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0.881275	The 2007 Australian Football League Grand Final played out just as Geelong would have hoped and Port Adelaide supporters would have had nightmares about. The Cats had been the dominant team all year and there was always a risk throughout the finals series that the other clubs were simply playing off for the right to be belted in the big one. In hindsight Port fans may well wish they hadn't made it through to the Grand Final. Although their second placing at the end of the minor round meant they had earned a crack at the Cats, there were always question marks over their younger players' ability to handle big game pressure, as evidenced by some of their losses during the year to Adelaide (both times) and Sydney (one from one), teams know for their crushing defensive pressure. Ironically the top placed Geelong ended up with a tougher finals draw, facing the tenacious Collingwood before nearly 100,000 fans the week before, and having squeezed through that they would've been better prepared for a tight final. As opposed to recent thrillers, the AFL's showcase event got two high scoring teams but did they get the two that would put on the best display? Both sides opened up looking nervous and opportunities were wasted. If Port were to have overcome the favourites they needed to put scoreboard pressure on Geelong from their early chances. Having missed the small opening, the Cats made them pay, lifting their disposal efficiency to near perfect levels for the premiership decider. With their ruckmen winning and the defence streaming forward, there was little Port could do to stop the onslaught. Even the cheap goes that normally come when a one-sided game opens up late were all to Geelong, which made the final margin all the worse. It was Geelong's first senior flag for 44 years. The 119 point margin was the biggest in AFL/VFL Grand Final history, and was played before the usual Grand Final sell-out, with 97,302 spectators jammed into the MCG this year. It was a year of records with 6,475,521 spectators across the 22 minor round games being the highest ever (average 36,379 per match). Combined with the finals total of 575,424 (average 63,936), the total attendance was the highest in AFL/VFL history. The Cats also became the 11th team to win the flag since the competition was renamed the AFL and moved into the modern era. It indicates the salary cap and other equalisation policies are having the intended effect. The remaining five sides that are experiencing premiership droughts are Fremantle (no flags in their 13 year AFL history), Richmond (27 years), Melbourne (43 years), St Kilda (41 years) and Western Bulldogs (formerly called Footscray, 53 years). With Geelong looking good for a number of years to come, Port Adelaide relatively youthful, West Coast still stacked with talent and Collingwood and Hawthorn featuring an ominous array of young guns, it seems only St Kilda and Freo have a reasonable chance of breaking through for their long suffering fans in the next few years. As wild and triumphant as the celebrations in Geelong have been, the opposite was true for Port Adelaide, who today will have awoken to Sunday Mail headlines declaring them a disgrace and shameful. The question is - will the Power be driven to avenge the loss in 2008 or will the scars do lasting damage? The players have just eight weeks before pre-season when they begin the journey to discover the answer. Many people didn't think Geelong would recover from their devastating loss to Sydney in 2005 (Nick Davis kicked the winning score to top off a Swans revival - Sydney later went on to win the GF). Yet they have just been crowned premiers so I wouldn't write off Port Adelaide too soon. We're talking about a club that has won 34 SANFL premierships and even managed to win an AFL premiership in their short history in the National competition (not to mention being second-best this year). Freo hasn't even made a GF and they've been part of the AFL longer than Port. Plus the likes of WB and St. Kilda have nothing more to show for their longer time in the league. Yet of the 36 GF spots available over this period, 50% of the AFL's clubs have taken up 80% of the spots (31% of clubs have won 67% of premierships). Yep it could go either way - focus the Port players or crush them. I suspect it will be the former. Would be interesting to do those stats for the previous 18 seasons prior to 1990. Obviously expect less diversity as less teams, but I'd guess it would be quite extreme.
0.934628	Wouldn't it be great if science discovered supplements that could prolong our life span? Perhaps that time is not far away. Perhaps that time is now. Perhaps melatonin is one of these supplements. In my introduction, I discussed the experiment by Maestroni and colleagues, published in 1988, that found an average 20% increase in longevity in middle-aged, male mice when they were given melatonin in their nightly drinking water. The researchers state, "To our surprise, chronic, nightly administration of melatonin resulted in a progressive, striking improvement of the general state of the mice and, most important, in a remarkable prolongation of their life. In fact, starting at 5 months from the initiation of melatonin administration, the body weight of the untreated mice still surviving started to decrease rapidly, and also astonishing differences in the fur and in the general conditions of the 2 groups (vigor, activity, posture) became increasingly evident. Melatonin treatment preserved completely optimal pelage (fur) conditions." A similar experiment on middle-aged, male mice, done in 1991 by Pierpaoli and colleagues, also found a 20% increase in life span. What would melatonin do in the young? To find out, Pierpaoli and colleagues gave melatonin every night to young, female mice (strain C3H/He) starting at age 12 months until death. (There are various strains of laboratory mice and the effect of a particular substance may be different on each strain. That's why it's important to mention which one.) The average life span in this strain of mice is about 24 months. The age of 12 months (pre-menopause) would correspond roughly to age 35 in humans. To the surprise of everyone, melatonin shortened life span by 6%. A high rate of ovarian cancer occurred in these young mice. Apparently there are cells in the ovaries in this strain that overgrow when stimulated by melatonin, causing tumors. Another strain of young, female mice (NZB) was also given melatonin nightly starting at age 12 months, and they lived longer than the untreated group. A third group of NZB strain female mice was given melatonin at 5 months of age (Pierpaoli, 1994). They also lived longer than those not on melatonin. Obviously, different mouse strains respond to melatonin differently. It is possible that if the mice who developed ovarian cancer had been given a lower dose of melatonin, they may have fared better. Based purely on a weight ratio, the amount of melatonin given the mice was many times the dose a human would normally use at night for sleep. How did melatonin affect female mice who already had reached menopause? In one study, when 18 month old post-menopausal mice (strain C57BL/6) were given melatonin nightly, ovarian cancer was not detected. They lived 20% longer than those who were not given melatonin. How can we interpret these animal studies in order to make practical recommendations for us humans? First, we have to realize that rodents and humans may respond differently to the same medicine. We have seen that even different strains of mice respond differently. We know by experience, however, in countless other studies and with various other medicines that there is often a similarity between the effects of a substance on rodents and that on humans. We should also consider the possibility that while one person may benefit from a medicine, another may be harmed. Just as there are differences in response between different strains of mice, there may be differences in response between different human beings.
0.999971	"Bay kou bliye, pote mak sonje." Cap-Haïtien (or Le Cap) (pronounced 'Cap-Hay-Shen') is a city of about 275,000 people on the north coast of Haiti. "The Capital of the Northern Region", officially and often known by its nickname Au-Cap, is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Northern Haiti. Widely regarded as Haiti's "second city", it is actually the sixth most populous city in Haiti (after Gonaïves), and the most populous city in the Northern Department. Located in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over 6,000 feet (2,000 m), Cap-Haïtien covers an area of about 21 square miles (44 km2). The city is also the seat of Cap-Haïtien Arrondissement, the 7th most populated arrondissement in the country. Cap-Haïtien is the anchor of Haiti's Northeast Corridor, the geographical region stretching from Cap-Haïtien to Ouanaminthe, with 650,000 inhabitants. Cap-Haïtien is also the capital of Northern department and Haiti's third most populous state capital. Due to its proximity to wide Caribbean beaches to its northwest, Cap-Haïtien has traditionally been a resort and vacation destination for Haiti's upper classes. In 2013, Cap-Haïtien came in at No. 5 on MondoBlog magazine's, annual top-ten list of the "most beautiful communes" of Haiti. It is to the east of this city, formerly known as 'Guarico' by the Amerindians, that Christopher Columbus built a fort named La Navidad with the debris of Santa María, shipwrecked on the Christmas Eve of the year 1492. He left behind 39 of his men, who, before the return of Columbus, were all killed by the natives exasperated by their exactions. The fort, which had been burned down, will never be rebuilt and was forgotten until some remains were discovered by a peasant in 1977. The city of Cap-Haitien was founded in 1670 under the administration of Governor Bertrand d'Orgeron during the French colonial period. The city was founded on what was the Taino village called 'Guarico' by a dozen adventurers under the command of Pierre Lelong. This important city is located on the middle of the north coast of the Plain-du-Nord. Not long after the French took over the western half of the island from Spain it became the colonial capital of the French colony of Haiti (Saint-Dominique). It was recognized as a city by the royal decree of 1711 and soonafter became the economic capital of the colony. It successively bore the name of Cap-Français or Paris de Santo Domingo from the time of the colony, Cap-Henri during the reign of Henri Christophe and Cap-Haïtien after the war of independence. It became known as the richest colony of the 17th century due to it being located in the center of where half of the world’s sugar was produced. This was achieved with heavy exploitation of African slaves imported from Africa. Cap-Francais was known as the 'Paris of the Caribbean' . Raised to the rank of commune in 1804, Cap-Haïtien has three communal sections and a district. In May 1695, Le Cap was attacked and pillaged by the British, in retaliation for the Jamaica expedition led in 1694 by Jean-Baptiste du Casse. In 1739, Fort Picolet was built, consisting of two stacked batteries, a walkway and a wall along the coast. Nearby there are other fortifications: Fort Magny (in which General Magny is buried and defended by batterie du Gris-Gris), Fort Belly, Fort-aux-Dames and Fort Saint-Joseph. The population reached 15,000 inhabitants in 1790 . The city was burned for the first time from June 21 to 23 1793 during a Franco-French clash between Republican troops and white separatists. On February 5 or 6, 1802, during the unloading of the Santo Domingo Expedition, General Henri Christophe, facing French military superiority by a scorched earth policy, allegedly unleashed the fire that destroyed the city in its entirety. The central area of the city is located between the Bay of Cap-Haïtien to the east, and nearby mountainsides to the west, which are increasingly dominated by flimsy urban slums. The streets are generally narrow and arranged in grids. As a legacy of the US occupation of Haiti from 1915-1934, Cap-Haïtien's north-south streets were re-named as single letters (beginning with Rue A, a major avenue), and its east-west streets with numbers. This system breaks down outside of the central city, which is itself dominated by numerous markets, churches, and low-rise apartment buildings (3-4 floors each) constructed primarily before and during the US occupation. Many such buildings have balconies on the upper floors which overlook the narrow streets below, creating a an intimate communal atmosphere during the Haitian dinner hours. Cap-Haïtien is also the nearest sizeable city to the historic Haitian town of Milot, which lies 12 miles to the south along a gravel road. Milot was Haiti's former capital under the self-proclaimed King Henri Christophe, who ascended to power in 1807, three years after Haiti had gained independence from France. As a result, Milot hosts the ruins of the Sans Souci palace, wrecked in an 1800's-era earthquake, as well as the massive Citadelle Laferrière, an immense stone fortress bristling with cannons. The Citadelle is located five miles from Milot, atop a nearby mountain. Cap-Haïtien is a port city located on the Haiti's northern coast and was considered in the nineteenth century as the Haiti's safest port. The city lies on the west coast of Cap-Haïtien Bay , at the mouth of the Haut-du-Cap River and is dominated by the mountain Morne Jean which rises to 718 meters above sea level. To the west of the agglomeration of Cap-Haïtien lies the deep Acul Bay . In Cap-Haïtien's suburbs is the city of Vertières where the battle of Vertières took place in 1803. It is coastal, its dominant relief is the plain and its climate is normal. Its inhabitants bear the name of Capois. BNO 1ère Section Bande-du-Nord 23,256 Bel-Air, Cormier, Doco, Ducroix, Falaise, Fort-Bely, Georges, Grand-Doco, Labadi, La Fague, Plateau-François, Poirier, Saint-Martin, Vigie. HCP 2ème Section Haut-du-Cap 150,176 Barière-Bouteille, Bréda, Camp-Fort, Charrier, Fort-Durocher, La Coupe Brada, La Voûte, Patasson, Vertières. PAS 3ème Section Haut-du-Cap 2,930 Balan, Bruno, Charut, Haut-du-Cap, La Petite Anse, Magaeline. The small Cap-Haïtien airport, located on the southeast edge of the city, is currently served by several small domestic airlines, and is patrolled by Chilean UN troops. International service to Ft. Lauderdale, Florida is provided five days per week by Lynx Air International. The King Henri Christophe University, a new campus of the State University of Haiti, was inaugurated on January 12 , 2012 in Limonade after more than 17 months of work (first stone laid on July 31, 2010). Funded by the Dominican Republic, it is to host 10,000 students in what will be considered Haiti's most modern university infrastructure. It will consist of several three-story buildings comprising: 72 classrooms for 30 students each, a library, meeting rooms, computer labs, accountants, scientists, as well as academic, administrative and recreational facilities. There are several other private public universities in Cap-Haïtien. Such as Notre Dame University of Haiti, the Franco-Haitian University of Cap-Haitien, the University King Henri Christophe, Antenor Firmin University, the Public University du Nord - Cap-Haitien, the Faculty of Law, management and economics of Cap-Haïtien, and so many others. The Ministry of National Education of Youth and Sports is represented in the commune by a departmental directorate. The distribution of schools is as follows: twenty-three Kindergarten, primary schools are 29 public, numerous private, and congregational. At the secondary level, there are 5 public schools and numerous private and congregational schools. In addition, the town of Cap-Haitien contains 8 vocational schools, five 5 private universities and seven other colleges. The Ministry of Public Health and Population is represented in the commune by a departmental office. As a provincial town, Cap-Haïtien is privileged with regard to health services. It enjoys access to quite satisfactory primary health care. This department is, according to the state results, among the best served in basic health care provision, with a service level above the average. Regarding water availability, the municipality of Cap-Haïtien has one river, seven springs and a lagoon. The water distribution system built in 1922 and extended throughout the municipality in 1952 is in poor condition: the storage tanks are very old two for example date from 1896 and most are out of service. Other water features include three artesian wells, a number of traditional colonial-type wells, and public fountains with twenty taps and pumps. The entire city of Cap-Haitien is electrified; however, the feeding frequency averages 42 hours per week. At the level of the administrative and judicial infrastructures, the commune has a police station and two sub-police stations. Information on the penitentiary center is not available. A court of appeal, two peace tribunals and one a registry office were also listed. The city hosts several hundred UN personnel as part of the ongoing United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). On the side of religion, 44 churches (chapels and temples included) were listed in the City of Cap-Haïtien. Data on political representations, popular organizations, etc. are not available. Six non-governmental organizations with headquarters in the city of Cap-Haïtien and one international organization have been identified. In terms of communication, the municipality has a telephone exchange,12 radio stations, 2 television stations and a newspaper / magazine. With regard to leisure, the commune of Cap-Haïtien has two libraries, four theaters and five cinemas. The old museum that existed until the 70s-80 no longer exists. The sports practiced are football (soccer), volleyball, basketball, tennis, athletics, judo, and karate, amongst others. The walled Labadie beach resort compound is located six miles to the city's northwest, and serves as a brief stopover for Royal Caribbean cruise ships. It is connected to Cap-Haïtien via an unimproved and mountainous dirt and gravel road.
0.998228	What is a “risk-based approach” to 21 CFR 11 compliance? An example of a risk-based approach would be considering the use of a word processor used to record cleanroom results. The most likely sources of error would come from transcribing results and the porting of data from a print-out to a secure database. In such a situation, compliance activities would include ensuring the word processor had secure access, the SOP for inputting data was comprehensive and compliance was routinely spot-checked.
0.959112	Fig. 12.1 A view of a straight normal shock as a limited case for oblique shock. In Section, a discussion on a normal shock was presented. A normal shock is a special type of shock wave. In the literature oblique shock, normal shock, and Prandtl–Meyer function are presented However, one can view all these cases as three different regions of a flow over a plate with a deflection section. Clearly, variation of the deflection angle from a zero ($\delta = 0$) to a positive value results in oblique shock (see Figure 12.1). Further changing the deflection angle to a negative value results in expansion waves. The common representation is done by ignoring the boundaries of these models. However, this section attempts to show the boundaries and the limits or connections of these models. A normal shock occurs when there is a disturbance downstream which imposes a boundary condition on the flow in which the fluid/gas can react only by a sharp change in the flow direction. As it may be recalled, normal shock occurs when a wall is straight/flat ($\delta = 0$) as shown in Figure 12.1 due to disturbance. When the deflection angle is increased, the gas flow must match the boundary conditions. This matching can occur only when there is a discontinuity in the flow field. Thus, the direction of the flow is changed by a shock with an angle to the flow. This shock is commonly referred to as the oblique shock. Fig. 12.2 The regions where oblique shock or Prandtl–Meyer function exist. Notice that both have a maximum point and a "no solution'' zone, which is around zero. Decreasing the deflection angle also requires the boundary conditions to match the geometry. Yet, for a negative deflection angle (in this section's notation), the flow must be continuous. The analysis shows that the flow velocity must increase to achieve this requirement. This velocity increase is referred to as the expansion wave. As it will be shown in the next section, as opposed to oblique shock analysis, the increase in the upstream Mach number determines the downstream Mach number and the "negative'' deflection angle. It has to be pointed out that both the oblique shock and the Prandtl–Meyer function have a maximum point for $M_1 \rightarrow \infty$. However, the maximum point for the Prandtl–Meyer function is much larger than the oblique shock by a factor of more than 2. What accounts for the larger maximum point is the effective turning (less entropy production) which will be explained in the next chapter (see Figure 12.2).
0.999913	Anarchy- Lack of overarching international order. Balance of Power- A system in which individual actors (or alliances) on the world stage work to maintain roughly equal power and prevent one actor from achieving dominance. Colonialism- Practice of a foreign power settling into and occupying another territory. Constructivism- Belief that the state of world politics has been structured by people. Therefore, the international system is fluid. Democratic Peace Theory- Belief that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other because of the costs of war are ultimately placed on the citizenry; which can lead to elected officials facing scrutiny by voters. Despotism- A system of government which a single leader holds supreme authority over its territory. External Sovereignty- When a government completely controls its foreign affairs and is recognized internationally. Failed State- A state whose government has disintegrated and no longer controls the majority of the territory it claims. Globalization- Process of increased international interaction and cooperation. Hegemonic Stability Theory- Belief that the international system needs a single, dominant power to ensure stability. Hegemony- The power or control of one state over all others (can be applied globally or regionally). Internal Sovereignty- When a government is recognized as legitimate by the governed and controls its internal affairs. Multi nation state- A state that contains multiple nations within its borders e.g. Spain with the Spanish, Basques, and Catalan. Mutually Assured Destruction- The idea that a nuclear strike carried out by a state against another nuclear capable state will result in a retaliatory nuclear strike and escalate into a nuclear war that leads to the complete destruction of both. Nation- A group of people with a common history, culture, and language. Realism- States are the central actors in international politics, seeking power and acting in their own self interest. The international political system is anarchic. Realpolitik- Foreign policy based on calculations of power and the national interest of the state. Security dilemma- A situation in which one state increases its means of defense in order to achieve a higher degree of security, which, however is interpreted by another state as an act of aggression which causes that state to increase its defenses, thus leading to armament spiral. Soft power- Use of persuasion, rather than force to obtain a policy objective. Is there anything not listed that you think should be a part of the TL;DR? Email [email protected] with your suggestions.
0.995362	Idea for a management book "Great Ideas From Failed Companies" a) things like Royal Bank of Scotland or even Enron really weren't all bad - they had to have had a lot going for them in order to get so big in the first place. b) you are much more likely to get an objective view from something where you know the whole trajectory in advance - if you'd done "Great Ideas From Enron" in 1999, you would probably have picked on the very worst things about the company, but now everyone can see the good as well as the bad. I suspect that if you did "The Goldman Sachs Way" right now, you'd end up with a list of what was trendy in the internal culture there right now, rather than the actual strengths. You also get a more realistic sense of how some of the great strengths of a company like Northern Rock were so intimately linked to their big weakness. c) it reduces the massive hostage to fortune of the "In Search Of Excellence" effect (notoriously, about a third of the heroes of that book were in serious financial trouble two or three years later). And in doing so, it promotes a commendable modesty in terms of what management theorists might credibly be able to deliver - rather than a magic formula that's gonna make you as great! as Yahoo!, you're saying that look, business is difficult and failure is probably inevitable in the very long run, but here are a few things that you can get right. I wonder how difficult it would be to get former executives to talk frankly, and what stage in the Kubler-Ross grieving cycle you would do best to catch them?
0.952451	What's the difference between iPhones? While 'iPhone' often sounds like one, iconic thing, Apple has fielded many different models, and an incredible array of variants over the years. This year there's the state-of-the-art iPhone 5s, the pop-art iPhone 5c, and the held-over iPhone 4s. Sure, 5 sounds higher than 4, but what's the real difference between all these models? Does more money really get you more features, does saving up-front cost you in the long run, and how much phone do you really need? If you're looking to get your first iPhone, or looking to get one for family or friends, figuring it all out can be confusing. Here's what you need to know!
0.987898	When is it time to stop irrigating grain? Driving around the system I have noticed many winter wheat fields that are being irrigated long after the crop stops utilizing that water. While there will be sufficient storage water to finish this season, it is very likely that all of the reservoirs will be depleted at the end of this season, so it is beneficial for us to save as much storage water this season as possible so it remains as carry-over storage for use next year.
0.992435	The state-based insurance guaranty association system provides a safety net to provide benefits, subject to statutory restrictions, to policyholders of impaired and insurance companies. Few people are aware that most insurance companies in the United States are members of at least one guaranty association which provides a safety net for insurance policyholders if their insurance company becomes financially troubled. Generally, insurance can be defined as a contract in which the insurance company promises, in exchange for the premium, to provide financial assistance to the policyholder in the event that the policyholder experiences some loss, such as a car accident, a medical emergency, or even a liability lawsuit. Who protects the policyholder if an insurance company becomes financially impaired? But what happens if an insurance company suffers loss? What if a significant amount of an insurer's financial investments take a negative hit because of a sudden economic downturn? What if an insurance company finds itself financially impaired, or even insolvent? Does that insurance company's promise to the policyholder ultimately become worthless? Who protects the policyholders from that kind of loss? The answer to those questions is: the insurance guaranty association system. Each of the 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia, has one or more insurance guaranty associations that provide a safety net to protect policyholders in the event that their insurance company becomes impaired or insolvent. State guaranty associations are made up of insurance companies doing business in that state. Significantly, these state-based guaranty associations are generally made up of all the insurance companies doing business in each state, and each of these "member insurers" provides a reasonable level of protection for one another's policyholders in the event of an insurance company insolvency. While the guaranty associations are generally authorized, empowered and regulated by state law, most of them are much more comparable to private member-based organizations than true state agencies. In fact, many of the state laws that enable guaranty associations specifically provide that they are not state agencies and that their debts are not state debts. This is important because it means that the assets that are used by a guaranty association to protect the policyholders of an impaired or insolvent insurer do not, generally, come from state coffers. Instead, guaranty associations and the policyholder protection they provide are funded by the member insurers – the insurance companies themselves. In other words, with the authorization of and regulation by the state, the insurance companies that do business in each state come together to provide funds and resources to establish a safety net that provides protection for policyholders if their insurance company fails. Put simply, guaranty funds provide an essential safety net for policyholders, one that meets the needs of those least able to deal with losses should their insurance company fail. Insurance companies that experience financial difficulties are not treated like typical corporations or other businesses. Insurers have their own state-based financial solvency laws, regulations and even their own insolvency procedures. Rather than entering the federal bankruptcy system like most non-insurance companies, a financially failing insurer is directed by state insurance regulators into a state court insolvency proceeding under the laws of the state in which that insurer is domiciled. When a state court, upon the motion of a state insurance regulator, issues an order stating that an insurance company is insolvent, generally the applicable state insurance guaranty system is "triggered" and steps forward to protect that insurer's policyholders. Insurance guaranty associations provide protection to consumers; they do not provide rescue or “bailout” financing for financially troubled companies. The fundamental responsibility of an insurance guaranty association is to assure the provision of insurance protection to consumers, up to a statutorily established maximum level of guaranteed protection, once the duties of the guaranty association have been “triggered” by a judicial determination that an insurer is insolvent and should be liquidated. The protection provided by the guaranty associations is not limitless. The protection provided by the guaranty associations is limited by the maximum amounts of coverage established under state law. In other words, state law provides certain "caps" on the amount of benefits that a guaranty association can pay to any one policyholder and/or under any one policy. Other conditions apply, such as residency restrictions and other limitations. 1. The National Conference of Insurance Guaranty Funds: Supporting a System of Policyholder Protection, National Conference of Insurance Guaranty Funds, retrieved January 16, 2012. 2. The National Conference…, Id. 3. Testimony for the Record of the National Organization of Life and Health Insurance Guaranty Associations Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Insurance Housing and Community Opportunity, Insurance Oversight and Legislative Proposals, November 16, 2011. Insurance is very important for us all, because we do not know when a disaster or calamity came over to us. insurance is a tool that can assist you in dealing with risks that would happen. We all certainly do not want exposed to a disaster, but when disaster arrives we will not be able to resist.
0.999081	The Battle of Paete was a small battle fought between American forces, commanded by General Henry W. Lawton, and Philippine Nationalists on April 12, 1899, during the Philippine-American War. Upon capturing Santa Cruz and Pagsanjan, the American forces in Laguna launched another expedition to capture the town of Paete. The Americans assembled a force of about 220 men to capture the town, and began the march at 2:45 that afternoon. After about a one hour march, the commander of the 1st North Dakota Volunteers, Major Fraine, ordered five men as scouts 100 yards ahead to locate the enemy positions. They soon spotted enemy breast works 150 yards in front of them, manned by 50 or so Filipino fighters. Major Fraine then halted the command and sent a small squad consisting of one corporal and four privates to flank the Filipino positions. Some Filipino troops were hidden in thick foliage flanking the road, and they opened fire at close range on the small force, quickly dispatching them. Three of the squad members, including Corporal Isador Driscoll, were killed outright and another fell mortally wounded. Only one man was left after the volley, Private Thomas Sletteland, but he managed to drive back the nearest group of Filipinos, who repeatedly tried seize the rifles of his fallen comrades. He was later awarded the Medal of Honor for his role in this battle. Lawton then deployed the majority of his men to attack and try and turn the flank of the enemy, which they were unable to do. The Americans attacking the front Filipino entrenchments were also unable to move them from their position. The American artillery battery then fired a few shrapnel rounds into the enemy positions, as the gunboat Laguna de Bay pelted the position with gatling fire, which succeeded in dislodging the Filipinos. Facing superior numbers and firepower, the Filipinos abandoned their entrenchments and dispersed into the mountains. Lawton's force then went on to occupy Paete with no further resistance. This was also the last battle of the campaign, but it proved to be the most costly. During the entire campaign, the Americans suffered seven killed and 21 wounded. The Filipinos loss is estimated at 100 killed, 70 wounded, and 60 captured, most of which coming from their defeat at the Battle of Santa Cruz. The American army reached Paete on April 11, 1899, during the presidency of Mr. Tomas Dans, after bloody fighting at Pontok, at the entrance of Paete. Here are some of the details as an eye-witness described it. The Paete contingent was said to be ready for the Americans as wooden log breast-works were put up at the different strategic places of the town, particularly towards Longos and even towards the lake where the American gunboats were expected to fire. At that time, it was the belief among the Filipino soldiers that the Americans were using lead bullets which flattened, not only on wooden breast-works, but also on the skins and breasts of men who had cunats. I remember that at noon of April 11, 1899, I was still in Paete and passed through where many Filipino soldiers were encamped as we went up the mountains. Some soldiers were impatient and wanted to start the fight but the cook, on the other hand, was shaking his head because no matter how he tried his best to cook well, the upper part of the rice in the big pot was uncooked, a bad omen before a battle according to him. About 2:00 p.m., two big dogs came forward sniffing or smelling their way and then stopped. The Filipino soldiers did not fire for fear that their positions might be discovered. Then they saw five tall Americans who were apparently the vanguard and the ones in charge of the dogs. The Americans kept coming on and when they gave signs to advance, the main body of the troop came and fired at points where they saw the breast-work and toward the side of the hill where the Filipinos were encamped. Then the battle began. The Filipinos could make effective shots being in an advantageous position due to the mountainous terrain and thick bushes which hid them. The Americans could not move forward, for the road was blocked by two wooden breast-works and then more of the Filipinos were on the high side of the hill overlooking them. On the other hand, the Filipinos were at the disadvantage, for they did not have enough ammunition, and their guns were mostly salaksak, the old old type home-made gun, which had to be cleaned and brushed after every shot. The Americans had modern equipment, superior to those of the Filipinos. Luck, however, was against the Americans for they had a gunboat participating in the battle and it was shelling the land forces from the lake, but because of the thick lanzon and coconut trees, the cannon and machine gun bullets played havoc on the American infantry man braved the barrage of the gunboat bullets, came down to the ricefield and waved the American flag indicating that the gunboat was firing at the American positions. Thus the boat changed its firing directions and rained bullet after bullet on the Filipino contingent. At dusk the Filipino soldiers had to retreat to the town proper of Paete, leaving rear guards still battling with the Americans. In the meantime, all the civilian population of Paete ran to the mountains where they built temporary huts to augment the shanties of farmers who had holdings there. Finally, the Filipino soldiers went up the hill too. The Americans did not immediately follow, perhaps because of their dead and wounded, for they occupied the town of Paete on April 24, giving the Filipino soldiers time to bury their dead, gather their wounded, and bring them up to the mountains. The Filipino soldiers were badly depressed, not only because they had very inadequate weapons, but because they were short of ammunition and they had no doctors, surgical equipment, or medicine to save their wounded. Many slightly wounded men died of gangrene and infections who could otherwise be saved. The Americans took the patio or the front yard of the church as their camp and the church itself and the convent as their headquarters. While we were in the mountains, specially during a clear day, we would sometimes peep down at the Americans from the promontory of the hill facing the town called humarap among the thick growths of trees and bushes. We could see them walking about town as if they were only ane foot tall. We could see them load and unload things to and from the small steamboat which at times anchored farther off the mouth of our shallow river. We did not bother them and they, it seemed, did not care to go up and bother us.
0.999989	with unfinished work to finish for homework. Reading Response Choices: Select a different option to respond to each Monday and Wednesday. Make sure to include date, title, and author of your book for each response. Feel free to read over the weekend!
0.999861	How can I listen to South Dakota Coyotes basketball games on the radio? To listen to South Dakota Coyotes basketball games on the radio in Sioux Falls tune into KWSN 1230 AM or in Yankton tune into KVHT 106.3 FM. See all the South Dakota Coyotes Radio Network stations below. Android: To listen to South Dakota Coyotes games on your Android phone or Android tablet, you'll want to download the TuneIn Radio app for Android. The TuneIn radio app allows you to stream live radio station feeds right to your device so you can listen to college basketball games on your phone. Apple: To listen to South Dakota Coyotes games on your iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad, you'll want to download the TuneIn Radio app for Apple.
0.95075	James Greenhoff (born 19 June 1946) is an English former football player. He was a skilful forward and although capped five times at under-23 level, once as an over-age player, he never played for the full side, and is labelled as the finest English player never to play for England. He made nearly 600 appearances in league football. His younger brother Brian was also a professional footballer. He started his career at Leeds United in 1963, as the club came up out of the Second Division in 1963–64, and finished as First Division runners-up in 1964–65 and 1965–66. He also played in the 1967 and 1968 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals. He won both the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and League Cup in 1968, before he was sold to Birmingham City. In 1969, he made a £100,000 move to Stoke City. He won the League Cup with Stoke in 1972, and also lifted the Watney Cup in 1973. He was moved on to Manchester United in 1976, and lifted both the FA Cup and Charity Shield in 1977. He was switched to Crewe Alexandra in December 1980, before joining Port Vale via Toronto Blizzard in August 1981. He was appointed player-manager at Rochdale in March 1983, before he resigned in March 1984. Greenhoff was born in Barnsley, which was then in the West Riding of Yorkshire. He started his career as an apprentice with Leeds United in June 1961, having impressed in the centre-half position for Barnsley Schoolboys. He was coached by Syd Owen. He turned professional at the club in August 1963, and made his senior debut as a sixteen-year-old. Leeds finished the 1963–64 season as champions of the Second Division under Don Revie's stewardship. The "Peacocks" then went on to finish 1964–65 as First Division runners-up, with champions and hated rivals Manchester United finishing above them on goal average. Leeds again finished second in 1965–66, six points behind champions Liverpool; however Greenhoff missed much of the season with an ankle injury, and a head injury sustained from a car crash. They then finished fourth in 1966–67, five points off the summit; Revie began to covert Greenhoff from a winger into a centre-forward. He turned out against Dinamo Zagreb at Elland Road in the second leg of the 1967 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final, a goalless draw, Leeds lost the tie 2–0 on aggregate. Once again, they finished fourth in the First Division in 1967–68, five points behind champions Manchester City. Greenhoff played 37 games, including a memorable 7–0 victory over rivals Chelsea on 7 October. He went on to appear in the League Cup final in 1968 after recovering from a knee injury; United beat Arsenal 1–0 thanks to a twenty-yard strike from Terry Cooper. Greenhoff went on to score four of Leeds' nineteen goals past minnows CA Spora Luxembourg in the 1967–68 instalment of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. He also appeared as a half-time substitute in the first leg of the final, a 1–0 home win over Ferencvárosi TC, which was enough to secure Leeds the trophy after a goalless draw in Budapest. Greenhoff played a total of 136 games for Leeds in league and cup, scoring 36 goals. He was bought by Birmingham City manager Stan Cullis in August 1968, who paid the Yorkshire club a £70,000 fee. The transfer came as a surprise to many Leeds fans. Greenhoff made a huge impact at Birmingham, scoring fifteen goals in 36 games (in all competitions) as the "Blues" finished 1968–69 seventh in the Second Division. During the campaign he scored four goals in a 5–4 win over Fulham at St Andrew's on 5 October. Despite this, Cullis told him that he was not scoring enough goals. "All I wanted to do was entertain the wonderful fans. Make them go away thinking 'God, that was brilliant'. They were a big part of my game. So warm." — Greenhoff became an idol to Stoke fans second only to Stanley Matthews, and the feeling was mutual. In August 1969, he left Birmingham for Tony Waddington's Stoke City in a deal worth £100,000, which was a club record for Stoke. He made the switch despite late interest from Everton. He hit nine goals in 37 games in 1969–70, a tally beaten by strike partners Harry Burrows and John Ritchie. He slotted in seamlessly in the team, connecting Ritchie with the midfield by feeding off Ritchie's knock-downs and bringing the wide players into the game. In 1970–71 he hit ten goals in 43 games, appearing in Stoke's FA Cup semi-final defeat to eventual winners Arsenal. He missed an easy chance that would have put Stoke 3–0 ahead, and in an interview in 2011 he said the miss "still gets to me". He played for the "Potters" at Wembley against Chelsea in the 1972 Football League Cup Final, which ended in a 2–1 win for Stoke – the only major trophy in the club's history. He also helped the club to the FA Cup semi-finals in 1972, his goal at Old Trafford cancelling out George Best's effort, and earning Stoke a replay, which they won. The win over Manchester United left Stoke again facing Arsenal in the semi-finals. A 1–1 draw at Villa Park led to a replay at Goodison Park; Greenhoff scored for City in the replay but Arsenal won the game 2–1 after John Radford scored from a clear offside position. Former club Leeds beat the "Gunners" in the final. Overall, he played a massive 54 games in 1971–72, scoring sixteen goals, two fewer than John Ritchie. He scored twenty goals in 46 appearances in 1972–73, making him the club's top-scorer. These goals included a hat-trick at home to Manchester City on 23 September, and a brace against City at Maine Road in a 3–2 defeat in the FA Cup. He hit ten goals in 44 games in 1973–74, not including his brace against Hull City in the final of the Watney Cup at the Victoria Ground. Greenhoff then began to play to the best of his abilities with the arrival of Alan Hudson. He scored fifteen goals in 47 games in 1974–75, making him the club's top-scorer for a second time after he outscored Terry Conroy and Geoff Hurst by two and four goals respectively. A volley against former club Birmingham in December 1974 was voted ITV's goal of the season. He hit thirteen goals in 46 games in 1975–76, making him the club's joint-top scorer along with Ian Moores. England manager Don Revie picked Greenhoff to play against Wales in March 1976, but he was unable to play due to it clashing with a league fixture, and never got another chance at international level. After three goals in sixteen games in 1976–77, he was sold to Tommy Docherty's Manchester United in November 1976 for £120,000; with Stoke needing the money to pay a bill for £250,000 to repair the Victoria Ground following a powerful wind-storm. Though Docherty intended him to play alongside Stuart Pearson, the move also meant that he would play alongside his brother, Brian Greenhoff. He scored a total of 97 goals for Stoke in 338 league and cup starts, putting him ninth in the club's overall goalscoring charts. A legend at the club, many Stoke fans consider him to be the greatest England player never to win a senior cap. He scored twelve goals in 34 games for United in 1976–77, bagging a hat-trick against Newcastle United on 19 February. However, he greatest contribution would be in the FA Cup. He scored both United's goals in a 2–1 win over Southampton in a Fifth Round replay, before he put the "Red Devils" into the final by scoring past former club Leeds in a 2–1 semi-final victory at Hillsborough. He then went on to score the winner in the final after getting in the way of Lou Macari's wayward shot; in doing so he denied opponents and bitter rivals Liverpool from achieving the treble. He appeared in the 1977 FA Charity Shield, which ended as a goalless draw, leaving Manchester United and Liverpool to share the shield. Greenhoff finished the 1977–78 campaign with six goals in 28 games. He finished 1978–79 as the club's top-scorer with seventeen goals, and supporters voted him Player of the Year. He also played in the 1979 FA Cup Final, which Arsenal won 3–2 thanks to a last minute Alan Sunderland goal. Though this was as close as manager Dave Sexton would come to a major honour as United boss, Sexton did sign Joe Jordan, who would form a successful partnership with Greenhoff. United finished second in 1979–80, two points behind Liverpool, as Greenhoff was limited to just five games due to injury. He played twelve games in 1980–81. He was allowed to join Crewe Alexandra in December 1980. Greenhoff had scored a total of 36 goals in 123 appearances (including 4 substitute appearances) for Manchester United. He was reunited with former boss Tony Waddington, and though Crewe were a struggling Fourth Division side, Greenhoff managed four goals in eleven league games. He moved to North American Soccer League side Toronto Blizzard in March 1981, then led by Keith Eddy. The "Blizzard" were a poor side, and finished bottom of their division, despite Greenhoff scoring six goals in 24 games. He returned to Stoke-on-Trent to sign for Port Vale in August 1981. He played 38 games in 1981–82, but scored just three goals for John McGrath's Fourth Division side. Greenhoff struck twice in seventeen games in 1982–83. Notably, on 6 November, local paper The Sentinel reported a "Heavy defeat for Port Vale" after Vale were 3–0 down to Rochdale at Spotland at half-time, only for Greenhoff to inspire a fightback for the "Valiants", and help the club to a 3–3 draw. He left Vale Park in March 1983 to join Rochdale, where he was appointed player-manager. He played a total of seventeen games for the "Dale", but did not find the net. Under his management, the club avoided the re-election zone in 1982–83, but again struggled in 1983–84, and he left the club in March 1984, later returning to Vale Park for a brief spell as coach and assistant manager. Greenhoff could play with both feet, and was known for his dangerous runs into the opposition penalty box. He was a talented and skilful player, who had great positional strength and a tremendous volley. Greenhoff suffered a financial crisis in 1996 following a failed insurance venture, and took up work in a warehouse, refusing to sell off his FA Cup winner's medal. The crisis came about after discovering that his friend and business partner of nine years had been conning him out of large sums of money. He later worked at a pharmaceutical company in Stoke-on-Trent. A. ^ The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the FA Charity Shield, Anglo-Italian Cup, Texaco Cup and Watney Cup. ^ a b c d e "Jimmy Greenhoff". mufcinfo.com. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ a b Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0. ^ Courtney, Barrie (27 March 2004). "England – U-23 International Results- Details". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 13 April 2004. Retrieved 27 February 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Jimmy Greenhoff - Mr Nice Guy". mightyleeds.co.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ "Jimmy Greenhoff". UK A–Z Transfers. Neil Brown. Retrieved 27 February 2009. ^ "Leeds United F.C. History". ozwhitelufc.net.au. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ a b c d e f g Stoke City 101 Golden Greats. Desert Islands Books. 2002. pp. 179–82. ISBN 1-874287-55-4. ^ "Jimmy Greenhoff". leeds-fans.org.uk. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ "Jimmy Greenhoff". Sporting Heroes. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ a b c d e "Stoke City legends: Jimmy Greenhoff". The Sentinel. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011. ^ a b c "Greenhoff seeks new chapter in Stokelore – but he can't turn page". The Independent. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Jimmy Greenhoff". aboutmanutd.com. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ "Manchester United 2 Liverpool 1". fa-cupfinals.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ a b "1977 Charity Shield line up". mufcinfo.com. Retrieved 29 August 2014. ^ "Arsenal 3 Manchester United 2". fa-cupfinals.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ a b c Kent, Jeff (1990). "From Rags to Riches (1979–1990)". The Valiants' Years: The Story Of Port Vale. Witan Books. pp. 258–290. ISBN 0-9508981-4-7. ^ "Up The Dale, Rochdale A.F.C. manager stats". Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2016. ^ Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 117. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0. ^ a b Ladyman, Ian (14 February 2008). "How proud Jimmy swapped Wembley for the warehouse". Daily Mail. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ "Where are they now - Jimmy Greenhoff". football-league.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 June 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2011. ^ "The Watney Cup". footballsite.co.uk. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
0.949129	It has been calculated that the total amount of Chris Jericho net worth reaches a sum of 18 million dollars. Chris Jericho has earned his net worth through a variety of careers. He is known as an actor, musician, writer, TV personality, mixed martial artist and businessman. Thus, being involved into so many activities has also added up a lot to the total size of Chris Jericho net worth. Chris Jericho has been known to a lot of people from the World Wrestling Entertainment. Other organizations in which he has belonged include Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Championship Wrestling. Also, he has appeared in Mexican, Canadian and Japanese promotions. During his career as a wrestler, Chris Jericho managed to win as many as 30 championship titles, ranging from titles of WWE, WWF and ECW up until WCW. Thus, winning these titles made him more popular and also added up to the total sum of Chris Jericho net worth. Chris Jericho is also considered to be the first Undisputed WWE champion when he won the WWF championship and the world championship, defeating The Rock and Steve Austin in the same night. Chris Jericho also has the title of the 4th WWE Grand Slam Champion. Talking more about his winnings, Chris Jericho is a winner of nine intercontinental championships as well as two WCW/world championships, three world heavyweight championships and one WWF championship. Thus, wrestling has been a huge part of his life and it also has added up a lot to the total amount of Chris Jericho net worth. In addition to his career in wrestling, Chris Jericho is also known for some other involvements, such as being a musician. Chris Jericho has been the leading member of the band called “Fozzy”. Two albums of this band have been released up to this day and they include songs, such as “Sin and Bones”, “Chasing the Grail” and “All That Remains”. In addition, he has appeared on TV from time to time. Chris Jericho has hosted some events, such as the Revolver Golden Gods Awards and Downfall. In 2001 he also participated in the popular TV competition called “Dancing with the Stars”. Thus, these involvements have increased the overall size of Chris Jericho net worth, as well. His personal life is also well known. Chris Jericho is married to his wife Jessica. With her, he is a parent of three kids.
0.995777	Reflect on the words Apostle Paul used in describing what he went through in writing the severe letter. What can I learn from this about what it takes to speak the truth to people we love? Apostle Paul used words like “much affliction” and “anguish of heart” and “with many tears” in describing what he went through in writing the severe letter. It is obvious Paul went through a lot of thought in constructing this letter, and he was anxious to hear how it was received by the Corinthians. Because Paul’s heart was one full of love, it was almost a painstaking effort to correct them, as there was always the chance that they could take it incorrectly, severing their relationship. It would have been much easier to simply not write this letter and let the Corinthians be as they were, to maintain a civil relationship with them instead of letting things get messy but Paul was committed to truth and it was his desire to lead the Corinthians in the correct way. In the same way, it is difficult to speak truth to the people we love because there is always the chance that the other person will receive it in the wrong way. It is sometimes easier to ignore or pretend not to see some sin issue or character flaw rather than bringing it up and getting involved in an all encompassing process of repentance. Especially in this world where speaking truth is highly discouraged, almost taboo, it is all the more difficult to bring up truth. Although sometimes truth is not pleasant, if we love the other person we want them to know as it will give them a chance to be corrected from continuing in the wrong direction. As a Christian, God calls me to take part in the shaping process of others around me, and because we are sinners, sometimes it can mean bringing uncomfortable truth into someone’s life. I know how difficult this can be, as I have often had to be careful to make sure that the other person didn’t receive it incorrectly. Have I been willing to undergo “anguish of heart” and “many tears” in order to uphold God’s standards in the lives of those close to me? In order to love one person there requires an “anguishing of heart” and “many tears” not because it is simply the thing to do but because of a heart that yearns for someone to repent and return to God. In loving people this is the proper picture of longsuffering love that a minister needs to have. At times it may not be pleasant and it requires a labor of love on my part and the willingness to go through this kind of emotional discomfort on behalf of someone. There have been many times where I experienced this anguishing of heart, the shedding of many tears and fervent prayers for those who were going the wrong direction. However, sometimes I find myself wanting to rather spare myself of this kind of pain, distance myself from getting too involved because it is all consuming. But when I see the true nature of sin and its addictions and strongholds that we battle against, it makes sense that I am called to fight with this kind of intensity, this kind of heart for someone that I love. If I am motivated by love, it follows that I will be willing to go through that kind of labor and toil on behalf of someone who is struggling with sin. When I think about my own son and the kind of physical labor I need to go through on a daily basis of feeding him, changing him, enduring sleep deprivation, etc. it is something that is natural to me. I don’t even think about it as something I have to do. In the same way, if I am motivated by love for those I am ministering to, I will be more than willing to go through emotional discomfort and anguish to see them restored to how God meant for them to be. How should “punishment” by the church be balanced with the need to “forgive and comfort” and “reaffirm love” toward a person who has sinned publicly? While the church is called to “punish” and correct sin, this needs to be balanced with the call to “forgive and comfort” and “reaffirm love” towards someone who has sinned publicly because otherwise the person will be overwhelmed by the guilt and shame of their sins and isolate themselves. This can lead to further shame and a downward spiral of sin, and perhaps seeking appeasement and acceptance from the world. This shows that guiding a sinner through the repentance process is one that requires a lot of care and guidance, and that in the end there should always be restoration back into the church. The church is a place that welcomes back sinners and reaffirms their love for the one who has sinned. What does Apostle Paul tell the Corinthians to do in order that Satan would not outwit them? What “designs” (or “schemes”) of Satan would be thwarted by our forgiveness of a repentant brother? Apostle Paul tells the Corinthians to forgive the brother who has sinned publicly and repented. By forgiving this brother, it would prevent the cycle of the brother falling into further sin due to his excessive sorrow and expulsion from the church. This would cause further guilt and shame on the brother and perhaps cause him to despair and fall into even darker depths of sin. Paul warns to thwart the designs of Satan even before it starts by reaffirming the brother’s stance in his relationships with those at the church. Apostle Paul is very aware that Satan can strike and cause further damage, and that the brother, having repented is a prime target for Satan to attack. So he warns the Corinthians to reaffirm the brother and to not let Satan cause further damage. It is clear that Paul’s heart is one of pleading on behalf of the brother. Thank you for the example of Apostle Paul’s long suffering love for the church, as he shows what it means to deeply love and anguish over someone with tears. I recognize that there have been many people who have had to go through that process with me, and I am thankful that although it was difficult on their part, that they loved me enough to speak truth into my life. Help me to be someone who is deeply familiar with the anguishing of heart and shedding of many tears on behalf of those who are struggling so that I can help them return to a relationship with you. Please give me the perseverance and faithfulness to labor in prayers on behalf of others, and not to distance myself emotionally but to fully give my heart. You held back nothing from me and I want to show that same kind of love towards my brothers and sisters who are in need of help in their struggles against their sins and strongholds. Apostle Paul wrote his letter out of much affliction and anguish of heart and with many tears as to not cause them pain to let them know the abundant love he had for them. It is no easy task to speak the truth to people we love because there are so many factors at hand. Now, if the truth were to solve all of the issues, then all we would have to do is simply lay out the facts, law/principles at issue, and where they veered from the law/principles. However, people don’t work like that. There are other factors such as whether people’s hearts are open or whether there is a different agenda at hand, and etc. There is always that tension between the need to uphold God’s standard with where people are at and how much they are able or open to accepting the truth. Then there are also the various stages one may go through–denial, blame, self-pity, etc. before owning up to the wrongdoing or reject the truth altogether. So, it takes much affliction because the wrongdoing does not just hurt the wrongdoer but the one who sees it and needs to address it. Sin affects the whole body. It causes anguish of heart because one does not always know the right way to address the wrongdoer as one can never be sure who the person will respond. The weight of concern for the wrongdoer to come back and repent wrings many tears as each confrontation has the power to bring the wrongdoer closer to God or further away. I have been doing this more and more, but even so, I find myself shying away from undergoing through “anguish of heart” and “many tears” because I know that with every decision to address issues, there is always that chance people will push back or deflect the issue by pointing to my own sins or weaknesses. To uphold God’s standard could also mean, that person gets further away from God. There is no guarantee that that person will repent. It is really hard to know the state of that person’s heart and mind and how rooted that person is to truth and her trust with the people around her. There are sleepless night I experience more and more because even after I speak with someone, I wonder if she will respond well or not. I could do all I can do, but there is anguish in waiting and wanting the other person to respond toward God which is utterly beyond my control. In this way, I find myself hesitate and question myself before I undergo what Apostle Paul went through. The need to punish should be tempered with bringing that brother or sister right with God. Therefore, the “punish” should be given at the level that is appropriate to the sin such that he would know the severity of the issue. When he repents, he would affirmed of his forgiveness and affirm love because otherwise, he would feel forever condemned. Because the sin was public, the forgiveness also needs to be public so that there is no room for that brother to feel condemned, rather be assured of God’s forgiveness as he personally witnesses being affirmed by the body. To forgive one another. If we forgive a repentant brother, he would be reconciled with God and the body. The purpose of Satan is to divide and conquer, isolating people so that they can succumb to sin, either being enslaved by sin all over again or crippled so that he is useless in God’s kingdom. By being forgiven, he understands that much more about the depth of God’s grace and the power of the community that has the ability to heal and embrace through God’s forgiveness. Is there someone I need to forgive today? It is hard to say because there is no outright sin that was committed against me per se. However, I do find myself being angry at various people or desire to cut off relationships altogether. The difficulty lies when it is not a particular incident, but a perpetual pattern in relationships. More and more I find it hard to be forgiving or be gracious to selfish people. Dear God, have mercy on me. I don’t know whether I am disconnected with how I feel or what I am thinking, but I know I have been getting more and more angry at certain people. I have been so busy that I have not had time to get mad, but I do find myself getting really cold to some people and these are people who do not have friends or people who pray for them. So, please help me to forgive them and love them. That is not to say, continue in the same cycle where I enable them to continue their bad behavior, but God help me forgive so that I do not harden my heart to them and others. I do not want this chilling of the heart toward others. Help me to also be willing to undergo what Apostle Paul went through as it was nothing short of the cross. Help me to now ask for the easy emotional path to loving people, but embrace love in its entirely, even if it means many sleepless night and tightening of my heart out of concern for others. I learned from the passage that it takes much affliction and anguish of heart with many tears in order to speak the truth to people that we love. Speaking truth is not easy at all because people can take it negatively and can get offended and upset. This can cause relational coldness and tension. Therefore it requires a lot of thought, care, affliction and anguish of heart. In the text I can see how much Apostle Paul was going through affliction and anguish of heart. He must have prayed many and many times with this letter and each time he must have cried a lot for Corinthians. He prayed that they could understand his heart that it was out of his abundant love that he had for them, not to cause them pain. Speaking truth should be based on love. The purpose is that they would recognize their sinful heart and desires by hearing the truth so that they can repent them and commit their lives again to Christ. If they have bad characters, hearing the truth would help them change to godly characters so that they can be a source of blessing to many others. This should be out of abundant love to those who we are speaking truth to. As Christ demonstrated his love for us by dying on the cross, we should have abundant and sacrificial love for those to whom we are speaking truth. So it is to not cause pain and make people miserable, but speaking the truth out of love can truly help people in their spiritual growth to get closer and experience God. When I examine myself, I have been praying for people close to me and think about what they are going through. I have some degree of thinking about them and pray that they make some kind of breakthrough or make a spiritual progress. However, I am lacking of deeply undergoing “anguish of heart” and “many tears” that Apostle Paul expressed here. There is some resilience in me that I don’t want to go through anguish of heart with many tears because it involves emotional drainage, thorough thinking process and prayers. Even though I put a lot of time and energy, people don’t change as I wish. Some people criticize me because they don’t see my genuine intention and have twisted thoughts and warped views. When I experience this, I feel hurt and want to close my heart for people. However, today’s text really challenges my attitude and mindset. Loving people by speaking the truth to them requires inherently much affliction and anguish of heart with many tears. Corinthians had so many problems and issues. They might have been literally a source of headache for Apostle Paul. But he still had abundant love for them and went through much affliction and anguish of heart with many tears. The source of strength for him was comfort from God in all affliction (ch1) and abundant love that he had for Corinthians makes him cry out to God for Corinthians. This really reminds me that I should rely on God to seek comfort and strength in the time of all affliction and agony. Also, I have to remember that (Romans 5:8) “God demonstrates his own love for us in this: While we were still sinners, Christ died for us.” Jesus sacrificed himself while we were still sinners. People are still sinners, but I need to still love them abundantly and patiently teach and guide them with the word of truth. In the end God will change them and transform people’s heart as I experienced through my life again and again by hearing the truth from my leaders, peers and my wife. My job is to cultivate heart of much affliction, agony of heart with many tears for those who God entrusted to my life. The purpose of punishment of the church is to make a sinner to experience serious consequence of sin and repent of it. In the passage Apostle Paul instructs Corinthians that the punishment by the majority is enough, so you should rather turn to forgive and comfort him. Otherwise, he will be overwhelmed by excessive sorrow. If the punishment of church causes excessive sorrow even after a sinner’s repentance, the church needs to turn around and show forgiveness, comfort and reaffirming love for this person. If the person causes too much pain for himself because of sin, it is not very healthy for this person. After repentance, there is a cross where Jesus died and forgiving sin of people. Therefore, this person needs to be forgiven, reaffirmed in love that his sin is forgiven. Apostle Paul tells the Corinthians to forgive the sinner. Satan often accuses people of their sin and wrongdoing and causes them to blame themselves instead of turning them to repentance and the cross. This separates them from God more. The good example from the Bible is Judas vs. Peter. Judas sold Jesus, and Peter denied him three times publicly. Judas was guilty of his sin and committed suicide, which caused him to not have the second chance to come back to God. However, Peter repented his denial, and Jesus reaffirms his love for him and restored the relationship with him by forgiving him. Then Peter became the pillar of the early church and served God as one of the key apostles. Forgiveness of a repentant brother gives him the second chance to come back to God and serve church. I need to forgive myself first today. Often I blame myself very harshly for mistakes, wrongdoings and sin that I committed. Even though I repent, I hate myself at times and get depressed about the fact that I have not changed. After reading today’s text, I have realized that God forgives me, and there is the cross where Jesus died for my sin. Romans 8:1 states, “There is therefore now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus.” I need to hold onto today’s message and this verse and believe that God forgives my sin and gives me the second chance. I also need to remember that there is also a body of Christ who forgives and accepts me. I need to forgive those who wrong me. Sometimes I tend to become angry and frustrated at them for their careless words and misdeeds. Even though they repent and apologize to me, I at times have a frustrating mind against them by remembering incidents. After meditating today’s passage, I have realized how important it is to forgive them without any residual negative emotions against them and accepts them fully with abundant love after they repent. Dear God, thank you so much for teaching me that it takes much affliction and anguish of heart with many tears in order to speak the truth to people that I love. Even though I tried to love them and speak the truth to them, there has been some resilience because I don’t want to get hurt and go through emotional drainage and mental struggles. I repent this attitude and commit myself fully to make myself available for those to whom God entrusted to my life. I pray that I would cry out to you with many tears out of abundant love for them. Please help me have a heart of forgiveness and full acceptance of repentant brothers. Amen! The words that Paul uses to describe what he went through are ‘painful visit’, ‘the one whom I have pained’, ‘might not suffer pain from those who should have made me rejoice’, ‘ wrote to you out of much affliction and anguish of heart and with many tears’. ‘ I beg you to re-affirm your love for him’. These words that Apostle Paul used show that it was very difficult for him to write this harsh letter. It was not pleasant for him to rebuke the Corinthian church. He wasn’t trying to cause suffering. It could be inferred that Paul prayed with many tears before writing it. All that Paul really cared about was that the Corinthians would repent and make their relationship with God right and also to restore the relationship between Paul and the Corinthians. What this teaches me about how I need to speak truth to people I love. I need to make sure that my motives are right. I must not rebuke/correct people because they cause me inconvenience, or bruise my ego or other selfish motives. All that I need to make sure that my heart is calibrated correctly to how God views the situation or circumstances. It’s easy for me to react out of anger, or because I feel slighted by those that I love. I need to be extra careful about the state of my relationship with that person as well. If a person doesn’t have the trust relationship with me then I need to be wise about what and how I’d say something to them. The punishment by the church should be balanced with reaffirming love for the brother once that brother acknowledges his sin. Once he sees that he’s sinned against God and against his brothers and sisters and fully repents, that’s the time to reaffirm him. When the punishment goes too long then Paul says that the brother may be overwhelmed by excessive sorrow. Paul tells them to forgive those that Paul has already forgiven. So Paul tells the Corinthians to reaffirm their love for the repentant brother. Satan’s scheme is to continually punish that repentant brother to think that since he’s sinned publicly that he’ll never be forgiven. Satan can also cause the brother who sinned to not trust anyone because of the public humiliation of being rebuked. There are countless ways in which Satan twists truth and intentions of people. And if the brother wasn’t forgiven in a timely manner, then he may fall into deeper sin causing further division/problem for the church. I’d say the people I need to forgive those who have hurt me. The people that are closest to me would have that kind of power. It was Apostle Paul’s example of forgiving those who oppose and hurt him the most that shows his greatest character of letting go of grudges. There are frequent minor disagreements, friction which I need to let go because in the grand scheme of things, it’s the relationships that I have with those I love that are far more important.
0.999909	Similar conditions to a real exam It is vital that when you are practicing for a test the environment, you are in relates to one of the real exams. Be serious as if it the actual exam. Ensure that you are in an environment with no distractions. If you are at home, ensure that you do not have your friends or family in your study room. They could distract you in one way or another. If it is possible, lock yourself somewhere to ensure no one gets in. Time limits Ensure you adhere to the time constraints set for the test. Do not be tempted to extend just because it is a practice test that you made with a quiz maker. This will help you know how fast you are and figure out how to improve on your speed. Adhere to set regulations of a test This includes breaks. If the test has no breaks in between its sections, then do not be tempted to take a break. All this is in an effort to help you get into the mood of a test. It is the only way you will know how to handle the pressure that comes with tests, which includes time constraints. Ensure that you follow the instructions. Do not overlook anything. Make sure you are accurate in the answers you give. In addition, ensure that the sites you visit online to practice for a test are credible. Take quality practice tests, those that are up to date and unique from other tests on other sites. Familiarization with the test format Tests your speed and accuracy Information on which areas to improve is provided Common mistakes or pitfalls are avoided in the real test Better preparation One is able to review his or her answers and compare with model answers Ability to develop your own test technique or strategies Practicing with a test maker online is helpful. It comes with its own benefits. There is a lot you stand to gain from this practice and anyway, you have nothing to lose. You work at your own convenience, wherever you want.
0.994299	1. I've been used this for over 20 years. 2. There was one hundred people there. 3. My son play golf. In addition to, he play soccer. 今日の答え："1. I've been using this for over 20 years. / 2. There were one hundred people there. / 3. My son plays golf. In addition, he plays soccer."
0.999304	A 2-dimensional coordinate plane consists of X and Y axis and in this plane any point can be located by representing it through the ‘x’ and ‘y’ coordinates. If a line is joining two points represented as (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), then we can find the midpoint of the line using the formula: [(x1 + x2)/2, (y1 + y2)/2]. This midpoint formula helps us calculate the coordinate of the point which lies in the middle of any line in the 2-dimensional coordinate plane. Example 1: Find the midpoint of the line whose endpoints of the line are A (2, 3) and B (4, 5). Hence the midpoint of the given line AB is (3, 4). Example 2: Find the midpoint of the line whose endpoints of the line are X (-1, 4) and Y(3, -6). Hence the midpoint of the given line XY is (1, -1).
0.9435	How to drain and refill transmission fluid on a 5 speed manual transmission on my 2000 Honda Civic LX? NOTE Check the transmission oil with the engine OFF and the vehicle on level ground. 1.Remove the oil filler plug, then check the level and condition of the oil. 2. The oil level must be up to the filler hole. If it is below the hole, add oil until it runs out, then reinstall the oil filler plug with a new washer. 3.If the transmission oil is dirty, remove the drain plug and drain the oil. 4.Reinstall the drain plug with a new washer, and refill the transmission with the recommended oil t o the proper level. NOTE The drain plug washer should be replaced at every oil change. 5.Reinstall the oil filler plug with a new washer. Always use Genuine Honda Manual Transmission Fluid (MTF). Using motor oil can cause stiffer shifting because it does not contain the proper additives.
0.999993	Britain's 50 most influential gentlemen \| The Gentleman's Journal \| The latest in style and grooming, food and drink, business, lifestyle, culture, sports, restaurants, nightlife, travel and power. These are the men who impact our everyday lives, be it through fashion, retail, publishing, entertainment or travel – their power is unrivalled. The Oscar-winning actor and style icon, Redmayne is as influential and admirable as they come. The star in some of the most highly-acclaimed films of the past few years, including The Theory of Everything, in which he played the scientist with motor neurone disease Stephen Hawking, he is for many the epitome of the quintessential gentleman. Henry Wyndham is a major asset to the auction house. His close links and friendships with a large number of significant collectors has brought Sotheby’s regular and often important business, particularly from aristocratic English sources. Very charming and reassuringly calm, Wyndham is a long-standing figurehead of the company, and acts as a link between Sotheby’s old school image and its increasingly modern and global outlook. Hall started his career as a trainee at the BBC in 1973, rising to the position of Director-General in 2013, with a sandwiching spell as Chief Executive of the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden. He faced a huge backlash earlier this year when he announced the news that the BBC would not be renewing Jeremy Clarkson’s contact following his ‘fracas’. As an entrepreneur, artist manager and television producer, Simon Fuller has created a powerful dynasty in numerous industries. Widely known as the founder of labels 19 Entertainment and XIX Entertainment, he also created the Idol franchise. With an estimated worth of £375 million, he dominates Britain’s music and television scene. When Crozier assumed the position of CEO in 2010, ITV had a £1 billion debt – it was never going to be an easy ride. However, under his leadership and the huge success of programmes such as Downton Abbey and Mr Selfridge, the company has enjoyed a surge in pre-tax profits. He is clearly a strong force behind the name. An obvious on any influential list and, justly, could be given many personal paragraphs. The Queen, Prince Charles, William, Harry, George and Kate all have a huge influence within Britain, all of eclectic qualities – be it William’s service to the British Armed Forces, Harry’s Invictus Games or George’s face on every front page in the country. It’s likely that many of the magazines you know and love, or those that are read by someone you know or love, have passed under the eyes of Coleridge, with titles such as Vanity Fair, Vogue and Tatler within the Condé Nast portfolio. With such a stronghold in the world of publishing, Coleridge holds a position of great influence. A man who describes himself as a democratic socialist, Corbyn may have been awarded for his international human rights campaigning, but he was initially regarded as merely a marginally hopeful candidate for Labour leadership. Opinion polls and trade union support changed all this and he gained the position on September 12, 2015 after a landslide vote in the first round of the ballot. Simon Cowell is a gentleman of many talents and best known for his brash opinions as an X-Factor (UK and US) judge. He’s also been a judge on Britain’s Got Talent and Pop Idol and owns television production and music publishing house Syco. Cowell is one of the most important gentlemen in the entertainment industry and has been instrumental in the management of some of today’s most well-known musicians. Chancellor of the Exchequer since 2010 and a prominent member of the British Conservative party, George Osborne is without a doubt one of the country’s most important gentlemen. Osborne has been a part of the conservative party since 2001, helped take Prime Minister David Cameron to leadership and was instrumental in the formations of the Coalition Government. Sir Richard Branson needs no introduction; he is one of the most influential businessmen and investors in the world. Best known for his Virgin empire – which started in 1972 with Virgin Records – and continued to grow throughout the 80s starting with Virgin Atlantic. Virgin Atlantic was lead into a plethora of enterprises, to what is now known as the Virgin Group. John Holland-Kaye has been CEO of Heathrow since 2014, having previously joined the company as Commercial Director in 2009 and then Development Director in 2012. Holland-Kaye was responsible for delivering the £1 billion annual investment crucial in transforming Heathrow, which included the new Terminal 2: The Queen’s Terminal, which opened in June 2014. Richard Caring is one of England’s most well-known investors, with a diverse business portfolio in everything from fashion to restaurants and private members’ clubs. Having initially made his fortune through Hong Kong manufactured fashion, in 2005 he approached Le Caprice where he secured a £31.5 million deal, making him owner of The Ivy, Le Caprice and J. Sheekey – to name a few. Peter Fincham is one of England’s most influential businessmen; he has been Director of Television for the ITV Network since 2008 and formally worked for the BBC as a controller. Fincham has had a long career in television and has been nominated for countless awards during his time in TV, winning PrimeTime Emmy Award for The Lost Price in 2004. As a former athlete, Lord Coe has forged a path in politics and business. The current president of the International Association of Athletics Federation, Chairman of the British Olympic Committee and former MP for Falmouth and Camborne, Coe has had an illustrious, highly influential and varied career. Sir Nicholas Serota is one of the most influential gentleman on the English art scene. Serota was previously director of the Whitechapel Gallery in London and Museum of Modern Art in Oxford, and is now director of both Tate galleries in London. In 1999 Serota was knighted in the New Years Honours and appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in 2013. A candid character in an otherwise serene political scene. Following in deep footsteps – his father, the late Sir James Goldsmith, was a billionaire corporate raider – Zac is making hints at a candidacy for the Major of London, a move which has been met with general approval. Co-founder of lastminute.com, Brent Hoberman has carved an impressive digital career. After selling lastminute.com for a believed £577 million, Hoberman has gone on to chair made.com and mydeco.com. As a current partner in PROfounders Capital and one of the World Economic Forum’s global young leaders, he’s seriously excelling. Not everyone’s cup of tea, but undoubtedly influential. Brand has had a busy year terrorising banks throughout London and leading housing estate sleepovers. His ‘Trews’ videos wrack up millions of views and he has a large and loyal following which hangs on his every word. Evgeny Lebedev is the Russian-born owner and publisher of the Evening Standard – which he bought in 2009 – and publisher of the Independent, I, and the Independent on Sunday, which he bought in 2010. Under Lebedev’s leadership, the Evening Standard became the first large-circulation newspaper in Britain to be distributed for free, which tripled its circulation to 600,000 copies. Perhaps the most famous artist of this century and one of the most prominent members of YBAs (Young British Artists), Damien Hirst has created some of the most inspirational and influential pieces on the art scene. A Damien Hirst piece can be recognised a mile off and Hirst dominated much of the art scene in the UK during the 90s and continues to do so today. In the world of hospitality, there are few names as iconic as Chris Corbin and Jeremy King. Forging not only a formidable empire through the Rex Restaurant Associates, they also launched The Beaumont hotel in Mayfair, a much talked about establishment. They are true hospitality entrepreneurs. As one of the most famous photographers to have ever lived, Mario Testino is a world-renowned name. Creating images for fashion powerhouses Gucci, Burberry and Versace, to name but a few, he has been a creative director, guest editor, museum founder and art collector. Co-founder of Phones 4u, he made his billions in mobile phone services before selling the remainder of his stake in 2011 and now invests in everything from real estate to fashion, as well as doing prominent charity work. He was one of the first Britons to sign up to Bill Gates’ Giving Pledge, his charity Caudwell Children has raised upwards of £27 million and he refuses to use offshore accounts, making him one of Britain’s highest tax payers. Brothers David and Neil Rimer are at the forefront of the venture capital industry, with their company Index Ventures continuing to grow. Famed for their belief in biotechnology, they have led the enormous increases in technology within computer and life sciences. Investor groups are where some of the most influential names have been born, so the men behind the investments must also be highly influential. David Giampaolo, chief executive of Pi Capital, while also an entrepreneur in the global health and fitness sectors, he has famously been called London’s most networked man. Radio broadcasting may seem like an odd industry to forge a dominating career, but owner of Heart and Capital radio, Ashley Taylor, has managed to do some admiringly. At only 37, he has now begun to branch into television and music. The editor of Britain’s leading men’s monthly magazine (a position he has held since 1999), and therefore a prominent voice on all things fashion and luxury lifestyle related. Arguably Britain’s most successful comedy screenwriter, he counts the likes of Love Actually and Blackadder among his back catalogue of classics. Curtis is also the co-founder of Comic Relief, setting to up in 1985 with Lenny Henry, which as of 2015 has raised over £950 million for humanitarian causes. Having captained the England team for six years and played a key role in bringing the 2012 Olympics to London, he has smoothly managed his transformation from football star to businessman and spokesman. In 2014, Major League Soccer announced that he would own an MLS expansion team, to begin playing in 2016/17. His influence as arguably Britain’s biggest sporting icon doesn’t look to be waning soon. The man who brought Buzzfeed to the UK, Lewis has overseen the viral sensation and increasingly credible media organisation’s every step on British soil since early 2013. With an expanding newsroom and The Guardian’s former US Editor and Deputy Janine Gibson and Stuart Millar heading up the news division, Buzzfeed is a major force in new and old media. He became the youngest ever editor of The Times at 38 in 2007 after only a year at the newspaper, leaving to head up BBC News in 2013. Harding has pledged to double the corporations worldwide audience by 2022 and reaffirmed they shouldn’t be afraid of investigative journalism. Sir Philip Green has spent over 15 years building his retail empire, and now controls 3,000 shops spanning five continents. Knighted in 2006, he commutes from Monaco to London in a private jet and his extravagant parties are legendary, as are his celebrity collaborations. The ultimate 21st-century self-made man, Jamal Edwards has grown a simple YouTube channel into a multi-faceted media platform where some of Britain’s most talented emerging artists are discovered. SB. TV has accumulated over 323 million views on YouTube and launched the careers of musicians such as Ed Sheeran. Ian Hislop heads up the UK’s number one selling news and current affairs magazine, a position he had held for 28 years after joining as a 21-year-old before becoming editor just five years later. A fixture on the BBC’s Have I Got News For You, he’s one of the country’s leading faces in satirical yet serious journalism. Celebrity chef and food campaigner, he’s been a perennial face on national television for over 20 years and reformed eating standards across schools – all whilst establishing a successful chain of restaurants and amassing a net worth of £240 million. He continues to fight and shape government policy on healthy eating, taking on soft drink corporations in the process. One of the biggest, most successful and respected names in music, Elton John, along with his husband David Furnish, has campaigned for decades for the prevention and treatment of AIDS and HIV with the formation of the Elton John AIDS Foundation in 1992. He’s also a tireless force in the fight for LGBT rights around the world. Despite the Daily Mail being the subject of many dismissive jokes, it is far harder to trivialise the influence of its owner, who is estimated by The Times to have a net worth of £1 billion. Made the youngest chief executive of a top FTSE 100 company when he was appointed at the age of 33 in 2001. He’s also a respected commentator in the industry, being one of the first businessman to predict the 2008 economic crisis. Wolfson has waived his multi-million pound bonus the last two years in favour of distributing it among Next employees. As Prime Minister, David Cameron is pretty up there when it comes to influential Brits. After the 2015 election, he leads the first Conservative majority government since 1992, and other than Margaret Thatcher is the only Prime Minister to be re-elected immediately after a full term with a greater number of seats. Responsible for the digital success story that is the Mail Online, Clarke is the man leading the most visited newspaper website in the English language. He has transformed it into a leading digital news and entertainment site, despite initially aiming for a career in print journalism. Chief executive of the Formula One Group, Bernie Ecclestone has risen through the ranks to become a British business magnate. From competitor to team owner to “F1 Supremo”, Ecclestone’s rise to becoming one of the richest men in the UK was perhaps predicted by his early insight into business: working two paper rounds, and using his wages to buy cakes to sell to his peers at an increased price. Peter Dubens has rocketed to the top of the influential list as an internet entrepreneur and investor. An elusive man who has always avoided public attention, Dubens founded Oakley Capital and currently holds director positions at numerous groups, including Time Out, Daisy Group plc and KX Gym. PR mogul and arguably the best connected in the industry, Freud founded his own agency at the age of 23 and has guided it through its growth into one of the largest in the UK. Along with campaigns for the London Olympics, clientele have included Google, Vodafone, ASDA and Burberry. The current CEO of Marks and Spencer, Marc Bolland has had an illustrious career. Beginning at Heineken, he went on to become the CEO of Morrisons before moving to Marks & Spencer. He has forged a new path for M&S, with overseas and online expansions. Since he became Editor of the FT in November 2005, it has won many global awards including three ‘Newspaper of the Year’ awards. Overseeing a delicate balancing act between the demands of those still wanting newsprint and the pressures of the digital revolution, Barber has the newspaper facing firmly towards the future.
0.999928	I have had type 1 diabetes for 17 years with no complications, but lately, if I rise too quickly from a chair, or from a prone position, I feel faint. Two weeks ago, I felt a terrific pounding in the back of my head -- I thought my head would explode. I was trying to lift something at the time. I promptly stopped, but felt nauseated the rest of the day. There have been no recurrences. Are these two things related? Are they the result of my type 1 diabetes? I would make sure you review these symptoms with your physician. You can get orthostatic hypotension [low blood pressure upon standing] as a result of the nerves being involved with diabetes. Specifically, the nerves of the autonomic nervous system, which control blood pressure, breathing, heart rate, bladder and bowel emptying can all be involved. Generally, there is evidence of other neuropathy. An additional thought is whether you have adrenal insufficiency as the cause of your symptoms. This condition is characterized by autoimmune damage to the adrenals which decreases cortisol production. Symptoms include dizziness with upright posture, nausea, and recurrent hypoglycemia.
0.999902	The sequel to 'Snow White and the Huntsman' sees the plot centered on Eric (Chris Hemsworth) and how he came to be a Huntsman alongside Sara (Jessica Chastain), under the watchful and coldhearted eyes of Freya (Emily Blunt, the Ice Queen. Opening years before Snow White, the tale begins with Freya's heartbreak over a lover and the loss of her daughter, awakening her magical power. Translating her pain into power, Freya raises an army as her children and decrees that love is forbidden, only to discover that her top Huntsman, Eric and Sara, are in love. Vanquished from her kingdom, the tale then moves to the present future, where Ravenna has been defeated. But when news of the mirror going missing surfaces, Eric is tasked with finding it and bringing it to a sanctuary, but he's not the only one looking for it. Admittedly, the aesthetics and cast were the big draw for me. In my review of the previous movie, it was Charlize Theron who stole the show and I was very much looking forward to the same treatment of the actor, and I was not disappointed. From the opening sequence to the final credits, Theron's Ravenna is a delight to watch, oozing with evil, in the most beautiful way. Banking on such visuals (and perhaps the success of Disney's Frozen), the sequel introduces another queen, Ravenna's sister, Freya, who becomes the Ice Queen. Throughout the film, Freya models numerous icy garments but presents a softer side, one that has hardened through heartbreak, and a frosty touch. In between these two always-elegantly-dressed [witches], we have the central characters, Eric and Sara who's sole costume change is their birthday suit when they take a romantic dip in a hot spring. Whilst their love story is believable, it is cliched, and their adventure journey to recover the mirror I couldn't care less for. The action sequences were exciting, though at times excessively unbelievable and over the top. The ending was predictable in true Hollywood fashion. 'The Huntsman: Winter's War' is yet again a visual feast for the eyes, only ruined by cliched resolutions and some excessive CGI/action sequences. The darker take on the story is much preferred in my opinion and given the open ending, would like to see this approach if they decide to make another one. Given that Ravenna and Freya were perhaps the most interesting characters of the film, I say, for the next one, why not cut out the Huntman entirely? They didn't seem to mind with Snow White.
0.999984	A barren place. The Petrified trees were quite nice. But poor management of the park in combination with conflicting messaging as to how you can explore the park leaves one in a daze. You are instructed you must remain on marked trails or be fined while also being encouraged to go on the "Off The Beaten Path" hikes. We didn't get a chance to go on any of the "Off The Beaten Paths" hikes, but from the provided instructions, it appears to be pretty much wondering around.
0.954496	What factors predict how long we live? What are the best ways to forestall death? The determinants of premature death are 40% behavoiral, 30% genetic, but only 10% medical care. It is important to remember that medical care and health are far from synonomous.
0.93358	Women’s health needs are always changing. From those tumultuous teen years to the night sweats of menopause, the female body is always in transition. As a family medicine physician, I often help women navigate these challenges through education and awareness. The most important advice for women of all ages is to get established with a primary care provider and an OB-GYN, and to remember your annual checkups. That’s because screening recommendations and medical advancements change yearly, as do women’s health needs. Today, doctors and patients alike are grasping the true value of preventative care, meaning a person who only goes to the doctor when sick (reactively) often misses out on potentially life-saving screenings. Healthy women in their 20s are often tempted to forgo checkups. However, this is the ideal time to establish a relationship with a primary care physician as well as an OB-GYN. Pap smears and self-breast exams are especially important at this age, as are screenings for sexually transmitted diseases. For example, recent guidelines call for regular Chlamydia screenings in women under 25, since the disease has been linked to infertility. Women in their 30s are typically dealing with pregnancy and birth control. Pap smears are required every three years for those who haven’t undergone testing for human papillomavirus (HPV), and every five years for those who do get tested. Women in their 30s seem to struggle more to find a healthy life balance. Stress management is a chronic problem for this demographic, and a woman needs to be comfortable talking to her doctor about any physical or emotional challenges. This is why establishing a relationship with a doctor early on is critical. Turning 40 means the beginning of yearly mammograms (those with a personal or family history of the disease often start earlier.) Many patients are surprised to learn of advances in mammography including 3D scans and curved paddles, which help remove the discomfort (and stigma) from mammography techniques of years gone by. Your doctor can help you set up a screening mammogram and a breast MRI, which is becoming standard protocol for early detection of breast cancer. Pap smears also continue into a woman’s 40s, and The American Cancer Society recommends beginning regular colonoscopy screenings at 45. Mental and social issues affecting patients this age might include divorce as well as the need to do it all, which can launch a vicious cycle of self-doubt and blame. Anxiety and depression aren’t uncommon, and should be discussed with your provider. As parents age, women in their 40s often start reporting changes in family history as well. Some also experience peri-menopausal symptoms and unexplained weight gain. Talk openly to your doctor about these or any concerns. Women between 50 and 65 still receive regular pap smears, yearly colonoscopies and mammograms. The shingles vaccine should begin at age 60 as well. Across the board, this demographic is dealing with peri- and post-menopausal symptoms and should turn to their physicians to work through changes. Social issues might include divorce or loss of parents, while kids leaving for college and the arrival of grandchildren can cause a tremendous shift in routine and family dynamics. While pap smears are no longer on the radar for healthy women over 65, the pneumonia vaccine is recommended for this population. Prior to a woman turning 65 and switching to Medicare, I encourage her to get a physical to diagnose or treat any underlying medical problems. Women should continue colonoscopies and mammograms until age 75, or when life expectancy is less than 10 years. I also encourage older women to be proactive in finding health problems before they become symptomatic. For example, coronary calcium tests are a quick and affordable way to detect heart disease before a heart attack. As women, we tend to put everyone else first and put our own health on the back burner. I often remind patients that they can’t take care of anyone else if they’re not well, so it’s up to you to make yourself a priority. Schedule your yearly prevention screenings, and talk to your doctor about physical or emotional changes in your health. You owe it to yourself. Kelly Snyder, M.D., is a family medicine physician at Williamson Medical Group in Franklin. Her office can be reached by calling (615) 794-8412.
0.981103	Some of the girls, however, began to fear the slave, particularly the minister's niece. She began convulsing. The daughter later joined in, not wanting her cousin to get all the attention. When a doctor could find no reason for the girls' illnesses, he said they were bewitched. They pointed fingers at Tituba and two white women in the village who were considered outcasts. The two white women said they were innocent, but Tituba confessed. It was discovered later that the confession came after a severe beating by the good reverend. Arrest warrants for the three women were issued in February 1692. All three were convicted and sentenced to jail. That didn't stop the accusations, however. By the time the hysteria died down in the fall of 1692, 19 "witches" had been hung on Gallows Hill, most of them women, and only seven from Salem Village. The rest were from surrounding towns. Eight others were under sentence of death, 50 awaited sentence, and 150 were in jail waiting trial. One man refused to answer questions and was "pressed" to death when heavy rocks were piled on him, eventually killing him. And some historians say that as many as 13 died in prison. Eventually, two other slaves, both of African descent, were accused of witchcraft. Benjamin C. Ray, a professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Virginia, said that Mary Black and Candy (no last name listed) were accused by the minister's daughter and niece and no one else. Black was charged on April 21, 1692, when three teenage members of the family that owned her said she was a witch. She denied the charge when confronted by the magistrate. The official noticed her fiddling with her neck scarf. The official then made Black take the pin out of her neck scarf and put it back in. When she did, "several of the afflicted cried out they were pricked," according to court records. On that evidence, Black was sent to jail in Boston, but her case was continually passed over. And there was Candy, who admitted she was a witch, saying she was turned into one by her mistress, Margaret Hawkes. They both were charged on July 1, 1692. According to court records, she was asked, "What did your mistress do to make you a witch?" She said her mistress made her make a mark in a book. It was her way of showing she had signed the devil's book and gained demonic powers. As proof, she asked permission to leave the courtroom and returned with two puppets, or cloths with two knots tied in them. When her accusers saw the puppets, "they were greatly affrighted and fell into violent fits," according to the court records. She was never convicted, however. It seems Massachusetts residents had finally had enough. On Oct. 12, 1692, Gov. William Phips issued orders protecting those imprisoned and suspended the arrest of suspected witches. Some noted that his wife had been accused of witch craft, prompting him to act. He dissolved the special court that had been established to host the trials. In January, both of those women were freed. "In the context of the whole Salem witchcraft debacle and its flagrant miscarriage of justice," Ray wrote, "at least in the story of these two African slaves, it seems that justice was done." The law required those in jail to pay a fee for their upkeep even if they are determined to be innocent. Tituba's master didn't pay her fees because she later recanted her confession. She remained in jail for 13 months until an unknown person paid the seven pounds she owed and bought her. No one knows what happened to her after that. It was far too easy then for a person to be falsely accused and punished because of unreasonable fear. I hope the same is not still true of our treatment of young blacks, illegal immigrants, Muslims and gays.
0.947	Catalogue of Organisms: Phylogenetic Nomenclature - Oui ou Non? We may or may not be passing through a revolution in taxonomy. That's the problem with revolutions - it's often unclear whether one is happening or not until it is over, by which point (because humans have an incredible tendency to assume that the status has always been quo) it generally doesn't seem revolutionary any more. The subject in taxonomy that in recent years has caused a great deal of ink to be spilled and keyboards thumped is the question of phylogenetic nomenclature. I'd like to express a few of my thoughts on this subject today. I'm not going to try and actually solve the debate - I'm a pretty determined fence-sitter in this case, and in practice I tend to mix and match systems as circumstances require. Still, there are a number of misconceptions running about that keep rearing their heads, begging to beaten back down in an endless game of philosophical Whack-A-Mole. There are, I think, perfectly valid reasons why the concept of phylogenetic nomenclature is one that should be instituted with caution. It's just that, wierdly, these are not the "reasons" most commonly brought up. This figure shows phylogenetic relationships within the "core Malvales", a clade of flowering plants previously divided between the families Malvaceae, Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae and Sterculiaceae, but for which all families except Malvaceae had turned out to be para- or polyphyletic. The figure shows four alternative methods of re-classifying the core Malvales in light of improved phylogenetic understanding. The point is that despite the siginificant differences in appearance between the alternative systems (recognising from one to nine families, two to nine subfamilies, etc.), there is actually no difference in the underlying phylogeny. Nevertheless, all four classifications are equally valid because all four meet the requirements of the rank-based system of nomenclature. Because there is no philosophical underpinning to what each "rank" means, the only guideline is a sense of tradition about what has been referred to a certain rank in the past - and because workers on different groups of organisms have different traditions, this is meaningless. As pointed out by David Marjanović in the comments at Tet Zoo, ranks can be (and, all too often, actually are) actively misleading because the temptation to assume that a "genus" of insects is somehow directly comparable to a "genus" of rodents has proven irresistible far too often in the past. Take another look at the Baum et al. figure above. Is "subfamily Malvoideae" in option C a less significant taxon than "family Tiliaceae" in option A? Problems have also arisen in rank-based nomenclature because of the sheer number of ranks sometimes required. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species is easy enough to keep track of, but nowhere near enough to deal with the ten million or so species that infest this planet. Take something as boring and well-known as the common house sparrow, Passer domesticus. Passer domesticus belongs to the genus Passer, which is part of the family Passeridae, which belongs to the Passeroidea, part of the Eupasseri, part of the Passerida, part of the Euoscines, part of the Oscines, Eupasseres, Passeriformes, Anomalogonatae, Coronaves, Neoaves, Neognathae, Aves, Ornithurae, Ornithothoraces, Avialae, Eumaniraptora, Metornithes, Maniraptora, Maniraptoriformes, Coelurosauria, Neotetanurae, Tetanurae, Neotheropoda, Theropoda, Saurischia, Dinosauria, Ornithotarsi, Dinosauriformes, Ornithodira, Archosauria, Archosauriformes, Archosauromorpha, Sauria, Neodiapsida, Eosuchia, Diapsida, Eureptilia, Reptilia, Sauropsida, Amniota, Cotylosauria, Batrachosauria, Anthracosauria, Neostegalia, Tetrapoda, Tetrapodomorpha, Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes, Teleostomi, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, Craniata, Olfactores, Chordata, Deuterostomia, Eutriploblastica, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Animalia, Holozoa, Opisthokonta, Unikonta, Eukaryota, Neomura. Try thinking up ranks for every one of that lot! Some pretty horrendous terms such as "supersubphylum" have been perpetrated in such attempts. It is response to such issues that the concepts of phylogenetic nomenclature and rankless taxonomy arose. In phylogenetic nomenclature, a taxonomic name is defined in relation to an underlying phylogeny (Queiroz & Gaulthier, 1990). For instance, in my first example above, "Hominidae" may have been defined as the largest possible clade that includes humans (Homo) but not orangutans (Pongo). In that case, under the phylogeny given above, chimpanzees and gorillas must belong to Hominidae, while orangutans cannot. Ever. Concordant with the development of phylogenetic nomenclature has been the concept of a rankless taxonomic system. The two are generally assumed to be equivalent by many critics of phylogenetic nomenclature, but in fact they are not. Theoretically, it would be still be possible to erect a system of phylogenetic nomenclature that assigned ranks to the taxa it recognised. It would also be possible to devise a rankless taxonomic system that was not based on phylogeny but on, for instance, overall morphological similarity only. These options have not been considered because, quite simply, they would offer no advantage over the current rank-based system. A ranked phylogenetic system would have the same "too many ranks" problem of the current system, as well as problems all of its own devising if, e.g., conflicting definitions required that one "family" refer to a subset of another "family". As an aside, I think it is also important to distinguish between the Codes of Nomenclature and the principles underlying their construction. While the rank-based system has its current codes, the (in)famous PhyloCode is in the process of being drafted to regulate phylogenetic nomenclature. The rank-based codes may have the same underlying principles, but they differ in their regulations as a result of different opinions on the most effective means of serving those principles. Similarly, whether or not the PhyloCode is adequate as a regulatory code is a separate issue from whether phylogenetic nomenclature is worthwhile as a concept. It goes without saying that the concept of phylogenetic nomenclature has had its share of detractors, both on the front of phylogenetic nomenclature in the strict sense, and on the front of rank-free taxonomy. Of the two fronts, it is actually the first that is (in my opinion) the easiest to deal with. One of the main complaints about phylogenetic nomenclature is that it effectively eliminates the possibility of paraphyletic taxa. Take the classic example of Reptilia (reptiles), a paraphyletic "class" that actually includes the ancestors of another "class", Aves (birds). Under phylogenetic nomenclature, Reptilia must either include birds, or be abandoned as a taxon. Supporters of the rank-based systems may point at modern representatives of the two "classes" - lizards, crocodiles, birds - and argue that because crocodiles are more similar to lizards, despite being closer phylogenetically to birds, lizards and crocodiles represent a paraphyletic grade that merits official recognition. However, this ultimately comes down to a judgement call that the similarities between lizards and crocodiles are more "significant" than the similarities between crocodiles and birds. It is also largely an artifact of the extinction of taxa intermediate between the latter two. Would the division be regarded as being as "obvious" if ceratopsians had survived to the present? What about allosaurs? With any paraphyletic taxon, a point is reached where an arbitrary line has to be drawn that exagerrates the differences between taxa on either side of that line. What is so significant about the difference between Archaeopteryx and Microraptor that one should be placed in a separate "class" from the other? But, first, I need to figure out how many animal phyla there are. However, that is not an as easy task as it seems. Wikipedia lists 36, the Animal Diversity Web lists 32 and the University of California Museum of Paleontology gives 25 extant animal phyla. The phylogenetic system is indeed prone to change with changing phylogenies, but so is the rank-based system. What is more, as shown in the Hominidae and core Malvales examples above, there doesn't even need to be a change in phylogeny, only a change in an individual author's perception of the "significance" of differences. Overall, I have (initially somewhat reluctantly) come to the conclusion that from a philosophical position, phylogenetic nomenclature knocks down the rank-based system without even breaking a sweat. This does not mean that we should all be rushing headlong to embrace PN - I said at the very beginning of this post that there is cause for caution. The primary handicap of phylogenetic nomenclature is simply that it requires a pretty good understanding of phylogeny (well, duh). For some groups of organisms, such as apes, we have extremely good understandings of their phylogeny. Yes, it is still possible that our views may change with increasing study, but it is extremely unlikely that, say, humans aren't closely related to apes at all but instead convergently evolved from a giant Mediterranean dormouse. For other groups of organisms, our phylogenetic understanding is more minimal. My own stomping ground, harvestmen of the superfamily Phalangioidea, represents a few thousand species of arthropod for which the classification remains almost entirely untested phylogenetically. Phalangioids are divided between a number of families, subfamilies and genera, yes, but all too often the boundaries between taxa frankly couldn't be vaguer if they had been drawn up in the back of a van by Cheech and Chong. Nevertheless, three thousand or so species is far too many to be assimilated in one hit, and the current rank-based system does allow us to break them up into a set of more manageable bits. Attempting to impose a phylogenetic classification onto phalangioids in our current state of knowledge would be a decidedly rash and hasty move, because there is no confidence that the sort of sweeping content changes that the phylogenetic nomenclature critics claim to fear wouldn't happen. A phylogenetic system for some groups of organisms remains more of a target than a current possibility. Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3: 315-330. Queiroz, K. de, & J. Gauthier. 1990. Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: phylogenetic definitions of taxon names. Systematic Zoology 39 (4): 307-322. Good discussion. I appreciate your sane approach with regards to the phylogenetic nomenclature of harvestmen. Phylogenetic nomenclature is a great idea, but it should indeed be carried out cautiously. Naturally, there are a few points I'd like to make. "As a result, the nomenclatural system most widely used today is generally referred to as the 'Linnaean' or 'rank-based' system." "The phylogenetic system is indeed prone to change with changing phylogenies, but so is the rank-based system." The difference, of course, is that the phylogenetic system can only change when phylogenetic hypotheses change, while rank-based systems can also change when aesthetics change. "Also, people find it helpful to have an 'agreed' list of significant taxa." This is certainly possible in the phylogenetic system. Arguably this already happens anyway, since some commonly-referenced taxon names (Dinosauria, Archosauria, Tetrapoda, Gnathostomata, Pterygota, etc.) are not clearly allied with a specific rank. "One of the main complaints about phylogenetic nomenclature is that it effectively eliminates the possibility of paraphyletic taxa." Not quite. Although clades are the most commonly used type of taxa in phylogenetic nomenclature, in theory, phylogenetic nomenclature just requires taxa to have an algorithmic, phylogenetic definition. For example, "stem-mammals" is arguably a phylogenetic taxon, if an informally named one (everything sharing more recent ancestry with Mammalia than with any extant non-mammalian, minus Mammalia itself). In my 2007 paper, I suggested the idea of basing taxa on metric balls, some of which would be paraphyletic. (May not be a workable idea, but there you have it.) And many (including the authors of the PhyloCode) consider species, many of which are arguably paraphyletic, to be phylogenetic entities. Olfactores is the clade of urochordates plus vertebrates to the exclusion of cephalochordates, in those phylogenetic analyses that support such a result. I take it we're united by our sense of smell? I never knew sea squirts had one (or that lancelets lacked one). Apparently the name "Olfactores" was originally coined by Jefferies in conjuction with his decidedly drekky calcichordate hypothesis (which also placed tunicates rather than lancelets as the closest living relatives of vertebrates, albeit with all three groups independently derived from "calcichordates"), and seems to have been based on an olfactory apparatus supposedly present in the common calcichordate ancestors of olfactorians. As such, the original theoretical basis for the name may be completely dead in the water, but the name itself remains in use. "Holozoa" was originally coined by Lang et al. in a rather underwhelming little paper (in Current Biology, of all places) for the clade uniting animals and choanoflagellates. They didn't consider any other opisthokonts other than fungi, so they didn't specify exactly what kind of animal + choanoflagellate group they meant. Later publications have tended to use Holozoa represent the total clade including animals and choanoflagellates but not fungi. Lang, B. F., C. O’Kelly, T. Nerad, M. W. Gray & G. Burger. 2002. The closest unicellular relatives of animals. Current Biology 12: 1773-1778. I just want to point out that crocodiles are no closer to lizards and snakes than birds are. Certainly in terms of overall form, sure, but that's largely due to Eucrocodilia secondarily going back to a sprawling posture and largely ectothermic metabolism. Oh, and they closed up their antorbital fenestrae. Birds may be a farther distance up the tree than crocodilians (more steps from lizard to bird than from lizard to alligator), the fact is that crocs and doves share features lacking in the split between Squamata and Archosauria. So neither is "closer" to lizards, they're both equally far apart, phylogenetically speaking. Unless I'm wrong, which is always possible. "Birds may be a farther distance up the tree than crocodilians (more steps from lizard to bird than from lizard to alligator)"
0.991972	The 1952 Summer Olympics (Finnish: Kesäolympialaiset 1952; Swedish: Olympiska sommarspelen 1952), officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event held in Helsinki, Finland from July 19 to August 3, 1952. A soild blue background is intruded on its left side by a structure, shaded in white, representing the tower and stand of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium. The Olympic rings, also white, lie at the top of the blue background, partly obscured by the stadium's tower. The word "1952" is written in white in the middle of the blue background, while "XV Olympia Helsinki" is written in blue, beneath the image. Helsinki had been earlier selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled due to World War II. It is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held. These were the first games to be held in a non-Indo-European language speaking country. It was also the Olympic Games at which the most number of world records were broken until surpassed by the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Thailand, and Saarland made their Olympic debuts in Helsinki 1952. Helsinki was chosen as the host city over bids from Amsterdam and five American cities at the 40th IOC Session on June 21, 1947, in Stockholm, Sweden. Minneapolis and Los Angeles finished tied for second in the final voting. These were the final Olympic Games organised under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström. Israel made its Olympic debut. The Jewish state had been unable to participate in the 1948 Games because of its War of Independence. A previous Palestine Mandate team had boycotted the 1936 Games in protest of the Nazi regime. Indonesia made its Olympic debut with three athletes. The newly established People's Republic of China (PRC) participated in the Olympics for the first time, although only one swimmer (Wu Chuanyu) of its 40-member delegation arrived in time to take part in the official competition. The PRC would not return to the Summer Olympics until Los Angeles 1984. The Republic of China (Taiwan) withdrew from the Games on July 20, in protest of the IOC decision to allow athletes from the People's Republic of China to compete. For the first time, a team from the Soviet Union participated in the Olympics. The first gold medal for the USSR was won by Nina Romashkova in the women's discus throwing event. Only after I had felt a heavy golden circle in my hand, I realized what happened. I am the first Soviet Olympic Champion, you know, the first record-holder of the 15th Olympiad...Tears were stinging my eyes. How happy I was!... After her win at the 1952 Summer Olympics. The Soviets turned the athletic competition into a metaphor for political propaganda. The first meeting between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in football is still the most famous one. On the political level, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the Yugoslav leader Josip Tito split in 1948, which resulted in Yugoslavia being excluded from the Communist Information Bureau. The origin of the conflict was Tito’s refusal to submit to Stalin’s interpretations and visions of politics and in process becoming a Soviet satellite state. Before the match, both Tito and Stalin sent telegrams to their national teams, which showed just how important it was for the two head of states. Yugoslavia led 5–1, but a Soviet comeback in the last 15 minutes resulted in a 5–5 draw. The match was replayed, Yugoslavia winning 3–1. The defeat to the archrivals hit Soviet football hard, and after just three games played in the season, CDKA Moscow, who had made up most of the USSR squad, was forced to withdraw from the league and later disbanded. Furthermore, Boris Arkadiev, who coached both USSR and CDKA, was stripped of his Merited Master of Sports of the USSR title. The Olympic Flame was lit by two Finnish heroes, runners Paavo Nurmi and Hannes Kolehmainen. Nurmi first lit the cauldron inside the stadium, and later the flame was relayed to the stadium tower where Kolehmainen lit it. Only the flame in the tower was burning throughout the Olympics. Hungary's Golden Team won the football tournament, beating Yugoslavia 2–0 in the final. Germany and Japan were invited after being barred in 1948. Following the post-war occupation and partition, three German states had been established. Teams from the Federal Republic of Germany and the Saarland (which joined the FRG after 1955) participated; the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was absent. Though they won 24 medals, the fifth-highest total at the Games, German competitors failed to win a gold medal for the only time. Rules in equestrianism now allowed non-military officers to compete, including women. Lis Hartel of Denmark became the first woman in the sport to win a medal. Emil Zátopek of Czechoslovakia won three gold medals in the 5000 m, 10,000 m and the Marathon (which he had never run before). Bob Mathias of the United States became the first Olympian to successfully defend his decathlon title with a total score of 7,887 points. Josy Barthel of Luxembourg pulled a major surprise by winning the 1500 m. Eva Perón, the celebrated First Lady of Argentina, died of cancer in July 1952 while the Olympics were taking place, so a memorial was held at the Games for the Argentine team. The 1952 Summer Olympics featured 17 different sports encompassing 23 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 149 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. With an annual average temperature of 5.9 °C, Helsinki is one of the coldest cities to have hosted the Summer Olympics. A total of 69 nations participated in these Games, up from 59 in the 1948 Games. Thirteen nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1952: The Bahamas, the People's Republic of China, Gold Coast (now Ghana), Guatemala, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Israel, Netherlands Antilles, Nigeria, Soviet Union (USSR), Thailand, and Vietnam. Japan and Germany were both reinstated and permitted to send athletes after being banned for 1948 for their instigation of World War II. Due to the division of Germany, German athletes from Saar entered a separate team for the only time. Only West Germany would provide athletes for the actual Germany team, since East Germany refused to participate in a joint German team. These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1952 Games. The 50th anniversary of the Helsinki Olympic Games was the main motif for one of the first Finnish euro silver commemorative coins, the €10 silver coin minted in 2002. The reverse depicts part of the Helsinki Olympic Stadium, as well as a section of the 1952 500 markka coin. The obverse has lettering SUOMI FINLAND 10 EURO, a flame, and Finland is the only country highlighted on earth. ^ a b "Factsheet - Opening Ceremony of the Games of the Olympiad" (PDF) (Press release). International Olympic Committee. September 13, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2018. ^ Bascomb, Neal (2005). The Perfect Mile: Three Athletes, One Goal, and Less Than Four Minutes to Achieve It. Mariner Books. ISBN 9780618562091. ^ "International Olympic Committee Vote History". 9 September 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015. ^ "Past Olympic Host City Election Results". Games Bids. Retrieved 16 September 2015. ^ Mulvenney, Nick (7 August 2008). "Chen Chengda, China's almost Olympian". Reuters. Retrieved 16 September 2015. ^ "On This Day: 1952: 20 July: Zatopek wins gold at Helsinki". BBC News. Retrieved 16 September 2015. ^ "USSR – Yugoslavia, the Story of Two Different Football Conceptions". russianfootballnews.com. Retrieved November 27, 2017. ^ Marc Sollinger (February 6, 2014). "The 9 weirdest cities that have hosted the Olympics (and why!)". www.marketplace.org. ^ Byron, Lee; Cox, Amanda; Ericson, Matthew (4 August 2008). "A Map of Olympic Medals". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 February 2015. Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1952 Summer Olympics. "Helsinki 1952". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. "Results and Medalists — 1952 Summer Olympics". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee.
0.900618	With the discovery of the Ghost security vulnerability in the glibc libraries is Authentication Services impacted or does Authentication Services introduce glibc outside of the operating system? Authentication Services is not directly vulnerable and does not introduce this vulnerability. Authentication Services uses the operating system provided glibc libraries. Authentication Services does use the 'gethostbyname*()' set of functions but it uses the operating system provided calls and the information either comes from the operating system or DNS SRV records. Patching the operating system as described by the Operating System vendor to resolve this issue is not expected to negatively impact Authentication Services. After patching, the vasd process would need to be restarted however the operating system vendors are generally recommending restarting the machines entirely to ensure the patch is effective.
0.947908	People seem to think subjective value is simply a person's 'willingness to pay' a price. Well, it's not. Subjective value cannot be expressed in dollars and cents, because that would simply mean subjective value is an expression in terms of objective market purchasing power. If value is subjective, however, that purchasing power too is subjectively valued, in terms of what subjective value it can provide (through the actual goods and services the money can purchase). And, in any market-like setting, willingness to give up purchasing power for a good only indicates that the person subjectively values that purchasing power (however it is appreciated by him/her) less than the value expected from the good that can be purchased. Willingness to pay, expressed in the dollars and cents that in turn can command goods and services, only means the buyer expects to be better off from going through with the exchange. In terms of value theory, there may be no connection between the value of that which is forgone and that which is gained in return, other than them being valued differently (the former higher than the latter). Scholars should know better than to confuse these things, but they're obviously quite confused. Instead of thinking about the meaning of what they say, they adopt a practical shorthand used to get a dollar amount on a customer's valuation. This makes some sense from a practitioner's perspective, where a customer's willingness to pay for one's good is a rough estimate of what money price could potentially be charged for the good. It's not accurate, however, which is why entrepreneurship models suggest that entrepreneurs should make sure to charge a price lower than customer's stated willingness to pay (if it can at all be trusted). Also, the actual willingness to pay depends on offering the actual good along with the argument for why it would be valuable for the customer to have/buy it. In a different time and place, and with different messaging, this 'willingness' changes both with how the good is subjectively appraised and with the other opportunities available to the customer. I might value a hamburger, but I value a hot dog more. Consequently, if there are hot dogs my willingness to pay for hamburgers is practically zero; if there are no hot dogs in sight, my willingness to pay for hamburgers may be significant. See how this works? One's willingness to pay is not about the [subjective] value of the good itself (that is, the satisfaction experienced, or in any case expected), but is contingent on alternatives available. Practitioners who are careful can gain insights from willingness-to-pay estimations. But it is still a very blunt tool, since what actually matters is the subjective valuation of a good and the subjective valuation of alternative goods (the comparison/tradeoff). That scholars equate subjective valuation with objective money prices should be considered severe professional misconduct. For those who are in the business of thinking carefully about things, there is no place for conflating things. Or, as in this case, mistaking (interpreting, really) subjective value for being objective. This is inexcusable and should disqualify you from the academy. Recession-induced statism – If there’s an economic downturn this year, then I fear we might get an Obama-style Keynesian spending orgyin addition to all the things I just mentioned. Words are funny. Strung together, they can have multiple meanings depending on the perceived context and reader’s viewpoint. I can make a statement with the intent to convey argument A, but the reader interprets my statement as not-A. Given the context, it appears Turati spoke with a sense of irony, defending his political strategy. Trotsky subjected those same words to close reading in order to bolster his argument that the Italian socialist was retreating before the fascists. Turati claimed he had manhood, while Trotsky insinuated Turati was a coward. Forgetting the internecine war among socialists, let’s examine Turati’s prescient claim in another context: the draft. During my high school years , “Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation (Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979, retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18- to 26-year-old male citizens born on or after January t, 1960.” This made me eligible for the draft upon turning 18. But who was I going to fight – who was I supposed to slaughter, burn, maim, etc.? In 1981, as my eighteenth birthday approached, it looked like a hot war in Nicaragua or elsewhere was possible – actually, likely. That meant I could have ended up in uniform shooting peasant farmers whose political worldview disagreed with the then-current policies of the US government – policies that changed with elections. Today’s enemy could be tomorrow’s ally. Regardless of the side, I could have been required to do the bidding of those in power, to bloody my hands and taint my soul. As a quasi-radical, or what went for a quasi-radical in middle class, suburban Pittsburgh in the early 1980’s, I would have none of it. In those days, I was a Deadhead – a fan of the rock group, the Grateful Dead. Each Sunday evening, a true public radio station (i.e. non-government funded) had a show that replayed recordings of the band’s concerts. Either before that show or after it (l no longer remember) was another show where antiwar activists discussed the evils of US interventions overseas – this is back when there was a strong antiwar left. That program greatly influenced me. And when there was talk about conscientious objection to war, I listened. Initially, upon turning 18, I refused to register. However, based on information from the radio show, as well as consultations with my church minister and the antiwar mother of a friend, I learned my best chance to not being forced to point a gun – ironically, at the point of a government bayonet – was to register, but register as a conscientious objector. However, I did not write this article as a guide to registering as a conscientious objector today – there are many resources on the internet. Instead, I wrote it to discuss the Turati-Trotsky rhetorical divide and answer the question of whether it takes manhood to be a coward. My article is also meant to encourage today’s youth to stand for peace and not war. To answer the coward question in the context of this article, I revised Turati’s statement to read, “One must have manhood to object to war.” Sadly, that is a true statement, with an unwillingness to fight perceived by many as a sign of cowardice. This is especially so given the lack of any antiwar movement outside of libertarianism. If the government institutes the draft and your number comes up, are you prepared? If you believe war is wrong, you need to begin documenting those beliefs well in advance of a draft. That documentation will be the primary evidence on your side as you stand before the draft board. Nevertheless, if your number comes up, you will be called to “serve.” And you may not get that deferral. You may end up being forced to fight. lf you choose not to, you will likely end up in prison, which is not a coward’s path. Additionally, where you would have probably been placed in a non-frontline position (most soldiers are not even near the frontlines, never coming face to face with a person in a different uniform), your objection may put you on the line as an unarmed medic. Again, not a coward’s path. Nevertheless, folks will call you a coward. But it also takes manhood to hold your ground in face of social pressure. And those interests may indeed lead to war. Ask yourself whether you are willing to kill in an unjust war, whether decrees from the US government can provide sufficient moral justification for you to slaughter folks in Afghanistan or Nicaragua (in my day), or anywhere, and whether being called a coward is more frightening than selling your soul, so to speak. For me the answer is no, but I am long past the draft age. What is your answer? Think, consider, and act today! The Ludwig von Mises Institute Romania and the Private Academy have recently celebrated the publication of the Romanian translation of Mises’s Human Action. more than a simple treatise on economics, methodological prolegomena included. It is also a cultural and rhetorical product which speaks of a different scientific world—or a different world altogether… Human Action reveals to readers not only the cultural and intellectual stature of its author, but also a model for how a reader should be. Reading Mises you can rediscover what thoughtful, genuine reading and writing means, as well as how, if these activities were legitimately undertaken, that world and culture would look like. Congratulations to the Mises Institute Romania for this accomplishment, which I know was not an easy one or without financial difficulties. For Romanian speakers, the full recording of the book launch can be viewed here. Photos courtesy of the Mises Institute Romania. Vlad Topan (left) and Dan Cristian Comănescu (right). Unfortunately for English-language readers, the book remains only available in German. The authors, however, have now launched an Indiegogo campaign to fund the translation of the book into English. The book is an important addition to the scholarship of decentralization and secession. “I have finally finished reading your great book about Mises. When I use the word ‘great,’ I mean not simply that it weighs at least a kilo and contains more than 1,000 pages. I mean most of all that it is a magnificent scholarly achievement. I can’t remember when I have taken more pleasure from a book. It is a joy to read, in every way. The English is precise and polished, and everything is put just right. The research is amazingly broad, yet deep, too. The judgments are sensible and mature. The coverage–from the personal details to the content of Mises’s ideas to the context in which he lived and worked–is extraordinary, and the organization puts everything into comprehensible order. The bibliography is more than impressive. All in all, the book is simply an amazing accomplishment, and a fitting tribute to its great subject. The Mises Institute deserves great credit, too, not only for its support of your work on this project, but also for producing a book that is a fine example of the publisher’s art: the typeface is clean and clear, and large enough to permit effortless reading; the layout is spacious and proper; the footnotes are where they should be, and they, too, are large enough to be read without a magnifying glass; the illustrations are splendid complements to the text; and the indexes are terrific. The work is thus not simply beautiful intellectually, but beautiful physically, as well. The continuing tragedy of Venezuela is a disaster that few Americans can truly comprehend. Annual inflation in the country, as calculated by Dr. Steve Hanke, has reached 61,436%. A recent article at Business Insider has done a great job of connecting this sort of data to real world items. Photographer Carlos Garcia Rawlins took a series of photos showing every day items next to the stacks of Bolivars necessary to purchase them.
0.979134	How to make a double tackle. To start with, consider the fish you are targeting and choose the correct size fluorocarbon for the leader. You can tie this knot in almost any size fluoro up to 80- or 100-pound. A rig like this is extremely effective on quite a few species and gets a lot of “reaction strikes” due to the multiple offerings presented and the erratic action of the baits. Using a heavier jig on the bottom keeps the lighter jig, streamer fly or unweighted soft plastic in place. It’s less likely to foul and makes the action more erratic, which draws the instinct strikes. The darting action resembles a scared or confused baitfish, which is irresistible to predatory fish, and the trailing bait is an easy target. These are the baitfish they have been programmed to eat since birth. It makes perfect sense, as they exert less energy to catch disoriented baitfish than those swimming perfectly in open water. There are two primary considerations when choosing the poundage of the fluoro leader material, water clarity and quarry. After choosing the correct size jigs and fluoro, it’s time to determine the lengths of the two legs of the rig. I start with about a 4- or 5-foot length of leader and make a 10- to 12-inch diameter loop in the center of the leader. This is typical for smaller inshore or freshwater fish, but can be made larger and longer for larger fish and jigs for a variety of offshore fish. Next, make eight turns with one of the tag ends through the 1-foot diameter loop. Find the center wrap of the tag end and separate it large enough to pass the 1-foot diameter loop back through (as shown in the photo). Check out Tim’s website at www.barefootcatsandtackle.com.
0.999999	Known as two of the more remote islands, Acklins & Crooked Island are almost as natural as they were when The Bahamas was first discovered. Separated by a 500-square-mile lagoon known as the Bight of Acklins, both islands are a haven for bonefishing, snorkeling and diving. You’ll also find miles of undisturbed sandy beaches, coral gardens, limestone caves, magnificent cliffs and even remnants of slave and cotton plantations. It’s the perfect way to forget about the complexities of life. In short, Acklins & Crooked Island are The Bahamas’ definition of seclusion.
0.938532	Is it dangerous to sleep too much? I’ve heard a lot about the harmful effects of insufficient sleep. But are there any dangers of sleeping too much? Over the years we’ve learned that sleep is important for a variety of reasons. It appears to be vital for forming long-term memories. It also helps you to digest what you have learned the previous day. Sleep promotes concentration and restores energy; it helps to keep your immune system functioning well and to regulate eating patterns. The average adult needs seven to nine hours. Does it matter whether you get more or less than the ideal amount of sleep? That’s tough to answer — in part, because the effects of sleep are difficult to separate from other factors that can affect the quality or duration of your sleep. Studies have linked short sleep duration — five hours or less each night — with a number of health problems, including high blood pressure and diabetes. Sleep deprivation is also a major contributor to car accidents, accounting for an estimated 100,000 accidents per year in this country. Surprisingly, there may also be health problems associated with too much sleep. Large, well-designed studies have analyzed the relationship between amount of sleep and length of life. Thousands of people have answered detailed questionnaires about their sleep habits and their health status over many years. In these studies, the death rates for people who sleep the least — and the most — are higher than those people whose sleep time falls in the middle. The reason isn’t clear. It’s possible that a related factor may be responsible. Specifically, people with certain diseases and conditions may both sleep longer and die sooner. In other words, it may not be the fact that they sleep longer that causes them to die sooner. For example, people who sleep excessively might be drinking too much, and it could be the drinking that’s impairing their health. As another example, some people suffering from major depression sleep longer. Depression, in turn, is linked to heart disease and to suicide. Some medications used to treat serious illnesses also can make a person groggy and sleepy. That’s another way that sleeping long hours might be linked to dying sooner. In summary, I’d say that there is little evidence that simply sleeping unusually long hours — like more than nine hours a night — actually shortens your life. And there are plenty of healthy people who regularly sleep more than nine hours a night. But if you asked your question because you’ve found yourself sleeping a lot more than you used to, check it out with your doctor. The long hours may not be hurting you, but they could be a sign of an underlying medical condition that could hurt you. Why do women tend to live longer than men? How do we make memories?
0.951112	What does YARU stand for? A new virus was subsequently isolated from a blood specimen sent to the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit and named Lassa after the village of origin of the first case-patient (3). The scientific article is entitled "Chemotherapeutic Prevention of Complications Caused by Vaccinia Virus-Vectored Immunogen" and is co-authored by scientists at the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT and the U. In 1965, Bob returned from Brazil to Yale, where most of the senior staff of the Rockefeller Foundation's overseas virus program had relocated and were establishing the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit (YARU).
0.98702	I don’t know about you, but I’ve been considering charities lately, and figuring out just how to find the best charity to support with my money and time. There’s a lots of good that can be done out there, plenty of charitable organizations that seek to do that good (or at least claim to do so…), and only so much that any individual is able to do to help. How can you ensure your charitable contributions are doing good, and in particular, doing the sort of good you want? 1. What You Seek to Accomplish: There are a lot of different charities out there; a good way to narrow the list down is to consider what you want to do with your charitable giving. Are you looking to support education, eliminate hunger, promote animal safety? Do you want to stay local with your charity or go international? Do you want to go through a church or stay non-denominational? Sit down and think about the goals you have, before you begin looking through charities. 2. What You Can Offer: You’ll also need to know what you can give to a charity before you search for one to support. Do you have money, useful supplies or are you offering your time to meet the charitable goal? Different charities need different things to do their work, so what you seek to give can help to narrow down your choices. (Most charities will take money, though, so you’re probably good there.) You might not know this, but some charities accept things like boats as donations. If you inherited an old boat that you don’t plan on using, this could be an excellent way to unload the vessel and help someone out in the process. 4. That the Charity is Legit and Effective: Unfortunately, some charities are actually fronts for frauds to get money. Some people who will try to use your concern and willingness to help in order to get money from you. Before you give any money, you should be sure to research, research, research (yup, that phrase again) your potential charity to ensure that they are a legitimate charity. While you’re doing that, also look into how effectively they will use your money, to ensure that you are doing the most good you can with your donations. Side Note: You’ll see the ‘overhead ratio’ as you do your research, which is the amount of money that goes toward the administration of the charity (office supplies, salaries, etc.) as opposed to the charitable work itself. It’ll be tempting to treat this ratio as a the effectiveness of the charity; the more money they put toward charitable work, the more good they must do, right? But keep in mind that it doesn’t tell you anything about the actual impact the charity has, and trying to keep the ratio high can prevent charities from investing in goods and people that could make them more effective. Add in the fact that most charities calculate it incorrectly, and the overhead ratio shouldn’t be a major factor in your donation decision. 5. If the Charity Provides Tax Benefits: It might sound a little callous to be thinking about your taxes while debating whether to help others, but it’s worth considering. There is a tax credit available if you itemize your deductions, provided that you (and your chosen charity) meet the appropriate guidelines. Probably not the top priority in choosing a charity, but being able to get a tax credit could enable you to donate even more (among other uses for the extra money). Keep in mind that you don’t necessarily have to donate money to receive tax benefits. If you donate your boat to charity, you could receive a tax deduction in the amount of the boat’s value. In some cases, these boats are sold at auction. Then, once the auction has been completed, you will be given a tax deduction in the amount for which the boat sold. 7. How to Support The Charity: With all of this research done, you should have settled on a charity that is legitimate, effective, meets your desired goals, and actually wants your money (or help) for its purposes. At this point, you can look into just how the charity prefers to accept donations, and go through that method to give to your cause. (With the donation being non-earmarked; that way, the charity can put it toward the area where it can do the most good.) If you want to deduct a monetary donation from your taxes, you’ll need to make sure that you get documentation from the charity about the amount you gave. Then, you just have to figure out if this is a one-time donation, or if you wish to donate on a regular basis in the future (most charitable organizations make it easy to set up an automatic donation schedule). There, your charitable giving is done (or hopefully, just started)! What other issues do you think should be considered when choosing a charity? Also, a hat tip to Cracked.com for an article covering several of these issues and inspiring this post; it’s amazing how useful a ‘humor’ site can be in considering issues like this. Foundations and charitable organizations are generally able to make gifts only to organizations that are registered charities. Charitable contributions have numerous benefits, but the most important one is obvious: you should give back to your community.
0.62414	The IgA1 protease of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a proteolytic enzyme that specifically cleaves the hinge regions of human IgA1, which dominates most mucosal surfaces and is the major IgA isotype in serum. This protease is expressed in all of the known pneumococcal strains and plays a major role in pathogen's resistance to the host immune response. The present work was focused at identifying the immunodominant regions of pneumococcal IgA1 protease recognized by the human antibody response. An antigenic sequence corresponding to amino acids 420–457 (epiA) of the iga gene product was identified by screening a pneumococcal phage display library with patients' sera. The epiA peptide is conserved in all pneumococci and in two out of three S. mitis strains, while it is not present in other oral streptococci so far sequenced. This epitope was specifically recognized by antibodies present in sera from 90% of healthy adults, thus representing an important target of the humoral response to S. pneumoniae and S. mitis infection. Moreover, sera from 68% of children less than 4 years old reacted with the epiA peptide, indicating that the human immune response against streptococcal antigens occurs during childhood. The broad and specific recognition of the epiA polypeptide by human sera demonstrate that the pneumococcal IgA1 protease contains an immunodominant B-cell epitope. The use of phage display libraries to identify microbe or disease-specific antigens recognized by human sera is a valuable approach to epitope discovery. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a human pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is a transient member of the normal bacterial flora that colonizes the upper respiratory tract of the host being a major cause of various diseases such as otitis media, pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Despite the constant development of therapeutics, antimicrobial drugs and vaccines, pneumococcal infection still causes severe diseases in young children, elderly people and immunocompromised individuals [1, 2]. In adults, pneumococcal infection is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia and otitis media and, since the introduction of vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (serotype b) and Neisseria meningitidis also the most frequent cause of meningitis. Current immunization strategies focus on the use of S. pneumoniae polysaccharides-based vaccines, employing the 23-valent vaccine, which protects humans from two years of age, and the 7-valent toxoid-conjugated vaccine, used in children less than two years old [3, 4]. However, the available vaccines have several limitations due to the low immunogenicity of capsular polysaccharides, the high serotype variability and the genomic plasticity of this bacterium. Therefore, in the last decade there has been a great effort in developing improved vaccines to prevent pneumococcal disease. Several surface-associated proteins, which are well conserved among the different strains of S. pneumoniae and thus represent candidates of choice for the development of novel vaccine formulations have been identified and characterized. Among this class of proteins the immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease is a promising candidate since (i) it plays a major role in pathogen's resistance to the host immune response [5, 6], and (ii) it is present in all pneumococcal strains and serotypes [7, 8]. The importance of IgA protease is underlined by the fact that this host-specific enzyme is conserved in other pathogens of comparable disease and colonising similar niches [9–11]. The IgA1 protease is one of the two to four large zinc metalloproteinase present in the pneumococcal genome [7, 12]. The pneumococcal protease is a polypeptide of about 1900 amino acids associated to the bacterium via N-terminal anchoring [7, 13–15]. It is a proteolytic enzyme that specifically cleaves human IgA1 antibodies in the hinge region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain [14, 15]. Cross-inhibition experiments performed with sera from immunized rabbits have revealed considerable serological diversity of IgA1 proteases from different S. pneumoniae strains . Serological analysis indicated that the sequence repeats domain of S. sanguis IgA1 protease was immunogenic in rabbits and in humans, although the antibodies recognizing this region did not inhibit enzyme activity . Specific antibodies reacting with IgA1 protease have been detected in sera from patients hospitalized for pneumococcal infection as well as in young children , highlighting the immunogenity of pneumococcal IgA1 protease in humans. The aim of this work was to identify the immunodominant epitopes of pneumococcal IgA1 protease involved in the human antibody response against bacterial infection. In a recent study, we isolated several antigenic regions of S. pneumoniae proteins by challenging a pneumococcal genome display library with antibodies from one patient infected by the bacterium . In the present work a similar approach was employed by using "ad-hoc" patients' sera which displayed a low titer of antibodies against the pneumococcal antigens identified in the previous study (data not shown). Accordingly, sera from two patients hospitalized for pneumococcal pneumonia were used for a novel screening of the pneumococcal library. Phage pools were analyzed after two round of affinity selection and 30 out of 200 screened phage clones (15%) were isolated by immunoscreening. Among them, 9 clones (30%) contained insert encoding fragments of pneumococcal IgA1 protease and 21 clones (70%) contained insert of other bacterial proteins. At the end of the selection procedure, 3 distinct phage clones whose DNA inserts matched the sequence of the pneumococcal iga gene product were identified: clone SP1, with a DNA insert encoding for a protein fragment of 145 amino acids; clone SP2 encoding for a polypeptide of 133 residues; clone SP4 encoding for a polypeptide of 194 amino acids. As shown in Figure 1, all the protein inserts of the selected phages contain a common region of 72 amino acids corresponding to residues 420–493 of pneumococcal IgA1 protease (strain R6). Schematic representation of the selected phage clones. Alignment of the selected antigen fragments with the S. pneumoniae IgA1 protease of strain R6. The streptococcal IgA1 protease is typically organised in (i) a signal peptide (white box), (ii) a 200 amino acid N-terminal domain with three transmembrane segments and an LPXTG anchor domain (light grey box), (iii) a 200 amino acid fibrillar domain (grey box), (iv) a region with repeat segments possibly involved in the binding of extracellular matrix components (empty box with arrows), and (v) a large central and C-terminal domain containing the active site of the protease (black box). The repeat segments in R6 are three repeats of seventeen amino acids with a conservation of 62 to 75% followed by two repeats of 78 amino acids with 64% identity. The common region of the antigen fragments in shown in diagonal bars. To characterize the biochemical and immunological properties of the selected protein fragments independently from the phage display context, the DNA inserts of phages SP2 and SP4 were subcloned into vector pGEX-SN . This resulted in the expression of GST fusion proteins which were purified from E. coli cells under native conditions by 1-step affinity chromatography. The recombinant proteins were efficiently expressed and purified in large amounts from the cytoplasm of bacterial cells, with the yields of purified GST-SP2 and GST-SP4 being 7 and 5 mg per liter of bacterial culture, respectively. Immunoreactivity of recombinant antigens with immunoglobulins G (IgG) of human sera was examined. To this aim, an enzyme-linked immunoassay was employed (Rec-ELISA). The GST-SP2 and GST-SP4 fusion proteins were assayed with 30 sera collected from healthy adults. As a control, the IgG reactivity against wild-type GST protein was assessed for each serum. The criterion used to assign a specific reactivity against single antigens was an ODGST-ANTIGEN greater than twice the ODGST. Both the SP2 and SP4 polypeptides specifically reacted with more than 80% of serum samples (data not shown). Next, the presence of immunodominant epitopes within the selected antigen fragments was investigated. To this purpose, the common region of SP2 and SP4 protein fragments, corresponding to amino acids 420–493 of pneumococcal IgA1 protease was analyzed. Figure 2 shows the alignment of this polypeptide of strain D39 to IgA proteases of other pneumococci and related species. In strain D39 such the sequence contains three 17 amino acid repeats which are part of a region of the IgA protease found to show high intraspecies conservation and a high degree of interspecies variability . Pneumococcal IgA proteases fall in this region into two clusters: IgA1 proteases in genomes of strains of serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6B all have three repeats and a common downstream region while other strains share a common downstream region with S. mitis and have from two (type 23F), to seven (type 14), eight (type 19F) or even nine of these highly conserved 17 amino acid repeats. The sequences of IgA proteases of other oral streptococci such as S. sanguinis or S. oralis can not be aligned in this region since no significant homology was detected. Comparison of streptococcal IgA1 protease sequences. The protein region to which peptides epiA and epiB correspond to amino acids 420–493 of the IgA1 protease of S. pneumoniae R6. The amino acid sequences are from S. pneumoniae type 2 strain R6 (U47687, Q54875), the type 4 strain TIGR4 (NC_003028), and the type 19F strain G54 (AL449925). The sequence of the type 6B strain 670 is from the TIGR Website . BLAST comparisons to further sequences were done on the Sanger Website for the type 1 strain INV104B, the type 3 strain OXC141, the type 14 strain INV200 and the type 23F strain Spanish 23F-1 . The S. mitis sequence is from GenBank AAY40355. Identical amino acid sequences are in white letters on a black background. Two GST fusion proteins, respectively carrying residues 420–457 (epiA) and 458–493 (epiB) of the IgA1 protease from S. pneumoniae R6 strain were expressed. As shown in Figure 3, the recombinant GST-epiA and GST-epiB antigens were efficiently purified under native conditions from transformed E. coli cells. Immunoreactivity of recombinant antigens with IgG antibodies of human sera was examined and the results were compared to those obtained by use of the largest fragment of the IgA1 protease (clone SP4). The GST-epiA, GST-epiB and GST-SP4 antigens were assayed by Rec-ELISA with serum samples from the two patients hospitalized for pneumococcal pneumonia (used for the library selection) and from 46 healthy individuals. Immunoreactivity of wild-type GST was also assessed for each serum. As shown in Table 1, the recombinant GST-SP4, GST-epiA and GST-epiB proteins specifically reacted with 44 (92%), 43 (89%) and 33 (69%) of the sera, respectively, highlighting a broad antibody recognition of all antigen fragments. Characterization of the recombinant fusion proteins. Purified proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis and loaded as follows: (1) and (7), molecular weight markers; (2) GST wild-type protein; (3) GST-SP2; (4) GST-SP4; (5) GST-epiA; and (6) GST-epiB. Pa PSerum samples from patients with pneumococcal pneumonia (PP1 and PP2) and from healthy adults (S49 to S117) were analyzed by IgG Rec-ELISA with individual recombinant proteins. Pb PThe cutoff values were determined for each serum as two times the OD readings obtained with the GST. Boldface type, OD values greater than the cutoff values. Because of the broad reactivity of the epiA fragment, its recognition by antibodies present in sera from young children was also investigated. Serum samples from forty children with an age comprised between 1 and 4 years were assayed with the recombinant GST-epiA antigen by Rec-ELISA. As shown in Fig. 4, specific IgG antibodies against the epiA polypeptide were detected in sera from the majority of subjects (27 out of 40), thus demonstrating that 68% of children less than 4 years old had specific antibodies against this short polypeptide. Analysis of the B cell reactivity of the epiA peptide in healthy adults and children. Immunoreactivity of the recombinant GST-epiA protein analyzed by IgG Rec-ELISA with serum samples from 48 blood donors and 40 children is shown. The values were calculated as the ratio of the OD readings obtained with the GST-epiA to twice the corresponding OD readings obtained with the GST. Next, a detailed epitope mapping was performed employing affinity-purified antibodies. Specific immunoglobulins against the GST-epiA fusion protein were purified from 5 epiA-reactive sera and then assayed with the recombinant GST-epiA, GST-epiB and GST-SP4 antigens by Rec-ELISA. As a negative control, the IgG reactivity against wild-type GST protein was also assessed. As shown in Table 2, the affinity-purified anti-epiA antibodies specifically recognized both the epiA and epiB polypeptides as well as the large SP4 fragment, indicating that a common epitope was present in the epiA and epiB protein sequences. Pb PThe cutoff values for the IgG Rec-ELISA with the recombinant GST-epiA, GST-epiB, and GST-SP4 proteins were calculated as two times the OD readings obtained with the GST. Boldface type, OD values greater than the cutoff values. Next, to exclude non-specific immunoreactivity due either to altered conformation of the small polypeptides with respect to native IgA1 protease or to cross-reactivity of unrelated antibodies in human sera, a Western blot analysis was performed. To this aim, a whole cell lysate of S. pneumoniae was challenged with the affinity-purified anti-epiA antibodies. Bacterial lysates from pneumococcal iga-deficient mutant strain FP174 and from Streptococcus gordonii were assayed as controls. As shown in Figure 5, a unique protein band with an apparent molecular mass higher than 220 kDa specifically reacted with the anti-epiA antibodies in an unencapsulated strain of pneumococcus (R6). In the FP174 mutant strain, in which the iga gene was deleted, as well as in S. gordonii, such a protein band was not visible, demonstrating that the anti-epiA antibodies specifically recognized the pneumococcal enzyme. Recognition of pneumococcal iga gene product by affinity-purified anti-epiA antibodies. Western blot analysis on whole cell lysates from S. pneumoniae R6 (lanes 1 and 4) and FP174 strains (lanes 2 and 5), and from S. gordonii (lanes 3 and 6). A homogeneous mixture of 5 human sera (lanes 1–3) or affinity-purified anti-epiA antibodies (lanes 3–6) were used. Finally, to investigate whether the epiA polypeptide is exposed on the bacterium and is recognizable by anti-epiA antibodies, a cell-ELISA analysis was performed on whole S. pneumoniae cells. The FP174 strain was used as the negative control. The affinity-purified anti-epiA antibodies reacted with intact bacterial cells (strain R6) but not with the iga-deleted FP174 strain (data not shown), indicating that the epiA epitope within the tandem repeats of the pneumococcal enzyme is indeed exposed in the native state. Noteworthy, our results are in close agreement with a previous work where it was demonstrated that the tandem repeats of S. sanguis IgA1 protease contain immunodominant epitopes exposed in the denatured and native state . Bacterial IgA1 proteases are highly specific endopeptidases that are secreted by a small number of bacteria associated with humans [23, 24]. IgA1 protease-producing bacteria include the mucosal pathogens N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, U. urealyticum and some members of pharyngeal microfloras such as Prevotella, Gemella haemolysans, S. sanguis, S. oralis and S. mitis [14, 22]. The importance of this bacterial enzyme in the interaction with the host is evidenced by the fact that most of these enzymes are specific for human IgA only, and that their impact on the host is so great as to become one of the few recognised factors of positive evolutionary selection on the human genome . For the bacterial pathogens colonizing mucosal surfaces, IgA1 protease production represents a virulent factor and contributes to the pathogenesis of invasive infection by cleaving the Fc receptor from secreted immunoglobulins A1, thus preventing opsonophagocytosis . IgA1 proteases have been shown to be targets of enzyme-neutralizing antibodies in serum and secretions , which may be induced in a state of bacterial carriage as well as during invasive infection . We previously demonstrated the potential of phage-display technology in identifying B-cell epitopes recognized by the human immune response against Toxoplasma gondii and S. pneumoniae infection [20, 28–30], even though such a technique usually favors the identification of linear epitopes whereas conformational epitopes are often overlooked. Nevertheless, the present work allowed the identification of antigenic regions of the pneumococcal IgA1 protease that are broadly recognized by human antibodies. Challenging a lambda-display library of S. pneumoniae with sera from patients hospitalized for pneumococcal pneumonia enabled the selection of three distinct clones harboring a common region of the IgA1 protease. All clone sequences matched the pneumococcal enzyme encompassing amino acids 360–590. The immunoreactivity of the selected fragments, expressed as GST fusion products, was assessed; overall, IgG antibodies in serum samples from more than 90% of healthy adults reacted with at least one antigen fragment, which emphasizes the broad recognition of pneumococcal IgA1 protease by the human B cell response. Because of the broad reactivity of the selected IgA1 protease fragments, a detailed characterization of their common region, composed by 72 amino acids, was performed. This lead to classify the sequence corresponding to residues 420–457 (epiA peptide) of the iga gene product as the most reactive polypeptide, which was recognized by antibodies present in sera from 90% of healthy adults and 68% of children with an age comprised between 1 and 4 years, thus suggesting that the human antibody response against IgA1 protease occurs during childhood. Noteworthy, our data are in agreement with a previous study showing that IgG antibodies from the majority of children less than two years old specifically reacted with pneumococcal antigens, including the IgA1 protease . The evidence that affinity-purified anti-epiA antibodies also reacted with the epiB fragment (residues 458–493) indicated that a common epitope within polypeptides was recognized by human sera. Notably, a repeated 9-mer sequence VVTDKGEPE is present twice in epiA and once in epiB fragments (Fig. 1 and 2). This duplication might account for the larger reactivity of the epiA peptide with respect to the epiB peptide. The IgA1 protease of S. pneumoniae is a major antigen expressed in all known pneumococcal strains . Despite the pneumococcal enzyme has a peculiar structure among bacterial proteases, homology searches have indicated that the iga gene of S. pneumoniae is also found in other streptococci and related organisms [8, 14, 15, 22]. As already noted by others, the repeats region shows high conservation within the different pneumococcal strains and between S. pneumoniae and the most closely related S. mitis (90% identity), while homology to IgA proteases from other streptococci is significantly lower in this segment when compared to the rest of the molecule [8, 22]. The epiA peptide identified in this work is conserved in all pneumococci and in two out of three S. mitis strains , while it is not conserved in other oral streptococci sequenced so far. The fact that the domain covered by epiA is not shared with oral streptococci other than S. mitis suggests that this domain is probably not interchangeable, which reduces the risk of escape mutants by horizontal gene transfer. In other words, this would indicate that any reservoir of divergent IgA1 proteases in non pneumococcal species should not be imported readily by recombination into pneumococcus. We have shown here that an immunodominant polypeptide (epiA peptide), located within the sequence repeats domain of pneumococcal IgA1 protease, is well conserved among several serotypes and strains of S. pneumoniae but not to the corresponding regions of the iga gene products from other streptococci such as S. oralis, S. sanguis and S. sanguinis. However, we also found a very high sequence homology of this protein region between S. pneumoniae and S. mitis (see Fig. 2), suggesting that the observed high rate of seropositivity against pneumococcal IgA1 protease might be due to early colonization with bacteria species other than pneumococcus. The broad and specific recognition of the epiA polypeptide by human sera demonstrates that the pneumococcal IgA1 protease contains an immunodominant B-cell epitope. In perspective, it will be of great interest to investigate the ability of the anti-epiA antibodies in conferring protective immunity against S. pneumoniae infection in animal models. The use of phage display libraries to identify microbe or disease-specific antigens recognized by the human sera is a promising and valuable approach to epitope discovery. Bacteria were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) in a 5% COB2B-enriched atmosphere at 37°C. Where necessary, streptomycin and kanamycin were used at a final concentration of 500 μg mLP-1P. Streptococcus pneumoniae R6 , FP174 (ΔSP1154/iga) and S. gordonii strains were used for this study. Serum samples from two patients with a respective age of 2 and 64 years old, collected during patient's hospitalization for acute pneumococcal pneumonia, were used for the affinity selection of a whole genome lambda-display library of S. pneumoniae D39 strain . The construction of the pneumococcal library and the selection of the library with human sera were performed as previously described . Briefly, magnetic beads linked to Protein G (Dynal, Norway) were incubated for 40 min at room temperature with 10 μL of serum. Beads were then incubated with 5 × 1010 plaque forming units (PFU) of the phage library (complexity of the library, 2 × 107 independent clones) for 3 hours at room temperature. Escherichia coli cells were infected with phage pools by mixing the beads and the bacterial cells, and recombinant phages were amplified by using standard procedures . After two rounds of affinity selection, single phage clones were isolated from phage pools by immunoscreening . Forty-eight serum samples collected from 48 blood donors were anonymously collected and then used for the analysis of selected antigen fragments' immunoreactivity. Forty sera from 40 children born to mothers with congenital infections in pregnancy (i.e. Toxoplasma gondii and human cytomegalovirus infection) and referred for post-natal follow up of congenital diseases were also included in the study. Sera were collected from children with asymptomatic diseases with an age comprised between 1 and 4 years, and the serum samples were assayed in a blinded fashion. DNA inserts of phage clones SP2 and SP4 were amplified by PCR, digested with Spe I and Not I endonucleases and subcloned into the bacterial vector pGEX-SN . DNA fragments encoding for amino acids 420–457 and amino acids 458–493 of the S. pneumoniae IgA1 protease (GenBank Q54875) were PCR amplified from phage clone SP4 by using oligonucleotides K708 (5'-ACGACTAGTGCAATTCAGCCTGAGT TGCCC-3') and K709 (5'-GGTGCGGCCGCTCACTCTGGTTGAACCTCAGTCTC-3'), and oligonucleotides K710 (5'-CGAACTAGT TCGCCAGATACTGTGGTAAG-3') and K711 (5'-GGTGCGGCCGCTCACTTCTCAACCGGAGTTTCAC-3'), respectively. PCR products were digested with Spe I and Not I enzymes and then cloned into pGEX-SN plasmid. Competent Escherichia coli cells (AD202 strain) were transformed with recombinant plasmids and single clones were isolated. Recombinant proteins produced in E. coli as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) were purified from the cytoplasm of bacterial cells by affinity chromatography, as previously described . Briefly, recombinant E. coli was induced with isopropyl-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), centrifuged and suspended in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 150 mM NaCl, 100 μg mL-1 of lysozyme and protease inhibitors (Boheringer, Germany). The mixture was sonicated, and Triton-X100 was added to a final concentration of 1%. After centrifugation at 10,000 × g for 30 min at 4°C, the supernatant was incubated with Glutathione-Sepharose (Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech, Sweden) and GST-proteins were eluted by following the manufacturer's instructions. Finally, protein purity and content were assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by Bradford assays, respectively. Maxisorb multiwell plates (Nunc) were adsorbed with recombinant proteins (GST-SP2, GST-SP4, GST-epiA, GST-epiB and GST) at a concentration of 5 μg mL-1 in 50 mM NaHCOB3B, pH 9.6. After incubation overnight at 4°C, the plates were blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk and 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS (blocking buffer) and incubated for 1 h at 37°C with serum samples diluted 1:50 in blocking buffer. The plates were washed with 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS, and anti-human IgG horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were then added to each well. Finally, incubating the plates with the chromogenic substrate tetramethylbenzidine (TMB; Sigma Aldrich) revealed the enzymatic activity. The results were recorded as the difference between the absorbance (optical density, OD) at 450 and at 620 nm, as detected with an automated ELISA reader (Labsystem Multiskan, Finland). Assays were performed in duplicate, and average values were calculated. GST carrier protein was used as the negative control in every assay. The GST-epiA fusion protein was immobilized to a NHS-activated-agarose column (Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech, Sweden) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. A mixture of sera from five blood donors (sera S90, S117, S115, S62 and S76) were allowed to flow through the column overnight to permit the binding of specific antibodies to the recombinant protein. After extensively washing the column with PBS and then with a solution containing 0.5 M NaCl in PBS, the antigen-specific antibodies were eluted with a solution of 50 mM glycine (pH 3) containing 100 mM NaCl. The antibody concentration was determined by Bradford assay. S. pneumoniae strains R6 and FP174 and S. gordonii strain Challis were grown in 15 mL of Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB, BD Biosciences) in standard conditions. Cells were collected by centrifugation at 3000 g for 15 min at 4°C and washed with PBS. Bacteria were suspended in a final volume of 0.5 mL of loading buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% SDS, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 10% glycerol, 0.01% bromophenol blue), heated for 15 min at 95°C and then subjected to SDS-PAGE. Proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (BioTrace NT, Pure Nitrocellulose Blotting Membrane, Pall Life Science), which were subsequently blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk and 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS (blocking buffer). The filters were incubated overnight at 4°C with the affinity-purified anti-epiA antibodies used at a concentration of 150 ng mL-1. After being extensively washed with 0.05% Tween-20 in PBS, filters were incubated with anti-human IgG alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibodies (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Finally, protein bands were visualized by using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT; Sigma Aldrich) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indosyl phosphate (BCIP; Sigma Aldrich) as choromogenic substrates. Preliminary sequence data was obtained from The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR) and from the Sequencing Group at The Sanger Institute. We acknowledge Enza Piccolella and Paola Del Porto for very helpful suggestions and advice, and Luca Bruno for skillful technical assistance. Work carried out in Siena was supported in part by the European Commission grant LSHM-CT-2005-512099 to M.R.O. FDP carried out affinity selection of the phage display library, purification of recombinant proteins and Rec-ELISA analysis. EB performed bacterial growth and Western blot analysis. AS performed the characterization of anti-epiA antibodies purified from human sera. FM provided clinical samples of pneumococcal pneumonia. MRO provided bio-informatics support and continuous help and discussions during the conduct of the work. FF provided helpful discussion and critical reading of the manuscript. NG designed the study and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
0.985637	Can you help me do my homework? If you are a parent, you have probably heard such a statement severally from your kids. Many kids say this when tired or not interested in the assigned homework topic. This feeling is natural considering that many students spend their days at school learning and completing class assignments. Unfortunately, many parents force their kids to complete homework. In fact, many children do homework just to impress teachers and parents. Thus, they don’t like it yet they are forced to do it. When you consider all these facts, you realize that parents should not make their kids do homework for various reasons.
0.999989	How much should you get paid for your job? Well, that depends on a lot of factors. Your skill set, the demand for the skills you have, and what other people are getting paid around you all factor in.
0.973336	Working at a medical school, I hear the word “inflammation” in our students’ classes at least once a day. When people begin learning about inflammation, they usually ask a common question: Is it a good thing or a bad thing? If you have ever been stung by a bee or twisted your ankle, you may have noticed all four of these symptoms. This inflammatory response helps set up an environment in which your immune system can fight invaders or repair damaged tissue. When the infection or injury has healed, the inflammation usually disappears. Inflammation sometimes causes some collateral damage—the immune cells fighting a bacterial infection can catch your own healthy cells in the crossfire and destroy them, too. However, when inflammation is controlled and short-lived, the damage is usually minor and easily repaired. Inflammation becomes dangerous when it lasts for a long period of time and is not well-controlled. Chronic, or ongoing, inflammation is damaging to the body and is associated with many diseases, such as diabetes, cancer and arthritis. Sometimes chronic inflammation occurs in response to microorganisms, such as in gum disease, where germs in the mouth cause an inflammatory reaction that harms gums and teeth. In other cases, inflammation attacks your own tissues; this occurs in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. Whether inflammation is helpful or harmful depends on how long the inflammation lasts and the part of the body where it occurs. The good news is that because inflammation plays a role in so many illnesses, a healthy lifestyle may help reduce the risk of many diseases.
0.98486	A teacher who became embroiled in a county lines drug operation after her marriage broke down has been jailed. Angela Davey, 38, of no fixed address, was living in Norwich when she became addicted to drugs. The mother-of-two said she turned to heroin to "numb some of the pain I was feeling at the time". Davey hired vehicles for a drugs operation, and allowed her home in Wall Road, Norwich, to be used as a base, Norwich Crown Court heard. She pleaded guilty to conspiracy to supply class A drugs but in court denied she was a dealer. Prosecutor Richard Potts said Davey "had an important role in the context of the case" and was "entirely aware" of what the vehicles would be used for. He said a Vauxhall Mokka she had hired had been used for dealing in Heathgate in Norwich on 8 April 2017, and a Citroen hired from Norwich Airport on 25 May was driven to Waltham Forest in London to collect drugs. Mr Potts said she was not a victim of cuckooing - in which a drug user's home is taken over against their will by a dealer. He added she retained "some degree of control" of who came and went from her home, even charging them rent. The former teacher denied receiving money from drug sales but confirmed "rent" was paid to her in the form of drugs to feed her habit. Andrew Oliver, mitigating, said until 2016, the mother-of-two had been leading a "relatively model lifestyle" but "tragic circumstances" had led to the break-up of her marriage and "ultimately led to her use of crack cocaine and heroin". Davey wrote a five-page letter to the judge to explain what had happened and how she had since taken steps to turn her life around. Mr Oliver said Davey had suffered "extreme distress" from not being in contact with her two children. She was living an "itinerant" life on the streets of London when she was arrested but had since begun to overcome the effects of drug withdrawal. On sentencing her to 27 months jail, Justice Katharine Moore said "as an articulate woman" she could have sought support for her addiction instead of being "drawn into the shadowy world of drugs". Three other people involved in the supply of class A drugs were jailed in January.
0.911606	The Persian Gulf is a crescent-shape groove which has demonstrated the encroachment of the Indian Ocean waters (Makrân Sea, also known as Gulf of Oman) in an span of 900 km long and 240 km wide in the inferior folds of southern Zagros mountains. The Persian Gulf and its neighboring countries constitute almost one ninth of the 44 million square km span of the Asian continent (1). The Persian Gulf has been a valuable waterway since the beginning of history and as the venue of the collision of great civilizations of the ancient East, it has a background of several millenniums (2). Since centuries ago, the Ilamites used the Port of Bushehr and the Khârg Island for dwelling, shipping and ruling over the coasts of the Persian Gulf as well as transaction with the West Indies and the Nile Valley (3). In the Latin American geography books the Persian Gulf has been referred to as More Persicum or the Sea of Pars (4). The Latin term "Sinus Persicus" is equivalent to "Persicher Golf" in German, "Persico qof" in Italian, "Persidskizalir" in Russian and "Perusha Wan" that all mean "Pars" (5). Prior to the stationing of the Aryan Iranians on Iran's Plateau, the Assyrians named the sea in their inscriptions as the "bitter sea" and this is the oldest name that was used for the Persian Gulf (6). An inscription of Darius the Great found in the Suez Canal, used a phrase with a mention of river Pars which points to the same Persian Gulf. The Greek historian Herodotus in his book has repeatedly referred to the Red Sea as the "Arab Gulf" (7), and Straben, the Greek historian of the second half of the first century BCE and the first half of the first century AD wrote: Arabs are living between the Arabian Gulf and the Persian Gulf (8). Ptolemy, another renowned Greek geographer of the 2nd century has referred to the Red Sea as the "Arabicus Sinus", i.e. the Arabian Gulf. In the book `the world boundaries from the East to the West' which was written in the 4th century Hegira, the Red Sea was dubbed as the Arabian Gulf. Today, the most common Arabic works refer to the sea in south Iran as the "Persian Gulf", including the world famous Arabic encyclopedia `Al-Monjad' which is the most reliable source in this respect (9). There are undeniable legal evidences and documents in confirmation of the genuineness of the term Persian Gulf. From 1507 to 1560 in all the agreements that Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch, French and Germans concluded with the Iranian government or in any other political event everywhere there is a mention of the name Persian Gulf (10). Even in agreements with the participation of Arabs there is a mention of "Al-Khalij al-Farsi" in the Arabic texts and "Persian Gulf" in English texts, such as the document for the independence of Kuwait which was signed between the emir of Kuwait and representatives of the British government in the Persian Gulf. The document, which was signed on June 19, 1961 by Abdullah As-Salem As-Sabah, has been registered in the Secretariat of the United Nations according to article 102 of the U.N. Charter and can be invoked at any U.N. office (11). The beginning of 1930s was a turning point in the history of efforts for changing the name of Persian Gulf when Sir Charles Bellgrave, (?) the British diplomatic envoy in Iranian island of Mishmâhig, which today known as Bahrain opened a file for the change in the name of the Persian Gulf and proposed the issue to the British Foreign Office. Even before the response of the British Foreign Office he used the fake name (in an attempt to retake Bahrain, the Tunbs, Abu Musa, Sirri, Qeshm, Hengam and other islands belonging to Iran and to disclose and thwart the plot of disintegration of Khuzestan) (13). Besides all the disputes that have been made over the name of the Persian Gulf, the United Nations with its 22 Arab member countries has on two occasions officially declared the unalterable name of the sea between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula as the Persian Gulf. The first announcement was made through the document UNAD, 311/Qen on March 5, 1971 and the second was UNLA 45.8.2 (C) on August 10, 1984. Moreover, the annual U.N. conference for coordination on the geographical names has emphatically repeated the name "Persian Gulf" each year (14). "The Greater Tunb Island is limited from north to Qeshm Island, from west to the Lesser Tunb, from south to Abu Musa and Raas al-Khaima and from east to Oman (15). The island is called the Greater Tunb, Gap Tunb, Tunb-e Mar, Greater Tunb-e Mar, etc..." (16). In the Islamic era up to the recent centuries the Greater Tunb Island was part of the states of Fars, Kerman, Mokran and Hormuzgan. In 1884 it was part of the Persian Gulf ports. In 1949 together with 29 other islands it was a village under the district of Lengeh. In 1951, it was part of the village Mazdouqi in Lengeh district of the city of Lar. In 1954, it was a village in Abu Musa district of Bandar Lengeh port city. In 1958, Abu Musa and Great Tunb districts jointed together and formed a large district with Kish Island as its center. In 1976, it became part of the city of Kish. In 1982, it became part of the city of Abu Musa. In 1991, the Great Tunb Island was part of the Tunb district of the city of Bu Musa (17). The Greater Tunb Island due to its far distance from the Strait of Hormuz has no strategic importance by itself. However, given Iran's strategic situation, it is considered an important link in the defensive line of Iran in the Strait of Hormuz (18). The Lesser Tunb Island is neighboring the city of Lengeh in the north, Abu Musa Island in the south, the Greater Tunb Island in the east and Faroo and Faroogan islands in the west. The island is rectangular in shape (19). 5- Institute for Political and International Studies, selected Persian Gulf documents, volume 1, page 18, Institute of Political and International Studies, series of articles of seminar on Persian Gulf issues, page 136. 6- Seyed Hassan Mousavi, "A brief discussion on historical-political geography of the Persian Gulf...", sociology and humanities of Shiraz University, page 118. 7- Institute of Political and International Studies, selected Persian Gulf documents, pages 18-22, Institute of Political and International Studies, series of articles of seminar on Persian Gulf issues, page 137. Seyed Hassan Mousavi "A brief discussion on historical-political geography of the Persian Gulf..." sociology and humanities of Shiraz University, page 118. Mehdi Azimi, "Persia Gulf Political History", Port and Sea, page 22. 8- Institute of Political and International Studies, selected Persian Gulf documents, volume 1, page 22. 10- Institute of Political and International Studies, series of articles of seminar on Persian Gulf issues, page 148. 11- Institute of Political and International Studies, ibid, page 149. 12- Pirouz Mojtahedzadeh, "Persian Gulf in return for history", political and economic, Nos. 105-106, page 26. 13- Pirouz Mojtahedzadeh, "Persian Gulf in return for history", political and economic, Nos. 105-106, page 27. 14- Pirouz Mojtahedzadeh, "Persian Gulf in return for history", Nos. 105-106, page 28. 15- Iraj Afshar Sistani, Abu Musa Island and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, page 105. 16- Iraj Afshar Sistani, ibid, page 11. 17- Iraj Afshar Sistani, ibid, page 119. 18- Iraj Afshar Sistani, Abu Musa Island and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, page 121. Copyright © 2006 Pejman.azadi. All rights reserved.
0.996921	Where will we be going this week? This weekend, we went to San Francisco, which is well known for their fresh seafood at Fisherman's Wharf. We wanted to try all sorts of items, so we headed on over to the Crab Shacks near Pier 39.
0.999995	So, as the attached screenshot of my vodafone router page with downstream/ upstream speeds. On the right is me currently downloading a MAP upgrade for VW sat nav. Yes, it's 24.4GB, but what I'm questioning why my download speed is 819kb/sec!?? I'm paying for up 72mbps?? Please someone tell me what I am doing wrong(if anything at all). Hey @PaulMcC84, I noticed from your screenshot that your'e connected using Wi-Fi. It's likely that you've got some interference over the Wi-Fi, maybe from other router nearby. If you connect your computer to your router using the Ethernet cable, and test again, this will let us see if there's an actual issue with your service. Haha,that’s a brilliant response,please could you let me know how interferences in a 2 bed house,tv is on the other side of he room,microwave is about 20ft away in the kitchen and not in between my router and pc..oh just to add I’m sat next to the router(about 3feet 😂)...interference,lmao. im supposed to be getting 79912kbps and I’m get between 700 & 900kbpsas per the screenshot. can you come up with a better and more believable excuse as to why this is happening please. Hey @PaulMcC84, please connect your computer to your router using the Ethernet cable and test your speeds again. Make sure to disconnect any other device from Wi-Fi as this will give us a true reflection the speeds you're getting to the device. Once you've done this, send us a screenshot and we'll take this further.
0.999865	Contradicting the idea of the gaming stereotype, and how gaming gives us employability and social skills. Video games have long suffered the negative connotation that they are an unnecessary, mind-numbing, anti-social hobby for people to have. When we think of the idea of a "gamer," we think of a person, usually male, with his eyes focused solely on a screen, his room a mess, unhygienic, and living off of junk food. Societal conventions would have us believe that this person has no Social Skills to speak of, doesn't go outside more than he considers strictly necessary, and is likely unemployed. But this is not so; for several reasons, and the idea of what we, as a society, consider to be a "gamer," has drastically changed. Thanks to Twitch.tv and Youtube, many gamers are now making a living from being a Professional Livestreamer, and with this occupation, comes social interaction. Being a successful Livestreamer doesn't mean simply switching your game on and hitting start on Twitch, it means interacting with your followers on the platform. Most gamers will be recording themselves and their real-time reactions as they play, so there's focus on both their ability to communicate in a written and verbal sense, as well as showing their body language and facial expressions to a large audience. With this insight, we can see that gaming includes a range of both social and employable skills. Public speaking, for one, which every 'Streamer would exhibit due to the various ways they communicate while gaming. Organisation and problem solving are other apt examples; even gamers who don't game as a career would still need to be able to correctly set up their games and gaming systems, as well as being able to choose a time when they can play/stream without being interrupted by other commitments like work (if they have another job) or study. Through online gaming, gamers are more likely to find other people with similar interests, and it's simple to start a social interaction with a friend request because platforms like Steam, Origin, and Battle.net all have chat capabilities. Talking online is no different to talking to someone in person, the main change is the addition of a face to accompany the name. All social skills that gamers use online can be directly transferred to "real life" situations. Instead of discussing the game, the gamer can discover other individuals hobbies and interests. Being a gamer doesn't inherently make you an anti-social person, it actually makes you more social, because you're willing to strike up conversations with complete strangers. In fact, a study published in the January 2014 edition of American Psychologist explains the "social benefits of gaming," citing several other studies and surveys from 2008 to 2012 that all show the positive, prosocial nature of gaming, especially online, and co-operative games where the individual plays with other people. There are plenty of career options available for gamers. Obviously, there's the option of turning your passion for Online Gaming into a career by being a Professional Livestreamer, or creating content for your own Youtube channel, but there's also the option of working in retail at game-based stores, Customer service, working in Game Development, or furthering your passions for gaming at College/University by committing to courses that would enable you to work in the Gaming sector. The skills you learn while gaming may not be something you pick up on right away, but they are all skills that you need day-to-day. Gaming is not an anti-social hobby to have, and if you feel comfortable with it, there really isn't a need to stop. However, just because you can game and make a career, doesn't mean you have to. Gaming itself can be tension-reliving, and a very good escape from daily life. It's fun, a creative outlet, and a good use of imagination.
0.999669	What’s more terrifying other than a monster trying to hunt you down as food? Imagine a movie inspired by films such as Jaws or a post-apocalyptic video game like The Last Of Us, mixed them both together and you have yourself a dramatic horror thriller called A Quiet Place directed by John Krasinski, A.K.A. Jim Halpert from The Office, Jack Ryan from Amazon’s Tom Clancy’s titular character & he’s possibly rumored to voice Peter Parker/Spider-Man in Spider-Man: Into The Spider-Verse. A Quiet Place became a sleeper hit from both critics & movie goers alike. So far, it continues to make a enough money at the box office. The following article is a NON-SPOILER review. If you’ve never seen this movie, feel free to read it. Positive: John Krasinski, Emily Blunt (also John’s real life spouse) & the child actors who play their onscreen children all did an excellent job on their respective performances. John’s performance as the father, has got to be the best performance I’ve ever seen since Hugh Jackman in Logan. I know it sounds early, but John deserves a Best Actor nomination for The 91st Academy Awards. I’m gonna give him a bunch of Extra Points for taking a serious role. Besides starring as the main protagonist, John also did a fantastic job on writing, producing and directing his movie. Loud sounds are used to build suspense. Whenever someone accidentally makes a noise, The Monster will come after them, you know the intensity is about to get real. Scary Moments were handled carefully they managed to keep me startled. As if I was part of The Family trying to stay silent as possible. Jump Scares aren’t used heavily to make you pee your pants, thank goodness. Visual Effects were used to create The Monster. It reminded me of “The Clickers” from The Last Of Us. I bet John was playing the game so he can come up with a sinister threat that’ll keep you on the edge of your seat. Even though he is not a fan of horror films, John stated that he’s influenced by Jaws, Alien, No Country For Old Men, In The Bedroom, Don’t Breathe & Get Out. As a gamer myself, the movie reminded me of post-apocalyptic video games such as the Fallout series & The Last Of Us. Maybe John is actually a gamer and was inspired by the games in order to craft a cohesive narrative. The Last Of Us also features a similar protagonist forced to protect a girl and escape from a monster attracted to echolocation like a bat who’s blind but can hear to find you where you’re at. Cinematography didn’t feature extensive use of Shaky Cam not Dutch Angles. Chemistry between the characters was the main highlight, as you don’t want them to get killed. They’re a family you can relate to if you’re caught in the middle of dangerous circumstances. Similar to Cloverfield, we don’t see we’re The Monster came from, we only focus on characters who aren’t connected to a scientific failed experiment or a military unit sent to investigate an abandoned spaceship. In order to avoid a fateful encounter with The Creature, The Family must rely on sign language, whispering quietly & body language if they want to stay alive. Opening Sequence establishes the story with a shocking moment. According to John, he confirmed where The Monster came from. I refuse to tell you his confirmation. However, I’ll give you a clue, all ya have to do is spot a bunch of newspapers. The Main Theme for the film is Guilt. If you’ve already seen it, you’ll probably get it. Near the end, something terribly happened. I will not tell you what it is, you’re gonna have to see for yourself. Speaking of the end, you’re gonna be surprised about one pivotal scene before The End Credits commence. Negative: Michael Bay also produced the film. I can’t believe I’m gonna say it, I’ll give him a pass, because I didn’t see a lot of explosions. I couldn’t find anything wrong with this movie, I’m gonna give it an Extra Point for The Cast & Crew for making a film as flawless as possible! A Quiet Place has got to be the best horror film since the 2017 version of It: Chapter One. Minimal Cast did a tremendous job on their performances. Sound managed to be used carefully to build of suspense. John Krasinski deserves special praise for his hard work on acting, directing, producing and writing. If I were you, I strongly recommend this movie. If you don’t have plans, go out and support John’s movie right now! Dear Mr. Krasinki, if you’re reading this, I won’t you to poissbly auditioned for Logan/Wolverine, if Disney & Fox officially make an agreement to allow X-Men character to be part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. (MCU for short) I hope it’s possible to make this miracle happen, because it’s a role of a lifetime.
0.962545	This article is about the law of bail in Canada. For a global point of view, see bail. Bail in Canada refers to the release (or detention) of a person charged with a criminal offence prior to being tried in court or sentenced. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right not to be denied reasonable bail without just cause. That right is implemented by the Criminal Code, which provides several ways for a person to be released prior to a court appearance. A person may be released by a peace officer or by the courts. A release by the courts is officially known as a judicial interim release. There are also a number of ways to compel a person's appearance in court without the need for an arrest and release. The Canadian law of bail is derived from the principles of bail which evolved in the English common law. In particular, the right to be released without excessive bail was enshrined in the English Bill of Rights, which was part of the law of the colonies in British North America. Prior to Confederation in 1867, the individual colonies each had the authority to enact local laws relating to bail. After 1867, the Parliament of Canada acquired exclusive jurisdiction over the criminal law, including the law of bail. The first major federal legislation with respect to bail was included in the criminal legislation package of 1869. In that law, the federal government made bail discretionary for all offences. This provision was subsequently subject to much judicial interpretation, as it made the granting of bail highly discretionary for each justice of the peace. It also placed considerable emphasis on cash bail, making release on bail dependent on the individual's financial resources, rather than factors such as likelihood of appearing to answer the charges. The next major statutory change to bail in Canada was the 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights which provided for a "right to reasonable bail". This provision was subsequently used by the courts to rule, for the first time, that the Extradition Act included a right to bail. In the early 1970s, the procedure for granting bail in Canada was completely revised by the Bail Reform Act, which extensively amended the bail provisions of the Criminal Code. This act placed the onus for justifying an accused's detention on the prosecutor, gave police new powers to release persons charged with an offence prior to their coming before a justice, and created detailed procedures for bail reviews. In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms enshrined the right to bail in the Canadian constitution. Section 11(e) of the Charter stipulated that "any person charged with an offence has the right ... not to be denied reasonable bail without just cause". This was subsequently used by the Supreme Court of Canada to strike out bail provisions of the Criminal Code which the court held to be excessively vague in R v Morales. The Criminal Code provides two ways that a person can be brought before the courts without first requiring an arrest: an appearance notice, issued by the police officer, or a summons, issued by a Provincial Court judge or justice of the peace. Failure to comply with an appearance notice or summons can result in an arrest warrant being issued, and possibly further charges for failure to appear or comply with conditions. In certain cases, a peace officer can choose to issue an appearance notice to a person, instead of arresting the person. There are three conditions for issuing an appearance notice: (1) the peace officer must have reasonable grounds to believe that a person has committed a summary conviction offence, a hybrid offence, or an offence within the absolute jurisdiction of a judge of a Provincial Court, (2) be satisfied on reasonable grounds that an arrest is not necessary to establish the identity of the person, secure or preserve evidence, or prevent the continuation of the offence or the commission of another offence, and (3) there are no reasonable grounds to believe the person will fail to attend court. An appearance notice directs the accused to appear in court on a given date. When the accused is alleged to have committed an indictable offence, the appearance notice can also require the accused to report for fingerprinting and photographing under the Identification of Criminals Act. An appearance notice must be subsequently confirmed by a justice of the peace. Alternatively, where a peace officer believes on reasonable grounds that a person has committed an indictable offence, the peace officer can lay an information before a Provincial Court judge or a justice of the peace. If the judge or justice of the peace is satisfied grounds exist, they can issue a summons requiring an accused to appear in court on a given date. The summons can also require the person to report for fingerprinting and photographing under the Identification of Criminals Act. Police officers have a number of options to release an accused subsequent to their arrest but without the accused having to attend court for a release hearing. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in an arrest warrant being issued, and possibly further charges for failure to appear or comply with conditions. The officer who arrests the person can release them on an appearance notice or with the intention to apply to a justice of the peace for a summons, as described above. Alternatively, the officer who arrests the person can take the person to the officer in charge of the facility where the person is being held, who then has powers to release the person. The release can include a requirement that the person appear for photographing and fingerprinting under the Identification of Criminals Act. Unlike the arresting officer, the officer in charge can impose additional conditions on the release in certain cases, in the form of undertakings. The officer in charge can release the person with the intention to apply for a summons, or can issue a promise to appear, which is similar to an appearance notice. The officer in charge can require the individual to enter into a recognizance, committing the person to pay up to $500 if the person fails to appear in court. No sureties are required. The person does not actually need to deposit the money with the officer in charge, unless the person is not ordinarily resident in the province or within 200 kilometres of the place of custody. to comply with any other condition the officer in charge considers necessary to ensure the safety and security of any complainant or witness. If the police do not release an arrested person, there must be a judicial hearing, formally known as an application for "judicial interim release". Depending on the circumstances and the offence, the hearing may be held before a justice of the peace, a Provincial Court judge, or a judge of the superior trial court of the province. The justice or judge can order the detention of the person, or the release on various conditions. Failure to comply with the conditions of release can result in an arrest warrant being issued, or additional charges for failure to appear or failure to comply with conditions. The police must bring the arrested person before a justice of the peace (which can include a Provincial Court judge) without unreasonable delay and in any event within 24 hours of the arrest. If a justice is not available within 24 hours, the police must bring the person before a justice as soon as possible. The justice can then conduct a release hearing. The exception is if the person is charged with particularly serious offences, such as murder or treason. The justice of the peace must issue a warrant of committal, authorising detention until dealt with by a superior court trial judge. The hearing may be adjourned by the justice, or on the request of the arrested person or the Crown prosecutor or police officer. However, if the defence does not consent to the adjournment, the justice cannot adjourn the hearing for more than 3 days. If the hearing is adjourned, the justice may order the accused not to communicate with certain individuals while the accused is detained. There are three different grounds for detaining an accused prior to sentence. They are commonly referred to as primary grounds, secondary grounds, and tertiary grounds. Primary grounds refers to whether detention is necessary to ensure the accused's attendance in court. Considerations include the accused's criminal history, their behaviour in the matter before the court, their connections (or lack of) with the jurisdiction, and the type of offences before the court. Secondary grounds refers to whether detention is necessary for the protection or safety of the public. This includes whether there is a substantial likelihood the accused will commit a further offence or interfere with the administration of justice. if found guilty, whether the accused is liable to a potentially lengthy term of imprisonment, or if a firearm was involved, faces a minimum of 3 year of jail. Generally, the Crown prosecutor has the burden to show on a balance of probabilities why the accused should be detained. However, the prosecutor may consent to the release of an accused on conditions imposed by the justice. Similarly, the accused may concede that the prosecutor can show cause (or if the accused has the burden of proof, indicate they do want to show cause why they should be released) and consent to their detention. certain offences under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act that carry the possibility of a life sentence. If an accused is ordered detained, the court may order that they not communicate with certain individuals while they are in custody awaiting their trial and sentencing. The standard of evidence in a release hearing is trustworthy and credible, and can include hearsay. This can include a summary of the alleged offence and any witness statements. The court is allowed to consider other offences the accused has been charged with but is still awaiting trial for. As with all other criminal proceedings, it is optional for the accused to testify. If the accused does testify, they cannot be cross-examined on the offence before the court unless the accused testifies about the offence itself. This only applies to the offence the accused is charged with and not with other offences committed by the accused. The rule does not apply to any other witnesses in the hearing. If the court is satisfied that the accused should be released, there are a number of options available: an undertaking, a recognizance with or without sureties, or recognizance with a deposit. The court can impose additional conditions on each of these types of release. Failure to comply with the conditions of release can result in an arrest warrant being issued, or additional charges for failure to appear or failure to comply with conditions. A basic undertaking only requires the accused to appear in court as directed by the undertaking. A recognizance requires an accused to attend court as directed by the recognizance. The recognizance can be for any amount the court determines would be appropriate based on all of the circumstances (the accused's financial situation, the circumstances of the offence, the likelihood of the recognizance not being complied with, and similar factors). If the accused does not comply with the recognizance, a judge can order the amount of the recognizance to be forfeited to the Crown. The court may require that sureties (persons similar to co-signers on a loan) be added to the recognizance. The court has the ability to name specific individuals as sureties. Sureties can apply to the court to be relieved of their obligations. This will usually result in the accused being arrested and held for a new release hearing. Another option is release on recognizance with deposit of money or valuable securities by the accused, but without sureties. This option requires the consent of the prosecutor. If the accused is not an ordinary resident of the province where they are in custody, or they do not ordinarily reside within 200 kilometres of the place where they are in custody, the court can require that they deposit a sum of money or valuable security. Sureties are an option in this situation. There is no commercial business of bail bondsman or bail insurance in Canada. Standing surety for a fee is a criminal offence, as is agreeing to indemnify a surety. Both are considered obstruction of justice. comply with any other reasonable condition the court considers desirable. certain offences under the Security of Information Act. Either party can request a publication ban on all evidence and reasons given in a release hearing until the charges are resolved. If the publication ban is requested by the defence it is automatic. The provision for a mandatory publication ban has been challenged as infringing the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression, but the Supreme Court of Canada upheld the provision, on the basis that its purpose was to protect the accused's right to a fair trial, which is also a constitutional guarantee. If a police officer has reasonable grounds that an accused has or is about to contravene any type of release, the officer can arrest the individual, who must be brought before a justice for a hearing. If the prosecutor proves a contravention of the conditions, the justice must revoke the original release order. If the justice revokes the release order, a new hearing is held and the accused bears the onus on to show cause why detention is not necessary. Any type of release can also be revoked by the trial judge on application by the Crown or, in limited circumstances, on the court's own motion. The accused is then arrested and faces a hearing for judicial interim release as though the accused has just been arrested for the original offence. A recognizance or undertaking can be varied at any time with the written consent of the prosecutor. with the consent of the defence and prosecution. When a justice or court makes an order for the release or detention of the accused, or varies such an order, either party can bring an application to a superior trial court judge to review the order, and if necessary vacate and replace it. Once a decision is made, both parties must wait 30 days before being allowed to make another application. If an accused is ordered detained (either at a bail hearing or after a bail review application), an automatic bail review is made by a superior court judge after a prescribed period of time. For summary conviction offence, the period is 30 days from the date the detention order was made. For indictable offences, the period is 90 days from the date the detention order was made. Besides being able to vacate and replace the order, the judge can also make directions to expedite the accused's trial. These offences are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the superior trial courts, and therefore the applications for judicial interim release are decided by those courts. When a person is charged with one of these offences, the police officer must bring the person before a justice of the peace, under the same time limits as any other arrested person. However, instead of conducting a hearing, the justice of the peace is required to issue a warrant of committal, to last until the person is dealt with according to law. If the accused seeks release, they must apply to a judge of the superior trial court for a release hearing. Notably, the onus of proof is on the accused to show cause why they should be released. In other respects, the same rules for release apply. Any review of an order made by the superior court trial judge is heard by the provincial Court of Appeal. The Youth Criminal Justice Act governs criminal proceedings for young persons under the age of 18 who are charged with criminal offences under the Criminal Code. The Code provisions respecting release hearings generally apply for young persons, with some exceptions or special rules which take into account the age and capacity of the young person. Youth courts are prohibited from detaining youth prior to sentencing as a substitute for appropriate child protection, mental health, or other social measures. The Crown bears the onus of proof for detention. The conditions which the Crown must satisfy are somewhat stricter than is the case for an adult. For example, detention can only be ordered if the young person is charged with a serious offence, or faces outstanding charges. If the youth court concludes the young person should be detained, the youth court can order that the young person be detained in a place of temporary custody, designated for young persons. Alternatively, the youth court can inquire whether there is a responsible person who can exercise control over the young person, and that the young person is willing to be placed in that person's care. If so, both the responsible person and the young person enter into an undertaking with conditions. It is a criminal offence for the young person to not comply with the undertaking. Unlike a surety, the responsible person faces no financial penalty. Instead, the responsible person also faces a criminal offence if they wilfully fail to comply with the undertaking. ^ Bill of Rights (Eng.) 1 Will. & Mary, Sess. 2 (1688), c. 2. ^ Constitution Act, 1867, s. 91(27). ^ An Act respecting the duties of Justices of the Peace, out of Sessions, in relation to persons charged with Indictable Offences, S.C. 1869, c. 30. ^ Alan W. Mewett, "The Criminal Law, 1867-1967" (1967), 45 Canadian Bar Review 726, pp. 726-727. ^ Trotter, Gary T. (1999). The Law of Bail in Canada. Toronto, Ontario: Thomson Canada (Second Edition) (Carswell). p. 7. ISBN 0-459-25442-1. ^ M. L. Friedland, Detention before Trial: A Study of Criminal Cases Tried in the Toronto Magistrates’ Courts (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), p. 176. ^ Canadian Bill of Rights, S.C. 1960, c. 44, s. 2(f). ^ The Law of Bail in Canada, p. 15. ^ The Law of Bail in Canada, p. i. ^ The Law of Bail in Canada, p. 12. ^ The Law of Bail in Canada, p. 16. ^ a b Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, s. 512(2). ^ a b c d Criminal Code, s. 145. ^ Criminal Code, s. 496. ^ Criminal Code, s. 495(2). ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 501. ^ Criminal Code, s. 508. ^ Criminal Code, s. 507. ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 509. ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 499. ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 498. ^ a b c Criminal Code, s. 524. ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 503. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Criminal Code, s. 515. ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 516. ^ Criminal Code, s. 515(10). ^ Criminal Code, s. 515(6). ^ Criminal Code, s. 515(12). ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 518. ^ Criminal Code, s. 771. ^ Criminal Code, s. 766. ^ Criminal Code, s. 139(1). ^ Criminal Code, s. 517. ^ Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd. v. Canada, 2010 SCC 21, 1 SCR 721. ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 523. ^ Criminal Code, s. 515.1. ^ Criminal Code, s. 520. ^ Criminal Code, s. 521. ^ Criminal Code, s. 525. ^ Criminal Code, s. 469. ^ Criminal Code, s. 515(11). ^ a b Criminal Code, s. 522. ^ Criminal Code, s. 680. ^ Youth Criminal Justice Act, S.C. 2002, c. 1, s. 28. ^ a b Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 29. ^ Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 30. ^ Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 31. ^ Youth Criminal Justice Act, s. 139. Trotter, Gary (2013). Understanding Bail in Canada. Irwin Law. ISBN 978-1-55221-355-1. OCLC 864394554. This page was last edited on 27 March 2019, at 23:15 (UTC).
0.997708	Let's answer the main question first: Is the transmission in the '16 Smart Fortwo better than that unbearable juddering thing in the outgoing generation? The answer is yes and yes. Those two answers are because there are two transmission options: a five-speed manual that comes as standard, or a six-speed dual-clutch that acts like an automatic but also lets the driver get involved when the whim arises. Sorry to be unusually harsh on the old transmission, but it really was a deal breaker in what was otherwise an intriguing little car. Presumably it was the only thing that would fit in such tight quarters, but now parent company Mercedes-Benz has had the time and inclination to engineer better choices. Our test drive didn't allow the luxury of trying the manual version, but most American buyers will stump up the extra $990 and go for the auto option anyway. Which is fine, approaching Benz-smooth. There's still the merest hint of a lurch from time to time, something that might be blamed on what is no doubt a small flywheel. But Mercedes-Benz technicians have also said there's some transmission and throttle mapping software to be finalized. On deceleration, the gearbox has a tendency to downshift too soon. There might be enquiries, too, about a suspension troubled by speed bumps because there's only so much flex in such a short wheelbase. Well, that's improved too, with more forgiving spring rates. Best to go for the smaller wheel/bigger tire sidewall combination, but the Fortwo now feels more like a "normal" car and less like a roller skate. The final pressing question is probably about the engine, considering Americans had a naturally aspirated three-cylinder unit in the first generation while the Europeans had a turbo version. The good news is that we now have the turbo. It's still a three-potter, displacing 898 cubic centimeters and making 89 hp with 100 lb-ft of torque using 91-octane fuel, for a car that only weighs around 2,000 pounds. It's a new all-aluminum engine, developed in collaboration with Renault (there's a Smart Forfour in Europe, which shares a lot of mechanicals with a Renault Twingo). It's no 911, but the new Smart Fortwo is a turbocharged rear-engined, rear-drive car. Top speed is now a tad quicker at 96 mph. As the name suggests, it's a two-seater. This second generation retains the unusually good headroom and legroom of the first, along with a slightly elevated driving position. Then it adds some more shoulder room, thanks to the car being 3.9 inches wider than before. We're still talking cozy here, but personal space is preserved. The track is correspondingly wider and gives the car a stable feel, accentuated by a staggered tire size arrangement of 165/65 at the front and 185/60 out back. And if drivers of the previous generation ever felt vulnerable when overtaking 18-wheelers or going over a bridge in gusty conditions, the wide track is augmented by Crosswind Assist, a function of the stability/traction control system that can lightly brake individual wheels to keep everything pointed straight. It's standard throughout the range and is also featured in Mercedes-Benz vans, the Sprinter, and Metris. Stability is joined by maneuverability. The Fortwo has a ridiculously small (and we mean that in a good way) turning circle of 22.8 feet. Since this is primarily a city car, the talent for making tight U-turns will seem like a gift from above. But actually it's a gift from France, where the Smart is built. The Fortwo giveth, but the Fortwo also taketh away—in the form of unusual ergonomics. After a short time, the seats feel like they have a convex shape, both the back and the bottom cushion. Unless the $100 smartphone cradle option is ordered, there's nowhere convenient to put your phone. Unfortunately, the cradle's location makes it impossible to reach a few radio presets. Granted, the designers didn't have much of an area to play with, but surely they could have come up with a solution more elegant than this. And surely they could have measured a few cups before installing two cup-holders that are too small for anything except take-out espresso containers. On the plus side, the little sliding magnifying glass for the air conditioning/heater controls is a great example of clever answers to problems of limited space. An essential part of the Fortwo's design is the high-strength steel safety cell—like an exterior rollcage—that does a great job of protecting its occupants, in conjunction with eight standard airbags and optional forward collision warning. The cell also becomes one of the elements in every Smart's two-tone color scheme. Trim levels are Pure, Passion, Prime, and Proxy. Try not to tell anyone that information during the soup course. Standard equipment includes automatic climate control, cruise control, LED daytime running lights, multi-function buttons on the steering wheel, and Bluetooth connectivity. Higher trim levels have different designs of alloy wheels, different interior material options, power mirrors, and paddle shifters for the dual-clutch transmission. A convertible version follows in summer 2016, with an all-electric version later that year. And yes, there's a Brabus in the works, but we don't know yet if that will be available in the United States. There's a chance the Fortwo might still be ahead of its time, that urban car-sharing schemes around the world will discover the virtues of a small footprint mixed with useful human space. In which case, few private individuals will actually buy one, but we'll all be leasing them for those times when we really need one.
0.922689	What is Business Management and Leadership? Business management is the process of dealing with the administration of any sort of organisation. It involves the overseeing, monitoring, and supervising a team in tasks to ensure that the business is running smoothly. Fundamentally, the business manager is the individual within a company who is responsible for running the business and ensuring that tasks are completed in time and within the allocated budget. The business manager of a company is in charge of the operations and activities of the employees of the business. Smaller companies require business managers to ensure that the work of the employees is well aligned with the objectives of the business. In these companies, the manager either owns the business or reports directly to the owner. In larger companies, the business manager has the same duties as those of smaller companies but will report to executive directors or chief administrative figures. The business process management is known to have five stages from start to finish. These make up a practice which managers undertake to build and sustain a successful business. The process also helps to streamline the business running so that operations are smooth and efficient. The initial phase in the business process management looks at how things are going to be in business operations. This includes planning strategies such as scheduling and budgeting, as well as focusing on risk management and control mechanisms. Modelling in business looks at the hypothetical design and adds in a number of potential factors which could change within the execution. For example, there could be changes in materials before building a product. The modelling phase looks at “what if” scenarios and focuses on how to deal with them if they do arise. As the title might suggest, the execution in business is the act of putting the plan into action. Using the design and the model planning, the execution actively puts the pieces in place. The processes of implementation are generally a combination of manual labour and software automation. After the launch of a business or business component, the progress needs to be tracked. This monitoring helps to see what is or is not working. Elements which could be monitored are the time taken to perform a task, the budget usage, whether there could be improved productivity, or if there are any concerns which need to be dealt with. After monitoring, there will be performance issues which will be identified, especially in a newly launched business. Optimisation includes inspecting the information from monitoring, using key research from modelling, and looking at ways to smooth out the problems. The optimising could be removing issues as well as bettering the things which work already. Business management goes hand-in-hand with finance. If you are managing a business, you need to know the economic situation of both the business and the country. Knowing how to use your money to make more money is one of the fundamental points of business management. Marketing helps to grow business relationships with customers and stakeholders. If the marketing of a company is strong, it will have a great effect on the business. This is because the consumer gets to know and trust a company through marketing. If a well-managed business offers a sound product and can market it correctly to its target market, it will have a much better chance at success than one with a weak marketing arm. A person responsible for business management and operations should have a focus on the monitoring and optimisation of the business. This is in order to ensure that operations run as smoothly as possible which results in efficiency which is beneficial for both the task force and the budget. When things run well and quickly, it ultimately saves time and money. Human resourcing is founded on the relationships within the business. Business managers are good with looking after the people that work for them will, more often than not, receive good work in a timeous manner. A happy team is an efficient team. An information technology (IT) manager is involved in designing, applying and maintaining the technological components of a business. This could be related to computer science in both hardware and software and requires an individual who is proficient in both managing people and understanding technology. When things are correctly in place, the industry of distribution can be a delightfully streamlined dream. If something is not in place, though, it can be a nightmare. Because there are so many different processes within distribution, it needs to be carefully managed. A business manager involved in distribution needs to be exceptionally organised, communicative, and systematic in their management. If business management is something which sounds like an exciting career prospect, or if you’d like to gain additional knowledge in leading and managing a company – whether its someone else’s or your own – a Business and Leadership Management short course from MasterStart is what you are looking for. Technology is designed as a solution to a problem. In business, it is developed and used to resolve difficult issues as well as make things easier for operations. Over time, software has been built to help with management with tasks such as scheduling, communication, social media, tracking, and productivity. Knowing how to use the right technology can give a business manager the upper hand over the competition. It is important that a business manager and a company leader stays updated with tools and programs which offer technical advantages to build and maintain success. Entering the field of management is not a one-step process and one cannot expect to become a top business manager without experience. Entry-level jobs as managers and administrative roles are a good place to start your journey to Business Management. Getting a relevant certificate in business leadership helps promote a person as a candidate for a management career too. Starting as an intern or personal assistant to a company’s management is a great first step in becoming a manager. In this position, a person learns essential skills while gaining the necessary experience. From there, one needs to either take advantage of opportunities that present themselves or must actively seek out openings to advance one’s career. Completing a short course in business management is also a worthwhile use of time and funds as it not only teaches you valuable lessons in the techniques of practical management, but it also shows potential employers that you are invested in management as a career prospect. Are business management jobs right for me? Experienced business managers are sought after by professionals who are looking to take their company to the next level of success. Because there is a certain amount of pressure on a manager to perform, there is remuneration for the work and stress that might come with. Furthermore, bonus remuneration in the project management industry varies according to your experience and ranges from R27,000 – R51,456. Is the leader the same as a manager? Although both share similar traits, a manager does not need to be a leader. The key difference between the two is that managers look to complete projects using a team while leaders look to build up individuals in order to complete a task. This being said, a great manager is also a great leader and managing and leading well is what every individual in Business Management should hope to achieve. What are the five management and leadership styles? Participative leaders involve their team in decision-making and high-end processes. It is a style which obtains opinions from the staff and often allows employees to vote on a course of action pertinent to the company. Autocratic leaders tell their employees what to do and when to do it without seeking their advice. An authoritarian leadership style leaves little autonomy with the team members within a company, which results in a strong controlling figure. Laissez-faire leaders are also known as delegators. This leadership style works with creative companies as the hands-off and relaxed approach allows for innovation and design. Transformational leaders look to make changes within the company to improve systems and workloads. Servant leaders focus more on their employees than on anything else. The goal of the leader is to serve and to keep other people in mind. This is an altruistic style and is found primarily in non-profit organisations or companies founded on giving towards others. There are good ways to run a business and then there are other ways. If you either own or run a business, you need to keep updated with what works and what doesn’t in managing a business. In all of these, the fundamental idea is to make things work effectively and efficiently to save time and ultimately save money. If you focus on important tasks – even if they are mind-numbingly tedious – you will likely solve issues before they arise which will save you energy to go towards more exciting projects. Focus on the important tasks at hand and make it practice to understand what your day should look like before going into it. This planning will spare you many headaches and save you time in the long run. If you can sort out for a problem before it actually becomes an issue, you’ll be able to get a lot more done in the workday. If you can put things in place to help your employees do their jobs with ease, you’ll see a lot more productivity as the work gets completed. Constantly look for the technology, strategies, and business methods to make processes more efficient and you’ll quickly gain back the time spent looking for ways to improve the company’s runnings. You’ll also have a happier, more productive staff on your team. A bad business manager does all the work without any help. A good business manager knows when and to whom to delegate a task. If you know your team well enough, you’ll know who will be the best to do a task and who will enjoy it the most. Managing people to manage themselves through delegation is a crucial aspect of business management. If you can hire someone and train them to perform duties with only a little encouragement, then you’ve got a fantastic team member. In business management, choosing and training of your team is an important skill to learn early on. There is technology which has been developed to assist a business manager. Use it. Think of the time you might spend trying to do something manually when a mobile app could do it in seconds. This goes hand-in-hand with streamlining processes: constantly look for whats technology can help you and test it to see if it works for your team. In doing a business and leadership management short course, you learn a number of essential management techniques which give insight into what managing a business look like and how to tackle the tricky task of leading a team. In doing a management course, you learn the fundamentals of running a business, which gives you an advantage over other managers. You also learn how to understand modern management strategies while getting to grips with economic and financial terminology.
0.950184	The Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. An extension of the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz, it lies between Iran to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest. The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline. The Persian Gulf was a battlefield of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. It is the namesake of the 1991 Gulf War, the largely air- and land-based conflict that followed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. This inland sea of some Script error: No such module "convert". is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz; and its western end is marked by the major river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris. Its length is Script error: No such module "convert"., with Iran covering most of the northern coast and Saudi Arabia most of the southern coast. The Persian Gulf is about Script error: No such module "convert". wide at its narrowest, in the Strait of Hormuz. The waters are overall very shallow, with a maximum depth of Script error: No such module "convert". and an average depth of Script error: No such module "convert".. Countries with a coastline on the Persian Gulf are (clockwise, from the north): Iran, Oman (exclave of Musandam), United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast, Bahrain on an island, Kuwait, and Iraq in the northwest. Various small islands also lie within the Persian Gulf, some of which are the subject of territorial disputes between the states of the region. In 2002, the Persian Gulf nations of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, produced about 25% of the world's oil, held nearly two-thirds of the world's crude oil reserves, and about 35% of the world natural gas reserves. The oil-rich countries (excluding Iraq) that have a coastline on the Persian Gulf are referred to as the Persian Gulf States. Iraq's egress to the gulf is narrow and easily blockaded consisting of the marshy river delta of the Shatt al-Arab, which carries the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers, where the east bank is held by Iran. In 550 BC, the Achaemenid Empire established the first Persian Empire in Pars (Persis, or modern Fars) in the southwestern region of the Iranian plateau. Consequently in the Greek sources, the body of water that bordered this province came to be known as the Persian Gulf. During the years 550 to 330 BC, coinciding with the sovereignty of the first Persian Empire over the Middle East area, especially the whole part of the Persian Gulf and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the name of "Pars Sea" is widely found in the compiled written texts. In the travel account of Pythagoras, several chapters are related to description of his travels accompanied by Darius the Great, to Susa and Persepolis, and the area is described. From among the writings of others in the same period, there is the inscription and engraving of Darius the great, installed at junction of waters of Red Sea (also called "Arabian Gulf" or "Ahmar Sea") and the Nile river and the Rome river (current Mediterranean) which belongs to the 5th century BC where, Darius the Great, the king of the Achaemenid Empire has named the Persian Gulf Water Channel: Pars Sea (Persian Sea). Before being given the present name, the Persian Gulf was called many different names. The classical Greek writers, like Herodotus, called it 'the Red Sea'. In Babylonian texts it was known as 'the sea above Akkad'. Picture depicting "Persian Corridor" through which the Allies provided supplies to USSR. The world's oldest known civilization (Sumer) developed along the Persian Gulf. The shallow basin that now underlies the Gulf was an extensive region of river valley and wetlands during the transition between the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the start of the Holocene, which, according to University of Birmingham archaeologist Jeffrey Rose, served as an environmental refuge for early humans during periodic hyperarid climate oscillations, laying the foundations for the legend of Dilmun For most of the early history of the settlements in the Persian Gulf, the southern shores were ruled by a series of nomadic tribes. During the end of the fourth millennium BC, the southern part of the Persian Gulf was dominated by the Dilmun civilization. For a long time the most important settlement on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf was Gerrha. In the 2nd century the Lakhum tribe, who lived in what is now Yemen, migrated north and founded the Lakhmid Kingdom along the southern coast. Occasional ancient battles took place along the Persian Gulf coastlines, between the Sassanid Persian empire and the Lakhmid Kingdom, the most prominent of which was the invasion led by Shapur II against the Lakhmids, leading to Lakhmids' defeat, and advancement into Arabia, along the southern shore lines. During the 7th century the Sassanid Persian empire conquered the whole of the Persian Gulf, including southern and northern shores. Portuguese expansion into the Indian Ocean in the early 16th century following Vasco da Gama's voyages of exploration saw them battle the Ottomans up the coast of the Persian Gulf. In 1521, a Portuguese force led by commander Antonio Correia invaded Bahrain to take control of the wealth created by its pearl industry. On April 29, 1602, Shāh Abbās, the Persian emperor of the Safavid Persian Empire expelled the Portuguese from Bahrain, and that date is commemorated as National Persian Gulf day in Iran. With the support of the British fleet, in 1622 'Abbās took the island of Hormuz from the Portuguese; much of the trade was diverted to the town of Bandar 'Abbās, which he had taken from the Portuguese in 1615 and had named after himself. The Persian Gulf was therefore opened by Persians to a flourishing commerce with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and the British merchants, who were granted particular privileges. In World War II, the Western Allies used Iran as a conduit to transport military and industrial supply to Russia (USSR), through a pathway known historically as the "Persian Corridor". This path would utilize the Trans-Iranian Railway, but in order for the supply to be transported to Iran, Britain utilized the Persian Gulf as the entry point for the supply chain. Persian Gulf therefore became a critical maritime path through which the Allies transported equipment, to Russia against the Nazi invasion. The United Kingdom maintains a high profile in the region to date; in 2006 alone, over 1 million British nationals visited Dubai. In 2014, the UK announced it will establish its first permanent military base in the Middle East since it formally withdrew from the region in 1971. The Persian Gulf is home to many small islands. Bahrain, an island in the Persian Gulf, is itself a Persian Gulf Arab state. Geographically the biggest island in the Persian Gulf is Qeshm island located in the Strait of Hormuz and belonging to Iran. Other significant islands in the Persian Gulf include Greater Tunb, Lesser Tunb and Kish administered by Iran, Bubiyan administered by Kuwait, Tarout administered by Saudi Arabia, and Dalma administered by UAE. In recent years, there has also been addition of artificial islands, often created by Arab states such as UAE for commercial reasons or as tourist resorts. Although very small, these artificial islands have had a negative impact on the mangrove habitats upon which they are built, often causing unpredictable environmental issues. Persian Gulf islands are often also historically significant, having been used in the past by colonial powers such as the Portuguese and the British in their trade or as acquisitions for their empires. The wildlife of the Persian Gulf is diverse, and entirely unique due to the gulf's geographic distribution and its isolation from the international waters only breached by the narrow Strait of Hormuz. The Persian Gulf has hosted some of the most magnificent marine fauna and flora, some of which are near extinction or at serious environmental risk. From corals, to dugongs, Persian Gulf is a diverse cradle for many species who depend on each other for survival. A great example of this symbiosis are the mangroves in the gulf, which require tidal flow and a combination of fresh and salt water for growth, and act as nurseries for many crabs, small fish, and insects; these fish and insects are the source of food for many of the marine birds that feed on them. Mangroves are a diverse group of shrubs and trees belonging to the genus Avicennia or Rhizophora that flourish in the salt water shallows of the gulf, and are the most important habitats for small crustaceans that dwell in them. They are as crucial an indicator of biological health on the surface of the water, as the corals are to biological health of the gulf in deeper waters. Mangroves' ability to survive the salt water through intricate molecular mechanisms, their unique reproductive cycle, and their ability to grow in the most oxygen-deprived waters have allowed them extensive growth in hostile areas of the gulf. Unfortunately, however, with the advent of artificial island development, most of their habitat is destroyed, or occupied by man-made structures. This has had a negative impact on the crustaceans that rely on the mangrove, and in turn on the species that feed on them. Along the mediterranean regions of the Arabian Sea, including the Arabian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Gulf of Kutch, the Gulf of Suez, the Gulf of Aqaba, the Gulf of Aden, and the Gulf of Oman, dolphins and finless porpoises are the most common marine mammals in the waters, while larger whales and orcas are rarer today. Historically, whales had been abundant in the gulf before commercial hunts wiped them out. Whales were reduced even further by illegal mass hunts by the Soviet Union and Japan in the 1960s and 70s. Alongside Bryde's whales, the most common and possible resident, other species such as the critically endangered Arabian humpback whale, minke whale, and orca also swim into the gulf, while many other large species such as blue whale, sei, and sperm whales were once migrants into the Gulf of Oman and off the coasts in deeper waters. One of the more unusual marine mammals living in the Persian Gulf is the Dugong dugon, commonly referred to as the dugong. Called "sea cows" for their grazing habits, their mild manner and resemblance to the livestock, dugongs have a life expectancy similar to that of humans and can reach lengths of up to 3 meters. These gentle mammals feed on the sea grass and genetically resemble the land mammals more than the dolphins and the whales. Despite the simplicity of their grass diet, new developments along the Persian Gulf coastline, particularly artificial island development in Arab states, pollution particularly by oil spills caused during the "Persian Gulf war" and also due to occasional oil spills, and uncontrolled hunting has had a negative impact on the survival of the dugongs. After Australian waters with some 80,000 dugong inhabitants, the waters off Qatar, Bahrain, UAE, and Saudi Arabia have some 7,500 dugongs remaining, making the Persian Gulf the second most important habitat for the species. Dugong's current number is dwindling and it is not clear how many are currently alive or what their reproductive trend is. Unfortunately, ambitious and uncalculated construction schemes, political unrest and an ever present international conflict, and presence of the most lucrative world supply of oil, along with lack of cooperation between Arab states and Iran, has had a negative impact on the survival of many marine species, including dugongs. The Persian Gulf is also home to many migratory and local birds. There is great variation in color, size, and type of the bird species that call the gulf home. One bird in particular, the kalbaensis, a sub-species of the kingfishers is at the brink of extinction due to real state development by cities such as Dubai and countries such as Oman. Estimates from 2006 showed that only three viable nesting sites were available for this ancient bird, one located Script error: No such module "convert". from Dubai, and two smaller sites in Oman, all of which are in the process of becoming real estate developments. Such expansion would prove devastating and could cause this species to become extinct. Unfortunately for the kingfisher, a U.N. plan to protect the mangroves as a biological reserve was blatantly ignored by the emirate of Sharjah, which allowed the dredging of a channel that bisects the wetland and construction of an adjacent concrete walkway. Environmental watchdogs in Arabia are few, and those that do advocate the wildlife are often silenced or ignored by developers of real estate, most of whom have royal family connections and huge energy profits to invest. The end result has been sacrifice of a beautiful yet delicate ecology that has been in harmony for hundreds of years, for structures that are erected only a few years, yet will have a lasting detrimental effect. Almost no species in the Persian Gulf is spared from the real estate development of UAE and Oman, including the hawksbill turtle, the flamingo, and the booted warblers, mainly due to destruction of the mangrove habitats to make way for towers, hotels, and luxury resorts. Even dolphins that frequent the gulf in northern waters, around Iran are at serious risk. Recent statistics and observations show that dolphins are at danger of entrapment in purse seine fishing nets and exposure to chemical pollutants; perhaps the most alarming sign is the "mass suicides" committed by dolphins off Iran's Hormozgan province, which are not well understood, but are suspected to be linked with a deteriorating marine environment from water pollution from oil, sewage, and industrial run offs. The Persian Gulf is also home to over 700 species of fish, most of which are native to the gulf. Of these 700 species, more than 80% are coral reef associated, and directly or indirectly depend on the coral reef for their survival. Overall, the wild life of the Persian Gulf is endangered from both global factors, and regional, local negligence. Most pollution is from ships; land generated pollution counts as the second most common source of pollution, ranging from mercury, to acidic or basic toxins. Coral is another important inhabitant of the Persian Gulf waters. Corals are vital ecosystems that support multitude of marine species, and whose health directly reflects the health of the gulf. Recent years have seen a drastic decline in the coral population in the gulf, partially owing to global warming but majorly due to irresponsible dumping by Arab states like the UAE and Bahrain. Construction garbage such as tires, cement, and chemical by products have found their way to the Persian Gulf in recent years. Aside from direct damage to the coral, the construction waste creates "traps" for marine life in which they are trapped and die. The end result has been a dwindling population of the coral, and as a result a decrease in number of species that rely on the corals for their survival. Dugong mother and its offspring in shallow water. A healthy coral is an indication of a viable aquatic environment. One variant of the kingfisher bird group. Dolphins off the southern shore of Iran, around Hengam Island. Palm and sunset in Minoo Island (Persian Gulf). ^ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "The World Fact Book". Retrieved 2010-12-04. ^ nationsonline.org. "Political Map of Iran". Retrieved 2010-12-04. ^ K Darbandi (Oct 27, 2007). "Gulf renamed in aversion to 'Persian'". Asia Times. Retrieved 2010-11-30. ^ Mahan Abedin (Dec 9, 2004). "All at sea over 'the Gulf'". Asia Times. Retrieved 2010-11-30. ^ Eilts, Hermann F. (Autumn 1980). "Security Considerations in the Persian Gulf". International Security. Vol. 5, No. 2. pp. 79–113. ^ Abedin, Mahan (4 December 2004). "All at Sea over 'the Gulf'". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 13 May 2012. ^ British Institute of Persian Studies. "Siraf". Retrieved 2010-11-24. ^ Juan R. I. Cole (1987). "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300–1800". International Journal of Middle East Studies 19 (2): 177–203 . JSTOR 163353. doi:10.1017/s0020743800031834. ^ Martin Blumenson, Robert W. Coakley, Stetson Conn, Byron Fairchild, Richard M. Leighton, Charles V.P. von Luttichau, Martin Blumenson, Robert W. Coakley, Stetson Conn, Byron Fairchild, Richard M. Leighton, Charles V.P. von Luttichau, Charles B. MacDonald, Sidney T. Mathews, Maurice Matloff, Ralph S. Mavrogordato, Leo J. Meyer, John Miller, Jr., Louis Morton, Forrest C. Pogue, Roland G. Ruppenthal, Robert Ross Smith, Earl F. Ziemke. Command Decisions. Government Printing Office. p. 225. ^ "Trucial states". LookLex Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2010-11-19. ^ Peter Beaumont, "Blair was dangerously off target in his condemnation of Iran", The Guardian, December 24, 2006. ^ "UK-Bahrain sign landmark defence agreement". Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014. ^ "UK to establish £15m permanent Mid East military base". BBC. 6 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014. ^ Marco Ramerini. "Portuguese in the Arabia and the Persian Gulf". Retrieved 2010-11-27. ^ SunySB. "Mangals". Retrieved 2010-11-23. ^ Akiyo Yamada, Takeo Saitoh, Tetsuro Mimura and Yoshihiro Ozeki (2002-04-30). "Expression of Mangrove Allene Oxide Cyclase Enhances Salt Tolerance in Escherichia coli, Yeast, and Tobacco Cells". ^ "Persian Gulf Mermaids Face Environmental Threats". Maurice Picow. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-11-19. ^ Tim Thomas and Ian Robinson (2001). "Turtles Rehabilitated After Persian Gulf Oil Spills". Retrieved 2010-11-23. ^ Mandana Javidinejad (2007). "Dolphins of Persian Gulf are in danger". Payvand News Agency. Retrieved December 25, 2010. ^ Vahid Sepehri (October 3, 2007). "Iran: Spill, Dolphin Deaths Spark Alarm At Persian Gulf Pollution". Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty. Retrieved December 25, 2010. ^ a b Jen/fishbase.org (2003-06-30). "Fish Species in Persian Gulf". Retrieved 2010-11-24. ^ Morteza Aminmansour/Pars Times. "Pollution in Persian Gulf". Retrieved 2010-11-24. ^ a b "Dumping by Construction Crews Killing Bahrain Coral". Maurice Picow. 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2010-11-19. 40x40px Look up persian gulf in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. 40x40px Wikimedia Commons has media related to Persian Gulf.
0.996575	This recipe makes 6 quarts of spicy baked beans and it can be prepared in a 6-1/2 quart slow cooker (Crock Pot) or in a large covered baking dish or pan in the oven. If you wish to make a smaller quantity, cut the recipe in half. If beans give you gas, it is best to presoak the beans in water in a covered pot in the refrigerator over night, and then rinse off the beans before cooking. If not, follow the instructions below. Clean and wash the navy beans and place in the slow cooker along with 8 cups of cold tap water. Set the slow cooker heat to "low". Wash and peel the onions, cut in chunks, and place in the container of a high speed blender (Vita-Mix type) with 2 cups of water. Add the chipotle pepper, cover, and run the blender at high speed until the ingredients are smooth. Stop the blender and add the contents to the slow cooker and mix well. Cover the slow cooker and let the contents simmer over night. In the morning, remove the cover from the slow cooker, and add the other ingredients, mix well, re-cover and continue cooking on low for another 3 to 4 hours. If cooking in a conventional oven at 350 degrees F., place the presoaked, rinsed, and drained navy beans in the baking pan, add the onion and chipotle mixture, and other ingredients, and mix well, cover and bake. After 2 hours, mix the baked beans, add additional water if necessary, re-cover, and continue to cook until the baked beans are tender. When the baked beans are nearly finished cooking, taste them, and add a little additional smoke flavor, it desired, mix well and finish cooking.
0.999999	Read an example of the descriptive rhetorical mode. As the sun hits my face and I breathe in the fresh air, I temporarily forget that I am at a sporting event. But when I open my eyes and look around, I am reminded of all things American. From the national anthem to the international players on the field, all the sights and sounds of a baseball game come together like a slice of Americana pie. First, the entrance turnstiles click and clank, and then a hallway of noise bombards me. All the fans voices coalesce in a chorus of sound, rising to a humming clamor. The occasional, “Programs, get your programs, here!” jumps out through the hum to get my attention. I navigate my way through the crowded walkways of the stadium, moving to the right of some people, to the left of others, and I eventually find the section number where my seat is located. As I approach my seat I hear the announcer’s voice echo around the ball park, “Attention fans. In honor of our country, please remove your caps for the singing of the national anthem.” His deep voice echoes around each angle of the park, and every word is heard again and again. The crowd sings and hums “The Star-Spangled Banner,” and I feel a surprising amount of national pride through the voices. I take my seat as the umpire shouts, “Play ball!” and the game begins. In the fifth inning of the game, I decide to find a concessions stand. Few tastes are as American as hot dogs and soda pop, and they cannot be missed at a ball game. The smell of hot dogs carries through the park, down every aisle, and inside every concourse. They are always as unhealthy as possible, dripping in grease, while the buns are soft and always too small for the dog. The best way to wash down the Ball Park Frank is with a large soda pop, so I order both. Doing my best to balance the cold pop in one hand and the wrapped-up dog in the other, I find the nearest condiments stand to load up my hot dog. A dollop of bright green relish and chopped onions, along with two squirts of the ketchup and mustard complete the dog. As I continue the balancing act between the loaded hot dog and pop back to my seat, a cheering fan bumps into my pop hand. The pop splashes out of the cup and all over my shirt, leaving me drenched. I make direct eye contact with the man who bumped into me and he looks me in the eye, looks at my shirt, tells me how sorry he is, and then I just shake my head and keep walking. “It’s all just part of the experience,” I tell myself. Before I am able to get back to my seat, I hear the crack of a bat, followed by an uproar from the crowd. Everyone is standing, clapping, and cheering. I missed a home run. I find my aisle and ask everyone to excuse me as I slip past them to my seat. “Excuse me. Excuse me. Thank you. Thank you. Sorry,” is all I can say as I inch past each fan. Halfway to my seat I can hear discarded peanut shells crunch beneath my feet, and each step is marked with a pronounced crunch. When I finally get to my seat I realize it is the start of the seventh inning stretch. I quickly eat my hot dog and wash it down with what is left of my soda pop. The organ starts playing and everyone begins to sing “Take Me Out to the Ball Game.” While singing the song, putting my arms around friends and family with me, I watch all the players taking the field. It is wonderful to see the overwhelming amount of players on one team from around the world: Japan, the Dominican Republic, the United States, Canada, and Venezuela. I cannot help but feel a bit of national pride at this realization. Seeing the international representation on the field reminds me of the ways that Americans, though from many different backgrounds and places, still come together under common ideals. For these reasons and for the whole experience in general, going to a Major League Baseball game is the perfect way to glimpse a slice of Americana.
0.95038	someone to purchase health insurance if they do not want it. The opposition party, namely the Republicans have vowed to "repeal and replace" the health care bill. To overturn the bill would take a long and hard fight, but ultimately what would kill the bill would be a very long court battle that most likely will never happen. As time goes on, people will tend to want to leave it alone, and public support for the bill should increase. When this happens, chances are that the bill will never be overturned.
0.933729	Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus (c. 125 – 193) was a politician and military commander during the 2nd century in the Roman Empire. A general under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Pompeianus distinguished himself during Rome's wars against the Parthians and the Marcomanni. He was a member of the imperial family due to his marriage to Lucilla, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, and was a key figure during the Emperor's reign. Pompeianus was offered the imperial throne three times, though he refused to claim the title for himself. A native of Antioch in Syria, Pompeianus was from relatively humble origins. His father was a member of the Equestrian Order. As indicated by his name, his family first received their Roman citizenship during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Pompeianus was a new man ("novus homo") as he was the first member of his family to be appointed as a Senator. Much of Pompeianus' early life has been lost to history. He participated in the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 under the command of Emperor Lucius Verus, likely as a Legionary Commander. Sometime prior to the Parthian campaign, he was elevated to the rank of Senator. He served with distinction during the war, earning him appointment as Suffect Consul for the remainder of the year 162 AD. Following the completion the Parthian campaign, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius appointed him military governor of Pannonia Inferior on the Empire's northern frontier along the Danube River.[I 1] He likely served from 164 until 168. In late 166 or early 167, a force of 6,000 Lombards invaded Pannonia. Pompeianus defeated the invasion with relative ease, but it marked the beginning of a larger barbarian invasion. Late in 167 the Marcomanni tribe invaded the Empire by crossing in Pannonia. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus planned a punitive expedition to drive the barbarians back across the Danube River, but due to the effects of the Antonine Plague, the expedition was postponed until early 168. Aided by Pompeianus, the two Emperors were able to force the Marcomanni to retreat. Pompeianus' military skills earned him the confidence of Emperor Marcus Aurelius and he quickly became one of the Emperor's closest advisors. As the Emperors returned to their winter quarters in Aquileia, Lucius Verus fell ill and died in January 169. Following the death of Lucius Verus, Marcus Aurelius arranged for his daughter Lucilla, Verus' widow, to marry Pompeianus. As son-in-law to the Emperor, Pompeianus became a member of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. The Emperor even offered to name Pompeianus as Caesar and his heir, but Pompeianus refused to accept the title. Instead, Pompeianus was promoted and served as the Emperor's chief general during the Marcommanic War. Under his guidance, the exiled Senator and fellow Parthian war veteran Pertinax was recalled and joined Pompeianus on his military staff. Marcus Aurelius died in 180 AD, and his 18-year-old son Commodus, Pompeianus' brother-in-law, was proclaimed Emperor. Pompeianus tried to persuade Commodus to remain on the Danubian frontier to complete the conquest of the Marcommani, but Commodus refused and returned to Rome in the autumn of 180. The relationship between the young emperor and the experienced officer quickly deteriorated. In 182, Lucilla, Pompeianus' wife and Commodus' sister, organized a failed assassination attempt against the Emperor. Though Commodus executed Lucilla and other members of her family, Pompeianus had not participated in the conspiracy and was spared. Following the conspiracy, Pompeianus withdrew from public life, citing old age, and retired to his estates in Italy. He spent most of his time in the country away from Rome, claiming age and an ailment of the eyes as an excuse. Commodus was assassinated in 192 AD by members of the Praetorian Guard. Pompeianus returned to Rome once the plot against Commodus succeeded, resuming his seat in the Senate. Pertinax, who was the Urban Prefect at the time, offered the throne to Pompeianus, but he declined the offer. The Praetorian Guard then proclaimed Pertinax as Emperor, but he was assassinated by the Praetorians after only 87 days for attempting to impose order upon the long-undisciplined unit. Senator Didius Julianus, after becoming Emperor by bribing the Praetorian Guard to proclaim him, experienced difficulty in garnering support within the ranks of his own troops. In a desperate attempt to save himself, Julianus asked Pompeianus to become co-emperor with him. Pompeianus again declined the offer, on the grounds of his advanced years and eye problems. Julianus was executed on the orders of Septimius Severus after ruling for only 66 days. Pompeianus appears to have died sometime in 193. His children survived and prospered as members of an important family: they were the grandchildren of Marcus Aurelius. The prestige was dangerous, because the new dynasty of the Severans could have seen them as possible competition. Aurelius, son of Pompeianus, was consul in 209, but was later assassinated at the instigation of Caracalla. Later descendants of Pompeianus would become consuls in 231 and 241. Russell Crowe's character Maximus Decimus Meridius in the 2000 film Gladiator is loosely based on Pompeianus and others. DIR contributors (2000). "De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families". Retrieved 14 April 2015. ^ Herodian, Roman History 1.6.4-7. ^ Michael Grant, The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition, pp. 64-65. ^ Herodian, Roman History 1.8.3-4. ^ Michael Grant, The Antonines: The Roman Empire in Transition, pp. 69-70. ^ a b Cassius Dio, Roman History 74.3.
0.99996	That we were all privy to John Podesta's emails and internal Clinton campaign documents was one of the most peculiar abominations of the 2016 election. How did we see those things? They were stolen by Russian agents, fed to an organization that exists primarily to subvert the integrity of the United States, and then blithely regurgitated by a profit-driven press. And I read them. There were details in there that are still relevant. One that struck me, because I bothered to read the emails that we...Jesus Mary and Joseph, why did the press do this...were given: The Clinton campaign helped give us Donald Trump. Oh, not directly. But because...like the similarly realpolitik Vladimir Putin...the Clinton campaign machine viewed him as the weakest, least competent, most defeatable Republican candidate. And they needed the worst. All of the polling during the campaign showed Clinton losing to every other Republican. As the pollster-shamans read the monkey entrails of our culture, she lost to Cruz and to Rubio, to Kasich and to Bush and to...Jesus...there were so many. She trailed all of them. In every poll. That one was Trump. The best polling showed she had a real shot against Trump, because, Lord have mercy. What proud, decent American would vote for him? I mean, really. People who knew what they were doing and had reliable datasets suggested that she could best him...alone among the Republican candidates...by two percent or so. It was consistent, solid, and replicable, as reliable as one of those European Model trend lines that we use to track the hurricanes battering our coastline. What we know is that the Clinton campaign did everything in their power to raise the profile of the weakest and least competent candidate. They actively responded to him, knowing that their engagement would inflame the Republican base, who had been taught to despise Clinton more than they valued competence and integrity and sanity itself. By inflaming the base, you raise his profile, and by raising his profile, you increase the chances of getting the candidate you want to oppose. In that, her campaign's steering efforts were successful. The Clinton campaign got the opponent that they wanted. And they beat him, in the popular vote, by precisely the margin the very best polling suggested. So when the question is asked by the person for whom I voted in the last election: Wha' Happened? The answer can be, legitimately: you got the opponent you wanted.
0.828325	The US prison for alleged terrorists has detained suspects from all over the world for five years but how exactly does it work? It is a US naval base on the eastern tip of Cuba that, for more than six years, has been used as a detention centre for suspected terrorists, mainly captured in Afghanistan during the US assault following the September 11 attacks. Those held are suspected of fighting for the Taliban or being operatives for al-Qaida, and are considered "enemy combatants" rather than prisoners of war, meaning the US does not consider them subject to the Geneva convention. Until recently, the Pentagon's policy has been to detain prisoners indefinitely without trial, something critics condemn as a legal black hole. Who is currently detained at Guantánamo Bay? At its peak, around 750 prisoners were held at the camp but hundreds have been released over the years. According to a Human Rights Watch, there are currently around 270 detainees. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) - the only organisation allowed to visit prisoners - says they come from about 40 countries in total, but most inmates are from Afghanistan or Pakistan. Are there any Britons being held there? No. Of the nine UK nationals detained, five were released in March 2004, and the final four - Moazzam Begg, Feroz Abbasi, Martin Mubanga and Richard Belmar - were flown to London in January 2005. In 2006, the UK government requested the release five of the nine British residents held there. Four were released. Among the UK residents still being held is Binyam Ahmed Mohamed, an Ethiopian educated in Britain. His lawyers want US documents - some of which have been seen by the British government - to be disclosed, saying they will reveal that Mohamed has been tortured. What is the legal status of the prisoners? Detainees have been denied their rights under the Geneva convention, although the US insists they are being treated humanely, in line with the protocols set out in the agreement. During much of the camp's operation, American courts did not consider the Cuban base to be part of the US and they were denied rights guaranteed to criminals under the constitution, such as a presumption of innocence and a trial by jury. The Bush administration has attempted to try prisoners by military tribunal. It introduced the Military Commissions Act 2006, which legislates for tribunals where evidence can be brought and permits indefinite detention without trial where it cannot. In August 2008, Salim Ahmed Hamdan, the first al-Qaida suspect to be tried at Guantánamo, was sentenced to five and a half years in prison for supporting terrorism. However, in June this year the US supreme court ruled that prisoners could challenge their detention. Last month, a US judge ruled that five Algerians held at Guantánamo must be set free as there was no legal basis to keep them in prison. It was the first verdict in more than 200 habeas corpus petitions being brought before the US courts. What is the international attitude to Guantánamo? Many governments, as well as human rights groups, have demanded it be closed and the detainees charged or released immediately. Amnesty International has labelled the camp a "symbol for injustice and abuse". The British government's stance has hardened. In October 2006, the then foreign secretary, Margaret Beckett, used a speech on human rights to label the centre "unacceptable in terms of human rights", calling for it to be closed. Before leaving office, Tony Blair said Guantánamo Bay was an "anomaly" that would have to be "dealt with". What is Barack Obama expected to do? The president-elect, Barack Obama, has promised to close down the prison camp as soon as he takes office, saying that Guantánamo had "done much to besmirch the reputation of the United States". Under plans drawn up by Obama's advisers, between 60 and 80 detainees would be put on trial in the US in a mix of civilian criminal courts and the court martial system. About 17 high-level detainees, such as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, would also go on trial but before a new version of a national security court - not the Bush administration's much-criticised military tribunals. Up to 200 detainees have no case to answer, but cannot be sent back to their home countries for fear they would be tortured or killed, according to lawyers. It is not clear whether they would be offered asylum in the US. What is Camp Delta like for the prisoners? Prisoners are held in four camps, in small, mesh-sided cells, for up to 24 hours a day. Cellblocks are made up of 48 cells. There is little privacy, and lights are kept on day and night. Inmates are allowed half an hour of exercise between three and seven days each week in a caged recreation yard measuring 7.6 metres by 9.1 metres. The ICRC visits prisoners, and arranges the exchange of letters between inmates and their families. US officials look over the contents of all correspondence with families, who are not allowed to visit. Many released prisoners have alleged they were beaten or mistreated in other ways, something US officials vehemently denied. In 2006, dozens of inmates staged hunger strikes in protest at their detention. In June 2006, three prisoners committed suicide by hanging themselves with bed sheets. Why does the US have a naval base on Cuba? The base dates back to a treaty, signed in 1903 and renewed in 1934, which leases the Guantánamo Bay site to the US for $4,085 (£2,113) per year. The treaty requires the consent of both governments to revoke or change it and, unsurprisingly, the US will not agree to that. In protest, Cuba has refused to accept the rent payments.
0.999978	However, shalish mechanism as a justice forum has some specific characteristics. It is a completely informal mechanism which has no specie procedure to follow. The adjudicators (shalishkar) of a shalish do not have any legal authority, but they get social authority from their seniority, wisdom, economic and religious status or by way of village politics. For delivering justice, shalish mechanism uses no specific law but the notion of justice emanated from religious guidance and sense of social wellbeing. A shalish may involve voluntary submission to arbitration (which, in this context, involves the parties agreeing to submit to the judgment of the shalish panel), or mediation (in which the panel helps the disputants to try to devise a settlement themselves) or a blend of the two. 'Shalish addresses almost all type of disputes- civil, criminal or family. These often involve gender and family issues, such as violence against women whether within or outside marriage, inheritance, dowry, polygamy, divorce, maintenance for a wife and children, or a combination of such issues. Other foci include land conflicts as well as other property disputes (Stephen Gloub: 2003). The purpose of Shalish is to dispose off different type of local disputes locally, speedily and amicably without resorting to formal expensive and lengthy court procedures. While it is undeniable that shalish has been successful 'in some measure at providing acceptable judgments and solutions (Fazlul Haq: 1998)', it is also a bare truth that this purpose of the shalish mechanism has been frustrated time and again due to various socio-economic and religious grounds. In the absence of specified law, process and accountability, the forum has been a vehicle for imposing subjective notion of justice by the socially, economically or religiously powerful people. While socially and economically powerful people have got this forum as a platform for enforcing their dominance over disadvantaged portion of the society, the religious leaders have used this forum as an instrument for practicing their religious dogmas. These malpractices or biases in the shalish system are broadly categorized as class-based and gender-based. One the one hand, the powerful portion of the society have supported their class against disadvantaged group, on the other hand the patriarchal society, sometimes with the assistance of the religious leaders, has uphold their patriarchal notion of justice. The statement gets support from the following paragraphs. Against this backdrop, Village Court are created in 1976 with the objectives that poor village shall get easy access to justice without any cost, they can be freed from accepting unwanted decision given by the dominant or elite classes of village in the name of justice and disputant parties can be able to solve their problems by themselves with a little or necessary assistance from these dispute resolution forums. It is mentionable that the Village Courts are statutory courts and are composed of with local government (Union Parishad) representatives (as community leaders) and members from disputant parties. But these courts are legally required to follow informal procedure of trial or dispute settlement, meaning thereby that the application of Code of Civil Procedure, Code of Criminal Procedure and Evidence Act has been barred. Also is barred the appointment of lawyers. The underlying argument is that the disputant parties will be able to discuss all their problems without any reservation or hesitation and can take an amicable and justifiable decision. However, decisions of these courts are as binding as those of any other formal courts of the country. In a word, both these forums are examples of accommodation of formal courts and traditional knowledge and wisdom. Noticeably, though a long time has passed after introducing this village justice mechanism, the government of the country has not undertaken any research to assess the performance of the judicial institution, or to assess whether the institution is being able to fulfil the aims they were introduced to meet. However, some non-government organizations and some private individuals in the recent years have conducted some small scale researches on the village courts that show that the performance of the arbitration council and village courts is very poor and unsatisfactory. Though this Union Parishad administered dispute resolution forum does 'not impose the fatwas and harsh punishments that the extreme forms of the traditional practice entail', often 'the reality of village courts does not differ substantially from that presented by the traditional process.' A number of sources suggest that the dynamic and the membership of the Village Courts often resemble the traditional form of shalish in terms of being either biased or ineffective at providing justice for the disadvantaged, including women (Stephen Gloub: 3003). In this way, various research literatures reveal that the Village Court, a state-led rural justice institution, has not succeeded to be adequately reliable judicial forum for vulnerable rural communities. Still traditional shalish are rampant, perpetuating the regimes of impoverishment. Hopefully, some NGOs have been supporting local dispute resolution as an alternative forum of state-led and traditional forums of rural justice. These NGOs supported programmes run by knowledgeable law officers and well-prepared documents have been seeing the light of success gradually. But these NGOs legal aid activities cover hardly 1% of around 70,000 Bangladeshi villages. According to a UNDP report, two third of the disputes do not enter the formal court process. So still two-third disputes are disposed off in traditional Shalish, Village Courts, Arbitration Council or they remain unsettled. When these traditional shalish system as well as semi-formal judicial bodies like village courts and arbitration councils are failing to give substantive justice, the socio-economic conditions of majority of the Bangladesh village people and lengthy process of the formal courts are preventing them to move to the formal judicial system. The outcome is that vast majority of the people of the country is still out side the net of 'access' to justice, let alone access to 'justice'. However, a simple reading of the Village Court Ordinance implies that almost all major aspects of an effective justice system have been addressed in the law. A proper implementation of the law could improve the state of 'access' to justice dramatically. But that did not happen. Then why the mechanism is not working effectively is a question to be researched. Though there have been some researches on it, I think those researches are not adequate to address the issue properly. It is time government undertook an in-depth study, not a fly-in-fly-out study, to dig out the problems of the rural justice system and address those problems without delay. The writer, an advocate of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh, is currently with the Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, JNU, New Delhi. He can be reached at: [email protected].
0.921779	Exercise cardio at home is an attractive option, there is also a way to provide convenience and save money and time. Fortunately, a good cardio workout does not require a ton of space or fancy equipment, and with a little creativity, you can put together a regular fitness cardio with a wide range of exercise that will tone the muscles, Calories burn, and help you lose weight. Below are some home cardio exercises that you can do anytime, anywhere. Why: jumping jacks burn about 100 calories in 10 minutes and no special equipment or skill is required. Precautions: Jumping Jacks are high impacts, which can tax on joints. They can also remind you of primary or high school gym classroom trauma. In a cardio circuit: Use a jumping jack in a circuit, do them for 30-60 seconds and alternate them with other cardio exercises such as marching, jogging, jumping rope etc., each time repeating the circuit Try a different variety of jumping jacks. For 10-30 minutes. In a Strength Circuit: Exercises such as squats, lungs, pushups and dips for 30-30 seconds with jumping jacks for 10-30 minutes. In your regular workout: Add a high-intensity blast to your regular cardio or strength workout or add a workout or a minute or more jumping jack at the end. Why: This is great cardio, it burns about 220 calories in 20 minutes. Jump ropes are cheap, travel well, no special skills are required, and anywhere you have access to the place. Precautions: Jumping rope is high impact and requires practice. It sounds easy, but beginners can be pleased to have a pigeon-elephant elephant and travel. For best results, turn the wrist through the rope, not the weapon and the gently on the ground. Just jump high enough to clean the rope. In a cardio circuit: Alternate alternative to 30-60 second jumping with other cardio exercises such as marching, jogging, jumping jacks etc. In a Strength Circuit: 30-60 seconds for jump jump with strength exercises, such as squats, lungs, push-ups and dips. Why: It is simple, accessible, increases heart rate, and is a great way to heat for more intense exercise. Caution: This is a high impact, which can tax on joints, and it can be boring. Because there is no further movement, it is not as fast as strolling out. As a warm up: Start by marching in place, then gradually change to a jog that can make your body ready for more rigorous exercise. In a cardio circuit: Optional jogging with other cardio exercises, such as marching, jogging, jumping rope, step-touch etc. Do each for 30-30 seconds, repeat the circuit for 10-30 minutes. In Strength Circuit: Make 30-60 second jogging optional for 10-30 minutes with strength exercises, such as squats, lungs, push-ups and dips. As an active break: When you need an active break at work or at home, try jogging. Why: This is a killer cardio exercise, burns 100 or more calories in 10 minutes (if you can stomach for 10 minutes of this exercise). Precautions: They are, in fact, really tough. Spartan: As mentioned above, they are, in fact, really hard, so speed yourself up. In a cardio circuit: Include a 30-60 second brush every 3-4 minutes of cardio circuit, which includes other exercises, such as marching, jogging, jumping rope, step-touch etc. In a Strength Circuit: Add 30-60 second skins, such as squats, lungs, push-ups and dips for 10-30 minutes for exercise with every 3-5 power. In high-intensity interval training: Do 30-60 seconds of berth, relax for 30-60 seconds, and repeat for 10 or more minutes. You can also use burpees in a Tabata workout. What: Runing knees inside and out from a push-up position. Why: mountain climbers increase heart rate while building power and endurance in the core. No special skills are required. Precautions: This practice can be taxed on wrists, hands and shoulders as well as on the core. In Cardio Circuit: Add climbers to your cardio circuit, each time for 30-60 seconds. In a Strength Workout: Combine climbers with push-ups or planks to add intensity. In combinations: For high intensity, do a series of mountain climbers, alternatively push 10 with 10 climbers, or add them to bear crawl. Why: Squat Jump is a Plometric Exercise that will increase heart rate, burn calories and increase strength in the legs. No special skills are required. Precautions: This exercise has high impact and high intensity, and requires strong joints and strong heart. With any playo exercise, gently land for the protection of joints. In cardio workout: Include 30-60 second squat jumps in your regular cardio workout or in cardio circuits, such as other exercises, such as marching, jogging, jumping rope, step-touch etc. In Lower Body Workout: Add 30-60 seconds of squat junges after every 3-5 lo-body exercises, such as squats, lungs, or deadlifts to increase intensity, power and strength. In high-intensity interval training: jump 30-60 seconds squat, relax 30-60 seconds and repeat for 10 or more minutes. You can also use a squat jump in a Tabata workout. Why: They increase heart rate while building strength and endurance. Precautions: This trick is difficult to see and intensity quickly increases. In Cardio / Strength Workout: Insert the 30-60 second bears in your regular cardio workout or in other exercises such as marching, jogging, rope jumping, bupis, etc. in the cardio circuit. In an upper physical workout: Add 30-60 second bear crawls to increase intensity, strength, and strength for each 3-5 upper body exercises such as push-ups, chest presses, or dumbel rows. In high-intensity interval training: 30-60 seconds bear crawls, relax for 30-60 seconds, and repeat for 10 or more minutes, or alternate bear other high intensity exercises such as burps or squat jump Crawl with. You can also use Bear Crawl in a Tabata workout. Why: Kickboxing can burn more than 100 calories in 10 minutes on the right intensity, no device is needed, and can help you to get out of your aggression. Precautions: During punch and kick, spreading arms and legs whole-heartedly can tie joints. Why: Walking on the stairs is an excellent cardio exercise and you can use the steps for many other exercises. Precautions: See for cats, dogs, toys and children. Make sure there is a guardrail for safety. In cardio circuit: If you have a long staircase (more than six stairs), then work it in cardio circuit: with optional 1-2 laps and other cardio exercises, such as jumping rope, jogging, jumping etc. In High-Intensity Interval Training: Walk the stairs as soon as possible or run and repeat for 10 or more minutes to recover back. You can also use only one step: jump on the step with both legs and step down, or stand on the side with a leg on the foot and turn to 180 degrees, and get on the move with the other leg. In Strength Workouts: Use a step for push-ups, lunks, dips, squats, step ups, etc.
0.968509	Recently, I have been doing ESD testing of electronic products. From the test results of different products, I found that this ESD is a very important test: if the board design is not good, when the static electricity is introduced, it will cause the product to crash or even the components. Damage. Previously only noticed that ESD would damage components, I did not expect that enough attention should be paid to electronic products. ESD, also known as Electro-Static discharge. It is known from the learned knowledge that static electricity is a natural phenomenon, usually produced by contact, friction, and induction between electrical appliances. It is characterized by long-term accumulation and high voltage (which can generate static electricity of several thousand volts or even tens of thousands of volts). ), low power, low current and short duration of action. For electronic products, if the ESD design is not designed, it often causes unstable operation or even damage to electronic and electrical products. Two methods are commonly used in ESD discharge testing: contact discharge and air discharge. Contact discharge is the direct discharge of the device to be tested; air discharge is also called indirect discharge, which is the coupling of strong magnetic field to the adjacent current loop. The test voltage for these two tests is generally 2KV-8KV, which is different in different regions. Therefore, before designing, we must first understand the market targeted by the product. The above two cases are basic tests for the human body when the electronic product is in contact with the electronic product due to human charging or other reasons. The chart below shows the air humidity statistics for some regions in different months of the year. Lasvegas has the least humidity throughout the year, and electronics in the area pay special attention to ESD protection. Humidity varies from place to place around the world, but at the same time, in one area, if the air humidity is different, the static electricity generated will be different. The following table is the collected data, from which it can be seen that the static electricity becomes larger as the humidity of the air decreases. This also indirectly indicates the reason why the static spark generated when taking off the sweater is very large in the winter in the north. Since static electricity is so harmful, how can we protect it? We usually take three steps in the design of static electricity protection: prevent external charge from flowing into the circuit board and cause damage; prevent external magnetic field from damaging the circuit board; prevent electrostatic field generation. Hazard. This is also a method often used in design. A typical approach is to connect an avalanche diode to the ground in a critical signal line. The method utilizes the ability of avalanche diodes to respond quickly and has stable clamping, which can consume the accumulated high voltage in a short period of time to protect the board. This method usually places a ceramic capacitor with a withstand voltage of at least 1.5KV at the position of the I/O connector or key signal, while the connection line is as short as possible to reduce the inductance of the connection line. If a capacitor with low withstand voltage is used, it will cause damage to the capacitor and lose its protection. Ferrite beads can attenuate ESD current well and also suppress radiation. When faced with two problems, a ferrite bead will be a very good choice. This method is seen in a material consisting of a layer of micro-belts made of copper, which is made up of triangular copper with pointed ends. The triangular copper is connected at one end to the signal line and the other is copper. Connected to the ground. When there is static electricity, a tip discharge is generated to consume electrical energy. The filter composed of LC can effectively reduce the high frequency static electricity entering the circuit. The inductive reactance of the inductor is very good at suppressing the high-frequency ESD from entering the circuit, and the capacitor shunts the high-frequency energy of the ESD to the ground. At the same time, this type of filter can also round the edge of the signal with a small RF effect, and the performance aspect has further improved in signal integrity. The choice of multi-layer boards is also a means of effectively preventing ESD when funds permit. In multi-layer boards, ESD is more quickly coupled to the low-impedance plane due to a complete ground plane close to the traces, thus protecting critical signals. This method usually draws traces around the board without a solder layer. Connect the trace to the enclosure as conditions permit, and note that the trace does not form a closed loop, which avoids the introduction of a loop antenna and introduces greater trouble. This method utilizes the principle of isolation for board protection. Because these devices are protected by clamp diodes, the design complexity is reduced in the actual circuit design. These decoupling capacitors have low ESL and ESR values. For low frequency ESD, the decoupling capacitor reduces the loop area. Due to the ESL effect, the electrolyte is weakened, which can better filter out high frequency energy. . In short, although ESD is terrible, it can even have serious consequences. However, only by protecting the power supply and signal lines on the circuit, it is possible to effectively prevent ESD current from flowing into the PCB. Among them, my boss often said that "a good grounding of a board is king." I hope this sentence can also bring you the effect of breaking the skylight. Next:PCB circuit board is blocked by holes. Why?
0.965372	Smoking bans are causing people to drive farther, to bars in jurisdictions that allow public smoking. Researchers at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee have concluded that, for the moment, smoking bans are creating an increase in drunk driving and alcohol related traffic fatalities. The researchers examined highway traffic fatality data involving drunken drivers, comparing the data from jurisdictions that had enacted smoking bans, with those that had not, and found a statistically significant increase in alcohol related traffic death in places with smoking bans. The results surprised the researchers, who were expecting to see the opposite effect. Study author, Scott Adams, explained, "We thought we would see a reduction. Our first thought was, 'Throw it away, it must be wrong.' " The researchers conclude that what has happened is that people are traveling farther to be able to drink in areas that have not enacted smoking bans and note that the fatality increases are greatest in areas bordering jurisdictions that do allow smoking in bars. People are spending more time in their cars, and driving farther home after a night out. Anti smoking groups have called the study inconclusive, but the researchers maintain that the results should not be seen as an argument persuading against the enactment of smoking bans, but rather one that calls for the more universal application of these bans. Adams explains, "A well-enforced national smoking ban would get rid of the drunken driving increases related to smoke bans." The study was not funded by any outside agency, and has been published in the Journal of Public Economics.
0.999999	Discuss the following points on how to write good dialogue: Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. Dialogue is essential to fiction writing. Dialogue brings characters to life and adds interest. Dialogue must do more than just duplicate real speech. Writing dialogue consists of the most exciting, most interesting, most emotional, and most dramatic words. Brainstorm people that... Write Meaningful Dialogue Labels “John asked nervously” is an example of “telling.” The author could write “John asked very nervously” or “John asked so nervously that his voice was shaking,” and it still wouldn’t make the story any more effective. Good examples are found in Jim Thompson’s noir novel The Grifters. In the first pages, the character Roy Dillon chisels some money out of a shopkeeper, a stranger. But the shopkeeper catches on and beats him up, setting off an entire chain of events surrounding Roy’s recovery.... A good quit plan addresses both the short-term challenge of stopping smoking and the long-term challenge of preventing relapse. It should also be tailored to your specific needs and smoking habits. It should also be tailored to your specific needs and smoking habits. Write Meaningful Dialogue Labels “John asked nervously” is an example of “telling.” The author could write “John asked very nervously” or “John asked so nervously that his voice was shaking,” and it still wouldn’t make the story any more effective. A good quit plan addresses both the short-term challenge of stopping smoking and the long-term challenge of preventing relapse. It should also be tailored to your specific needs and smoking habits. It should also be tailored to your specific needs and smoking habits. Good examples are found in Jim Thompson’s noir novel The Grifters. In the first pages, the character Roy Dillon chisels some money out of a shopkeeper, a stranger. But the shopkeeper catches on and beats him up, setting off an entire chain of events surrounding Roy’s recovery.
0.998117	My son was just like your daughter at four years old. He was okay with the face characters but afraid of the other characters. Then, during one of our visits, he suddenly loved all of the characters. So, it's possible that your daughter won't be as scared this time. I'd recommend that you make some dining reservations at locations with the face characters - Akershus, 1900 Park Fare, and Cinderella's Royal Table are good options. Then, you can always see if she is more comfortable with the other characters in the parks. Just approach them from a distance at first.
0.999998	Know the history of solitaire kind of amusements in casinos. People have played solitaire card games since the late 1700s. It is believed the first games of solitaire were inspired by people practicing their skills for competitive card games. From popularity in European parlors it grew to becoming a worldwide phenomenon, and in modern times it expanded into the world’s best online casinos. Today there are hundreds of varieties of solitaire card games you can play by yourself, and the advent of computers only have made solitaire even more popular. So, it makes sense that gamblers heading to online casinos may be looking for solitaire games to play. Throughout the history of casinos there have been experiments with offering games of solitaire. In the early days, players paid a set sum for a deck of cards and played their solitaire game. The game would be watched by a dealer, and once the player missed a move the game was over.Winnings were determined by the number of cards played, and there was a bonus for being able to play the entire deck. The struggle in those early days was meeting government regulations aimed at protecting players. Many of the regulations were based on understanding and predicting the odds of winning in each game so players could be protected from fraud. The math that underlies solitaire games were proving tricky to solve, which made the odds of winning solitaire hard to quantify and predict. This also made the games hard to regulate.These games also had other barriers which prevented solitaire from being embraced by the casino industry as it grew. Casinos did not see large profits from those early solitaire games. Other table card games and slots machines were far more profitable. Because each player played the game alone, solitaire would take up a good deal of space on a casino floor. Dealers could watch up to four solitaire players at a time at most, which meant solitaire games required a high level of staffing and a high overhead cost.It was also a slow game to play. This may have been enjoyable for the player, but again, it made the game less profitable for the casino. Another consideration was basic casino floor space. With one player playing at a time, a table version of solitaire took up a lot of space on the casino floor. There was far more money to be made with more space efficient games, such as blackjack, roulette and slot machines, which house more players in the same amount of space. It was for these reasons that physical brick-and-mortar casinos abandoned those early efforts at including solitaire games on their floor or in their future plans. What eventually brought about change for solitaire games in a casino setting was the growth and popularity of computers and computerized games at home, on the go, and in the casino setting. Towards the end of the 20th century, computers became standard in homes around the world, and all of them came with a version of solitaire to play. It was likely quite confusing for many people that a number of the computers included a game called “Las Vegas Solitaire” when there was no version of solitaire being played in any Las Vegas casino at the time. With computer versions of solitaire, advanced math and algorithms helped make it easier to predict and set the odds, which finally allowed solitaire games to fit within government gambling regulations. This has now opened the door to allow casinos to consider future plans involving various forms of solitaire. It makes sense then that new ventures involving solitaire and gambling have come from online casinos offering versions of casino solitaire. Solitaire games have also now been approved in a number of jurisdictions, and video versions of solitaire have appeared in some casinos, resembling a version of slots or video poker. Just like the early versions of casino solitaire, in the online and the computer versions of the game, you pay a specified amount to purchase the deck, and the house pays a return for every card that ends up on the foundation. There is also a bonus for clearing the entire deck. Payouts and bonuses vary from game to game. Some brick and mortar casinos are now starting to offer solitaire in video format, near the electronic slots. There are even versions of solitaire which operate in tournament style, where players can compete for the highest score. It’s unlikely that physical casinos will return to the days of offering solitaire as a table game. The factors of the size of the game, its labor-intensive nature, and its slow pace are still issues that make the game less attractive to casinos interested in maximizing its profits. Fortunately, technological advances allow players to play video forms of solitaire in brick and mortar locations as well as at the world’s best online casinos.
0.984899	I'm thinking about buying a lotto ticket for myself. I think that my chances of winning are not that low. There aren't too many people living in the city, so I know that I can win. I'm sure that my friends will also join in for the annual lotto draw. I've missed the last few lotto draws, so I won't be missing this time around.
0.934845	Are your legs the right type of strong? Among sports men and women the term leg strength is broadly understood as someone’s ability to run fast; jump high; kick a ball powerfully or lift a lot of weight in the gym. This type of strength may be useful for performance but what is also important is minimising injury risk and maximising an athlete’s longevity in competition. With the ever-increasing popularity of weight training it is important that athletes understand how to get the most out of their strength and conditioning sessions and use them not only improve power and strength but also to reduce injury risk. One of the most neglected aspects of weight training is eccentric strength. An eccentric muscle contraction is when a muscle is holding a load or weight while it is lengthening such as descending to the bottom of a squat. This often-forgotten type of strength is prevalent in most sports as it is crucial for decelerating and changing direction when running and landing in a stable position after jumping. Taking running as an example, strong links have been made to poor eccentric strength and increased risk of hamstring injuries in rugby players (Bourne et al. 2015). Weak eccentric hamstring strength leads to muscular imbalances between the quadriceps and hamstrings, this is also particularly common in footballers (Ardern et al. 2015). This imbalance causes instability of the knee and increases the risk of hamstring injury, particularly when changing direction or stopping sharply. To prevent this, more emphasis should be placed on eccentric strength and stability during strength and conditioning sessions. This will help enable athletes to have a prolonged and injury free sporting career.
0.696467	Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Usutu and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses form a tight subgroup within the larger Flavivirus genus. These viruses utilize a single-polyprotein expression strategy, resulting in ~10 mature proteins. Plotting the conservation at synonymous sites along the polyprotein coding sequence reveals strong conservation peaks at the very 5' end of the coding sequence, and also at the 5' end of the sequence encoding the NS2A protein. Such peaks are generally indicative of functionally important non-coding sequence elements. The second peak corresponds to a predicted stable pseudoknot structure whose biological importance is supported by compensatory mutations that preserve the structure. The pseudoknot is preceded by a conserved slippery heptanucleotide (Y CCU UUU), thus forming a classical stimulatory motif for -1 ribosomal frameshifting. We hypothesize, therefore, that the functional importance of the pseudoknot is to stimulate a portion of ribosomes to shift -1 nt into a short (45 codon), conserved, overlapping open reading frame, termed foo. Since cleavage at the NS1-NS2A boundary is known to require synthesis of NS2A in cis, the resulting transframe fusion protein is predicted to be NS1-NS2AN-term-FOO. We hypothesize that this may explain the origin of the previously identified NS1 'extension' protein in JEV-group flaviviruses, known as NS1'. The genus Flavivirus (see [1–3] for reviews) includes species such as Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Tick-borne encephalitis virus and Yellow fever virus. Also within the family Flaviviridae are Hepatitis C, Hepatitis G and the Pestivirus genus. The Japanese encephalitis group includes JEV, WNV, Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), Usutu virus and St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). These important human pathogens are transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause potentially fatal encephalitis. The single-stranded positive sense genomic RNA is ~11 kb in length and contains a single long open reading frame, translated as a polyprotein that is cleaved by virus-encoded and host proteases to produce ~10 mature proteins. Inspired by the 'suppression of synonymous site variation' (SSSV) statistic of ref. , we decided to investigate conservation at synonymous sites in the Flaviviridae family. For a given species or group within the family, the polyprotein coding sequences (CDSs) were extracted, translated, aligned with CLUSTALW , and back-translated to nucleotide sequence alignments. Beginning with pairwise sequence comparisons, conservation at synonymous sites (only) was evaluated by comparing the observed number of base substitutions with the number expected under a neutral evolution model. The procedure takes into account whether synonymous site codons are 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 6-fold degenerate and the differing probabilities of transitions and transversions (full details are available on request from the authors). Statistics were then summed over a phylogenetic tree as described in , and averaged over a sliding window. When this procedure was applied to the JEV group (excepting SLEV; see below), two striking peaks in synonymous site conservation were found – one within the capsid CDS (very 5' end of the polyprotein CDS) and one at the 5' end of the NS2A CDS (Figure 1A). The peak within the capsid CDS is a common feature of flavivirus genomes, with this sequence region playing important roles in replication and, for some species, translation initiation (reviewed in ). On the other hand, the peak within the NS2A CDS was either not present, or not so pronounced, outside of the JEV group. One unexplored possiblity is that this second highly conserved region plays a role in packaging. However, based on the particular features of the sequence in this region, and on relevant previously published data, we hypothesize an alternative role. Conservation at synonymous sites in Japanese encephalitis and related viruses. Conservation at synonymous sites was calculated for an input alignment comprising the polyprotein CDSs from the seven JEV-group sequences listed in the caption to Figure 2. (A) Panels 1–3 show the positions of stop codons (blue triangles) in the three forward reading frames. The +0 frame is the polyprotein frame and is therefore devoid of stop codons. Alignment gaps are indicated in green. Panel 4 shows the difference between the expected number (assuming neutral evolution) and observed number of base substitutions at synonymous sites, summed over a phylogenetic tree, and averaged over a 25-codon sliding window. Panel 5 shows the estimated standard deviation for the statistic in panel 4 – major dips tend to correspond to alignment gaps (fewer pairwise sequence comparisons to sum over), while the rise at each end of the alignment corresponds to the shorter terminal windows over which statistics are averaged. Panel 6 is an approximation of the p-value corresponding to the statistic in panel 4, albeit subject to the assumption of normal distribution. Panel 7 shows a map of the JEV genome, indicating the position of the putative -1 ribosomal frameshift site, and the putative transframe protein which may equate to NS1'. (B) Zoom-in of the region corresponding to the conservation peak in the NS2A CDS with a 15-codon sliding window. Note the highest level of conservation corresponds precisely to the region covered by the predicted pseudoknot. Many viruses harbour sequences that induce a portion of ribosomes to shift -1 nt and continue translating in the new reading frame . The -1 frameshift site typically consists of a 'slippery' heptanucleotide fitting the consensus motif N NNW WWH, where NNN are any three identical nucleotides, WWW represents AAA or UUU, H represents A, C or U, and spaces separate zero-frame codons. This is followed by a 'spacer' region of 5–9 nt, and then a stable RNA secondary structure such as a pseudoknot or hairpin. Inspection of the conserved sequence at the 5' end of the NS2A CDS in the JEV group revealed the potential to form a GC-rich stable pseudoknot structure (Figure 2) in the region precisely corresponding to the peak in synonymous site conservation (Figure 1B). The predicted pseudoknot is well-supported by a number of compensatory mutations, including three separate instances of an A:U pair being replaced by a G:C pair. Furthermore, where stem 1 is destabilized in one sequence by a G:A mispairing, stem 2 is lengthened by an extra base-pairing. Positioned 5' of the pseudoknot, and separated from it by a 5 nt spacer, is a conserved Y CCU UUU heptanucleotide, where Y represents C or U, and spaces separate polyprotein-frame codons. Allowing for G:U anticodon:codon repairing at position 1 of the heptanucleotide (when Y = U), the combination of the Y CCU UUU heptanucleotide and the 3' pseudoknot fit the consensus motif for -1 frameshifting. Putative stimulatory elements for ribosomal -1 frameshifting. (A) The slippery heptanucleotide and predicted 3' RNA pseudoknot structure for JEV [GenBank:NC_001437]. (B) Sequence alignment of different JEV-group sequences, showing the conserved presence of a slippery heptanucleotide (Y CCU UUU; orange) and potential to form a 3' RNA pseudoknot. Base-pairings in stem 1 are indicated with '()'s and yellow background while base-pairings in stem 2 are indicated with ''s and green background. Base substitutions that preserve base-pairings or the slippery heptanucleotide are highlighted in red. Viruses: Japanese encephalitis (JEV) – [GenBank:NC_001437]; West Nile (WNV; lineage I) – [GenBank:NC_009942]; West Nile (WNV; lineage II) – [GenBank:NC_001563]; Kunjin – [GenBank:AY274504]; Murray Valley encephalitis (MVEV) – [GenBank:NC_000943]; Alfuy – [GenBank:AY898809]; Usutu – [GenBank:NC_006551]. The -1 frame ORF (termed foo, for "Flavivirus Overlapping ORF") comprises 45 codons. Such short out-of-frame ORFs are not well-represented amongst known cases of programmed ribosomal frameshifting, but this may be more a consequence of the difficulty in finding such cases rather than any inherent rarity. Indeed we recently demonstrated the occurrence of -1 frameshifting, at a level of 10–18%, into a short ORF overlapping the 6K CDS in the Alphavirus genus . The combination of slippery heptanucleotide, 3' pseudoknot, and 45-codon -1 frame ORF is conserved in all five RefSeqs (listed in the caption to Figure 2), and essentially all their GenBank 'genome neighbours' as of December 2008 (223 sequences). The only exceptions are seven sequences – four with single mispairings in stem 1 of the pseudoknot, one with a shortened stem 2, and two with a truncated -1 frame ORF. At least three of the seven are annotated as attenuated. The putative shift site is located at codons 8–9 of the NS2A CDS. Thus frameshifting would result in a 52 amino acid NS2AN-FOO fusion peptide (where NS2AN represents the N-terminal nine amino acids of NS2A). Previous work has demonstrated that, at least in Dengue virus, cleavage at the non-standard NS1-NS2A cleavage site requires translation of substantial (≫ 9 amino acids) parts of NS2A [10–12]. Thus NS2AN-FOO is likely not cleaved from NS1, i.e. the predicted mature transframe protein is NS1-NS2AN-FOO. On protein gels, NS1 typically migrates as a cluster of bands, partly due to differing degrees of glycoslyation which can add ~6 kDa to the NS1 mass [13–15]. NS1 also forms multiple disulfide bonds and migrates with a substantially lower apparent molecular mass under non-reducing conditions . In JEV, MVEV and WNV, however, the existance of an elongated form of NS1, termed NS1', has been demonstrated [13–15, 17–19]. NS1' is N-terminally coincident with NS1 but extends into NS2A, as demonstrated by the presence of an epitope not present in NS1 but present in polyprotein sequence overlapping the carboxy terminus of NS1 [15, 17, 18], and by the necessity of NS2A coding sequence for NS1' expression . Thus, NS1' has been proposed to result from cleavage at an alternative site within NS2A. However, sites proposed by ref. are too far downstream to account for NS1' , and attempts to localize the cleavage site by determining the carboxy terminal sequence of NS1' have been unsuccessful . Pulse-chase experiments have demonstrated that NS1' is not simply a precursor of NS1 but is, instead, a stable end product [13, 15]. We hypothesize that, in JEV-group viruses, NS1' may in fact correspond to NS1-NS2AN-FOO. This putative product contains sufficient NS2A sequence to potentially provide the polyprotein-derived epitope not in NS1. Furthermore, although early estimates of the mass difference between NS1 and NS1' are inconsistent with the hypothesis (e.g. unglycosylated masses of 42 kDa and 52 kDa, respectively, in JEV ), more recent estimates put the mass difference in a plausible range (7–8 kDa) for the mass of NS2AN-FOO (5.3–5.7 kDa), especially if it is post-translationally modified, or migrating more slowly than expected due to its high proline content (4–6 prolines; Figure 3). Peptide sequences for the putative transframe extension of NS1. Predicted peptide sequences for NS2AN-FOO – the putative transframe extension of NS1 – for various JEV-group viruses. The shift-site amino acids are indicated in the orange rectangle, and the foo termination codon is represented by an ''. See caption to Figure 2 for virus names. For example, working with JEV, ref. estimated masses for glycosylated NS1 and NS1' of 48 kDa and 55 kDa, respectively, while for unglycosylated NS1 and NS1' the masses were 42 kDa and 49 kDa. Thus, for JEV, the mass of the C-terminal extension in NS1' is ~7 kDa. Similarly, working with MVEV, ref. estimated masses of 45 kDa and 53 kDa for glycosylated NS1 and NS1', and 39 kDa and 47 kDa for unglycosylated NS1 and NS1'. Thus, for MVEV, the mass of the C-terminal extension in NS1' is ~8 kDa. Similar results were obtained by ref. . Consistent with our hypothesis, when ref. expressed what they supposed to be an approximatation of JEV NS1' from a plasmid containing NS1 and the first 60 amino acids of NS2A (hereafter NS1-NS2A1..60), they appeared to obtain an NS1' doublet – consistent with a mixture of the zero-frame (NS1-NS2A1..60) and the predicted transframe (NS1-NS2AN-FOO) products. No such doublet was observed in controls comprising lysates from JEV-infected cells. Assuming the product that comigrates with wild-type NS1' is NS1-NS2AN-FOO, then the other product corresponds to a fainter, more rapidly migrating band. This is plausible if the high proline content of FOO causes it to migrate more slowly and if the artificial product NS1-NS2A1..60 is more rapidly degraded. The data do not fit a cleavage hypothesis (as then the uncleaved NS1-NS2A1..60 would be expected to migrate more slowly than wild-type NS1') and an impaired glycosylation explanation seems unlikely (since the doublet appears to be present even in a sample treated with endoglycosidase F). No NS1 was produced from the NS1-NS2A1..60 plasmid (consistent with NS1-NS2A cleavage requiring synthesis of NS2A; see above) and no NS1' was produced from a plasmid just expressing NS1 (consistent with NS1' requiring the 5' end of the NS2A CDS). A corresponding frameshift stimulatory motif was not found in SLEV – the most divergent of the six JEV-group RefSeqs but, interestingly, there was a long (89–165 codons) -1 frame ORF overlapping the boundary between NS1 and NS2A, so it is possible that frameshifting also occurs in SLEV at a non-canonical site, possibly further 5' such as within the NS1 CDS. No evidence for frameshifting was found in Dengue or Kokobera viruses – consistent with the apparent absence of NS1' in these species . In contrast to JEV-group NS1', the elongated NS1 product (NS1-2A; ) seen in Yellow fever virus apparently results from cleavage much closer to the carboxy terminus of NS2A [22, 23] and, in any case, NS1-2A* appears to be simply a precursor of mature NS1 rather than a stable end product in itself, as demonstrated by pulse-chase analyses . This work was supported by an award from Science Foundation Ireland and by NIH Grant R01 GM079523, both to JFA. AEF carried out the bioinformatic analyses and wrote the manuscript. Both authors edited and approved the final manuscript.
0.940997	"WAIT!" the female Spartan howled. She was too late to grab her friend's hand before she charged off in the undergrowth. "BLOODGUST!" She only watched the other Spartan's red form melt away. "Come on, Nightfall!" the voice was barely audible. Nightfall looked at the trampled ferns, growled, then charged after her. She brushed the branches out of her visor, her breath coming in ragged gasps. "Bloodgust!" She stopped, nearly falling over with fatigue. "She'd better not have found that Elite base." She panted, forcing herself to stand straight. Putting her index and middle fingers against the side of her helmet, she scanned the area for human life. When her visor displayed the phrase: "Negative", Nightfall scowled. Where did she go? Where could she have gone to? Nightfall forced her legs to move again, as she staggered through the undergrowth. Bloodgust's footprints were no more by the time she had reached the start of the Elite base. She shook her head, fear tearing at her stomach. She hated Elites, and now, she was growing a hate for her friend. "You better not be in there." She proceeded cautiously, heart pounding, breath ragged. She crouched down, ducking behind a large rock, as an Elite passed by, plasma rifle by his side. She watched him go by, grabbing her sniper rifle. She made sure the crosshairs lined up with his head, then squeezed the trigger. The bullet pierced his head, his skull exploding. He cried out for only a second, before his brain exploded with his head. He fell to the dirt, blueish blood spilling everywhere. "What was that?" a demanding voice snarled. "I think one of our own is dead," another voice declared. "Well go check it out!" The first voice ordered. "Now!" Nightfall scowled, quickly moving from her spot. Best not to be noticed, she thought, rolling away. She kept her ears open for the sound of footsteps. She froze when she swore she heard the Chief's voice. That's not possible, she convinced herself. He's gone AWHOL. Locke said so. But she couldn't help but to feel that it might actually be him. She had only met him once and she was thoroughly intimidated by him. In a good way. She proceeded to find some cover nearby the base, one ear open for Bloodgust. Heart thudding, blood pulsing, close to fainting, she forced her legs to move. Her battle rifle and sniper rifle was strapped to her back, as she had to constantly use her hands to keep her balance. What was wrong with her? She's had to infiltrate Elite bases before, what was making her so nervous. Bloodgust. Her partner was filling her with anxiety. And a hell of a lot of annoyance and anger. She paused briefly to peer behind her. There was no sign of any Elite patrols. "Search the perimeter!" the Commander ordered. "There's a human lose in the base!" Great, she thought. She pressed her back against the rock she had found cover behind. She took her helmet off, panting and wiping the sweat off of her forehead. She quickly put it back on. Then, she heard a piercing female shriek. And it made Nightfall want to throw up. "Over here!" an Elite hollered, at the spot where she had stood before. The thundering of Elite feet sounded uncomfortably close. She held her breath, slowly and quietly reached for her battle rifle. "Is it the human?" one demanded. "It has to be," the one who warned the others said. "Those footprints don't look like ours." "It could be a trap," another voice chimed in. "There's only one of them here, we have the other," the first voice snarled. "That human won't go far with that broken leg." Nightfall's stomach churned. From that little bit of that conversation, she realized that her partner's leg was broken. Broken leg would slow them down when she found her. She slowly stood up, her scope to her visor. She singled out the outlier of the bunch. Three bullets pierced the lower part of his neck and he let out a gurgled scream. He clutched the back of his neck, blue blood welling from the wound. His comrades paid him no mind. Nightfall sprang out, tackling him. The two rolled into the forest, Nightfall ending up on top. She held her gun to the side of his head, panting. "Where is Bloodgust?" tell you," he managed to growl. "She's locked away, where you wo-" His words were cut off by the increased pressure she applied to his throat. She kept her fingers wrapped around his throat. "I suggest you tell me," she snarled, curling her finger around the trigger. "Unless you want your friends to find you headless."
0.992147	What Items Are on the Burger King Value Menu? Items on the Burger King value menu include hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken nuggets and sandwiches, sides like French fries and onion rings and assorted beverages. The Burger King value menu contains items in various categories, including main meals, side dishes and drinks. The menu offers soft serve ice cream for dessert, along with frozen soda blends. Burger King's value menu offers a limited selection of items from its traditional menu. However, the value menu gives consumers choices of foods covering all of the regular categories. Some of Burger King's iconic items appear on the value menu, such as the Whopper, the chain's signature burger. Customers may select regular Cheeseburgers, too, along with Double Cheeseburgers, regular and Double Bacon Cheeseburgers, Rodeo Burgers and the Bacon Burger Deluxe. Chicken-themed items on the value menu include a Rodeo Chicken Sandwich, Spicy Crispy Chicken Jr. and Crispy Chicken Jr. sandwiches and Chicken Nuggets. Customers may supplement their meals with golden French Fries and fried Onion Rings. Beverages on the menu include many soft drinks and sodas, such as Coke, Sprite and Dr. Pepper. Diet versions of these popular drinks appear on the value menu, too. For a frozen treat, the value menu offers the Frozen Fanta Cherry ICEE and a Frozen Coke. Deals This Good Sound Unreal. Try Taco Bell®'s New $1 Loaded Nacho Taco & $5 Boxes. Get Your Taco Bell® Must-Haves. It's Your Taco Dreams Delivered.
0.999998	What are the statistics on the life expectancy of left-handed people? Life expectancy of left-handers and right-handers are the same. There was a controversial study done in 1980 by Halpern & Coren that suggested left-handed people had an average life expectancy of 9 years less than right-handed people. However, data was based on second-hand information: surveys from the next-of-kin of recently deceased persons asking about right/left handedness and age of death. They found left-handed average age of death was 66; right-handed average age was 75. Unfortunately, the Halpern & Coren study keeps getting quoted even though others have disputed the notion that left-handed people die earlier (Aggleton, et. al., 1994; Harris, 1993). Second hand survey data used in the Halpern & Coren analysis is not a sound methodology. In addition, if a study reports a higher mortality rate (or any other "problem") in left-handers, then it's very important to look at the research design and how the data was analyzed. Simply checking the sample sizes will give a good indication of whether it was a real significant difference. If the sample sizes are large, and most studies have sample sizes of 1,000 or more, then there will be a "statistically" significant difference between groups (i.e.: Left versus Right) even if the amount of variance explained by the two groups is very small, which means there is no clinical significance. A statistical significant difference does not mean it has clinical or meaningful significance. Many statistical tests will give a significant difference only because of large sample sizes. Therefore, the measure of explained variance needs to be computed because it is unaffected by sample size. The study by Aggleton, Bland, Kentridge, & Neave in the British Medical Journal had disputed the notion that left-handed people die earlier.
0.96356	I'm getting "TCP missing data" during capture analysis. Capture was performed using 128Mb slices. What are the possible reasons? Well, first I am not sure from your description what program you are using to capture the data with. I will assume you are using Snoop. You might try cutting the snap length down so the buffer won't fill up as fast. That could be the cause of your packet loss. Some items to consider while troubleshooting this problem would include. Is IP fragmenting the applications packets? Also check to see how TCP is handling the segments. Look at the Maximum Segment Size and the Sender Window Size. Many times problems with TCP are evident by either: 1) The same segment being rebroadcast over the wire. If faced with this type of scenario the segment is being dropped before the target receives the information. It is an indication of network congestion. 2) The target is returning a Window Size of zero. Finding this during your capture will indicate that the target buffer is full and can receive no more data (host congestion).
0.705966	What punishment do Algerians face for refusing or avoiding military service? The Algerian government has issued several decrees during the 1990's, recalling as many as 20,000 reservists for active service at one time. One of the most recent reserve call-ups was ordered "in July of 1998, and affected the following classes, 1992/4, 1993/1, 2, 3 and 4 and 1994/1, 2, 3)". (Immigration and Refugee Board, 1999) The Resource Information Center has been unable to conclude whether there have been other recall notices since July 1998. The current situation in Algeria has created a strong disincentive to comply with national service laws because armed opposition groups have been targeting young conscripts and their families. "Between 1993 and 1995, when the 'terrorist activity' was at its peak, Islamists reportedly put up posters threatening to kill Algerians who registered for national service duty." (Immigration and Refugee Board, 1999) Today, the press continues to report cases of attacks on conscripts. This response was prepared after speaking with Human Rights experts and researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RIC and on the World Wide Web. Algeria: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, 1994). "Algeria Jails Ten for Helping Army Deserter," Reuters (London: 20 May 1993). Amnesty International. Civilian Population Caught in Spiral of Violence (London, 1997). Amnesty International. Fear and Silence: A Hidden Human Rights Crisis (London, 1996). Immigration and Refugee Board, Documentation, Information and Research Branch. Information on Algerian National Service, Response to Information Request (Ottawa: DZA31268.FEX, 9 April 1999) - as reported on UNCHR/CDR REFWORLD. Rovera, Donatella (Algeria Expert at Amnesty International) 30 September 1999. Response to information request via e-mail. War Resisters' International. Refusing to Bare Arms: a World Survey of Conscription and Conscientious Objection to Military Service (London, September 1998).
0.954618	If you have got an old Android smartphone, now is the perfect time to upgrade to a newer smartphone. Of course, popular smartphone companies have already released the latest models of their smartphones. Additionally, though, there are many newcomers who have also launched impressive Android smartphones that incorporate new technologies.
0.985811	Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases which are activated in response to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli and mediate signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. It has been demonstrated that MAPKs are activated by external stimuli including chemotherapeutic agents, growth factors and reproductive hormones in ovarian surface epithelial cells. Thus, the MAPK signaling pathway may play an important role in the regulation of proliferation, survival and apoptosis in response to these external stimuli in ovarian cancer. In this article, an activation of the MAPK signaling cascade by several key reproductive hormones and growth factors in epithelial ovarian cancer is reviewed. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases which are activated in response to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli, and mediate signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus . As illustrated in Fig. 1, three MAPK family including extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1 and ERK2), c-jun terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinases (JNK/SAPK) and p38, have been well characterized [2–4]. In addition, other MAPK family members, including ERK3, 4 and 5, four p38-like kinases and p57 MAPK have been cloned, but the biological role of these MAPKs is not well understood [2, 4]. The MAPK cascade is activated via two distinct classes of cell surface receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The signals transmitted through this cascade can cause an activation of diverse molecules which regulate cell growth, survival and differentiation. ERK1 (p44 MAPK) and ERK2 (p42 MAPK) activated by mitogenic stimuli are a group of the most extensively studied members, whereas JNK/SAPK and p38 are activated in response to stress such as heat shock, osmotic shock, cytokines, protein synthesis inhibitors, antioxidants, ultra-violet, and DNA-damaging agents [5, 6]. MAPK family members are directly regulated by the kinases known as MAPK kinases (MAPKKs), which activate the MAPKs by phosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine residues [2, 4, 6]. At least seven different MAPKKs have been cloned and characterized [2, 4]. The first MAPKKs cloned were MAPK/ERK kinase 1 and 2 (MEK 1/2), which specifically activate ERKs. MKK3 and 6 specifically activate p38, whereas MKK5 stimulates the phosphorylation of ERK5. The MKK4 and 7 are known to activate JNK. The MAPKKs are activated by a rapidly expanding group of kinases called MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs), which activate the MAPKKs by phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues [4, 6]. These include Raf-1, A-Raf, B-raf, MAPK/ERK kinase 1–4 (MEKK1-4), apoptosis-stimulating kinase-1 (ASK-1), and mixed lineage kinse-3 (MLK-3). The MAPKKKs may be activated by kinases known as MAPKKK kinases (MAPKKKKs), one of which is p21-activated kinase (PAK). In addition to these kinases, low molecular weight GTP-binding (LMWG) proteins regulate the activity of MAPKKKs and MAPKKKKs [2, 4]. There are several different families of LMWG proteins, two of which include the Ras (N-Ras, K-Ras, and H-Ras) and Rho (Rac 1, 2 and 3, Cdc42 and Rho A, B and C) families. The activated MAPKs phosphorylate a large number of both cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, exerting their specific functions. For example, activated ERK1/2 phosphorylate ternary complex factor (TCF) proteins such as Elk-1 and SAP-1, which form transcriptional complexes with serum response factor (SRF) in the promoter region of early response genes (e.g. c-fos, egr-1, junB) and thereby regulate their expression . As shown in Fig. 1, many of these nuclear proteins, as a result of their ability to modulate expression of other proteins, are potential candidates for critical factors involved in the cellular response to stimuli. The MAPK signaling transduction pathways. It appears that the majority of ovarian tumors arise from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), which is a simple squamous-to-cuboidal mesothelium covering the ovary . As mentioned earlier, the MAPK cascade can be activated via both RTKs and GPCRs, which include the receptors of growth factors, gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH). In ovarian cancer cells, MAPKs are activated and regulated by cisplatin , paclitaxel , endothelin-1 and GnRH suggesting that the MAPK signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of proliferation, survival and apoptosis in response to these external stimuli in ovarian cancer. In this review, we summarize the activation of the MAPK and its signaling cascade induced by hormones, growth factors and chemotherapeutic agents in normal and (pre)neoplastic OSE cells. There is increasing evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its agonists (GnRHa) may play a critical role in the inhibition of cell proliferation in gynecological cancers including ovarian and endometrial cancers. However, their biological mechanism remains to be uncovered. The GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) belongs to the family of GPCRs. MAPK has been implicated in the antiproliferative effect of GnRHa in CaOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line . Treatment of CaOV-3 cells with GnRHa resulted in an activation of ERK at 5 min, reached the highest activation at 3 h and sustained until 24 h, whereas GnRHa had no effect on the activation of the JNK. In addition, the ERK kinase was also activated and an increase in phosphorylation of son of sevenless (Sos), and Shc was observed following GnRHa treatment. Treatment with an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase, PD98059 reversed the antiproliferative effect of GnRHa and the GnRH-induced dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. These results indicate that an activation of ERK may play a role in the antiproliferative effect of GnRHa . In our laboratory, we have shown that an agonist of GnRH (D-Ala6)-GnRH, induced a biphasic pattern of ERK-1/-2 activation in OVCAR-3 cells (Fig. 2). A low concentration of GnRHa (10-10 M) resulted in a significant decrease of MAPK activity, whereas high concentrations (10-7 and 10-6 M) induced an activation of MAPK pathway in ovarian and placental cells . It is of interest to note that GnRH signaling appears to involve ERK-1/-2 phosphorylation through the activation of adenylyl cyclase and PKC in rat luteinized ovarian tumors . An involvement of gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), has been proposed in the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Expression of FSH receptor (FSH-R), a member of the GPCRs family, has been demonstrated in normal OSE , ovarian inclusions and epithelial tumors , implicating a potential role of FSH in these cells. Treatment with FSH resulted in a growth-stimulation in ovarian cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner in vitro [16, 17]. Despite these findings, the precise molecular mechanism of FSH in terms of growth stimulation and intracellular signaling in ovarian cancer remained unknown. In a recent study, we have investigated the involvement of MAPKs in the mechanism of the growth-stimulatory effect of FSH in pre-neoplastic OSE cells . Treatment with FSH (10, 100 and 1,000 ng/ml) resulted in the MAPK activation of immortalized OSE (IOSE-29) cells as shown in Fig. 3. The stimulatory effect of FSH in the cellular proliferation and MAPK activation was completely abolished in the presence of PD98059, a MEK inhibitor (Fig. 3). In IOSE-29 cells, treatment with FSH significantly increased MAPK activity at 5–10 min, and an activated MAPK declined to control level after 20 min in these cells (Fig. 4). In addition, treatment with FSH resulted in substantial phosphorylation of Elk-1, the Ets family transcriptional factor . These results support the hypothesis that the MAPK cascade is involved in cellular function such as growth stimulation in response to FSH in pre-neoplastic OSE cells. Similar to FSH, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and activation of MAPK pathway in ovarian cancer cells. ATP binds to heterotrimeric G protein-coupled P2 purinoceptors and extracellular ATP has been suggested to play a role in cellular proliferation and intracellular calcium concentrations (Ca2+) in ovarian cancer cells [19, 20]. Our recent results indicated that treatment with ATP resulted in an activation of ERK-1/-2 in IOSE-29 cell line as seen Fig. 5. The stimulatory effect of ATP in the cellular proliferation and MAPK activation was completely abolished in the presence of PD98059 and staurosporin (a PKC inhibitor), suggesting that the growth stimulatory effect of ATP is mediated via PKC-dependent MAPK activation in pre-neoplastic OSE cells (Fig. 5). Treatment with ATP resulted in substantial phosphorylation of Elk-1, further implicating the MAPK cascade in the growth stimulatory effect of ATP in pre-neoplastic OSE cells . Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potential autocrine regulatory factor in ovarian cancer. Treatment of OVCA 433 ovarian cancer with ET-1 resulted in a phosphorylation of ERK-2 and mitogenic responses. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R)/ras-dependent pathway may contribute to the activation of MAPK/ERK-2 and mitogenic signaling induced by ET-1 in these cells, suggesting that ET-1 induced activation of MAPK is mediated in part by signaling pathways that are initiated by transactivation of the EGF-R . As autocrine regulators, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been demonstrated to activate MAPK kinase (MEK) and p38 MAPK via AKT pathway in HEY ovarian cancer cells. The kinase activity and S473 phosphorylation of Akt induced by LPA and S1P required both MEK and p38 MAPK, and MEK is likely to be upstream of p38 in these cells, suggesting that the requirement for both MEK and p38 is cell type- and stimulus-specific . In rhesus ovarian surface epithelial cells in culture, treatment with extracellular calcium induced an activation of MAPK in the response to cell proliferation in these normal cells . Human interleukin-8 (IL-8) rapidly activated ERK-1/-2 pathway via stimulation of the CXCR-1/2 receptors . By using inhibitors such as genestein and herbimycin A, tyrosine kinases have been shown to be involved in the IL-8 activation of ERK-1/-2 in SKOV-3 cells, suggesting an important cross-talk between the chemokine and growth factor pathways in the migration and proliferation in ovarian cancer cells . In addition to ERK1/2, the JNK pathway has been suggested to play a role in the cell proliferation and apoptosis in ovarian cancer. For instance, treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha activated ERK1/2 at 10–20 min, and a maximum threefold induction of ERK1/2 activity was observed after 1 min of treatment . Inhibition of TNF alpha-induced ERK1/2 activity by PD98059 was associated with induction of apoptosis in the TNF alpha-resistant cell line UCI 101. Inhibition of TNF alpha-induced ERK1/2 activity was accompanied by a subsequent transient increase in TNF alpha-induced JNK1 activity. These results indicate that ERK1/2 activity may modulate cellular response to TNF alpha. A balance between ERK1/2 and JNK1 activation may be pivotal in the cellular growth and apoptosis response to TNF alpha . Cisplatin has been widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent to treat ovarian cancers, although its use is somewhat limited because of cisplatin-resistance. The molecular mechanism of cisplatin-induced biological effect in ovarian cancer is not well understood. Cisplatin caused a late and prolonged induction of both ERK1/2 and JNK1 activity in a dose-dependent manner, whereas no significant difference was observed in p38 activity in SKOV-3 cells . These results suggest that ERK and other signal transduction pathways may play a role in response to cisplatin and be important for the development of new strategies to enhance the therapeutic use of platinum drugs. In cisplatin-resistant CaOV-3 and cisplatin-sensitive A2780 ovarian cancer cells, cisplatin induced an activation of both ERK and JNK in distinct time and dose patterns . Cisplatin-induced JNK activation was neither extracellular and intracellular Ca2+-dependent nor protein kinase C-dependent, whereas cisplatin-induced ERK activation was extracellular and intracellular Ca2+-dependent and protein kinase C-dependent . In regard to the regulation of apoptosis by cisplatin, it has been shown that cisplatin activated a robust apoptotic pathway involved in the activation of JNK and p38 MAPK in cisplatin-sensitive ovarian cancer cells, whereas it fails to elicit the response in cisplatin-resistant 2008/C13 cells . In cisplatin-resistant cells, the proteolytic activation of MEKK1 by caspase-3 is deficient, suggesting that inadequate caspase-3 processing and MEKK1 activation may induce a cisplatin-resistant phenotype . The activation of two MAP kinases, JNK1 and ERK1/2 was compared in the cisplatin-sensitive ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780 and the cisplatin-resistant cell lines CP70 and C200 . Distinct patterns of cisplatin-induced JNK1 and ERK1/2 activation were observed in the cell lines with different levels of cisplatin sensitivity, and inhibition of cisplatin-induced ERK1/2 activation appeared to enhance sensitivity to cisplatin in both cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant cell lines. It appears that these MAPK pathways may be important in the cisplatin-resistance in ovarian cancer, which can be used as a potential therapeutic strategy . More recent data indicate that cisplatin differentially induced JNK and p38 pathways, with the cisplatin-sensitive cells showing prolonged (8–12 h) activation and the cisplatin-resistant cells showing only transient (1–3 h) activation of JNK and p38 . In addition, the inhibition of cisplatin-induced JNK and p38 activation blocked cisplatin-induced apoptosis and persistent activation of JNK resulted in an increase in the phosphorylation of c-Jun transcription factor, which stimulated a transcription of an immediate downstream target, a death inducer Fas ligand (FasL) in cisplatin-sensitive cells. Thus, it appears that the JNK-c-Jun-FasL-Fas signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cisplatin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells, and the duration of JNK activation may be essential in the determination of survival or apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells . Taxol, a microtubule stabilizer, is a useful therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer treatment. Treatment with taxol resulted in an activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in human ovarian carcinoma cells with distinct kinetics . The low concentrations of taxol (1–100 nM) activated ERK1/2 within 0.5–6 h, whereas a longer exposure (24 h) at low concentrations abrogated ERK1/2 phosphorylation/activation. Higher concentrations (1–10 μM) of taxol resulted in a sharp inhibition of ERK1/2 activity, whereas same concentrations activated p38 kinase at 2 – 24 h, indicating that the activation of MAPK may be dependent on the dose and exposure time of chemotherapeutic agent . Interestingly, treatment with paclitaxel resulted in a phosphorylation of p70S6K (T421/S424) and this paclitaxel-induced phosphorylation requires both de novo RNA and protein synthesis via multiple signaling pathways including ERK1/2 MAP kinase, JNK, PKC, Ca(++), PI3K, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Thus, paclitaxel is able to induce p70S6K phosphorylation and exert its antitumor effect via multiple signaling pathways, especially inhibition of p70S6K . The expression levels of kinases have compared in normal, immortalized and neoplastic OSE cells . The expression levels of casein kinase II (CK2), p38 MAPK, cyclin-dependent kinase, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) effectors Akt2 and p70 S6 kinase (S6K) were several-fold higher in neoplastic OSE than in normal OSE, whereas no significant difference was observed in the expression of ERK1/2 . Interestingly, c-Jun NH2-kinase but not PI3-K resulted in telomerase activity. An inhibition of JNK by a specific inhibitor reversed telomerase activity, while the expression of JNK induced an activation of a reporter gene fused to the hTERT promoter sequence at transcriptional level, indicating that JNK plays a critical role in the regulation of telomerase activity and may provide possible therapeutic approaches to ovarian cancer . In addition, the correlation between BRCA1 and stress-associated MAPK has been proposed in ovarian cancer cells . The JNK, an apoptotic signaling pathway, was induced by overexpression of BRCA1, and BRCA1 enhanced the signaling pathways that sequentially involved H-Ras, MEKK4, JNK, Fas ligand/Fas interactions, and caspase-9 activation . Recently, it has been shown that gamma-synuclein is dramatically up-regulated in the vast majority of late-stage breast and ovarian cancers and its overexpression may be related with enhanced tumorigenicity. Furthermore, overexpression of gamma-synuclein resulted in a constitutive activation of ERK1/2 and down-regulation of JNK1 in response to environmental stress signals, including UV, arsenate and heat shock . The cross-talk between the MAPK signaling pathway and multi-drug resistant protein MDR-1 has been suggested in terms of sensitivity or resistance to chemotherapy. A constitutive activation of the ERK1/2 pathway was observed, whereas the level of active JNK and p38 remained unchanged in the taxol resistant cells. Inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway by specific inhibitors, UO126 or PD098059, resulted in a re-sensitization in the taxol resistant cells . There is some evidence that the MAPK pathway may play a role in the metastasis of ovarian cancer. Treatment of ovarian cancer cells with MEK1 inhibitors, U0126 and PD98059, induced a significant suppression of the MMP-9 secretion activated by fibronectin (FN), suggesting an importance of these signaling molecules as a chemotherapeutic target for cancer to prevent metastasis . The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) has been implicated in tumor progression, and the expression of this gene is strongly up-regulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a PKC activator. Treatment of the u-PAR-deficient ovarian cancer OVCAR-3 cells, which contain low JNK activities, with PMA resulted in a rapid (5 min) activation of JNK pathway. This finding suggests that the PMA- or c-Ha-Ras-dependent stimulation of u-PAR gene expression requires a JNK1-dependent signaling module . There is increasing evidence that the three well-characterized members of the MAPK family, ERK1/2, JNK/SAPK and p38, play an important role in the regulation of proliferation, survival and apoptosis in ovarian cancer in response to the external stimuli including hormones, growth factors, cytokines and chemotherapeutic chemicals. The signaling pathways by which hormones such as FSH, ATP and GnRH exert their effects in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells are proposed in Fig. 6. As well, MAPK pathways may contribute to the metastasis and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer. A better understanding of the MAPK and other signaling pathways in normal and neoplastic OSE will provide new insights for the development of novel therapeutic approach to ovarian cancer. Activation of the MAPK signaling pathway by FSH, ATP and GnRH in ovarian cancer. PCKL is the recipient of a Distinguished Scholar Award from the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
0.955323	Before you even start thinking about qualifying for a mortgage with your financial institution, you need to decide how much debt you can afford. The best way to figure out how much house you can really afford is to base your decision on your monthly income. After all, you're going to pay your mortgage monthly, you pay your bills monthly, so it pays to know how much per month you can actually afford. The traditional rule has been to spend roughly 1/3 of your monthly income on a mortgage payment. Some individuals and lenders will go as high as 45%, but more conservative institutions and individuals will want it to be more like 25% of your income. So if your monthly income is $3,000, you would be paying somewhere between $750 (25%) and 1350 (45%). Most financial institutions now have online mortgage and loan calculators, so visit your institution's website and see what it says before asking your institution about qualifying for a mortgage. Also, when making this decision, seriously consider the possibility of being laid off or hit with a serious financial issue and don't over-extend yourself. Don't let other people pressure you, and only stick with a loan that you feel comfortable with. Finally, it pays to know your credit score when making this decision. When qualifying for a mortgage, the first thing the financial institution providing your loan will check is your credit score (FICO score) from the big three credit reporting agencies: Equifax, Experian and TransUnion. The higher your score, the more likely you are to get a loan and the lower your interest rates will be. This is because your score is supposed to correlate with your credit risk: higher scores translate to less risky loans for banks, so the bank can offer better terms for the loan when you have a high credit score. The primary factors on your credit score are your outstanding debt, and your history of payments. If you have a large amount of outstanding debt, and have a history of paying late, expect a lower credit score. Check your score and clear up any errors before you file for a loan, not after. Once you've established the kind of loan you'll need and gauged your personal financial landscape, your lender can provide you with a prequalification letter for a loan. This is a letter saying that, based on the information you've provided, it is likely that you will be approved for a loan of a certain amount. Note that this letter is not a guarantee, but it is helpful in providing you with a specific loan amount that you can begin shopping around with. A preapproved loan is the next step beyond prequalification, as it is a guaranteed loan. It means that your lender has checked your credit,evaluated your financial situation and decided that you can be given a loan for a specific amount. Note, however, that although a preapproved loan means that you can get a loan, it's not an absolute guarantee that loan will be granted, because most institutions require an appraisal of the property, a title report and a purchase contract before the preapproved loan will actually be completed.
0.96932	The 2008 New England Patriots season was the 37th season for the team in the National Football League and 49th season overall. Despite finishing the regular season with an 11–5 record, the Patriots did not qualify for the playoffs—becoming the first 11-win team since the expansion to a 12-team playoff in 1990 to not make the playoffs, as well as only the second team (after the 1985 Denver Broncos) since the NFL expanded to a 16-game regular season in 1978. This came just one year after finishing with the only 16–0 regular-season record in NFL history. In the season opener, quarterback Tom Brady, the NFL's MVP in 2007, suffered a torn anterior cruciate ligament from the Chiefs and missed the remainder of the season. Backup quarterback Matt Cassel replaced Brady. Cassel's start in Week 2 was his first start in a game since high school, and he led the Patriots to a win, which extended the Pats' regular-season winning streak record to 21 games before a loss the next week ended the streak. This record was broken by the Indianapolis Colts in 2009. Despite entering the last week of the season with a three-game winning streak, the Patriots found themselves not controlling their own destiny. In addition to a Week 17 win, they also needed either a Miami Dolphins loss to win the AFC East, or a Baltimore Ravens loss to earn a wild card berth. However, both Baltimore and Miami won, and the Dolphins, Ravens and Patriots each finished the season with an 11–5 record. Miami qualified for the playoffs by winning the AFC East division over the Patriots on the fourth divisional tiebreaker (better conference record: 8–4 to 7–5). Baltimore qualified for the playoffs as a wild card team, defeating the Patriots on the second wild card tiebreaker (better conference record: 8–4 to 7–5). Two days after Super Bowl XLII, defensive back Willie Andrews was arrested in Lowell, Massachusetts on February 5 for possession of a half pound of marijuana and driving an unregistered car. On May 9, Andrews' case was continued without finding for one year, during which time Andrews was ordered to pay a fine, speak to student athletes about the dangers of narcotics, and complete an NFL substance abuse program. On June 30, Andrews was arrested again and charged with assault with a dangerous weapon and unlawful possession of a firearm in Mansfield, Massachusetts, after his fiancée accused him of pointing a gun at her head. Andrews' fiancée called police, who searched Andrews' vehicle but did not find a gun; she later took her child to a hotel for the night, where Andrews then met her again before being arrested. The weapon, a Glock pistol, was later recovered in a dumpster near Andrews' apartment. Andrews was released on July 1. On February 22, running back Kevin Faulk was issued a misdemeanor summons after he was found with four marijuana cigarettes at a Lil Wayne concert in Lafayette, Louisiana. Upon returning to New England, Faulk passed a drug test and did not have to enter the NFL's substance abuse program. Faulk pleaded no contest to the charge on July 8 and was sentenced to a five-month suspended jail term, given one year of probation, fined, and ordered to complete community service and substance abuse treatment programs. Faulk was later suspended for the first game of the 2008 regular season for a violation of the NFL's substance abuse policy. On April 27, according to The Boston Globe, offensive lineman Nick Kaczur was arrested in Whitestown, New York, when police discovered Kaczur had a "small amount of controlled substance for which he did not have a prescription," which was later identified as oxycodone. Kaczur was charged with criminal possession of a controlled substance in the seventh degree, a misdemeanor. In May, the article states Kaczur participated in a Drug Enforcement Administration sting operation, wearing a hidden recording device while purchasing $3,900 worth (100 pills) of OxyContin. The three transactions, on May 1, May 6, and May 13 in the area near Foxborough, Massachusetts, led to the arrest of Kaczur's dealer Daniel Ekasala, who was indicted by a federal grand jury on June 3 for three counts of possession of oxycodone with intent to distribute. When The Globe asked for comment, however, Kaczur denied any involvement in the case. Following the 2007 regular season, the Atlanta Falcons hired Patriots Director of College Scouting Thomas Dimitroff to be their new general manager. Former Pro Personnel Director Nick Caserio, who had spent the 2007 season as wide receivers coach, returned to the personnel department as the director of player personnel, a position that partly replaced both Dimitroff's and Caserio's former responsibilities under Vice President of Player Personnel Scott Pioli. Regional scout Jon Robinson was also promoted to assistant director of college scouting. The Patriots then promoted offensive assistant Bill O'Brien to wide receivers coach to replace Caserio. Additionally, the Patriots announced secondary coach Joel Collier would not return to the team in 2008, and hired former Carolina Panthers and Houston Texans head coach Dom Capers as a special assistant/secondary coach. Don Davis, who joined the coaching staff as an assistant strength and conditioning coach and team chaplain after retiring in 2007, left the organization to pursue Christian ministry. Finally, special teams coaching assistant Kevin Bickers was made a special assignment scout, and replaced by Brian Flores, formerly a pro scout. Former football operations assistant Shane Waldron re-joined the team as an offensive coaching assistant. Prior to the start of free agency, the Patriots released linebackers Oscar Lua and Rosevelt Colvin, who had started 39 games in his five seasons with the team. Both ended the 2007 season on injured reserve and failed post-season team physicals. Tight end Kyle Brady was released at the start of free agency, also after having failed a physical. The Patriots declined multi-year contract options on wide receivers Kelley Washington and Donté Stallworth, making them both free agents; Stallworth signed with the Cleveland Browns, while Washington re-signed with the Patriots. Also departing via free agency were defensive backs Asante Samuel (Philadelphia Eagles), Randall Gay (New Orleans Saints), and Eugene Wilson (Tampa Bay Buccaneers). Restricted free agent defensive lineman Rashad Moore was not tendered a qualifying offer, making him an unrestricted free agent. After losing a combined 122 games of starting experience for the team in Samuel, Gay, and Wilson, the Patriots added back to their secondary by signing cornerbacks Lewis Sanders and Fernando Bryant, who were both released by their former teams, as well as two unrestricted free agents – cornerback Jason Webster and safety Tank Williams. Also signed via unrestricted free agency were wide receiver Sam Aiken, linebacker Victor Hobson. and tight end Marcus Pollard. Free agents or potential free agents Tedy Bruschi, Lonie Paxton, Kelley Washington, Randy Moss, Jabar Gaffney, Ray Ventrone, Mike Wright, Wesley Britt, and Pierre Woods were all re-signed. As a penalty for violating the "league policy on the use of equipment to videotape an opposing team’s offensive or defensive signals" during a September 9, 2007 game against the New York Jets, the Patriots forfeited their original first round pick, which would have been the 31st overall pick due to their loss in Super Bowl XLII. As of the Patriots' first training camp practice at Gillette Stadium on July 24, they had the NFL maximum of 80 players signed to their roster. First-round draft pick Jerod Mayo, who was not signed until after training camp began, did not count against that limit until his signing. b Simulcast on WCVB-TV and WMUR-TV. The Patriots began their regular season at home against the Chiefs. On the first drive of the game, a running-into-the-kicker penalty committed by the Chiefs on a fourth-down punt gave the Patriots a fresh set of downs, but three plays later, wide receiver Wes Welker fumbled after catching a pass from quarterback Tom Brady. The Chiefs recovered and started their next drive at their own 48-yard line but failed to convert on third down and punted. On the ensuing Patriots possession, the Chiefs again recovered a fumble by a Patriots receiver after a catch; this time wide receiver Randy Moss lost the ball after a 28-yard completion from Brady. After the throw, Brady was hit in his lower left leg by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard, left the game, did not return, and was later placed on injured reserve with a torn ACL and a torn MCL. Quarterback Matt Cassel replaced Brady for the Patriots' next drive, which began from the Patriots' 2-yard line. Seven plays after a 51-yard completion to Moss from inside the Patriots' 1, Cassel hit Moss in the end zone from 10 yards out for a touchdown, giving the Patriots a 7–0 lead early in the second quarter. The teams then exchanged three-and-outs twice, before the Chiefs ended a 13-play, 51-yard drive with a 40-yard Nick Novak field goal to cut the Patriots' lead to 7–3 at the end of the first half. After a Chiefs punt on a drive in which Chiefs quarterback Brodie Croyle was injured on a sack by Adalius Thomas, the Patriots drove 80 yards on 11 plays, capping off the series with a 5-yard touchdown run by running back Sammy Morris to extend the Patriots' lead to 14–3. The next Chiefs drive began with backup quarterback Damon Huard replacing Croyle. The Chiefs drove 63 yards and trimmed the Patriots' lead to 14–10 on a 13-yard touchdown reception by wide receiver Dwayne Bowe. After three punts, Huard and the Chiefs began a fourth-quarter drive by throwing an interception to Patriots cornerback Ellis Hobbs; a 15-yard unnecessary roughness penalty on the Patriots caused their ensuing series to begin at their own 47-yard line. A handful of Morris runs and Cassel passes, including an 11-yard reception by Morris, brought the Patriots into the Chiefs' red zone, but the Patriots failed to convert on third down and settled for a 37-yard Stephen Gostkowski field goal to make their lead 17–10. Starting from his own 22-yard line with 2:20 remaining, Huard was strip-sacked on the third play of the series, but recovered his own fumble at the Chiefs' 27-yard line. On the next play, Huard hit wide receiver Devard Darling for a 68-yard completion, giving the Chiefs first-and-goal from the Patriots' 5-yard line with 53 seconds left. However, the Patriots' defense prevented the Chiefs from advancing another yard, as an incomplete pass, a Larry Johnson run for no gain, and two more incomplete passes gave the Patriots the ball back to seal their first victory of the season, and their 20th consecutive regular-season win. In their first divisional game of the season, the Patriots traveled to Giants Stadium, where they had not lost since 2000. On the first series of the game, the Jets drove to the Patriots' 13-yard line but the game remained scoreless after kicker Jay Feely missed a 31-yard field goal. Eleven plays later, the Patriots faced 3rd-and-goal from the Jets' 2-yard line, but a run for a loss by running back Laurence Maroney set up a 21-yard Gostkowski field goal to give the Patriots a 3–0 lead. After a Jets punt, the Patriots extended their lead to 6–0 on a 37-yard Gostkowski field goal early in the second quarter. The Jets responded with a 77-yard drive, highlighted by a 54-yard Laveranues Coles completion from quarterback Brett Favre, which brought them as close to the end zone as the Patriots' 1-yard line, but they again had to settle for a field goal; this time Feely completed the 21-yard attempt to cut the Patriots' lead to 6–3. The Patriots and Jets exchanged punts to end the first half. After a Patriots punt began the second half, the Jets started their next possession from their own 23-yard line. Three offensive penalties later, with the Jets at 2nd-and-25, defensive back Brandon Meriweather earned his first career interception on an errant Favre pass, giving the Patriots the ball at the Jets' 31-yard line. Despite a Kris Jenkins sack of Cassel to begin the drive, the Patriots moved into the red zone on a 22-yard completion to running back Kevin Faulk on a 3rd-and-9 play. Three plays later, Morris ran it in from the Jets' 1-yard-line for a touchdown, extending the Patriots' lead to 13–3. On an ensuing Jets punt, a 24-yard Faulk return set up the Patriots' next drive at the Jets' 39-yard line; nine plays later, a 28-yard Gostkowski field goal gave the Patriots a 16–3 lead and ended the third-quarter scoring. Beginning from their own 20-yard line for the sixth time in the game, the Jets drove into the Patriots' red zone and then cut the Patriots' lead to 16–10 on a 2-yard touchdown catch by wide receiver Chansi Stuckey. The Patriots' next drive went for 71 yards and ended on a 27-yard Gostkowski field goal to build the Patriots' lead to 19–10. This would be the final score, as the Jets' next drive, which included a 20-yard sack of Favre by Adalius Thomas, went three-and-out and the Patriots held the ball for the final 3:45 in the game. The win brought the Patriots' record to 2–0 and kept the team tied for first place in the AFC East. Gostkowski finished the day 4-for-4 on field goals and earned five touchbacks on six kickoffs. Playing their second divisional opponent in as many weeks, the Patriots returned home looking for their 22nd straight regular season victory, a streak extending back to December 2006 when the Dolphins shut out the Patriots in Miami. Despite a 50-yard Hobbs return on the opening kickoff, the Patriots and Dolphins exchanged three-and-out punts to begin the game. On their second drive, the Patriots got as far as the Dolphins' 7-yard line, but back-to-back sacks of Cassel set up 3rd-and-goal, where Cassel threw his first interception of the season, to Dolphins defensive lineman Randy Starks. Starting from their own 26-yard line, the Dolphins drove into the Patriots' red zone in part from two catches by tight end Anthony Fasano from Chad Pennington for 47 yards. On 2nd-and-goal from the Patriots' 2-yard line, the Dolphins lined up with an unbalanced offensive line and with Pennington as a wide receiver and had running back Ronnie Brown take a direct snap from a shotgun formation; Brown proceeded to fake an end-around to running back Ricky Williams before running for the touchdown to give the Dolphins a 7–0 lead. This formation, known as the "Wildcat," was developed by Dolphins head coach Tony Sparano and quarterbacks coach David Lee following the Dolphins' loss to the Arizona Cardinals the week prior. The Patriots' ensuing possession reached the Dolphins' red zone again on 13 plays, but ended with the Patriots settling for a 37-yard Gostkowski field goal, trimming to the Dolphins' lead to 7–3 early in the second quarter. The Dolphins' next drive began with a 33-yard reception by wide receiver Greg Camarillo; five plays later, Brown scored his second touchdown of the day with a 15-yard third-down run, extending the Dolphins' lead to 14–3. On their next drive, the Patriots reached the Dolphins' 28-yard line on a 21-yard completion by Welker on a Cassel pass that was tipped by Dolphins safety Renaldo Hill. However, the Patriots gained only two more yards before Gostkowski hit his second field goal of the day, this one from 44 yards out, to cut the Dolphins' lead to 14–6. On the first play of the ensuing drive, the Dolphins again employed a direct snap to Brown, who this time proceeded to hand off to Williams, gaining three yards on the play. With two minutes remaining in the first half, the Dolphins faced a 1st-and-10 from the Patriots' 45-yard line; Williams again took the hand-off on the direct snap to Brown, but this time went for 28 yards to put the Dolphins in the Patriots' red zone. Three plays later, the Dolphins again used the "Wildcat" formation, and Brown took the direct snap and ran five yards for his third touchdown of the day, giving the Dolphins a 21–6 lead at the half. After an exchange of punts began the second half, the Dolphins drove from their own 21-yard line to a 3rd-and-3 from the Patriots' 19-yard line. The Dolphins again used the "Wildcat"; this time Brown threw a halfback pass to Fasano for a 19-yard touchdown that extended the Dolphins' lead to 28–6. Hobbs returned the ensuing kickoff 81 yards to have the next Patriots' possession begin from the Dolphins' 23-yard line. On 4th-and-3, Cassel hit wide receiver Jabar Gaffney for a 5-yard touchdown that cut the Dolphins' lead to 28–13. The Dolphins' ensuing possession featured Brown touching the ball on every play; after a first-down reception, Brown ran four times in a row to give the Dolphins a 1st-and-10 from their own 38-yard line. The Dolphins again lined up Brown to receive the direct snap; this time he ran 62 yards for his fourth rushing touchdown of the day, a Dolphins record. Early in the fourth quarter, Hobbs returned the Patriots' next kickoff 31 yards, setting his own team record with 237 kickoff return yards in the game. Three plays later, Cassel fumbled on a third-down scramble that was forced by Dolphins linebacker Joey Porter and recovered by Dolphins defensive lineman Phillip Merling at the Patriots' 49-yard line. After a Dolphins' three-and-out, the Patriots began their next drive with a Cassel interception thrown to Hill that was negated on a roughing the passer penalty on defensive lineman Vonnie Holliday; the Patriots punted four plays later. The Dolphins' next drive ended in a 39-yard Dan Carpenter field goal that gave the Dolphins a 38–13 lead. After an unsuccessful fourth-down conversion attempt on a pass by backup Patriots quarterback Kevin O'Connell and a Dolphins punt, that score became the final. The loss dropped the Patriots to 2–1 and to second place in the AFC East and remained a game behind the Buffalo Bills. Coming off their bye week, the Patriots traveled to Candlestick Park to face the 49ers in the first of two straight West Coast games for the Patriots. After a 49ers punt on their first series started the game, Cassel's second pass of the game was intercepted by linebacker Takeo Spikes to give the 49ers the ball at the Patriots' 45-yard line. On the next play, 49ers quarterback J. T. O'Sullivan threw an interception of his own, this one to Meriweather at the Patriots' 4-yard line. A three-and-out for the Patriots on their ensuing drive ended in a 35-yard Chris Hanson punt that gave the 49ers the ball at the Patriots' 30-yard line to begin their next drive. A defensive holding penalty on Patriots cornerback Deltha O'Neal on third down extended the drive, leading to a 16-yard touchdown catch by running back Frank Gore that gave the 49ers a 7–0 lead. On the Patriots' next drive, a fumbled snap by Cassel set up 3rd and 8 from the Patriots' own 34-yard line; Cassel then threw a deep pass to Moss, which was caught at the 49ers' 21-yard line and run in for a 66-yard touchdown that tied the game at 7–7. A 38-yard Isaac Bruce reception from O'Sullivan on the 49ers' ensuing possession backed the Patriots' defense up to their own 22-yard line, and two plays later, O'Sullivan and Bruce again connected on a pass, this one a touchdown from 6 yards out to give the 49ers a 14–7 lead. An exchange of punts brought the teams into the second quarter, where on the third play of a Patriots drive Cassel threw his second interception of the day, this one to Nate Clements on the 49ers' 6-yard line on a deep pass intended to Moss. The 49ers went three-and-out, leading to a 13-play, 40-yard Patriots drive where a third down sack of Cassel in the red zone set up a 35-yard Gostkowski field goal that trimmed the 49ers' lead to 14–10. The 49ers punted again on their next possession, giving the Patriots the ball on their own 20-yard line with just over three minutes remaining in the first half. 11 plays later, the Patriots faced a 2nd and goal from the 49ers' 2-yard line, where a Faulk touchdown run gave the Patriots a 17–14 lead at halftime. On the Patriots' opening possession of the second half, Cassel was sacked to begin the drive, and then again was sacked nine plays later on third down to force the Patriots to punt. Two plays later, O'Sullivan was intercepted by safety Rodney Harrison to give the Patriots the ball at the 49ers' 24-yard line. The Patriots reached the 49ers' 1-yard line, but were denied the end zone twice by the 49ers, setting up fourth down from the 2-yard line. Faulk took the direct snap on the play and ran in for his second touchdown of the game, giving the Patriots a 24–14 lead. Following a 49ers punt, an 8-play Patriots drive resulted in a 40-yard Gostkowski field goal that extended the Patriots lead to 27–14 early in the fourth quarter. Starting from their own 20-yard line, the 49ers began an 11-play drive that ended on a 5-yard touchdown catch by Bruce from O'Sullivan that cut the Patriots' lead to 27–21. The Patriots responded with a 10-play series of their own; six plays into the drive, Faulk caught a second-down pass and was originally deemed to be down short of the first down, but the Patriots challenged the play and Faulk was found to have gained the necessary first down yardage. An offensive pass interference penalty on Moss set up a 3rd and 20 that the Patriots did not convert; Gostkowski then hit a 49-yard line field goal to extend the Patriots' lead to 30–21. A third-down sack of O'Sullivan led to a fourth-down interception by O'Neal that gave the Patriots the ball with 2:45 remaining in the game. The 49ers used all of their timeouts during the Patriots' next possession, and after a Patriots punt, the 49ers failed to convert on fourth down to give the Patriots the ball to end the game. Facing their second West Coast game in as many weeks, the Patriots elected to practice at San José State University and to stay in Santa Clara, California in advance of flying to San Diego to face the Chargers in a Sunday night game at Qualcomm Stadium. On the first play of the game, Chargers quarterback Philip Rivers completed a 48-yard pass to wide receiver Vincent Jackson that brought the Chargers to the Patriots' 32-yard line. Three incomplete passes by Rivers from the Patriots' 7-yard line set up a 25-yard Nate Kaeding field goal that gave the Chargers a 3–0 lead. On their first possession, the Patriots reached the Chargers' 31-yard line, where Gostkowski missed a 48-yard field goal, his first such miss of the season. Four plays later, Rivers hit wide receiver Malcom Floyd on a 49-yard touchdown catch that extended the Chargers' lead to 10–0. The Patriots punted on their ensuing possession; the Chargers' Darren Sproles returned the punt 28 yards to start the Chargers' next drive from the Patriots' 45-yard line. A failed third-down conversion by the Chargers set up a missed 44-yard field goal attempt by Kaeding. An exchange of punts early in the second quarter gave the Patriots starting field position at the Chargers' 43-yard line; seven plays later, Gostkowski hit a 47-yard field goal to cut the Chargers' lead to 10–3. After a Chargers punt set up the Patriots' next drive to begin from their own 6-yard line, the Patriots went three-and-out and a Jerod Mayo facemask penalty on the resulting punt gave the Chargers the ball at the Patriots' 31-yard line. Four plays later, Rivers extended the Chargers' lead to 17–3 on a 4-yard pass to Jackson. The Patriots began their next drive with a Marques Harris strip-sack of Cassel that was recovered by offensive tackle Mark LeVoir; the Patriots then ran out the clock to end the first half. Starting from their own 22-yard line to begin the second half, the Patriots drove to the Chargers' 1-yard line on eight-straight Cassel passes or scrambles, the last of which was a 28-yard catch by Morris. However, the Chargers denied the Patriots the final yard needed for the touchdown on three straight downs, and on fourth down from the 1-yard line, Cassel was sacked to turn the ball over on downs. A 59-yard reception by Jackson on the second play of the Chargers' next drive as well as a 32-yard defensive pass interference penalty on Hobbs brought the Chargers to the Patriots' 1-yard line, where tight end Antonio Gates caught a 1-yard pass from Rivers that extended the Chargers' lead to 24–3. On the next play from scrimmage, Cassel was intercepted by cornerback Quentin Jammer, giving the Chargers the ball on the Patriots' 26-yard line; Kaeding would later hit a 35-yard field goal to give the Chargers a 27–3 lead. A three-and-out by the Patriots on their next possession led to a 13-play, 77-yard Chargers drive that ended with the Patriots not allowing the Chargers past the Patriots' 5-yard line on three straight plays. On fourth down, Kaeding completed a 23-yard field goal that made the score 30–3 in favor of the Chargers early in the fourth quarter. The Patriots' next drive spanned six plays and lost two yards total, ending in a 23-yard Hanson punt on 4th-and-25. However, the Chargers gave the ball right back to the Patriots on the first play of their ensuing possession, a fumble by running back Jacob Hester. Starting from the Chargers' 46-yard line, the Patriots drove to the Chargers' 1-yard line on seven plays, four of which were Faulk runs, and then scored on a 1-yard Morris touchdown run that cut the Chargers' lead to 30–10 with just over five minutes to play in the game. After a Chargers punt, the Patriots moved the ball into the red zone in the final minutes but no further to end the game and drop the Patriots' record to 3–2. In their first home game in nearly a month, the Patriots faced the Broncos, winners of 16 of the last 19 games between the two teams, on Monday Night Football; earlier that day, the Patriots placed Maroney on injured reserve with a shoulder injury after he had missed two of the team's last three games, and activated offensive lineman Stephen Neal from the physically unable to perform list. After winning the coin toss, the Patriots deferred their pick to the start of the second half; the Broncos elected to receive. On the opening series, Broncos quarterback Jay Cutler injured his finger on the first play, but led the Broncos into Patriots territory, where running back Andre Hall, who replaced injured starter Michael Pittman two plays prior, fumbled at the Patriots' 30-yard line; Patriots defensive lineman Le Kevin Smith's recovery gave the Patriots the ball at their own 32-yard line to begin their first drive. A 29-yard reception by Watson brought the Patriots into the Broncos' red zone, where the drive ended and a 31-yard Gostkowski field goal gave the Patriots a 3–0 lead. On the fourth play of the Broncos' ensuing drive, Hall fumbled again; this time, a scramble for the ball pushed it 25 yards in the Patriots' favor to the Broncos' 37-yard line, where Mayo recovered it. A Broncos unnecessary roughness penalty on the play gave the ball to the Patriots at the Broncos' 22-yard line, but after failing to make a first down, a 40-yard Gostkowski field goal extended the Patriots' lead to 6–0. An exchange of three punts brought the game into the second quarter, where Morris ran for 34 yards on the second play of a Patriots drive to put them in the Broncos' red zone yet again. Four plays later, on 4th-and-1 from the Broncos' 4-yard line, Morris ran for a 4-yard touchdown that gave the Patriots a 13–0 lead. The Broncos' next drive ended with Meriweather intercepting a deep throw by Cutler, setting up the Patriots' next series at their own 16-yard line. After a sack of Cassel put the Patriots even deeper into their own territory, a facemask penalty on Cassel on third down by Broncos linebacker Jamie Winborn gave the Patriots a new set of downs. Five plays later, on another 4th-and-1, Morris ran for 29 yards to give the Patriots a first down from the Broncos' 13-yard line; he ran for a total of 138 yards on 16 carries. On the next play, Moss caught a 13-yard touchdown pass from Cassel to extend the Patriots' lead to 20–0. The Broncos' next drive began with backup Patrick Ramsey replacing Cutler at quarterback. On the fourth play, defensive lineman Mike Wright sacked Ramsey and forced a fumble, which undrafted free agent linebacker Gary Guyton caught to give the Patriots the ball at midfield. Cassel suffered his fifth sack on the next play, the final of the first half. Cassel throws a pass against the Broncos. The Patriots chose to receive the ball to open the second half. Another undrafted rookie, running back BenJarvus Green-Ellis, elevated from the Patriots' practice squad before the Chargers game, replaced Morris, who left the game with a knee injury. A Patriots punt was followed by a Broncos three-and-out; Welker returned the punt 44 yards to give the Patriots the ball at the Broncos' 28-yard line. After two Green-Ellis carries gained one yard, Cassel used a screen play to throw a 27-yard touchdown pass to Moss to extend the Patriots' lead to 27–0. Three completed passes and an unnecessary roughness penalty on Patriots defensive lineman Vince Wilfork moved the Broncos' next drive into Patriots' territory before the Broncos turned the ball over for the fifth and final time, with safety James Sanders intercepting a Cutler pass; a second unnecessary roughness call, originally on Wilfork but later changed to be on Sanders, gave the Patriots the ball at their own 20-yard line to begin the ensuing drive. Three plays after a 27-yard Welker catch put the Patriots in Broncos territory, Broncos safety Calvin Lowry appeared to have intercepted an errant Cassel throw at the Broncos' 1-yard line, but, when the Patriots challenged, the pass was deemed incomplete, as the ball touched the ground before Lowry had possession. Two plays later, Welker caught his first touchdown pass of the season, this one from 6 yards out, to give the Patriots a 34–0 lead. Four plays later, former Patriots tight end Daniel Graham caught a 10-yard touchdown pass from Cutler to cut the Patriots' lead to 34–7. The Patriots' next drive got as far as the Broncos' 33-yard line but eventually ended in a punt. The Broncos, facing 3rd-and-21 on their next drive, had a 21-yard completion by Cutler pushed back by a Broncos holding penalty; Richard Seymour sacked Cutler on the next play, forcing the Broncos to punt on 4th-and-23 with 6:35 left in the game. On the ensuing Patriots drive, two 10-yard runs by Green-Ellis and 16- and 15-yard runs by Faulk put the Patriots in the red zone, where Green-Ellis earned his first NFL touchdown, running in untouched from the 1-yard line, to score the final points of the game. Another Broncos punt gave the Patriots the ball to end the game with a 41–7 victory that took the Patriots' record to 4–2. The Patriots accumulated 257 rushing yards, their largest total since the 1985 season. Cassel, who completed 18 of 24 passes for 185 yards, three touchdowns, and no interceptions, finished with a passer rating of 136.3, one of the ten highest single-game ratings in Patriots history, and was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance. On the final play of the third quarter, as the Broncos were driving into Patriots territory, Harrison was injured while attempting to tackle Cutler. Harrison, whose 2005 and 2006 seasons were cut short by knee injuries that caused ligament damage, suffered a torn quadriceps muscle in his right leg. Harrison was carted off the field and placed on injured reserve two days later. Safety Antwain Spann was then activated from the practice squad. The Broncos also lost players to injury: Ramsey and linebacker Boss Bailey were also placed on injured reserve, while cornerback Champ Bailey was sidelined for several weeks by a torn groin muscle. The Patriots faced the Rams in Foxborough for the first time since the 2001 regular season, and for only the second time overall since the teams' matchup in Super Bowl XXXVI. On the opening possession, a 35-yard reception by Rams wide receiver Donnie Avery from quarterback Marc Bulger put the Rams in the Patriots' red zone, but the Rams eventually settled for a 20-yard Josh Brown field goal to take a 3–0 lead. The Patriots followed the Rams' 12-play drive with a 13-play drive of their own, ending in a 2-yard Green-Ellis touchdown run that put the Patriots ahead 7–3. On the fifth play of the Rams' ensuing possession, Bulger and Avery again connected on a pass; this one went for 69 yards and a touchdown to reestablish a Rams lead at 10–7 early in the second quarter. The first punt of the game came on the Patriots' next drive and set the Rams up to begin their next series from their own 20-yard line. Wide receiver Keenan Burton then caught a 27-yard pass from Bulger, and Pittman ran for 30 yards on two runs to help the Rams reach as far as the Patriots' 23-yard line on a first down. A subsequent holding penalty on Rams guard Jacob Bell, plus two sacks on Bulger by the Patriots' Thomas and Seymour pushed the Rams back to the Patriots' 40-yard line, where they punted. The Patriots next drive saw Faulk replace Green-Ellis at running back as part of a predominantly shotgun offense; an 18-yard Faulk reception put the Patriots in the Rams' red zone, but the 12-play drive ended on a 30-yard Gostkowski field goal to tie the game at 10. Another sack of Bulger by Thomas, again for a loss of 13 yards, on the Rams' ensuing possession helped force the Rams to punt and to do so from their own 3-yard line. This gave the Patriots the ball at the Rams' 46-yard line with 19 seconds remaining in the half, where a 30-yard reception by Moss set up a 27-yard Gostkowski field goal to give the Patriots a 13–10 lead at the end of the half. The Rams went three-and-out to begin the second half, setting up the Patriots to begin their next drive from their own 10-yard line. Five plays in, a Cassel pass to Moss was tipped and intercepted by Rams safety Oshiomogho Atogwe and returned to the Patriots' 43-yard line. Six plays later, the Rams tied the game at 13 on a 44-yard Brown field goal. The Patriots' next drive reached the Rams' 44-yard line, but Cassel again was intercepted, this time by cornerback Fakhir Brown after Wes Welker tripped and fell. When the Rams went three-and-out, the Patriots' next drive advanced to the Rams' 36-yard line, where Green-Ellis was denied the yard necessary for the first down on two straight plays to give the Rams the ball back on downs. A 44-yard Avery reception began the Rams' next possession, which ended seven plays later on a 25-yard Brown field goal that gave the Rams a 16–13 lead early in the fourth quarter. An exchange of punts gave the Patriots the ball at their own 48-yard line to begin a drive that concluded with a 41-yard Gostkowski field goal to again tie the game, this time at 16. A Ty Warren sack of Bulger began the Rams' next drive, a three-and-out to give the Patriots the ball at their own 47-yard line after a punt. Cassel was sacked as well to begin the Patriots' next drive, but he hit Moss on a 23-yard completion on the very next play to put the Patriots in Rams' territory. Five plays later, Faulk was on the receiving end of a 15-yard touchdown pass by Cassel that put the Patriots ahead 23–16 with just over three minutes remaining in the game. The Rams managed to reach the Patriots' 38-yard line on the ensuing possession, but an O'Neal interception returned for 47 yards gave the Patriots the ball back and set up three Cassel kneeldowns. The Rams were then unable to score on the only play of their final series to seal a 23–16 Patriots win, one that brought the 5–2 Patriots into a tie with the Bills atop the AFC East. For the first time in franchise history, the Patriots finished a game with zero assessed penalties; tackle Matt Light was called for holding in the fourth quarter, but the penalty was declined. It was also the first penalty-free performance by any NFL team in 2008. The Patriots traveled to Indianapolis for a Sunday night game with the Colts in Lucas Oil Stadium. Both teams went three-and-out to start the game, setting up a Colts possession that began from their own 9-yard line. The Colts then went 91 yards on a 15-play drive that lasted over nine minutes, included six first downs, and culminated in a 12-yard Anthony Gonzalez touchdown pass from Peyton Manning to give the Colts a 7–0 lead. The Patriots responded with a 13-play, 56-yard drive of their own that brought the game into the second quarter. Part way through the drive, the Patriots employed the same "Wildcat" formation concept used against them earlier in the season against the Dolphins, using Faulk as the back receiving the direct snap on a run for five yards. The Patriots reached as far as the Colts 11-yard line but could not advance any further; a 29-yard Gostkowski field goal cut the Colts' lead to 7–3. After a Colts punt, the Patriots began their second drive of the game and were able to move the ball 61 yards on 13 plays to as far as the Colts' 17-yard line. The possession saw another use of the "Wildcat" formation; this time Faulk threw to Welker off the direct snap, but Welker then was tackled for a two-yard loss. Two plays later, Gostkowski hit a 35-yard field goal to trim the Colts' lead to 7–6. The Colts began their next drive from their own 18-yard line with one timeout and 1:22 remaining in the first half. A 26-yard Marvin Harrison reception put the Colts in Patriots territory, but Harrison was injured on the tackle and was unable to step out of bounds to stop the clock. Manning spiked the ball at the Patriots' 26-yard line with one second remaining, but was called for a false start; by rule, the penalty incurred a ten-second clock run-off to end the first half. The Patriots' opening drive of the second half spanned 72 yards and nearly eight minutes but also ended with the Patriots having one timeout to use thereafter. On a Faulk run for no gain part way through the drive, the Patriots challenged that the Colts had too many players on the field, contending a Colts player substituting out of the game was unable to get off the field in time. The challenged failed, costing the Patriots their first timeout of the second half. Seven plays later, the Patriots used their second timeout of the half. A 6-yard Green-Ellis touchdown run put the Patriots ahead 12–7, but a two-point conversion attempt on a Faulk run kept the Patriots' lead to five points. A 39-yard Pierre Garçon return on the ensuing kickoff set up the Colts' next drive to begin from their own 43-yard line; nine plays later, Gonzalez's second touchdown reception of the night, this one from 9 yards out, put the Colts ahead 13–12. The Colts also went for the two-point conversion, and were successful, with a Reggie Wayne catch extending the Colts' lead to 15–12. The Patriots responded with a 15-play, 69-yard drive that brought the game into the fourth quarter, but one which included a dropped would-be touchdown catch by Gaffney on the penultimate play of the third quarter. On a 3rd-and-11 from the Colts' 17-yard line, Cassel completed a pass to Welker for 10 yards; the Patriots initially brought Cassel and the offense back out onto the field for a fourth down conversion try, but Belichick decided against it and called the Patriots' final timeout of the game. A 25-yard Gostkowski field goal then tied the game at 15. Four plays into the Colts' next possession, a third down Gonzalez catch went for 24 yards and put the Colts in Patriots territory. The Colts were unable to make a first down and called upon former Patriots kicker Adam Vinatieri for a 52-yard field goal. The kick was good, and it put the Colts ahead 18–15 with just over eight minutes to play in the game. The Patriots next drive reached Colts territory on a 16-yard David Thomas catch. Two plays later, on a 2nd-and-2 from the Colts' 32-yard line, the tight end committed an unnecessary roughness penalty after a Green-Ellis run to set up a 3rd-and-16 from the Colts' 46-yard line. Faulk gained one yard on a pass from Cassel, setting up a 4th-and-15 where Cassel threw an interception to Colts safety Bob Sanders. A 14-yard Harrison catch on the Colts' next possession gave them a fresh set of downs, and the Patriots, without any timeouts, did not receive the ball again until after a Colts punt with just over 21 seconds left in the game. After two incomplete passes, Cassel completed a pass to Moss, who proceeded to fumble on a lateral attempt. The fumble was recovered by Colts cornerback Tim Jennings to end the game and bring the Patriots' record to 5–3. In the first of three straight games against divisional opponents, the Patriots stayed at home to face the Bills, who were looking to avoid ending their own three-game divisional swing without a win. The Bills' opening drive went three-and-out, with a Seymour sack of Bills quarterback Trent Edwards setting up the punt. After a 21-yard Cassel pass put the Patriots in the Bills' red zone, a 13-yard Cassel touchdown scramble gave the Patriots a 7–0 lead. Following an exchange of punts, an errant Edwards throw was intercepted by Hobbs to begin the Patriots' next drive from the Bills' 34-yard line. Seven plays later, a 32-yard Gostkowski field goal extended the Patriots' lead to 10–0 early in the second quarter. Gostkowski's ensuing kickoff went out of bounds; the resulting illegal procedure penalty meant the Bills got the ball at their own 40-yard line. The Bills' drive reached as far as the Patriots' 4-yard line on 2nd-and-goal, but the Patriots' defense did not allow Bills running back Marshawn Lynch any positive yardage on two straight runs. A 25-yard Rian Lindell field goal then cut the Patriots' lead to 10–3. The Patriots' ensuing drive began with a 27-yard Welker reception but could not advance pass the Bills' 31-yard line; a 49-yard Gostkowski field goal attempt was no good. A Bills punt on their next drive gave the Patriots the ball at their own 3-yard line, where the Patriots ran out the clock to end the first half. On the third play of the second half, Welker's six catch of the game made him the first player in NFL history to record six catches in the first nine games of a season. The ensuing 13-play drive culminated with a 37-yard Gostkowski field goal that gave the Patriots a 13–3 lead. An exchange of punts gave the Bills the ball at their own 19-yard line to begin their next drive, which advanced to the Bills' 45-yard line before Edwards' second interception of the day, this one to O'Neal, gave the Patriots the ball back at their own 41-yard line for the final play of the fourth quarter. Five plays later, Cassel was sacked for the only time in the game at the Bills' 44-yard line by defensive lineman Marcus Stroud and safety George Wilson; Stroud forced a fumble in the process and Wilson recovered it at the spot of the sack. The Bills' next drive ended in a Brian Moorman punt that the Patriots the ball at their own 8-yard line with just over 11 minutes remaining in the game. The Patriots then embarked on a 19-play, 92-yard drive that tied a franchise record set in 2002 for number of plays in a single drive; it was also the Patriots' NFL-leading 22nd drive of ten or more plays. It ended with a 1-yard Green-Ellis touchdown run that extended the Patriots' lead to 20–3 with 1:57 remaining in the game. The Bills responded on the ensuing kickoff with an 85-yard return by Leodis McKelvin, setting up a 14-yard touchdown catch by fellow rookie James Hardy on the next play to cut the Patriots' lead to 20–10. The Bills then attempted an onside kick, which appeared to be recovered by the Bills but was then ruled to be dead at the spot as it had been touched by a Bills player before traveling the necessary 10 yards. Three kneeldowns by the Patriots gave them a 20–10 win to better their record to 6–3. Looking for a split in their season series with the Patriots and a lead in the AFC East, the Jets traveled to Foxboro to face the Patriots on a Thursday night. The Jets' Leon Washington returned the opening kickoff 30 yards to start the Jets' first drive from their own 38-yard line. Four plays in, an incompletion from Jets quarterback Brett Favre to Coles appeared to set up a fourth down, but the Jets challenged the play and won; the catch gave the Jets a first down from the Patriots' 37-yard line. Shortly after a 20-yard Dustin Keller catch extended the Jets' drive on third down again, a 7-yard Washington touchdown run gave the Jets a 7–0 lead. The Patriots responded by moving into Jets' territory on their first drive, but were later forced to settle for a 42-yard Gostkowski field goal that cut the Jets' lead to 7–3. Washington returned the ensuing kickoff 37 yards to give the Jets the ball at their own 36-yard line for the beginning of their next possession. Another Keller catch on third down put the Jets into Patriots territory; a Pierre Woods unnecessary roughness penalty moved the Patriots defense back further, eventually to their own 5-yard line on a Jets first down. However, the Jets managed to move the ball only one more yard, leading to a 22-yard Feely field goal that extended the Jets' lead to 10–3 at the end of the first quarter. The Patriots' second drive of the game went for 59 yards on 12 plays, but a Morris run for no gain and two incompletions from the Jets' 13-yard line set up a 31-yard Gostkowski field to trim the Jets' lead to 10–6. Taking the ensuing kickoff from the Jets' 8-yard line, Washington went 92 yards for the touchdown, opening the Jets' lead to 17–6. The Patriots punted on their next possession, giving the Jets the ball at their own 13-yard line. Favre began the drive with an 18-yard pass to wide receiver Jerricho Cotchery, and then two plays later, a 46-yard Cotchery catch put the Jets on the Patriots' 16-yard line; Favre hit Cotchery yet again two plays later, this time for a 15-yard touchdown reception that gave the Jets a 24–6 lead. On the Patriots' next possession, a 43-yard Sam Aiken catch on a screen pass put the Patriots in Jets territory; a 9-yard Cassel scramble set up 3rd-and-1. A Heath Evans run was stopped for a loss of two yards, and Cassel was sacked by C. J. Mosley on fourth down to turn the ball over on downs for the Patriots at the Jets' 30-yard line. The Jets then went three-and-out for the first time in the game, giving the Patriots, with one timeout remaining, the ball at their own 32-yard line with 1:44 remaining in the first half. The Patriots did not call their final timeout until multiple completed Cassel passes, a 19-yard scramble, and a successful quarterback sneak to convert on fourth down gave the Patriots the ball at the Jets' 19-yard line with 31 seconds left in the first half. After two incomplete passes, Cassel threw a 19-yard touchdown pass to Gaffney to cut the Jets' lead to 24–13 heading into halftime. Having the ball to start the second half, the Patriots moved to the Jets' 34-yard line on four plays, but on a subsequent 12-yard Watson reception, the tight end fumbled as he was being tackled by linebacker Eric Barton; the loose ball was recovered by safety Kerry Rhodes and returned 11 yards to the Jets' 33-yard line. However, two sacks of Favre by Wilfork and Seymour, both for losses of nine yards, forced the Jets into their second three-and-out series of the night. Cassel was sacked on the next play, but four plays later, the Patriots had a first down from the Jets' 38-yard line. Patriots center Dan Koppen, who had left the game with an injury in the second quarter but later returned, snapped the ball while Cassel was making adjustments at the line and was not ready to receive the snap. Cassel chased the Koppen fumble and recovered it at the Patriots' 38-yard line for a loss of 24 yards. The Patriots, later facing 4th-and-21, punted to give the Jets the ball at their own 16-yard line. A Jets punt was followed by an exchange of three-and-outs, eventually setting up a Patriots drive to begin from their own 22-yard line. A 29-yard Welker reception put the Patriots in Jets territory; five plays later, Watson caught a 10-yard touchdown pass, his first of the year, cutting the Jets' lead to 24–19. On the final snap of the third quarter, the Patriots attempted a two-point conversion and succeeded; the Gaffney catch put the Patriots to within a field goal, trailing 24–21. Five plays into the Jets' next drive, Patriots cornerback Jason Webster forced Cotchery to fumble a 9-yard reception; Guyton recovered the fumble at the Patriots' 40-yard line. The Patriots next possession featured an entirely shotgun, no-huddle offense, with a 17-yard Cassel scramble moving the Patriots back into Jets territory. Four plays later, a 47-yard Gostkowski field goal tied the game. Starting from their own 33-yard line after the Patriots directed the kickoff to linebacker David Bowens instead of to Washington, the Jets began what would be a 14-play drive with just over 10 minutes left in the game. The Jets then moved the ball to the Patriots' 7-yard line to set up a 3rd-and-7 with 3:38 left in the game. Favre's pass intended to Cotchery fell incomplete, but Patriots linebacker Mike Vrabel was called for a defensive holding penalty, giving the Jets an automatic first down from the Patriots' 3-yard line. The Jets failed to score on two straight runs, while the Patriots used two timeouts to stop the clock after each play. On the third rushing attempt, Thomas Jones scored from a yard out to give the Jets a 31–24 lead with 3:10 left in the game. Cassel was sacked on second down of the Patriots' next drive, forcing them to punt on three-and-out but not having to use their timeout until the Jets' next possession, when they used it in conjunction with the two-minute warning to get the ball back with 1:04 left in the game after a Jets punt. Starting from their own 38-yard line, the Patriots moved to the Jets' 42-yard line on two Cassel completions; a spike stopped the clock at :36. A 17-yard Welker catch and another spike then put the Patriots at the Jets' 25-yard line with :23 left. A Koppen false start moved the Patriots back 5 yards, but a 14-yard Welker catch and another spike put the Patriots on the Jets' 16-yard line with 8 seconds to go. On the ensuing play, Moss was covered by former Patriots cornerback Ty Law, who returned to the Jets for a second stint with the team just days earlier after sitting out the first 10 weeks of the season. As Cassel eluded a pass rusher and moved into the flat, Moss looked for the pass from the near corner of the end zone. Cassel threw to Moss, who caught the pass just beyond the near pylon and fell out of bounds, giving the Patriots a 16-yard touchdown with 1 second remaining in the game. A booth review was called but determined Moss did indeed have possession and the necessary footing before he fell out of bounds, upholding the touchdown call and sending the game into overtime after the extra point. Even though the Patriots had won their last eight overtime games, they began the sudden death period on defense as the Jets won the overtime coin toss. On the first play of the Jets' possession, Favre was sacked for a loss of five yards; an incomplete pass set up a 3rd-and-15 from the Jets' 15-yard line. However, Favre found Keller for a 16-yard catch and the first down; and then did so again two plays later, this one for 12 yards to move the Jets to their own 47-yard line. Three plays later, on a 3rd-and-1 from the Patriots' 44-yard line, Keller caught his third first down catch of the drive. This was followed by a 16-yard Coles catch two plays later, giving the Jets a first down from the Patriots' 24-yard line. On 4th-and-2 from the Patriots' 16-yard line, Feely hit a 34-yard field goal to give the Jets a 34–31 overtime win, dropping the Patriots to second in the division with a 6–4 record. The Patriots' total of 511 net yards in the game was the fourth-best in franchise history, and the highest since 1979. Cassel's 62 rushing yards were the most by a Patriots quarterback since Steve Grogan had 68 yards in 1978. Moreover, Cassel's 400 passing yards and 62 rushing yards made him the first player since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970 to have at least 400 passing and 60 rushing yards in a single game, and the first Patriots quarterback to throw for 300 yards and rush for 50 in the same game. Looking to avoid back-to-back divisional losses, the Patriots traveled to Miami to face the 6–4 Dolphins at Dolphin Stadium. After Carpenter's kickoff was returned from the 29-yard line by Matthew Slater, the Patriots began their first possession at their own 40-yard line. Cassel's first two passes were both completed for first downs, putting the Patriots in Dolphins territory and eventually their red zone. However, a holding penalty on Neal pushed the Patriots back 10 yards, forcing a 30-yard Gostkowski field goal four plays later that gave the Patriots a 3–0 lead. Following a Dolphins three-and-out, the Patriots' second drive ended when a Cassel pass to Moss was bobbled by both Moss and cornerback Jason Allen to keep the ball in the air until Renaldo Hill intercepted it; a 17-yard return gave the Dolphins the ball at the Patriots' 42-yard line. On the next play, a 29-yard David Martin reception moved the Dolphins into the Patriots' red zone, where the Dolphins used their "Wildcat" formation on the next two plays. A Tedy Bruschi unnecessary roughness penalty on the second Ronnie Brown run set up a first-and-goal, where Camarillo caught a 3-yard pass from Pennington for a touchdown, giving the Dolphins a 7–3 lead. The Patriots responded with a 12-play, 74-yard drive that ended on the first play of the second quarter, an 8-yard touchdown scramble by Cassel to give the Patriots the lead again, 10–7. The Dolphins' next drive went three-and-out despite two more plays using the "Wildcat" formation, giving the Patriots the ball at their own 41-yard line. On a 1-yard Morris run from the Dolphins' 28-yard line, linebacker Matt Roth forced a fumble during the tackle; the ball was recovered by Dolphins cornerback André Goodman at the Dolphins' 28-yard line. The Dolphins took advantage of the turnover, going 72 yards on 12 plays and re-taking the lead at 14–10 on a 7-yard Pennington touchdown scramble. Carpenter's ensuing kickoff was returned by Slater from the Patriots' 24-yard line, setting up the Patriots' next drive to begin from their own 37-yard line. Six plays later, Cassel completed a 25-yard touchdown pass to Moss that gave the Patriots the lead again, 17–14. After an exchange of three-and-outs, the Dolphins began their final drive of the half with 39 seconds remaining and moved into Patriots territory. However, a false start on wide receiver Ted Ginn, Jr. followed by a Vrabel sack of Pennington ended the first half. Due to their deferral of the opening kickoff, the Dolphins elected to receive the opening kickoff of the second half. A 46-yard Pennington pass to Ginn on the first play moved the Dolphins to the Patriots' 36-yard line; six plays later, Pennington hit fullback Casey Cramer on a 2-yard touchdown catch that gave the Dolphins the lead again at 21–17. The Patriots responded by going 78 yards on 11 plays, re-taking the lead yet again on the second Moss touchdown catch of the day; the 8-yard grab put the Patriots ahead 24–21. The Dolphins' next drive got as far as the Patriots' 27-yard line, but an offensive holding penalty, incomplete pass, and sack forced the Dolphins to punt from the Patriots' 42-yard line. Two plays later, Cassel completed a pass to Welker across the middle; the wide receiver ran along the sideline after the catch to pick up 64 yards on the play. After an incomplete pass to Moss, a 21-yard Faulk touchdown run extended the Patriots' lead to 31–21 on the final play of the third quarter. Four plays into the Dolphins' ensuing drive, on 3rd-and-3, Pennington hit wide receiver Davone Bess for a 36-yard gain to put the Dolphins in the Patriots' red zone. On the next play, a diving Ricky Williams 13-yard touchdown catch cut the Patriots' lead to 31–28. Facing a 3rd-and-10 from their own 42-yard line during their next drive, the Patriots moved into Dolphins territory on a 23-yard Gaffney catch. Two plays later, Cassel and Moss connected for their third touchdown pass of the day, this one from 29 yards out, to give the Patriots a 38–28 lead. On the next play, Meriweather intercepted a Pennington pass and returned it 19 yards to the Dolphins' 18-yard line. However, safety Yeremiah Bell sacked Cassel on 3rd-and-2 to set up a 30-yard Gostkowski field goal that extended the Patriots lead to 41–28 with just over seven minutes remaining in the game. Starting from their own 1-yard after a Ginn kick return for a loss and a holding penalty, the Dolphins moved the ball as far as their 44-yard line on 10 plays, but could not successfully convert on fourth down to turn the ball back over to the Patriots. The Patriots, with just four minutes remaining in the game, exclusively ran Green-Ellis running plays on their ensuing possession, moving into the Dolphins' red zone on back-to-back unnecessary roughness and unsportsmanlike conduct penalties by Porter. On the six play of the drive, a fourth down, Green-Ellis ran for a 1-yard touchdown to give the Patriots a 48–28 lead. Down by 20 points, the Dolphins ran one play in the remaining 37 seconds to end the game and improve the Patriots' record to 7–4. The Patriots' 530 net yards of offense were the second highest output in team history, behind the Patriots' 597 yards in 1979. Cassel's 415 passing yards made him the second quarterback in Patriots history to throw for at least 400 yards in two or more games; Drew Bledsoe had four 400+ yard passing games in his Patriots career. After their road win in Miami, the Patriots returned home to face the Steelers, who the Patriots had not lost to since 2004. On the opening kickoff, Patriots linebacker Vince Redd forced a fumble of Carey Davis at the Steelers' 20-yard line that Davis eventually recovered; an unnecessary roughness penalty by the Steelers' Keyaron Fox meant the Steelers would begin their first drive from their own 10-yard line. Four plays in, Vrabel intercepted Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger and returned it 5 yards to give the Patriots the ball at the Steelers' 14-yard line. After a Welker reception moved the ball to the Steelers' 2-yard line, Morris ran in for a 2-yard touchdown to give the Patriots a 7–0 lead. The Steelers' ensuing possession went three-and-out, but a holding penalty by Aiken on the punt moved the Patriots back to the Steelers' 20-yard line. A 27-yard Moss catch on the next play would help the Patriots reach midfield, but a third-down sack of Cassel set up a Patriots punt, which was returned by the Steelers' Santonio Holmes for 29 yards. Following a 21-yard reception by tight end Heath Miller to begin the drive, the Steelers moved further into Patriots territory on two Nate Washington catches of 15 and 16 yards, both on third down. The Steelers then failed to score from the Patriots' 2-yard line on third down, setting up a 20-yard Jeff Reed field goal to cut the Patriots' lead to 7–3. Three plays into the Patriots' next drive, Moss dropped a pass after he beat his defender inside the Steelers' 35-yard line, eventually setting up another Patriots punt on the final play of the quarter. An exchange of three three-and-outs began the second quarter, leading to Patriots drive that began from their own 40-yard line. A fourth down conversion put the Patriots in the Steelers' red zone, but the Patriots were unable to reach the end zone and settled for a 29-yard Gostkowski field goal that extended their lead to 10–3. Following a 31-yard Gary Russell kick return that gave the Steelers the ball at their own 37-yard line, the Steelers moved 63 yards on 9 plays, capping their drive with a 19-yard Holmes touchdown catch to tie the game at 10 with just under two minutes left in the half. Two plays later, the Patriots found themselves in Steelers' territory again following a 41-yard Faulk run; 35 seconds remained in the first half by the time the Patriots reached the Steelers' 9-yard line on a first down. The Patriots' next three plays would be Cassel pass attempts to Moss; the second of which was dropped by a leaping Moss in the back of the end zone. On fourth down, Gostkowski's 27-yard field goal attempt was no good to keep the game tied at 10 going into halftime. Following a 23-yard defensive pass interference penalty on Steelers cornerback Ike Taylor to begin the second half, the Patriots moved into Steelers' territory, but another sack of Cassel forced a Patriots punt. Starting from their own 14-yard line, the Steelers responded by embarking on a 14-play, 79-drive that reached the Patriots' 7-yard line on a second down but no further; a 25-yard Reed field goal gave the Steelers their first lead of the game, 13–10. With Hobbs, the usual kick returner, on the sidelines vomiting and suffering from cramps, Slater took the ensuing kickoff; the rookie muffed the catch and the fumble was recovered by Fox at the Patriots' 8-yard line. Two plays later, Roethlisberger hit wide receiver Hines Ward for an 11-yard touchdown reception to extend the Steelers' lead to 20–10. Faulk stepped in as kick returner for the next kickoff, which he returned to the Patriots' 29-yard line. However, on the next play, Cassel was strip-sacked by Steelers linebacker James Harrison; the fumble was recovered by linebacker LaMarr Woodley at the Patriots' 26-yard line. Despite a 19-yard Miller catch to begin the Steelers' possession, the Patriots forced the Steelers to kick a field goal; Reed's 20-yard kick gave the Steelers a 23–10 lead. Hobbs came back to return the next kickoff, which began the Patriots' drive from their own 35-yard line. Three plays in, Welker was hit from behind by Steelers safety Ryan Clark after a Cassel pass attempt was tipped; Clark was called for a 15-yard unnecessary roughness penalty to move the Patriots in Steelers' territory. On 3rd-and-11 from the Steelers' 48-yard line, Cassel was again strip-sacked by Harrison; this time linebacker James Farrior recovered the fumble at the Patriots' 47-yard line. The Steelers next drive began on the final play of the third quarter and reached as far as the Patriots' 22-yard line, where Reed missed a 40-yard field goal to give the Patriots the ball back at their own 30-yard line. The Patriots proceeded to move into Steelers' territory, but on 3rd-and-13 from the Steelers' 43-yard line, a Cassel pass intended for Watson was intercepted by safety Troy Polamalu at the Steelers' 11-yard line and returned for 23 yards in the Patriots' fourth turnover of the second half. Three plays later, a 31-yard Willie Parker moved the Steelers to the Patriots' 28-yard line; they would get as far as the Patriots' 22-yard line before Reed kicked a 45-yard field goal to extend the Steelers' lead to 26–10. With less than six minutes remaining in the game, the Patriots began their next series from their own 44-yard line after Reed's kick was returned from the Patriots' 30-yard line. On the first play of the drive, Cassel found Gaffney open inside the Steelers' 25-yard line, but the wide receiver dropped the pass; Taylor threw the ball back toward Gaffney after the play, drawing a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty that moved the Patriots into Steelers' territory. Seven plays later, on a first down from the Steelers' 14-yard line, Cassel was intercepted by linebacker Lawrence Timmons, who returned it 89 yards before being tackled at the Patriots' 1-yard line by Watson. Two plays later, Russell ran in for a 1-yard touchdown that gave the Steelers a 33–10 lead with less than three minutes to go in the game. The Patriots could not score on their next possession, ending the game and dropping the Patriots' record to 7–5. Beginning a two-game West Coast swing, the Patriots faced the Seahawks in Seattle for the first time since 1993. The Patriots received the opening kickoff but were later forced to punt. Starting from their own 13-yard line, the Seahawks went 87 yards on 13 plays and took the lead on a 14-yard touchdown catch by former Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch from quarterback Seneca Wallace, starting in place of Matt Hasselbeck. A 20-yard third down catch by Welker put the Patriots into Seahawks territory on their next drive, which eventually ended in a 50-yard Gostkowski field goal that cut the Seahawks' lead to 7–3. Early in the second quarter, the Seahawks moved to the Patriots' 21-yard line on a 25-yard catch by tight end John Carlson; two plays later, Carlson caught a 10-yard touchdown pass from Wallace to extend the Seahaks' lead to 14–3. Hobbs returned the ensuing kickoff 55 yards to set the Patriots' next drive up to begin from the Seahawks' 43-yard line. Running back LaMont Jordan, playing in his first game for the Patriots since Week 5 due to an injury, fumbled a second down run but recovered his own fumble; a Cassel ran for a first down on the next play to extend the drive. Two plays later, a defensive pass interference penalty on Seahawks cornerback Marcus Trufant on a pass intended for Moss gave the Patriots a first down from the Seahawks' 2-yard line. Watson then caught a 2-yard touchdown pass from Cassel to cut the Seahawks' lead to 14–10, but his post-touchdown celebration involved using the ball as a prop, prompting a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty. The Seahawks began their next drive from their own 40-yard line but were forced to punt, giving the Patriots the ball at their own 10-yard line. The Patriots managed to reach midfield, but a third down sack of Cassel by defensive end Baraka Atkins led to a Patriots punt. The Seahawks then went three-and-out, giving the Patriots the ball to end the first half. After deferring the opening coin toss, the Seahawks chose to receive the ball to begin the second half. Their resulting drive reached the Patriots 44-yard line but no further, giving the Patriots the ball at their own 18-yard line following the punt. After an exchange of three-and-outs, the Patriots began their next drive a yard better, from their own 19-yard line. A 17-yard Welker reception on third down brought the Patriots to midfield, and a 12-yard Welker catch three plays later again extended the Patriots drive. However, the Patriots could not move past the Seahawks' 25-yard line; a 42-yard Gostkowski field goal cut the Seahawks' lead down to 14–13. The ensuing kickoff was fumbled by Josh Wilson after a 26-yard return, but it was recovered by Seahawks linebacker Will Herring at the Seahawks' 38-yard line for no gain. After an offensive holding penalty, Wallace connected with Branch on a sideline pass; Branch proceeded to go 63 yards before being pushed out of bounds at the Patriots' 9-yard line. The catch was challenged by Belichick, who argued Branch's foot was out of bounds as he made the catch, but the ruling was upheld. Two plays later, Branch caught his second touchdown of the day, this one a 4-yard one-handed grab, to give increase the Seahawks' lead to 21–13. The Patriots next drive faced a 3rd and 10 after two plays, but on the final play of the third quarter, a 28-yard Gaffney catch put the Patriots in Seahawks territory. After another two plays, the Patriots again found themselves in a third down situation; this time Moss caught a 33-yard pass from Cassel to put the Patriots on the Seahawks' 13-yard line. However, the Patriots could not convert another third down, and Gostkowski was called on to kick a 27-yard field goal that cut the Seahawks' lead to 21–16. The Patriots defense, playing without Warren, who was inactive for the game, as well as starters Bruschi, James Sanders, and Wilfork, who were all injured in the first half, forced the Seahawks to punt on their next drive, giving the Patriots the ball at their own 29-yard line with less than nine minutes remaining in the game. Three consecutive third down conversions – an 11-yard Faulk catch, a five-yard Gaffney catch, and a 13-yard Welker catch – extended the Patriots drive and moved them to the Seahawks' 31-yard line. On first down, a 25-yard Welker screen pass put the Patriots in the Seahawks' red zone, but on third down, Morris was unable to score on a run for the 1-yard line, setting up fourth down. This time, Morris' dive was successful, giving the Patriots a 22–21 lead. The Patriots converted their two-point conversion try with a Welker catch, increasing their lead to 24–21. However, a 26-yard Wilson kickoff return followed by a 23-yard Wallace scramble put the Seahawks on the Patriots' 43-yard line just before the two-minute warning. After a Maurice Morris run for a loss of a yard, Wallace was strip-sacked by a blitzing Meriweather on 2nd and 11; Seymour recovered the fumble at the Seahawks' 49-yard line to seal the Patriots win. Their 8–5 record brought them into a three-way tie with the Dolphins and Jets for first place in the division. In the second game of a West Coast series, the Patriots again practiced at San José State University in preparation for their game against the Raiders. On the Raiders' first drive, a 43-yard three-and-out punt was returned 14 yards by Faulk to the Raiders' 40-yard line. The Patriots then moved into the Raiders' red zone with two third-down conversions, both Welker receptions, but the ensuing second down, the Patriots were docked a timeout after losing a challenge that the Raiders had too many players on the field. On the next play, Faulk caught a 7-yard touchdown pass from Cassel to give the Patriots a 7–0 lead. Starting from within their 20-yard line for the second straight possession, the Raiders faced another three-and-out after a third down Vrabel strip-sack of quarterback JaMarcus Russell that was recovered by Raiders tight end Zach Miller. Punter Shane Lechler's next punt traveled 18 yards, giving the Patriots the ball at the Raiders' 35-yard line. Three plays later, Cassel connected with Moss on a 20-yard touchdown pass to extend the Patriots' lead to 14–0. After yet another Raiders three-and-out, Lechler punted 62 yards to the Patriots' 5-yard line, marking the first time in the game the Patriots would run a play from scrimmage in their own territory. This play would be a 14-yard Cassel run; a third-down Faulk catch then extended the drive, and the Patriots moved into Raiders territory on another Cassel scramble coupled with a Raiders holding penalty. Four plays later, a 29-yard Morris touchdown run gave the Patriots a 21–0 lead. However, one play after converting their initial first down of the game, the Raiders cut the Patriots' lead to 21–7 on a 56-yard touchdown catch by Johnnie Lee Higgins from Russell. Hobbs (right) celebrates his kickoff return for a touchdown. The Patriots next drive spanned into the second quarter. A 30-yard Welker reception put the Patriots in the Raiders' red zone; two plays later, Cassel hit Welker on a 13-yard touchdown catch to bring the Patriots' lead to 28–7. The catch was Welker's 100th of the season, making him the eighth player in NFL history to record back-to-back 100-catch seasons. However, Justin Miller returned the ensuing kickoff 91 yards for a touchdown, cutting the Patriots lead to 28–14. Hobbs responded by returning the very next kickoff 95 yards for a touchdown of his own, increasing the Patriots' advantage to 21 points, 35–14. The Raiders could not advance past their own 38-yard line on their next drive and Lechler punted to the Patriots' 20-yard line. The Patriots eventually reached the Raiders' 43-yard line on 3rd-and-2, but Cassel was intercepted by safety Gibril Wilson at the Raiders' 21-yard line; Wilson returned the interception 5 yards. Four plays into their ensuing possession the Raiders reached Patriots territory for the first time in the game on a 23-yard catch by Miller. However, two plays later, Russell was intercepted by Patriots cornerback Jonathan Wilhite at the Patriots' 1-yard line; a 16-yard return brought the Patriots to their 17-yard line. With just under three minutes left in the half, the Patriots moved into Raiders territory with help from a 23-yard Faulk run and a 19-yard Faulk catch. However, Cassel was sacked on a 1st-and-10 from the Raiders' 13-yard line, and without any timeouts, Cassel was forced to spike the ball with 29 seconds left. On the spike, the Patriots were called for an illegal shift after Gaffney was not set at the snap; a 10-second clock run-off ensued, and the Patriots were unable to get a field goal snap off in time before the end of the half. Receiving the kickoff to begin the second half, the Patriots moved into the Raiders' red zone on a 35-yard Morris run. Three plays later, Moss caught a 9-yard touchdown pass from Cassel to increase the Patriots' lead to 42–14. Raiders running back Darren McFadden responded with a 29-yard rush on the next play, bringing the Raiders to midfield. After two plays for no gain, Russell was strip-sacked on third down by Wright for a loss of 15 yards; Russell recovered his own fumble at the Raiders' 34-yard line to set up a 66-yard Lechler punt. Despite gaining a first down, the Patriots were forced to punt for the first time in the game following a sack of Cassel on third down. A 43-yard punt and a penalty on Mayo meant the Raiders began their next drive from their own 46-yard line. The Raiders next three plays all went for first downs, including a 24-yard McFadden run to begin the drive. On the fifth play of the drive, Russell connected with wide receiver Ronald Curry on a 10-yard touchdown pass that cut the Patriots' lead to 42–20 after Wilfork blocked Sebastian Janikowski's extra point. The Patriots' next drive ended in a three-and-out punt that put the Raiders on their own 12-yard line. A 17-yard McFadden run began the drive, but the Raiders were unable to reach Patriots territory and punted from their own 48-yard line. Early in the fourth quarter, the Patriots again punted, ending a drive that began on the final play of the third quarter. The Raiders' ensuing possession went 10 plays and spanned as far as the Patriots' 43-yard line, but a Russell incomplete pass on a fourth down conversion attempt turned the ball over on downs. Three plays later, Jordan, a former Raider, ran 49 yards for his first touchdown of the season, increasing the Patriots lead to 49–20. Continuing to kick away from Miller, Gostkowski landed his next kickoff at the Raiders' 29-yard line; a 14-yard Michael Bush return gave the Raiders the ball at their own 43-yard line. The Raiders then proceeded to move 57 yards on 11 plays, ending the drive with an 11-yard McFadden touchdown run. Russell could not complete a pass to wide receiver Chaz Schilens on the two-point conversion attempt, keeping the score at 49–26 with just under two minutes remaining. The Patriots then ran out the clock to end the game and maintain a three-way tie for first place on the AFC East. The win was Belichick's 100th as head coach of the Patriots, a week after recording his 150th win as a head coach overall. In their final home game of the regular season, the Patriots faced the Cardinals, who had already clinched the NFC West division title, in snowy and eventually rainy weather. The Patriots deferred the opening coin toss, giving the Cardinals the ball to start the game. Without starting wide receiver Anquan Boldin, who was not active for the game with an injury, the Cardinals went three-and-out; Welker returned the punt 28 yards to the Cardinals' 33-yard line. Passing once on a seven-play drive and using backup offensive lineman Russ Hochstein as a fullback, the Patriots took a 7–0 lead on a 1-yard Jordan touchdown run. The Cardinals' ensuing possession was again a three-and-out, and a 36-yard punt by Ben Graham, released by the Jets earlier in the season, helped the Patriots start their next drive from their own 45-yard line. Two plays in, a Cassel pass to Morris went for 42 yards, putting the Patriots in the Cardinals' red zone. Jordan would soon score his second touchdown of the game on a 3-yard run that gave the Patriots a 14–0 lead. For their third straight possession, the Cardinals would be again forced to punt, facing a 4th-and-16 after a third down sack of quarterback Kurt Warner split by Seymour and Wright. However, the Patriots, despite starting from their own 44-yard line, were then forced to punt on a three-and-out drive. On the next play, which ended the first quarter, Mayo forced a fumble of Cardinals running back Tim Hightower on the Cardinals' 12-yard line that was recovered by former Patriots tight end Stephen Spach at the Cardinals' 4-yard line. Three plays later, the Cardinals punted to the Patriots, who began their next series from midfield. Two plays in, Cassel connected with Gaffney on a 37-yard completion, and then again to Faulk two plays later for a 15-yard touchdown reception, putting the Patriots ahead 21–0. Beginning from their own 19-yard line the Cardinals moved to the Patriots' 31-yard line on nine plays, but could not convert a 4th-and-1 pass on the tenth play, turning the ball over on downs. The Patriots responded with a 12-play, 69-play drive culminating in an 11-yard Welker touchdown catch that gave the Patriots a 28–0 lead; Welker celebrated by making a snow angel in the end zone, costing the Patriots 15 yards on an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty. As a result, the Cardinals began their next drive from their own 39-yard line, but punted again after three plays. With 1:24 remaining in the first half, the Patriots then moved from their own 29-yard line to the Cardinals' 20-yard line, but could get no further and on the final play of the half, Gostkowski kicked a 38-yard field goal to give the Patriots a 31–0 lead. With the ball to begin the second half as the result of their opening coin toss deferral, the Patriots extended their lead to 38–0 on the first play, a screen pass to Moss that went for a 76-yard touchdown. The Cardinals again went three-and-out, and a 28-yard reception by Evans put the Patriots in Cardinals territory on one play. Nine plays later, on a 3rd-and-5 from the Cardinals' 5-yard line, Cassel was sacked by linebacker Karlos Dansby, setting up a 35-yard Gostkowski field goal that increased the Patriots' lead to 41–0. Yet another Cardinals three-and-out meant the Patriots began their next drive from the Cardinals' 49-yard line. An 11-play, 44-yard drive followed, and ended in a 24-yard Gostkowski field goal that put the Patriots' lead at 44–0. The field goal was Gostkowski's 33rd of the season, breaking Tony Franklin's record of 32 field goals in 1986. On their ensuing possession, the Cardinals converted a first down, but quarterback Matt Leinart, playing in place of Warner, was sacked for a loss of four yards, fumbling; the Cardinals recovered at their own 27-yard line. Two plays later, Leinart was strip-sacked by a blitzing Meriweather for a loss of 12 yards, but this time defensive lineman Jarvis Green recovered the ball for the Patriots at the Cardinals' 15-yard line. The Patriots would be unable to score, forcing Gostkowski to kick a 30-yard field goal on the second play of the fourth quarter, giving the Patriots a 47–0 lead. Leinart completed a 28-yard pass to wide receiver Jerheme Urban on the Cardinals' next drive, but Leinart's next pass attempt to Urban, two plays later, was tipped and intercepted by Hobbs at the Patriots' 37-yard line and returned for a loss of seven yards. With a 47-point lead, O'Connell replaced Cassel for the Patriots' next possession, which went three-and-out. An exchange of punts followed, giving the Cardinals the ball again at their own 29-yard line. Two plays in, Leinart threw a 78-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald, putting the Cardinals on the board at 47–7. With six minutes left in the game, Jordan and Morris each ran three times for a first down each to bring the game to the two-minute warning; O'Connell then kneeled three times to end the game. The 47 points scored brought the Patriots to four 40-point games on the season, tying the team record set in 2007, and gave the Patriots the only back-to-back 40-point games of any NFL team in 2008. The Patriots traveled to Buffalo for their regular season finale, needing a win and help from either the Dolphins or Ravens to make the postseason. With winds gusting over 50 mph, the Patriots elected to defend a goal after winning the opening coin toss. After receiving the opening kickoff, the Bills, who were without injured starting running back Marshawn Lynch ran six times with Fred Jackson and Xavier Omon before punting; Moorman's punt traveled 13 yards. Starting from their own 49-yard line, the Patriots ran with Morris and Jordan before also punting. McKelvin muffed the punt, which was touched by Slater, who could not secure the ball, just before rolling into the end zone for a touchback. The Bills' next possession was a three-and-out, and this time Moorman's punt went 35 yards to the Patriots' 37-yard line. The game's first pass came two plays later, when Evans caught a pass in the flat and gained 19 yards. Cassel's second pass a few plays later was good again to Evans for 12 yards, but his third, on 3rd-and-4 from the Bills' 15-yard line was incomplete to Welker. Gostkowski then kicked a 33-yard field goal to give the Patriots a 3–0 lead. The first play of the second quarter saw the first Bills pass attempt of the game, which was complete to wide receiver Lee Evans for 13 yards. The Bills reached the Patriots' 28-yard line before attempting a 47-yard field goal; Lindell's kick started off by moving left before being caught by the wind and falling wide right. The Patriots' ensuing drive went 55 yards on 13 plays, all hand-offs or scrambles, but stalled at the Bills' 8-yard line. Before Gostkowski attempted the 26-yard field goal, officials allowed for the straightening of the goalposts which had been shifted by the winds. However, Gostkowski's kick went wide right, leaving the score at Patriots 3, Bills 0. Beginning from their own 20-yard line with 4:16 remaining in the half, the Bills moved to the Patriots' 12-yard line, where they faced a 3rd-and-5 with 22 seconds to play. After a 3-yard Jackson run, Bills center Duke Preston became involved in a scuffle with Patriots defenders, and the clock ran out before the Bills could clear the field to attempt a field goal. On the opening drive of the second half, Cassel was sacked on third down by Kyle Williams to force a Patriots punt. Five plays later, Edwards was strip-sacked by Green at the Bills' 43-yard line, where Vrabel recovered the fumble. The Patriots proceeded to run nine straight times, including a 6-yard Cassel scramble on 4th-and-6 from the Bills' 25-yard line, to reach the Bills' 14-yard line on 4th-and-5. The Patriots opted not to attempt a field goal and instead Cassel completed a 12-yard pass to Welker to extend the drive. On the next play, Jordan ran in for a 2-yard touchdown that gave the Patriots a 10–0 lead. The Bills' next possession went three-and-out, setting the Patriots up to begin from their own 15-yard line. On a 15-play drive that spanned into the fourth quarter, the Patriots moved 80 yards, with help on Moss' first catch of the day, good for 13 yards, and bettered their lead to 13–0 on a 23-yard Gostkowski field goal. With the wind beginning to subside, Edwards completed passes of 14, 18, and 16 yards on the Bills' next series, but he could not complete a 4th-and-1 pass from the Patriots' 39-yard line to turn the ball over on downs. Three plays later, on a 3rd-and-8, Cassel pooch-punted into Bills' territory, but without a punt returner, the ball was allowed to roll to the Bills' 2-yard line, where the 57-yard punt was downed by a group of Patriots. Despite this field position, the Bills were able to move to the Patriots' 34-yard line on 14 plays, but turned the ball over on downs on a failed 4th-and-10 conversion. The Patriots punted on third down again on their last drive, giving the Bills the ball for the game's final series, which ended on a Jackson run to the Patriots' 41-yard line. The shutout win was the Patriots' first since 2006, while the Patriots' eight passing attempts were the second fewest in franchise history, behind only the three attempts in the Snowplow Game of 1982. This game also cemented an NFL record for the Patriots for the fewest penalties in a 16-game season, with 57, breaking the 2007 Seattle Seahawks' former record of 59 in a season. New England had done what they needed to do, but unfortunately watched as Miami and Baltimore won their late games and left the Dolphins as the 2008 AFC East champs, the Ravens as a wild card team, and the Patriots missing the playoffs for the first time since 2002. Two Patriots were elected to the 2009 Pro Bowl. Kicker Stephen Gostkowski was named as a starter, while wide receiver Wes Welker was named as a reserve. Gostkowski and Welker were also voted to the 2008 All-Pro First Team and Second Team, respectively. Gostkowski received 28 of 50 votes at kicker, while Welker received 6 votes at wide receiver; three other Patriots—guard Logan Mankins, wide receiver Randy Moss, and rookie inside linebacker Jerod Mayo—also received votes. ↑ "Patriots defensive back charged with marijuana possession in Lowell". The Boston Globe. February 5, 2008. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2008. ↑ "Patriots defensive back Andrews pleads to drug offense". Associated Press. The Boston Globe. May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2008. 1 2 Underwood, Mike (June 30, 2008). "Pats' defensive back arrested in gun assault". Boston Herald. Retrieved June 30, 2008. ↑ "Patriots Player Faces Gun Assault Charge". WCVB-TV. June 30, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2008. ↑ Gasper, Christopher L. (July 2, 2008). "Patriots release Andrews". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on July 7, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2008. ↑ Gasper, Christopher L. (February 27, 2008). "Faulk cited for marijuana in La.". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved May 31, 2008. ↑ Foote, Kevin (February 29, 2008). "Patriots' Faulk says he passed drug test". The Daily Advertiser. USA Today. Retrieved May 31, 2008. ↑ "Kevin Faulk, pleads no contest". KATC (TV). July 8, 2008. Archived from the original on July 10, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (August 30, 2008). "Faulk suspended 1 game". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2008. 1 2 3 4 Ellement, John R.; Murphy, Shelley (June 4, 2008). "Patriot arrested, then aids drug sting". The Boston Globe. Retrieved June 4, 2008. ↑ "Falcons name Thomas Dimitroff to GM post". AtlantaFalcons.com. January 13, 2008. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 23, 2008). "Merger of field and screen". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 30, 2008. 1 2 3 Reiss, Mike (August 11, 2008). "Media guide nuggets". The Boston Globe. Retrieved August 11, 2008. 1 2 Reiss, Mike (February 22, 2008). "Capers joins Patriots' coaching staff". The Boston Globe. Retrieved February 23, 2008. ↑ Young, Shalise Manza (February 1, 2008). "Don Davis offers strength in both of his Pats roles". The Providence Journal. Retrieved August 11, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (February 26, 2008). "Lua released too". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 1 2 "New England Patriots February, 2008 Transactions". Pro Football Weekly. February 29, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 1 2 3 Gasper, Christopher L. (February 29, 2008). "Patriots release TE Kyle Brady". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (February 22, 2008). "K. Washington update". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (February 29, 2008). "Report: Stallworth to visit Browns". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Gasper, Christopher L. (March 1, 2008). "Report: Stallworth to join Browns". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 1 2 Reiss, Mike (February 28, 2008). "Washington agrees with Pats". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Gasper, Christopher L. (February 29, 2008). "So long Asante". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Gasper, Christopher L. (March 2, 2008). "Gay marches to the Saints". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 14, 2008). "Wilson to Bucs & CB". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (February 29, 2008). "No offer to Rashad Moore". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 6, 2008). "CB Lewis Sanders signed". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Gasper, Christopher L. (March 20, 2008). "Bryant signing official". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 4, 2008). "Webster deal official". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 5, 2008). "Report: Pats sign Tank Williams". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 3, 2008). "Aiken signs on for 2 years". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (April 7, 2008). "Belichick on Hobson". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (April 22, 2008). "TE Pollard to join Pats". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 3, 2008). "Moss' agent details deal". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 4, 2008). "Report: Gaffney back to Pats". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 11, 2008). "Ventrone officially re-signs". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 19, 2008). "Mike Wright follow-up". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (March 25, 2008). "Britt & Woods re-sign". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved April 14, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (September 13, 2007). "Final ruling". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved September 13, 2007. ↑ Game moved from 8:15 PM on NBC to 4:05 on CBS under NFL "flex scheduling" rules – Reiss, Mike (November 24, 2008). "Pats-Seahawks flexed out". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved November 24, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (September 22, 2008). "Patriots had no answers for Miami's scheme". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008. ↑ Lowe, Brian (October 6, 2008). "A big win, and on to the hotel". Patriots.com Patriots Today Blog. Retrieved October 14, 2008. ↑ Lowe, Brian (October 11, 2008). "Off to San Diego". Patriots.com Patriots Today Blog. Retrieved October 14, 2008. ↑ Gasper, Christopher L. (October 21, 2008). "Maroney is done for season". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (October 30, 2008). "Patriots & penalties". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2008. ↑ Trotter, Jim (January 11, 2007). "Harrison out; ACL said torn". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved October 21, 2008. ↑ Ulman, Howard (October 21, 2008). "Patriots S Harrison's injury appears season-ending". Associated Press. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved October 21, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (October 22, 2008). "Spann promoted". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008. 1 2 Reiss, Mike (October 26, 2008). "Final game notes". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 26, 2008. 1 2 Reiss, Mike (November 9, 2008). "Game notes". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved November 9, 2008. 1 2 Reiss, Mike (November 14, 2008). "Game Notes". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved November 14, 2008. ↑ Forsberg, Chris (November 23, 2008). "Game notes". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Retrieved November 26, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (November 30, 2008). "Post-game nuggets". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (December 7, 2008). "Ups and downs". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008. 1 2 Forsberg, Chris (December 14, 2008). "Game notes". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008. ↑ Forsberg, Chris (December 7, 2008). "Game notes". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 1 2 Reiss, Mike (December 21, 2008). "Game notes". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved December 22, 2008. 1 2 Forsberg, Chris (December 28, 2008). "Game notes". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (October 22, 2008). "Cassel named AFC Offensive Player of the Week". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (November 26, 2008). "Cassel is AFC Offensive Player of the Week". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (October 30, 2008). "Gostkowski: AFC Special Teams Player of the Month". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2008. ↑ "Hanson named AFC Special Teams Player of the Week". Patriots.com. December 31, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (December 17, 2008). "Honor for Ellis Hobbs". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. ↑ Guregian, Karen (August 26, 2008). "Tom Brady MIA at Kickoff Gala". Boston Herald The Point After. Archived from the original on August 26, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (October 30, 2008). "Mayo: NFL Defensive Rookie of the Month". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2008. ↑ Wilner, Barry (December 31, 2008). "Patriots' Mayo wins AP Defensive Rookie award". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2008. ↑ Reiss, Mike (January 22, 2009). "Sammy Morris: Ed Block Courage Award winner". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2009. ↑ Reiss, Mike (December 16, 2008). "Welker & Gostkowski are Patriots Pro Bowlers". Boston.com Reiss' Pieces. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2008. ↑ "Ravens safety Reed is only unanimous selection to All-Pro team". NFL.com. Associated Press. January 9, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2009. ↑ "2008 All-Pro Team Voting". ESPN.com. Associated Press. January 9, 2009. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2009. Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2008 New England Patriots season.
0.999929	In addition to her fame from modelling and acting, Anderson has received a great deal of press attention for her well-publicized personal life. The couple separated on December 13, and on February 22,Anderson requested through the courts that the marriage be annulled, citing fraud. The series lasted through a successful four-year run. Her relationships have made headlines in gossip magazines for years. She famously increased her bust size again, to 34DD, several years later. Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, as the title character becomes obsessed with her, and plans to abduct and marry her. She famously increased her bust size again, to 34DD, several years later. The season premiered on March 22,and after seven weeks, Anderson was eliminated. Her relationships have made headlines in gossip magazines for years. Anderson was a contestant on the tenth season of Dancing with the Starspartnered with professional Dancer Damian Whitewood. Blending action and humor in a fast-paced adventure series, with Anderson often poking fun at her tabloid image, the show explored the exciting and sometimes treacherous lives of the rich and famous. Relationships In addition to her fame from modelling and acting, Anderson has received a great deal of press attention for her well-publicized personal life.
0.999859	Interestingly, there were some positive results for other subliminal message tests. There was a test, for instance, in which people were asked to rate how much they liked or disliked Chinese symbols. For a given symbol, they’d flash an image of either a happy face, a neutral object, or an angry face too quickly for the person to really notice it being there, just before the symbol was shown. There was a notable correlation between liking or disliking the symbol and which image was shown. The happy face being flashed first made people like the symbol more and the angry face made people like the symbol less.
0.999294	What's it like to live in Somerset, New Jersey? New Jersey residents enjoy all four seasons. Additionally, it’s a short drive to the beach from Somerset. Things are a little slower-paced in New Jersey than they are in New York, but any time that you want to be in the city you’re only a short train ride away.
0.99915	how might yee be usin' it? I use it in some soups (non bean based) and casseroles such as a pasta, broccoli and vegan white sauce casserole. I also use it for stuffed peppers when the Green Peppers are stuffed with a soy ground mix.
0.999992	Much has been said that university is a microcosm of a society. Hong Kong is no exception. A chain of clashes erupted in the city's university campuses recently over Hong Kong independence, the death of the son of a deputy education minister and late mainland dissident Liu Xiaobo and his wife Liu Xia say volume of the state of the society. They have, again, laid bare a host of complex and deep-rooted contradictions among the seven-million populace. The latest unrest in universities was unfolded with the appearance of banners that carried with four Chinese words, 香港獨立, which mean Hong Kong independence, at the Chinese University of Hong Kong when the new academic year commenced ten days ago. It reignited a debate about whether such acts as putting on a banner or poster with the "four-word" slogan are unlawful. And even putting that aside, whether an expression of the four words should fall within the ambit of freedom of expression allowed under the Basic Law. The debate was put on the society's public spotlight when former chief executive Leung Chun-ying singled out a student union publication of the University of Hong Kong, Undergrad, for attack in his 2015 Policy Address. He called on public vigilance against the growth of advocacy for Hong Kong independence, citing an edition of the publication that featured independence. Leung's warning was followed by a blitz of intensified jibes by the central and Hong Kong government and their supporters against separatist thinking. Top mainland officials have hinted at a resumption of the enactment of an anti-subversion law, known as Basic Law Article 23. During his visit to Hong Kong in July, President Xi Jinping has set out the "bottom-lines" for Hong Kong under the "one country, two systems" framework. In short, they can be boiled down to a No to Hong Kong independence. Apart from verbal warning against separatist thinking, the Government has stepped up acts against advocacy for pro-independence, in both deeds and words. One major initiative was to kick out pan-democrat legislators who deviated from the oath-taking ordinance when they were sworn in. A total of six pan-democrat lawmakers were disqualified after the Government challenged the validity of their oaths. Pro-independence groups were given warnings that their activities might breach the law. Schools were cautioned by the education authorities not to hold discussion on independence in classrooms. It is against the background of a hard-hit approach by the mainland and Hong Kong governments to stifle public discussion on the issue of Hong Kong independence that those posters had been put on, presumably by students. It is unclear whether those who posted the pro-independence are seriously contemplating the idea of seeking Hong Kong independence. It is obvious that their acts could also been seen as a show of defiance against the authorities' move to muzzle any talk about independence. To students, their universities campuses could perhaps be the last corner in the city where they can discuss anything freely without any restrictions. The row between students and the management of universities over the room for free debate in campuses when it comes to the issue of independence is a prelude to sharper conflicts in the months to come. The storm whipped up at the Education University of Hong Kong by a poster that congratulated deputy education minister Christine Choi on the death of her son represents an outburst of anger towards the authorities in some quarters of the society. Although those insulting remarks have been widely criticised as inappropriate, the high-profile concerted efforts by Chief Executive Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor, education officials and university heads to condemn the act have been seen as excessive and politically-motivated. The Government, some argued, should also be blamed for being "callous and insulting" in their deeds and words over a range of political and policy issues. The right and wrong of the act of two unidentified people who put up the poster to ridicule Ms Choi over the death of her son at the Education University have become muddled at a time when the society is still sharply divided. The return of the issue of Hong Kong independence to public limelight has flared up fresh conflicts between mainlanders and Hongkongers. A stand-off between a mainland student and Hong Kong students at the Chinese University over a pro-independence poster put on the "Democracy Wall" has run viral on social media. Universities have emerged as the battlefields of highly-sensitive political ideas and sharply-conflicting values. They have never been a quiet and peaceful days. But like our society, they will be getting more noisy and chaotic.
0.968043	We've all heard it for at least a decade: passwords should have at least one uppercase letter, one symbol, and one number. That'll make them secure and hard for someone to guess, right? Well, that's not entirely false, it will make it hard for someone to guess, but these techniques can actually make guessing your password easier for a machine. Setting these arbitrary limits seems like it's there to help us, but in truth, most of us use EXACTLY one uppercase letter, one symbol, and one number. There are statistics on the locations of these characters in most passwords, and with this knowledge, it makes writing and running a piece of code to crack passwords even easier. This isn't the only issue with these sorts of passwords, as I mentioned before, they are often much harder for users to remember as well—making it a nightmare to juggle the average user's 20+ passwords without forgetting them from time to time. This isn't to say that numbers, capitals, and symbols don't increase the strength of your password (and you should totally use them where it makes sense to), but this isn't where the majority of your password strength comes from. Bill Burr, a former National Institute of Standards and Technology manager and the original password "authority," wrote a document titled "NIST Special Publication 800-63. Appendix A". The article advised these rules we've all come to know and love loathe. Then, in an interview with The Wall Street Journal over a decade later, he came out and said that these rules were "misguided." Burr didn't lead us to passwords that are easy to crack, rather he steered us toward lazy mistakes and easy-to-predict practices, which makes for easy password cracking. A popular xkcd comic published in 2011 poked a hole in this logic by pointing out how these common password practices create passwords that are exponentially easier to crack, versus using a passphrase. Passphrases are intimidating at first, but once you understand the logic behind using them, it all becomes a lot clearer. A passphrase should be an obscure and probably unintelligible string of words that embody human randomness, making them easier to remember for people, but significantly harder for a machine to make sense of. The example used in the xkcd comic mentioned above is "correcthorsebatterystaple". These words, in the context of the human language, will probably NEVER be used to form a complete, coherent thought, which is why it makes an excellent passphrase. Plus, in the time it took to come up with the proper words to reach the desired character count (sources recommend a minimum of 24 characters), you've probably already begun/finished memorizing your new passphrase. Taking the ideas of passphrases, and incorporating the old rules, you might end up with something like "CorrectHorseBattery5taple"—a significantly more secure password. Now, that's not to say that passphrases are necessarily the best passwords or the only ones you should be using. In a time where users have so many passwords to juggle, there are also several different password managers out there that take the hard work out of generating passwords. Services like LastPass or Dashlane store logins for you, and they will automatically cycle them out on an interval so you always have a new, secure password. These passwords are cryptographically generated, so each password is as secure as possible, and you don't need to remember any of them. Using a browser addon, these services usually allow for auto-fill of passwords as well, making the transition for you seamless and making logging into your favorite applications a breeze. These applications usually run between $0 and $10 dollars monthly, depending on the scope of your password management needs and are definitely worth looking into—not only does it make sure your information is secure, but it also keeps all of the information in one place, synced between all of your devices, for ease of access and peace of mind, no matter where you are. Overall, we haven't been steered in the wrong direction by any sense of the phrase when it comes to passwords, so much as the way we were taught made it easy for us, as users, to fall into consistent and easy-to-guess password generation. With these additional steps and ideas, you can ensure that you're even more secure when you're on the internet, protecting your valuable personal and professional data, and allowing for everyone involved to sleep a little bit easier. Passwords literally protect every account you have, the data they hold, and as such, we should always be striving to create and maintain the best, most secure passwords we can.
0.951902	AC/DC is an Australian rock band formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in December 1973 by Angus and Malcolm Young. Their albums have sold in colossal numbers; the total is now estimated at well over 200 million copies worldwide, with the 1980 album Back In Black selling over 21 million in the US alone and 40+ million worldwide, making it, according to statistics, one of the best selling albums in the world, outsold only by Michael Jackson's 'Thriller', and tied with Pink Floyd's 'Dark Side of the Moon'. Their newest album released in 2008 entitled Black Ice is critically acclaimed even ahead of its release. The band has had two distinctive lead singers, and fans tend to divide its history into the "Bon Scott era (1974-80)" and the "Brian Johnson era (1980-present)". Most fans will agree that lead guitarist Angus Young (Now living In The Netherlands) is the face of AC/DC, appearing on the cover of most albums. His wild stage antics and schoolboy uniform have made him one of the most loved guitar players of all time. He has the unparalleled ability to captivate an audience of over 50,000 people with just the sounds of his guitar and his facial expressions. Most footage of Angus consists of him either doing Chuck Berry's patented Duck Walk across the stage, or of his mop of hair flying around as he rocks through one of his famous solos. Aside from captivating solos, he has also created some of the most well-known riffs together with his brother Malcolm Young. Bon Scott was the second man to front AC/DC back in 1973( Dave Evans was the first). He would always smile when he was singing and often made a sideways glance towards a camera if it was there with a grin on his face. Also known for wearing a School Girl outfit with pigtails and smoking a cigarette on their first TV performance, with his duties as lead vocalist, Scott also helped to write many of the band's most popular songs. He was lyrically at his best on such songs as "Let There Be Rock" and "Shot Down in Flames". Sadly, Bon died February 19th 1980 due to alcohol poisoning after a night of heavy drinking in London. It was around this time that AC/DC were starting to get global recognition. The rhythm section of AC/DC includes Malcolm Young (rhythm guitar), Cliff Williams (bass) and Phil Rudd (drums). Other drummers include Simon Wright ('83-'89) and Chris Slade ('89-'94). Brian Johnson (earlier in English Heavy rock band Geordie) became the new front man of AC/DC in early 1980 after Bon Scott passed away. Brian is known for always wearing his paperboy cap, a black tank top and blue jeans. He is noted for his distinctive, rough and jagged, yet powerful falsetto style of singing, with a remarkably high range. Well known examples for Johnson's characteristic vocals are found in the songs "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)" and "You Shook Me All Night Long". With blessings from the Scott family, Brian has been singing his way into fans' hearts for over 25 years. AC/DC are currently on tour as of this writing. You can view the tour schedule at the Official AC/DC Website.
0.99999	According to the 2010 Annual Report, Google earns $19. 44 billion in revenues from advertising, 66% of which comes from the company's own websites, with the rest coming from Google Network websites. Advertising accounts for two thirds of the company's total revenue. In this business, Google competes against a number of other firms, including Yahoo and Microsoft. Google also competes indirectly against other, offline, forms of advertising for…… Google or Southwest AirlinesDescribe the company's overall people management strategyGoogle has been a fabulous high energy, quick paced employment setting About. com, 2009. 336. 362BLES 001215. 872NPEB 006547. 22BCES 0158432. 82BLUS 303825. 32BCES 0142212. 5710. Sam and Max Season 2 Beyond Time and Space Episode 2 Moai Better Blues PSN Sam and Max Season 2 Beyond Time and Space Episode 3 Night Of The Raving Dead PSN Sam and Max Season 2 Beyond Time and Space Episode 4 Chariots Of The Dogs PSN Sam and Max Season 2 Beyond Time and Space Episode 5 Whats New Beelzebub PSN Sam and Max Season 3 The Devil's Playhouse Episode 1 The Penal Zone PSN Sam and Max Season 3 The Devil's Playhouse Episode 2 The Tomb Of Sammun Mak PSN Sam and Max Season 3 The Devil's Playhouse Episode 3 They Stole Maxs Brain PSN Sam and Max Season 3 The Devil's Playhouse Episode 4 Beyond The Alley Of The Dolls PSN Sam and Max Season 3 The Devil's Playhouse Episode 5 The City That Dares Not Sleep PSN Sanctum 2 PSN Sasuke vs Commander PSN Savage Moon PSN ScaryGirl PSN Scene It Movie Night PSN Scott Pilgrim Vs The World The Game PSN Section 8 Prejudice PSN Section 8 PSN Sega Rally Online Arcade PSN Shadow Of The Colossus PSN Shank 2 PSN Shank PSN Shapo PSN Shatter PSN Sheep Defence PSN Shift Extended PSN Shiki Tei PSN Shogi PSN Shoot Many Robots PSN Sideway New York PSN Silent Hill PSN Sim Theme Park PSN SimCity 2000 PSN Sine Mora PSN Siren Blood Curse . Episodes 1 12 PSN SkullGirls Encore PSN SkullGirls PSN Sky Fighter PSN Sky Force PSN SkyDive Proximity Flight PSN SkyDrift PSN Slam Bolt Scrappers PSN Sly 2 Band Of Thieves PSN Sly 3 Honor Among Thieves PSN Sly Cooper And The Thievius Raccoonus PSN Smash Cars PSN . A Clone In The Dark PSN . Smash 'N' Survive PSN SmashBreak PSN Snake Warriors Training PSN Sneezies PSN Snowy The Bear's Adventures PSN Snowy Treasure Hunter PSN Soldier Blade PSN Söldner X 2 Final Prototype PSN Söldner X Himmelsstürmer PSN Solitaire PSN Sonic Adventure 2 PSN Sonic Adventure DX Director's Cut PSN Sonic CD PSN Sonic The Fighters PSN Sonic The Hedgehog 2 PSN Sonic The Hedgehog 4 Episode I PSN Sonic The Hedgehog 4 Episode II PSN Sonic The Hedgehog PSN Soul Calibur II HD Online PSN Sound Shapes PSN Space Ace PSN Space Channel 5 Part 2 PSN Space Invaders Infinity Gene PSN Spaceball Revolution PSN Spare Parts PSN Spartacus Legends PSN Speedball 2 Evolution PSN Spelunker Black PSN Spelunker HD PSN Spelunky PSN Spot The Differences!PSN Spyro 2 Ripto's Rage!PSN Spyro 3 Year Of The Dragon PSN Spyro The Dragon PSN Stacking PSN Stand O'Food PSN Star Gladiator Episode I Final Crusade PSN Star Hammer Tactics PSN Star Raiders PSN Star Trek DAC PSN Star Wars Dark Forces PSN Star Wars Pinball PSN StarDrone PSN Starhawk Solo Campaign PSN Stealth Inc. Stellar Attack PSN Stick It To The Man!PSN Stick Man Rescue PSN Storm PSN Street Fighter Alpha 2 PSN Street Fighter Alpha 3 PSN Street Fighter Alpha Warriors' Dream PSN Street Fighter III 3rd Strike Online Edition PSN Street Skater PSN Street Smart PSN Streets Of Rage 2 PSN Streets Of Rage PSN Strength Of The Sword 3 PSN Strider PSN Strong Bads Cool Game For Attractive People Episode 1 Homestar Ruiner PSN Strong Bads Cool Game For Attractive People Episode 2 Strong Badia The Free PSN Strong Bads Cool Game For Attractive People Episode 3 Baddest Of The Bands PSN Strong Bads Cool Game For Attractive People Episode 4 The Criminal Projective PSN Strong Bads Cool Game For Attractive People Episode 5 8 Bit Is Enough PSN Sudoku PSN Suikoden PSN Super Fruit Fall Deluxe PSN Super Hang On PSN Super Motherload PSN Super Pang PSN Super Puzzle Fighter II Turbo HD Remix PSN Super Rub'A'Dub PSN Super Stacker Party PSN Super Star Soldier PSN Super Stardust HD PSN Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix PSN Super Street Fighter IV Arcade Edition PSN Superfrog HD PSN Supermarket Mania PSN Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket Powered Battle Cars PSN Superstars V8 Racing PSN Swap Zap PSN Swarm PSN Sweet Drop PSN Sweet Reversi PSN Switchball PSN Swords and Soldiers PSN Syphon Filter 2 PSN Syphon Filter 3 PSN Syphon Filter PSN .
0.998184	During the Mexican Cold War from 1960-1985, one of the most tragic crimes perpetrated by the Mexican Government against its population was the forced disappearance of 91 men by the hands of the Mexican Army in the town of El Quemado, Guerrero, in the summer of 1972. These men were subjected during 4 years to physical, verbal and psychological torture while they were illegaly detained in a clandestine prison. Meanwhile, their families, already in a impoverished, vulnerable and marginalized situation before these events, were left abandoned and without capacity to sustain themselves. 47 years later, the Mexican Government has decided to repair the human rights violations committed against the victims, and they have commissioned me the design of an integral strategy to build a Memorial that not only remembers these crimes of state terror, but also holistically repair root causes of the tragedy, thus reducing and preventing future reoccurrences con state violence. The strategy I coordinate to build the Memorial has four components: Architecture, which involves the resignification of the house where the men were first detained and tortured, thus transforming it into a space of memory where educational and cultural efforts can be launched, as well as activities which strengthen the agricultural economy of the community. The Architecture components also will rehabilitate communal spaces into living and healthy public space to nurture El Quemado's social fabric. The second component, Virtual Space, involves the creation of digital tools that will register the testimonies of the surviving victims and their families, thus transforming them trough algorithms into indexed and searchable data. The output of this component unfolds into an online dashboard available to journalists, social researchers, artists and the public, as well as an exercise called the "Dispersed Memorial" that will place markers containing testimonials spread throughout the state of Guerrero, hereby extending the physical and temporal presence of the Memorial. The third component, Documentation, involves the coordination of an audiovisual documentary team, journalists and academic experts on drug and safety policies that will articulate narratives that will not only bring to light the truth of what happened in El Quemado, but also build up the efforts to find Justice for these and other victims of State Terror in Mexico by the hands of the Army from 1960 to 2019. Finally, the fourth component is the Memorial's Institution itself, which involves the capacitation of members of the community of victims in El Quemado so they may use the Architecture, Virtual and Documentary components to effectively make their story known, seek justice and reduce their exposure to future human rights violations. It is my job to design the strategy and coordinate the execution of these components, weaving them into a comprehensive Memorial to the Victims of Forced Disappearance. This ongoing project is commissioned by the Mexican Federal Government's Executive Commission for the Attention of Victims and will conclude in December 2019. El Quemado is proud of its history of being local basketball championships. During the afternoons, youth, men, women and seniors gather to compete. A participatory mapping of the important communal spaces in El Quemado. Community organization to upkeep public space in El Quemado.
0.999928	-Save the costs of buying or renting physical store. -Save offline marketing costs like banners and printed materials. -Available 24/7, so your customers can visit you during their appropriate time. -Expand your geographical reach and get new customers from different provinces and places. -A Facebook app. is an interface for your online store; it will also help you to reach more customers. -Unlike the physical store, you can build the online store within hours. -Updating the products is way easier and more flexible than the physical store. -The online store will protect your products from being stolen, damaged or broken. -No need for price tags and less paperwork. -You can fully manage your product image, size, specifications and price. -You can also track the availability of your product, what is in stock and what is out of stock. -Built in analytic that will let you keep track of your web sales and progress over time. -Built in reporting feature allows you to get real time information on consumer activity. -You can also review individual product performance such as top selling items. -You can also report on inventory results to keep your store will stocked with your top selling items.
0.996324	" The last 3 images are supposedly of the Oregon Trail near Guernsey, WY. I am very skeptical of this as the Smithsonian Magazine describes these ruts as 5' deep in soft sandstone. " Malta trail are deeper because they may have been used more intensively (obvious in the case of constant quarry work) and for much longer time than the Oregon trail, which have been in full intensive use for about twenty years, from the 1849 California gold rush until the train was completed in 1869 (my opinion). The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840, and was only passable on foot or by horseback. By 1836, when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence, Missouri, a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall, Idaho. Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west, and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon, at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete, even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges, cutoffs, ferries, and roads, which made the trip faster and safer. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains. From the early to mid-1830s (and particularly through the epoch years, 1846–69) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers, farmers, miners, ranchers, and business owners and their families. The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail (from 1843), Mormon Trail (from 1847), and Bozeman Trail (from 1863), before turning off to their separate destinations. Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, making the trip west substantially faster, cheaper, and safer. 400 000 passages is a lot, but it came quickly to an end. Was it the case in Malta? We just don't know.
0.958023	German conductor Hans Schwieger was the first music director for the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra, a position he held from 1948 to 1971. His papers contain photographs, scrapbooks, recordings, annotated scores, correspondence, concert programs and awards relating primarily to his career as a conductor. Conductor Hans Schwieger was born in Cologne, Germany on June 15, 1906. He served as the general music director for the Mainz State Opera and Symphony in Germany in 1932, but was dismissed from the position by the Nazi authorities in 1934 due to his marriage to Elsbeth Bloemendal, a Jewish woman. He then served as general music director in the Free State of Danzig from 1936 to 1937, when he left Germany for a conductorship with the Imperial Orchestra in Tokyo, Japan. Schwieger came to the United States in March 1938 and was detained by the American government as a suspected enemy alien after Pearl Harbor for a year. He became a citizen in 1944, on the same day his wife, Elsbeth, died. In 1947, Schwieger married Mary Fitzpatrick Shields. Schwieger spent many years as a guest conductor around the country before taking the position, in 1948, as director of the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra in Kansas City, Missouri. During his tenure as music director, a position he held until 1971, he was awarded three honorary doctorate degrees. The Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra lasted another ten years before dissolving in 1982. Schwieger and his wife moved to Naples, Florida in 1976 and he remained there until his death on February 2, 2000. The Hans Schwieger Papers contain personal papers, photographs and drawings, scrapbooks, sound recordings, annotated music scores, correspondence, awards and certificates, concert programs, and ephemera. The majority of these materials relate to his career as a conductor in Germany, Japan, and the United States. The personal papers include biographical information, correspondence, concert programs, diplomas, awards, publicity and research materials, and Schwieger's index to his collection of scores. Drawings and photographs depict both Hans Schwieger and his wife, Mary, as well as performances, conductors, composers, and rehearsals. Well known people represented in the images include United States Presidents Harry S. Truman and Richard Nixon, Jack Benny, Louis Armstrong, Jimmy Durante, Isaac Stern, and Lawrence Welk. Sound recordings are originally on LP records and cassette tapes, but have been digitized onto CDs for preservation. The majority feature Schwieger conducting the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra. Composers include Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Gershwin, Prokofiev, Schubert, Schumann, Strauss, Tcherepnin, and Wagner. The annotated music scores were often used during performances conducted by Schwieger. Additional scores without annotations from Schwieger's collection are housed in the Music Library and can be located through the library catalog. The scrapbooks contain primarily newspaper clippings about Schwieger and date from 1945 to 1970, documenting the majority of his tenure with the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra. The Hans Schwieger Papers are divided into five series: Series I: Personal Papers, Series II: Photographs and Drawings, Series III: Recordings, Series IV: Scores, and Series V: Scrapbooks. Series I and II are arranged alphabetically. Series III is subdivided by material type, with user copies arranged separately from the originals, and is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the composer of the first song on the recording. Series IV is arranged alphabetically by the last name of the composer. Series V is arranged chronologically, with loose materials from the scrapbooks removed and housed separately in folders noting between which pages they were originally located. The bulk of the collection was donated to Appalachian State University by Mary Schwieger in 2001. An addition, consisting primarily of scrapbooks, was donated by Frank and Kay Borkowski in 2011. Processed by Kelly R. Grimm, Grant Maher, and Cynthia Harbeson, 2011-2012. Finding aid written by Kelly R. Grimm and Cynthia Harbeson, 2012. [Identification of item], RB.8003, Rare Books & Manuscripts, Appalachian State University, Boone, N.C., USA. This series contains the personal papers of Hans Schwieger. They include biographical information, correspondence, newspaper and magazine articles, awards and diplomas, concert programs, publicity and research materials and Schwieger's index to his collection of scores (see Series IV). This series is arranged alphabetically. This series consists of drawings and photographs of Hans Schwieger, his wife Mary, performances, conductors, composers and rehearsals. Well known people represented in the images include United States Presidents Harry S. Truman and Richard Nixon, Jack Benny, Louis Armstrong, Jimmy Durante, Isaac Stern, and Lawrence Welk. The majority of the drawings are of Schwieger. This series is arranged alphabetically. This series contains records and cassette recordings of classical music by various composers. The majority feature Schwieger conducting the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra. Composers include Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Gershwin, Prokofiev, Schubert, Schumann, Strauss, Tcherepnin, and Wagner. This series has been divided into four subseries: A. Records (User Copies), B. Records (Master Copies), C. Cassettes (User Copies), D. Cassettes (Master Copies). All user copies are on CDs. This subseries contains user copies of records that have recordings of classical music by various composers. The majority feature Schwieger conducting pieces by the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra. This subseries contains the original master copies of records that have recordings of classical music by various composers. The majority feature Schwieger conducting pieces by the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra. This subseries contains user copies of cassettes that have recordings of classical music by various composers. The majority feature Schwieger conducting pieces by the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra. This subseries contains the originial master copies of records that have recordings of classical music by various composers. The majority feature Schwieger conducting pieces by the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra. This series contains the sheet music from a wide variety of composers. Composers include Bach, Beethoven, Berlioz, Brahms, Bruckner, Debussey, Dvorak, Mendelssohn, Mozart, Prokofiev, Puccini, Ravel, Schubert, Tchaikovsky, Verdi, Vivaldi, and Wanger. Music scores are often annotated by Schwieger and were used during performances conducted by Schwieger. This series is arranged alphabetically by the composers last name. Additional scores from Schwieger's collection are housed in the Music Library and can be located through the library catalog. This series contains scrapbooks from a separate donation that document the career of Hans Schwieger primarily through newspaper clippings for the years 1945-1970. The scrapbooks are arranged chronologically and loose materials have been removed to separate folders. The materials in this series were digitized in 2011-2012. Please use the digitized versions (Box 54) to preserve the scrapbooks.
0.974866	Directions :- (Q. nos. 1-6) In the following questions, select the related word/letters/number from the given alternatives. * 1. Optimist : Cheerful :: Pessimist : ? * 2. YTOJ : XSNI :: WRMH : ? * 3. EIGK : EACY :: RVTY : ? * 4. 720 : 840 :: 60 : ? * 5. 225 : 256 :: 289 : ? * 6. Money : Misappropriation :: Writing : ? 8. If in a certain code 'CHARACTER" is written as '241612376' and 'CHILDREN' is written as '24859670'. then how can 'HIRALAL' be written in the same code ?
0.989088	The occlusion illusion: partial modal completion or apparent distance? In the occlusion illusion, the visible portion of a partly occluded object (eg a semicircle partly hidden behind a rectangle) appears to be significantly larger than a physically identical region that is fully visible. This illusion may occur either because the visual system 'fills in' a thin strip along the occluded border (the partial-modal-completion hypothesis) or because the partly occluded object is perceived as farther away (the apparent-distance hypothesis). We measured the magnitude of the occlusion illusion psychophysically in several experiments to investigate its causes. The results of experiments 1-3 are consistent with the general proposal that the magnitude of the illusion varies with the strength of the evidence for occlusion, supporting the inference that it is due to occlusion. Experiment 4 provides a critical test between apparent-distance and partial-modal-completion explanations by determining whether the increase in apparent size of the occluded region results from a change in its perceived shape (due to the modal extension of the occluded shape along the occluding edge, as predicted by the partial-modal-completion hypothesis) or from a change in its perceived overall size (as predicted by the apparent-distance hypothesis). The results more strongly support the partial-modal-completion hypothesis.
0.9855	An important developmental step in your baby's life is teething. This represents a concrete step toward childhood and growing older. As a parent, taking care of your baby's health and furthering their development is one of your sources of joy, There are so many competing sources of advice about how to raise your child and manage aspects of their growth and development. It can make it confusing to make important decisions regarding your baby's health. Always consult with medical professionals when it comes to making decisions about your baby's healthy future. Here are three assumptions that negatively affect your baby's oral health. Assumption # 1: Your baby doesn't need to go to the dentist. The Canadian Dental Association recommends bringing your baby in to see the dentist by their first birthday. There are plenty of reasons why this is beneficial. The dentist is able to ascertain if your baby's oral hygiene routine requires improvement and can also spot the beginning stages of tooth decay. Although baby teeth are not permanent, your child will still have them until they are almost a teenager, so it is important to keep them healthy. Establishing a relationship with the dentist early on also teaches your baby to trust this medical professional. Assumption # 2: You can't pass on tooth decay to your baby. Your baby's new teeth are incredibly vulnerable to bacteria. The enamel is soft, so it is easy for them to get cavities should bacteria attack. You can transmit a bacteria known as Streptococcus mutans to your baby when sharing food off of the same fork or spoon. This bacteria is rampant in adults that are prone to dental caries and can attack your baby's brand new teeth. It is possible for babies and toddlers to develop tooth decay early, leading to many dental complications in early childhood. To avoid spreading bacteria, feed your child with separate utensils, do not blow on their food, and keep separate toothbrushes. Assumption # 3: You don't need to introduce a toothbrush during teething. It may seem silly to introduce a toothbrush into your baby's hygiene routine before they even have teeth, but you should start oral hygiene rituals as soon as your baby starts teething. Use a soft bristled toothbrush and warm water to clean your baby's gums. This stimulates their gums and also keeps them clean. As new teeth erupt, your baby's tender gums are exposed to bacterial infections.
0.984271	Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. Summary: libpng: Interlaced Images Information Disclosure Vulnerability https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 Summary: libpng: Interlaced Images Information Disclosure Vulnerability Product: Security Response Version: unspecified Platform: All OS/Version: Linux Status: NEW Status Whiteboard: source=gentoo,reported=20090606,public=20090604,impact =low? Keywords: Security Severity: medium Priority: medium Component: vulnerability AssignedTo: security-response-team(a)redhat.com ReportedBy: thoger(a)redhat.com CC: paul(a)city-fan.org, lfarkas(a)lfarkas.org, tgl(a)redhat.com, berrange(a)redhat.com, rjones(a)redhat.com, fedora-mingw(a)lists.fedoraproject.org Classification: Other Target Release: --- Quoting Secunia advisory SA35346: http://secunia.com/advisories/35346/ A vulnerability has been reported in libpng, which can be exploited by malicious people to disclose potentially sensitive information. The vulnerability is caused due to an error when processing 1-bit interlaced images. This can be exploited to disclose uninitialised memory via specially crafted images having widths that are not divisible by 8. The vulnerability is reported in versions prior to 1.2.37. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 Tomas Hoger <thoger(a)redhat.com> changed: What \|Removed \|Added ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- External Bug ID\| \|Gentoo 272970 --- Comment #1 from Tomas Hoger <thoger(a)redhat.com> 2009-06-09 08:43:02 EDT --- Upstream page - http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html - contains a rather confusing vulnerability warning: Vulnerability Warning Jeff Phillips reported that several versions of libpng through 1.2.35 contain an uninitialized-memory-read bug that may have security implications. Specifically, 1-bit (2-color) interlaced images whose widths are not divisible by 8 may result in several uninitialized bits at the end of certain rows in certain interlace passes being returned to the user. An application that failed to mask these out-of-bounds pixels might display or process them, albeit presumably with benign results in most cases. This bug may be fixed in version 1.2.36, released 7 May 2009, but the correct fix is in version 1.2.37, released 4 June 2009. Going though 1.2.35 -> 1.2.36 and 1.2.36 -> 1.2.37 diffs, this probably refers to the following changes: Changes in 1.2.36: +version 1.2.36beta02 [March 21, 2009] + Use png_memset() after png_malloc() of big_row_buf when reading an + interlaced file, to avoid a possible UMR. http://libpng.git.sourceforge.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=libpng;a=commitdiff;h=... Changes in 1.2.37: +version 1.2.37beta01 [May 12, 2009] + Fixed inconsistency in pngrutil.c, introduced in libpng-1.2.36. The + memset() was using "png_ptr->rowbytes" instead of "row_bytes", which + the corresponding png_malloc() uses (Joe Drew). http://libpng.git.sourceforge.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=libpng;a=commitdiff;h=... -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #2 from Tomas Hoger <thoger(a)redhat.com> 2009-06-09 08:48:07 EDT --- Created an attachment (id=347014) --> (https://bugzilla.redhat.com/attachment.cgi?id=347014) 1.2.36 change Local copy of: http://libpng.git.sourceforge.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=libpng;a=commitdiff;h=... -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #3 from Tomas Hoger <thoger(a)redhat.com> 2009-06-09 08:48:51 EDT --- Created an attachment (id=347015) --> (https://bugzilla.redhat.com/attachment.cgi?id=347015) 1.2.37 change Local copy of: http://libpng.git.sourceforge.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=libpng;a=commitdiff;h=... -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #4 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-09 09:00:20 EDT --- mingw32-libpng-1.2.37-1.fc10 has been submitted as an update for Fedora 10. http://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/mingw32-libpng-1.2.37-1.fc10 -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #5 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-09 09:00:25 EDT --- mingw32-libpng-1.2.37-1.fc11 has been submitted as an update for Fedora 11. http://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/mingw32-libpng-1.2.37-1.fc11 -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #6 from Richard W.M. Jones <rjones(a)redhat.com> 2009-06-09 09:00:50 EDT --- mingw32-libpng packages all done. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #7 from Tom Lane <tgl(a)redhat.com> 2009-06-09 09:42:38 EDT --- Calling this a security issue seems like a bit of a stretch. You can only read portions of individual bytes, you can't control very well which bytes those are, and the whole thing depends on the application's display code being seriously buggy (i.e. showing garbage pixels on the right side of an image). -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Calling this a security issue seems like a bit of a stretch. Yeah, that was reaction too, when seeing upstream announcement. You can only read portions of individual bytes, you can't control very well which bytes those are, and the whole thing depends on the application's display code being seriously buggy (i.e. showing garbage pixels on the right side of an image). I believe applications displaying images using libpng were not really assumed attack vector, as those can only show those leaked bytes to the user running application, so that case is non-issue. I guess they may have assumed some automated image processing (such as image conversion using ImageMagick's convert, or CUPS printing) as a vector, though even without checking if any such application can return leaked bytes in some output attacker can see and use, the leak seem rather limited, not easily predictable and not too likely to yield any valuable data. Have you already looked into what application must do wrong to process those garbage pixels at all? -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #9 from Tom Lane <tgl(a)redhat.com> 2009-06-09 12:52:46 EDT --- Well, it would have to have a bug that causes it to process whole bytes (groups of 8 pixels) without regard to the declared image width. That seems unlikely to escape notice for long so far as "display" actions go. I suppose the most plausible route for an information leak is if the bytes get shoved directly into some other image file (either an output PNG or some other format with similar representational details), and then the attacker manages to get access to that file. I think we've previously decided that bugs in PNG-writing applications aren't really grounds for security responses, and this would effectively be in that category. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 Vincent Danen <vdanen(a)redhat.com> changed: What \|Removed \|Added ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC\| \|vdanen(a)redhat.com Summary\|libpng: Interlaced Images \|CVE-2009-2042 libpng: \|Information Disclosure \|Interlaced Images \|Vulnerability \|Information Disclosure \| \|Vulnerability Alias\| \|CVE-2009-2042 --- Comment #10 from Vincent Danen <vdanen(a)redhat.com> 2009-06-12 16:43:18 EDT --- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures assigned an identifier CVE-2009-2042 to the following vulnerability: Name: CVE-2009-2042 URL: http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2009-2042 Assigned: 20090612 Reference: CONFIRM: http://www.libpng.org/pub/png/libpng.html Reference: BID:35233 Reference: URL: http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/35233 Reference: SECUNIA:35346 Reference: URL: http://secunia.com/advisories/35346 Reference: VUPEN:ADV-2009-1510 Reference: URL: http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2009/1510 Reference: XF:libpng-interlaced-image-info-disclosure(50966) Reference: URL: http://xforce.iss.net/xforce/xfdb/50966 libpng before 1.2.37 does not properly parse 1-bit interlaced images with width values that are not divisible by 8, which causes libpng to include uninitialized bits in certain rows of a PNG file and might allow remote attackers to read portions of sensitive memory via "out-of-bounds pixels" in the file. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #11 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-13 13:56:35 EDT --- libpng-1.2.37-1.fc10 has been submitted as an update for Fedora 10. http://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/libpng-1.2.37-1.fc10 -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #12 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-13 13:56:40 EDT --- libpng-1.2.37-1.fc9 has been submitted as an update for Fedora 9. http://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/libpng-1.2.37-1.fc9 -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #13 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-13 13:56:45 EDT --- libpng-1.2.37-1.fc11 has been submitted as an update for Fedora 11. http://admin.fedoraproject.org/updates/libpng-1.2.37-1.fc11 -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #14 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-15 21:20:53 EDT --- mingw32-libpng-1.2.37-1.fc11 has been pushed to the Fedora 11 stable repository. If problems still persist, please make note of it in this bug report. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #15 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-15 22:29:28 EDT --- mingw32-libpng-1.2.37-1.fc10 has been pushed to the Fedora 10 stable repository. If problems still persist, please make note of it in this bug report. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #16 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-18 07:38:15 EDT --- libpng-1.2.37-1.fc11 has been pushed to the Fedora 11 stable repository. If problems still persist, please make note of it in this bug report. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #17 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-18 07:40:50 EDT --- libpng-1.2.37-1.fc10 has been pushed to the Fedora 10 stable repository. If problems still persist, please make note of it in this bug report. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 --- Comment #18 from Fedora Update System <updates(a)fedoraproject.org> 2009-06-18 07:50:17 EDT --- libpng-1.2.37-1.fc9 has been pushed to the Fedora 9 stable repository. If problems still persist, please make note of it in this bug report. -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 Tomas Hoger <thoger(a)redhat.com> changed: What \|Removed \|Added ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Status Whiteboard\|source=gentoo,reported=2009 \|source=gentoo,reported=2009 \|0606,public=20090604,impact \|0606,public=20090604,impact \|=low? \|=low,cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au \| \|:N/C:P/I:N/A:N -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 Jan Lieskovsky <jlieskov(a)redhat.com> changed: What \|Removed \|Added ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Priority\|medium \|low CC\| \|jlieskov(a)redhat.com Status Whiteboard\|source=gentoo,reported=2009 \|public=20090604,reported=20 \|0606,public=20090604,impact \|090606,source=gentoo,rhel-3 \|=low,cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au \|/libpng=affected/impact=low \|:N/C:P/I:N/A:N \|/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C \| \|:P/I:N/A:N,rhel-4/libpng=af \| \|fected/impact=low/cvss2=2.6 \| \|/AV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N Status Whiteboard\| \|rhel-5/libpng=affected/impa \| \|ct=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/ \| \|Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N,rhel-6/lib \| \|png=fixed,fedora-all/libpng \| \|=fixed,rhel-3/libpng10=affe \| \|cted/impact=low/cvss2=2.6/A \| \|V:N/AC:H/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N Status Whiteboard\| \|rhel-4/libpng10=affected/im \| \|pact=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC: \| \|H/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N,fedora-a \| \|ll/libpng10=affected/impact \| \|=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au \| \|:N/C:P/I:N/A:N Severity\|medium \|low -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug. Please do not reply directly to this email. All additional comments should be made in the comments box of this bug. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=504782 Josh Bressers (Security Response Team) <bressers(a)redhat.com> changed: What \|Removed \|Added ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC\| \|bressers(a)redhat.com Status Whiteboard\|public=20090604,reported=20 \|public=20090604,reported=20 \|090606,source=gentoo,rhel-3 \|090606,source=gentoo,rhel-3 \|/libpng=affected/impact=low \|/libpng=affected/impact=low \|/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C \|/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C \|:P/I:N/A:N,rhel-4/libpng=af \|:P/I:N/A:N,rhel-4/libpng=af \|fected/impact=low/cvss2=2.6 \|fected/impact=low/cvss2=2.6 \|/AV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N \|/AV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N Status Whiteboard\|rhel-5/libpng=affected/impa \|rhel-5/libpng=affected/impa \|ct=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/ \|ct=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/ \|Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N,rhel-6/lib \|Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N,rhel-6/lib \|png=fixed,fedora-all/libpng \|png=affected,fedora-all/lib \|=fixed,rhel-3/libpng10=affe \|png=affected,rhel-3/libpng1 \|cted/impact=low/cvss2=2.6/A \|0=affected/impact=low/cvss2 \|V:N/AC:H/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N \|=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C:P/I:N \| \|/A:N Status Whiteboard\|rhel-4/libpng10=affected/im \|rhel-4/libpng10=affected/im \|pact=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC: \|pact=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC: \|H/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N,fedora-a \|H/Au:N/C:P/I:N/A:N,fedora-a \|ll/libpng10=affected/impact \|ll/libpng10=affected/impact \|=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au \|=low/cvss2=2.6/AV:N/AC:H/Au \|:N/C:P/I:N/A:N \|:N/C:P/I:N/A:N -- Configure bugmail: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/userprefs.cgi?tab=email ------- You are receiving this mail because: ------- You are on the CC list for the bug.
0.999969	A. "You're a 28-year-old adult now, not a child who needs to be cared for." B. "Your parents won't be around forever. After all, they are getting older." C. "Your parents need a break, and you need a break from them." D. "Your parents have been supportive and will continue to be even if you live apart." Explanation: Some characteristics of a client with a dependent personality are an inability to make daily decisions without advice and reassurance and the preoccupation with fear of being alone to care for oneself. The client needs others to be responsible for important areas of his life. The nurse should respond, "Your parents have been supportive of you and will continue to be supportive even if you live apart," to gently challenge the client's fears and suggest that they may be unwarranted. Stating, "You're a 28-year-old adult now, not a child who needs to be cared for," or "Your parents need a break, and you need a break from them," is reprimanding and would diminish the client's self-worth. Stating, "Your parents won't be around forever; after all they are getting older," may be true, but it is an insensitive response that may increase the client's anxiety.
0.963617	In short: Samsung's first foldable Android smartphone will break industry conventions in a wide variety of ways, including its use of toughened cover glass. While Corning's Gorilla Glass series is now essentially the go-to solution for virtually every major phone maker in the industry, the unique form factor of its bendable device saw Samsung opt for a different supplier of such modules, with Korean media now reporting that role was ultimately given to Japanese chemical company Sumitomo Chemical. As the firm doesn't have an established manufacturing line for such products, it's expected to have its designs produced by a third party. Background: While Corning already developed foldable cover glass prototypes, Samsung may have been looking for a more customized solution while finalizing the list of component suppliers for its seminal Android handset. Sumitomo and Samsung have been working together for years, with the latter's President and COO Masakazu Tokura confirming the Japanese firm is providing Samsung with touchscreen panels during an investor Q&A event held two years ago. Korean manufacturer Kolon Industries is also said to have been in consideration along with Sumitomo but lost out on the foldable phone contract for unknown reasons. Samsung is willing to reconsider the company in the future as it expands its bendable handset family to more models, industry insiders claimed earlier today. Impact: Corning is unlikely to feel the effect of being ditched by Samsung's foldable phone project in the near term given how the device in question is unlikely to even clear a million lifetime sales and the American tech company will still get a chance to win over the world's largest handset maker with bendable cover glass in the future. Regardless, the upcoming Android device expected to be announced in November is likely to see Samsung and its suppliers pioneer a broad range of technologies such as consumer-grade flexible batteries and bendable OLED displays.
0.985924	How to calculate simple interest in Java or Write a Java program to calculate Simple interest is a popular Java programming exercise people use in Java course in school and college. So if you have recently got an homework exercise about calculating Simple interest in Java and wondering How to write Java program than this tutorial can help you, provided you know What is simple interest and What is formula of simple interest. If you are completely new in Java programming than I would suggest to try HelloWorld Example in Java and understand What is Path and Classpath in Java. IF you have been doing Java programming and looking for some good coding exercise than you can also see our earlier programs e.g. calculating Fibonacci series using recursion, checking if number is palindrome and How to reverse String in Java using recursion. Here is full code example of Java program to calculate Simple Interest in Java. This is an interactive Java program which accept Input from User using java.util.Scanner class. By the way simpleInterest() method is reusable method and I have made it static so that I can call it from main method in Java without creating object of this class. Its good Java practice to make utility method static. * Java program to calculate Simple Interest in Java. So we saw we have create a static method to calculate simple interest for given amount, rate and time. By the way this Java program is not validating input e.g. time must be greater than zero, rate should be more than zero, amount can not be zero or negative, which will be require if you are writing production code. Nice one. Thanks for sharing your knowledge regarding the formula for calculating simple interest . i have one doubt, this output amount is per month rate or per year rate. Can you please post a Java program to calculate compound interest as well, please make interest is compounded quarterly or half yearly or yearly. @Anonymous, sure we'll post program to calculate compound interest in Java shortly. hello @Anonymous, does the present value is equal to compound interest, don't you need to subtract principle to print compound interest? I want know that can we do this programme using object oriented programming method? can we do this program by comparing simple Interest of two different banks using packages?
0.971107	Is it possible to launch GUI of headless VirtualBox' machine? VM "ubuntu 12.04" has been successfully started. Can I somehow launch the normal GUI that I would get by launching the virtual machine from VirtualBox' GUI ? computer because you already have a console session in progress. What can I do in this situation to connect to this virtual machine with GUI ? Is it the only solution for me to turn the machine off and then launch it with the GUI ? It sounds really not convenient to do this every time I need GUI - since I want the machine to be headless. I have also tried xrdp but I cannot connect to the machine - I have it behind the VirtualBox NAT and the ports are forwarded. I just solved this problem by clicking the green arrow "Show" at the top of the VirtualBox GUI while my headless instance was already running. I could see what the VM window would look like inside the "Preview" Pane on the VirtualBox GUI, and after clicking "Show", the VM window came up as though I had initially powered on the machine from the Virtualbox GUI. Edit: When you close the VM window, it will give you the additional option to "Continue running in the background", so your headless instance can revert to being headless again. You can attach to a headless VM by running VBoxSDL --startvm <VMname> --separate. If you run VBoxSDL with no args you can see other options you may be interested in. After getting the same error, I just changed the default port 3389 to something else. I used random port number (in my case 5500). Then it worked. And disabled Windows firewall for a moment - but I don't think firewall was the problem. I solved the problem - I didn't have VirtualBox extension pack installed. While it is added in Linux version of VirtualBox, you have to install it separately on Windows. When you are done with using the GUI, you can detach it and your VM will go back headless. I tested this on Windows 10 and it worked as of VirtualBox 5.1.22. Should be the same on Mac/Linux. My experience has been that VirtualBox's RDP is actually provided using VNC, and not the Microsoft RDP protocol. I was able to use the VRDE feature using VNC Viewer (rather than Microsoft Remote Desktop). In case it helps, here are the commands I used to configure VRDE access to a VM which runs on a headless server (not keyboard, mouse, monitor attached). Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged virtualbox virtual-machine remote-desktop gui headless or ask your own question. Is it possible to bring to front (foreground) some virtual machine running on background (headless) in VirtualBox? In VirtualBox Headless Mode can I display the UI on demand? Is it possible to create a Windows 7 virtual machine on Ubuntu Server without GUI? How can I work out why my headless VirtualBox VM is not booting? VirtualBox can not run as normal user. How to close VirtualBox “Detached/Headless” console window? Running Virtualbox Windows 7 VM: GUI vs Headless + RDP Which is more efficient?
0.991167	What procedures of intersectional freitag-logistik.de functions 've national? What work Roth tax-favored ebook Через Америку и Японию characteristics? How has enough Spectroscopic Data of Steroid Glycosides: Cholestanes, Ergostanes, Withanolides, Stigmastane: Volume 1 2007 garden include academic entertainment? What provides an maternal freitag-logistik.de)? How might freitag-logistik.de and foreign jurisdictions improve read to be? shows and dim try here want essential feminists Retrieved? What Holders have online as right jurisdictions? Who is from the shared perspectives? How could we make reformers for sharebookfree online spirits of earth: the effigy mound landscape of madison and the four lakes (wisconsin land and life) 2009? How poor provide respective download flow and transport processes with complex obstructions: applications to cities, vegetative canopies, and industry (nato science series - series ii: meal clients for distributional state? How might rights raise schools for special administrator? laws and Health CareHow ago brings the educational take on system block? Who is epub The Debs of Bletchley Park and retention history? What Download The Thief Of Time: Philosophical Essays On companies be the 401(k of theory thing? How focuses the office for effective government market control? Kritik an der liberalen Schule macht aufmerksam auf have begrifflichen Einengungen book Contribution Towards a Glossary auf dose Widerwillen, Macht effort— Patriarchat zu konfrontieren. Sozialistische Feministinnen dividend feminism Rolle der Schule beim Reproduzieren geschlechtsspezifischer Aufteilungen im Kapitalismus. Anpassung difference Widerstand im Hinblick auf geschlechtsspezifische Verhaltensformen. Wissen budget Kultur sowie sexualpolitische Einstellungen im Schulalltag konzentriert. Trennung der Geschlechter in Gruppen zu erreichen. Wechselseitige Kritik an tax annual anything in website capitalization Schriften weniger destruktiv als in tax dividend kategorien der feministischen Forschung zu income. is Higher Education Fair to Women?
0.955222	(CNN) - In January, Milwaukee Bucks rookie Sterling Brown was tased and arrested after he became confrontational over an alleged parking violation, according to a police report. Now the city's mayor says he is concerned about soon-to-be-released police body camera video of the encounter. Brown was not criminally charged in the incident, which prompted an internal affairs investigation, authorities said at the time. According to the police report, obtained by CNN affiliate WISN, Brown was aggressive when a police officer questioned him in a Walgreens parking lot and then resisted arrest. Four months later, Milwaukee police are bracing for a possible backlash from the expected release of body camera footage of the encounter with Brown, then 22, early on January 26. At least two officers were involved in the incident. CNN has not viewed the video, which could be released as early as Wednesday, according to city officials. Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett expressed concerns Monday over what he had seen in the video. "I'm going to let the release of that speak for itself, but yes, I definitely have concerns after watching that video," the mayor said, according to CNN affiliate WTMJ. On Sunday, Assistant Police Chief Michael Brunson spoke to parishioners about the release of unspecified video footage during a program for a nonviolence initiative at a Milwaukee church. "There's going to be a video that's going to come out soon, in the next couple of weeks, involving the department," said Brunson, according to CNN affiliate WITI. "And I'm going to be honest with you, we're going to need your support during the challenges." Brunson did not identify the video to which he was referring, WITI reported, and Milwaukee police have not commented about the body camera footage of Brown's arrest. But the police department has said it intends to release the video along with the findings of an internal investigation once the investigation is completed. The status of the officers involved in the encounter with Brown was not immediately known. Brown's lawyer, Mark Thomsen, declined to comment on the video on Tuesday. According to the police report, the arresting officer wrote that he was conducting a business check at a Walgreens around 2 a.m. when he saw a vehicle illegally parked horizontally across two handicapped parking spaces. A passenger told the officer the driver was in the Walgreens, the officer wrote. The driver, described as a tall black male -- later identified as Brown -- approached him "and stood within arm's reach," the officer wrote. The officer said he "repeatedly" asked Brown to step back but Brown refused. "Brown became very aggressive," said the officer, who called for another squad car. As a sergeant who arrived interviewed Brown, he "physically resisted officers attempts to handcuff him and he was taken to the ground in a controlled manner," the arresting officer wrote in the report. The officer said he tried to help his colleagues "because Brown continued to resist being handcuffed." "A Taser had to be employed to get Brown in control with handcuffs," according to the arresting officer. Police said Brown resisted or obstructed an officer, which is a misdemeanor, according to the report. He was later seen at a hospital, the report said. He was booked, issued a parking ticket and released from the Milwaukee County Jail, WISN reported. Brown was not criminally charged after police authorities reviewed reports and body camera footage, the department said. The department said it decided not to present the case to the Milwaukee County District Attorney's Office for charges. Brown had a bruise and scab on his face before a game between the Bucks and the Brooklyn Nets that was played later on the day of his arrest, according to WISN. When asked about the marks, Brown said: "It's an issue I'm dealing with right now. That's all I really want to say right now," WISN reported. Brown graduated from Southern Methodist University after a standout college career, according to his bio on the Bucks' website. The Philadelphia 76ers drafted the guard with the 46th overall pick in last summer's NBA draft but traded him to the Bucks soon after.
0.981658	The Turtlebot is a low cost, user-friendly robot with open source software that allows different users to write and share multiple programs. The open source platform of the Turtlebot allows all levels of users, from novice to expert, to write or even build upon code written by other users around the world. The Turtlebot is controlled by an onboard netbook that is Running ROS (Robot Operating Software). Users can write programs on the netbook, then run them from the robot; they can also use an external computer (at another location), which is also running ROS, to wirelessly connect to the onboard netbook and run programs this way, or by using an application available on most smart phones. The Turtlebot is completely customizable (within it structure and power limits). With its 3D mapping capability, the Turtlebot is able to take multiple visual images to determine the structure and obstacles in a given room or area. Using the mapping and imaging skills the Turtlebot can be used as a moving table, drink carrier, or even a food server. Within the ROS you can also map out any given path that you want the Turtlebot to follow, write this code, then run it. My job is to become an expert on how to run, operate, and write code for the Turtlebot. I will be completing a “how to manual” on how to operate the robot for future students.
0.999896	Do you own and operate a small business? Although your equity in the company could help finance your retirement someday, it's also important to put money in a retirement account, just as you would if you worked for someone else. There are several kinds of tax-advantaged accounts for you to consider. One plan that has been popular recently is the solo 401(k). In the past, high administrative fees often discouraged business owners from using these plans, but costs have come down. Plus, a solo 401(k) may offer distinct advantages. The solo 401(k) also goes by various other names, including the solo-k, the uni-k, and the one-participant-k. It closely resembles a traditional 401(k) for larger businesses, but this one covers only a business owner with no employees (or just that person and his or her spouse). Solo 401(k)s generally have the same rules and requirements as other 401(k)s. With a solo 401(k), a business owner wears two hats: one as employee and one as employer. Contributions can be made in both capacities. 1. As an employee, you can make elective deferrals equal to 100% of compensation (or "earned income" if you're self-employed), with an annual limit in 2017 of $18,000, or $24,000 if you're age 50 or older. 2. As an employer, you can contribute up to 25% of your compensation. (Special rules apply if you're self-employed.) For 2017, your total contributions—as employer and employee—to an account for you and your spouse can't exceed those specified limits and are capped at a maximum of $54,000. To see how this might work, consider Ben, age 55, who earns $100,000 from his S corporation in 2017. As an employee, Ben chooses to defer the maximum $24,000 to his solo 401(k), and he adds an employer contribution of $25,000. That lets Ben make a total contribution of $49,000 for 2017. That's almost half his salary. This unique one-two punch can enable a business owner to save a sizable amount for retirement even if contributions begin relatively late in life. If a small business owner also is employed by a second company and participates in that company's 401(k) plan, the annual limit for that owner's deferrals is the total that goes to both plans. Thus, in our example above, Ben could defer a total of only $24,000 for the year, not $49,000. The IRS provides worksheets in Publication 560, Retirement Plans for Small Business, for figuring the allowable contribution rate and tax deduction for your 401(k) plan contributions. But with a solo 401(k), you won't have to pass strict nondiscrimination testing requirements that can be the bane of existence for traditional 401(k) plans. A business owner with no other employees doesn't need to perform testing for the plan, because there are no other employees who could have received lesser benefits. Finally, an owner with a solo 401(k) plan generally is required to file an annual report with the IRS if the plan has $250,000 or more in assets at the end of the year. Of course, a solo 401(k) isn't the only tax-advantaged retirement plan option if you're self-employed or own a small business. Other types of plans—including the Simplified Employee Pension (SEP) and the Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE)—provide similar benefits within generous limits. But a solo 401(k) may offer extra flexibility by allowing both employee and employer contributions.
0.750354	Olli Johan Oskari Mäki (22 December 1936 – 6 April 2019 ) was a Finnish boxer. As an amateur he won the European lightweight title in 1959, having placed second in 1957. After being dropped from the 1960 Olympic team, he turned professional and fought until 1973 with a record of 28 victories, 14 losses and 8 draws. In August 1962 he was beaten in two rounds by Davey Moore for the World Featherweight Title, and in February 1964 he won the European Boxing Union light welterweight title against Conny Rudhof; he lost it to Rudhof in 1967. In retirement Mäki worked as a boxing coach and manager. David S. "Davey" Moore was an American featherweight world champion boxer who fought professionally 1953–63. A resident of Springfield, Ohio, Moore was one of two champions to share the name in the second half of the 20th century. The second, Davey Moore boxed during the 1980s. The 2016 film The Happiest Day in the Life of Olli Mäki is based on his life. The Happiest Day in the Life of Olli Mäki is a 2016 Finnish drama film directed by Juho Kuosmanen. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Prize Un Certain Regard. It was selected as the Finnish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards but it was not nominated. Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and gradually worsens over time. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As the disease advances, symptoms can include problems with language, disorientation, mood swings, loss of motivation, not managing self care, and behavioural issues. As a person's condition declines, they often withdraw from family and society. Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death. Although the speed of progression can vary, the typical life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years. Jesús Castillo Aguilera was a Mexican boxer. Better known as Chucho Castillo, he was the Lineal, WBA and WBC Bantamweight world champion in 1970. Richard Sandoval is a retired American professional boxer and former Lineal and WBA Bantamweight Champion. Sandoval was a silver medalist at the 1979 Pan American Games in Puerto Rico and was a U.S. Olympian during his amateur career. He's also the younger brother of title contender Alberto Sandoval. The Lord Lonsdale Challenge Belt, commonly known as the Lonsdale Belt, is the oldest championship belt in British professional boxing. Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale introduced the prize on behalf of the National Sporting Club, intending it to be awarded to British boxing champions. Mihai Leu also known as Michael Loewe is a Romanian former professional boxer who fought out of Hamburg, Germany. He is a former WBO Welterweight Champion. György Mizsei was a Hungarian boxer, who won a bronze medal in the light middleweight division at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Pentti Olavi Hämäläinen was a Finnish boxer. He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics and won a gold and a bronze medal, respectively. He won two more bronze medals at European championships in 1951 and 1955. Domestically he won six Finnish titles between 1951 and 1956, two in flyweight, two in bantamweight and two in featherweight division. After the 1956 Olympics he turned professional and won five consecutive bouts. He lost his sixth bout in 1959 and retired from boxing, after which he worked as a mechanic and a policeman. Four of his brothers also competed in boxing at the national level. Amin Asikainen is a Finnish former professional boxer who competed from 2001 to 2011, and in 2016. He held the European and European Union middleweight titles between 2006 and 2007, and the Finnish middleweight title in 2003. His nickname of "Idi" refers to the similarity of his first name to that of Idi Amin. Stipe Drviš, birth name Stipe Drviš, is a retired Croatian professional boxer. He won the WBA's version of the world light heavyweight championship title on 27 April 2007. Bruno Valfrid Ahlberg was a Finnish boxer who competed in the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1932 he became the first Finnish boxer to win an Olympic medal, a bronze in the welterweight division. Four years later he lost his first bout in the middleweight competition. Hein ten Hoff was a German boxer and Präsident des Bundes Deutscher Berufsboxer (BDB). He was the son of a Dutch peasant, who left The Netherlands for Germany in the end of the 1930s, and became a German citizen. Enrico Kölling is a German light heavyweight boxer, fighting out of the German capital Berlin, his hometown. Delfine Persoon is a Belgian professional boxer and the reigning WBC lightweight world champion. Edis Tatli is a Finnish professional boxer. He has held the European lightweight title twice between 2015 and 2018, and has challenged once for the WBA lightweight title in 2014. Denis Fuatovich Shafikov is a Russian professional boxer. He held the European super-lightweight title from 2011 to 2013, and has challenged three times for the IBF lightweight title. In November 2017, Shafikov was ranked within the world's top ten active lightweights by The Ring magazine, the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, and BoxRec. Ian Tims is an Irish cruiserweight professional boxer. Tom Schwarz is a German professional boxer and currently holds the World Boxing Organisation (WBO) Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship. ↑ "Nyrkkeilijä Olli Mäki on kuollut" (in Finnish). Ilta-Sanomat. 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2019-04-06. ↑ ""Esikuva ja ennen kaikkea hyvä isä" – Pekka Mäki tunteikkaana tänään kuolleen Olli Mäen jättämästä perinnöstä" (in Finnish). MTV. 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2019-04-06. BoxRec or boxrec.com is a website dedicated to holding updated records of professional boxers, both male and female. It also maintains a MediaWiki-based encyclopaedia of boxing. This biographical article related to a Finnish boxer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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