe from attack if it's running on Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) or earlier, or on Windows Vista RTM (release to manufacturing), the version Microsoft shipped in January 2007."
Microsoft admitted that the security hole used had been known to them since September. Work on an update was prioritized and on Thursday, January 21, 2010, Microsoft released a security patch aiming to counter this weakness, the published exploits based on it and a number of other privately reported vulnerabilities. They did not state if any of the latter had been used or published by exploiters or whether these had any particular relation to the Aurora operation, but the entire cumulative update was termed critical for most versions of Windows, including Windows 7.
Security researchers continued to investigate the attacks. HBGary, a security firm, released a report in which they claimed to have found some significant markers that might help identify the code developer. The firm also said that the code was Chinese language based but could not be specifically tied to any government entity.
On February 19, 2010, a security expert investigating the cyber-attack on Google, has claimed that the people behind the attack were also responsible for the cyber-attacks made on several Fortune 100 companies in the past one and a half years. They have also tracked the attack back to its point of origin, which seems to be two Chinese schools, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Lanxiang Vocational School. As highlighted by The New York Times, both of these schools have ties with the Chinese search engine Baidu, a rival of Google China. Both Lanxiang Vocational and Jiaotong University have denied the allegation.
In March 2010, Symantec, which was helping investigate the attack for Google, identified Shaoxing as the source of 21.3% of all (12 billion) malicious emails sent throughout the world.
Google retrospective
On October 3, 2022, Google on YouTube released a six-episode series covering the events that occurred during Operation Aurora, with commentary from insiders who dealt with the attack, though the series primary focus was to reassure the Google-using public that measures are in place to counter hacking attempts. | China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) is believed to be behind this operation. |
What are the key features introduced by Apple in their iPhone since its creation which makes it so popular and innovative? | Development of an Apple smartphone began in 2004, when Apple started to gather a team of 1,000 employees led by hardware engineer Tony Fadell, software engineer Scott Forstall, and design officer Jony Ive, to work on the highly confidential "Project Purple".
Then-Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet (which was later revisited in the form of the iPad) towards a phone. Apple created the device during a secretive collaboration with Cingular Wireless (later renamed AT&T Mobility) at the time—at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months.According to Jobs in 1998, the "i" word in "iMac" (and therefore "iPod", "iPhone" and "iPad") stands for internet, individual, instruct, inform, and inspire.
Apple rejected the "design by committee" approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, a largely unsuccessful "iTunes phone" made in collaboration with Motorola. Among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1's firmware limited storage to only 100 iTunes songs to avoid competing with Apple's iPod nano. Cingular gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house, a rare practice at the time, and paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue (until the iPhone 3G), in exchange for four years of exclusive U.S. sales, until 2011.
Jobs unveiled the first-generation iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. The iPhone incorporated a 3.5-inch multi-touch display with few hardware buttons, and ran the iPhone OS operating system with a touch-friendly interface, then marketed as a version of Mac OS X. It launched on June 29, 2007, at a starting price of US$499 in the United States, and required a two-year contract with AT&T.
On July 11, 2008, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2008, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, and expanded its launch-day availability to twenty-two countries, and it was eventually released in 70 countries and territories. The iPhone 3G introduced faster 3G connectivity, and a lower starting price of US$199 (with a two-year AT&T contract). Its successor, the iPhone 3GS, was announced on June 8, 2009, at WWDC 2009, and introduced video recording functionality.
First iPhone on display under glass at the January 2007 Macworld show
The iPhone 4 was announced on June 7, 2010, at WWDC 2010, and introduced a redesigned body incorporating a stainless steel frame and a rear glass panel. At release, the iPhone 4 was marketed as the "world's thinnest smartphone"; it uses the Apple A4 processor, being the first iPhone to use an Apple custom-designed chip. It introduced the Retina display, having four-times the display resolution of preceding iPhones, and was the highest-resolution smartphone screen at release; a front-facing camera was also introduced, enabling video calling functionality via FaceTime.
Users of the iPhone 4 reported dropped/disconnected telephone calls when holding their phones in a certain way, and this issue was nicknamed "antennagate". In January 2011, as Apple's exclusivity agreement with AT&T was expiring, Verizon announced that they would be carrying the iPhone 4, with a model compatible with Verizon's CDMA network releasing on February 10.
The iPhone 4S was announced on October 4, 2011, and introduced the Siri virtual assistant, a dual-core A5 processor, and an 8 megapixel camera with 1080p video recording functionality. The iPhone 5 was announced on September 12, 2012, and introduced a larger 4-inch screen, up from the 3.5-inch screen of all previous iPhone models, as well as faster 4G LTE connectivity. It also introduced a thinner and lighter body made of aluminum alloy, and the 30-pin dock connector of previous iPhones was replaced with the new, reversible Lightning connector.
The iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were announced on September 10, 2013. The iPhone 5S included a 64-bit A7 processor, becoming the first ever 64-bit smartphone; it also introduced the Touch ID fingerprint authentication sensor. The iPhone 5C was a lower-cost device that incorporated hardware from the iPhone 5, into a series of colorful plastic frames.
On September 9, 2014, Apple introduced the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, and included significantly larger screens than the iPhone 5S, at 4.7-inch and 5.5-inch respectively; both models also introduced mobile payment technology via Apple Pay. Optical image stabilization was introduced to the 6 Plus' camera. The Apple Watch was also introduced on the same day, and is a smartwatch that operates in conjunction with a connected iPhone. Some users experienced bending issues from normal use with the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, particularly on the latter model, and this issue was nicknamed "bendgate".
The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were introduced on September 9, 2015, and included a more bend-resistant frame made of a stronger aluminum alloy, as well as a higher resolution 12-megapixel main camera capable of 4K video recording. The first-generation iPhone SE was introduced on March 21, 2016, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer hardware from the iPhone 6S, in the frame of the older iPhone 5S.
The iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were announced on September 7, 2016, which introduced larger camera sensors, IP67-certified water and dust resistance, and a quad-core A10 Fusion processor utilizing big.LITTLE technology; the 3.5mm headphone jack was removed, and was followed by the introduction of the AirPods wireless earbuds. Optical image stabilization was added to the 7's camera. A second telephoto camera lens was added on the 7 Plus, enabling two-times optical zoom, and "Portrait" photography mode which simulates bokeh in photos.
The iPhone 8, 8 Plus, and iPhone X were announced on September 12, 2017, in Apple's first event held at the Steve Jobs Theater in Apple Park. All models featured rear glass panel designs akin to the iPhone 4, wireless charging, and a hexa-core A11 Bionic chip with "Neural Engine" AI accelerator hardware. The iPhone X additionally introduced a 5.8-inch OLED "Super Retina" display with a "bezel-less" design, with a higher pixel density and contrast ratio than previous iPhones with LCD displays, and introduced a stronger frame made of stainless steel. It also introduced Face ID facial recognition authentication hardware, in a "notch" screen cutout, in place of Touch ID; the home button was removed to make room for additional screen space, replacing it with a gesture-based navigation system. At its US$999 starting price, the iPhone X was the most expensive iPhone at launch.
The iPhone XR, iPhone XS, and XS Max were announced on September 12, 2018. All models featured the "Smart HDR" computational photography system, and a significantly more powerful "Neural Engine".[ The XS Max introduced a larger 6.5-inch screen. The iPhone XR included a 6.1-inch LCD "Liquid Retina" display, with a "bezel-less" design similar to the iPhone X, but does not include a second telephoto lens; it was made available in a series of vibrant colors, akin to the iPhone 5C, and was a lower-cost device compared to the iPhone X and XS.
The iPhone 11, 11 Pro, and 11 Pro Max were announced on September 10, 2019. The iPhone 11 was the successor to the iPhone XR, while the iPhone 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max succeeded the iPhone XS and XS Max. All models gained an ultra-wide lens, enabling two-times optical zoom out, as well as larger batteries for longer battery life. The second-generation iPhone SE was introduced on April 17, 2020, and was a low-cost device that incorporated newer hardware from the iPhone 11, in the frame of the older iPhone 8, while retaining the home button and the Touch ID sensor.
The iPhone 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, and 12 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on October 13, 2020. All models featured OLED "Super Retina XDR" displays, introduced faster 5G connectivity, and the MagSafe magnetic charging and accessory system; a slimmer flat-edged design was also introduced, which combined with stronger glass-ceramic front glass, added better drop protection compared to previous iPhones. The iPhone 12 Mini introduced a smaller 5.4-inch screen, while the 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max had larger screens of 6.1-inch and 6.7-inch respectively. The iPhone 12 Pro and 12 Pro Max additionally added a Lidar sensor for better accuracy in augumented reality (AR) applications.
The iPhone 13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, and 13 Pro Max were announced via a livestream event on September 14, 2021. All models featured larger camera sensors, larger batteries for longer battery life, and a narrower "notch" screen cutout. The iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max additionally introduced smoother adaptive 120 Hz refresh rate "ProMotion" technology in its OLED display, and three-times optical zoom in the telephoto lens. The low-cost third-generation iPhone SE was introduced on March 8, 2022, and incorporated the A15 Bionic chip from the iPhone 13, but otherwise retained similar hardware to the second-generation iPhone SE.
The iPhone 14, 14 Plus, 14 Pro, and 14 Pro Max were announced on September 7, 2022. All models introduced satellite phone emergency calling functionality. The iPhone 14 Plus introduced the large 6.7-inch screen size, first seen on the iPhone 12 Pro Max, into a lower-cost device. The iPhone 14 Pro and 14 Pro Max additionally introduced a higher-resolution 48-megapixel main camera, the first increase in megapixel count since the iPhone 6S; it also introduced always-on display technology to the lock screen, and an interactive status bar interface integrated in a redesigned screen cutout, entitled "Dynamic Island". | The iPhone was the first mobile phone with multi-touch technology. Since the iPhone's launch, it gained larger screen sizes, video-recording, waterproofing, and many accessibility features. Up to iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, iPhones had a single button on the front panel with the Touch ID fingerprint sensor. Since iPhone X, iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen design with Face ID facial recognition, and app switching activated by gestures. |
What are the main two ways players score in the Princeton offense? | The Princeton offense is an offensive basketball strategy which emphasizes constant motion, back-door cuts, picks on and off the ball, and disciplined teamwork. It was used and perfected at Princeton University by Pete Carril, though its roots may be traced back to Franklin “Cappy” Cappon, who coached Princeton in the late 1930s, and Bernard "Red" Sarachek, who coached at Yeshiva University from 1938 to 1977.
The offense is designed for a unit of five players who can each pass, shoot, and dribble at an above-average level. These players hope to isolate and exploit a mismatch using these skills. Positions become less important and on offense there is no point guard, shooting guard, small forward or power forward. However, there are certain rules that players running this offense are expected to follow.
The offense usually starts out with four players outside the three-point arc with one player at the top of the key. The ball is kept in constant motion through passing until either a player without the ball cuts toward the unoccupied area under and around the basket, and is passed the ball for a layup. The post player is a very important player in the offense. He sets up in the high post and draws attention to his positioning. When the ball is received in to the post the players main objective is to find back door cutters or defenders who have fallen asleep on the weak side.
The hallmark of the offense is the backdoor pass, where a player on the wing suddenly moves in towards the basket, receives a bounce pass from a guard on the perimeter, and (if done correctly) finds himself with no defenders between him and a layup. Alternatively, when the defensive team attempts to pack the paint to prevent backdoor cuts, the offense utilizes three point shots from the perimeter. All five players in the offense—including the center—should be competent at making a three-point attempt, further spreading the floor, and not allowing the defense to leave any player unattended.
The offense is often a very slowly developing one, relying on a high number of passes, and is often used in college basketball by teams facing opponents with superior athletic talent in order to maintain a low-scoring game (believing that a high-scoring game would favor the athletically superior opponent). As a result, Princeton has led the nation in scoring defense 19 times including in every year from 1989 to 2000. | The first way to score in the Princeton offense is by utilizing the backdoor pass. A backdoor pass is when someone on the wing suddenly cuts towards the basket and is passed the ball for an uncontested layup. If the defense tries to stop these backdoor passes, the other way to score is to make three point shots from the perimeter. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | As Manchester City are faced with the daunting task of overturning a 2-1 aggregate deficit in the second leg of the Champions League last 16 against Barcelona on Wednesday night, midfield powerhouse Yaya Toure has shown he is not letting the pressure get to him. Strapped to heart monitors and presented with a series of pictures ranging from a cute golden retriever puppy to the Champions League trophy and Barcelona playmaker Andres Iniesta, the 31-year-old's pulse rate remained steady throughout. City have never progressed to the quarter-finals of Europe's elite club competition and will have to be at their absolute best to pull off a special result at the Nou Camp if that is to change, but judging by Toure's show of confidence, the Ivorian is certainly up for the match against his former club. Manchester City midfielder Yaya Toure is linked up to a heart monitor as part of a Nissan advertising video . The Ivorian is shown a series of pictures including a snap of a cute golden retriever puppy . Toure's pulse remains steady throughout the video as City prepare to face Barcelona on Wednesday night . One of Nissan's new models is showcased as part of the advertising campaign . Toure shows that he is ready and raring to go ahead of the crucial match at the Nou Camp . The video Toure was starring in was part of a promotional campaign for Nissan, who are official sponsors of the Champions League. Toure joined City from Barcelona in 2010 for a reported £24 million fee and has since gone on to become one of the Sky Blues' most important players. Meanwhile, Iniesta, who played alongside Toure for the Catalan side while he was there, is well aware of his old team-mate's capabilities. 'He is very important for them, he is very powerful physically and he has important qualities because of all his skills,' the Spaniard said. Car manufacturers Nissan are one of the official sponsors of the UEFA champions League . Barcelona playmaker Andres Iniesta is widely regarded as one of the Catalan side's best players . A close-up of Toure's eyes shows exactly how focused the player is ahead of his return to the the Nou Camp . | Manchester City will travel to the Nou Camp in the Champions League . They are looking to overturn a 2-1 aggregate deficit in the last 16 . Yaya Toure has shown off his nerves of steel in a promotional video . It was an advert for tournament sponsors Nissan . CLICK HERE for all the latest Manchester City news . |
Extract the difference between Gross Disposable income from Disposable Income | The list below represents a national accounts derived indicator for a country or territory's gross household disposable income per capita (including social transfers in kind). According to the OECD, 'household disposable income is income available to households such as wages and salaries, income from self-employment and unincorporated enterprises, income from pensions and other social benefits, and income from financial investments (less any payments of tax, social insurance contributions and interest on financial liabilities). 'Gross’ means that depreciation costs are not subtracted.' This indicator also takes account of social transfers in kind 'such as health or education provided for free or at reduced prices by governments and not-for-profit organisations.' The data shown below is published by the OECD and is presented in purchasing power parity (PPP) in order to adjust for price differences between countries. | There is a unique difference between Gross Disposable Income and Household disposable income. The first being that "gross" indicates the total about amount of income derived from all sources such as wages, investments, self-employment, pensions and social benefits before extracting depreciation costs. Household disposable income includes all sources of income less social benefits, taxes, insurance, and liabilities such as rent, electricity and other ongoing financial commitments. What is remaining is defined as household disposable income which is then indexed globally using PPP (purchasing power parity) in order to adjust for price differences in different countries. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Two former neighbors of Justin Bieber have filed a lawsuit against the pop star, claiming he and his bodyguards repeatedly harassed them and their family, vandalized their house with eggs and threatened them with anti-Semitic remarks. In the lawsuit Jeffrey and Suzanne Schwartz say Bieber hosted frequent loud parties and spat in Jeffrey Schwartz' face after he complained about the pop star driving his Ferrari at dangerous speeds down the street of their gated community in Calabasas, California. The suit, filed Thursday in Los Angeles Superior Court, also alleges Bieber's bodyguards dismissed Jeffrey Schwartz's complaints by taunting him repeatedly with "what are you going to do about it, Jew boy?" The suit seeks unspecified damages and a jury trial. Representatives for Bieber did not immediately respond to requests for comment Thursday afternoon. The lawsuit comes after Bieber, 21, pleaded guilty last July to a misdemeanor vandalism charge stemming from a January 9, 2014 incident in which the Schwartzes' house was pelted with dozens of eggs. Bieber agreed to pay $80,900 in restitution for damages to the house and was placed on two years' probation. It's the latest chapter in a string of legal troubles for the polarizing former teen idol, who in recent years has been convicted of careless driving and resisting arrest and is facing dangerous driving and assault charges after his ATV collided with a minivan last August in Canada. Thursday's lawsuit alleges a nine-month pattern of "offensive" behavior by Bieber and members of his entourage from March 2013 to January 2014. The Schwartzes, who lived next door to Bieber, claim the harassment escalated after a March 27, 2013 episode in which Bieber spat in Jeffrey Schwartz' face and threatened to "f---ing kill" him. The following year, after the egging episode made headlines, the Schwartzes say they and their children were subject to "constant harassment" by Bieber's entourage, fans and the media. The couple are seeking damages on the grounds of assault and battery and infliction of emotional distress. Bieber sold the Calabasas house for $7. 2 million last year to Khloe Kardashian and has since been renting a $60,000-a-month home in Beverly Hills, according to Forbes. | Two former neighbors of Justin Bieber file lawsuit against the pop star . Suit alleges he vandalized their house with eggs and threatened them . Bieber, 21, pleaded guilty last year to a related vandalism charge . |
Extract the steps to resolve a given supervised machine learning problem from the following text | To solve a given problem of supervised learning, one has to perform the following steps:
Determine the type of training examples. Before doing anything else, the user should decide what kind of data is to be used as a training set. In the case of handwriting analysis, for example, this might be a single handwritten character, an entire handwritten word, an entire sentence of handwriting or perhaps a full paragraph of handwriting.
Gather a training set. The training set needs to be representative of the real-world use of the function. Thus, a set of input objects is gathered and corresponding outputs are also gathered, either from human experts or from measurements.
Determine the input feature representation of the learned function. The accuracy of the learned function depends strongly on how the input object is represented. Typically, the input object is transformed into a feature vector, which contains a number of features that are descriptive of the object. The number of features should not be too large, because of the curse of dimensionality; but should contain enough information to accurately predict the output.
Determine the structure of the learned function and corresponding learning algorithm. For example, the engineer may choose to use support-vector machines or decision trees.
Complete the design. Run the learning algorithm on the gathered training set. Some supervised learning algorithms require the user to determine certain control parameters. These parameters may be adjusted by optimizing performance on a subset (called a validation set) of the training set, or via cross-validation.
Evaluate the accuracy of the learned function. After parameter adjustment and learning, the performance of the resulting function should be measured on a test set that is separate from the training set. | Use the following steps to solve a given problem of supervised learning:
1. Determine the type of training examples,
2. Gather a training set.
3. Determine the input feature representation of the learned function.
4. Determine the structure of the learned function and corresponding learning algorithm.
5. Run the learning algorithm on the gathered training set.
6. Evaluate the accuracy of the learned function. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Radamel Falcao's time at Manchester United seems set to be curtailed at the end of the season after a faltering year from the Colombia international. The 29-year-old striker has only hit the net four times in a barren season so far at Old Trafford. He was seen heading to a restaurant for lunch in Manchester on Wednesday, taking time away from his side's preparations to play Liverpool on Sunday by enjoying some food in his adopted city. Manchester United striker Radamel Falcao was spotted heading to lunch in the city on Wednesday . Falcao (left) was used as an 83rd minute substitute in United's 3-0 win over Tottenham last weekend . Striker Falcao has predominantly been used as a substitute during a difficult year at Old Trafford . Falcao arrived in Manchester on a deadline day loan deal, with United having the option to make the move permanent for £43million at the end of the season. But the attacker's role at United has diminished as the season has progressed, with manager Louis van Gaal notoriously electing not to bring him off the substitutes bench in the 2-1 FA Cup quarter-final defeat at home to Arsenal. His team currently occupy the fourth and final Champions League position in the Premier League but face an examination of their credentials when they play Liverpool on Sunday. Liverpool are only two points behind United in the Premier League table and can usurp United and move fourth with a victory. | Radamel Falcao was spotted going to lunch in Manchester on Wednesday . The striker's role at Manchester United has been under a lot of scrutiny . His team face fierce rivals Liverpool in the Premier League on Sunday . READ: Sources reveal Falcao knows he has no long-term future at the club . CLICK HERE for all the latest Manchester United news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A Catholic priest, suspended after a Mail on Sunday probe found he was in a sham ‘gay marriage’ with a Pakistani immigrant, has been reinstated. Father Donald Minchew, 67, was removed from his ministry a year ago after confessing that he entered the civil partnership in 2008 to help the family friend obtain a British passport. But Church superiors have revealed his partnership has been dissolved and they have been assured the Home Office no longer wants to pursue the matter. Return: Father Minchew has been reinstated by church superiors after his civil partnership was dissolved . In a letter to parishioners last week, prelate Monsignor Keith Newton said he had lifted Fr Minchew’s suspension ‘after much prayer and discussion’. The Home Office refused to comment. It is not known what happened to Fr Minchew’s ex partner, Mustajab Hussain, 33. Confronted last year, Fr Minchew, said: ‘You are talking to a ruined man. I am finished.’ Fr Minchew, who had been based at St Mary’s Church, Croydon, could not be reached for comment. Father Minchew had been based at St Mary’s Church, Croydon, pictured, before he was suspended . Sorry we are not currently accepting comments on this article. | Father Donald Minchew, 67, suspended after sham 'gay marriage' exposed . Catholic priest has now been reinstated by Church superiors . Comes after civil partnership with a Pakistani immigrant has been dissolved . |
Given a reference text about Kennebunkport, tell me its neighboring towns and where it is located. | Kennebunkport /ˌkɛniˈbʌŋkˌpɔːrt/ is a resort town in York County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,629 people at the 2020 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford metropolitan statistical area.
The town center, the area in and around Dock Square, is located along the Kennebunk River, approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the mouth of the river on the Atlantic Ocean. Historically a shipbuilding and fishing village, for well over a century the town has been a popular summer colony and seaside tourist destination. The Dock Square area has a district of souvenir shops, art galleries, schooner attractions, seafood restaurants, and bed and breakfasts. Cape Porpoise, while retaining its identity as a fishing harbor, has a very small village area with several restaurants, a church, grocery store, coffee shop, small library, and art gallery. Kennebunkport has a reputation as a summer haven for the upper class and is one of the wealthiest communities in the state of Maine. The Municipality of Kennebunkport includes the constituent villages of Kennebunkport Village, Cape Arundel & Colony Beach, the Cottage Coast, Wilde's District (Wildwood), Goose Rocks Beach, Turbatts Creek, Cape Porpoise Village, North Village Crossing (Townhouse Corner), among various other newer developments. The town is the home of Walker's Point, a summer estate of the Bush family.
Kennebunkport and neighboring towns Kennebunk and Arundel comprise school district RSU 21.
The Kennebunkport Christmas Prelude takes place annually in the town, beginning either in late November or early December. | Kennebunkport is located in York County, Maine and is neighbored by the towns of Kennebunk and Arundel. |
Which team was relegated from the league at the conclusion of the 1991 Season? | Waterside Karori were relegated at the end of the 1990 season, to be replaced by the winner of a play-off series between teams from the northern, central, and southern leagues (Mount Albert-Ponsonby, Nelson United, and Burndale United respectively). Nelson United won the series to gain promotion, but there is some controversy about their participation in the play-offs as they had only finished second in the central regional league, which was won by Petone.
Gisborne City were relegated at the end of the 1991 season | Gisborne City |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Chelsea were eliminated from the Champions League as 10-man Paris St Germain twice came from behind to win an ill-tempered last-16 tie on away goals at Stamford Bridge. The first leg was drawn 1-1 and Chelsea's advantage grew when Zlatan Ibrahimovic was harshly sent off after 31 minutes. Gary Cahill's strike nine minutes from the end of normal time was cancelled out by former Chelsea defender David Luiz, but the hosts went ahead for a second time through an Eden Hazard penalty early in extra-time. PSG captain Thiago Silva, who conceded the spot-kick for handball, was denied from a corner by Thibaut Courtois but then netted with a header moments later to make it 2-2 on the night and send the visitors through. Chelsea striker Diego Costa clashes with former Blues defender David Luiz . Chelsea (4-2-3-1) Thibaut Courtois 6.5 . Mainly unflappable, but beaten by Cavani’s dummy on 57 minutes; great save from Thiago Silva header in extra time. Cesar Azpilicueta 6.5 . Should be known as the running man as he never stops but not enough going forward. Branislav Ivanovic 6 . Pushed on plenty, defended in characteristic style and consistent if nothing else. Costa pushes over Marquinhos behind the back of referee Bjorn Kuipers (right) Gary Cahill 7 . A superb strike to score from Terry’s flick back on 81 minutes; mostly strong when required in defence though with the odd unsure moment. John Terry 6.5 . Kept cajoling and leading his team and defended with customary determination and provided flick back for Cahill goal but allowed Thiago Silva above him for the winner. Oscar 6 . Worked hard defensively, precise in his passing. Victim of the Ibrahimovic tackle. Costa (left) gets into an altercation with Paris St Germain's Thiago Motta (right) Cesc Fabregas 5.5 . Slow when defending counters; good in distribution. Stifled by Verratti and Motta. Nemanja Matic 6 . Solid as ever in holding midfield but struggled to get the tempo going after Ibrahimovic’s sending off. Ramires 5.5 . Couldn’t inject urgency into Chelsea attacking play as they struggled against 10 men. PSG styriker Edison Cavani remonstrates with Chelsea's Eden Hazard . Eden Hazard 7.5 . Impish, skittish and at times delightful. Found it hard to find space as PSG solidified after red card but stepped up with coolness to score the penalty . Diego Costa 6.5 . A running duel with Thiago Silva and David Luiz. It was for nights such as this he was signed and he battled throughout but to no avail. Costa argues with PSG midfielder Yohan Cabaye after the final whistle . Subs . Drogba (for Ramires 90) 5.5 . Made little impact on his 37th birthday . Zouma (Matic 84) 6 . Solid enough in defensive midfield . Manager . Jose Mourinho 6 . Not much wrong with the shape or selection but Chelsea couldn’t seem to hit the required tempo – playing against ten men made no difference. PSG (4-3-2-1) Salvatore Sirigu 6 . Occasionally unsure but in the main was solid enough and up to it when called upon. Maxwell 7.5 . Prodigious getting forward when necessary; tucked in and defended well too. Marquinhos 7 . Marking Hazard in impish form is one of the hardest jobs in football; but acquitted himself extremely well . David Luiz sinks to his knees after the final whistle with PSG progressing at the expense of his old club . David Luiz 8.5 . Dramatic falls, play-acting, some solid defending and a superb goal. Thiago Silva 8 . Looking like a man who’d walked out of a bar-room brawl, he was imperious at the back until that moment of madness to give away the penalty. Then redeemed himself with in the most glorious manner possible. Javier Pastore 6.5 . Defended with aplomb, supporting Marquinhos whenever he could. Luiz celebrates after scoring the equaliser against his former club at Stamford Bridge . Marco Verratti 7.5 . Sprung forward whenever he could, passed with intent and defending robustly. Thiago Motta 7.5 . Was the team’s foundation stone, marshalling the space in front of the back four; came into his own after the Ibrahimovic sending off. Blaise Matuidi 6.5 . Quikc on the counter, soild in the tackles. Did the job that was asked of him tirelessly. Chelsea goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois is beaten by a header from PSG's Thiago Silva . Zlatan Ibrahimovic 5 . He was unfortunate the ref reached for red rather than yellow – but the red-card tackle was undisciplined and un-necessary and put him at risk. Edinson Cavani 7 . Lucky to avoid conceding a penalty on 43 minutes when he fouled Diego Costa; hit post for narrowest of angle after superb run to put himself through on 57 minutes. Subs . Lavezzi (for Verratti 83) 6 . Rabiot (for Matuidi 83) 6 . Manager . Laurent Blanc 7 . Even when the game plan went to pot after Ibrahimovic’s sending off, PSG remained a discipline defensive block. Their plan was well executed. | Diego Costa was signed for nights such as this and he battled throughout . Cesc Fabregas was stifled and Ramires failed to inject urgency in midfield . Former Chelsea defender David Luiz was the star man for PSG with 8.5 . |
Tell me about the history of how the NBA started? | The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, in a game the NBA now refers to as the first game played in NBA history. The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues, including the American Basketball League (ABL) and the NBL, the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major cities. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that league's 1948 title, and the 1948 NBL champion Minneapolis Lakers won the 1949 BAA title. Prior to the 1948–49 season, however, NBL teams from Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, and Rochester jumped to the BAA, which established the BAA as the league of choice for collegians looking to turn professional.
On August 3, 1949, the remaining NBL teams–Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo–merged into the BAA. In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications, the league name was changed to the present National Basketball Association, even though the merged league retained the BAA's governing body, including Maurice Podoloff as president. To this day, the NBA claims the BAA's history as its own. It now reckons the arrival of the NBL teams as an expansion, not a merger, and does not recognize NBL records and statistics. | The league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3, 1949, after merging with the competing National Basketball League.. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A genetic condition has left Jen Scheuermann paralyzed since 2003, but revolutionary new technology is allowing her the ability to feed herself chocolate, give high fives and even fly a fighter jet. Last week, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (known as DARPA), unveiled the amazing results of a two-year experiment involving the 55-year-old quadriplegic woman, which they carried out in conjunction with the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. Scheuermann agreed to let the super-secretive agency surgically implant pea-sized probes into her brain as they sought a way to turn her thought to actions. Scroll down for video . Revolutionary: Jen Sheuermann (right), who suffers from quadriplegia, is now able to move a robotic arm thanks to technology being developed by DARPA . Amazing: DARPA implanted two pea-sized probes into Sheuermann's brain two years ago to find a way to turn her thoughts into actions - like feeding herself a bar of chocolate . The experiment was a success as the research team was able to successfully translate Scheuermann's brain movements to a robotic arm, which was then able to move on her behalf to move a chocolate bar to her mouth and make gestures like a thumbs up. In addition to moving a robotic arm, Scheuermann was also able to experience piloting a plane with the same technology. The research team let Scheuermann connect to a flight simulator, where she had amazing results flying an F-35 jet and Cessna airplane not with a joystick - but with her thoughts alone. While the results give hope to anyone who suffers from limited mobility, they also draw up questions about whether the technology could be used for destructive purposes - such as soldiers controlling surrogate versions with their minds, out of combat. The ability to fly: Researchers also found a way to hook Scheuermann up to a flight simulator, and she was able to use the device to fly a F-35 and Cessna with her mind . 'In doing that work, we can now see the future where we can free the brain from the limitations of the human body,' DARPA Director Arati Prabhakar said at the New America Foundation forum in Washington last week. 'We can only imagine amazing good things and amazing potentially bad things that are on the other side of that door.' While the research was initially aimed at helping soldiers with motor problems, Prabhakar says they will continue to look into other ways it can be used in the military. 'We don't want to only go play in the safe places. That would be a violation of our mission,' Prabhakar said. The future: The breakthrough technology brings hope to those who suffer from limited mobility . | Jen Scheuermann agreed to undergo procedure to implant two pea-sized lobes into her brain for DARPA military research project . The lobes now allow her to operate a robotic arm and pilot a plane using a flight simulator . Technology brings hope to others struggling with limited mobility . However, it also raises questions about whether the military will find a way to use the technology for destructive warfare purposes . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Notts County have sacked manager Shaun Derry following their poor recent run of results. The Magpies have won just one of their last eight matches and Saturday's 4-1 defeat by MK Dons left them outside the League One relegation zone on goal difference alone. Assistant manager Greg Abbott has also departed the club. Notts County have sacked manager Shaun Derry following their poor recent run of results . How the bottom of League One is shaping up . County CEO Aileen Trew said: 'This is without doubt one of the hardest decisions that we have had to make as a board because we know how much this club means to Shaun and Greg and we know how much hard work they had both put in during their time here. 'However, we have to make the decisions that we feel are in the best interests of the club and our perilous position in the table meant that we felt we needed to make a change. 'I have nothing but positive things to say about Shaun and Greg and the way that they conducted themselves during their time here at Notts County. Derry has been sacked with the club only outside the League One relegation zone on goal difference . 'It is with a heavy heart that we say goodbye to them, but with a hope that this difficult decision will be the catalyst for a turn around in fortunes, starting this weekend at home to Scunthorpe United.' Former Crystal Palace and QPR midfielder Derry, 37, joined County in November 2013 in what was his first managerial role and saved them from relegation last season. The club have yet to announce who will be in charge against Scunthorpe. | Notts County are only outside of the relegation zone on goal difference . The League One club have sacked manager Shaun Derry as a result . The relegation-threatened club lost 4-1 against MK Dons on Saturday . |
Replace all years in the following passage with the century in which it occurred | Thomas David Gordon (born 1954) (also known as T. David Gordon) is a professor, media ecologist, author, pastor, and Reformed Christian theologian. | Thomas David Gordon (born in the 20th century) (also known as T. David Gordon) is a professor, media ecologist, author, pastor, and Reformed Christian theologian. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Hillary Clinton hinted at a 2016 presidential run during a star-studded gala on Tuesday, asking an enthusiastic audience of female Democrats: 'Don't you someday want to see a woman president?' However, the former US first lady shunned questions about her 'extensive' use of a personal email address during her four-year tenure as Secretary of State from January 2009 to February 2013. She also avoided claims that she violated the US Federal Records Act by failing to preserve her correspondence via [email protected] on State Department servers until two months ago. Instead, Mrs Clinton teased the audience about her political future during the 30th anniversary gala of EMILY's List, an organization that works to elect Democratic women who support abortion rights. SCROLL DOWN FOR VIDEO . In good spirits: Hillary Clinton hinted at a 2016 presidential run during a star-studded gala (pictured) Tuesday, asking an enthusiastic audience of female Democrats: 'Don't you someday want to see a woman president?' Selfie: During EMILY's List's 30th Anniversary Gala at Hilton Washington Hotel in Washington DC, Mrs Clinton took a selfie with Orange Is The New Black actress Uzo Aduba, who was donning a glamorous white dress . Scandal: However, the former US first lady (pictured in 2011) shunned questions about her 'extensive' use of a personal email address during her four-year tenure as Secretary of State from January 2009 to February 2013 . Speaking on the cusp of a second presidential campaign, the 67-year-old, who is married to former president Bill Clinton, noted that during one's life, 'you get a chance to make millions of decisions'. 'Some of them are big, like `Do you run for office?',' she told attendees, including Orange Is The New Black actress Uzo Aduba, Ugly Betty star America Ferrera and acclaimed chef Padma Lakshmi . Addressing the female Democrats, Mrs Clinton asked if they were hopeful of seeing more females running for local offices such as school board member, governor, mayor and member of Congress. 'I suppose it's only fair to say, `Don't you someday want to see a woman president?'', the supposed front-runner for next year's Democratic presidential nomination asked, causing the crowd to erupt. Mrs Clinton also previewed several economic themes that could animate an upcoming race, pointing to an economy that too often fails to address the challenges faced by families and working mothers. 'We have to get our economy to reflect the realities of 21st century America, and we're not doing that,' she told listeners, also including actress Anna Gun, who plays Skyler White in Breaking Bad. Taking to the stage: Mrs Clinton also avoided claims that she violated the US Federal Records Act by failing to preserve her correspondence via [email protected] on State Department servers until two months ago . Another hint: Instead, the ex-first lady teased listeners about her political future during the 30th anniversary gala of EMILY's List, an organization that works to elect Democratic women who support abortion rights . Animated: Mrs Clinton is pictured during her EMILY's LIST speech at the Hilton Washington Hotel on Tuesday . Mrs Clinton poses with EMILY's List President Stephanie Schriock after receiving the 'We Are EMILY' award . 'We're not doing that when the hard work of men and women across our country is not rewarded with rising wages, but CEO pay goes up and up no matter what.' Mrs Clinton's avoidance of questions about her sole use of a personal email account instead of a government-issued address during her time as secretary of state drew criticism Tuesday evening. The New York Times article which revealed her sole use of a personal address also described how Mrs Clinton's aides decided which personal emails to eventually disclose to the State Department. They ultimately chose to release 55,000 pages of correspondence - out of an unspecified number - as Mrs Clinton stepped down from the role in 2013, according to the widely-read article. Speaker: Mrs Clinton asked the audience if they were hopeful of seeing more females running for local offices like school board member, governor, mayor and member of Congress. Above, Ms Aduba speaks at the event . Actress: 'I suppose it's only fair to say, `Don't you someday want to see a woman president?'', the supposed front-runner for next year's Democratic presidential nomination asked. Above, Ms Aduba addresses listeners . Another famous face: Ugly Betty star America Ferrera also took to the stage during the Washington DC gala... ...And so did chef Padma Lakshmi, who was captured beaming at the audience while wearing a black dress . Republicans seized on the disclosures, accusing Mrs Clinton of violating a law intended to archive official government documents. GOP officials have also amplified reports that the Clinton Foundation accepted donations from foreign governments ahead of an expected Clinton campaign. 'It speaks volumes that Hillary Clinton will gladly attend fancy galas yet continue to hide from the American people,' said Republican National Committee spokeswoman Allison Moore on Tuesday. She said voters deserved to know 'why she only used private email while serving as secretary of state at the same time the Clinton Foundation accepted donations from foreign governments who were lobbying her State Department.' Joyful: Ms Lakshmi is pictured speaking at EMILY's List 30th Anniversary Gala at Washington Hilton Tuesday . Another speaker: The event brought to the stage Sen. Barbara Mikulski of Maryland, the group's first endorsed candidate who recently announced her retirement, and Sen. Al Franken (pictured speaking to the audience) Applause: Mrs Clinton's (pictured)avoidance of questions about her sole use of a personal email account instead of a government-issued address during her time as secretary of state drew criticism on Tuesday . In her speech, Mrs Clinton accused Republicans of fostering policies promoting 'trickle-down economics' but noted both parties have spoken of ways to boost wages for middle-class workers. 'We welcome them to come with their ideas and we will match them,' she said of the Republicans, adding: 'That's what elections should be about. Elections should be a contest of ideas.' The prospect of a Clinton campaign was invoked repeatedly by political leaders who have worked with the fundraising powerhouse, whose name is an acronym for 'Early money is like yeast.' The organization has a strong track record in Democratic politics, electing more than 100 women to the U.S. House, 19 to the Senate, 10 governors and more than 500 state and local officials. Celebrity speakers: Ms Aduba and Ms Ferrera are pictured posing ahead of the star-studded EMILY's List gala . Sophisticated: Ms Gunn and Ms Lakshmi both wore glamorous black dresses for the event in Washington DC . 'She's more than an idol,' said Stephanie Schriock, EMILY's List's president, describing Clinton. 'She's an inspiration - and a leader whose talents we desperately need.' The event brought to the stage Sen. Barbara Mikulski of Maryland, the group's first endorsed candidate who recently announced her retirement, and House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi. Former Arizona Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, who was gravely wounded in a deadly 2011 shooting during a political event at a Tucson, Arizona, shopping mall, also addressed the audience. Ms Giffords said female leaders deliver results, in places like city hall, state houses, governor's mansions and Congress, 'and maybe soon, in the White House.' Ms Aduba, Ms Gunn and Ms Lakshmi also took to the stage during Tuesday's gala. Friends: Ms Gunn and Ms Lakshmi pose together ahead of the anniversary gala for EMILY's List, a group which was founded by Ellen Malcolm in 1985 and works to elect Democratic women who support abortion rights . EMILY's LIst has helped lay the groundwork for a potential Clinton campaign, holding events to promote the possibility of electing the nation's first female president and commissioning polling. Ellen Malcolm, the founder of the organization, pointed to Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign as the first step, bringing the audience to their feet when she identified 2016 as the 'time to shatter that glass ceiling and put a woman in the White House.' Mrs Clinton, seated in the audience, laughed and clapped along with the crowd. 'Hillary, you heard us,' Ms Malcolm said. 'Just give us the word and we'll be right at your side.' Mrs Clinton accepted the group's 'We are Emily' award during the Washington DC-based event. | Hillary Clinton hinted at a 2016 presidential run during EMILY'S List event . She spoke of having the opportunity to 'make millions of decisions' in life . Then asked female audience: 'Don't you want to see a woman president?' As the crowd erupted, Mrs Clinton spoke of women's economic security . However, she avoided questions about her use of personal email account . Also steered clear of claims that she violated the US Federal Records Act . Mrs Clinton took selfie with Orange Is The New Black actress Uzo Aduba . Other speakers included star America Ferrera and chef Padma Lakshmi . |
Based on the following passage summarise how electricity became a driving force during the second industrial revolution. | Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.
The presence of either a positive or negative electric charge produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field. In most applications, a force acts on a charge with a magnitude given by Coulomb's law. Electric potential is typically measured in volts.
Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:
a. Electric power where electric current is used to energise equipment;
b. Electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the 17th and 18th centuries. The theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by the end of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution. Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society. | Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the 17th and 18th centuries. The theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by the end of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution. |
Who was the first computer programmer? | Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation, and to have published the first algorithm intended to be carried out by such a machine. As a result, she is often regarded as the first computer programmer | Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) is often regarded as the first computer programmer for her work on the Analytical Engine with Charles Babbage. |
When did Finland and Sweden join NATO? | Russia's invasion of Ukraine prompted Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership in May 2022, and the ratification process for Sweden is in progress. Finland officially joined on 4 April 2023. Ukraine applied for NATO membership in September 2022 after Russia claimed to annex part of its territory. Two other states have formally informed NATO of their membership aspirations: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia. Kosovo also aspires to join NATO. Joining the alliance is a debate topic in several other European countries outside the alliance, including Austria, Ireland, Malta, Moldova, and Serbia. | Finland officially joined NATO on 4 April 2023, while the ratification process for Sweden is in progress. |
What high school did Tyrone Brazelton go to? | Born in Chicago, Illinois, Brazelton initially played basketball for the Rich East High School, but transferred to the rival Rich Central High School during his senior year. He led the latter team to a championship in the Big Dipper tournament and was named as the most valuable player of the tournament. | Tyrone Brazelton attended Rich East High School and then transferred to Rich Central High School for his senior year. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | It was the Saturday that saw more refereeing controversy in the Barclays Premier League as Neil Swarbrick mistakenly sent off West Brom's Gareth McAuley instead of Craig Dawson at Manchester City. And after that unfortunate incident after just 63 seconds, City cruised to a 3-0 win to trim Chelsea's lead at the top to three points. Arsenal stayed in touch as Olivier Giroud scored twice at Newcastle United, while Harry Kane grabbed his first Premier League hat-trick in Tottenham's 4-3 win over Leicester City. There were also wins for West Ham, Swansea, Southampton and Crystal Palace. Each week, Sportsmail collates the ratings of our reporters around the grounds to bring you the Premier League team of the day. GOALKEEPER - Boaz Myhill (Manchester City vs WEST BROM) 8 . Down to 10 men after just two minutes against a City side determined to prove a point after a recent slump, West Brom were really up against it. Myhill led the resistance with a succession of excellent saves, in the end limiting the damage to just three goals. West Brom goalkeeper Boaz Myhill gets a grip on Manchester City striker Sergio Aguero . DEFENCE - Jores Okore (ASTON VILLA vs Swansea City) 7 . The Denmark international produced one of the more positive performances as Aston Villa slumped to a disappointing home defeat at the hands of Swansea. Jores Okore tussles with Bafetimbi Gomis during Saturday's match at Villa Park . DEFENCE - Ashley Williams (Aston Villa vs SWANSEA CITY) 7 . At the opposite end, Williams and his central defensive partner Federico Fernandez produced assured performance to earn a clean sheet and keep the Swans in the top half of the table. Swansea captain Ashley Williams talks to Bafetimbi Gomis during their 1-0 win at Villa Park . DEFENCE - John O'Shea (West Ham vs SUNDERLAND) 7 . After the early withdrawal of Wes Brown through injury, O'Shea stepped up and drew on his extensive leadership to marshal the Sunderland defence. Alas, they couldn't quite hold out and claim a precious point in Dick Advocaat's first game in charge. John O'Shea attempts to block an effort from West Ham's Diafra Sakho . DEFENCE - Neil Taylor (Aston Villa vs SWANSEA) 7.5 . A hard-fought win for Swansea in which Taylor's block of a close-range Gabriel Agbonlahor effort early in the second-half proved crucial. Taylor also delivered plenty of crosses from the left, setting up Bafetimbi Gomis, who would later prove Swansea's match-winner. Neil Taylor slides in on Aston Villa's Leandro Bacuna during Swansea's win at Villa Park . MIDFIELD - Charlie Adam (STOKE CITY vs Crystal Palace) 7.5 . Was his usual dogged self in the Stoke midfield but couldn't inspire a victory as Palace emerged from the Britannia with all three points. Charlie Adam slides in on Jason Puncheon during Stoke's defeat to Crystal Palace . MIDFIELD - David Silva (MANCHESTER CITY vs West Brom) 8.5 . The outstanding player in City's comfortable win over West Brom, which cut Chelsea's lead to three points - at least temporarily. The Spaniard tormented the Baggies defence throughout and scored City's third goal when he turned in Stevan Jovetic's shot. David Silva shoots for goal during Manchester City's win over West Brom on Saturday . MIDFIELD - Nabil Bentaleb (TOTTENHAM vs Leicester) 7.5 . A crazy game at White Hart Lane but Bentaleb stood out for his performance in the Spurs midfield, protecting the defence and picking passes to free the front-runners. Was fortunate the referee didn't spot a slap on Leonardo Ulloa, however. Nabil Bentaleb holed off a challenge from Leicester's Matthew James during Saturday's 4-3 win . FORWARD - Wilfried Bony (MANCHESTER CITY vs West Brom) 8 . A day to savour for the Ivorian, who opened his account for Manchester City with a well-taken goal after 27 minutes. Having been involved in the game-changing sending off after just two minutes, Bony broke the deadlock with a neat flick turn and finish. Wilfried Bony celebrates after opening the scoring in City's 3-0 home win over West Brom . FORWARD - Olivier Giroud (Newcastle United vs ARSENAL) 8 . A striker in a real purple patch, Giroud continued his hot streak with a double up at Newcastle to take his run to nine in his last nine matches. His first may have been a fortuitous deflection on Danny Welbeck's header but his second was an effortless header. Olivier Giroud celebrates after scoring the second of his two goals for Arsenal at Newcastle United . FORWARD - Harry Kane (TOTTENHAM vs Leicester) 8.5 . Undoubtedly the player of the day, Kane claimed his first Premier League hat-trick with a bravura performance against Leicester at the Lane. Taking his season tally to 29 goals - including 19 in the Premier League - Kane was simply unstoppable on Saturday. Harry Kane carried home the match ball after his maiden Premier League hat-trick for Spurs against Leicester . | Kane scored first top-flight hat-trick as Spurs defeated Leicester 4-3 . Giroud extended hot streak to nine goals in nine with double at Newcastle . David Silva was excellent in Man City's 3-0 win over West Brom . Neil Taylor performed well for Swansea in narrow win at Aston Villa . John O'Shea couldn't prevent Sunderland slipping to defeat at West Ham . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Martin 'Mad Dog' Allen returns with his latest column for Sportsmail. The Barnet manager admires Jose Mourinho's courage in playing Kurt Zouma against Tottenham but takes aim at the sluggish strikers currently masquerading as Manchester United stars. MOURINHO'S GOT BALLS! Chelsea manager Mourinho threw Kurt Zouma in against Tottenham to shield the back four, to stifle and stop the opposition in the League Cup final. They were rewarded with a clean sheet. How many managers would have the confidence to play a centre-back in central midfield in a cup final at Wembley? In front of 90,000 fans and millions watching across the country - across the world. It must be said, Mourinho’s game management is second-to-none. It was no surprise that their goal in that game came from a set play and their second on the counter attack. Jose Mourinho's game management is second-to-none, particularly when it matters most . He soaks up the pressure, waits for the game to open up and frustrate the opposition. He knows within his ranks he has game winners who will score. The work ethic he has drawn from those technically brilliant players is astounding. His ranting and raving about the injustices from referees puts pressure on the officials into giving Chelsea better decisions. He is the master at it and keeps all the attention and focus off his player. But above all, he’s got balls. The Chelsea manager threw youngster Kurt Zouma in to protect the back four against Tottenham . SLIPPING AT THE TOP . The pressure, the anxiety, the expectancy, not rotating enough? What is it about the top teams slipping up at this point in the season? Getting close to the finishing line, you start looking over your shoulder. We all know running a race it’s better to chase a person in front than to be looking behind you. I don’t know the answers, I wish I did. In the Championship we’ve seen Bournemouth fall from the top, Wycombe Wanderers have done in League Two, my club Barnet have fallen behind in the Conference. Even Mourinho’s Chelsea had a blip, although they are managing it well. We see it right across all sports. We see it in golf in the Masters every Sunday night at Amen’s Corner. We see it when cricketers get into the 90s and are chasing a century. We see it in darts when the players start missing doubles. Over the next two months, the teams who come out on top will be the ones with the goal-scorers, who maintain their self belief throughout it all. Eddie Howe has seen his Bournemouth side slip away from the top of the Championship recently . UNITED’S SLUGGISH STRIKE FORCE . How slow is Radamel Falcao? And Robin Van Persie has lost half a yard of pace from his days at Arsenal. You can’t fault Falcao for his work ethic and atittude. He most definitely has that. But he lacks a yard or two of explosive speed. Manchester United have crept up on to the shoulders of the Champions League places, but there is far from enough pace and athletic ability in the group to make it into the top four. Radamel Falcao has failed to hit the ground running and appeared slow in a Manchester United shirt . Robin van Persie seems to have lost half-a-yard of pace under Louis van Gaal at Old Trafford . ONE PERSON I KEEP HEARING ABOUT... DARRELL CLARKE, BRISTOL ROVERS BOSS . Darrell Clarke has grafted through the lower levels where he had success. As a player he was at Mansfield Town, Hartlepool United and Salisbury City. He’s a young manager, only 37-years-old, who has done a magnificent job galvanising Rovers after relegation from League Two. It showed how much it meant to him when he was reduced to tears after they were relegated out of the Football League for the first time in the club’s history last season. They have kept thousands of very passionate supporters this season and he has guided them to the top of the Conference table. He is a manager to look out for in the future. Bristol Rovers manager Darrell Clarke has grafted through the lower levels and enjoyed success . ONE THING I'D CHANGE ABOUT... GOLDEN EYE . I think there should be a referee in the stand, who has the opportunity to stop play and call back decisions in exceptional circumstances. An extra set of eyes on the pitch. It is something may be to look at for the future. On big decisions in penalty boxes and major incidents there should be a referee in the stand with access to video replays to review key decisions within games. Penalties, sending offs, balls over the line, the odd elbow here and there. If the are in contact with the referee they can give him a heads up. Things happen so quickly it’s often so difficult for the officials to make the right decision. Of course the game would just carry on as normal, but if there was something missed or that the referee or the linesmen got wrong then the man in the middle can get help from Golden Eye in the stands. Something sooner or later has got to be done to help these referees who are now getting criticised left, right and centre every week by managers across the board. Roger East (sending off Sunderland's Wes Brown) would've benefited from an extra official at Old Trafford . THE BIG ISSUE... MANCHESTER CITY'S SQUAD . I must say I do like Mr Pellegrini. He is cool, he is calm and he managed to put out a lot of fires that were raging in that Manchester City dressing room after taking over from Roberto Mancini. It does make me smile when so many so-called experts totally annihilate his tactics, most of whom have never even managed at any level. Criticising him for playing two up front and getting out-numbered and out-played in midfield. Last year, he won the Premier League. So is he really, seriously tactically inept? He would have his reasons for what is going on there, but clearly it is not working. Manuel Pellegrini has struggled in the defence of his Premier League crown with Manchester City . Captain Vincent Kompany hasn't been able to continue his sterling form at the back for City . However, it it not always just about the tactics of the manager. There is clearly something missing in the DNA of the City squad. They look lacklustre and without real fire in their belly. And when you’re dropping your captain, your talisman, it is yet another big, brave decision from the man I always regard with the utmost respect. It looks to me like he needs to move a few on, to move City forward up to the next level. | Kurt Zouma's switch to in front of the back four was a masterstroke . Chelsea won the Capital One Cup thanks to Jose Mourinho's tinkers . Manchester United are struggling up front with players who are too slow . Neighbours Manchester City are missing something in their DNA . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)There seems to be an ever-growing list of people, places and things that will turn you gay. Maybe we should think of these as the brigade of evil, homosexual nouns. There were the Teletubbies and SpongeBob SquarePants a decade ago. Now, as these views thankfully get more fringe, the theories are becoming increasingly bizarre and awesome. Among the homo nouns, there's the Common Core, according to a Florida lawmaker (education policy is super gay, obviously); Taylor Swift, who an op-ed writer for The Christian Post, Larry Tomczak, claims is being used by Ellen DeGeneres to "attract young girls" to her show (uh-huh); the Disney princess movie "Frozen," according to radio hosts in Colorado (that dress!); and now, according to a potential 2016 Republican presidential contender, Ben Carson, there's prison. Yep, prison. Stay away from crime, kids. Turns ya gay. Carson, who, let me reiterate, is a potential presidential candidate from a major American party, and a neurosurgeon to boot, told CNN's Chris Cuomo in an interview that aired Wednesday that "a lot of people ... go into prison straight -- and when they come out, they're gay." Asked if being gay was a choice, Carson replied in a word: "Absolutely." This level of ignorance is so last century, so near-irrelevant, that I'm hesitant even to respond. But no one who holds these beliefs belongs in a race for the 2016 White House. Ordinarily, I'm the kind of gay person who likes to give people room to evolve. I know not everyone "gets it" automatically. That's OK, as long as you aren't hateful about it, are willing to listen and don't try to restrict the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. I'm from Oklahoma, a deeply conservative state, and I've seen friends, family and co-workers evolve. People who thought being gay was a sin -- or that it was a choice, or fixable -- now support same-sex marriage. People change. But presidential candidates don't get that leeway. Carson should know better. (In fact, he later apologized, regretting his words but saying the science on the issue of sexual orientation isn't clear.) These views belong in another decade, not modern America. This apparently still needs to be said: Being gay is not a choice. Don't believe me? Well, ask a gay person. As I mentioned, I'm one of those (despite never having seen "Frozen" in its entirety), and I can tell you that, for me, it wasn't a choice. It's not something I would want to undo, but it also isn't like I woke up one day and was like, huh, you know what would really mix it up this winter? Dating dudes instead of ladies. Science backs me on this. I'm not going to roll through all the details, but Mark Joseph Stern from Slate sums it up pretty well: "In study after study, biologists have found that homosexuality, at least in men, is clearly, undoubtedly, inarguably an inborn trait." And even if it were a choice, who cares? A person's religion is a choice. Yet the United States offers certain protections based on religion. People still deserve rights. Carson, meanwhile, opposes same-sex marriage. That's a stance that, again, thankfully, is getting exceedingly rare in national politics. It's also an issue that, along with transgender rights and employment discrimination against LGBT people, should be a focal point in the 2016 campaign cycle. I hope that America is evolved enough not to elect a candidate who opposes LGBT rights. I do think we live in that country these days. It's a country that mostly laughs at someone saying prison would "turn" someone gay. But the point remains that saying so both belittles a serious issue of violence -- that of men raping other men in prison, which has nothing to do with turning anyone gay and everything to do with criminal activity. And it's a serious lapse in logic. Being around a bunch of dudes -- or ladies -- in prison doesn't change a person's innate sexual attractions. It's so obvious I shouldn't have to say it. And the American people damn sure shouldn't have to listen to it. Especially coming from a 2016 presidential contender, it's almost laughably irrelevant. Almost. | Possible 2016 GOP candidate Ben Carson stirs controversy with comments on gays, prison . Carson's views belong in another decade, not modern America, John D. Sutter says . |
List all the people mentioned in this paragraph on the history of Unix | The new operating system was initially without organizational backing, and also without a name. At this stage, the new operating system was a singletasking operating system, not a multitasking one such as Multics. The name Unics (Uniplexed Information and Computing Service, pronounced as "eunuchs"), a pun on Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computer Services), was initially suggested for the project in 1970. Brian Kernighan claims the coining for himself, and adds that "no one can remember" who came up with the final spelling Unix. Dennis Ritchie and Doug McIlroy also credit Kernighan.
When the Computing Sciences Research Center wanted to use Unix on a machine larger than the PDP-7, while another department needed a word processor, Thompson and Ritchie added text processing capabilities to Unix and received funding for a PDP-11. For the first time in 1970, the Unix operating system was officially named and ran on the PDP-11. A text-formatting program called roff and a text editor were added. All three were written in PDP-11 assembly language. Bell Labs used this initial text-processing system, consisting of Unix, roff, and the editor, for text processing of patent applications. Roff soon evolved into troff, the first electronic publishing program with full typesetting capability.
As the system grew in complexity and the research team wanted more users, the need for a manual grew apparent. The UNIX Programmer's Manual was published on 3 November 1971; commands were documented in the "man page" format that is still used, offering terse reference information about usage as well as bugs in the software, and listing the authors of programs to channel questions to them.
After other Bell Labs departments purchased DEC PDP-11s, they also chose to run Unix instead of DEC's own operating system. By Version 4 it was widely used within the laboratory and a Unix Support Group was formed, helping the operating system survive by formalizing its distribution.
In 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in the higher-level language C, contrary to the general notion at the time that an operating system's complexity and sophistication required it to be written in assembly language. The C language appeared as part of Version 2. Thompson and Ritchie were so influential on early Unix that McIlroy estimated that they wrote and debugged about 100,000 lines of code that year, stating that "[their names] may safely be assumed to be attached to almost everything not otherwise attributed". Although assembly did not disappear from the man pages until Version 8, the migration to C suggested portability of the software, requiring only a relatively small amount of machine-dependent code to be replaced when porting Unix to other computing platforms. Version 4 Unix, however, still had considerable PDP-11-dependent code and was not suitable for porting. The first port to other platform was made five years later (1978) for Interdata 8/32.
The Unix operating system was first presented formally to the outside world at the 1973 Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, where Ritchie and Thompson delivered a paper. This led to requests for the system, but under a 1956 consent decree in settlement of an antitrust case, the Bell System (the parent organization of Bell Labs) was forbidden from entering any business other than "common carrier communications services", and was required to license any patents it had upon request. Unix could not, therefore, be turned into a product. Bell Labs instead shipped the system for the cost of media and shipping. Ken Thompson quietly began answering requests by shipping out tapes and disks, each accompanied by – according to legend – a note signed, "Love, Ken". | - Brian Kernighan
- Dennis Ritchie
- Doug McIlroy
- Ken Thompson |
Given this paragraph, which highs school did Drake Maye attend? | Drake Maye was born on August 30, 2002, in Charlotte, North Carolina. He attended and played high school football for Myers Park High School in Charlotte, where he was named MaxPreps North Carolina player of the year. He was a four-star prospect and originally committed to Alabama before flipping to North Carolina. | Based on this text, Drake Maye attended Myers Park High School in Charlotte, North Carolina. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)As expected, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu gave a rousing speech to Congress, rich in historic imagery and replete with literary references. Yet a speech filled with powerful words is no substitute for a strategy for actually preventing Iran from obtaining a nuclear weapon. As national security adviser Susan Rice told the pro-Israel lobbying group AIPAC on Monday, "Precisely because this is such a serious issue, we must weigh the different options before us and choose the best one. Sound bites won't stop Iran from getting a nuclear weapon." The Obama administration, on the other hand, is making a strong and credible case that the deal it is pursuing would block Iran's pathways to developing the fissile material necessary for a bomb and extend the time for Iran to produce enough weapons-grade uranium to build a bomb from today's estimated three months to at least a year. Without a deal, Iran would revert to building up its stockpile of nuclear uranium, while the international community would lose the ability to monitor and track Iran's activities. At the top of the list of questions the Prime Minister failed to address is how such a scenario in the wake of "no deal" would actually make Israel safer? As Rice said: "Here's what's likely to happen without a deal. Iran will install and operate advanced centrifuges. Iran will seek to fuel its (plutonium) reactor in Arak. Iran will rebuild its uranium stockpile. And, we'll lose the unprecedented inspections and transparency we have today." If no deal that the United States and five other powers actually might strike with the Iranians would be acceptable to Netanyahu, how does he propose to deal with the Iranian nuclear threat? He spoke about ratcheting up international sanctions against Iran and keeping them in place until Iran ceased regional aggression, sponsorship of terrorism and threatens to annihilate Israel. But years of extraordinarily tough sanctions did not persuade the Iranians to abandon their nuclear program or prevent them moving it forward. Neither did cyberwarfare or a series of assassinations of Iranian scientists. And if the United States was seen as walking away from a possible agreement, the international sanctions regime would likely crumble, not strengthen. Iranian hard-liners who oppose an agreement would be back in the driver's seat in Tehran, while those would want to see Iran rejoin the international community would be discredited and sidelined. It is doubtful that Netanyahu really believes sanctions would end the Iranian nuclear program. That leaves one other option -- military force. Of course, Israel could order a military strike on Iran any time it chooses, but Israel's ability to inflict significant damage on Iran's widely dispersed and heavily defended nuclear facilities is limited. When the discussion turns to military action, what is really meant is U.S. military action. It is understandable that a foreign leader speaking in the U.S. Congress would shy away from openly asking Washington to attack another country, especially after the experience of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which Netanyahu also lobbied for. We should recall Netanyahu's September 2002 testimony to the House Foreign Affairs Committee, six months before the U.S. assault on Baghdad began, when he said: "It's not a question of whether Iraq's regime should be taken out but when should it be taken out; it's not a question of whether you'd like to see a regime change in Iran but how to achieve it." Netanyahu may have learned from that experience. He knows that the U.S. public is weary of war and has no appetite for another military adventure in the Middle East. That's why he advocates policies that would put the United States on a path to military action without mentioning the words "military action." This Israeli leader, who faces a tough election back home in two weeks, has mastered the art of policy vagueness. He applied the same strategy to the failed negotiations with the Palestinians last year, declaring he was in favor of a two-state solution but never putting forward a detailed proposal for where the border should be drawn -- or on any other substantive issue for that matter. His biggest demand once again was rhetorical -- that the Palestinians recognize Israel as a Jewish state. This is an Israeli leader who believes in the power of words -- especially his words. But words are no substitute for a strategy -- and that's where Netanyahu once again failed himself, his country and his audience. | Jeremy Ben-Ami: Netanyahu's powerfully worded speech is no substitute for a strategy to keep Iran from getting nuclear weapons . He says without a plan, the only option is to put U.S. on path to military action . Netanyahu also lobbied for Iraq invasion in 2002, Ben-Ami says . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Rugby World Cup chiefs have warned fans not to buy tickets from unofficial sources after it emerged that a single ticket for the final is being advertised for £59,000. The category A ticket, which has a face value of £715, is up for sale on a secondary ticket website, StubHub.co.uk, for 82 times its original price. The site also has category D tickets for the final at Twickenham on October 31 which originally cost £125 for sale for £7,500, some 60 times the face value. Debbie Jevans, chief executive of England 2015 Rugby World Cup, said organisers hoped new legislation forcing secondary websites to publish the exact row and seat number would prove a deterrent - people buying tickets from unofficial sources can be refused entrance. Rugby World Cup chiefs have warned fans not to buy tickets from unofficial sources ahead of the tournament . Jevans said: 'Our message is to buy those tickets through the official sources - not least to ensure that it is a genuine ticket and not a fraudulent one, and to ensure fans are not ripped off. 'The new legislation means secondary ticket websites will have to show the row, the seat and access of that ticket. That brings greater transparency which will allow us to have more exposure to who is selling those tickets and at what price. 'We will be monitoring these sites, this gives us the ability to do so to a greater degree and we do reserve the right to refuse access. One ticket on StubHub.co.uk for the showpiece final has been advertised for sale at a price of £59,000 . 'Our terms and conditions reserve the right not to allow access if that ticket is sold through an unofficial source. 'We have the ability to track the tickets down.' StubHub did not respond when asked to comment. Meanwhile, Jevans said the success of the Rugby World Cup, which is being hosted by England in the autumn with some matches in Wales, will not depend on whether Stuart Lancaster's side make it through their tough group. England are in Pool A along with Australia and Wales, with only two countries going through to the quarter-finals. Tickets to watch England are expensive, and the tournament's success will be judged on the team's progress . World Rugby's chief executive Brett Gosper, an Australian, reacted to England's early exit from the Cricket World Cup by tweeting: 'England fail to exit pool in World Cup?...? not the words we want to hear during #RWC2015.' Jevans said: 'Of course you think about it when you at the tough group England are in and the impact that may or may not have, but from our perspective it doesn't make a difference. 'As a fan I would be very upset but from a delivery perspective we are looking at it being about 20 teams and ensuring they can all compete to the best of their ability. Debbie Jevans, chief executive of England 2015, said those using unofficial sources could be refused entrance . 'We want to celebrate the sport and our focus is not about who wins or who is the final. When you look at the ticket sales we have only 10 matches left with tickets available and I think that demonstrates the country is getting behind the event, so I am not at all concerned about England being the sole focus.' Wales head coach Warren Gatland said last week he was 'surprised' by the tweet, adding: 'Probably the head of World Rugby doesn't need to be doing that, but that's his own personal views and his own personal decision.' | One Rugby World Cup final ticket is advertised on StubHub for £59,000 . Organisers hope new legislation will act as deterrent to price-boosted sales . Secondary sales websites will have to publish row and seat numbers . And that could expose sellers who could see their buyers refused entry . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Matt Scott has demanded Scotland keep their emotions in check against England today as they look to avoid a repeat of last season’s Calcutta Cup humiliation. The Scots were despatched with embarrassing ease at Murrayfield during the 2014 Six Nations, the 20-0 defeat leading to some commentators questioning whether they should remain part of the Championship. Now, having lost their first three matches of this year’s tournament, Vern Cotter’s men head to Twickenham once again in dire straits and with a winless record at ‘HQ’ that stretches back to 1983. Scotland tighthead Euan Murray throws a pass during his side's captain's run at Twickenham on Friday . Scotland hooker Ross Ford leads a passing drill during Scotland's final preparations for Saturday's game . Edinburgh's Greig Tonks will provide three-quarter from the bench at England HQ . However, Scotland centre Scott, recalled to the starting XV at the expense of the luckless Alex Dunbar, believes that the visitors can upset the odds - but only if they avoid the mistakes made 12 months ago. ‘The England game last year was horrible to look back on,’ he said. ‘It was a terrible overall performance. ‘I remember the boys being so fired up for that game and it is funny how we just completely went to pieces. ‘We didn’t play rugby at all back then so this weekend it’s about drip feeding that passion we felt last year but channelled in the wrong way. Last year, we had boys with tears in their eyes in the dressing room before the game. ‘It was an emotionally charged affair, but it’s a professional sport and it should all be about cool heads. ‘There’s a big focus for us on keeping cool this week because there’s a fine line between being like that and letting your emotions run away with you and we certainly crossed it in the wrong way last year. Vern Cotter's squad gather for a team huddle at the end of the session at Twickenham . ‘I took that defeat really badly as it was probably the worst one of my career. ‘I remember the embarrassment of it all and that defeat has been used as motivation this week. There was a lack of structure to our attack, we were all over the place in parts. There was poor execution of kicks, poor decision-making, it just looked really disjointed. ‘We have watched clips this week and we know there are one or two points to prove.’ Scott also revealed that, should the Scots pull off what some would consider the impossible, they would dedicate the victory to stricken team-mate Dunbar. The Edinburgh centre admitted he was ‘devastated’ for his close friend after Dunbar sustained a knee injury that could rule him out of this year’s Rugby World Cup. ‘I am sure it will be tough for Alex to watch knowing that he was meant to be playing in the match today,’ said Scott. ‘It would be a massive get well soon present for him from us if we can bring home the Calcutta Cup for him and that is what we will be trying to do. ‘There is a feeling in the camp of: “Let’s do this for him”. In professional rugby, guys do get long-term injuries but ones like Alex’s does bring us closer together in the sense we want to do well for him. Scotland fly half Finn Russell (left) and full back Stuart Hogg work on their kicking on Friday . ‘I was pretty close to Alex when he got injured on Thursday morning and it was the most innocuous thing as there was nobody near him when he pulled up. ‘The way it happened, he must have played it over in his head 100 times as he was extremely unlucky. ‘I am devastated for him and sent him a message straight after training saying I hoped it was good news but, unfortunately, it wasn’t. ‘In this period leading up to the World Cup you really don’t want anyone to get any long-term injuries. There is a chance he can still make the tournament so I am praying for him to make a speedy recovery.’ Hogg (second left) is all smiles ahead of Saturday's Calcutta Cup clash in London . Scott, for all his honest sympathy and concern over Dunbar, knows his misfortune has given him a chance of making the No 12 jersey his own from now until the World Cup. ‘It has been a tough few months for me personally, not being selected and being injured,’ he continued. ‘Now I have a chance to start for Scotland and want to do my talking on the pitch. ‘I had a great run of starting a lot of games for Scotland earlier in my international career and I was very lucky to do that. Then got a bad injury and it took me a while to get back to where I was. Now, I feel I am back to where I was and am ready to fill Alex’s boots and do him proud. ‘I am pleased to be starting rather than being on the bench as most rugby players will say it is harder to come off the bench. Most games I have played professionally I have started, which is the way I like it. ‘If you are on the bench you don’t know if you are coming on in minute one or minute 79 so you are constantly on edge. At least this time out I can hit the pace of the game straight away.’ | It is 32 years since Scotland last won at Twickenham . Scotland have lost all three of the Six Nations matches so far this season . Some bookmakers have Vern Cotter's side at 9/1 to lift the Calcutta Cup . |
How would you describe Dance? | Dance is an art form consisting of sequences of body movements with aesthetic and often symbolic value, either improvised or purposefully selected.[nb 1] Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, done simultaneously with music or with instruments; or by its historical period or place of origin. | Dance is an art consisting of precision sequence of body movements either improvised or intentionally selected. Dance can be described by the category of choreography and repertoire of movements done simultaneously with music or with instruments. It can also be defined by its historical period or place of origin. Students studying the performing art of dance often attend a Dance conservatory or university. An example of a highly regarded dance conservatory is Point Park University in Pittsburgh, Pa. |
Which countries are referred to as tiger economy? | A tiger economy is the economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an increase in the standard of living. The term was originally used for the Four Asian Tigers (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore) as tigers are important in Asian symbolism, which also inspired the Tiger Cub Economies (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines). The Asian Tigers also inspired other economies later on; the Anatolian Tigers (certain cities in Turkey) in the 1980s, the Gulf Tiger (Dubai) in the 1990s, the Celtic Tiger (Republic of Ireland) in 1995–2000, the Baltic tigers (Baltic states) in 2000–2007, and the Tatra Tiger (Slovakia) in 2002–2007. | The term "Tiger Economy" originally used for the South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. It also inspired "Tiger Cub Economies" - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines. |
Which programming languages did Netscape try to add to their browser in order to make it more dynamic? | The first popular web browser with a graphical user interface, Mosaic, was released in 1993. Accessible to non-technical people, it played a prominent role in the rapid growth of the nascent World Wide Web. The lead developers of Mosaic then founded the Netscape corporation, which released a more polished browser, Netscape Navigator, in 1994. This quickly became the most-used.
During these formative years of the Web, web pages could only be static, lacking the capability for dynamic behavior after the page was loaded in the browser. There was a desire in the flourishing web development scene to remove this limitation, so in 1995, Netscape decided to add a scripting language to Navigator. They pursued two routes to achieve this: collaborating with Sun Microsystems to embed the Java programming language, while also hiring Brendan Eich to embed the Scheme language. | The programming languages Netscape tried to add to their browser to make it more dynamic were Java and Scheme.
In 1995, Netscape pursued two routes to add dynamic behavior to their browser, Netscape Navigator:
1. Collaborating with Sun Microsystems to embed the Java programming language
2. Hiring Brendan Eich to embed the Scheme language |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Stuart McCall has confirmed Rangers are paying money for all five Newcastle United loanees - despite two of them being highly unlikely to ever appear for the Ibrox club. McCall has inherited a bizarre situation created by the extraordinary mass deal chief executive Derek Llambias brokered on transfer deadline day early last month. Llambias – a former managing director at St James’ Park – has since been ousted as a PLC director and suspended from the football board at Ibrox following the takeover by Dave King and his allies. Sturat McCall has revealed that Rangers are paying some of the wages for the five players signed on loan from Newcastle in the January window even though only one of them is available at the moment . Of the five players loaned from Newcastle, only Haris Vuckic will again be available for Sunday's crunch Championship encounter with Hibernian after recovering from a calf knock. The only further first-team involvement has come from centre-back Remie Streete, who managed 44 minutes against Raith Rovers last month before succumbing to a hamstring injury. Youngster Kevin Mbabu, who has never played a senior game, is involved with Rangers’ Under-20 squad, but McCall revealed midfielder Gael Bigirimana has been ruled out for the season by an unspecified ‘medical condition’. The new Ibrox boss is also highly sceptical about ever having Northern Ireland international Shane Ferguson available, as he recovers from a knee injury on Tyneside. Asked if the quintet were on Rangers wage bill, McCall replied: ‘Yes. The club is paying for them.’ It’s understood the Ibrox outfit only make a contribution to their Newcastle wages, rather than paying the entire salary they earn at Mike Ashley’s club. McCall prepares the Rangers players for Sunday's clash with Hibernian . Even so, the fact so little value has been earned will outrage Rangers fans. ‘Young Biggi (Bigirimana) has a medical condition that our consultant is dealing with,’ said McCall. ‘But he won’t play for us this season. ‘Kevin Mbabu is training and he has played two under-20 games, but his match fitness is not up to what we would like at the moment. But he’s working hard, the kid. ‘Shane Ferguson has had a long-standing serious knee injury, I think he’s been out for four or five months. He had a minor setback a couple of weeks ago, so he won’t be up with us for another couple of weeks. ‘By then he will have been out for five or six months so he’ll likely need another six weeks to get him anywhere near being available. ‘So even though he might come up and train with us, depending on what level we can get him to, he looks a serious doubt to be involved. McCall faces the media on Friday ahead of the crucial clash with second place Hibs . ‘Remie Streete came and played the first game and pulled his hamstring, was out for a couple of weeks then came back and pulled his thigh. And he’s had an ear infection on top of that. ‘He’s two or three weeks again, working with the medical side of it. But again I don’t think Remie has played lots of football over the past two years. So we didn’t have guys coming in who were hitting the ground running, being ready to play.’ McCall said enquiries about Bigirimana’s condition would have to be directed to the medical staff. However, when pressed if it was something the 21-year-old had contracted since moving to Glasgow, he replied: ‘No. It’s a long-standing thing.’ The current state of play begs the question as to whether Rangers can simply send those not available back to Newcastle. ‘I think that’s not for me, that’s for the hierarchy to sort out,’ said McCall. ‘Certainly two of them - Biggi and Shane Ferguson - would be very doubtful, unless Shane recovers very quickly from his long-term knee operation. ‘For Kevin and Remie, it’s just about getting some football in them. If they are ready to go then we will consider them.’ | Rangers signed five Newcastle players on loan for the rest of the season . Haris Vukic is the only one who is available for Saturday's Hibernian clash . Gael Bigirimana is ruled out for rest of season with 'medical condition' Shane Ferguson not likely to play as he recovers from serious knee injury . Remie Streete suffered hamstring injury after playing 44 minutes vs Raith . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Former Red Sox and Phillies player Curt Schilling on Tuesday explained why he had exposed cyber bullies who posted sexually-explicit comments about his daughter on Twitter. The 48-year-old ESPN analyst told GMA that the vile tweets about 17-year-old Gabby were 'a conscious decision to say evil stuff'. The baseball legend had shared a proud tweet last week about his only daughter joining as a pitcher for Salve Regina University's softball team - but it was met with crude, sexual remarks. Schilling named two of the culprits including Adam Nagel, a student and DJ at Brookdale Community College in New Jersey, who since has been suspended from school and faces a conduct hearing, according to Boston.com. Scroll down for video . Former Boston Red Sox pitcher Curt Schilling (left) exposed cyber bullies who posted offensive and sexually-explicit comments about his daughter, Gabby, 17, (right) on Twitter. The father and daughter spoke on GMA about battling the online trolls, in an interview aired on Tuesday (pictured) In what was meant to be an incredibly proud day (above the congratulatory Tweet Schilling shared about daughter Gabby), quickly turned sour when tweets mentioning rape were posted in reply . Vile: Schilling's proud tweet about his daughter's athletic achievements were made with sexually offensive and explicit messages on Twitter . Nagel had all but wiped his online presence on Tuesday after he was revealed as one of the culprits of the trolling. However a still-active Tumblr account belonging to Nagel revealed a stream of graphic sexual photos, pictures of marijuana and racist images. The second troll that Schilling named is Sean MacDonald, a part-time, ticket-seller for the New York Yankees and former vice president of the Theta Xi fraternity at Montclair State University, who recently graduated from the school. He was fired from his job with the Yankees, which he held since January, according to NJ.com. Schilling named two of the trolling culprits including Adam Nagel (above), a DJ at Brookdale Community College, who has now been suspended from the school and faces a conduct hearing . One the messages posted to Nagel's Tumblr account. He closed his other social media accounts after he was exposed as trolling ESPN analyst Curt Schilling's teenage daughter . This picture also appeared on Nagel's social media account - he has since been suspended from Brookdale Community College in New Jersey . Nagel also shared these images on his Tumblr account - but had vanished online on Tuesday after it was revealed he had been trolling a 17-year-old girl . Schilling wrote a blog post commenting on the astounding ignorance and lack of morals following the incident, and also shared the vile tweets by the trolls. He said on Tuesday: 'I'll do everything not to embarrass her but I'll never not protect her.' His daughter Gabby, who appeared with her father in the interview, added: 'No one should be able to get away with saying those things to a father about his daughter.' In what was meant to be an incredibly proud day for the family, quickly went sour on February 25 with vile responses to the baseball legend's original tweet. Schilling wrote on his blog post: 'And tweets with the word rape, bloody underwear and pretty much every other vulgar and defiling word you could likely fathom began to follow.' Mr Schilling told GMA on Tuesday: 'Anybody that reads those tweets and says it's just a joke, they are not fathers of kids.' He continued: 'I grew up in a locker room and never in my life have I uttered the words these guys were using.' MacDonald who went by Twitter handle @primetime227 along with Nagel, user @Nagels_Bagels, were among those who shared offensive tweets. Both of their social media accounts have since been deleted (above Schilling names MacDonald and Nagel in his 38 Pitches blog post) Father-of-four Schilling (pictured with his daughter Gabby) told GMA on Tuesday: 'I'll do everything not to embarrass her but I'll never not protect her' Tweets initially came from some people wanting to date Gabby once she was on campus, but soon turned offensive with many sexually-crude comments about the 17-year-old's body. MacDonald, who went by Twitter handle @primetime227, along with Nagel, user @Nagels_Bagels, were among those who shared offensive tweets. Both of their social media accounts have since been deleted. Brookdale Community College released a statement giving their sincerest apologies to Gabby and said the Twitter comments posted by the student were unacceptable. The school, said: '[The Twitter comments] clearly violate the standards of conduct that are expected of all Brookdale students. 'The student has been summarily suspended and will be scheduled for a conduct hearing where further disciplinary action will be taken. The Brookdale Police are actively investigating this matter.' Schilling said that once the tweets started being posted, Gabby came to him 'beyond upset' after she started to receive personal messages from guys. He responded saying it is never okay for a man to talk about a woman in that way. Proud dad: Baseball legend Curt Schilling with his daughter Gabby who is joining her college softball team . Schilling said that Gabby came to him 'beyond upset' after she started to receive personal messages from guys, and he responded saying it is never okay for a man to talk about a woman in that way (above Gabby shares a tweet showing her dad love following his blog post) 'If I was a deranged protective dad I could have been face to face with any of these people in less than four hours,' wrote Schilling. 'I know every one of their names, their parents, where they go to school, what they do, what team they are on, their positions, stats, all of it.' He said that the guys behind the bullying are not thugs or 'kids who had it rough', but they are 'pretty much' all white, affluent, college-attending children. Following the incident, he said a few of the other trolls wrote to him apologizing after they were suspended from their college sports' teams, and two others have since deleted their Twitter accounts. One Twitter user, Mike Kelly from Utah, wrote to Schilling asking if he felt good to have gotten kids 'kicked off' their sports teams. Schilling responded: 'Not sure I can tell you how good. Being able to defend my daughter. Someday when you understand honor, integrity, you'll get it.' In his protective-father mode, he also wrote as a reminder to those who went after his daughter that 'the real world has consequences' and that 'we're at a point now where you better be sure who you're going after'. At the end of his post he said that he apologized to Gabby, who he said might be embarrassed by it all, but like any dad, he just wants her to head to college knowing how much he loves her. He wrote: 'I love you more than life itself and there is nothing I would not do to protect you.' Schilling said of his only-daughter: 'I love you more than life itself and there is nothing I would not do to protect you' (above the Schilling family together) | Former Red Sox player named two cyber bullies behind tweets targeted at his 17-year-old daughter, Gabby . Adam Nagel, a student at Brookdale Community College in New Jersey was named; school issued statement revealing his suspension . Sean MacDonald, part-time ticket-seller for the Yankees and graduate from Montclair State University was also named and fired from job . Schilling told GMA on Tuesday: 'I'll do everything not to embarrass her but I'll never not protect her' Schilling had tweeted congratulations to his daughter for joining college softball team - but it was met with crude sexual remarks from strangers . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)When Indiana Gov. Michael Pence signed his state's Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), he apparently did not anticipate the resulting uproar. Many of Indiana's businesses fear that the law could be used to allow store owners to deny service to gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) persons. The NCAA has expressed concern about the Final Four, which Indianapolis is hosting this weekend, and other companies have threatened to move their businesses outside of the state. But, when pushed on the issue, Pence insisted that the law is "not about discrimination" but instead is "about protecting the religious liberty of every Hoosier of every faith." When asked whether he would allow an amendment to clarify that the law will not preclude anti-discrimination protections, the governor doubled-down, noting that "we're not going to change this law." But members of the Indiana legislature beg to differ with the governor, pledging to "fix" Indiana's RFRA. And now, the Governor has changed his tune, also calling for a fix to the bill. Can there really be an easy "fix," short of repealing the Act? The answer is, of course, it depends. Under RFRAs like Indiana's, people are not free to disobey any law in tension with their religious convictions. Instead, RFRAs create a standard to balance a person's religious interests against the governmental policy at stake. Under Indiana's RFRA, the government must show that its policy interest advances a compelling state interest and is the least restrictive means to address the problem at issue. The question would then become whether anti-discrimination laws advance a compelling interest in the least restrictive means. The answer to that question is easy: yes. The adoption of such laws have long been viewed as advancing compelling state interests, and the only way to eliminate discrimination is to ban it, so they are the least restrictive means. At present in Indiana, there is no state-level law that protects LGBT persons from discrimination by private parties. In certain cities and other, local jurisdictions, however, there are ordinances prohibiting such discrimination. Indiana would have two ways to "fix" the RFRA problem. The first would be to adopt state-wide nondiscrimination laws that protect LGBT persons. Such an act would confirm that, as a matter of state policy, protecting the LGBT community is viewed as a compelling state interest. This would bring Indiana into alignment with Illinois, which has a RFRA, but which also has a comprehensive nondiscrimination statute, ameliorating any concerns about the RFRA being used in discriminatory fashion. Given the wishy-washy answer that Gov. Pence provided when asked whether he thought discrimination against LGBT persons was appropriate, the likelihood of Indiana adopting a comprehensive nondiscrimination statute seems remote at best, eliminating this fix as an option. Another possibility would be to amend the statute to confirm that any federal, state, or local nondiscrimination laws constitute a compelling state interest for the purposes of the RFRA. Importantly, federal law does not protect LGBT persons from discrimination by private actors, and neither does Indiana state law. But this language would expressly carve out local ordinances from the scope of the RFRA, such as the nondiscrimination ordinance in Indianapolis. In essence, this would preserve much of the law as it existed before the RFRA: absent local nondiscrimination laws, persons are free in Indiana to discriminate against LGBT persons on any basis. This amendment, however, would make clear that the state-level RFRA cannot be used to trump local city ordinances that protect the LGBT community. What are the odds of this second fix? Well, that precise amendment was proposed -- and adopted -- in the Georgia legislature as it considered a RFRA comparable to Indiana's. The result: the bill's sponsors tabled it, noting that the exception for local nondiscrimination laws would "gut" the bill. That reaction shines a light on the true motivations for these RFRAs. If these acts aren't about discrimination, then why would ensuring nondiscrimination protections "gut" the bill? It's because these bills truly are about permitting discrimination against the LGBT community. All of the hand-waving by Gov. Pence and others cannot distract from the truth: RFRAs are the first responses to LGBT advances. | Tim Holbrook: Indiana's law allows discrimination against the LGBT community . He says the state governor and others are using religion act as an excuse . |
When was The Palpable Leprosy of Pollution released? | Infant Annihilator are an English deathcore band formed in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire in 2012 by drummer Aaron Kitcher and guitarist Eddie Pickard. The band are known for their technical, eclectic and extreme musical style; parodistic and satirically graphic lyrical content and shock humour; and music videos that feature ribald themes.
Their debut album The Palpable Leprosy of Pollution, which features the American vocalist Dan Watson, was released in late 2012. After replacing their vocalist with Massachusetts-native Dickie Allen, their second album The Elysian Grandeval Galèriarch was recorded and mixed by Jesse Kirkbride at his home studio Kirkbride Recordings and was released in 2016. Their third album, The Battle of Yaldabaoth, was released on 11 September 2019.
Infant Annihilator were described by the Hysteria Magazine as an internet band and even though they have stated that touring is a possibility, they have performed only as a studio project so far. | The album The Palpable Leprosy of Pollution was released in late 2012 featuring the American vocalist Dan Watson. |
Please list the main dog predators according to the passage | Although dogs are the most abundant and widely distributed terrestrial carnivores, feral and free-ranging dogs' potential to compete with other large carnivores is limited by their strong association with humans. For example, a review of the studies in dogs' competitive effects on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Although wolves are known to kill dogs, they tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.
Wolves kill dogs wherever they are found together. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed. Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs and losses of dogs to wolves have led to demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.
Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. In particular, leopards are known to have a preference for dogs and have been recorded to kill and consume them, no matter what their size. Siberian tigers in the Amur River region have killed dogs in the middle of villages. This indicates that the dogs were targeted. Amur tigers will not tolerate wolves as competitors within their territories, and the tigers could be considering dogs in the same way. Striped hyenas are known to kill dogs in their range. | wolves, Coyotes, leopards, Siberian tigers, Striped hyenas |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A green jacket worn by Network Ten’s Natarsha Belling to present the news is causing a stir on social media after her phallic shaped neckline was pointed out. A photo of Belling wearing the jacket in question on Ten’s Eyewitness News has been liked over 110,000 times on Facebook after the website Unilad posted the caption ‘once you see it, you cannot unsee it’. The image has also been shared over 6,000 times as the comments over Belling’s outfit rage on. 'Once you see it, you cannot unsee it...': This photo of Natarsha Belling's green jacket has been shared thousands of times online . Facebook users were left bemused by the photo until looking up what the joke was about . Sarah Herbert wrote: 'Yep, definitely cannot unsee this now' The bemusement and fascination with her top appears to stem from the fact when you first look at the photo it’s hard to notice anything – but once the neckline’s shape is pointed out it’s hard to 'unsee' it. Ruben Haywood wrote on Facebook, garnering 26,408 likes: ‘Like if you came here to find out what it is.’ Sarah Herbert wrote: ‘Yep, definitely cannot unsee this now.’ And Chris Thompson added: ‘Thank you, you have enlightened me on this picture.’ ‘You legend I couldn't find what was happening but you've made me at ease now,’ Adam Baldwin said. The Channel Ten news presenter wore the green jacket with a pearl necklace at one point . Social media users laughed as they all realised what the joke was about . One Facebook user pointed out 'you gotta have one to find one' On Reddit, one commentator mused: 'I thought it was because her microphone looks like the claw of a monster' And Lourens Odendaal realised: ‘Ooo that’s what it was… now I get it.’ Meanwhile, on Reddit, one commentator mused: ‘I thought it was because her microphone looks like the claw of a monster about to burst from her chest.’ And another added: ‘I thought it was the slight crease in her v neck on the right side, yet the top was the same length… I was sure it wasn’t that so came to the comments. ‘I guess this means I'm growing up, because five years ago I’d see this straight away.’ The 39-year-old is an Australian national news presenter on the Network Ten . | Natarsha Belling wore the demure green jacket on Channel 10's news show . An image of her wearing it has now been liked over 110,000 times . Debate is raging on social media about the jacket's neckline . The fascination appears to stem from the fact it's hard to spot until it's pointed out - and then it can't be 'unseen' |
Who is Serhiy Malyi? | Serhiy Viktorovych Malyi (Ukrainian: Сергій Вікторович Малий; born 5 June 1990) is a professional footballer who plays as a defender for Tobol. Born in Ukraine, he represents the Kazakhstan national team. | Serhiy Malyi is a professional footballer who plays defense for Tobol. He also represents the Kazakhstan national team. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Ferguson's police chief is gone. So is the city manager. And the top court clerk was fired for sending racist emails. But are these high-level changes enough to satisfy all residents? Absolutely not, they say. Protesters amassed in front of the Ferguson Police Department on Wednesday night, demanding the entire force be disbanded and calling for Mayor James Knowles to step down. "Racist cops have got to go," some chanted. "The people, united, will never be defeated," others said. Amid the protests, two officers were shot -- one in the face, the other in the shoulder. They were hospitalized in serious condition, and it's not clear who the shooter was. So what will it take to calm Ferguson? DeRay McKesson told CNN that protesters want the entire police department dissolved. McKesson was part of a group that appeared to be the largest crowd since November when a grand jury decided not to indict Officer Darren Wilson for shooting Michael Brown, an unarmed black teenager. The killing was the spark that started a national wildfire of dialogue about police brutality. Many have decried rampant racism within the Ferguson Police Department. And a scathing 102-page Justice Department report backed up some of their claims -- citing widespread and systemic discrimination against blacks, including targeting them disproportionately for tickets. On Wednesday, Police Chief Thomas Jackson announced he's stepping down, effective March 19. He'll still get one year's worth of pay and insurance. CNN legal analyst Mark O'Mara said the entire department needs to be gutted. "The Department of Justice report revealing unquestionable racist bias that permeated the entire department cannot be ignored, and the problems it reveals cannot be fixed from the inside," O'Mara wrote. "If there are a few good cops in the Ferguson Police Department, they need to leave, and they need to go elsewhere to continue their proud law enforcement career without being overshadowed by their involvement in a poisoned organization." But city officials believe the police department can be reformed without being eliminated, the mayor told reporters. "We continue to go through that report and talk about where the breakdown was," Knowles said. "The city of Ferguson looks to become an example of how a community can move forward in the face of adversity," he added. "We are committed to keeping our police department and having one that exhibits the highest degree of professionalism and fairness." Even if protesters get their wishes -- the resignation of Knowles and the disbanding of the police department -- they still won't get what they originally wanted: charges against Wilson. A local grand jury decided not to indict Wilson in November for the shooting death of Brown, who died August 9. The Justice Department launched its own investigation to see if there were any federal civil rights violations. "There is no evidence upon which prosecutors can rely to disprove Wilson's stated subjective belief that he feared for his safety" when he shot Brown, the Justice Department report said. Wilson resigned from the police department in November, citing security concerns. But he remains a controversial figure in Ferguson. When resident Sue Schmidt defended Wilson at Tuesday's City Council meeting, she heard vocal objections from the crowd. "I'd like to say a lot of people in this room owe Darren Wilson an apology," Schmidt said, prompting laughter by some in the audience. "The same Justice report that you're basing all your opinions on cleared him 100%." It's not clear who else may resign or get fired after the critical Justice Department report, which said Ferguson operated a vertically integrated system -- from street cop to court clerk to judge to city administration and City Council -- to raise revenue through increased ticketing and fining. Read the Department of Justice report . The investigators also found evidence of racist jokes being sent around by Ferguson police and court officials. One November 2008 email said President Barack Obama wouldn't likely be President for long because "what black man holds a steady job for four years." Another email joked that African-American women should use abortion to control crime. "Our investigation has not revealed any indication that any officer or court clerk engaged in these communications was ever disciplined," the Justice Department's report said. After the report came out, the city's top court clerk was fired for sending racist emails, and two others were being investigated, the mayor said. But the mayor hasn't resigned -- to the ire of many protesters Wednesday night. "You got rid of Jackson, but we want Knowles" gone, protester Kayla Reed said. Knowles said other reforms are already underway in an attempt to "move this city, its residents and our entire community forward." But the community is clearly at odds about how to move forward. | Two officers are shot in Ferguson overnight . Police Chief Thomas Jackson's resignation is effective March 19 . Protesters want the entire department gutted and for the mayor to resign . |
What is the history of the travelling salesman problem throughout the years in a short bulleted list? | The origins of the travelling salesman problem are unclear. A handbook for travelling salesmen from 1832 mentions the problem and includes example tours through Germany and Switzerland, but contains no mathematical treatment.
William Rowan Hamilton
The TSP was mathematically formulated in the 19th century by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton and by the British mathematician Thomas Kirkman. Hamilton's icosian game was a recreational puzzle based on finding a Hamiltonian cycle. The general form of the TSP appears to have been first studied by mathematicians during the 1930s in Vienna and at Harvard, notably by Karl Menger, who defines the problem, considers the obvious brute-force algorithm, and observes the non-optimality of the nearest neighbour heuristic:
We denote by messenger problem (since in practice this question should be solved by each postman, anyway also by many travelers) the task to find, for finitely many points whose pairwise distances are known, the shortest route connecting the points. Of course, this problem is solvable by finitely many trials. Rules which would push the number of trials below the number of permutations of the given points, are not known. The rule that one first should go from the starting point to the closest point, then to the point closest to this, etc., in general does not yield the shortest route.
It was first considered mathematically in the 1930s by Merrill M. Flood who was looking to solve a school bus routing problem. Hassler Whitney at Princeton University generated interest in the problem, which he called the "48 states problem". The earliest publication using the phrase "travelling salesman problem" was the 1949 RAND Corporation report by Julia Robinson, "On the Hamiltonian game (a traveling salesman problem)."
In the 1950s and 1960s, the problem became increasingly popular in scientific circles in Europe and the United States after the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica offered prizes for steps in solving the problem. Notable contributions were made by George Dantzig, Delbert Ray Fulkerson and Selmer M. Johnson from the RAND Corporation, who expressed the problem as an integer linear program and developed the cutting plane method for its solution. They wrote what is considered the seminal paper on the subject in which with these new methods they solved an instance with 49 cities to optimality by constructing a tour and proving that no other tour could be shorter. Dantzig, Fulkerson and Johnson, however, speculated that given a near optimal solution we may be able to find optimality or prove optimality by adding a small number of extra inequalities (cuts). They used this idea to solve their initial 49 city problem using a string model. They found they only needed 26 cuts to come to a solution for their 49 city problem. While this paper did not give an algorithmic approach to TSP problems, the ideas that lay within it were indispensable to later creating exact solution methods for the TSP, though it would take 15 years to find an algorithmic approach in creating these cuts. As well as cutting plane methods, Dantzig, Fulkerson and Johnson used branch and bound algorithms perhaps for the first time.
In 1959, Jillian Beardwood, J.H. Halton and John Hammersley published an article entitled "The Shortest Path Through Many Points" in the journal of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. The Beardwood–Halton–Hammersley theorem provides a practical solution to the travelling salesman problem. The authors derived an asymptotic formula to determine the length of the shortest route for a salesman who starts at a home or office and visits a fixed number of locations before returning to the start.
In the following decades, the problem was studied by many researchers from mathematics, computer science, chemistry, physics, and other sciences. In the 1960s, however, a new approach was created, that instead of seeking optimal solutions would produce a solution whose length is provably bounded by a multiple of the optimal length, and in doing so would create lower bounds for the problem; these lower bounds would then be used with branch and bound approaches. One method of doing this was to create a minimum spanning tree of the graph and then double all its edges, which produces the bound that the length of an optimal tour is at most twice the weight of a minimum spanning tree.
In 1976, Christofides and Serdyukov independently of each other made a big advance in this direction: the Christofides-Serdyukov algorithm yields a solution that, in the worst case, is at most 1.5 times longer than the optimal solution. As the algorithm was simple and quick, many hoped it would give way to a near optimal solution method. However, this hope for improvement did not immediately materialize, and Christofides-Serdyukov remained the method with the best worst-case scenario until 2011, when a (very) slightly improved approximation algorithm was developed for the subset of "graphical" TSPs. In 2020 this tiny improvement was extended to the full (metric) TSP.
Richard M. Karp showed in 1972 that the Hamiltonian cycle problem was NP-complete, which implies the NP-hardness of TSP. This supplied a mathematical explanation for the apparent computational difficulty of finding optimal tours.
Great progress was made in the late 1970s and 1980, when Grötschel, Padberg, Rinaldi and others managed to exactly solve instances with up to 2,392 cities, using cutting planes and branch and bound.
In the 1990s, Applegate, Bixby, Chvátal, and Cook developed the program Concorde that has been used in many recent record solutions. Gerhard Reinelt published the TSPLIB in 1991, a collection of benchmark instances of varying difficulty, which has been used by many research groups for comparing results. In 2006, Cook and others computed an optimal tour through an 85,900-city instance given by a microchip layout problem, currently the largest solved TSPLIB instance. For many other instances with millions of cities, solutions can be found that are guaranteed to be within 2–3% of an optimal tour. | * 19th century - mathematically formulated for first time by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton and by the British mathematician Thomas Kirkman
* 1930s - First studied by mathematicians in Vienna and at Harvard, most notably by Karl Menger and Merill M. Flood who was looking to solve a school bus routing problem.
* 1959 - Jillian Beardwood, J.H. Halton and John Hammersley published an article entitled "The Shortest Path Through Many Points" in the journal of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, which provided the first practical solution.
* 1960s - new approach is created, which produce a solution whose length is provably bounded by a multiple of the optimal length.
* 1972 - Richard M. Karp showed that the Hamiltonian cycle problem was NP-complete, which implies the NP-hardness of traveling salesman problem.
* 1976 - Christofides and Serdyukov independently invented new algorithm, which yields a solution that in the worst case is at most 1.5 times longer than the optimal solution.
* 1990s - Applegate, Bixby, Chvátal, and Cook developed the program Concorde that has been used in many recent record solutions.
* 1991 - Gerhard Reinelt published the TSPLIB, a collection of benchmark instances of varying difficulty, which has been used by many research groups for comparing results
* 2006 - Cook and others computed an optimal tour through an 85,900-city instance given by a microchip layout problem, currently the largest solved TSPLIB instance.
* 2011 - Slightly improved approximation algorithm is developed for the subset of "graphical" traveling salesman problem.
* 2020 - The slightly improved approximation algorithm developed for the subset of "graphical" is extended to cover the full traveling salesman problem. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Bumbling: Natalie Bennett on stage at the spring conference in Liverpool . The Greens like to do things differently. One of their deputy leaders had just blown a few billion pounds more from their wish-list budget when the chairwoman – who could hardly be seen in her green jumper against the vast green background – announced an ‘attunement’. This turned out to be a reflective – and to my mind rather long – minute’s silence. ‘It’s incredibly successful if people get stressed,’ explained our host, although several people around me merely used the pause to check social media on their smartphones. Welcome to the world of Britain’s wackiest political party, on display this weekend at its spring conference in Liverpool. There is something mildly amusing about a party that insists on meditative breaks, has a keynote speaker identified as ‘a non-binary person from Belarus’ and chairwomen who say things like: ‘I would like to hear from someone who does not identify as a man.’ And a party that uses such a contorted form of internal democracy it ends up with daft policies to ban most cars and seriously debates proposals to extend human rights to all animals. Yet this is currently the country’s most successful political party, attracting 100 recruits a day from people dismayed by traditional party politics. Bizarrely, the duffest interviews given by its bumbling leader Natalie Bennett only drive up membership. Joining the hundreds of enthusiastic delegates – a mixture of grizzly bearded hippies, elderly ideologues, earnest young recruits and well-spoken women in charity shop chic – offered fresh insight into what is now the third biggest party in England and Wales. They proclaim the politics of the future. Yet much of the time it felt like I had stumbled into an Alan Bennett sketch filled with middle-class people munching on non-meat sandwiches as they debated how to save a world wrecked by austerity, bankers and Conservatives. Scroll down for video . Bennett (the leader, that is) told her adoring followers the Greens had gone from 13,000 members a year ago to 55,000 members today. This is undoubtedly impressive. But it also means they might play an influential role in determining who runs the country after the next Election. Many of these new members – half of whom voted Liberal Democrat at the last Election – are young people inspired by the idea of reshaping politics. They were given special badges declaring their status and enthusiastically snapped up green T-shirts on sale. Presumably they were not the people targeted in a seminar explaining how to use email. Yet for all these new recruits rushing around excitedly, there were also the same old stalls offering vegan recipes for raspberry cake, T-shirts emblazoned with ‘Still Hate Thatcher’ and angry leaflets denouncing the monarchy. Bennett told her followers the Greens had gone from 13,000 members a year ago to 55,000 members today . On one, I found Jon Liebling, a friendly 47-year-old dancer promoting the medicinal use of cannabis. He said he had smoked the drug for 26 years to curb anxiety attacks. His stall proclaimed ‘United Patients Alliance with Norml Women’s Alliance’. When I asked about Norml Women, he said its founders ‘felt there was too much testosterone in the cannabis movement’ – but they had not turned up and he had forgotten the acronym’s meaning. The Australian-born Bennett promises a new style of politics – which many people might say she exemplifies with her stumbling interviews and inability to explain key policies. Yet after she spoke on Friday, managing to avoid ‘mind blanks’ as she promised lots of new taxes, the grey-haired woman next to me could not stop gushing: ‘I am so excited. I am overwhelmed. I feel like I belong here.’ She turned out to be a Labour deserter. And this is why the sudden Green surge is giving her previous party palpitations as it is outflanked on the left. Indeed, electoral mathematics mean it is possible the Greens might not just impact on voting outcomes in May but even be in position to join a coalition led by Ed Miliband. This is a party that wants to ban the monarchy, House of Lords, much of the Armed Forces, free schools, foie gras and fur – while freeing up drugs, borders, brothels and, said its leader, allowing people to join terror groups such as Islamic State. Yesterday they chucked in free university undergraduate education, joining the Greens’ desires for free social care, free universal childcare, 500,000 extra new homes and a basic income for everyone costing almost three times the budget of the National Health Service. Since they also want to end economic growth, I asked their press team how these policies would be paid for. ‘There’s lots of money around,’ replied one party veteran, looking at me as though I was stupid. A younger colleague said children would not start schooling until six under a Green government – although it is hard to believe this would raise the requisite £350 billion or so needed to close the annual gap between their policies and economic reality. The Green Party’s emphasis on ultra-democracy is admirable, giving all members a voice – but it means scores of strange ideas end up on its statute books since anything is possible with its Alice in Wonderland politics. Among the proposals considered this weekend, for instance, is the extension of human rights to ‘all sentient life forms’ with ‘the murder, torture and kidnapping’ of dogs and dolphins carrying the same penalties as when such crimes are committed against people. Leader Natalie Bennett is embraced by Green MP Caroline Lucas . I went to one meeting where 19 people were determining a ban on foie gras due to the force-feeding of geese. One young man dissented on the grounds this was discriminatory to dairy cows that were being ‘raped’ and their calves ‘murdered’. ‘To have a ban on the dairy industry would not be popular with the public. It would be a vote loser,’ responded session leader Ronnie Lee – although hastily adding he had been a vegan for 44 years in case anyone might think him unsympathetic to animals. Then there was the well-attended gender group, which agreed people should be allowed ‘a third option of X gender’ on passports – although the discussion leader then confessed this might create risks for people publicly identified as transgender in many countries. The meeting also agreed parents should be allowed to avoid putting children down as either male or female on birth certificates. One elderly Green from Tyneside, doing his best to keep up, admitted he was confused by the latest terms for transgender people. He was not the only one, with talk about LGBITQ people – the ‘I’ turned out to be for Intersex and the ‘Q’ for Questioning. At the peace and defence group, software engineer Chris Burdess said they needed to review policies that were ‘unnecessarily inflammatory and aggressive’ towards diplomats and members of the armed forces. ‘We don’t want to single them out as evil,’ he said. But their policy-making process is so ponderous, Burdess admitted this could not be achieved before the Election. Mind you, they have pledges to pass measures that were actually passed nearly two decades ago. Such eccentricities might be endearing if the Greens had not suddenly emerged as a semi-serious force in British politics. Yet its leaders brush aside criticism of policy absurdities by saying they are merely promoting new ideas and looking long-term. Downstairs in the Liverpool convention centre was a gathering for fans of fantasy games. Upstairs, they seemed to be playing fantasy politics. But if this shambolic bunch ever got a sniff of power, the entire country would be losers. | The Green Party is the third biggest political party in England and Wales . Attracts 100 recruits a day and has seen membership increase by 42,000 . Many of the new members voted for the Liberal Dem at the last election . Greens maybe in a position in May to form a coalition with Labour . They want to ban monarchy, House of Lords, and much of the armed forces . While freeing up drugs, borders, and allowing people to join terror groups . |
Who is Ron Rivest? | Ronald Linn Rivest is a cryptographer and an Institute Professor at MIT. He is a member of MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) and a member of MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). His work has spanned the fields of algorithms and combinatorics, cryptography, machine learning, and election integrity. Rivest is one of the inventors of the RSA algorithm (along with Adi Shamir and Len Adleman). He is the inventor of the symmetric key encryption algorithms RC2, RC4, RC5, and co-inventor of RC6. The "RC" stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code". (RC3 was broken at RSA Security during development; similarly, RC1 was never published.) He also authored the MD2, MD4, MD5 and MD6 cryptographic hash functions. | Ron Rivest is a cryptographer and computer science professor at MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL). He is most well known as the inventor of the RSA public key cryptosystem (with Adi Shamir and Len Adleman). Rivest is also known as the inventor of the RC4 stream cipher and MD5 hash function. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Arsenal winger Theo Walcott and his wife Melanie have spoken out over the distressing ordeal they had to go through during the birth of their son Finley. The couple, speaking to Hello! magazine, learned their newborn baby had a heart defect shortly after his birth just under a year ago. Walcott's wife said it was 'the longest two and a half hours of our lives' during Finley's operation to correct the problem with his heart. Theo Walcott and his wife Melanie have spoken out about the birth of their son Finley . Melanie and Arsenal star Walcott were left scared and emotional after the birth of Finley on April 10, 2014 . Melanie said: 'Finley had a routine check and they found a murmur, which, again is normal. But it should go after 24 hours. 'But it didn't and it was discovered he had a valve that wasn't working properly. Basically, the heart was having to work really hard to get the blood to his lungs, which meant that the right side of his heart was getting bigger. 'Theo and I were so new to it all, you suddenly feel so vulnerable because it is all taken out of your control. You've got this little person who is the most precious thing in the world and who you have this overwhelming urge to protect. It was a scary and emotional time. 'It was the longest two and a half hours of our lives but the staff were fantastic. Theo and I just tried to keep strong for each other.' Finley, who will turn one on April 10, has made a full recovery since the operation at Royal Brompton hospital in London. Meanwhile, Walcott will be hoping to feature against Manchester United on Monday night as Arsenal look to seal a place in the semi-finals of the FA Cup. Walcott will be hoping to face Man United on Monday night as Arsenal hope to reach FA Cup semi finals . | Theo Walcott's wife Melanie gave birth to son Finley on April 10, 2014 . Finley needed operation in London hospital to correct heart defect . Arsenal star Walcott and his partner felt 'vulnerable' and 'emotional' Walcott could feature against Manchester United in FA Cup on Monday . CLICK HERE for all the latest Arsenal news . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Italy coach Antonio Conte believes that players of Italian descent should be free to decide whether they want to play for the 'azzurri'. Conte's latest call-ups, Argentine-born Franco Vazquez and Brazilian-born Eder, have caused a stir in Italy even though both players possess Italian passports. 'I'm not the first (to call-up a player of Italian descent) and I won't be last,' Conte told a news conference on Monday. Brazilian-born Eder (right) is one of two players not born in Italy to be called up by Antonio Conte . The Italy manager had defended his right to call up foreign-born players to the national squad . Argentine-born Franco Vazquez (left) has an Italian mother and made it clear he wanted to play for the azzurri . 'In the past (Mauro) Camoranesi (Mauro) won the World Cup with Italy. (Christian) Ledesma, (Gabriel) Paletta, Thiago Motta, Amauri and Romulo all played with the national team. 'At the last World Cup, of the 736 players that took part 83 were born in a different country from the one they were playing for,' Conte added. Inter Milan coach Roberto Mancini expressed a different opinion earlier on Monday. Former City boss Roberto Mancini had previously disagreed with foreign-born players being picked . 'I believe that an Italian player deserves to play for Italy,' Mancini said. 'Anyone who wasn't born in Italy, even though he may have Italian relatives, shouldn't be allowed to play. At least this is my opinion.' Conte said Vazquez had made it clear right from the start that he wanted to represent Italy. 'It's not that I forced him to accept,' the coach added. Mauro Camoranesi (right) was born in Argentina but won the 2006 World Cup playing for Italy . Vazquez's mother was born in Padua and Eder's great grand- father was from Treviso. Italy travel to Bulgaria for a Euro 2016 qualifier on Saturday and host England in Turin three days later in a friendly. Conte's team are second in Group H, behind Croatia on goal difference with 10 points from four games. Goalkeepers: Buffon (Juventus), Perin (Genoa), Sirigu (Paris Saint Germain); . Defenders: Barzagli (Juventus), Bonucci (Juventus), Chiellini (Juventus), Moretti (Torino), Ranocchia (Inter); . Midfielders: Antonelli (Milan), Bertolacci (Genoa), Candreva (Lazio), Cerci (Milan), Darmian (Torino), Florenzi (Roma), Marchisio (Juventus), Parolo (Lazio), Pasqual (Fiorentina), Soriano (Sampdoria), Valdifiori (Empoli), Verratti (Paris Saint Germain); . Forwards: Eder (Sampdoria), Gabbiadini (Napoli), Immobile (Borussia Dortmund), Pellé (Southampton), Vazquez (Palermo), Zaza (Sassuolo) | Antonio Conte has called up Argentine-born Franco Vazquez and Brazilian-born Eder to the Italy national squad . Former Juventus boss insists players should be free to decide if they want to represent the azzurri . Inter Milan manager Roberto Mancini holds a different opinion . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Barring a revelation from his parents or girlfriend, we may never know what was going through the mind of Andreas Lubitz in the moments leading up to the crash of Germanwings Flight 9525. What we now know is that all indications point to Lubitz as the perpetrator of the crash, locking the pilot out of the cockpit and setting the aircraft on a fatal trajectory into a remote mountain range in the French Alps. Every day, more details come to light, as the world struggles to make sense of why a 27-year-old German man would apparently choose to deliberately crash a plane with 150 people on board, including himself -- and remain so calm while doing it. When investigators searched Lubitz's home in Dusseldorf, they found medical leave notes "slashed," suggesting Lubitz was hiding an illness or illnesses from his employers. The dates for which Lubitz was excused from work included the day of the crash, though investigators have not yet revealed the reason he was excused, if any reason was written on the notes by his doctor. We do know, from a German aviation source, that Lubitz passed his annual pilot recertification examination last summer. An official with Lufthansa, the parent company of the budget airline Germanwings, said that the exam only tests physical health, not psychological health. "He was 100% fit to fly without restrictions," Lufthansa CEO Carsten Spohr told reporters at press conference last week. "His flight performance was perfect. There was nothing to worry about." Spohr added that Lubitz had "interrupted" his training, which he began in 2008. That break lasted several months, he said, but that such an interruption isn't uncommon. Lubitz suffered from "generalized anxiety disorder," with severe depression symptoms dating back to 2009, according to French newspaper Le Parisien. While the main medical clinic in Dusseldorf denies it was treating Lubitz for depression, German investigators found antidepressant medications in Lubitz's apartment, according to published reports that CNN has not yet been able to independently confirm. Die Welt, a German newspaper, over the weekend cited an unidentified senior investigator, who said Lubitz suffered from "severe subjective burnout syndrome" and severe depression. "Someone who has a significant depressive episode or depressive disorder will oftentimes get an antidepressant alone, and many times will have a good resolution of those symptoms," CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta told Poppy Harlow Sunday on "CNN Newsroom." "People who relapse or develop more of what is called a psychotic depression in addition may have symptoms of psychosis. Maybe they could be having delusions or hallucinations, but the idea is having breaks with reality." One of the medications Lubitz was prescribed is said to be Agomelatine (an antidepressant medication), according to Le Perisien. Antidepressants can sometimes make people suicidal, especially those suffering from schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Other times, they can make patients manic or psychotic. The drug's list of warnings and precautions include metabolic changes -- such as weight gain -- and the potential for cognitive and motor impairment. "Has potential to impair judgment, thinking and motor skills; use caution when operating machinery." In 2010, Lubitz received Olanzpine injections (an antipsychotic medication) "to treat OCD," according to Le Perisien. Doctors advised Lubitz to be more active, practice a new sport and regain self-confidence. "This is a powerful medication," said Gupta. "If this is true, it sort of reads into the severity of just how bad the psychosis was, at least at one point in his life." There are other things besides psychosis for which the drug may be administered, but that's the most common use. One of the side effects is blurred vision. Citing two officials with knowledge of the investigation, The New York Times Saturday reported that Lubitz sought treatment for vision problems that might have put his career at risk. If he was prescribed this medication as an injectable five years ago, was now taking it as an oral antipsychotic and wasn't taking it because of it was causing these detrimental side effects, "that could be very concerning, as well," said Gupta. Authorities have not ruled out that Lubitz's vision problem could have been psychosomatic. Many people have been asking how likely it is that depression could result in this sort of horrific action. In a word: "Unlikely," says Dr. Charles Raison, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Arizona. "Most people would just kill themselves," he says. "It's very, very rare for depression to cause people to kill other people. This leads me to believe there's something else going on, like a personality character flaw." Forensic psychologist Jeff Gardere agrees. "It has to be a very severe depression to the point that there's a psychosis that's a result of that depression," he says. "That's different than the schizophrenia part of psychosis. With this kind of depression, it's so deep that you actually break with reality." Remember, Lubitz was in his late 20s -- and the odds of mental illness presenting at this age are much higher for someone in their 20s or 30s. "Sometimes people lose touch with reality slowly. Other times, they lose touch really quickly," says Raison. "Bipolar psychotic states can develop in as little as a day or two. I'm most curious what was going on in this guy's life the week before this happened. Did anyone see any changes with his behavior? Did he stop sleeping? There's a pretty good chance something would come up in speaking with the people in his life." "If a story doesn't make sense, it means you don't have the real story," says Raison. "Even people who are psychotic will tell you a crazy story. It's crazy, but it makes sense." More details are needed on Lubitz's story. Perhaps the most chilling revelation so far is that Lubitz not only decided to do what he did, but that he ignored the pilot's pleas to think about the lives on board and change his mind. "It tells you he's at peace with what he's doing," says Raison. "If you were uncertain or anxious, you might still open the cabin door (when the pilot was banging on the door and yelling to be let in). Calm determination to do this tells you he really believed in what he was doing." "If you look at school shooters, they go into a dissociative state," says Gardere. "They've been planning for quite some time. They go into this personality where they can calmly go into murder mode -- robotic and calm. Even when they're shooting or doing something rageful, they behave in a calm manner. (Lubitz) knew when he got onto that plane that he wasn't coming back." On Monday, Britain's most senior psychiatrist told CNN's Christiane Amanpour that when a pilot is "acutely depressed or suffering from... any mental illness" that impairs his or her ability to fly, he or she cannot fly an aircraft. "We don't let pilots fly with depression, not because we're worried that they're going to murder everybody on board. That's such an extraordinary possibility that -- that's not depression -- but because they're impaired in concentration, memory and attention, which isn't good for a pilot," said Sir Simon Wessely, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists and an adviser to the British army. Wessely added that the Germanwings plane crash might open a discussion on "relaxing the laws of (doctor-patient) confidentiality in different countries," though in the United Kingdom, as well as in many other countries, a doctor is obliged to go to the authorities if he or she believes that people are genuinely being put at risk by one of their patients. CNN's John Bonifield contributed to this report. | Investigators believe Andreas Lubitz deliberately crashed Germanwings Flight 9525, killing himself and 149 others . Lubitz suffered from anxiety and depression symptoms dating back to 2009, French newspaper reported . Doctor: It's 'rare for depression to cause people to kill other people' |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Barcelona star Neymar is certainly no stranger to giving opponents the run-around and it would seem even his pet dog gets similar treatment. The 23-year-old took to Instagram on Friday to show-off a short clip of himself playing a game with his pet pooch named Poker. Neymar begins by playing hide-and-seek around the dog's kennel before attempting to catch up with Poker and failing to do so. Barcelona forward Neymar (right) hides from his pet dog Poker while at home on Friday . The curious pooch looks for 23-year-old Neymar, who can be seen hiding behind the dog kennel . Poker seems to get the better of Neymar, which is more than can be said for Villarreal, who were beaten 3-1 by Barca in the Copy del Rey semi-final second leg on Wednesday. The Brazilian youngster tormented the Villarreal defence throughout and grabbed two goals as Luis Enrique's side booked a final spot alongside Atheltic Bilbao. Neymar's playful pooch video marks an end to a brilliant week after he was named in the Brazil squad for the forthcoming internationl friendlies against France and Chile. The Brazilian star scored on Wednesday in Barca's 3-1 win over Villarreal in the Copa del Rey . Neymar has been training with Barca ahead of facing Rayo Vallecano with the hope of closing a league gap . 'Since he has been designated captain of the team, he has had an upgrade on his level of football,' Dunga said of Neymar. 'He likes challenges, the more responsibility he has, the more he will develop and get better. 'We are very happy to have him; he is doing fantastic things in Europe. Neymar posted this picture on Instagram of him and his team-mates at Barcelona's training ground . | Neymar winds down by playing game with pet dog Poker . Brazilian star scored twice for Barcelona against Villarreal on Wednesday . Barcelona will now play Athletic Bilbao in Copa del Rey final . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Trainer Michael Scudamore is hoping a breathing operation will make the crucial difference between Next Sensation winning the Grand Annual Chase after last year’s near miss. The eight-year-old put in a spectacular front-running performance in the Festival finale before fading into fourth beaten one and three-quarter lengths by Savello. It was initially hoped the improving gelding might even be up to challenging the top two-mile chasers this season but he has failed to win in four runs, most recently at Newbury in November. Consequently, he lines up in the Grand Annual off a mark only 1lb higher than he raced off 12 months ago. Next Sensation ridden by jockey Tom Scudamore in The Doom Bar Maghull Novices' Steeple Chase . Jockey Davy Russell on Savello (right) wins the Johnny Henderson Grand Annual Steeple Chase . Scudamore, who also plans to saddle Grand National contender Monbeg Dude at the Festival, said: ‘He had a racecourse gallop and that went very well and a breathing operation since his last run. ‘Hopefully, that and better ground we will see him back to somewhere he should be. ‘He hates the soft ground and every time we have run him this year it has nearly been heavy. We actually thought he ran a great race at Newbury considering the conditions.’ Monbeg Dude goes onto finish third in The Betfred Grand National Trial at Haydock Park . Sponsors William Hill make David Pipe’s Bidourey 6-1 favourite to preserve his unbeaten record in the Imperial Cup at Sandown on Saturday. Bidourey holds Festival entries in the Fred Winter Juvenile Handicap Hurdle and Triumph Hurdle and would secure a £100,000 bonus if he manages to win the Imperial Cup and go on to success at Cheltenham. Pipe has won the Imperial Cup three times in the last 10 years, twice with four-year-olds – Gaspara in 2007 and Ashkazar in 2008. Gaspara successfully secured the bonus with success in the Fred Winter but Ashkazar was second. Bidourey ridden jumps the last to win the Nomad Novices' Hurdle Race at Leicester Racecourse . Irish trainer Gordon Elliott has booked crack amateur jockey Jamie Codd to ride Cause of Causes in the four-mile National Hunt Chase on the opening day of the Festival. The seven-year-old, who was second in last year’s Fulke Walwyn Kim Muir Chase, looks to have been trained specifically for the race have run only three times since, most recently over hurdles. Davy Condon riding Cause Of Causes win The Ladbroke Hurdle Race at Ascot racecourse in 2012 . | Michael Scudamore's Next Sensation will run at the Cheltenham Festival . The eight-year-old was beaten in to fourth last year by Savello . He lines up in the Grand Annual off 1lb higher mark than 12 months ago . Scudamore hopes operation and better ground will see him go close . |
Which is better the Free Software Movement or the Open Source Initiative? | Both the modern free software movement and the Open Source Initiative were born from a common history of Unix, Internet free software, and the hacker culture, but their basic goals and philosophy differ, the free software movement being more focused on the ethics of software, and their open source counterparts being more focused on practical benefits. The Open Source Initiative chose the term "open source," in founding member Michael Tiemann's words, to "dump the moralizing and confrontational attitude that had been associated with 'free software'" and instead promote open source ideas on "pragmatic, business-case grounds." | The Free Software Movement is the better organization for me since I also hold a high value on ethics and believe in that vision. |
Is he still an active football player? | Mariano Sánchez Martínez (born 28 January 1978) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
He appeared in 108 Segunda División games over three seasons, scoring two goals for Cartagena.
Club career
Born in San Pedro del Pinatar, Region of Murcia, Sánchez did not reach the Segunda División B until he was 26, in 2004, arriving at CD Alcoyano from amateurs AD Mar Menor-San Javier. In the following year he moved to another club at that level, FC Cartagena, helping it promote to Segunda División in his fourth season.
Sánchez made his debut in the competition on 29 August 2009 at the age of 31 years and seven months, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 away win against Girona FC. He scored his first league goal on 22 May 2010 in the 3–5 home loss to Levante UD, and never appeared in less than 34 league matches during his three seasons in that tier, suffering relegation in his last and renewing his contract for a further two years in June 2012.
On 14 May 2014, the 36-year-old Sánchez announced he would retire at the end of the campaign while hoping to help his team promote, which eventually did not befell.
Personal life
Sánchez rejected an offer to play youth football for Real Murcia when he was 18, after deciding to move to Madrid to study architecture. Not being able to enter Real Madrid's youth system, he chose to retire from football.
After his playing days, Sánchez continued to work as an architect. Still as an active player, he was the figurehead behind the creation of the sports complex Pinatar Arena, in his hometown. | No, he retired at the age of 36 on May 14, 2014. However he is still working as an architect which he studied during his graduation. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)The prospect of a Palestinian state is nil so long as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stays in office, Netanyahu said in a Monday interview. Asked by an interviewer with the Israeli news site, NRG, if it was true that a Palestinian nation would never be formed while he's prime minister, Netanyahu replied, "Indeed." His interview with NRG came as he courted conservative supporters a day before Israelis head to the polls for national elections. "Anyone who is going to establish a Palestinian state, anyone who is going to evacuate territories today, is simply giving a base for attacks to the radical Islam against Israel," he said. "This is the true reality that was created here in the last few years." Netanyahu went on to say that any opponents on the left who might argue otherwise are "sticking their head in the sand, time and time again." He further said a strong government led by his Likud Party is necessary to beat back international pressure to divide Jerusalem and return Israel to its pre-1967 borders, according to a Jewish Telegraphic Agency report on the NRG interview. "I do not give in," Netanyahu told NRG. "We stood fast against huge pressure, and we will continue to do so." Following Netanyahu's interview, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat, who is also a member of the executive committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization, said the Israeli Prime Minister's stance is nothing new. "Netanyahu has done everything possible to bury the two-state solution," he said. "Netanyahu's statement at the illegal settlement of Har Homa is a response to all those governments who tried to block Palestinian diplomatic initiatives. He couldn't have done that without counting on full impunity from the international community. Now the world must learn its lesson and understand that impunity won't bring peace, only justice will." Earlier in the day, Netanyahu continued his efforts to drum up support during a campaign speech in the Har Homa neighborhood of Jerusalem, which he boasted that he helped establish in 1997, during his first prime ministerial term. Israel considers Har Homa part of a unified Jerusalem, while Palestinians consider the neighborhood an illegal settlement. If he is re-elected, Netanyahu said, he will continue to promote construction in Jerusalem as a means of national security, he said. "The pressure around this decision back then was enormous. But I insisted -- I ordered the construction and it paid off," he said. "Today, Har Homa is a flourishing neighborhood in which tens of thousands of Israeli civilians are living. As we proved in the past, my friends in the Likud Party and I, we will keep Jerusalem protected and keep developing it." Opposition leaders Isaac Herzog and Tzipi Livni of the Zionist Union, he alleged, are "ready to surrender to every dictate." Livni, he said, has denounced previous calls for more construction in Jerusalem's Jewish neighborhoods, while Herzog would strive to establish a Palestinian capital in East Jerusalem. "I will not let that happen," he said. "My friends and I in the Likud will keep Jerusalem united in all its parts, and we will keep fortifying it so that dividing it will not be possible and it will always remain united. We will keep developing our eternal capital." A vote for Herzog or Livni is a vote for the establishment of "Hamastan," Netanyahu said, referring to Hamas, the Islamist group which dominates Gaza. He further alleged that his opponents would yield to international pressure and "huge financial support coming from abroad, from left-leaning tycoons and foreign governments." He closed his speech saying, "The meaning of this is simple: We will not be able to keep Israel safe and secure and the terror against us that once emerged through these hills with machine guns will turn into missile fire." CNN's Kevin Flower contributed to this report. | "Impunity won't bring peace, only justice will," chief Palestinian negotiator says . Creating Palestinian state is "simply giving a base for attacks to the radical Islam," PM says . Benjamin Netanyahu's words come as he courts conservative voters a day before elections . |
Given this paragraph about salmon, give me an overview of their lifecycle. | Salmon are typically anadromous: they hatch in the gravel beds of shallow fresh water streams, migrate to the ocean as adults and live like sea fish, then return to fresh water to reproduce. However, populations of several species are restricted to fresh water throughout their lives. Folklore has it that the fish return to the exact spot where they hatched to spawn, and tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a returning salmon run may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying depends on the species of salmon. Homing behavior has been shown to depend on olfactory memory. | Salmon hatch in fresh water streams, migrate to the ocean as adults, then return to fresh water to reproduce. |
In Frank Herbert's Dune novel, why is the spice valuable? | Sandworms are colossal, worm-like creatures that live on the desert planet Arrakis. The sandworms' larvae produce a drug called melange (known colloquially as "the spice"), the most essential and valuable commodity in the universe because it makes safe and accurate interstellar travel possible. Melange deposits are found in the sand seas of Arrakis, where the sandworms live and hunt, and harvesting the spice from the sand is a dangerous activity because sandworms are aggressive and territorial. Harvesting vehicles must be airlifted in and out of the sand sea in order to evade sandworm attacks. The struggle over the production and supply of melange is a central theme of the Dune saga. | The spice is valuable because it is a scarce resource that is crucial to interstellar travel. The spice is scarce because it can be found only on planet Arrakis, and its extraction is difficult due to the presence of sandorms. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | James Rodriguez took further steps closer to a Real Madrid return on Wednesday as the Colombian joined his team-mates for a full training session. The 23-year-old, signed from Monaco for £63million last summer, has been out with a fractured metatarsal since February and first returned to the training pitch earlier this month. After taking part in some small-sided football tennis games on Tuesday, Rodriguez joined Wednesday's full session with the players left in Madrid for the two-week international break. James Rodriguez undertook a light training session away from the main squad as he steps up recovery . The Colombian fends off a challenge from Marco Llorente during a Real Madrid training session on Wednesday . Real Madrid observed a minute's silence in memory of those on Germanwings plane during training . Nacho Rodriguez (left), Asier Illarramendi, Derik and Sergio Aguza head out to training . Carlo Ancelotti's team held a moment of silence ahead of the training session in memory of the victims of the French Alps plane crash before Rodriguez and Co were put through their paces. Ancelotti will be hoping Rodriguez is available for Madrid's next La Liga fixture against Granada on April 5 as the Italian looks for a reaction from his team following the 2-1 defeat against Barcelona last Sunday. Madrid's El Clasico defeat at the Nou Camp, their third defeat in their last four outings in all competitions, left them four points behind leaders Barca in second place and heaped pressure onto Ancelotti's team. Reserve goalkeeper Fernando Pacheco in action during the session at Madrid's Valdebebas training ground . Carlo Ancelotti looks on as his second-string squad are put through their paces on Wednesday . Sergio Ramos, however, insists that his side must focus on the positives in order to finish the campaign strongly. 'A defeat is always negative but you can also draw some positive conclusions,' Ramos, one of Real's club captains, said in an interview with Spanish radio. 'We lost with our heads held high ... because Madrid played some good football,' added the Spain international. 'From my point of view the first half was extraordinary. We weren't able to kill off the game and they punished us at the end.' Rodriguez looked sharp as he took part in a game of football tennis (right) on Tuesday . | James Rodriguez joins Real Madrid team-mates for training . Rodriguez has not featured for Real Madrid since February 4 . Colombian suffered fractured metatarsal against Sevilla in 2-1 win . Madrid face La Liga clash against Granada on April 4 . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | The investigation into claims of a VIP paedophile sex ring widened dramatically yesterday after police raided the home of a disgraced Tory MP. Harvey Proctor, 68, had been named on a list of politicians passed to police by campaigning Labour MP John Mann. Scotland Yard officers spent two days searching his grace-and-favour home at Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire after a police team arrived on the estate on Wednesday. Harvey Proctor insisted he was a 'discreet' man and had never been part of 'any rent boy ring' with Cabinet ministers, MPs or military top brass . Former Essex MP Proctor, who quit Parliament in 1987 after admitting ‘spanking sessions’ with rent boys, was forced to deny any knowledge of the abuse and deaths of three young boys. He said he did not attend Westminster ‘sex parties’ at an exclusive address near Parliament and claimed to be trapped in a ‘Kafka-esque fantasy’. It is understood that investigators now have up to nine current and former senior politicians on Mr Mann’s list in their sights as the sensitive inquiry gathers pace. Speaking last night, Mr Mann said he was pleased at the progress of the investigation and insisted that ‘no stone must be left unturned’. ‘It is encouraging to see that the Met are continuing to fully investigate allegations of child abuse and prominent people,’ he added. Mr Proctor today said he knew nothing about the allegations and wanted to talk to police at the 'earliest opportunity' Proctor faces being interviewed under caution within weeks by detectives with the Met’s Operation Midland squad – which was set up in November to investigate claims of a VIP Westminster child sex abuse ring in the 1970s and 1980s. Victims have come forward to claim men in powerful positions abused boys at the luxury Dolphin Square apartments in Pimlico. They are also examining allegations that figures in politics, the military and law enforcement abused children at other locations. At the centre of the inquiry is an eyewitness described by police as ‘credible’ who claims three of those abused were murdered. In addition, detectives are examining a list passed to them by Mr Mann last December which identifies 22 potential suspects across the political spectrum. It is believed that Proctor’s name has been repeatedly given to police by at least two alleged victims. On Wednesday, detectives arrived at Belvoir Castle near Grantham – the seat of the Duke of Rutland – where Proctor has lived since 2003. They searched at least two properties on the 16,000-acre estate including a red ramshackle building he moved out of in recent months. A Metropolitan Police spokesman confirmed the search. Proctor quickly proclaimed his innocence yesterday, denying any knowledge of abuse or murders. Standing in the grounds of Belvoir Castle, he said he is ‘helping police with their inquiries’. Earlier he told BBC Radio 4: ‘I find myself in a very Kafka-esque fantasy situation. I have never attended sex parties at Dolphin Square or anywhere else. I have not been part of any rent-boy ring with Cabinet ministers, other Members of Parliament or generals or the military.’ Mr Proctor, 68, lives in the 16,000-acre grounds of Belvoir Castle (pictured), near Grantham in Leicestershire . He added: ‘I was a discreet person and regarded in the House of Commons as a very independent MP and a loner.’ Proctor also said he was keen to be interviewed by police as soon as possible to clear his name. Mr Proctor said that he had pleaded guilty to four charges of gross indecency in 1987 for offences relating to to the age of consent for homosexuality, which has since been lowered from 21 to 16 . He added: ‘I believe the number of victims grows by the day, and the number of alleged perpetrators – through death – diminishes. That is a problem. It’s certainly a problem for me. My problem is that I am still very much alive.’ Proctor, who represented Basildon and nearby Billericay, was an outspoken hard-right Tory but left Parliament after pleading guilty to gross indecency. The MP – who was given the nickname ‘Wacko’ – would order rent boys as young as 17 to call him ‘Sir’ or ‘Keith’ and pretend he was a headmaster as he caned them. He was fined just £1,450 but the case signalled the end of his career because his confession followed years of vehement denials. Two months before his court appearance it was revealed how Proctor was caught by security staff on holiday in Morocco with a naked 15-year-old local boy hiding under his bed. He later went to work for the Duke of Rutland as his private secretary and in recent years has been responsible for ‘public and park events’. The 1987 offences would no longer be crimes under current laws after the age of consent for homosexual activity changed from 21 to 16. Campaigning MP John Mann passed his dossier naming suspected Westminster paedophiles to police in December last year. The explosive list identifies 22 potential suspects across the political spectrum who are allegedly linked to historic child abuse between 1970 and the late-1990s. Of these, nine are still alive, and are said to include four serving MPs, three former MPs, a member of the House of Lords and one high-ranking town hall figure. The document also includes the names of 13 ex-ministers, including at least two who allegedly went to ‘abuse parties’. The report names 14 Tory politicians, five Labour and three others. As a young councillor in South London, Mr Mann uncovered evidence a Tory Cabinet minister was allegedly involved. He alerted police but was told three months later that the inquiry was being shelved on the orders of ‘those at the top’. Sorry we are not currently accepting comments on this article. | Harvey Proctor denies attending sex parties in London's Dolphin Square . Says he knows 'nothing about' claims three young men were murdered . Is in 'Kafka-esque situation' of not knowing why police investigating him . Detectives from Operation Midland searched his house overnight . He lives in the grounds of Belvoir Castle near Grantham, in Leicestershire . In 1987 pleaded guilty to gross indecency for having underage gay sex . Labour MP John Mann said many more Westminster figures will be probed . Mr Mann has handed police list of 22 politicians accused of historic abuse . |
From the following paragraph, what is the main conclusion about the halting problem? | In computability theory, the halting problem is the problem of determining, from a description of an arbitrary computer program and an input, whether the program will finish running, or continue to run forever. Alan Turing proved in 1936 that a general algorithm to solve the halting problem for all possible program–input pairs cannot exist. For any program f that might determine whether programs halt, a "pathological" program g, called with some input, can pass its own source and its input to f and then specifically do the opposite of what f predicts g will do. No f can exist that handles this case. A key part of the proof is a mathematical definition of a computer and program, which is known as a Turing machine; the halting problem is undecidable over Turing machines. It is one of the first cases of decision problems proven to be unsolvable. This proof is significant to practical computing efforts, defining a class of applications which no programming invention can possibly perform perfectly. | The halting problem is unsolvable. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A Tulsa man was killed and his eight-year-old son was critically injured after they fell more than 60 feet from an Arkansas mountain. Shane Trotter and his son were on White Rock Mountain in the Ozark National Forest on Friday when the tragedy occurred. Franklin County Sheriff's department said Mr Trotter and his son were standing beside a gazebo when they slipped over the edge around 9pm. Shane Trotter fell from White Rock Mountain, pictured in while his eight-year-old son was badly . The eight-year-old boy was rushed to Arkansas Children's Hospital having suffered serious internal injuries . According to the Sheriff's office: 'On March 20 at approximately 9pm Franklin County received a 911 call in reference to a father and son falling off of White Rock Mountain. 'Dispatch sent four deputies to the scene, North and South Franklin County EMS Crews, Franklin County Office of Emergency Services, and PV 1st Responders. 'Upon arrival Deputy Justin Oliver and Mason Berry made there way around a slick trail and found the safest and quickest way to the injured parties at the base of a 100 ft rock face. Regrettably the father was found to be deceased, but the 8 year old male was alive, though seriously injured. 'The 8 year old was removed on a spine board and carried out where he was airlifted to Arkansas Children’s Hospital in Little Rock in critical condition with internal injuries.' | Shane Trotter, 35, fell from a mountain on Friday night along with his son . The eight-year-old youngster was critically injured after the 60-foot fall . The pair were on White Rock Mountain in the Ozark national forest . The youngster suffered serious internal injuries following Friday's accident . |
What is an oligopoly? | An oligopoly (from Greek ὀλίγος, oligos "few" and πωλεῖν, polein "to sell") is a market structure in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers or producers. Oligopolies often result from the desire to maximize profits, which can lead to collusion between companies. This reduces competition, increases prices for consumers, and lowers wages for employees.
Many industries have been cited as oligopolistic, including civil aviation, electricity providers, the telecommunications sector, Rail freight markets, food processing, funeral services, sugar refining, beer making, pulp and paper making, and automobile manufacturing.
Most countries have laws outlawing anti-competitive behavior. EU competition law prohibits anti-competitive practices such as price-fixing and manipulating market supply and trade among competitors. In the US, the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division and the Federal Trade Commission are tasked with stopping collusion. However, corporations can evade legal consequences through tacit collusion, as collusion can only be proven through actual and direct communication between companies.
It is possible for oligopolies to develop without collusion and in the presence of fierce competition among market participants. This is a situation similar to perfect competition, where oligopolists have their own market structure. In this situation, each company in the oligopoly has a large share in the industry and plays a pivotal, unique role. With post-socialist economies, oligopolies may be particularly pronounced. For example in Armenia, where business elites enjoy oligopoly, 19% of the whole economy is monopolized (BEEPS 2009 database), making it the most monopolized country in the region. | Oligopoly is a market structure that is along the spectrum of competition ranging from monopoly to perfect competition. Oligopoly is a market structure that has few sellers or producers. Oligopoly is similar to monopoly except there are multiple sellers instead of just one single dominate producer. |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | A 16-year-old girl was arrested on suspicion of trying to smuggle $100,000 worth of marijuana into the US from Mexico . The teenager was detained with two women, aged 23 and 24, after officers allegedly found 185 pound haul in their Volkswagen sedan. A narcotics detection dog patrolling the boarder crossing in the Port of Lukesville, Arizona, picked out the vehicle for a secondary search, according to azcentral.com. A 16-year-old girl has been arrested trying to smuggle 12 bags of marijuana into the US from Mexico . Officers from US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers examined the car and discovered 12 packages of marijuana. The find was said to be worth an estimated $92,550, according to a spokesman for the CBP. The teenager from Glendale, Arizona, who was reportedly driving the car, and the two women were not named by officials. Both the drugs and the dark coloured sedan were seized as part of the investigation. The trio have now been referred to immigration and Customs Enforcement's Homeland Security Investigations. Cannabis was legalized in the state of Arizona for medical use in 2010 following a ballot. A growing number of states, including Oregon, Washington, Colorado, and Alaska, have voted to allow people to possess limited amounts of marijuana. Supporters of the legalization campaign in Arizona hope to have a vote on the issue next year. Cannabis was legalized in the state of Arizona for medical use in 2010 following a ballot (file picture) | Arizona teen arrested for allegedly trying to smuggle marijuana into the US . Girl,16, and two women in their 20s stopped by officials at Port Lukeville . Customs and Border Protection said to have found 185lb of the drug . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | (CNN)Idaho wildlife officials have retrieved 2,000 dead snow geese that fell from the sky this week. The birds, whose carcasses were collected over the weekend, appear to have died of avian cholera, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game said Tuesday. "The migratory birds were on the return leg of their migration from the southwestern United States and Mexico to their breeding grounds on the northern coast of Alaska," said Steve Schmidt, a regional supervisor. They died near Dubois, Terreton and Roberts -- all in the eastern part of the state. It's unclear where the geese picked the bacteria from, but authorities are scrambling to ensure that other birds don't feed on the carcasses and spread the disease. "The important thing is to quickly collect as many of the carcasses as possible, to prevent other birds from feeding on the infected birds," Schmidt said. "Biologists observed about 20 eagles in the vicinity of some of the carcasses. Because of a delayed incubation period it is uncertain where these eagles might be located, if and when the avian cholera affects them." Though the official lab results are not out, officials said the cause of death points to avian cholera. Humans are not considered at high risk of getting the disease, according to U.S. health officials. | The birds were on the return leg of their migration from the U.S. and Mexico . Wildlife officials say they appear to have died of avian cholera . |
Given the below context. Generate a summary of the text | Mauricio Pochettino rates Danny Rose as England's best left back and believes he has overtaken Luke Shaw with his performances this season. Pochettino gave Shaw his chance at Southampton, enabling him to gatecrash last year's World Cup squad but admits the teenager's progress has stalled since moving to Manchester United last summer. The 19-year-old was replaced by Louis van Gaal at half-time against Arsenal on Monday and is not certain to start against Tottenham go to Old Trafford on Sunday. Tottenham boss Mauricio Pochettino believes Danny Rose (right) is England's best left back this season . Rose (right) has been a virtual ever-present for Spurs this season as they challenge for a top four position . 'Danny has been the best English left back this season,' said Pochettino. 'I look at the stats and other players in his position. I also look at his performances, which have been great. But that's my opinion. The final decision will be Roy Hodgson's. 'The experience with Luke Shaw last season was fantastic. But now he's in another context and at another club. You have to realise that player change every year. Every year is different as thing happen in our lives. Pochettino (centre) adds that Rose's displays deserve a call-up internationally by England boss Roy Hodgson . 'I am not his manager and it is difficult to speak about players at other clubs. I can only explain my experience with him. It is important to give young opportunities to young players if they have talent. We provide them with training and push them. After that it's up to the player. 'All players all need to feel confidence from the staff, players and supporters.' Hodgson names his England squad on Thursday for games against Lithuania and Italy. Leighton Baines, his first choice left-back, is injured but 24-year-old Rose faces competition from Shaw, Kieran Gibbs, Ryan Bertrand and Aaron Creswell. Pochettino believes Rose has perfromed better than Luke Shaw this season and deserves an England call up . Shaw challenges Everton midfielder Aiden McGeady during the Premier League clash at Old Trafford . Tottenham striker Harry Kane was named Barclays Premier League player of the month for February . The Spurs full-back was called into the squad for games against Norway and Switzerland last year but has yet to be capped at senior level and is aware of interest from Jamaica, who he qualifies to represent through a grandfather. Harry Kane, who seems certain to receive his first England is he avoids injury at Old Trafford, was on Friday named Barclays Premier League player of the month for February, making him the first to win the award in back-to-back months since Cristiano Ronaldo. 'Harry deserves a lot of praise,' said Pochettino. 'He works very hard in training and performs well and when strikers score goals it is good. His potential is massive and he can improve more.' Kane (right) is likely to start for Sunday's trip to face fellow top-four contenders Manchester United . | England name their squad for games against Lithuania and Italy next week . Tottenham left back Danny Rose is being coveted by Jamaica . Spurs travel to Manchester United in the Premier League on Sunday . CLICK HERE for all the latest Tottenham news . |
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