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Detect how math applies to the sport of basketball, from the size of the court docket to the calculation of avid gamers' stats.
House is the place your horse is Emily Summers does now not are looking to visit Oregon. Why could she are looking to go away her buddies and Rhapsody, her ideal dressage horse, to maneuver to a horse rescue ranch all of the approach around the kingdom? Then Emily discovers that at operating Horse Ridge, she'll be dwelling her dream of driving and taking care of horses 24/7, and after she meets the roguish black stallion named Sapphire, she feels she's stumbled on a real good friend.
In his voyages to India, starting in 1497, Vasco da Gama revolutionized the economic climate of Europe. because the first navigator to discover a path to India round Africa's Cape of excellent wish, da Gama gave Portugal the chance to take keep watch over of the profitable spice routes that were ruled for hundreds of years via Italian and Muslim investors.
You carry on your hand the main to a shadow global of shivers and screams. Take a step clear of the secure, cozy international you recognize. liberate the door to terror. there is regularly room for an additional in. .. The Nightmare Room. Say chuffed Birthday to Maggie O'Connor. She's that shy, beautiful woman status outdoor the fortune-teller's tent.
4 points per game as a rookie. statistics (stuh-TISS-tiks): Statistics are facts or pieces of information expressed in numbers or percentages. Basketball players are ranked by many different statistics. steals (STEELZ): Steals are when the basketball is taken away from a player on the other team. 9 steals per game in the 2011–12 NBA season. turnovers (TURN-o-vurz): Turnovers are when players lose the ball to players from the other team. The ability to score off turnovers helps a team win. zone (ZOHN): A zone is a defense in which each player is assigned to cover an area of the court.
So encourage your readers to check them out!
The ability to score off turnovers helps a team win. zone (ZOHN): A zone is a defense in which each player is assigned to cover an area of the court. There are different types of zone defenses. , and David A. Coffland. Basketball Math. Tucson, AZ: Good Year Books, 2006. Mahaney, Ian F. The Math of Basketball. New York: PowerKids Press, 2012. Woods, Mark, and Ruth Owen. : Basketball Facts and Stats. New York: Gareth Stevens, 2011. com/links Note to Parents, Teachers, and Librarians: We routinely verify our Web links to make sure they are safe and active sites.
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Sociodynamic Counselling: A Constructivist Perspective is now available online for a free download. Click here for the downloadable PDF.
SocioDynamic Counselling: A Practical Approach to Meaning Making (2004) (Counseling Sociodynamique: Une approche pratique de la construction de sens) NOW AVAILABLE in French. Contact Septembre Éditeur Inc. Telephone 1-800-361-7755 or Fax 1-418-652-0986.
SocioDynamic Counselling: A Practical Approach to Meaning Making (2004) (Orientación SocioDinámica:Un enfoque práctico a la creación de significado) now available in Spanish. To download a copy click here.
SocioDynamic Counselling: A Practical Approach to Meaning Making (2004).
The Canadian Career Development Foundation. Order form.
Visit Trafford Publishing (www.trafford.com) to order online or if you'd rather place an order by talking to one of their cheerful order desk clerks, please call 1-888-232-4444 (USA and Canada only) or 250-383-6864. From Europe, ring our UK order desk clerk at local rate number 0845 230 9601 (UK only) or 44 (0)1865 722 113.
Denise Larsen's scholarly biography of Dr. Vance Peavy has been translated and published in Finland in the Annual Journal of Counselling - Finish Ministry of Labour. (Ammatillisen ohjauksen vuosikirja Arsbook for yrkesinriktad vagledning, pp.103-116). CLICK HERE for more information.
Sociodynamic Counselling. A Practical approach to Meaning Making will also be translated and published in Finland. Translation by Petri Auvinen. Publisher: Psykologien Kustannus Oy.
SocioDynamic counselling introduced in a new book on constructivist career counselling. The book reference is: M.McMahon & W.Patton (Eds.). (2006). Career counselling: Constructivist approaches. London: Routledge. The SocioDynamic approach to career counselling is introduced by Ph.D. Timo Spangar from Finland. Timo worked together with Dr. Peavy for more than a decade developing new career counselling ideas for the counselling practice internationally as well as for Finnish counselling institutions and counsellors in various fields of practice. CLICK HERE for more information.
We are pleased to announce that Socio-Dynamic Counselling: A Practical Approach to Meaning Making is now available for purchase via the Canadian Career Development Foundation.
Visit www.ccdf.ca (click on Resources) to access the Career Clearinghouse Catalogue. You'll find this resource on page 27 (TI9712312-4-9; $24 CAD). An order form may also be downloaded directly from this site.
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The iPhone continues to make inroads into the world of professional photography, with one White House cameraman selecting Apple's 5.5-inch iPhone 6 Plus as his weapon of choice when chronicling the unveiling of this year's Christmas decorations at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.
Freelance photographer Brooks Kraft told Time that he chose to shoot with a mobile device in order to get a different perspective on the event, which he has covered numerous times before. Kraft also noted that mobile devices are less distracting to subjects than larger cameras, making it easier to capture candid moments.
"I notice that people just don't react the same way [when you're using an iPhone]," he said. "If you are looking to capture something candid, people are so used to seeing mobile devices that their reaction time is slower. You have a better chance of getting the shot, and that was the case at the White House."
Kraft shot the event using the "square" picture mode on an iPhone 6 Plus. He chose the larger model primarily for its optical image stabilization, but added that the increased display size helps to frame shots.
"The iPhone has a lot of depth-of-field, which allows me to shoot the [picture] and move around quickly, which worked in this situation because we were sort of ushered through the rooms and didn't have a lot of time," he added. "I wanted to photograph most of the spaces with few people in them, so the window of opportunity in which to shoot was brief."
Apple has put significant effort into the iPhone's camera in recent years, efforts that have not gone unnoticed by the photography community. Recently, photographer Austin Mann took the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus to Iceland, praising the handsets' ability to capture light as well as their resolution, color accuracy, and focus speed.
I'm not impressed with this photo.
Maybe AI has compressed it down a lot, but it still looks very blurred.
Having said that, the cameraman made an interesting point about how people don't respond so obviously to cameras on phones compared to large cameras; that's an advantage that I hadn't thought of.
I agree. I'm not a pro photographer or anything like that, but it looks very amateurish to me.
It looks like some photo that an average tourist walking by could have taken, in other words, not impressive at all.
That's as close as he can get to the tree. The iPhone 6 Plus won't fit through the door.
I think AI compressed it down so it didn't take so long to load (they already have issues with photos loading as it is!). That being said, it does look kinda dark for my tastes.
The picture of the tree is mostly a framing exercise, what with all the geometry involved. The big viewfinder helps enormously in these situations.
Not much color or other visual interest in that subject though. Fir trees look better in the woods, especially when there are red mushrooms under them, which is what all this Yule stuff is originally about.
The 6 Plus' active optics stabilizer is pretty impressive. I have a similar feature on my old Canon camcorder: it makes it possible to zoom in and capture steady video without a tripod. On the 6 Plus the stabilizer makes low light photography possible without motion blur, compared to the 6.
by using different parts of its burst...or however Apple described that...?
>Having said that, the cameraman made an interesting point about how people don't respond so obviously to cameras on phones compared to >large cameras; that's an advantage that I hadn't thought of.
Have any of the photo apps incorporated my idea of an on-screen focus ring yet?
EDIT: The original article has a gallery with a small fullscreen button.
Pro Camera 8 has manual focus. It's an on-screen slider. It actually works pretty good.
This photographer didn't do something right with the photos. They're almost all too dark and muddy. I get that it can be challenging shooting in a building with stone walls, as the light doesn't behave as you expect, but I would not have shown any of those photos to friends, let alone to a magazine.
He didn't note whether he was using HDR or not, but guessing from the shots, he didn't. Which was a mistake. I'm sure, as a photographer, he figured he could do better himself, but there are lots of times when you just need the help digitally to get the lighting correct, so the photographer can focus on the art of the shot.
One minor annoyance with the iPhone 6/6+ photo shooting is the placement of the sleep/wake button. On more than a couple of occasions I've seen something that really wanted to capture in landscape format, pulled out my phone out of my pocket, quick launched the camera app, flipped the phone over on its side - and click, the phone goes to sleep because the relocated sleep/wake button is exactly where I hold the phone with my right hand. Doh! Grrr. Missed the shot!
I appreciate Apple's good intentions to make the sleep/wake button more reachable but in retrospect I'd be a lot happier with it back on top. With the sleep timeout set to 1 minute I seldom use the sleep/wake button anyway. Missing the shot is worse than having to engage a second hand.
Just to do a basic test, I took a shot inside my condo, using HDR on, with my 6+. I have to say that I think Apple's got the mid-tone levels set too dark. In iPhoto, I need to lighten up the mid-tones in order to have it look more like what the naked eye sees. With HDR off, the mid-tones are a bit less pronounced, but still requires lightening to get the photo to look more natural. I know what I'm trying to do is a bit more complicated as I'm shooting in a dark-ish space, yet lit by big windows to the front and side flooding the space with natural (albeit gray and cloudy) light.
The photo is rife with compression artifacts, the website poster didn't do the photographer any favors.
Looks like it was sized for smartphones: now there's an irony for you.
ETA: Nope, not all that great on my iPhone 6 Plus either.
Not impressed at all with this pic. I'm a heavy user of a Canon 5DM3 dSLR and I don't see why carrying that camera with one good lens is not as good, if not better than an iPhone camera. I love the camera on my iP6+ don't get me wrong, but when it comes time to take pics that will really pop, there's just no comparison.
A camera phone has the advantage is true portability, and not being so obvious though.
Picture is too dark, details are fuzzy. Not his best work I would think.
The iPhone was a 'been doing this holiday shoot for ten years' pro trying something out of the box. Like I'll sometimes go somewhere I've shot forever with just a 50, or 20 or whatever on my camera, to push me out of my shooting comfort zone.
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Explicit evolutionary models are required in maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference, the two methods that are overwhelmingly used in phylogenetic studies of DNA sequence data. Appropriate selection of nucleotide substitution models is important because the use of incorrect models can mislead phylogenetic inference. To better understand the performance of different model-selection criteria, we used 33,600 simulated data sets to analyse the accuracy, precision, dissimilarity, and biases of the hierarchical likelihood-ratio test, Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and decision theory.
We demonstrate that the Bayesian information criterion and decision theory are the most appropriate model-selection criteria because of their high accuracy and precision. Our results also indicate that in some situations different models are selected by different criteria for the same dataset. Such dissimilarity was the highest between the hierarchical likelihood-ratio test and Akaike information criterion, and lowest between the Bayesian information criterion and decision theory. The hierarchical likelihood-ratio test performed poorly when the true model included a proportion of invariable sites, while the Bayesian information criterion and decision theory generally exhibited similar performance to each other.
Our results indicate that the Bayesian information criterion and decision theory should be preferred for model selection. Together with model-adequacy tests, accurate model selection will serve to improve the reliability of phylogenetic inference and related analyses.
Among the rigorous methods of tree reconstruction that are available, maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) have dominated phylogenetic studies in recent years [1–6]. Both methods are based on the likelihood function, which needs explicit models of evolution to capture the underlying evolutionary processes in sequence data [1–6]. For DNA sequences, the models are the evolutionary characterisation of one nucleotide being replaced by another one. Although the models are simplifications of the "true" evolutionary processes and are clearly wrong [3, 7, 8], they are approximations that have been widely accepted. The assumed model of nucleotide substitution can exert a significant influence on phylogenetic estimation. This is an increasingly important concern in the modern genomic era, with the growing use of multiple loci that have probably been subject to different substitution processes .
A variety of nucleotide substitution models have been devised, most of which are special cases of the general time-reversible (GTR) model in which each of the six pairwise nucleotide changes can have a distinct rate, and the frequencies of the four nucleotides are allowed to take different values . Common extensions to this model include parameters for a proportion of invariable sites (I) and for gamma-distributed rate heterogeneity among sites (Γ). In the last few years, many improvements have been explored, including models that account for differences among the three codon positions [10, 11], pattern heterogeneity of the substitution process (e.g., ), among-site heterogeneity of rates (e.g., ), compositional heterogeneity among lineages (e.g., ), and site-specific rate variation through time (e.g., [15, 16]).
Statistical methods are often used to identify the substitution model that best describes the given DNA sequence data. Model selection using software such as ModelTest , DT-ModSel , and jModelTest [18, 19] has now become standard procedure in phylogenetic analysis [4, 20]. Alternatively, model determination can be conducted using a reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo approach in a Bayesian setting . This differs from past practice when model choice was conducted without statistical justification or by choosing the most parameter-rich model available [6, 8]. Model selection is considered important because the use of alternative models can change the results of phylogenetic analysis. It has effects not only on the estimation of model parameters (e.g., genetic distances and branch lengths; [2, 21]), but also on estimates of bootstrap support and posterior probabilities . Furthermore, misspecified models can lead to errors in phylogenetic inference, especially for trees with short internal branches [6, 21–23].
One of the challenges facing researchers is how to select the most appropriate substitution model for a given dataset. There is now a range of procedures from which to choose, including the hierarchical likelihood-ratio test (hLRT) [24–26], Akaike information criterion (AIC) [27, 28], Bayes factor [29–31], Bayesian information criterion (BIC) , posterior probability [29, 33, 34], decision theory (DT) , and the emerging approach of cross-validation [35, 36]. All of these can be used to select the best-fit model from a set of candidates, but differ in specific algorithms which may ultimately give rise to differences in their performance (for further details, see Methods).
Of the four widely-used model-selection criteria in phylogenetics - the hLRT, AIC, BIC, and DT - the hLRT was once argued to be reasonably accurate and to perform better in general than the AIC and BIC, a conclusion drawn from analyses of simulated data comparing six models . However, the hLRT has been demonstrated to have several disadvantages, such as a dependence on the starting point and the path through the hierarchy of models [37, 38], which undermine and limit its performance in model selection. It has been established that both the BIC and DT tend to select simpler models than the AIC [3, 4, 8, 39], while the hLRT particularly favours complex ones [3, 40]. Applying them to empirical data, Pol found that different best-fit models were selected by the hLRT and AIC for 16 out of 18 datasets. Ripplinger and Sullivan found that the hLRT, AIC, BIC, and DT criteria often selected different models for the same real datasets, which was similar to the results of Abdo et al. based on simulated data using parameters estimated from a rodent mtDNA dataset; in contrast, several empirical studies found that the BIC and DT often selected the same model [4, 39]. However, there is a need for a comprehensive systematic study of the performance of model-selection criteria.
Here we present a study of the performance of the four model-selection criteria hLRT, AIC, BIC, and DT. Considering the biases in model selection revealed by previous studies (as described above) and the convenience of simulated data for theoretical investigation , we conducted a total of 14 simulations of 33,600 datasets. Our investigation was limited to the 24 fundamental substitution models from the GTR family, assuming a stationary, time-reversible, and homogeneous Markov process. Based on the best-fit models selected by these criteria for these simulated datasets, we examined for each criterion the success rate of recovering simulated models (its accuracy) and the number of different models selected across replicate datasets (its precision); the dissimilarity and model biases of these criteria (see Methods for details) were also examined and compared statistically. In addition, we examined dissimilarity in analyses of datasets that were simulated under a slightly more complex model based on a simple homogeneous codon-substitution process. On the whole, our study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of model-selection criteria.
In the 14 simulations (Table 1; see Methods), the mean accuracy scores for the BIC and DT were higher than those for the hLRT and AIC. The ANOVA-LSD tests demonstrated that there were no significant differences for the pairs of hLRT-AIC and BIC-DT respectively; however, very significant differences existed for the other pairs such as hLRT-BIC (P < 0.01). The full results of the accuracy analysis are provided in Additional file 1.
Conditions used in simulations for 24 models of the GTR family.
One hundred replicates were performed for each set of conditions. The models consisted of JC (0) , K80 (1) , SYM (5) , F81 (3) , HKY (4) [65, 66], GTR (8) , JC + I (1), K80 + I (2), SYM + I (6), F81 + I (4), HKY + I (4), GTR + I (9), JC + Γ (1), K80 + Γ (2), SYM + Γ (6), F81 + Γ (4), HKY + Γ (4), GTR + Γ (9), JC + I + Γ (2), K80 + I + Γ (3), SYM + I + Γ (7), F81 + I + Γ (5), HKY + I + Γ (5) and GTR + I + Γ (10), where 'I' represents the proportion of invariable sites, 'Γ' represents the discrete gamma distribution with four rate categories, and number in parentheses is the number of free parameters of each model. One classification of the 24 models was to put them into four categories: base (JC, K80, etc.), base + I (JC + I, K80 + I, etc.), base + Γ (JC + Γ, K80 + Γ, etc.) and base + I + Γ (JC + I + Γ, K80 + I + Γ, etc.). The other was that models with the same number of free parameters were grouped together, resulting in a total of 11 categories. In addition, we called every four models having the same parameters in the substitution-rate matrix as base-like models (e.g., the four models of SYM, SYM + I, SYM + Γ, SYM + I + Γ were called as SYM-like models).
The hLRT exhibited high accuracy in recovering some models, but unexpectedly, it was always incapable of recovering the four SYM-like models (i.e., SYM, SYM + I, SYM + Γ and SYM + I + Γ; Table 1) (Figure 1). The AIC showed moderate or low accuracy except for a few complex models (e.g., GTR + I + Γ) for which the accuracy was even as high as 1.00 in certain simulations. The accuracy of the BIC and DT differed among simulations. In most cases, they showed high accuracy in recovering almost all of the 24 models (Figure 1A). Compared with the other models, however, two (SYM + I + Γ and GTR + I + Γ) were only moderately recovered in simulations derived from parameter set-B; even all of the SYM-like and GTR-like models were recovered less frequently in simulation I-8 (tree topology with a height of 0.1; Figure 2D) (Figure 1B). The BIC and DT exhibited similar accuracy in simulation I-4 (ultrametric tree topology of 30 taxa, 0.1 tree height; Figure 2D) and simulation IV-1 (non-clock tree topology of 22 taxa; Figure 2G), both recovering less than 35% of models of base + I + Γ category (i.e., JC + I + Γ, K80 + I + Γ, etc.; Table 1) (Figure 1C). In fact, they always selected models of base + Γ category (i.e., JC + Γ, K80 + Γ, etc.). Their accuracy values were high when the value of the parameter for proportion of invariable sites (p inv ) was altered from 0.25 in parameter set-A to 0.5 in parameter set-B when simulating datasets (data not shown). Notably, the hLRT and AIC in these two simulations, especially the former criterion, also showed lower accuracy in recovering models of base + I + Γ category than in the other simulations.
Accuracy values of the four model-selection criteria for selecting 24 simulated models. In the multiple-line charts, categories along the x-axis represent the simulated models. For the sake of clarity, only six models are labelled, and each one is followed by three similar ones (e.g., JC is followed by JC + I, JC + Γ, and JC + I + Γ). The y-axis represents the accuracy values (%). A shows the results of the simulations I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2, III-1, V-1 and V-2; B shows the results of the simulations I-5, I-6, I-7, and I-8; and C shows the results for the other two simulations.
Trees used to guide dataset simulations. Tree heights are 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 substitutions per site for A, B, C, and D, respectively (30 taxa each); tree heights are 0.5 substitutions per site for both E (22 taxa) and F (50 taxa). All trees are ultrametric except for tree G, which is the non-clock tree (22 taxa) and was only used in simulation IV-1.
There were very significant differences among the precisions of the four criteria in the 14 simulations (randomized block ANOVA; P < 0.01). The precision of the hLRT was very significantly different from that of BIC and DT in certain simulations (P < 0.01), but not in others, while the precision of AIC was very significantly different from that of the other three criteria (LSD, P < 0.01) in all 14 simulations. The precision of BIC was always similar to that of DT, with P-values ranging from 0.508 to 1.000 (LSD). The full results of the analyses of precision are provided in Additional file 2.
Although small discrepancies existed, precision values of the AIC were generally higher than those of the other three in the 14 simulations (Figure 3). Their means ranged from 7.79 to 9.75, while standard deviations were also much larger and ranged from 4.169 to 5.160 (Additional file 2). This was mainly attributed to the fact that the AIC usually selected a dozen different best-fit models for each set of 100 replicates simulated under the same conditions, but at the same time, it selected only a few for datasets simulated under SYM-like and GTR-like models. Compared with the AIC, the other three criteria selected fewer different best-fit models, and their precision values were relatively stable among datasets generated under the same simulation conditions. However, precision values of the hLRT (means ranging from 3.29 to 4.83; Additional file 2) were generally higher than those of the BIC and DT, and in some cases were very significantly different. Therefore, the BIC and DT exhibited the best precision among the four criteria - lower mean and smaller standard deviation - while that of the BIC was little better than that of DT (Additional file 2).
Precision of the four criteria corresponding to 24 simulated models. Categories along the x-axis represent the 24 simulated models. For the sake of clarity, only seven models are labelled, and each one is followed by three similar ones (e.g., JC is followed by JC + I, JC + Γ, and JC + I + Γ). The y-axis represents the means and standard deviations of precision values for each simulated model across the 14 simulations, which are different statistical results from those in Additional file 2. The markers denote the means, while lengths of error bars denote the standard deviation values.
The percentages of one same model, two models, three models and four models being selected within each set of 100 replicate datasets were summarised, and Table 2 shows their means in each of the 14 simulations (Table 2). It was clear that two different best-fit models were generally estimated the most frequently by these criteria, with means ranging from 46.13% to 54.75%, followed by one same model from 33.83% to 47.67%, and three models from 5.17% to 12.88%. Four different models were favoured less than 0.25% by these four criteria in the 14 simulations, and even zero in I-4, IV-1, and V-2.
Number of model(s) selected by the four model-selection criteria in the 14 simulations.
Due to rounding, the four numerical values in some simulations do not sum exactly to 100%.
Figure 4 illustrates the dissimilarity values of the six criterion pairs, and Additional file 3 shows the results of the ANOVA-LSD tests. In the 14 simulations, there existed very significantly different variances for different criterion pairs (P < 0.01), and also very significantly different variances for datasets simulated using the 24 different models. Dissimilarity values of the BIC-DT pair, with means ranging from 0.17% to 7.67%, were very significantly different from those of the other criterion pairs (P < 0.01). Although the dissimilarity of hLRT-AIC was less than that of certain pairs (e.g., hLRT-BIC) in datasets simulated for some models (e.g., SYM-like models; Figure 4), the means were the largest in the 14 simulations (ranging from 48.21% to 63.29%). Its values were very significantly different from those of the other pairs in seven simulations. Across the other simulations, their differences from some of the other criterion pairs were not very significant in spite of low probabilities. With simulation I-4 similar to IV-1, dissimilarity values in simulations derived from parameter set-B were similar to each other (Figure 4B); the other simulations derived from set-A generally resembled each other (Figure 4A).
Dissimilarity of six criterion pairs for 24 simulated models. These charts illustrate the dissimilarity of every pair of model-selection criteria corresponding to 24 simulated models. Categories along the x-axis represent the 24 models. For the sake of clarity, only seven models are labelled, and each one is followed by three similar ones (e.g., JC is followed by JC + I, JC + Γ, and JC + I + Γ). The y-axis represents the dissimilarity values (%). A shows the results of the simulations I-1, I-2, I-3, II-1, II-2, III-1, V-1, V-2, while B shows the results of the other simulations.
In the additional simulation VI, which was performed using complex codon models, means of percentages that one same model, two models, three models, and four models were selected were 8.25%, 53.83%, 36.29%, and 1.63%, respectively. Among the criterion pairs, means of dissimilarity values ranged from 3.33% for BIC-DT to 84.88% for hLRT-AIC, and dissimilarity of BIC-DT was significantly different from that of the other criterion pairs (P < 0.01).
While considering the four model categories (base, base + I, base + Γ and base + I + Γ; Table 1), the results of the chi-square (χ2) homogeneity tests demonstrated that there were significant differences in model biases among the four criteria (α = 0.05) (Table 3). The hLRT was always significantly different from the other three (α' = 0.0083 by Bonferroni correction), with a relatively small portion of base + I category recovered in the 14 simulations (Figure 5). In contrast, the BIC was always similar to DT with high probabilities except in simulation I-1, where DT recovered fewer models of base category. For comparisons between the AIC and BIC, and between the AIC and DT, differences were generally not significant in simulations other than I-4, IV-1, and I-1. In fact, there was an even or an approximately even distribution of model categories recovered by the AIC, BIC, and DT in these simulations; but for I-4 and IV-1, models of base + I + Γ category were recovered much less by the BIC and DT than the other model categories (Figure 5).
Statistics of χ2 test and multiple comparison tests for the 14 simulations.
The 24 models were classified into four categories: base, base + I, base + Γ, and base + I + Γ in these tests.
General percentages of four model categories recovered. The four stack-bar charts illustrate the percentages of base, base + I, base + Γ, and base + I + Γ in all recovered models of each simulation by every criterion considered. For the sake of clarity, numbers are labelled in the x-axis, representing the simulations in the order of I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, I-5, I-6, I-7, I-8, II-1, II-2, III-1, IV-1, V-1, and V-2 from left to right.
Figure 6 shows the distribution of 11 model categories recovered in the 14 simulations based on the number of free parameters (Table 1). In all of them, with significant differences among the four criteria on the whole, each criterion was significantly different from any other except the pair of BIC and DT (see Additional file 4). However, there were also significant differences between the BIC and DT in simulation I-1.
Counts of models recovered, classified by the number of free parameters. In these charts, the x-axis represents the numbers of model free parameters. The y-axis represents means and standard deviations of the counts for each of the 11 model categories across the 14 simulations. The markers denote the means, while lengths of error bars denote the standard deviation values.
Which is the best criterion for model selection?
Although there exist cases indicating that obvious violation of model assumptions could favour the true tree [43, 44] under specific conditions (e.g., oversimplified model for trees within the "Farris zone"; ), it has been clearly demonstrated that identifying the best-fit model is beneficial to phylogenetic inference and to understanding the molecular-evolutionary process. It must be acknowledged, however, that an absolute characterisation of the true evolutionary history of real data is usually impossible. So one concern for researchers, who do not have knowledge of this evolutionary history, is the accuracy of model-selection criteria to ensure that the best model can be selected from the available candidates.
In this study, based on 14 simulations of 33,600 datasets performed using known models, we simply evaluated the accuracy and precision of four model-selection criteria. Higher accuracy was broadly coincident with better precision and vice versa, which the performance of AIC best explained. Nevertheless, there were exceptions to this general pattern. Since the hLRT always selected GTR-like and TrN-like models for datasets simulated using SYM-like models, its precision values were low and its accuracy was almost zero. Generally, the high accuracy and low precision of the BIC and DT indicate that they perform better than the other two criteria. This result is robust to the influences of different simulation programs (Seq-Gen and Mesquite ), tree topologies comprising different numbers of taxa (22, 30, and 50), and sequence lengths (300 bp, 1,000 bp, and 2,000 bp) (Table 1). However, accuracy values in certain simulations may confuse the situation to some extent, due to different simulation conditions as described below.
Between simulations derived from Parameter set-A and those derived from set-B, discrepancies in performance existed for both the BIC and DT (e.g., accuracy values for models of base + I + Γ category between I-4 and I-8) (Figure 1). Considering that altering p inv from 0.25 in simulation I-4 and IV-1 to 0.5 can improve the recovery of models of base + I + Γ category by the BIC and DT, p inv should be an important parameter influencing accuracy.
The accuracy of the BIC and DT in simulations with a tree height of 0.1 did not support the general conclusions very well, being different from the simulations using tree heights of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 (Figure 1). At the same time, this happened in the simulation with the non-clock tree topology with both short and long branches. Given the lower accuracy of the other two criteria in these two simulations, we suspect that model selection might not be very effective for data of limited information content.
Do they select different best-fit models?
Our study revealed that the means of dissimilarity values of the hLRT-AIC pair ranged from 48.21% to 63.29%, and were the largest across the 14 simulations even though they were not necessarily statistically larger than those of the other pairs. In contrast, the BIC and DT tended to select the same model, with significantly lower means of dissimilarity values ranging from 0.17% to 7.67% across the 14 simulations. Model selection for datasets simulated under complex codon models also yielded the largest dissimilarity for hLRT-AIC and the smallest for BIC-DT. Thus, we can envisage that researchers using the hLRT and AIC would frequently face a problematic situation in which these criteria would select different models. At the same time, as an extension of the BIC incorporating branch-length error , DT brings doubt as to whether estimating branch-length error, a measure of phylogenetic performance, would influence model selection.
On the whole, if one uses these four criteria to select models for given sequence data, variance in best-fit models could be encountered with the greatest possibility of two different models, followed by moderate possibilities of one same model, and three models; there is little or no chance of encountering four different best-fit models. These results are generally consistent with those of Ripplinger and Sullivan , whose results were based on 250 real sequence datasets for the criteria of hLRT, AIC, BIC, and DT. However, the results of our additional simulation VI supported a different order: two models, three models, one same model, and four models. In all respects, results of both empirical studies and simulation studies (this study) suggest that model selection with these criteria will often produce inconsistent models, which could present a confusing situation for researchers.
When considering the four model categories, one unexpected discovery was the relatively small portion of base + I category recovered in the 14 simulations, including those simulated with the p inv of 0.5 in parameter set-B. This result indicates that model selection with the hLRT is not sensitive to the proportion of invariable sites under the condition that there is no other among-site rate heterogeneity. In comparison, there was an approximately even distribution of the four model categories by the AIC, BIC, and DT in most simulations (Figure 5), which is consistent with the ideal even distribution given that the number of datasets simulated under models of any one category (i.e., 100 × 6 = 600) is the same as that of any other category. In a sense, we could relate the typical insensitivity of the hLRT to the proportion of variable sites with its special hierarchy of pairwise comparisons, because this parameter is the last-optimised parameter in the default hierarchy of ModelTest v.3.7 . As it has been demonstrated that the hierarchy has an influence on the performance of hLRT [8, 38], future work could investigate whether different hierarchies might lead to a different success rate in recovering models of base + I category.
Nevertheless, with our two standards of classifying the 24 GTR-family models, the results all confirmed that the BIC exhibited similar model biases to DT, with only a few exceptions. This was consistent with the results of accuracy, precision, and dissimilarity, which to some extent demonstrated that results based on our simulated datasets were reasonable and consistent.
Overall, our performance analysis based on simulated datasets indicates that the BIC together with DT should be preferred for model selection in phylogenetics, although some of our results departed from this general finding owing to specific simulation settings such as values of the proportion of invariable sites. However, in view of the improvements on GTR models explored in recent years (see Background), it is possible that the results from most of our simulated data represent a poor reflection of real sequence data, which have almost certainly evolved under more complex conditions. Accordingly, we suggest here that model selection by the BIC or DT, together with model adequacy tests by parametric bootstrap [48, 49] or posterior predictive distributions , might be the best approach. Further studies can be done with simulated datasets under more complex evolutionary models to understand the performance of these criteria and to enhance phylogenetic studies.
We used two different parameter sets to simulate datasets. For parameter set-A , which was mainly derived from a mitochondrial DNA analysis except for the transition/transversion ratio and the proportion of invariable sites , the settings were as follows (as appropriate for each model): base frequencies 0.35 A, 0.22 C, 0.18 G, 0.25 T; rates (relative to GT) 2.675 AC, 7.35 AG, 6.125 AT, 0.225 CG, 30.7 CT; transition/transversion (κ) 2.0; gamma shape parameter (α) 0.67256; and proportion of invariable sites (p inv ) 0.25. Parameter set-B was chosen according to the settings of Posada and Crandall (as appropriate for each model): base frequencies 0.35 A, 0.15 C, 0.25 G, 0.25 T; rates (relative to GT) 2 AC, 4 AG, 1.8 AT, 1.4 CG, 6 CT; transition/transversion (κ) 2.0; and gamma shape parameter (α) 0.5. We set the p inv as 0.5 in parameter set-B. Gamma-distributed rates in both parameter sets were modelled with four discrete categories in the simulations.
Initial simulations were conducted to explore the general performance of the model-selection criteria. First, we generated four ultrametric tree topologies of 30 taxa using the program PAML 4.1 assuming a birth-death process (speciation rate 0.1, extinction rate 0.1, sampling fraction 1.0). Tree heights (i.e., expected number of substitutions per site from the root to each tip) were 0.7, 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 for the four trees (Figure 2A, Figure 2B, Figure 2C, and Figure 2D, respectively). Then, for each combination of parameter set and tree topology, we used Seq-Gen 1.3.2 to simulate 100 replicate datasets for 24 fundamental models of varying complexity from the GTR family (Table 1, simulation I). A sequence length of 1,000 bp was used because it was representative of empirical sequence lengths typically used in phylogenetic studies , and was sufficient to evaluate the performance of most model-selection criteria .
Other simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of certain simulation conditions on the performance of the model-selection criteria (Table 1). With other parameters fixed, the purpose of simulation II was to test the effect of varying the number of taxa. Simulation III employed the program Mesquite 2.6 to simulate datasets to investigate the impact of different simulation programs. Simulation IV adopted one non-clock tree of 22 taxa (Figure 2G): following the method of Lemmon and Moriarty , the internal branches were randomly labelled from 0 to 18, and each branch was then assigned a branch length of 102x/18-3, where x was the number assigned to that branch; similarly, the lengths of the external branches (randomly numbered from 0 to 21) were given by 102x/21-3. In simulation V, sequence lengths were 300 bp and 2,000 bp, respectively, with the other simulation conditions consistent with simulation I-2.
The most widely-used program for model selection, ModelTest v.3.7 , along with DT-ModSel , were employed to select the best-fit model. Default settings were used in each program; some default settings may influence the performance of certain criteria, such as the hierarchy of pairwise comparison of models for the hLRT [8, 38], but some may not, including the use of neighbour-joining (NJ) to generate a starting tree [8, 39]. The 56 nested candidate models (i.e., a simpler model is one special case of a more general model), corresponding to the '7 schemes' in jModelTest [18, 19], included the 24 models used in our simulations. After likelihood scores (L) under the 56 candidate models were computed by PAUP* v.4.0b10 based on NJ trees, the hLRT together with the AIC and BIC was applied to model selection using ModelTest v.3.7 ; DT-ModSel was used for DT .
where L0 is the likelihood score under the null hypothesis (simple model) and L1 is the likelihood score under the alternative hypothesis (complex model). Although this is widely accepted for testing the fit of nested candidate models in a specific sequence, there are many possible ways to traverse the hierarchy of pairwise model comparisons [8, 38, 53]. We used the default hierarchy in ModelTest v.3.7 . The LRT statistic approximately followed a standard χ2 distribution. However, when the null fixed parameters were at the boundary of the parameter space of the alternative model (i.e., for tests of rate homogeneity among sites and invariable sites), the mixed χ2 distribution (consisting of 50% χ 0 2 and 50% χ 1 2 ) was used to construct the tests [54–56]. We used 0.01 as the significance level for rejecting or failing to reject the null model.
AIC = − 2 ln L + 2 K or AIC c = − 2 ln L + 2 K n / ( n − K − 1 ) .
We computed the AIC instead of the AICc for given models, in that the sample size n (i.e., the sequence length) for most of our simulated datasets was large enough compared with the number of parameters (K) [40, 58]. The candidate model with the lowest AIC value was selected as the best-fit model.
where n is the sample size (i.e., the sequence length) and K is the number of parameters. Given equal prior probabilities of candidate models, the model yielding the smallest BIC was the one with the highest posterior probability and was selected as the best-fit one.
DT, a novel performance-based method of model selection, is an extension of the BIC and specifically incorporates branch-length error as a measure of phylogenetic performance in the course of model selection . In DT-ModSel, DT estimated all candidate models through a penalty function, which was related to the difference in branch-length estimates across models. The model with the minimal posterior penalty was selected as the best-fit model.
where Numbertest was 100. The ANOVA for two-way randomised block design and LSD test were used to compare the accuracy of these four model-selection criteria.
We counted how many different best-fit models were selected by each criterion within each set of 100 replicates. We did not take account of how many times any particular model was selected among the 100 replicates, but simply interpreted the number of different models selected as an estimate of the precision of each model-selection criterion (i.e., we gave the same weight to each model selected). Therefore, the precision of these criteria for simulated models was approximately evaluated and was compared by the ANOVA for two-way randomized block design and LSD test.
where N was equal to 100. The ANOVA for two-way randomized block design was used to compare the dissimilarity of the six pairs of criteria.
Based on the success of recovery of the true model in each simulation (Numbermatched; see the 'Accuracy' part), we employed the χ2 homogeneity test to compare the four criteria in terms of the composition of selected models. Here, we adopted two standards to classify the 24 simulated models (Table 1). Firstly, we classified them into four categories: base (JC, K80, etc.), base + I (JC + I, K80 + I, etc.), base + Γ (JC + Γ, K80 + Γ, etc.), and base + I + Γ (JC + I + Γ, K80 + I + Γ, etc.). These four model categories were then compared (with 3 degrees of freedom). Secondly, the 24 models were classified into 11 categories according to the number of free parameters (from 0 to 10; see Table 1 for details), and then analysed by the statistical test (with 10 degrees of freedom).
To evaluate the performance of the four criteria when the generating model is more complex than any of the 56 candidate models, we conducted another simulation (VI) as a special case using Recodon v.1.6.0 . With the GY94 codon model crossed with the settings in parameter set-A for the 24 fundamental models of GTR family respectively, and with the same base frequencies for all codon positions (1 × 4), 100 replicate datasets were simulated for each of the 24 simulated models here (i.e., a total 2,400). Other simulation parameters were set as sequence length 999 bp, number of sequences 30, a constant nonsynonymous/synonymous rate ratio (ω = 0.016) across sites, and mutation rate 0.001. Following model selection with the four criteria as above, the dissimilarity among the criteria was examined. Other aspects of performance were not evaluated, as those analyses were not practicable or were probably affected by the fact that the true model was not represented among the candidates.
We would like to thank Dr D. Posada for valuable comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this paper, and Dr Xinhai Li for advice on statistical analyses. Both Dr A. P. Vogler and Dr Ming Li provided encouragement and helped to improve the manuscript. We also appreciate helpful comments from two anonymous referees and the editors.
This project was supported mainly by the Innovation Program in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-YW-NF-02), grants from the National Science Foundation, China (30870268, J0930004), and partially by Public Welfare Project from the Ministry of Agriculture, China (Grant No. 200803006) to Chaodong Zhu. It was also supported by Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation Key Projects (No. KZ201010028028) to Aibing Zhang.
CZ, AL, AZ, and YZ conceived this study. AL, WS, AZ, and WX performed the work and the statistical analyses. HQ, WX, and SYWH participated in discussions and wrote code to facilitate computations. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript.
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0.958503 |
After eating a meal, working out, or even after performing routine activities, do you immediately grab a sports drink or a soda? These beverages are typically acidic and contain large amounts of sugar, leading to tooth decay. Even some fruit juices are packed with decay-causing sugar. Acids and sugars damage tooth enamel. Enamel is the outer surface of the tooth that helps protect them from an ordinary day’s use. Once damage is caused to enamel, the damage is irreversible. Before you turn to sports drinks and sodas for hydration, consider reaching for a glass of water!
Staying hydrated, especially in the warm weather months, is essential for your overall health. Since water makes up more than half of your body weight, it is needed for proper function of tissues and organs, as well as for survival. Without water, your blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism are at risk! A deficiency in body water can lead to dehydration and negative physical and psychological changes in your body. Those involved in sports, or have certain medical conditions are at a higher risk of dehydration and should consume greater amounts of water.
Did you know that staying hydrated also helps your mouth? Hydration is particularly important in maintaining good oral health. Dehydration can lead to halitosis, dry mouth, gum disease, and possibly even heart disease! Drinking water will help increase your levels of bacteria-fighting saliva, and ultimately help reduce your chances of developing these common oral health problems. Along with brushing and flossing, drinking an adequate amount of water will help wash away bacteria in your mouth. The recommended daily intake of water for women is about 8 cups, and roughly 13 cups for men. Even though water is often the best option for staying hydrated, a glass of milk can also be a good beverage for replenishing energy after a day of hard work.
Try carrying a reusable water bottle around with you during the day.
If you find water to be too plain, consider adding a slice of lemon.
Make sure to drink water before, during and after your exercise.
Order water when dining out. It’s not only healthy, but also free!
Try drinking water with each meal or snack to help make it a routine.
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0.999452 |
Commercial divers do normal construction activities in an extreme environment making theirs a very dangerous job. The job can take divers all over the world, ask them to do countless different assignments, and every day is unique. This job is exciting, adventurous, financially rewarding and very dangerous. Commercial divers are trained professionals they have to be so they can dive another day.
Job description: Commercial divers repair, inspect and build underwater structures such as ships, rigs, bridges and piers. They can also take various measurements, assist police investigations and perform underwater photography. Commercial divers must be good mechanics and construction workers – the basic job is similar to mechanic and construction jobs inland – only the environment is different. Commercial divers place a strong emphasis on safety and preparation – every dive begins with a safety brief, and the work plan for the day is scrutinized due to the high cost and limitations of commercial diving. The dangerous nature of this job requires a professional and serious attitude, and commercial divers are all business when at work.
Work environment: This job is extremely varied – commercial divers can work in a wide range of environments and assignments, all over the world. Working on offshore oil rigs provides the highest salary, but involves being on the rig or a ship for months – anywhere around the world. Divers can also work in rivers, harbors, and ports or large water tanks – these jobs usually allow divers to be at home every day. There are also divers in the Navy – they mainly do underwater construction jobs.
The job itself is done underwater and involves wearing heavy, complex gear, being submerged for hours, and working with heavy, sometimes dangerous tools and machinery underwater, and often in dark, murky conditions. This job is physically demanding, and places strain on divers – from being underwater for many hours, repetitive dives and heavy equipment.
Commercial divers never operate alone, and they are part of a larger team that helps the diver prepare for the dive, and assists the diver during the dive itself – they check gauges, cables and communicate with the submerged diver.
Fatality rates: No reliable fatality rate could be found, but despite the inherent dangers, not many divers are injured – due to the extensive training and strict safety measures taken.
What makes it a dangerous job: Commercial divers face 2 major dangers – dive-related injuries and tool/machinery related injuries. Dive related injuries are usually caused by rapid or uncontrolled ascents to the surface, which can result in the bends – forcing divers to spend many hours in decompression tanks.
The other danger comes from the underwater work itself – underwater welders, for example, must make difficult welds, in difficult conditions with dangerous tools.
Hours / Lifestyle: Commercial diver can have various lifestyles, depending on the type of underwater work they are doing. Some may be away from home for months, working on oil rigs or other locations which are difficult to access. Others may be at home every day, but work hours can vary – this is not a typical 9 to 5 job. Also, commercial divers may find themselves out of work for several months and must plan accordingly.
Pay: Commercial divers salaries vary as well, depending on experience, capabilities, position in the team, and the assignment. Generally, the highest paying commercial diving jobs are on offshore oil rigs, with divers making $100,000 $200,000 annually. Inland divers make considerably less – around $100 a day – in contrast to oil rig divers who can make $1000 or more daily. However – the salary can increase – according to the danger and complexity of the job. The Bureau of Labor Statistics found that in 2010, the average annual salary for commercial divers was $56,400, or $27.12 per hour – but this does not reflect the true salary rates in this profession.
Requirements: Commercial divers have to be able to physically withstand diving in great depths (1000 feet) for long periods of time on a daily basis. Also, they must have strong mechanical and construction abilities, as this is the core of their work. Good divers will be able to plan ahead each element of their dive, and improvise quickly when needed. Divers rely strongly on teamwork – so any applicant must be a strong team member, and have the ability to fit in the commercial divers comradely.
Training: Commercial divers usually complete a commercial diving course – which lasts roughly 6-7 months. Trainees are schooled in medicine, physics, welding, HAZMAT and open water deep dives. Alternatively, the US Navy trains divers for underwater construction and demolition, and after military service, these divers can also use the skills and experience learned in the Navy in commercial diving.
Career opportunities: Commercial divers usually begin be acting as a divers helper (checking cables, gauges, and communication with the submerged diver) for roughly 3 years before doing any underwater activities themselves. Once they begin actual commercial dives, divers can gain experience and acquire skills (such as underwater welding). In the long run, divers can become instructors, trainers or supervisors. They can also climb and advance within underwater construction and salvage companies, or become freelance divers.
Job opportunities: Job opportunities lay near water – the states which offer the largest commercial diving opportunities are Louisiana, Texas, California, Florida and Michigan.
Job prospects: The demand will rise by roughly 6% by 2018, according to the BLS. Prospects are subject to the economy and the willingness of divers to travel to different locations in order to work.
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0.963283 |
What type of fence is it?
There are so many different driveway gates Summerville, SC has to offer, and having one installed in front of your house could be one of the best decisions you ever make. A driveway gate will provide you with additional security, so you will be able to prevent burglars and other types of intruders from getting onto your property. These days lots of homeowners have started investing in driveway gates because of the added protection and privacy they offer, so you will need to consider doing the same.
If you value your privacy like so many others, it is highly recommended that you look into some of the different Summerville driveway gates that are available. A driveway gate can also enhance the aesthetic of your home in general, but only if you select the right one. It is very important that you take the time to look into some of these options so you select one that will provide you with privacy, security, and aesthetics. Wrought iron gates are incredibly popular among homeowners because of their unique aesthetic as well as long lasting durability. If you are going to pay to have a gate installed in front of your driveway, you will definitely want it to last a long time.
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0.999997 |
Here is a good place to describe a list of your hobbies, projects or interests.
Interest 1 Provide a description, picture, or perhaps a hyperlink here.
Interest 2 Provide a description, picture, or perhaps a hyperlink here.
Interest 3 Provide a description, picture, or perhaps a hyperlink here.
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0.999993 |
"Global Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) Market Analysis Trends, Applications, Analysis, Growth, and Forecast to 2027” is a recent report generated by MarketResearch.biz, which offers in-depth insights, revenue details, and other vital information regarding the global business process as a service market, and the various trends, drivers, restraints, opportunities, and threats in the target market till 2027. The report offers insightful and detailed information regarding the various key players operating in the market, their financials, supply chain trends, technological innovations, key developments, apart from future strategies, acquisitions & mergers, and market footprint. The global business process as a service market report has been segmented on the basis of business process, organization, application, and region.
Increasing adoption for cloud based platform services and solutions among diverse enterprises is expected to be a key factor to drive growth of the global BPaaS market. Cloud based platforms services offer vital benefits such as, virtual clinical operations, order management as a service, digital asset management, utilization management and care management solutions, customer experience centers and business reporting. Furthermore, BPaaS services trend in cloud computing technology owing to gain several benefits such as, to reduce operational cost, reduce total cost of ownership (TCO), and to optimize time to market (TTM) delivery.
Increasing need for enhancements of business processes to reduce overall cost expenditure is expected to be the key factor to boost growth of global BPaaS market. Rise in business process analytics owing to benefits provided by BPaaS model such as optimized end-to-end delivery outcomes, human resource management, customer services, sales, and marketing management is estimated to support growth of the global BPaaS market.
In addition, flexible business models that help to optimize capital expenditure (CAPEX), manage operational expenses (OPEX), and to predict revenue for long period of time is expected to proliferate growth of the global BPaaS market in the near future. Moreover, rising demand for virtualization and automation tools in platform as a service (PaaS) and in cloud business process management (BPM) is expected to anticipate growth of global BPaaS market.
However, rising concerns related to data violation threats and digital fraud is a major factor expected to restraint growth of global targeted market. In addition, existing conventional IT infrastructure scalability is another factor expected to hamper growth of the global BPaaS market to a certain extent.
I read this article and found it very interesting, thought it might be something for you. The article is called Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) Market and is located at https://marketresearch.biz/report/business-process-as-a-service-bpaas-market/.
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0.990829 |
About the history of Indonesia throughout the years in the East Indies in general and Dutch.
How Created--Humans 1st inhabited the East Indies some 500,000 years ago. The 1st known civilization began about 2,000 years ago when Hindu traders 1st came to the islands for their spices. Various Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms dominated the islands for the next 1,400 years, establishing many of Indonesia's current cultural traditions.
Before the advent of Dutch colonial rule, which lasted from the early 17th century to just after W.W. II, the many people of Indonesia were split into small political groupings. Notable exceptions were the 2 early empires, Srivijaya (c. 700-c. 1200) and Majapahit (1293-c. 1520), which controlled large parts of the islands of Java and Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and other scattered islands. However, at no time prior to the arrival of the Dutch did any one kingdom control all of the islands that today constitute the state of Indonesia. The Dutch created a system of provincial administration for Indonesia, centering power in the city of Batavia (present-day Djakarta) on the most heavily populated island, Java.
As the Japanese left, the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence, led by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, declared independence (August 17, 1945). However, the Dutch, aided at 1st by the British, sought to reassert control. Fighting broke out, and the fledgling UN formed a commission to settle the dispute. Finally, the Dutch agreed to transfer sovereignty in December, 1949. In 1950 the United States of Indonesia transformed itself into the unitary Republic of Indonesia.
Originally the Dutch did not agree to allow West Irian (the western half of New Guinea island) to be part of Indonesia, but the UN turned the territory over to Indonesia in 1963. Since independence, several revolts have occurred outside of Java to secure more local autonomy, but none have been successful.
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0.945849 |
Do people drive you crazy by writing the phrase "a lot" as if it were a single word, "alot"? Maybe they're just ahead of their time. When we use a phrase for hundreds of years, we allow the spaces between words to disappear. Ages ago, we'd write "equal poise" (meaning "equal weight" or "equilibrium"), but by 1625 we were nestling "equal" and "poise" together with a cozy hyphen, and by 1661 we had jammed them into a single word. Today, it's equipoise.
Less obvious is how equipoise is related to pen___nt (a strong preference for something) and pen__ve (gloomy and deep in thought). We can trace them all back to the Latin pendere, meaning "to hang" or "to weigh." That is, when you're feeling pen__ve, things are weighing on you, and you're weighing things in your mind; your pen___nts are your leanings: the things you lean towards or hang onto; and equipoise is a state of even weight, or a state of balance.
Today, the noun "poise" usually means "grace," "balance," or "dignity." But an old meaning of "poise" is "a weight."
Equipoise is "equal poise" in the sense of "equal weight." It's an equal distribution of weight, or more generally, a state of balance.
But you can equipoise things, and talk about things that are equipoised or equipoising.
And maybe we can rescue the adjective "equipendent" from obsolescence. I won't hold my breath.
"Equipoise" is one of those formal, lovely words that totally doesn't need to exist. Every time you use it, see it, or hear it, you could easily swap it out for "balance," or if you want more syllables, "equilibrium" (which is about 9 times more common than "equipoise"). Still, "equipoise" is beautiful, so we use it.
You can say that one thing is in equipoise with another thing. Or say that two (or more) things are in equipoise (or no longer in equipoise), that things achieve equipoise, that things hang in equipoise, that things keep or maintain their equipoise, and so on.
Or, talk about people finding or establishing equipoise, bringing or returning something to equipoise, holding two ideas in equipoise, etc.
Add an adjective, if you like. You could have a tense or wobbly equipoise, or a firm or longstanding equipoise. An emotional equipoise could be a state of balance between, say, caution and eagerness.
The more literal meaning of "equipoise" is "a balance of weight," so if you say that someone lost her equipoise, you're probably being literal--and silly in your word choice--because you mean she fell down. But when some speakers talk about people losing their equipoise, you know when they say "equipoise" that they really mean "poise, composure, equanimity." I advise against using "equipoise" in that way, because that meaning isn't listed in dictionaries, and because you don't want to suffer from the sounds-like syndrome.
It's graceful, really, how he holds the needs of his employees in equipoise with those of his clientele.
Throughout the book, her emphasis on facts and her sheer glee at the wonder of it all hang in equipoise.
Look away from the screen to explain the definition in your own words. You’ll know you understand what "equipoise" means when you can explain it without saying "equilibrium" or "steadiness."
Fill in the blanks: "It's a struggle for me to keep _____ and _____ in equipoise."
Example: "It's a struggle for me to keep paid and unpaid projects in equipoise."
Do those lyrics call to mind the word LODESTONE, DETRITUS, or VICISSITUDES? Why?
Answer: VICISSITUDES. These are life's unpredictable changes. They just happen. Sometimes, they're ironic.
Everybody was dancin' in the moonlight."
Do those lyrics call to mind the word DEVIANT, JOVIAL, or VESUVIAN? Why?
2. In his essay, Stevenson highlights the equipoise _____ within Shakespeare's iambic lines.
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0.999819 |
Buy a cheaper car, and invest the difference.
Yep, that’s it. Let’s break this down: how does buying a cheaper car make you into a millionaire?
For this exercise, I am going to assume you are 30 years old, and you want a million dollars by the time you are 70. Let’s also assume for the sake of argument that you are interested in a car that costs $35,000 new, and you have little or no down payment. This seems fairly accurate given the data I found from Edmunds in 2004 that states that the average new motor vehicle MSRP was $30,841 in December 2003. We can safely assume that number has gone up since then. Factoring in taxes and licensing, $35,000 seems a reasonable estimate of what the average new car costs.
$35,000 over 6 years, at an interest rate of 8%, is $613.66 per month. Whew, that’s quite the car payment! But it’s similar to what many 30-year-olds have.
Where does the million dollars come in? Spend $24,000 on that car instead of $35,000, which you can easily do by getting a used car or a slightly cheaper car. Your car payment over the same term is $420.80 per month, or a savings of $192.86. Round that up to $200 per month, and put that $200 per month into a mutual fund earning 10% per year. Here’s the catch: You have to invest the extra $200. You can’t blow it on food, TV, music, etc. I strongly recommend you find an investment service that will take the money directly out of your paycheck so you won’t be tempted to spend it.
Once you’ve done that, find a mutual fund that will give you high returns on your money. This shouldn’t be too hard. If you’re unsure, the S&P 500 index has returned an average of 10.30% over the past 30 years (1976-2006.) Pick a S&P index fund, put $200 in it every month, and leave it alone!!! for the next 40 years. Let the compound interest magic work for you.
Invest $200 a month at 10% for 40 years, and you will have a cool $1,168,444.35 saved up for retirement. If you are still having trouble deciding what you want to do, I recommend you visualize a pile of $1.1 million dollars in cash and a used car on one side, and a brand-new car on the other. Which would you rather have?
2003 BMW 3-series (approximately $24,000 used) and ONE MILLION DOLLARS IN CASH!!!
I’d pick the $1.1 MILLION DOLLARS IN CASH any day.
I am sure some of you are saying, “But Erica, spending $35,000 on a car is ridiculous! I would never do that.” Well, good for you! Seriously. Now go invest that $200 anyway. Which is more interesting, a couple pairs of shoes or $1.1 million? 10 DVDs, 5 of which you’ll never watch again anyway, or $1.1 million? You get the idea!
Photo credits: BMW photos by xrrr. Cash photo by noahwesley. Sad Mac photo by Inkington. All photos licensed under Creative Commons.
Wow, it’s like you’re psychic! I’m about to buy a 2003 3-series, and all of my coworkers think that I’m an idiot for not spending $500+/month on a new car like they do. Putting what would be my car payments into an index fund seems like the logical next step towards not squandering the savings somewhere else.
Don’t forget about inflation though. You know how “old people” always go on about how “back in my day, a car only cost $20!”. $1 million in 30 years will not be what $1 million is today. You’d probably need $2 million to get you what $1 million does now.
It would still be nice to have the money though, but doubtful you could retire on it without other investments. I know you’re not saying “this is all you need” though.
Another financial strategy people use is to rent rather than buy, and invest the difference between mortgage payments and rent. Here in Australia, even though rents have gone up recently, I know mortgage payments on the place I’m living in would be about double the rent I’m paying. And probably 95% of that (in the first few years at least) is interest payments – just as “dead money” as rent is.
Anyway, everyone’s situation and financial goals are different – ie. some people want the security of owning their own place NOW irrespective of whether it’s a good strategy at that point of their lives.
Personally I’m going to wait another 5-10 years (I’m only 29 now) and go into the housing market getting a place that will suit my family for the long term (rather than compromises I’d have to make now), with a sizable deposit and a small mortgage that can be paid off quickly.
That’s super interesting. Funny how when you analyze these things they can actually make a huge difference!
Hi, I ran across your blog last year, and am back via the magic of RSS. Good luck with your new website, it sounds interesting.
Yeah, despite what they may say, you can tell a lot of folks don’t really think like capitalists by the way they blow money on cars.
You can go too far with this (I’ve heard of millionaires who still drove old cars), but anyone contemplating a purchase should be asking what else they could do with that money.
Of course, this mindset can help you save $$ with other sorts of purchases, too!
2- I’m doing something similar. Getting an A6 for around $8k and paying it off with ESPP funds.
Just imagine how much money you would be able to save if you forgo a car and just ride a bike….
geat site, love your articles. I completely agree with most of the things you write and I just wish more people like you would decide what gets taught in our public schools.
I also purchased new cars after having the experience of used with more frequent repairs required. That cut into my ability to save money if I was spending it on repairs.
How do you feel about leased cars? Especially if you drive them for business purposes?
It’s easier said than done to invest $200 a month. It needs great disciple to stick to the plan as you want to become successful in investing your hard-earned money and become a millionaire someday. But if someone did it seriously, CONGRATULATIONS!
Easier said then done? I think it’s easier done then said. I have set up $100 per paycheck to automatically invest in a mutual fund account. That’s $200 a month and I am 27 years old. Set it and forget it and hopefully by the time I’m 70 I will have a million dollars!
You’ve got great insights about how to make my first dollar, keep up the good work!
We can find the right nba throwback jerseys one for us by trying to communicate with other people. By communicating we can learn something about that person and learn more about his or her mlb jerseys supply personality.
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0.946539 |
"True rats" are members of the genus Rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, Rattus rattus, and the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus. Many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats.
The muridae family is broad and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not taxonomically specific.
Scientifically, the terms are not confined to members of the Rattus and Mus genera, for example, the pack rat and cotton mouse.
The best-known rat species are the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). The group is generally known as the Old World rats or true rats, and originated in Asia.
Rats are bigger than most Old World mice, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams in the wild.
The term "rat" is also used in the names of other small mammals which are not true rats. Examples include the North American pack rats, a number of species loosely called kangaroo rats, and others. Rats such as the bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) are murine rodents related to true rats, but are not members of the genus Rattus.
Male rats are called bucks, unmated females are called does, pregnant or parent females are called dams, and infants are called kittens or pups. A group of rats is referred to as a mischief.
The common species are opportunistic survivors and often live with and near humans; therefore, they are known as commensals. They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries.
Many species of rats are island endemics and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black or Polynesian rat.
Wild rodents, including rats, can carry many different zoonotic pathogens, such as Leptospira, Toxoplasma gondii, and Campylobacter.
The Black Death is traditionally believed to have been caused by the micro-organism Yersinia pestis, carried by the tropical rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) which preyed on black rats living in European cities during the epidemic outbreaks of the Middle Ages; these rats were used as transport hosts. Another zoonotic disease linked to the rat is the foot-and-mouth disease.
Rodent tails—particularly in rat models—have been implicated with a thermoregulation function that follows from its anatomical construction. This particular tail morphology is evident across the family Muridae (in contrast to the bushier tails of the squirrel family, Sciuridae).
The tail is hairless and thin-skinned, but highly vascularized, thus allowing for efficient counter-current heat exchange with the environment. The high muscular and connective tissue densities of the tail, along with ample muscle attachment sites along its plentiful caudal vertebrae facilitate specific proprioceptive senses to help orient the rodent in a three dimensional environment.
Lastly, murids have evolved a unique defense mechanism termed "degloving" which allows for escape from predation through the loss of the outermost integument layer on the tail. However, this mechanism is associated with multiple pathologies that have been the subject of investigation.
Specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century. Pet rats are typically variants of the species brown rat, but black rats and giant pouched rats are also known to be kept.
Pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets. Pet rats do not pose any more of a health risk than pets such as cats or dogs. Tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviours.
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0.99668 |
This suggests we can't understand anything without (independently of) the use of concepts, which are human and mental things. But evolution through natural selection seems to suppose a world that existed before our understanding and is independent of our concepts. Is this possible?
There is physical reality - independent of humans and their understandings.
There is personal reality - each human has their own "reflection" of reality inside their brain/consciousness.
There is religious reality - includes personal reality, deities, and intangible places.
In addition, we must come to an agreement on what we mean by "reality."
I think this is possible; by trying to see how the contents of a situation can THEMSELVES be sufficient to bring about what occurs, or what we are trying to understand. This does not PROVE that what we come up with is independent of our understanding, but in as far as we seem successful there is no evidence it does depend on our understanding.
An example of this is evolution through natural selection, which in turn was influenced by uniformitarianism; the view that the natural world should be explained by the continuation of objects properties and processes currently observable. It is by the continuation of these things that the contents of a situation can seem themselves sufficient.
This in turn gives a different answer to Hume's questions why we suppose the continued (and independent) existence of body; Because, if we can suppose the continued existence of some object as a situation develops, we don't have to draw a conclusion beyond its original existence, so the continuation of that objects original existence must appear sufficient for its part in the development of the situation. For example, if we suppose an object that travels to disappear behind a screen and then re-appears on the other side of the screen; if we can suppose it is the same existence that continues and re-appears, since we don't have to draw a conclusion beyond that original existence, it appears sufficient to account for the subsequent appearance. But if that original existence is to account in this way for the subsequent appearances it must exist behind the screen even in those parts we haven't imagined or thought of.
In this way cause and effect can be made objective sense of insofar as we can avoid drawing conclusions beyond factors in a situation, making the situation a re-arrangement. So, instead of Hume's example of the collision of two billiard balls, we can take an example similar to Archimedes's thinking, that of a ball being pushed into a bucket of water. Since the volume of ball and water continue, as do their other properties (known by experience) such as impermeability of the ball, and fluidity of and weight of the water; as the ball is pushed into the water volume of ball-plus water is more than volume of water alone so the water level rises (and I believe you can see why, if these things continue together in the situation that result should be necessary; no other result is compatible with their continued existence together in the situation). The effect is a re-arrangement, not something essentially new.
Since we are trying to avoid drawing conclusions beyond 'objects' this is different from having to add any description to the situation. So, again, what we are up to is not something obviously added to the situation by us. But of course, it is not the only possible way/attitude towards handing the situation.
" Let me get this straight, you are saying that you can look at a "situation" and understand what is happing without prior knowledge of any concepts to facilitate such understandings? I could believe that if you can describe to me such an instance, i.e. describe a concept that noone has heard before without using composites of known concepts – christo183 2 "
The thing is why you say something is conceptual? Because someone's heard of it before? Or perhaps because there are alternative ways of handling 'reality'? I don't think either of these require it must be conceptual. If a ball being pushed into a bucket of water makes the water level rise because the volume of the ball + water is greater than the water volume alone, so the water must go somewhere else, so it rises in the bucket. This shows how the ball being pushed into the water is sufficient for the effect, but if it needed to depend on our concepts the ball and the water could themselves be sufficient.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged philosophy-of-science kant hume or ask your own question.
Does Kant have a Fourth Critique?
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0.935286 |
Who should I captain in FPL?
In FPL the captain that you appoint will obtain double points. Thus it is important that you pick a player that has a high probability of doing well and obtaining a good haul of points.
In my opinion you should pick a captain that can ideally get you at least 16-20 points from one match. It is rare for a goalkeeper to do this as one goal conceded would mean a poor match score, where as a clean sheet won't obtain more than 12-14 points. A goalscoring defender who keeps a clean sheet and gets maximum bonus points could score you up to 30 points, but they are a rare breed. The safest choice would be an attack minded midfielder who have a decent probability of assisting or scoring regularly or a forward that scores on a regular basis.
Don't stick to one captain for the whole season. Regularly change captains, depending on if their team plays home or away, plays a strong or week team and so forth.
What constitutes a good GW from a bad GW?
0-20 points - shamefully abysmal.
21-39 points - a bit of a disaster.
40-49 points - not great, but tolerable.
50-59 points - average, acceptable & ideal minimum.
60-74 points - consider this a good GW score.
75-99 points - very good, your team & captain must have done well.
100+ points - a great team performance and a personal achievement on your part.
*Please note, this chart may not be true in rare GWs where the average score was very high and your GW score did not meet the average GW score but was deemed "good" by this chart, i.e. scoring 60 points in a GW when the average score was 70 points.
Should I regularly undertake team transfers?
Yes and No. There is no point in having players with long term suspensions or injuries in your team, especially if they are valued at a high FPL price. You may be inclined to transfer a player with poor form. But you may regret it, if they bounce back and do after you have sold them off. It may be useful to purchase a player from a strong team that is due to play a string of weaker opposition teams. But do bare in mind that you only get one free transfer per gameweek. If you exceed this, you will be losing gameweek points which will affect your classic league positioning. Try avoid doing too many transfers per gameweek, as you will lose out on points. As a rule of thumb, "if it ain't broke don't fix it" - don't sell players unless you have to, i.e. bad loss of form, long-term injuries or suspensions. At the very most don't exceed two transfers per gameweek, i.e. your one free transfer, plus one extra which will cost you -4 points.
The answer is we don't know for sure when. However, for more insight read this article here.
How do I find out about last minute injuries and suspensions?
Is FPL driven by luck, simple probability or natural skill?
In my estimation it is primarily skills-based probability, i.e. Come the end of the season, the best and most dedicated managers will end up highest in their respective leagues. Sure, an element of luck is also in play as you don't know how a player will perform on the day, and a novice FPL gamer that never changes his/her team may do well in one or two gameweeks. But FPL is not about one or two gameweeks, it's about thirty eight, stretching from August to May! Probability dictates that over the course of a season the best players from the best teams (or any team) will generally attain more points. Thus, those that endure till the end and are most skilled (with the best hunches) will always do better.
What is a wildcard? When should I use my wildcard?
A wildcard allows you to change your entire selected team for any gameweek without having any points deducted from your overall, classic and head-to-head league tallies. You have two wild cards available at your disposal - one for the first half of the season and the other for the second half. My advice would be to use your wildcards after gauging form and when you definitely need to replace at least 33% of your squad, i.e. perennial bad injuries, long-term suspensions or poor form for a significant number of your team's players.
What is a Double Gameweek (DGW)?
DGW's may occur once in a while, such as due to the postponement of fixtures. The good news is that advance notice will be provided for this and you can potentially double up points provided you have picked the relevant DGW players. The flip side is that the team may not play any fixtures the week after, thus sensible selections are required.
What is a differential in FPL?
When are suspensions automatically imposed without a red card in the Premier League?
If the 5th yellow card is received after 31st December.
If the 10th yellow card is received after the 2nd Sunday in April.
If the 15th yellow card isn't received before the end of season.
What are Chips in FPL?
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Bombay chutney why called bombay chutney I don't know but it's also known as besan chutney or kadalai maavu chutney and there are few variations in this chutney too some people don't add tomato, ginger-garlic paste, you can modify the chutney to suit your needs if wished.
When need only basic ingredients in this chutney or sabzi whatever you like to call, I served this with paratha, poori and some times dosa too this time it's with multi dal dosa and with everything it taste delicious. Try this chutney and let me know how you liked it.
You can check Chutney Recipes that you can try with this adai dosa.
Peel and finely chop onion, tomato, green chilies, coriander leaves. Mix besan with water without any lumps and keep aside.
In a pan or wok heat oil add mustard seeds and allow to splutter. Add urad dal, chana dal, curry leaves and saute until golden brown. Add chopped onion, ginger-garlic paste and mix well.
Saute onion until soft and translucent, add turmeric powder, red chili powder mix and cook for a minute. Add tomato, salt and cook till tomato gets mashed.
Now add besan batter and mix well. Cook in slow to medium flame until besan mixture comes to boil and starts thicken and raw smell goes, do stir in intervals. Add coriander leaves mix and off flame when desire consistency reached (chutney will thicken when it cools too so don't thicken it very much while cooking).
Serve hot, warm with paratha, poori, dosa.
You can skip tomato if you wish or don't have tomato at hand.
Off flame once besan mixture gets cooked and not thicken very much as it's get thicken once it's cooled.
If your chutney is thicken you can dilute with water and heat for 2 minutes.
Easy and delicious side dish perfect with poori, paratha, roti and even dosa.
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0.938183 |
Alexander Hamilton, born at Nevis in the Leeward Islands in either 1755 or 1757, emigrated to New York in 1772. There, he entered King's College (now Columbia University) in 1773 but interrupted his studies to become involved in some of the events which led to the American Revolution by authoring several pamphlets. When the war did come, he was commissioned the captain of an artillery company. Hamilton participated in the Long Island campaign and the retreat through New Jersey before attracting General George Washington's attention and becoming his secretary and aide de camp in March 1777. He served in that capacity, in the rank of lieutenant colonel, until February of 1781 when, as a result of a quarrel with Washington, he resigned his post. Washington, both magnaminous and pragmatic in regard to Hamilton's ability, allowed him to be appointed to head an infantry regiment which he led brilliantly during the Yorktown campaign.
When the war ended, Hamilton read law at Albany, N. Y., and was admitted to the bar. He served a single term in the Continental Congress before returning to private life and beginning the law practice in New York City. However, he remained active in his support for a strong federal government. Hamilton was appointed a delegate from New York to the Constitutional Convention in 1787 though his work at the convention was of little importance. Far more significant was his almost lone struggle in New York to secure ratification of the Constitution. He waged a fierce newspaper war in favor of its adoption and concocted the idea for the Federalist Papers, most of which he wrote alone or in cooperation with James Madison. Though New York at the time was extremely particularist, the sheer force of Hamilton's arguments carried the day and secured the state's adherence to the Constitution at the Poughkeepsie meeting in July 1788. In that year, the young lawyer returned to the Continental Congress and figured prominently in the formation of the new government.
Hamilton was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in September 1789 and immediately set out to establish the nation's credit on a sound basis. On 14 January 1790, he submitted his plan to the House of Representatives; and the document remains one of his lasting contributions to the foundation of the federal government. He argued that the central government should be responsible for all debts contracted during the Revolution-foreign and domestic-including those debts contracted by the individual states. Though the measure encountered fierce opposition, he finally secured its adoption on 4 August 1791.
Hamilton's tenure of office as Secretary of the Treasury lasted until 1795. During that period, the verbal battles with Jefferson, Hamilton's natural antagonist, rose to fever pitch. Both conducted propaganda campaigns in the press, and Jefferson's attacks finally culminated in the introduction of nine resolutions of censure against Hamilton into Congress. The defeat of those resolutions early in 1793 proved a vindication of Hamilton and his policies. Hamilton exercised a great deal of influence over John Jay's negotiations with Great Britain which secured a treaty favorable to the new nation's domestic economy. This meddling in foreign affairs no doubt influenced Jefferson's resignation as Secretary of State at the end of 1793. Jefferson intensified his anti-Hamilton campaign after that because he felt Hamilton to be too speculative at home and pro-British abroad. Domestically, however, Hamilton was secure. He proved that in 1794 when he played a leading role in the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion. He regarded the Federal action at this time as an outstanding opportunity for the central government to exhibit its strength.
The third Alexander Hamilton (SSBN-617) was laid down on 26 June 1961 at Groton, Conn., by the Electric Boat Division, General Dynamics Corp.; launched on 18 August 1962; sponsored by Mrs. Valentine Hollingsworth, Jr., the great-great-great granddaughter of Alexander Hamilton; and commissioned on 27 June 1963, Comdr. Norman B. Bessac (Blue Crew) and Comdr. Benjamin F. Sherman, Jr., (Gold Crew) in command.
Between 28 June and 18 October, Alexander Hamilton carried out two shakedown cruises, one for her Blue crew and a second for her Gold. Following those operations, she conducted post-shakedown availability. After trials early in 1964, she departed the east coast on 16 March to deploy to Rota, Spain, her base of operations. She conducted deterrent patrols out of that port for the remainder of the year as a unit of Submarine Squadron (SubRon) 16. In January 1965, the fleet ballistic missile submarine transferred to SubRon 14 and based at Holy Loch, Scotland. Her cycle of patrols from there lasted until 2 June 1967 at which time she returned to the United States at Charleston, S. C. Later that month, she moved north to New London, Conn., and thence into the Electric Boat yard on the 18th to begin her first overhaul and nuclear refueling.
Alexander Hamilton completed the overhaul on 28 June 1968 and conducted post-overhaul trials, inspections, and shakedown training until early October. In November, she was deployed to Rota and conducted a deterrent patrol en route to her new base where she arrived on 30 December. For the next four years, the submarine operated from that Spanish port-again as a unit of SubRon 16. At the conclusion of her 31st deterrent patrol, she returned to Charleston in November 1972 and, in January 1973, began her second refueling overhaul, combined with a conversion to carry Poseidon missiles, at the yard of the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. The work on those two modifications lasted for over two years. The submarine carried out shakedown in April of 1975 and devoted the remainder of the year to training and various post overhaul trials. She conducted deterrent patrols 32 and 33 in the early part of 1976. Alexander Hamilton concluded the latter patrol at Holy Loch, Scotland, in May 1976 and conducted her next three patrols from that base. While on patrol 36, the fleet ballistic missile submarine visited Port Canaveral, Fla., and New London, Conn., before concluding that patrol at Charleston, S.C., in March 1977. During March and April, she completed refit and conducted refresher training. In July, she departed Charleston for another deterrent patrol which ended with her arrival at Holy Loch in September.
From that Scottish base, the fleet ballistic missile submarine conducted deterrent patrols 39 and 40. She departed Holy Loch in May 1978 for patrol 41 and concluded it at Charleston in July. The warship remained there until August when she got underway for New London. She arrived at New London early in September and, after exchanging crews, embarked upon deterrent patrol 42 later that month. She ended that patrol at Holy Loch in October. Over the next year, she made four patrols from the base in Scotland. On 31 October 1979, Alexander Hamilton departed Holy Loch on her 46th deterrent patrol, ending it at Charleston on 7 December. Early in January 1980, the ballistic missile submarine departed Charleston on deterrent patrol 47. She concluded that patrol at Holy Loch on 17 March 1980 and, for the remainder of the year, operated from that base.
Alexander Hamilton's, deterrent patrols out of Holy Loch continued until 1986. At that time, she was to have been decommissioned in order to remove her from the fleet as a gesture of goodwill in accordance with the terms of the unratified SALT II strategic arms limitation treaty. Upon her arrival in Groton early in 1986, the ballistic missile submarine began preparations for deactivation. The grounding of Nathanael Greene (SSBN-636), however, forced the Navy to change its plans. What had been a deactivation overhaul quickly became a four-week maintenance availability to get Alexander Hamilton ready for active service. In April, the warship sailed to Charleston, S.C., for further work conducted in the floating drydock Alamogordo (ARDM-4). While at Charleston, she also served at sea occasionally as a training platform. In mid June, the warship returned to Groton. During the summer of 1986, Alexander Hamilton participated in training cruises for Naval Academy and NROTC midshipmen.
In August, she learned that her refueling overhaul would be conducted by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard. The nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine departed Groton on 1 October to begin the long voyage to Bremerton, Wash. Steaming by way of the Panama Canal, she arrived at her destination late in November. Alexander Hamilton formally began her refueling overhaul on 30 November and, as of the beginning of 1987, was still at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard.
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0.998696 |
Your cover story about Haines Fullerton ["Dave, Fame & Haines," September 16, 2004] was far from fair, balanced, and accurate. It's clearly no more than the latest installment in Mark Roebuck's public attack on Haines' character.
I was a fairly close friend of both Mark and David McNair in the early '90s, and a very close friend of Haines from '93 until his passing. I speak from grounded experience, not speculation, nor projection– nor reckless, unfounded attack.
According to a longer version of the article currently posted on McNair's website, Mark had repeatedly encouraged his good friend McNair to write about Haines. Who was the main source of information for the article? Mark, who admits he had not spoken with Haines for years before his death, and that he had "hated him for years."
The article was about Mark and David McNair's feelings of unworthiness and envy, not about Haines. McNair never knew Haines well (contrary to the impression given in your paper), and Mark was simply out of the loop for years. They are in no position to understand what Haines was going through during his final years, let alone offer their explanations.
Yet, instead of admitting that they can't understand, they have invented a believable story to explain it all– that Haines was crazy. And many of those who also can't understand appear to have accepted this explanation without question.
Anyone who knew Haines well during his final years would find Mark's assertions laughable, except that his aggressive assault on Haines' character, which began well before his death and continues to this day, is in no way funny.
These attacks and lies have effects, at a minimum on Haines' beautiful children who deserve respect and care regarding their father. Wouldn't a "health professional," a social worker, wish to uphold a higher standard than this? This public campaign of slander is part of the reason why I chose to move Haines' and my daughter out of Charlottesville.
Amazingly, McNair has never bothered to ask me directly about Haines. Hawes Spencer chose to use an article based on such a questionable source for his cover story, while he barely used the information he spent hours collecting from family and friends close to Haines.
This type of "journalism" is beyond sloppy. It is recklessly irresponsible. Truth has not been served.
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0.946457 |
From the formation of the earliest communities, a sectionalism developed between western and eastern Virginia. The Virginia State Constitution, adopted in 1776, granted voting rights only to white males owning at least 25 acres of improved or 50 acres of unimproved land. This reflected the interest of eastern Virginia, discriminating against the emerging class of small land owners in western Virginia. Furthermore, the constitution delegated a disproportionate representation in the state General Assembly to eastern Virginia by allowing only two delegates per county, regardless of population. In a letter to the Richmond Examiner in 1803, under the pseudonym "A Mountaineer", Harrison County delegate John G. Jackson condemned both the property qualifications and the unbalanced representation. In Virginia at this time, only white men who owned land were allowed to vote. Since many western Virginians did not own the land on which they lived, they did not have the right to vote.
Delegates from the Shenandoah Valley and regions westward attended conventions held in Staunton in 1816 and 1825. In general, these failed to produce any long-term answers to the problems. In response to the earlier convention, the Virginia General Assembly passed a number of acts for the benefit of western Virginia. The reapportionment of the Senate based upon white population gave western region greater representation. Previously, representation was based on total population, including slaves. Due to the large slave population of eastern Virginia and the general absence of slaves in western Virginia, representation in the General Assembly favored the East. The creation of a Board of Public Works to legislate internal improvements provided hope of developing more roads and canals in the West. The General Assembly also established the first state banks in western Virginia at Wheeling and Winchester.
In response to a referendum, a convention gathered in Richmond on October 5, 1829, attended by such prominent Virginians as James Madison, James Monroe, John Marshall, and John Tyler, to develop a new constitution. Eastern Virginian conservatives defeated virtually every major reform, including the most significant issue of granting the vote to all white men regardless of whether they owned land, and the election of the governor and judges by the people.
Statewide, the new constitution was approved by a margin of 26,055 to 15,566, although voters in present-day West Virginia rejected it 8,365 to 1,383. Calls for secession began immediately, led by newspapers such as the Kanawha Republican. Over the next twenty years, the General Assembly eased some of this sectional tension. Nineteen new western counties were organized, granting greater representation. A number of internal improvements were made in the West, including the Staunton-Parksburg Turnpike and the Northwester Turnpike.
In 1831, the issue of African Americans came to the forefront following Nat Turner's raid, which killed sixty-one whites in Southhampton County, Virginia. That same year, William Lloyd Garrison first printed his newspaper, The Liberator, making the beginning of an organized national movement to end slavery, called abolitionism. Some abolitionists disapproved of slavery on a moral basis. Other, including prominent western Virginia political leaders, supported abolitionism because they felt slaves were performing jobs white laborers should be paid to do. Washington College President Henry Ruffner, the son of Kanawha Valley salt industry pioneer David Ruffner and a slaveholder himself, wanted to end slavery in trans-Allegheny Virginia in order to provide more paying jobs for white workers. He outlined this theory in an address delivered to the Franklin Society in Lexington, Virginia, in 1847. His speech, later printed in pamphlets and distributed nationally, stated that slavery kept white laborers from moving into the Kanawha Valley. To prove his theory, West Virginia abolitionist Eli Thayer established an industrial town at Ceredo in Wayne County, beginning in 1857. The laborers, white New England emigrants, were all paid for their work. The experiment failed when some investors were unable to contribute and a national economic depression restricted the availability of additional money.
In 1850, the year which Congress adopted extensive compromises to ease the growing tensions between North and South in the country, Virginia delegates once again met in Richmond to settle problems between East and West in its own state. Eastern Virginian conservatives reached agreement with the West on the major issues remaining from the 1829 convention. All white males over the age of twenty-one were given the right to vote regardless of whether they owned property. The convention also approved the election of the governor and judges by the people. Delegates, including many from western Virginia, agreed to a provision allowing for property to be taxed at its total value, except for slaves, who would be valued at rates well below their actual worth. Many eastern Virginia slaveholders now paid less in property taxes represented by entirely new delegates, who had not participated in the 1829 convention. Several of these delegates to the Reform Convention rose to political prominence, including Joseph Johnson (the first Virginia governor from the trans-Allegheny Virginia), Charles J. Faulkner, Gideon D. Camden, John Janney, John S. Carlile, Waitman T. Willey, Benjamin Smith and George W. Summers.
Over the next few years, the state government tried to gain support from western Virginia by completing various internal improvement. However, the 1857 national depression defeated these efforts to improve western Virginia economy. The salt industry in the Kanawha Valley gradually collapsed. Mills and factories throughout all the present-day West Virginia were forced to close. Yet, due to the new 1850 Constitution, eastern and western Virginians seemed closer politically than they had been at any time in history.
Everything changed with the approach of the Civil War. In November 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president, with virtually no support for the South. His election resulted in the country's southernmost states leaving the Union. On April 17, 1861, days after Lincoln's order to seize Fort Sumter in south Carolina, a convention of Virginians voted to submit a secession bill to the people. Led by Clarksburg's John S. Carlile, western delegates marched out of the Secession Convention, vowing to form a state government loyal to the Union. Many of these delegates gathered in Clarksburg on April 22, calling for a pro-Union convention, which met in Wheeling from May 13 to 15. On May 23, a majority of Virginia voters approved the Ordinance of Secession. It is not possible to determine accurately the vote total from present-day Virginia due to vote tampering and the destruction of records. Some argue that secessionists were in the majority in Western Virginia, while others feel Unionists had greater support.
Following a Union victory at the Battle of Philippi and the subsequent occupation of northwestern Virginia by General B McClellan, the Second Wheeling Convention met between June 11 and June 25, 1861. Delegates formed the Restored, Reorganized, Government of Virginia, and chose Francis H. Pierpont as governor. President Lincoln recognized the Restored Government as the legitimate government of Virginia. John Carlile and Waitman T. Willey became United States Senators and Jacob B. Blair, William G Brown, and Kellian V. Whaley became Congressmen representing pro-Union Virginia.
On October 24, 1861, residents of the thirty-nine counties in western Virginia approved the formation of a new Unionist state. The accuracy of these election results have been questioned, since Union troops were stationed at many of the polls to prevent Confederate sympathizers from voting. At the Constitutional Convention, which met in Wheeling from November 1861 to February 1862, delegates selected the counties or inclusion in the new state of West Virginia. From the initial list, most of the counties in the Shenandoah Valley were excluded due to their control by Confederate troops and a large number of local Confederate sympathizers. In the end, fifty counties were selected (all of present-day West Virginia's counties except Mineral, Grant, Lincoln, Summers and Mingo, which were formed after statehood). Most of the eastern and southern counties did not support statehood, but were included for political, economic, and military purposes. The mountain range west of the Blue Ridge became the eastern border of West Virginia to provide a defense against Confederate invasion. One of the most controversial decisions involved the Eastern Panhandle counties, which supported the Confederacy. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which ran through the Eastern Panhandle, was extremely important for the economy and troop movements. Inclusion of these counties removed all the railroad from the Confederacy.
In terms of the constitution itself, the subject of slavery produced the most controversy. Delegate Gordon Battelle proposed the gradual emancipation of slaves already in the state and freedom to all children born to slaves after July 4, 1865. Although some delegates opposed Battelle's position, they knew they could not created a pro-slavery document and gain approval from Congress. Following much debate and compromise, the provision was written into the constitution banned the introduction of slaves or free African Americans into the state of West Virginia, but did not address the issue of immediate or gradual emancipation.
The United States Constitution says a new states must gain approval from the original state, which never occurred in the case of West Virginia. Since the Restored Government was considered the legal government of Virginia, it granted permission to itself on May 13, 1862, to form the state of West Virginia.
When Congress addressed the West Virginia statehood bill, West Virginia Senator Charles Sumner demanded an emancipation clause to prevent the creation of another slave state. Restored Government Senator Carlile wanted a statewide election to decide the issue. Finally, a compromise between Senator Willey and Committee on Territories Chairman Benjamin Wade of Ohio, determined that, after July 4, 1863, all slaves in West Virginia over twenty-one years of age would be freed. Likewise, young slaves would receive their freedom upon reaching the age of twenty-one. The Willey Amendment prohibited some slavery but it permitted the ownership of slaves until the age of twenty-one.
The United State Senate rejected a statehood bill proposed by Carlile which did not contain the Willey Amendment and then on July 14, 1862, approved a statehood proposal which included the Willey Amendment. Carlile's vote against the latter bill made him a traitor in the eyes of many West Virginians and he was never again elected to political office. On December 10, 1862, the House of Representatives passed the act. On December 31, President Lincoln signed the bill into law, approving the creation of West Virginia as a state loyal to the Union without abolishing slavery. The next step was to put the statehood issue to a vote by West Virginia's citizens. Lincoln may have had his own reasons for creating the new state, knowing he could count of West Virginia's support in the 1864 presidential election. On March 26, 1863, the citizens of the fifty counties approved the statehood bill, including the Willey Amendment, and on June 20, the state of West Virginia was officially created.
In May 1863, the Constitutional Union party nominated Arthur I. Boreman to run for governor. Boreman ran unapposed, winning the election to become the first governor of West Virginia. The Restored Government of Virginia, with Pierpont continuing as governor, moved to Alexandria, Virginia and eventually to Richmond following the war. Peirpont ordered an election to allow the residents of Jefferson and Berkeley counties to determine whether their counties should be located in West Virginia or Virginia. Despite local support of Virginia, residents actually filled out ballots voted overwhelmingly to place both counties in West Virginia. In 1865, Pierpont's government challenged the legality of West Virginia statehood. In 1871, the United States Supreme Court awarded the counties of Jefferson and Berkeley to West Virginia.
The new state of West Virginia had sectional divisions of its own. While there was widespread support for statehood, public demands for the separation from Virginia came primarily from the cities, namely Wheeling and Parkersburg. As a growing industrial region with improved transportation, northwestern Virginia businesses desired a more independent role in government. With the extension of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to Wheeling in 1853 and Parkersburg in 1857, the northwest depended much less on Richmond and eastern Virginia markets.
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What can a purchaser do when their agreement to purchase a pre-construction condominium unit is cancelled? This affects condo investors, or landlords, that buy multiple new units to lease out.
Over the last two years, multiple news headlines announced further cancelled pre-sale condominium projects. While there are many causes for the cancelled projects, two key reasons are the significant and rapid increase of both the construction costs and interest rates, which can cause projects to fail.
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April is a time when rain comes in to wash away all the remaining snow and grime left from winter, and nurtures all the seedlings getting ready to bloom in your gardens. Make sure to take time from your hectic days to enjoy the new season! Whether you are busy rushing back and forth to work or chasing the little (and not so little) ones around to make sure they have all that they need, take time to watch the changes all around you.
The air will smell fresher, and all the buds will start to come out from the ground, on the trees and on the bushes. The birds will be twittering in the trees and the animals that have been hibernating will soon appear.
In the spring, I love to take leisurely hikes with my children at the Royal Botanical Gardens while taking pictures of all the wildlife and nature, or go to the park with a picnic lunch to feed the geese and ducks.
Think about some of the activities you would like to do this spring, and write your own list of things you would like to do this season. With all the beautiful nature Canada has, make sure to get outside and take advantage of the beauty that surrounds us. You do not even have to go far from home! Start planning, and then plant your own flower or vegetable garden. Feel the dirt beneath your fingers as you are digging, planting and weeding. After a few weeks you can sit back, relax and start to enjoy the fruits of your labor as your plants begin to sprout.
#1. Make sure to get outside and soak up the vitamin D that your body has been missing from hibernating all winter!
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Q. How can I find John Calvin's comments on Pslams 121?
The best way to find Calvin's comments on different scripture passages is to look through Calvin's Commentaries.
Calvin's commentary on the Psalms is available at the Fuller library under the call number BS491 .C168 v. 4 (parts 1-5). 19th century English translations of Calvin's Psalms commentaries have also been digitized by the internet archive collection of public domain works. Complete is the 3 volume edition printed by Talboys: London, 1840.
Additionally, you can look through the index of biblical passages in Calvin's other writings to see if he references a particular passage. While it does not currently include Calvin's commentary on the Psalms,the full text of many Calvin writings in the original French and Latin are available through the Calvin and Geneva 16 Database.
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Find the most amazing mountain hikes in Switzerland. There are 15 tours to choose from, that range in length from 6 days up to 14 days. The most popular month for these trips is August.
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Hallucinogenic mushrooms have been part of human culture as far back as the earliest recorded history. Ancient paintings of mushroom-ed humanoids dating to 5,000 B.C. have been found in caves on the Tassili plateau of Northern Algeria. Central and Southern America cultures built temples to mushroom gods and carved "mushroom stones". These stone carvings in the shape of mushrooms, or in which figures are depicted under the cap of a mushroom, have been dated to as early as 1000-500 B.C. The purpose of the sculptures is not certain, but they may have been religious objects.
The Mixtec culture of central Mexico worshipped many gods, one known as Piltzintecuhtli, or 7 Flower (his name presented in the pictoral language as seven circles and a flower) who was the god for hallucinatory plants, especially the divine mushroom. The Vienna Codex (or Codex Vindobonensis) (ca 13th-15th century) depicts the ritual use of mushrooms by the Mixtec gods, showing Piltzintecuhtli and 7 other gods holding mushrooms in their hands.
With Cortez's defeat of the Aztecs in 1521, the Europeans began to forbid the use of non-alcohol intoxicants, including sacred mushrooms, and the use of teonanácatl ('wondrous mushroom', or 'flesh of the gods'2) was driven underground.
According to Sahagún, the psychoactive mushrooms which were ingested by the Aztec priests and their followers were always referred to as teonanácatl though the term does not appear to be used by modern indians or shamans in mesoamerica. 3 The varieties most likely to have been used by the Aztecs are Psilocybe caerulescens and Psilocybe mexicana. Psilocybe cubensis, which is currently quite popular as it is easy to locate and cultivate, was not introduced to America until the arrival of the Europeans and their cattle.
The investigations of Schultes and Reko came to an end during World War II, and little more was learned until the early 1950's when amateur mycologist R. Gordon Wasson, and his wife Valentina Povlovna, became interested in the traditional use of mushrooms in Mexico. In 1953 Wasson and a small group travelled to Huautla de Jimenéz where they observed an all night ceremony under the guidance of a shaman named Don Aurelio. Two subsequent trips to Mexico led to meeting the Mazatec curandera Maria Sabina who on June 19th 1955 provided Wasson and his companion photographer Allan Richardson with Psilocybe caerulescens during a Velada (mushroom ceremony).
In 1956, Heim requested help from Sandoz Pharmaceuticals (a Swiss company) in extracting the active ingredients of the mushrooms. Albert Hofmann, a research chemist at Sandoz, soon isolated psilocybin and psilocin and developed a synthesis technique. Wasson continued to travel to Oaxaca over the next few years, and with Roger Heim published the first widely distributed article about psychoactive mushrooms and the Mazatec Velada in the May 13, 1957 issue of Life Magazine.
Though recreational use continued, research halted through the '80s and '90s due to strict govermental controls, but in recent years, psilocybin and its effect on the human mind has once again become the subject of scientific study.
7. 21 USC Chapter 13 Sec 812. Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 aka the "Controlled Substances Act of 1970".
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Tanning Beds FAQ: What is causing white spots to appear on my body after tanning?
The white spots you may see on your skin after using a tanning bed can be caused by several different things. They are usually caused by a microscopic fungus of the scalp. This fungus is easily treatable with creams or shampoos, but you should avoid tanning beds until you have gotten rid of the spots. Another cause of white spots is when areas of your skin are not producing enough melanin and therefore, your skin isn't tanning. Also, certain medications, including birth control pills, may cause uneven pigmentation of the skin when exposed to UV light. White spots can also be caused by your body's pressure points, which are inhibited from getting enough blood flow to the epidermis.
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#pragma section-numbers-off This is an AutoGeneratedTextVersion of [[FroggyBottom]] = Froggy Bottom = A Changing Landscape game for the piecepack by Clay Blankenship [[BR]]Version 1.0, January 16, 2003 [[BR]]Copyright (C) 2003 by Clay Blankenship [[BR]]2 players -- 10 minutes [[BR]]Equipment Required: piecepack == Introduction == The frogs of Froggy Bottom are having a race to see who is the fastest. Each frog will visit all five of his home lily pads and return to his starting place. The frog that does this first is the winner! == Setup == Pieces: * 22 piecepack coins * 2 pawns * 12 piecepack tiles (any 12) Place 12 tiles face down in a 3x4 grid. The small squares will form a 6x8 grid, representing Froggy Bottom Pond. These 48 spots are potential sites for lily pads (coins). Each player chooses a color. Remove the blank coins of the two neutral colors. Each player sets aside his or her blank coin. The other coins are placed symbol-up and shuffled. Players then alternate placing the other player's coins on the board (symbol-up). Each small square may only hold one coin. You should try to space your opponent's coins far apart to make it more difficult for them to visit all their lily pads. Next, alternate placing the neutral coins on the board. Then, each player places their blank lily pad blank side up with their token (frog) on top. Finally, flip the neutral coins over to show the number sides. == Play == The object of the game is to visit each lily pad of your color and return to your home. When a lily pad of your color is reached, it is flipped to show the number side. A turn consists of the following steps: 1. You may move a lily pad one space orthogonally. This may not be a lily pad that is symbol-side-up, or one with a frog on it. 2. Move your frog in one of the following ways: a. Any frog may swim one space orthogonally. b. A frog on a lily pad may jump orthogonally a number of spaces equal to the number on the pad. Count blanks, aces, and opponent's symbols as ones. If you would overshoot the edge of the pond, stop at the edge. If you land by exact count on a pad showing a number, you may continue to hop. Whenever you land on your symbol, flip it to the number side. This ends your turn. When all of your symbols have been turned over and your frog returns to its home pad, you win. You may look at the bottom of the two blanks if you forget which is which.
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Skyrim, the northernmost province of Tamriel, is a cold and mountainous region also known as the Old Kingdom, Mereth, or the Fatherland, or Keizaal in the dragon tongue. Many past battles have given it a ravaged appearance and many ruins. Though currently inhabited primarily by Nords, the Elves who they replaced had resided there since time immemorial. The sovereign, the High King of Skyrim, is chosen by the Moot, a convention of jarls. A jarl is a regional ruler chosen through heredity and, rarely, through right of arms. The High King typically rules until death, though acts of dishonor, particularly the appearance of cowardice, can lead to the recall and reconsideration of the Moot. Since the Pact of Chieftains was signed in 1E 420, the Moot does not give serious consideration to anyone but the High King's direct heir unless one is not available.
Morrowind lies to the east over the Velothi Mountains, Cyrodiil is south beyond the Jerall Mountains, Hammerfell (and the latest incarnation of Orsinium) is to the south and west, High Rock is past the Druadach Mountains to the west, and the Sea of Ghosts runs along the province's long northern coastline. Skyrim holds four of the five highest mountains in Tamriel (the Red Mountain being the only one outside Skyrim). Much of the northern half of Skyrim is cold and covered in snow. However, the southern regions of the province are relatively mild.
The Nords long ago divided the province into nine geopolitical regions known as holds, each of which has a ruling jarl. Each hold is a large area of land roughly equivalent to a county in Cyrodiil, each individually governed by a jarl who maintains court in the hold's capital city. There are nine of them in total: Haafingar, Hjaalmarch, The Pale, Winterhold, Eastmarch, The Rift, Whiterun, Falkreath, and The Reach.
Winterhold, Eastmarch, The Rift, and The Pale lie to the north and east of the province and are known as the Old Holds and remain isolated from the rest of Tamriel, both geographically and politically. In contrast, the western hold of The Reach has historically been more cosmopolitan and members of all the races of the continent have made their homes there.
The Pale is a northern boot-shaped hold of Skyrim, one of the four known collectively as the Old Holds. The hold is a barren realm covered by vast fields of ice and snow, some scattered mountains, and some pine forests. It stretches from the center of Skyrim all the way to its northern coast. Lake Yorgrim marks the eastern corner, while the capital Dawnstar is a busy port found along the northern coast. The hold's distinctive boot shape is due to it curving around the mountain range which forms its border with Winterhold.
Winterhold is the northernmost hold in Skyrim, and has weather to match. The Sea of Ghosts is off its northern coast, Eastmarch is to the southeast and The Pale is to the south and west. The city of Winterhold was once located in the hold, but it was mostly destroyed during the Great Collapse. The College of Winterhold is the most notable feature of the hold, which was spared even though the Great Collapse tore down most of the city around it. What remains is a meager village, technically the hold's capital city, near the entrance to the College.
Winterhold consists of snowy coasts, as well as an even snowier mountain range which marks the border between Winterhold and the Pale, and some of the northern border to Eastmarch. Between the mountains and the sea to the east lies an ice plain, where the elements are at their harshest, and life at its most scarce. Rock and ice shelves form the barrier between Winterhold and the sea to the north and east, dotted occasionally with shingle beaches.
Hjaalmarch, or Hjaalmarch Hold, is a lowland coastal hold in Skyrim. Roughly half the hold is constituted by the Drajkmyr marsh, south of which is the capital and only settlement Morthal (although some farms dot the tundra). The region is veined with waterways that empty into the Sea of Ghosts, and the southern and eastern mountains near its borders further isolate the area.
Hjaalmarch is home to the Karth delta, also called the Mouths of the Karth, where the mighty Karth River and the smaller River Hjaal empty into the Sea of Ghosts through a variety of intricate channels. The Deathbell flower is known to be abundant throughout the swamps. Many ruins dot the hold, including the legendary Labyrinthian. Combined with the fog that surrounds the marshes and the creatures that stalk the land (Wispmothers purportedly originated here), Hjaalmarch is considered one of the more mysterious holds in Skyrim.
Haafingar, or Haafingar Hold, is a relatively small, mountainous, coastal hold in northwestern Skyrim. Its capital is the famed city of Solitude, and the two are sometimes treated as one and the same. Solitude is perched atop a large rock outcropping towering high above the end of the Karth River and the massive Karth delta. However, Haafingar is far more than just Solitude. The Karth River allows for a great deal of commerce in Solitude and the town of Dragon Bridge (mostly in timber and fish), and the long coastline with the Sea of Ghosts is littered with frozen shipwrecks and treasures. The mountain ranges are filled with caves and ruins where bandits and creatures make their homes. The hold shares borders with two other holds, the Reach to the south and Hjaalmarch to the southeast, and the province of High Rock borders it to the west. The mountains of Haafingar are only the tapered end of the Druadach Mountains, an enormous range of jagged mountain peaks to the south which rise up among the clouds of the Reach.
The Reach is a geographic region surrounded by High Rock, Skyrim and Hammerfell. Its territory once extended into High Rock, but that portion was split off to create the Western Reach during the late First Era and has remained separate ever since. The region was historically inhabited by the native, Daedra-worshipping Reachmen, who were primarily of Breton descent. Control of the Reach has changed hands between the Reachmen, Nords, and even the Cyrodilics numerous times over the centuries in various conflicts, and the Reachmen became well-known for resisting foreign rule by using ancient magic and an intimate knowledge of the landscape to their advantage in guerrilla warfare and espionage tactics.
In the Fourth Era, the Reach is the southwestern hold of Skyrim. Near the southwestern corner, the capital Markarth, formerly a Dwemer stronghold, emerges from the living rock of the Druadach Mountains, which transition into the Jerall Mountains near the hold's southeast corner. The Karth River begins in the southern region and drains the mountains, running like a deep gouge through the middle of the hold. Settlements such as Karthwasten and Old Hroldan can be found along the Karth. The peaks of the Druadach range lie to the west of it, and high bluffs typically rise on the east leading to grassland and tundra. The Reachmen and settled Bretons constitute the demographic majority of the Reach and its various settlements, and an Orc stronghold can be found in the steppes of the mountains in the south of the hold.
Whiterun Hold is a hold in Skyrim, located roughly in the middle of the province.
It borders six of the other eight holds in Skyrim, the exceptions being Winterhold and Haafingar. Giants are often seen traversing the landscape while herding mammoths to grazing areas or back to their camps. Surrounding the capital, Whiterun, are fertile plains dotted with farms that supply the food for much of Skyrim. The other notable settlements in the hold are Rorikstead and Riverwood.
Falkreath Hold is a southern hold in Skyrim along the border with Cyrodiil and Hammerfell. It's the second southernmost hold in Skyrim, after the Rift. The capital is Falkreath; the abandoned settlements of Helgen and Neugrad Watch are also located here. Home of Skyrim's famous Pine Forest, Falkreath Hold is covered in a fine mist that makes the land seem without season. The mountains rising above Falkreath are well above the snow line, striking a stark comparison to the rest of the hold. The most distinguishing geographic feature is Lake Ilinalta, which covers a large portion of the central region and acts as the source for the White River.
The Rift (sometimes called Rift Hold), the southeastern hold of Skyrim, is a temperate region northwest of the intersection between the Velothi Mountains and the Jerall Mountains. It is one of the four holds known collectively as the Old Holds. The capital city of Riften is nestled in the expansive Fall Forest, on the shores of Lake Honrich, which is drained by the Treva River and Lake Geir. The relatively mild climate allows for thriving agriculture.
Although the history of the island of Solstheim is somewhat complicated, there was a time when it was considered a part of Skyrim. The Skaal, an offshoot tribe of Nords, inhabit the northeastern corner of the island. In 3E 433, the Nords of Skyrim launched a successful campaign to claim the whole of Solstheim. In 4E 16, the High King of Skyrim formally gave the island to Morrowind as a refuge for the Dunmer after the events of Red Year. The northern half of the island is snowy and mountainous. The southern half was originally covered in coniferous forests, but after the Red Year it was transformed into an ashland similar to those seen in Morrowind.
Bleakrock Isle, also considered a part of Skyrim, is a small, snowy island in the Sea of Ghosts between Windhelm, Blacklight and Solstheim. A small populace of the Nords inhabited the Bleakrock Village until they were driven from the island by the Daggerfall Covenant in 2E 582. It is unknown if the island was resettled afterwards.
Skyrim's history is mostly that of the Nords. The Nords believe the sky, Kyne, breathed life into them at the summit of the Throat of the World, which is now considered the tallest mountain in Tamriel (the Red Mountain was acknowledged as the tallest before its eruption during the Red Year). While historians tend to portray Ysgramor as the first Nordic settler of Skyrim, ushering in concurrent waves of immigration from Atmora, this is not the case. While their exact origins are unknown, the most widely accepted theory is that the early Nedic peoples (a now extinct culture) settled in Skyrim after arriving from Atmora well before the arrival of Ysgramor, and from there spread to the rest of Tamriel.
In ancient times, Skyrim was ruled by the malevolent Dragon Cult. This early society revolved around the worship of dragons through intermediaries known as dragon priests, who ruled as gods above men. Sometime in the late Merethic Era, the mythical Dragon War saw the overthrow of the Dragon Cult when Alduin, Akatosh's firstborn, was defeated atop the Throat of the World. The veneration of animals gods was eventually replaced by the Eight Divines.
The many mountain ranges in and around the province resulted from unknown cataclysms in the Dawn Era. The only known relic from this time is the Skyforge, an ancient, powerful, and still-active forge built into the living rock in modern-day Whiterun. Who built it remains a mystery, but the Elves feared it, and this led the invading Atmorans to claim it for themselves.
The Aldmer and Snow Elves occupied Skyrim until the late Merethic Era, when the final wave of Nordic immigration from Atmora, led by Ysgramor, finally established Nordic supremacy in modern-day Skyrim. Settlers from Atmora crossed the Sea of Ghosts and made landfall here many times, often clashing with those who had already established themselves. These early settlers called the land "Mereth", after the Elves that roamed the untamed wilderness. While the Nedic peoples were generally peaceful, the arrival of Ysgramor and the proto-Nords sparked a long, antagonistic chain of conquests that ultimately expelled the Elves from Skyrim. The instigating spark of conflict was the infamous Night of Tears, where the Elves attacked the human settlement of Saarthal. According to Imperial scholars, the Elves realized that this newer race could outpace their relatively stagnant own. Others posit that the human inhabitants had discovered a powerful artifact, the Eye of Magnus, that the Elves desired. Nonetheless, Ysgramor escaped the carnage, returning to Skyrim with his now legendary band of Five Hundred Companions, slaughtering the Elves and establishing man as the foremost race in Skyrim. Ysgramor's clan expanded their territory, and it continued to expand and contract by winning and losing territories in Morrowind and High Rock during the First Era. Elven rule of Skyrim is thought to have ended under the reign of King Harald (1E 143 - 1E 221), though pockets of Snow Elves hid away in the wilderness.
In the years after 1E 420, however, the Dwemer of Clan Kragen migrated into Skyrim from Resdayn, following in the footsteps of Clan Rourken's exodus. Clan Kragen founded the city of Arkngthamz, which flourished despite constant attacks from the Nords. The success of Arkngthamz encouraged other Dwemer clans to settle in Skyrim, and these joined with Clan Kragen to form a loose alliance of four city-states that were considered unassailable. Clan Kragen's presence eventually extended further west into the Dragon's Teeth Mountains, where they carved out an even larger bastion called Arkngthamz-Phng. The prosperity of Skyrim's Dwemer city-states was relatively short-lived, as the discovery of rich deposits of Aetherium and the creation of the Aetherium Forge immediately shattered the alliance and launched decades of internal conflict. With the Dwemer distracted and weakened, the Nords under High King Gellir finally conquered the squabbling city-states in only three years, though the Dwemer would return a century later and reclaim their former holdings. When the entire Dwemer race disappeared around 1E 700, they left behind the Falmer, Snow Elves who they had allowed to take refuge with them and then twisted into rebellious slave monsters. They remained under the ground, occasionally making forays to the surface and creating legends among the Nords of their presence and malevolent intent.
Orc strongholds dot the wilderness; many Orcs were escorted into Skyrim by the Imperial Legion following the sacking of Orsinium in the early Fourth Era. Besides the Orcs, the Elven population has also increased due to the Red Year of 4E 5, when natural disasters in Morrowind sent many Dunmer fleeing into eastern Skyrim. Following the Great War, Thalmor officials hunted for and persecuted Talos worshippers, thus bringing some small measure of Elven rule back to Skyrim. While these smaller creatures vied for dominance over the millennia, the giants have been largely ignored (and often protected by law).
Nord architects are masters of creating structures that last for generations, with designs that can be found from Bruma to Solstheim dating over 3,000 years old. Many ancient Nordic ruins built into the mountains dating back to the Merethic and First eras remain standing throughout Skyrim. They are towering, foreboding structures of black granite. Some were settlements and temples from when the Nords lived under the rule of the Dragon Cult and after; others are burial tombs for the honored dead. Most modern buildings in Skyrim are built partly underground to conserve heat, and are made with stones, with wood used only for support, and roofs of straw. The Nords are known as masters of lumber construction, and these houses are essential to keep in heat in the freezing climate. Some Nord wells are known to have spikes attached to the bottom of buckets to crack through ice.
After the reign of Ysgramor, Nord stonesmiths created a method of erecting igneous rock. Initially, these blocks were hewed from porphyry deposits, although by the Second Era, they were somewhat supplanted by hard-wearing granite and volcanic stone gathered from the eastern side of the province. Each block was slotted together without requiring seams or mortar, allowing huge walls, structures, and towers to be constructed with both ease and haste, even with irregularly-shaped stone. Many of these structures proved difficult for invaders to dismantle, such as the Old Fort, a royal bastion on Skyrim's northern frontier, which still stood in the mid-Second Era after being built in the time of the First Empire.
Skyrim's frigid environment still supports a great wealth of flora, notably its many pine forests. Many of its plants and fungi are useful for alchemy, including bleeding crown mushrooms, the deathbell flower, jazbay grapes, and nightshade. Tundra cotton is not only used for making potions, but for making many of the fabrics for clothing and other purposes in Skyrim.
The beasts of Skyrim are as diverse as they are dangerous. Horkers line the northern coast, posing a greater danger to hunters and fisherman, and ice wolves prowl in pairs all over the province. Slaughterfish and other types of fish glide through the rivers and lakes. Other common beasts roam the wilderness, and rumors abound of less common ones like werewolves and wispmothers. Many of them, such as hagravens and luna moths, yield body parts used in alchemy. Ice wraiths and other creatures are hunted in the mountains by young traditional Nords as rites of passage. Undead draugr still guard the ruins of the province. Of course, the most legendary "creatures" are the majestic and intelligent dragons, who have left their mark on Skyrim in more ways than one. Ancient structures dedicated to the Dragon Cult and "word walls" in the language of the dragons still dot the landscape.
A small island northeast of Skyrim and south of Solstheim.
A famous school for Magic in the city of Winterhold.
A busy port on the northern coast and capital of the Pale.
The main pass and one of the few traversable roads leading through the Velothi Mountains between northwestern Morrowind and eastern Skyrim.
The capital of the eponymous hold is in southwestern Skyrim, close to the border with both Cyrodiil and Hammerfell.
A lake in the western Rift.
At the extreme northern tip of Skyrim's Broken Cape, it is the place where tradition holds that Ysgramor's Five Hundred Companions made landfall.
A lake in west-central Falkreath Hold, in the middle of Skyrim's Pine Forest.
A western river running the length of Skyrim before emptying into the Sea of Ghosts near Solitude.
An ancient Nordic ruin. Named for the labyrinth built sometime in the First Era by Arch-Mage Shalidor, although the ruins themselves are much older, having been the city of Bromjunaar, the capital of the Dragon Cult.
The capital of the Reach is in the southwest corner of the province.
The fairly small, humble town of little economic or strategic importance is noteworthy as the capital of Hjaalmarch.
A secluded pass through the Jerall Mountains on the Cyrodiil-Skyrim border.
The capital of the Rift, long a center for crime, lies close to both Cyrodiil and Morrowind.
An ancient Nordic city that was sacked in the Night of Tears, Saarthal is where the Eye of Magnus was found in the Fourth Era.
Fortress stronghold in the Druadach Mountains built by Reman Cyrodiil's Akaviri Dragonguard.
A city located in Hjaalmarch, abandoned sometime during the Fourth Era.
A major port city and capital of Haafingar.
The highest peak in the province of Skyrim. Though once considered second to Red Mountain, it is now known as the highest mountain in all of Tamriel.
A river at the center of the Rift. It flows from Lake Honrich to Lake Geir.
The longest river in Skyrim, stretching from the south of the province to the northeast corner. Its source is Lake Ilinalta, north of Falkreath. It flows northeast to join the Sea of Ghosts past Windhelm.
A city in central Skyrim, and the capital of Whiterun Hold. Built at the spring of the White River.
The capital of Eastmarch lies close to the border with Morrowind. It's the famed location of the Palace of the Kings.
The capital of the eponymous hold was once quite prosperous, but was devastated in the Great Collapse in 4E 122.
^ While Solitude has been the seat of the High King and thus the capital of Skyrim for "centuries" prior to 4E 201 because of its importance to the Empire, Windhelm was the capital of the kingdom from the time of its founding by High King Harald at least until the collapse of the First Empire of the Nords in 1E 420. One of Skyrim's loading screens also mentions that Winterhold once served as capital, but does not specify when.
^ Rislav The Righteous states that Kjoric the White was killed eight months before certain events in 1E 478, placing his death either in that year or in 1E 477.
^ Hoag Merkiller was said to have died at the Battle of Glenumbria Moors, after which Wulfharth ascended to the throne. However, some sources place the date of the battle at 1E 480, and others at 1E 482.
^ Gellir could not have reigned any earlier than 1E 533. His chief accomplishment is the conquest of Skyrim's Dwemer city-states, and according to Arkngthamz-Phng, those city-states were not established until the decades after Clan Rourken founded Volenfell in 1E 420. Since the consecutive reigns of four other High Kings span the years between 1E 420 and 1E 533, Gellir could only have ruled sometime after 1E 533. The Aetherium Wars notes that the Dwemer reclaimed their lands "a century" after Gellir's conquests, and since the Dwemer had disappeared by 1E 700, it is likely that Gellir's reign occurred before the end of the 6th Century of the First Era.
^ Skyrim split into independent Eastern and Western kingdoms in 2E 431 amid a dispute over the succession. Freydis was proclaimed High Queen in Windhelm, and her successors (who include Mabjaarn Flame-Hair, Nurnhilde, and Jorunn the Skald King) ruled Eastern Skyrim. Svartr was proclaimed High King in Solitude, and his successors ruled Western Skyrim.
For game-specific information, see the Arena, Shadowkey and Skyrim articles.
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Latin ("lingua Latīna", pronounced|laˈtiːna) is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe. A large part of the Latin vocabulary and grammar was inherited by such languages as French, Italian, Romanian, Spanish, and Portuguese. It was also the international language of science and scholarship in central and western Europe until the 17th century. There are two varieties of Latin: Classical Latin, the literary dialect used in poetry and prose, and Vulgar Latin, the form of the language spoken by ordinary people. Vulgar Latin was preserved as a spoken language in much of Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire, and by the 9th century diverged into the various Romance languages.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Latin survived as the lingua franca of educated classes in the West, and this survival was reinforced by the adoption of Latin by the Catholic Church. In this milieu it survived as a mother-tongue at least into the second millennium A.D. and is referred to as Medieval Latin. The Renaissance had the paradoxical effect of briefly reinforcing the position of Latin as a spoken language, through its (re?)adoption by the Renaissance Humanists. After the 16th century, the popularity of Medieval Latin began to decline.
Latin lives on in the form of Ecclesiastical Latin used for edicts and papal bulls issued by the Catholic Church. Much Latin vocabulary is used in science, academia, and law. Classical Latin, the literary language of the late Republic and early Empire, is still taught in many primary, grammar, and secondary schools, often combined with Greek in the study of Classics, though its role has diminished since the early 20th century. The Latin alphabet, together with its modern variants such as the English, Spanish and French alphabets, is the most widely used alphabet in the world.
Latin is a member of the Italic languages. Its alphabet is based on the Old Italic alphabet, derived from the Greek alphabet. In the 9th or 8th century BC, the Italic languages were brought to the Italian peninsula by migrating tribes, and the dialect spoken in Latium around the River Tiber, where Roman civilization would develop, evolved into Latin.
Although surviving Roman literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, the actual spoken language of the Western Roman Empire among ordinary people was what is known as Vulgar Latin, which differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.
Although Latin long remained the legal and governmental language of the Roman Empire, Greek was the secondary language of the well-educated elite, as much of the literature and philosophy studied by upper-class Romans was written in Greek. In the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which would become the Byzantine Empire after the final split of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires in 395, Greek eventually supplanted Latin as the legal and governmental language; and it had long been the lingua franca of Eastern citizens of all classes.
To write Latin, the Romans used the Latin alphabet, derived from the Old Italic alphabet, which itself was derived from the Greek alphabet. The Latin alphabet flourishes today as the writing system for Romance, Celtic, Germanic (including English), some Slavic (such as Polish), and many other languages.
The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and, eventually, Vulgar Latin began to diverge into various dialects. Vulgar Latin gradually evolved into a number of distinct Romance languages by the 9th century. These were for many centuries only oral languages, Latin still being used for writing.
For example, Latin was still the official language of Portugal until 1296 when it was replaced by Portuguese. Many of these "daughter" languages, including Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Occitan, Romansh and Romanian flourished, the differences between them growing greater and more formal over time.
Some of the differences between Classical Latin and the Romance languages have been used in attempts to reconstruct Vulgar Latin. For example, the Romance languages have distinctive stress on certain syllables, whereas Latin had this feature in addition to distinctive length of vowels. In Italian and Sardo logudorese, there is distinctive length of consonants as well as stress; in Spanish and Portuguese, only distinctive stress; while in French length (for most speakers) and stress are no longer distinctive. Another major distinction between Romance and Latin is that all Romance languages, excluding Romanian, have lost grammatical case [ [http://www.lrc.columbia.edu/lrc/?q=node/194 Columbia University Language Resource Center] ] .
There has also been a major Latin influence in English. Although English is Germanic in grammar, its vocabulary is mostly Italic. Sixty percent of the English vocabulary has its roots in Latin (although much of this is indirect, mostly via Anglo-Norman and French). In the medieval period, much of this borrowing occurred through ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century, or indirectly after the Norman Conquest, through the Anglo-Norman language.
From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek roots. These words were dubbed "inkhorn" or "inkpot" words, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, but some were so useful that they survived. "Imbibe" and "extrapolate" are inkhorn terms created from Latin words. Many of the most common polysyllabic "English" words are simply adapted Latin forms, in a large number of cases adapted by way of Old French.
Latin mottos are used as guidelines by many organizations.
Latin is a synthetic, fusional language: affixes (often suffixes, which usually encode more than one grammatical category) are attached to fixed stems to express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns—a process called "declension". Affixes are attached to fixed stems of verbs, as well, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect—a process called "conjugation".
# Ablative: used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent, or instrument, or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions; adverbial.
There is also a seventh case, called the Locative case, used to indicate a location (corresponding to the English "in" or "at"). This is far less common than the other six cases of Latin nouns and usually applies to place names, especially of cities. In the first and second declension singular, its form coincides with the genitive ("Roma" becomes "Romae", "in Rome"). In the plural, and in the other declensions, it coincides with the dative and ablative ("Athenae" becomes "Athenis", "at Athens").
Latin lacks definite and indefinite articles; thus "puer currit" can mean either "the boy runs" or "a boy runs".
# The first principal part is the first person, singular, present tense, and it is the indicative mood form of the verb.
# The second principal part is the active, present tense, infinitive form of the verb.
# The third principal part is the first person, singular, perfect tense, active indicative mood form of the verb.
# The fourth principal part is the supine form, or alternatively, the participial form, nominative case, singular, perfect tense, passive voice participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show either one gender of the participle, or all three genders ("-us" for masculine, "-a" for feminine, and "-um" for neuter). It can also be the future participle when that verb cannot be made passive.
The linguistic element of Latin courses offered in secondary schools and in universities is primarily geared toward an ability to translate Latin texts into modern languages, rather than using it for the purpose of oral communication. As such, the skills of reading and writing are heavily emphasized, while speaking and listening skills are de-emphasized (usually passively, through omission).
However, there is a growing movement, sometimes known as the Living Latin movement, whose supporters believe that Latin can be taught in the same way that modern "living" languages are taught, i.e., as a means of both spoken and written communication. This approach to learning the language assists speculative insight into how ancient authors spoke and incorporated sounds of the language stylistically; patterns in Latin poetry and literature can be difficult to identify without an understanding of the sounds of words.
Living Latin instruction is provided in states like the Vatican, and some Institutions in the U.S. like the University of Kentucky. In Great Britain, the Classical Association encourages this approach, and Latin language books describing the adventures of a mouse called Minimus have been published. In the United States, the National Junior Classical League (with more than 50,000 members) encourages high school students to pursue the study of Latin, and the National Senior Classical League encourages college students to continue their studies of the language.
Many international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin. Interlingua, which lays claim to a sizeable following, is sometimes considered a simplified, modern version of the language. Latino sine Flexione, popular in the early 20th century, is a language created from Latin with its inflections dropped.
Latin translations of modern literature such as "Paddington Bear", "Winnie the Pooh", "Tintin", "Asterix", "Harry Potter", "Le Petit Prince", "Max und Moritz", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas", and "The Cat in the Hat" are intended to bolster interest in the language.
Today, Latin terminology is widely used, amongst other things, in philosophy, medicine, biology, and law, in terms and abbreviations such as "subpoena duces tecum", "q.i.d." ("quater in die": "four times a day"), and "inter alia" (among other things). The Latin terms are used in isolation, as technical terms.
The largest organization which still uses Latin in official contexts is the Roman Catholic Church. Although the Mass of Paul VI is usually said in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, particularly in the Vatican. Indeed, Latin is still the official standard language of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, and the Second Vatican Council merely authorized that the liturgical books be translated and optionally used in the vernacular languages.
Latin is the official language of the Vatican City State.
In situations when lingual neutrality is preferred, such as in scientific names for organisms, Latin is typically the language of choice.
Some films of relevant ancient settings, such as "Sebastiane" and "The Passion of the Christ", have been made with dialogue in Latin for purposes of realism. Subtitles are usually employed for the predominantly non-Latin speaking audiences.
Many organizations today also have Latin mottos, such as "Semper fidelis" (always faithful), the motto of the United States Marine Corps. Several of the states of the United States also have Latin mottos.
Some universities still hold graduation ceremonies in Latin.
* Clackson, James, and Geoffrey Horrocks, "The Blackwell History of the Latin Language" (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), Pp. viii, 324.
* Waquet, Françoise, "Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries" (Verso, 2003) ISBN 1-85984-402-2; translated from the French by John Howe.
* [http://www.apple.com/downloads/macosx/home_learning/wordslatindictionary.html Latin dictionary plugin] for Mac OS X's Dictionary.app.
* [http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Latin/index.html Latin Language] , origin and history, grammar, vocabulary, texts, etc.
* [http://latin-language.co.uk/ Latin] language history and Classical Latin texts translated into English.
* [http://latinum.mypodcast.com] LATINUM — Anglice et Latine — Extensive Latin language learning podcast.
* [http://www.latin-dictionary.org Latin dictionary] access to thousands of Latin terms, Latin phrases, Latin expressions and Latin words.
* [http://www.academiathules.org Academia Thules] offers online courses on Roman History, Philosophy, Archaeology, Religion, Language, Military Arts, Law.
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/advanced/lesson01/default.htm Advanced Latin] - covers the next stages.
* [http://latin.drouizig.org COL, by An Drouizig] Latin Spell-checker for Microsoft Office and OpenOffice.org 2.x and 3.0.
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The Roles and Functions of Law inBusiness and SocietyIntroductionWilliam O. Douglas said, ",Common sense often makes good law. ", Wellthat is what laws essentially are, rules and regulations that make surecommon sense is followed. One could even say that laws are enforcedethics. Laws serve several roles and functions in business and society,and this paper will discuss those roles and functions. What is law?According to Reference. com (2007), law is defined as: ",rules of conductof any organized society, however simple or small, that are enforced bythreat of punishment if they are violated. Modern law has a wide sweepand regulates many branches of conduct. ", Essentially law is the rulesand regulations that aid in governing conduct, handling disputes, anddealing with criminal actions. Roles of LawThe law serves many roles in business and society. Where this is mostapparent is in its three classifications: 1. Criminal and Civil Law – Criminal law is the law through whichpublic commitment of crimes are prosecuted by governing bodies,whereas civil law is the law through which private parties may bringlawsuits against one another for real or imagined wrongdoings. That is,criminal law would deal with the prosecution of a crime such as oneperson hitting another with their car, and civil law would deal with thelawsuit, as the person hit would sue the driver of the car for monetarycompensation. 2. Substantive and Procedural Law – Substantive laws are the socialrights and duties of people, and procedural law are guidelines throughwhich government bodies or courts deal with breaches in substantivelaw. In other words, substantive law would state that hitting someonewith a car and driving off is a crime, while procedural law would definehow the courts could try and sentence in the case. 3. Public and Private Law – Public law is the framework of guidelinesdefining the relationship between the government and individuals, andprivate law is the guidelines through which individuals or groupsinteract with one another. For example, public law has subdivisions thatinclude constitutional, administrative, and criminal law, whereas privatelaw would cover such areas as contracts and privately-owned properties. These three classifications of law affect both business and society,through not only the guidelines defining what is and is not a crime, butalso through protection for both. The examples above talked about a carhitting an individual. If it were taken one step further and the carbelonged to a business, there are laws in place safeguarding theculpability of the business from the incident since though it is acompany car, the company itself was not driving it. Instead the driverand only the driver would be the one at fault, and the victim would haveonly the driver to seek compensation or prosecution against. Functions of LawWhether it is corporate, personal, or societal, laws are created to protectthe interests of the masses. According to the textbook, Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E-commerce Environment, the most importantfunctions of law include the following: 1. Peacekeeping2. Checking government power and promoting personalfreedom3. Facilitating planning and the realization of reasonableexpectations 4. Promoting economic growth through free competition5. Promoting social justice6. Protecting the environmentThese functions of law protect the interests of individuals and businessesthrough a system of rules, enforced by governing bodies. These systemsof rules, as listed by Reference. com (2007), include the following areasof law: Constitutional – provides a framework for creating laws, protectinghuman rights, and electing political representativesAdministrative – provides the means by which citizens can challengegovernment powers International – regulates the way in which nationsdeal with one another, ranging from tradeto environment to military actions Contract – regulates everything frombuying a new computer to selling a businessProperty – defines the rules and obligations in renting, buying, orselling property, whether it is a home, business, or landTort – defines the means by which an individual or company canreceive compensation if themselves or their property are damaged orharmed in some wayTrust – defines the rules applied towards assets such as investmentsCriminal – defines the means through which any criminal act can beprosecuted and sees thatthe perpetrator is punishedConclusionThe roles and functions of law provide rules and guidelines for justabout everything one could encounter, both socially and professionally. The law provides not only rules for those things that are not acceptable,but provides the means by which to protect one’s self or challengeinjustices. In a world that is continuously growing through populationswhile seemingly shrinking in size, without these rules and regulationsthere would be a boom in criminal actions as well as increased atrocities. While “common sense makes good law”, criminals and the dishonest donot necessarily have common sense, and it is up to governing bodies toprotect not only the innocents from the criminals, but also to protect thecriminal from themselves. ReferencesBushman, M. (2007). The Role and Functions of Law in Business andSociety. Retrieved on Apr 30, 2007, fromhttp: //www. associatedcontent. com/article/139783/the_role_and_functions_of_law_in_business. htmlMallor, J. , Barnes, A. , Bowers, L. and Langvardt, A. (2004). Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E- commerce Environment, 13th Edition. Retrievedon Apr 24, 2007, from University of Phoenix Resource.
According to Reference.com (2007), law is defined as: “rules of conduct of any organized society, however simple or small, that are enforced by threat of punishment if they are violated. Modern law has a wide sweep and regulates many branches of conduct.” Essentially law is the rules and regulations that aid in governing conduct, handling disputes, and dealing with criminal actions.
1. Criminal and Civil Law – Criminal law is the law through which public commitment of crimes are prosecuted by governing bodies, whereas civil law is the law through which private parties may bring lawsuits against one another for real or imagined wrongdoings. That is, criminal law would deal with the prosecution of a crime such as one person hitting another with their car, and civil law would deal with the lawsuit, as the person hit would sue the driver of the car for monetary compensation.
2. Substantive and Procedural Law – Substantive laws are the social rights and duties of people, and procedural law are guidelines through which government bodies or courts deal with breaches in substantive law. In other words, substantive law would state that hitting someone with a car and driving off is a crime, while procedural law would define how the courts could try and sentence in the case.
3. Public and Private Law – Public law is the framework of guidelines defining the relationship between the government and individuals, and private law is the guidelines through which individuals or groups interact with one another. For example, public law has subdivisions that include constitutional, administrative, and criminal law, whereas private law would cover such areas as contracts and privately-owned properties.
These three classifications of law affect both business and society, through not only the guidelines defining what is and is not a crime, but also through protection for both. The examples above talked about a car hitting an individual. If it were taken one step further and the car belonged to a business, there are laws in place safeguarding the culpability of the business from the incident since though it is a company car, the company itself was not driving it. Instead the driver and only the driver would be the one at fault, and the victim would have only the driver to seek compensation or prosecution against.
The roles and functions of law provide rules and guidelines for just about everything one could encounter, both socially and professionally. The law provides not only rules for those things that are not acceptable, but provides the means by which to protect one’s self or challenge injustices. In a world that is continuously growing through populations while seemingly shrinking in size, without these rules and regulations there would be a boom in criminal actions as well as increased atrocities. While “common sense makes good law”, criminals and the dishonest do not necessarily have common sense, and it is up to governing bodies to protect not only the innocents from the criminals, but also to protect the criminal from themselves.
Mallor, J., Barnes, A., Bowers, L. and Langvardt, A. (2004). Business Law: The Ethical, Global, and E- commerce Environment, 13th Edition. Retrieved on Apr 24, 2007, from University of Phoenix Resource.
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Do you know the No. 1 question I get asked when leading writing workshops? It's these five words: "How long should copy be?"
The answer is simple. Copy and content need to be as long as they need to be to do their job: Make a sale. Generate a lead. Provide sought-after information. Establish credibility.
As direct response writers know, the only way to know for certain whether longer or shorter "copy works better in a specific situation is to test, track and analyze results.
But sometimes it's not feasible to test, so here's my suggestion: Use common sense.
Is your objective to generate a one-step sale? If so, then common sense tells you that you need to provide a complete and compelling sales argument for why your reader should buy now, not later. This includes product benefits and specifications, answers to buying objections and a lot more. You also need to explain where and how to make the purchase. Online. In a store. By phone or mail. The result is one-step sales copy typically is longer than other marketing messages.
When your goal is different from selling off the page in one step, your copy strategy will be different, as well. Here are eight marketing scenarios in which less—in regard to copy—is more. But remember, when in doubt, test to confirm.
Whether you're writing a lead generation email, direct mail letter or space ad, the goal is to leave your readers wanting to know more. So don't reveal your entire sales pitch. If you do, your readers will make a yes-no buying decision without giving you the opportunity to identify their initial interest.
Here's a tip: Pick the most tantalizing product benefit for your targeted audience and tease with it. Then ask your reader to click, call, mail a card or scan a QR Code to learn more. At that point, you've identified (and owned) a qualified lead, and you can take your time nurturing that lead into a solid customer.
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In Short: Niantic has announced that Pokemon from Sinnoh, originally seen in Pokemon Diamond, Pearl and Platinum on the Nintendo DS, have invaded Pokemon GO, and it seems that they're scattered all around the globe. Niantic's announcement only mentions the three starter Pokemon for the generation by name, but the attached video shows many more, including legendary Pokemon Giratina, known in its game for control over dimensions. Some of the new Pokemon have already been found to be exclusive to certain regions of the world. Carnivine can only be found in the southeastern United States, Chatot hangs out in Australia and Brazil, and Pachirisu is mainly found in Canada, with limited sightings reported in Alaska.
Background: This rollout is likely going to be handled similarly to new-generation rollouts in the past. When the game first unveiled Johto Pokemon, they came out in waves, with some introduced in special events that made them available worldwide no matter where their usual home was. It was the same when third-generation Pokemon hit the scene. Legendary Pokemon have been handled a bit differently and somewhat out of order; Deoxys, a third-generation legendary, for example, came out before Celebi, a second-generation legendary. It should be noted that legendary Pokemon with significance or heavy mythology in the Pokemon universe, such as Mew, Mewtwo, and Celebi, seem to come out a bit later, and often out of generational order. Many Pokemon, particularly stronger ones, are exclusive to special events and raids even though they're not legendary. Absol, a very powerful and strategically versatile Pokemon from the third generation, is one of the most obvious examples; it seems to only appear in raid battles. Given the random nature of Pokemon that hatch from eggs, it's quite possible that some of these exclusive Pokemon could be found in eggs, as was the case with the likes of Chansey and Kangaskhan in the first generation. It's worth noting that there have not been any verified reports of legendary Pokemon coming from eggs.
Impact: Players can expect to see generation four starters appearing in the game right now, along with any region-exclusive Pokemon that may apply to them. The rollout will be happening in waves, so it will be a while, perhaps even a few months, before all of the fourth generation's Pokemon become available in the game. Niantic has yet to officially state what Pokemon will appear and when, or where for that matter. In fact, Niantic has not even officially confirmed that any Pokemon are region-exclusive. As for legendary Pokemon, since Giratina appears in the trailer video, it will almost certainly be appearing in a major event at some point in the near future. It's part of the Sinnoh creation trio, accompanied by Dialga and Palkia. This generation is also home to the God of the Pokemon universe, Arceus. Shaymin, a multi-forme Pokemon that appeared in a movie centered around Giratina will also likely be heavily featured, along with Darkrai, a legendary Dark Pokemon who was briefly the face of premium booster packs for the Pokemon card game.
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Sir George Arthur (1784-1854), soldier and colonial administrator, was born on 21 June 1784, at Plymouth, England, the fourth and youngest son of John Arthur of Duck's Lane and his wife Catherine, née Cornish. Early in the eighteenth century the Arthurs, formerly a Cornish family, had moved to Plymouth.
George Arthur joined the army on 25 August 1804 as an ensign in the 91st Regiment. He was promoted lieutenant on 24 June 1805 and captain on 5 May 1808; between 1805 and 1809 he served with the 35th Regiment in Calabria, Egypt, Sicily and with the unfortunate Walcheren expedition, where his gallantry attracted the attention of Sir Eyre Coote, who praised his gallantry in action. Coote appointed him deputy assistant adjutant general, and Coote's successor, Sir George Don, made him an aide-de-camp and took him to Jersey as military secretary. On 5 November 1812 Arthur purchased a majority in the 7th Regiment, and soon after became assistant quartermaster general in Jamaica. In 1814 he married Eliza Orde Usher, second daughter of Lieutenant-General Sir John Frederick Sigismund Smith and began a career under the Colonial Office by being appointed superintendent and commandant of British Honduras, with the local rank of colonel. On 1 June 1815 he was given the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army and was appointed to the York Chasseurs on 8 May 1817. He admitted that he had gone to Honduras to gain promotion, 'promotion being my idol', for the superintendent had never been less than a lieutenant-colonel; this honourable ambition achieved, he proceeded to set his mark on the settlement.
During his eight years administration of Honduras he displayed many of the qualities he was later to show in Van Diemen's Land: administrative vigour, high ideals, a passion for reform and genuine interest in the welfare of the settlement, but also an intense dislike of the slightest criticism and a readiness to write voluminous dispatches to justify his activities. He improved the settlement's communications and its defences, began to drain its swamps, encouraged education and missionary work, regulated land settlement and bettered the administration of justice; but he provoked opposition by his high-handed assertion of the superintendent's powers, his denigration of the popularly elected magistracy ('frequently composed of the most exceptionable characters') and the irresponsible 'public meeting', his attacks on the cruelty of some slave-owners, and his protection of enslaved Mosquito Coast Indians. He quarrelled with his military second-in-command, Lieutenant-Colonel Bradley, who questioned his seniority when the York Chasseurs were disbanded in 1819 and refused to recognize his military authority. Arthur justifiably imprisoned him and in due course he was dismissed from the service though allowed to sell his commission, but because Arthur kept him in prison while awaiting royal notification of the decision on the case, though he had been told what it would be, Bradley sued him for illegal imprisonment, and was awarded £100 damages. General Taylor thought Arthur might have shown 'a greater disposition to relieve [Bradley] from distress and inconvenience', but he had broken no military regulation and eventually persuaded the government to pay, and thus recognize that his behaviour had been correct.
Meanwhile his efforts on behalf of the slaves had found favour with Wilberforce, James Stephen, Earl Bathurst and others, and, after returning from Honduras on sick leave in April 1822 and thereafter haunting the Colonial Office, he was chosen in July 1823 to succeed William Sorell as lieutenant-governor of Van Diemen's Land. After making sure that he would obtain greater independence from New South Wales than Sorell had, he set sail in the Adrian, with his commission dated 22 August, arrived at Hobart Town on 12 May 1824, and took up office two days later. In November 1825 General (Sir) Ralph Darling called on his way to Sydney bringing news that Van Diemen's Land had been made a separate colony. Arthur thereafter had full power in the colony, though he retained the title of lieutenant-governor only.
Arthur's concern for the slaves of Honduras, like his interest in the settlers' morality, was no hypocrisy: he wanted to be able to 'impart the glad tidings of the Gospel' to people less fortunate than himself. In letters to his sister in 1818-19 he had denied that he was a Methodist; he was, however, a most devout Calvinist Evangelical. He believed that the 'heart of every man' was 'desperately wicked'; one 'must preach Christ crucified and faith in Him' as the only means of salvation, have 'always in view the nearness of Eternity' though not dwelling 'too much in Faith, setting at nought good works' for 'the latter are the result of the former'. With these views he was anxious to raise the moral tone of Van Diemen's Land. This high-minded, autocratic but thoroughly efficient administrator seemed a very fit person to reassert the relaxed authority of the government and to tighten up the convict administration on the lines suggested by Commissioner John Thomas Bigge.
To the British government Van Diemen's Land was primarily a gaol; with this Arthur fully agreed, and to make it an efficient gaol was his first objective. He argued that the convicts were subjects of a kind of 'mental delirium', seeing things 'through a false medium'. A 'firm and determined, but mild and consistent supervision' was to remove this 'infirmity', and to accomplish their reform. He sought to achieve this end by a carefully graded system of rewards and punishments, but his rules had to be meticulously observed, and settlers and officials had to set a good example while religion taught reform.
Penal settlements and the chain-gangs would hold the worst of the convicts. Arthur closed the old penal establishment at Macquarie Harbour in 1832 because he thought it too inaccessible. He founded one for less serious offenders on Maria Island in 1825, and in 1830 he set up the famous establishment at Port Arthur. Isolated on Tasman Peninsula, joined to the mainland only by the fifty-yard-wide (46 m) Eaglehawk Neck, yet easily reached by boat from Hobart, the place was secure and easy to supervise. Discipline was severe and toil, especially on timber-working, coal-mining and boat-building, was hard and unremitting. When Arthur departed it still needed much to make it an effective penal settlement: a church, a penitentiary, solitary cells, more classification; but these defects were not all the fault of the lieutenant-governor. The severity of its harsh, though at this time on the whole impartial, discipline precluded much hope of reform there, but as the ne plus ultra of the system it proved a fairly effective deterrent. Between 1831 and 1836 about 7 per cent of the convicts were sent there during their sentences, but of these only about a tenth were sentenced to serve there a second time.
Next on the scale were the chain-gangs. These were originally established to prevent their members from escaping, but Arthur used them extensively for punishment. The gangs were employed on 'great public works' like the Hobart wharf or the Derwent causeway. By 1835 they contained about three-quarters as many as Port Arthur. On the roads men might be worked in chains, if so sentenced by the magistrates; more often they were not ironed. The gangs were regarded as places of punishment for the less refractory, while also being useful for the colony.
To increase the 'dread' of transportation at home Arthur told the Colonial Office on 1 December 1827 that the convicts 'should be kept rigidly at the spade and pick-axe and wheel-barrow … from morning till night, although the immediate toil of the convicts be the only beneficial result of their labour'. Such emphasis on 'hard labour' reduced the efficiency of their work; because it was so costly, Arthur thought it should be used only as a punishment.
The basis of Arthur's system was the assignment of prisoners to work for settlers, and it was here that his imprint was most obvious. He tried to insist rigorously on the mutual good behaviour of master and servant, and he kept the minutest watch over the conduct of both as recorded in the magistrates' reports and the convict registers. Not only were servants liable to summary punishment for misconduct, but they might be withdrawn if their masters ill-treated them, gave them grog, failed to keep the Sabbath, or broke any of the many other regulations. This surveillance depended on the ordinary police force which Arthur constantly strengthened, the appointment of stipendiary district police magistrates and district courts in 1827, and the establishment of the field police at the same time, which resulted in closer supervision of the convicts, quicker recapture of absconders, suppression of bushranging, better maintenance of law and order and more effective protection of property.
As an incentive to reform, the convicts were entitled to tickets-of-leave after prescribed periods of good conduct; for special services, such as the capture of bushrangers or absconders, or faithful service in the police, they might be pardoned on condition that they remained in the colony, but Arthur personally scrutinized very closely all records before granting either of these indulgences. His administration of convicts certainly benefited both prisoners and 'well-behaved' settlers, but it increased the governor's patronage and aroused the bitter hostility of those whose servants were withdrawn, and the activities of the police were denounced as part of a tyrannical and despotic system of government.
In opposition to English opinion Arthur insisted again and again in his dispatches, in his pamphlets Observations Upon Secondary Punishment (Hobart, 1833) and Defence of Transportation (Hobart and London, 1835), and in his evidence to the select committee on transportation in 1837, that under his regime transportation was a very severe punishment. Assigned convicts, he said, were slaves, except that their slavery was terminable. They were always subject to their masters' caprices and vaguely defined offences were liable to severe punishment. He was opposed to flogging, as he had been in Honduras, but he was not able to reduce it greatly, for it was the easiest and cheapest punishment to administer for minor offences, and solitary cells, the most favoured alternative, were few.
To encourage reform Arthur sought more religious instructors, and increasingly demanded these from Archdeacon William Broughton, James Stephen and the secretaries of state, but his requests met some resistance in London for the British government had to pay clergy who were allotted to the convict establishment. Considering the 'mixed character of the population', he wanted to support all denominations including Roman Catholics, for the government was 'supported by respectable persons of all sects'. He found the Wesleyans especially successful among the convicts. From the Church of England he wanted men 'from the Evangelical party', for 'clergy of other views' would 'not promote the interests of religion in this colony'. Although he 'had at heart the extension of the Church, and would go all lengths … in the conviction that some [Church] Establishment is necessary', he disliked Broughton's intolerance and did not think 'the support of an exclusive system … wise … the great mark to be set up … is to increase and establish the Spiritual Church of Christ'. Another reason for this policy perhaps lay in the claims of some Anglicans that they and their church were outside the lieutenant-governor's jurisdiction. His quarrel with the senior chaplain, Rev. William Bedford, certainly showed up his intolerance of opposition, his dislike of inefficiency, and his rigid standards of conduct; but Broughton, despite continued friendship, objected to the policy of subordinating the church to state control, and failed to back up Arthur's complaints against the erring clergy.
With the churches went the schools, which Arthur also insisted that the government must help. Parochial schools, widely extended after Archdeacon Thomas Hobbes Scott's visit in 1825, orphan schools and infant schools, if not 'exclusive', all received his support. In 1835, finding the Anglican parochial system breaking down, he appointed a committee to report on education. Its report broadly favoured the National system, whose proposed establishment was then under bitter attack in New South Wales, though Arthur preferred the system of the British and Foreign School Society, with general undenominational education accompanied by the unrestricted use of the Bible. Both were objectionable to Broughton and Archdeacon William Hutchins, but whatever the defects in the eyes of 'denominationalists', on church and school policy Arthur stood in the 'liberal' and 'progressive' camp.
When he arrived in Hobart the settlers' relations with the Aboriginals were as bad as they could be. There were probably only about 1000 of them, but, understanding nothing of white man's law, seeing their hunting grounds occupied, their women ravished and their men maltreated whether by bushrangers, convict servants or others, they naturally retaliated, spearing livestock and attacking the whites. Both Sorell and the British government deplored these developments, but Arthur was able to do little to modify them. He tried to explain the colonists' law to the native people, and to punish impartially the guilty on both sides; but the Aboriginals could not understand. On 29 November 1826 he ordered the capture of their leaders; hostile natives were to be treated as 'open enemies' and those guilty of felony to be arrested and punished. Exactly a year later he reminded the settlers of these instructions and ordered out the military to help to enforce them. On 15 April 1828 by an absurd demarcation proclamation he forbade all natives to enter the settled districts, and followed this on 1 November by a declaration of martial law. Taken together these orders appear as 'plans of military operation', and they mark Arthur's adoption of a policy of removal, or extermination, and his surrender to the demands of the settlers. 'The aboriginal natives of this colony are and ever have been a most treacherous race', he wrote on 15 April 1830, though he still welcomed attempts at friendly parley; but, though he forbade the capture of 'inoffensive' natives, a notice of 27 August 1830 reiterated his determination not to 'relax in the most strenuous exertions' to drive all others from the settled country. In October 1830 he decided to try, by a comprehensive operation, to drive them into Tasman Peninsula, for he told Murray on 20 November, 'the hope of conciliation cannot be reasonably entertained'. Five thousand men took part and Arthur left his wife in child-birth to direct operations; but only two Aboriginals were caught and on 26 November the Black Line, which cost £30,000, concluded in failure.
Next year, he adopted a plan of conciliation; had it 'been tested at an earlier period', commented West, 'the expenses of the campaign might have been spared'. He sent George Augustus Robinson on a mission to the 'hostile tribes', and set aside Gun Carriage Island as a refuge for them; later in 1831 they were removed to Flinders Island. Though the Aboriginals' 'atrocities' did not cease, the natives quickly declined in number, and offenders, when captured, could be removed without being executed. On the island they were supplied with a catechist and left in peace. In 1835 Arthur wanted to transfer them to Port Phillip, a proposal which Glenelg firmly rejected. He argued that 'an understanding' should be reached with the Aboriginals at Port Phillip, 'before operations are commenced by the emigrants'; but though this was sound advice, his suggestion that the 'understanding' take the form of a trifling sum being paid for their land was ridiculous. Arthur's attitude was determined too rigidly by his own standards of morality and by his belief in the rights of property. He showed neither wisdom nor understanding in his attitude and, though hampered by past abuses, he adopted the policy demanded by popular opinion, with which, in this case, his own interests were bound up, and he turned to 'conciliation' only when extermination was almost complete.
Arthur's attitude reflected his idea that co-operation with the settlers was essential for the discipline and reform of the convicts. As 'substantial yeomen' became more numerous in the colony, the settlers ceased to be a 'most troublesome set' of whom the government 'has far greater cause to be apprehensive than of the emancipated convicts', as he had described them in March 1827. He now felt that on the whole he could rely on them. He shared their attitude to the Aboriginals. He vehemently opposed charging them either for their convict servants or for their land. He suggested that payments to England be remitted in wheat. This encouragement was understandable, but it also suited the private interests of the lieutenant-governor, who by 1830 had become one of the most extensive landowners and mortgagees in the colony.
During his term of office, by personal thrift and shrewd investments in land, Arthur became extremely wealthy. Between 1828 and 1836 he bought 15,048 acres (6090 ha) of land, for a total price of £9765, and in 1833 he had lent £14,000 on mortgage to settlers and officials such as John Burnett, Matthew Forster and John Montagu. He profited both from a normal rate of interest exceeding 10 per cent and the enormous rise in land values. When he left he sold nearly all his landed property except Cottage Green in Hobart; the total value in 1839 was nearly £50,000 and he thought he could safely calculate on an annual income of £5000 from the colony apart from what he was about to lose when Montagu, his 'attorney', invested in the 'Port Phillip speculation'. That this property was 'improperly' acquired, or that he 'clandestinely' used official means to improve it, is 'not even capable of suspicion', declared West in 1852; but then and since many have suspected it, and West himself admitted that 'the moral weight of government was compromised … by the air of mystery which veiled … it', and 'Arthur benefitted by his foreknowledge'.
The standards of the time were not those of today, but Arthur's acquisition of this great wealth, like the power he wielded in the disposal of lands and servants, provided many opportunities for criticism. On the controversial Cottage Green property, which gained much from the public improvements in Sullivan's Cove on which it abutted, Alfred Stephen declared, in July 1836, when not on best of terms with the lieutenant-governor, that the plan was 'a matter of notoriety' when the purchase was made; but Arthur's marginal comment, that a 'common doubt … when it would be executed prevented public attention being earlier given to the subject', suggests that his conduct was not entirely blameless in the matter, though Lord John Russell later declared that it was. In 1831 Stephen wrote optimistically to Arthur about the prospects of a whaling company being formed, though admitting that it needed well-sited ground for its sheds. 'Without assistance from Government, many will think the undertaking a bold one', he declared, but he put down Arthur's son Frederick for ten £100 shares. Perhaps this was a very proper investment, though it might be misconstrued; but Arthur's refusal of shares for his son refers only to the financial prospects of the company and not to any possible impropriety. The Colonial Office knew nothing of this.
'Of all the Governors which this department has employed in my time, you have enjoyed the most uninterrupted reputation for all the qualities which a Governor ought to possess and the strongest hold upon the favourable opinion of your official superiors', wrote James Stephen to Arthur in 1835. Complaints against him invariably failed. His case was always watertight and fully documented, and the complainants rarely had clean hands. Land administration inevitably aroused charges of favouritism, but there is no evidence that Arthur was guilty. He appointed relatives to important colonial positions, but it was an age of patronage and they were efficient and honest public servants, which could not be said for the officers he dismissed, such as Edward Bromley, George William Evans, John Burnett, Joseph Gellibrand, Jocelyn Thomas and R. O'Ferrall. He was economical in his public administration and the colonial revenue was sufficient not only to meet general expenditure but to pay for the police and gaols, despite his protests over the imposition of this charge, one of the two important matters on which he was overruled.
His other major defeat lay in the decision, made in 1831, to sell crown lands instead of granting them, though he evaded this policy by making large grants before the new regulations came into force. In six years he granted about a million acres (404,686 ha); though a third of this was to the Van Diemen's Land Co., in obedience to orders from England, Arthur paid too little heed to the future interests of the colony. But if worsted in part on this question, he successfully resisted the instructions of the British Treasury to carry out public works by contract, holding that convict labour was cheaper and that this employment was an essential part of his convict system.
His public works helped to develop the colony. To encourage private investment he supported the lifting of the usury laws, which had never been enforced; he encouraged the Derwent Bank to break the monopoly of the older Bank of Van Diemen's Land; but he was never very sympathetic to the Van Diemen's Land Co., which he seemed to regard as too big and too far away for him easily to control, nor to the idea of free immigration, except of 'yeomen' and other men of substance. Assisted paupers interfered with assignment, he thought; they were unsatisfactory labourers and a burden on the government.
Confronted with a large convict-emancipist population, determined on the policy he wanted to carry out, and always liable to criticism for abuse of patronage even where no such abuse existed, this efficient and conscientious soldier-administrator had no time for civil liberties or freedom of the press. In 1826-27 he prosecuted the editor Andrew Bent for libel, and in 1827 persuaded the council to pass an act imposing a revocable newspaper licence. When this was annulled in England he again had recourse to the courts and prosecuted Gilbert Robertson of the True Colonist and Henry Melville of the Colonial Times. He opposed trial by jury and a popular assembly and supported the Draconian powers given to the magistrates in 1832; but by 1836 the progress of the colony was making these authoritarian methods out of date.
Though by then he had held office for the unusually long term of twelve years, his recall was a bitter blow. Four years before, rumours that James Stephen was anxious to succeed him had temporarily weakened their friendship, for the lieutenant-governor was certainly tenacious of his position. Now he left Hobart on 30 October 1836 and reached England the following March. But his enemies had not triumphed. His recall in January 1836 was in no way a result of their charges, against a collection of which by William Bryan and George Meredith Glenelg found Arthur's answer 'conclusive and triumphant'; it 'placed on a yet firmer basis his claims to the approbation of the King and to the gratitude of His Majesty's subjects', and this approbation was further indicated by Arthur being appointed K.C.H. and gazetted colonel.
In December 1837 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, which he administered successfully though repressively in the period between the rebellion and the union of the Canadas early in 1841. On his return to England he was created a baronet. He refused two requests to stand for the House of Commons at the general elections that year, but hoped for an appointment in India. Unsuccessful in the case of Madras, he was appointed governor of the presidency of Bombay in March 1842, and assumed office in June. In March 1846 he was nominated provisional governor-general in the event of the death or absence of his superior, but ill health forced him to resign and return to England. Promoted major-general in 1846, sworn of the Privy Council in 1847, granted an honorary D.C.L. by Oxford in 1848, appointed colonel of the Queen's Own Regiment in 1853, and gazetted lieutenant-general next year, he died on 19 September 1854, survived by five of his seven sons and his five daughters.
Able and high-minded, but a military martinet and unable to suffer fools gladly, he was almost inevitably an autocrat. He naturally quarrelled with 'liberals' and pressmen in Van Diemen's Land, and also with many others who were able to frustrate his activities; but Broughton admired him to the end, despite differences about the church, and Arthur was able to maintain friendly correspondence with both Darling and Bourke, even while the former was abusing his successor in emphatic terms.
His personal conduct was strict, his entertainments at Government House were generally thought economical, staid and dull. He built up a huge fortune by constantly watching every penny he spent, as his account books show, and by most judicious investment. Despite his wealth he never relaxed claims for increases in salary or repayment of expenditures and his claims over the extra costs incurred on his passage home in the Elphinstone, if strictly justified, seem petty for a man in his position. Though the prolixity of some of his dispatches must have made great inroads on his time, his attention to detail made him a most able administrator in Van Diemen's Land. His control was far-reaching and efficient and set the pattern for much of the later colonial administration in Tasmania and elsewhere. Truly his hand and his eyes were everywhere and, if his inability to delegate responsibility might have been a fault in a more complex society, in the colony it helped rather than hindered his work and so did his habit of preserving all his private letters and filing so carefully the official papers of the colony.
Avid for recognition from his temporal superiors, Arthur did not forget his spiritual obligations. 'No one has more reason to cast himself unreservedly upon the providence of God than I have' he wrote in a private letter to Montagu on his voyage home. 'Although I have deserved nothing but wrath, yet his mercy and goodness have always protected me, and if I were not to resign myself altogether to Him, my equal in ingratitude could not be found on the face of the Earth … What I now most desire is to give glory to God and what I now most highly lament is that I have hitherto been such an unprofitable servant to Him'. These reflections, when coupled with the hope that Montagu would be 'very careful in the mortgages you take for my money', give some clue to the very complex character of this distinguished public servant.
His portrait is in the Mitchell Library.
A. G. L. Shaw, 'Arthur, Sir George (1784–1854)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/arthur-sir-george-1721/text1883, published first in hardcopy 1966, accessed online 26 April 2019.
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According to reports, the officer was called to the scene after someone called in to report that the man was unresponsive. Once the officer arrived, he started a conversation with the man, who is alleged to be a homeless man in the area. The fire department and paramedics were dispatched to check on the man's well-being and overall health. When the officer attempted to keep the man in the vicinity, so his health could be assessed, he became uncooperative.
The officer was punched in the face as the man allegedly became violent, then continuing his attack by tackling the officer. Medics were on-scene and were able to restrain him until backup arrived. He was then arrested on suspicion of felony assault on a peace officer, resisting arrest and possession of drug paraphernalia. Bond is set at $5,000 at Alameda county jail.
It's unclear what caused the man to become so angry, so quickly. However, his actions could certainly land himself a criminal conviction. However, due process will need to occur first. How much intoxication could have led to the man's alleged outburst is unclear.
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Actor Arjun Kapoor, who is reuniting with his former "Ishaqzaade" actress Parineeti Chopra for Dibakar Banerjees film, says working with the director was always on his wish list.
During the promotion of his forthcoming film "Mubarakan", Arjun was asked about teaming up with Banerjee for Yash Raj Films' "Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar".
The actor said: "It is very exciting. This is the first time Parineeti and I felt like pairing with each other again because of the story of the film. Dibakar Banerjee is one such filmmaker who has been on my wish list since a long period of time."
"It will be different from 'Ishaqzaade'. YRF is a home film, Parineeti is a special co-star and the material of the film is something different so, this combination will make this film more special."
"I feel when you work with co-actor with whom you have already worked, then it needs some kind of freshness so, it is an interesting space for us and we will start shooting for the film in October," he added.
"Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar" is about a man and woman, who represent two completely different India, and also deals with their love-hate relationship.
Moving on to "Mubarakan". What prompted him to do a film like this?
Arjun said: "I wanted to work with Anees Bazmee and the icing on the cake was having Anil chachu (Kapoor) on board and doing a double role because that's the challenge you look for as an actor."
"The film was not generic and I really believe in the script of this film. I really feel it is genuinely funny film and it's a wholesome family entertainer. I haven't done something like this earlier.
"The closest family film that I done was "2 States", but this slightly more light-hearted and time pass film. But in the end, this also has some emotions and gives a message to the audience."
Expressing his views on young actors and directors not attempting much comedy, Arjun said: "There hasn't been much written when it comes to comedy films these days. Actors cannot go and sign scripts beyond a point. Actors make decisions on what is being offered to them and also directors have to see the potential in you to fulfill it."
"Anees Bazmee must be having some faith in my performance abilities to offer this film. Comedy is not something that everybody can do," he added.
"I also feel that younger directors are not pan India in their thinking. Their upbringing is more digital and they are more into younger thought process and problems of today's world."
"Comedy in India always worked when it was relatable to everybody. If you see Kapil's (Sharma) show, he does things that everybody can understand and that is why he does so well."
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Would Mr Trump be able to increase the USA’s growth rate to 6%?
Among the many controversial statements in the third presidential debate, there was one that struck me, but that was not picked up by the moderator or Mrs Clinton. Mr Trump complained that the growth rate of the USA’s GDP is only currently about 1% per annum, while that of the Indian and Chinese economies is around 6%, implying that, if he were elected president, he could make the USA’s growth rate increase comparably.
However, I consider that this argument ignores some mathematical and economic facts.
Firstly, the USA is the largest economy in the world with a GDP of about $18,561,930 million in 2015. If that increases by 1%, it represents an absolute increase of $185, 619 million. The Indian economy is starting at a much lower level of $2,250,990 million (thank you, Wikipedia). A 6% increase on this lower figure, only adds $135,059 million to its GDP. So the larger percentage increase is equivalent to a smaller absolute increase.
Admittedly, a 6% increase on China’s present GDP of $11,391,619 million is a larger figure of $683,497 million. However, if one then considers GDP/capita, the USA’s is increasing annually by $561.8 (on average, of course—many people in the USA have experienced a fall in their income due to rising inequality), while China’s is increasing by the smaller figure of $488.5, and India’s is only increasing by $63.84.
More significantly, economic considerations suggest that a 6% growth rate is unachievable for the USA at its present level of development. Until recently, much economic activity in China and India was due to subsistence farming or to activities in informal markets which were not fully registered in GDP statistics. As workers began to leave small, unproductive family firms to work in factories in the cities, as transactions became increasingly monetized, and as, overall, factors of production (particularly labor and land) began to be more efficiently utilized (and more productive due to rising education levels), these economies could achieve remarkably high increases in GDP statistics.
As an economy that is already developed, with a very small agricultural sector that already has substantial economies of scale and high levels of capital, the USA cannot achieve growth merely by shifting factors from low productivity to high productivity sectors. Undoubtedly, it could and probably will achieve a higher level of growth than 1%, once the global economy recovers fully (there is still a hangover from the recession sparked by the 2008 financial crisis), to reach a rate of perhaps 3%. But I am sceptical that Mr Trump, despite his apparent successes in business, could steer the economy to reach growth rates as high as 6%.
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Does Al Gore's home consume twenty times as much energy as the average American house?
Al Gore's residence uses considerably more energy than the average American home.
Center for Policy Research has found that Gore deserves a gold statue for hypocrisy.
The average household in America consumes 10,656 kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year, according to the Department of Energy. In 2006, Gore devoured nearly 221,000 kWh – more than 20 times the national average.
The specific numbers involved were disputable (the TCPR claimed Gore’s home used electricity at a rate more than “20 times the national average,” while the Associated Press reported that their own review of bills indicated that the Gores’ Nashville household used more than 12 times the average for a typical household in that area), but the basic gist of the claim — that the Gores’ Nashville residence consumed a larger proportion of energy than the average American home — was true.
Some important points not covered in the report, however, included whether equating the Gores’ home to the average American home was really a relevant comparison. A spokesperson for the Gore family responded by noting some mitigating factors, such as the fact that the Gores’ Nashville residence isn’t an “average” house: it’s about four times larger than the average new American home built in 2006, and it essentially functions as both a residence and a business office since both Al and Tipper work out of their home. The Tennessean also noted that the Gores had been paying a $432 per month premium on their monthly electricity bills in order to obtain some of their electricity from “green” sources (i.e., solar or other renewable energy sources). Other factors (such as the climate in the area where the home is located and its size) made the Gore home’s energy usage comparable to that of other homes in the same area.
A carbon footprint is a calculation of the CO2 fossil fuel emissions each person is responsible for, either directly because of his or her transportation and energy consumption or indirectly because of the manufacture and eventual breakdown of products he or she uses.
Al Gore, who was criticized for high electric bills at his Tennessee mansion, has completed a host of improvements to make the home more energy efficient, and a building-industry group has praised the house as one of the nation’s most environmentally friendly.
The former vice president has installed solar panels, a rainwater-collection system and geothermal heating. He also replaced all incandescent lights with compact fluorescent or light-emitting diode bulbs.
“Short of tearing it down and staring anew, I don’t know how it could have been rated any higher,” said Kim Shinn of the U.S. Green Building Council, which gave the house its second-highest rating for sustainable design.
Gore’s improvements cut the home’s summer electrical consumption by 11 percent compared with a year ago, according to utility records reviewed by The Associated Press. Most Nashville homes used 20 percent to 30 percent more electricity during the same period because of a record heat wave.
Drew Johnson, a senior fellow at the National Center for Public Policy Research, a conservative think tank, wrote the August 2017 piece. (Johnson appears to have been behind the 2007 claims about Gore’s energy use as well.) In that article, he cited his own report for National Center for Public Policy Research (without making it clear that he authored the report), in which he found that Gore’s electricity bill for September 2016 was 34 times more than the national average. However, Johnson, as well as other sources that replicated his claims — including the National Center for Public Policy Research’s own press release — implied in the headlines or bodies of their articles that Gore’s home “consistently devoured” 34 times more energy than the average home, which was not the case: that figure was based on estimates for a single month during the previous year, and that single month was August, a time of the year when energy usage typically spikes due high mid-summer temperatures.
I don’t believe the DC title intentionally misrepresented the report. I just gave an unwieldy title that needed to be trimmed down. And although I wish there was a qualifier (“up to”, “as much as”, “in one month”), it was based off of a legitimate number.
If one were to compare electricity consumption in Al Gore’s home in April (the month of lowest usage) to the national average, the multiplier drops from 34 to 10. Of course, comparing any single month to an annual average is problematic, as monthly electric use fluctuates throughout the year (and also in response to local conditions, such as weather and climate patterns).
ABC News. 26 February 2007.
San Francisco Chronicle. 14 December 2007.
The Tennessean. 26 February 2007.
The Boston Globe. 28 February 2007.
 : The Washington Post. 1 March 2007 (p. A8).
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RWBY (pronounced ruby) is an American anime web series created by Monty Oum and produced by Rooster Teeth Productions.
The plot is centered around the four members of Team RWBY – Ruby Rose, Weiss Schnee, Blake Belladonna and Yang Xiao Long. The series follows their meeting and training at Beacon Academy, a prestigious school for training Huntsmen and Huntresses, warriors who defend the world from evil.
Along the way, they make many friends and allies, including fellow students Team JNPR, Sun Wukong and Penny Polendina, and foil the plots of villains, such as Roman Torchwick, Cinder Fall and the terrorist group the White Fang.
However, as the series continues, Team RWBY must confront their own demons: Ruby is faced with moral dilemmas that challenge her heroic intent, Weiss must reconcile her legacy as heiress of the Schnee Dust Company with her own personal convictions, Blake remains haunted by her past as a member of the White Fang, and Yang searches tirelessly for her mother, who mysteriously disappeared when she was a child.
RWBY is set in the world of Remnant, a future-fantasy world with airships, high-tech weaponry and a form of natural energy called Dust, existing side by side. According to the narration in the series, the early history of Remnant has been long forgotten, with recollections being passed down in the form of myths and legends.
In the world of Remnant, all living creatures possess a soul, the physical manifestation of which is known as Aura: a form of innate energy that bestows its user with certain abilities and powers. Semblances are expressions of this power and are akin to a personal superpower unique to each character. Remnant is populated by two intelligent species - Humanity and the Faunus, a race of Human-animal hybrids.
All of the inhabitants of Remnant are beset by the Grimm, which are described as "creatures of destruction" and lack a soul. Huntsmen and Huntresses fight the Grimm and protect the peace of Remnant and its people.
Four trailers were released leading up to the premiere of RWBY. Unlike regular previews, the trailers for RWBY were not cut using animation from the series, instead being original self-contained animated short films that told their own unique stories. In this sense, they acted more like prequels for the series proper than actual trailers.
Each trailer is referred to by a certain color and letter and features a character corresponding to those themes, revealing a little about the central characters' backstory. For example, the "Red", or "R", Trailer featured the character Ruby Rose.
The "Red" Trailer was released on November 7th, 2012, showing Ruby Rose fighting against a large pack of Beowolves, shown after the finale to Red vs. Blue Season 10.
The "White" Trailer was released on February 14th, 2013, showing Weiss Schnee singing in front of a crowd and having a flashback to a fight with a giant suit of armor.
The "Black" Trailer was released on March 22nd, 2013, showing Blake Belladonna and her partner, Adam Taurus, raiding a cargo train and fighting Atlesian Knight-130's and a large security droid.
The "Yellow" Trailer was released on June 1st, 2013, showing Yang Xiao Long searching for information about someone at a club, then fighting Junior Xiong and his henchmen.
These trailers led directly into the first Volume of the show.
Episodes of the series are watchable in their entirety on Rooster Teeth's website and YouTube. The series is also simulcast concurrent with the public release of the show on anime streaming website Crunchyroll. Previous seasons were available on the internet streaming service Netflix.
In 2016, theatrical screenings of RWBY Volume 1 in Australia, the United Kingdom and United States were announced, with the help of screening and events coordinator Tugg. The theatrical screenings took place from April 27th, 2016. Screenings for Volumes 2 and 3 were also announced for 2016 in the lead-up to Volume 4. Screenings for Volume 2 took place on July 27th.
The first episode of the series premiered live to audiences at RTX 2013 (July 5–7th, 2013 in Austin, Texas), with the online public premiere taking place on July 18th, 2013. All subsequent episodes were released every Thursday at 7pm EST for the general public on the Rooster Teeth website. Rooster Teeth also uploaded each episode to YouTube one week following its premiere.
There are sixteen episodes in Volume 1. However, the episodes vary greatly in length, with episodes 1, 8, 15 and 16 being around eleven minutes long, with all the other episodes running approximately six minutes. Volume 1 ran from July 18th to November 7th, 2013. The DVDs and Blu-rays of the first volume were released on November 12th, 2013.
Gray G. Haddock revealed on January 30th, 2014 that production on RWBY Volume 2 was underway and that the first episode would premiere at RTX 2014 (July 4–6th, Austin, Texas). It was also revealed that only 12 episodes would be released in the volume rather than the 16 that were released for Volume 1, but each episode would be at least 12 minutes long due to the feedback that the episodes were too short.
Episodes were not released every week, with supplemental series RWBY: World of Remnant airing in lieu of an episode on the series' off-weeks.
Monty confirmed at PAX Prime 2014 that there would be a RWBY Volume 3. The third volume also featured 12 episodes of around 16 minutes in length. The first episode of the third volume premiered on October 24th, 2015.
The third volume featured a slightly different release schedule to previous volumes, with Rooster Teeth FIRST members (formerly Sponsors) being able to watch the episode a full day earlier than the public. The weekly release time was also moved from Thursday evening to Saturday morning for FIRST members (Sunday morning for the public). As before, episodes are uploaded to YouTube one week following the public release of the episode on the Rooster Teeth website. Short 30 second previews for each episode, entitled "Coming Up Next on RWBY Vol. 3" were also uploaded on the preceding Wednesday of the week of an episode's release.
Every third episode was followed by an episode of RWBY: World of Remnant, along with other week-long breaks, including the Rooster Teeth Extra Life Stream for charity on November 8th, 2015 and the RWBY Livestream on December 9th, 2015. A RWBY Volume 3 Hype Stream was also streamed on the Rooster Teeth website on February 12th, 2016, in which the cast and crew watched and commentated on the released episodes of Volume 3 in the lead-up to the finale.
The DVD/Blu-Ray release of RWBY Volume 3 and the RWBY: Volume 3 Soundtrack were released on May 3rd, 2016.
Ruby in the "Volume 4 Character Short"
Volume 4 premiered on October 22nd, 2016. It followed a similar release schedule to Volume 3, being released on Saturday for Rooster Teeth FIRST members followed by the release for registered users of the Rooster Teeth site on Sunday, 24 hours later. It was then released to the public and uploaded to YouTube the week following the FIRST members' release.
The Volume 4 premiere was preceded by the "Volume 4 Character Short" on October 3rd, 2016. The character short features an original story and animation and does not cut from upcoming scenes, making it the first non-editorial trailer since the four character trailers for Volume 1.
On the week of October 17th, Rooster Teeth began airing RWBY: World of Remnant episodes, narrated by Qrow, that go into detail about each of the kingdoms.
The RWBY Volume 4 Finale was first released at RTX Sydney, several hours before it was released for FIRST-members.
Volume 5 premiered on October 14th, 2017. There were three new character shorts leading up to Volume 5. Unlike in the previous two volumes, Volume 5's episodes were released to the public on Tuesdays, three days after the Saturday FIRST member release.
On June 20th, 2017, it was announced an exclusive sneak peek of Volume 5 would premiere at Anime Expo 2017, including an exclusive screening of the Japanese dub of Volume 3.
On July 17th, 2017, the "Volume 5 Weiss Character Short" was released to the public, with a work-in-progress version shown at the RTX 2017 RWBY Panel on July 7th, 2017, exclusively for attendees. Just like the "Volume 4 Character Short", it features an original story and animation.
On September 4th, the "Volume 5 Blake Character Short" was released to the public.
On September 26th, 2017, it was announced that the first chapter of Volume 5 would premiere in selected theaters on October 12th, 2017 before the official release on October 14th.
On October 14th, the "Volume 5 Yang Character Short" was released to the public together with the first episode of Volume 5, with a work-in-progress version shown at the NYCC 2017 RWBY Screening on October 6th, 2017, exclusively for attendees.
On January 17th, 2018, it was announced that Volume 6 will premiere in the Fall. On August 3rd, 2018, it was confirmed at RTX Austin that Volume 6 will premiere on October 27th, 2018. That same day, an in-progress version of the "Volume 6 Adam Character Short" was also shown to attendees, which was later made available to the public on the 17th of August. It was also announced that Volume 6 would only be aired on the Rooster Teeth site. Additionally, FIRST members would be able to watch the show for an entire week before it was released to the public. The public would watch a new episode on the Saturday a week after that episode went live for FIRST members.
The first chapter of Volume 6 premiered in selected theaters on October 25th, 2018 before the official release on October 27th, 2018.
On January 25th, 2019, in an interview with "Lights Camera Austin", Miles Luna confirmed that Volume 7 was in development.
RWBY: World of Remnant is a supplemental mini-series, documenting various areas, beings and objects in Remnant, the world in which RWBY is set.
Episodes of the series provide information on specific subjects within the RWBY universe, with narrative exposition accompanied by illustrative visuals. The art style of World of Remnant is heavily stylized and mostly rendered in 2D as compared to the 3D look of the main series.
World of Remnant episodes air on an irregular release schedule, concurrent with the main show. World of Remnant episodes air during the main series' "off-weeks", in lieu of a full episode. These were irregularly spaced in Volume 2, but Volume 3 features a World of Remnant after every third episode of the series.
RWBY Chibi is an animated spin-off of RWBY. The show features stylised "chibi" versions of RWBY characters, with an emphasis on lighthearted comedy rather than plot and drama.
It was first announced as part of Rooster Teeth's 13th Anniversary celebrations on April 1st, 2016. The first episode premiered on May 7th, 2016. Subsequent episodes aired on Saturday mornings at 10am CST, the same time slot as RWBY. The first season of RWBY Chibi was released weekly up until the start of RWBY Volume 4 in Fall 2016. The show returned for its second season during the hiatus between Volume 4 and 5.
On January 16th, 2018, it was confirmed that a third season of RWBY Chibi would air on January 27th, 2018.
RWBY: Grimm Eclipse is an official RWBY video game developed by Rooster Teeth, originally created by independent developer Jordan Scott.
Grimm Eclipse is a co-operative survival-based action role-playing game. Scott cites the games Kingdom Hearts, Devil May Cry, Final Fantasy, and Mystic Heroes as inspirations for the gameplay mechanics of Grimm Eclipse. The official website also names Dynasty Warriors and Left 4 Dead as influences.
A demo version was independently released on April 1st, 2014 and quickly received widespread recognition from other fans. Less than 24 hours after the public release of the game, Scott was contacted by Monty Oum and brought into discussions to develop the game for Rooster Teeth.
The game was released for PC on July 5th, 2016 while the Mac version was released on October 13, 2016. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were simultaneously released on January 17, 2017.
The officially licensed mobile game of RWBY features an original story set around the events of Volume 3. It will be released for iOS, Android and PC with its release date unknown as of yet.
RWBY: Amity Arena is an strategic duel mobile game developed by Rooster Teeth and game designer, NHN Entertainment. The mobile game was announced on April 25th, 2018, and released on October 25th, before the premiere of Volume 6 on the 27th. A Closed Beta Test happened in July.
On May 25th, 12 characters were revealed to be released in the game: Team RWBY, JNPR, Sun Wukong, Penny Polendina, Qrow Branwen and Emerald Sustrai. On June 1st, it was confirmed that the upcoming game will be a free mobile app, with an early playtest featured at the E3 2018 event. On June 18th, 2018, it was mentioned that a team of artists worked on the character art designs for the game. On June 25th, 2018, it was announced that the game would be featured at the Anime Expo 2018.
The Japanese manga adaptation of RWBY is being released in Volumes with Volume 1 having been completed as of February 18th, 2017. It was written by manga artist Shirow Miwa and tells an original story. It was published in Shueisha's Ultra Jump magazine with supervision by Rooster Teeth.
The first chapter was released as part of the Ultra Jump December issue, on November 19th, 2015. It had colored center and back pages, along with additional art from the manga. Subsequent chapters are published on the 19th of each month in the Ultra Jump magazine.
On December 23rd, 2016, Japanese entertainment company Home-sha announced Vol. 1: Red Like Roses, the first volume of the RWBY: Official Manga Anthology and stated it was coming in Spring 2017. It was later announced on March 25th, 2017 that it would be released on May 19th, 2017. The second volume, Vol. 2: "Mirror Mirror", was released on June 19th, 2017. The third volume, Vol. 3: From Shadows, was released on September 19th, 2017. The fourth volume, Vol. 4: I Burn, was released in October 19th, 2017.
On October 6th, 2018, it was announced that a new RWBY manga will be release in simultaneously serialized in English Shonen Jump. It will be written by manga artist BUNTA KINAMI. The manga will be release in the fall. On November 13th, 2018, according to VIZ Media vice president, Sasaki Hisahi, the RWBY manga written by BUNTA KINAMI will be release next week.
On Viz Media website, the first chapter of the RWBY manga written by BUNTA KINAMI was released on November 19th, 2018.
On December 17th, 2018, it was announced that new chapters of RWBY: The Offical Manga would release once a month.
RWBY features an original soundtrack composed by Jeff Williams, with songs written for the show spanning a variety of genres. The songs are written and recorded by Jeff Williams and feature vocals from Jeff Williams' daughter, Casey Lee Williams, with other vocalists including Sandy Lee Casey and rapper Lamar Hall.
Additional music and full scores for the episodes are composed by Jeff Williams, Alex Abraham, and Steve Goldshein and feature performances from musicians including Roselie Samter.
The RWBY: Volume 1 Soundtrack is the first soundtrack album released for RWBY. It was released by Jeff Williams on November 12th, 2013, hitting the top of iTunes and beating out the movie soundtrack to The Hunger Games: Catching Fire.
The RWBY: Volume 2 Soundtrack is the second soundtrack album released for RWBY. It was released by Jeff Williams on December 2nd, 2014. The Japanese edition of the soundtrack was released on September 26th, 2016.
The RWBY: Volume 3 Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for RWBY Volume 3. There are 30 tracks in the album, for a total run length of 2 hours and 22 minutes. It was released on iTunes on May 3rd, 2016. Shortly after its release, it reached #1 on the iTunes digital charts.
The RWBY: Volume 4 Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for RWBY Volume 4. There are 46 tracks in the album. It was released on June 16th, 2017. A Japanese version was issued on October 4.
The V5 Soundtrack.jpg is the album for music from RWBY Volume 5. There are 41 tracks in the album. It was released on June 8th, 2018.
The RWBY: Best Vocal Album, stylized as RWBY: Volume 1–3: BEST VOCAL ALBUM, is a Japan-exclusive soundtrack album for RWBY, featuring 19 vocal songs from the first three volumes. It was released on September 8th, 2017.
RWBY: Combat Ready is an upcoming board game developed by Rooster Teeth and game designer Arcane Wonders. The board game was announced on September 15th, 2017. A Kickstarter campaign for the game began on September 27th, 2017 and will ended on October 30th, 2017.
On October 7th, 2018, it been announced at New York Comic Con that there will be a spin-off collaboration between Rooster Teeth and DC Comic related to RWBY and gen:Lock. It will be available both physically and digitally in 2019.
On May 17th, 2017 Gagaga Bunko's Twitter account announced a light novel called RWBY: The Session that would be released on July 19th, 2017. The name of the artist in charge of the novel is Suzuhito Yasuda. RWBY: The Session features original side stories set during Volumes 1 and 2 not present in the main show.
On August 3rd, 2018 at RTX 2018 it was announced that Scholastic will release a young adult novel called RWBY: After the Fall in 2019. The story will mainly focus on Team CFVY after the Fall of Beacon. The series will be written by E.C. Myers with consultation from RWBY head writers Kerry Shawcross and Miles Luna.
On January 31st 2019, It was announced on Viz Media that an official material book called The World of RWBY: The Official Companion will include a behind-the-scenes guide to the acclaimed animated series features artwork, exclusive commentary from RoosterTeeth, and in-depth interviews with the writers, animators and voice artists. It will be release in Fall 2019.
It was announced on March 25th, 2017 at the AnimeJapan 2017 convention and the official RWBY Japanese website that RWBY would air on TV in Japan in July 2017, broadcasted via Tokyo MX. The show is called RWBY: Volume 1–3: The Beginning. The RWBY Japanese Twitter confirmed the air date for the show as July 7th, 2017. It began airing on July 3rd, 2017 on the AbemaTV channel, broadcasting every Monday in Japan and finished on September 25th, 2017. RWBY: Volume 1–3: The Beginning simulcasted in Japan on the Crunchyroll website every Friday at 10:05am PDT, with its final episode airing on September 29th, 2017. The runtime for each episode was 23 minutes, and it had a total of 13 episodes.
RWBY Rewind is a show that airs during the show proper's release where Rooster Teeth employees talk about the latest RWBY episode and interview the cast and crew. It began in 2017 during RWBY Volume 5.
In the show proper's Volume 5 run, RWBY Rewind was only available for FIRST-members, but in the Volume 6 run, episodes of RWBY Rewind were uploaded to YouTube every Saturday following the initial Tuesday FIRST-only livestream. Each episode contains a sneak peek of the upcoming episode of the Volume.
CRWBY: Behind the Episode is a series that introduces viewers to the animators, engineers, producers and artists who bring the world of Remnant to life. It uses assets from Volume 5 and Volume 6 to show each production stage of the show while highlighting different challenges, such as making crowds. The Volume 5 series is FIRST-exclusive and only available on Rooster Teeth's website, but Volume 6's run becomes public with every episode being released to YouTube after a delay.
RWBY merchandise is distributed by Rooster Teeth through their online store. Merchandise includes shirts, posters, action figures, plushies and more. Some RWBY merchandise is also sold at the alternative clothing retailer Hot Topic.
On December 1st, 2013, RWBY characters appeared in "The Animated Recap", an episode of RT Recap, a now-discontinued show that reviews the preceding week's Rooster Teeth and Achievement Hunter videos.
Ruby, Weiss, Blake and Yang appeared alongside other animated characters from Rooster Teeth, such as Sarge from Red vs. Blue and the Let's Play Minecraft personas of Geoff Ramsey and Gavin Free. They also interacted with fictionalized versions of Burnie Burns, Joel Heyman and Gus Sorola from Rooster Teeth Animated Adventures.
On October 21st, 2015, three days before the premiere of RWBY Volume 3, Yang appeared in an episode of ScrewAttack's Death Battle web series, which pits fictional characters from different franchises against each other in a hypothetical battle to the death. Yang fought and won against Tifa Lockhart from the video game Final Fantasy VII. The episode featured new dialogue from Yang's voice actor Barbara Dunkelman as well as original animation by ScrewAttack's animator Torrian Crawford.
Screw Attack had included a tribute to series creator Monty Oum in a previous episode of Death Battle, with whom the inclusion of a RWBY character on the show was also discussed before his passing. On November 4th, 2015, ScrewAttack announced that they were joining Rooster Teeth, which is also a partner of the Fullscreen network.
At the inaugural RTX Australia in Sydney on January 24th, 2016, the second RWBY panel hosted a Q&A session with Lindsay Jones and Barbara Dunkelman in-character as Ruby Rose and Yang Xiao Long. The pair answered questions and interacted live with fans as their characters under the premise of a video chat conversation from Beacon Academy.
The faces of Lindsay and Barbara were captured using a GoPro, with a Kinect to capture their motion performance. The characters were then rendered in real-time in Unreal Engine 4. The technical side was set up with the help of Opaque Media using Faceware Tech software.
RWBY characters have made cameos in some episodes of Rooster Teeth Animated Adventures. Yang Xiao Long made a cameo in "Racial Super Texas" sitting at a bar. A doll of Yang Xiao Long also appeared in "Spooky Scary Ghost Stories", in which her arm was broken by a ghost.
On May 9th, 2017, a limited event collaboration between RWBY and Crusaders Quest was announced. The available playable characters to be obtained are Ruby Rose, Weiss Schnee, Blake Belladonna, Yang Xiao Long, Nora Valkyrie and Pyrrha Nikos. In the event, Roman Torchwick and Neopolitan appear as event bosses while the Grimm as regular enemies. The limited event of Crusaders Quest lasted from May 11th, 2017 until May 25th, 2017.
In Rooster Teeth's game "Battle Sloths", Team RWBY are playble characters.
During Evolution Championship Series, it was announced that Ruby Rose is going to be in a crossover fighting game created by Arc Systems Works and will include characters from BlazBlue, Persona 4 Arena and Under Night In Birth. The game is set to be released in 2018. A demo of Ruby in the game was tweeted by Gray Haddock on October 3rd, 2017. On October 6th, 2017, Arc Systems Works released an early demo gameplay trailer of the crossover fighting game featuring the seven confirmed playable characters.
On October 15th, 2017, Weiss Schnee was confirmed to be in the fighting game on the second character introduction trailer of BlazBlue: Cross Tag Battle. The game will be available on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch and Steam platforms.
On January 13th, 2018, Blake Belladonna was confirmed to be in the fighting game as one of 20 confirmed DLC characters on the Arc System Works Fighting Game Award 2017 show for BlazBlue: Cross Tag Battle.
On February 7th, 2018, Blake along with Yang were confirmed to be free DLC characters on the EVO 2018 Special Promotion Trailer for BlazBlue: Cross Tag Battle.
On February 21st, 2018, it was announced that the game will feature an original story of all four franchise's perspectives of RWBY, BlazBlue, Persona 4 Arena, and Under Night In Birth called "Episode Mode".
On April 19th, 2018, a first look of Yang's gameplay was featured on the Arc Nama Stream.
On January 25th, 2019, it was announced that the game will have an arcade version along with a new character that is only available in Japan. The arcade version will be release in Spring 2019.
On May 31st, 2018, Ruby makes a brief cameo in a segment where Sugita, Ragna's Japanese voice actor, imagines Ragna letting Ruby use his weapon while he wields Ruby's weapon, Crescent Rose.
On July 30th, 2018, Yang makes a special guest appearances in Episode 2.
On August 31st, 2018, Ruby makes a special guest appearances in Episode 3.
On October 26th, 2018, Weiss makes a special guest appearances in Episode 4.
On September 15th, 2017, a limited event collaboration between RWBY and Puzzle of Empires was announced. The available playable characters to be obtained are Ruby Rose, Weiss Schnee, Blake Belladonna and Yang Xiao Long. The limited event collaboration was scheduled in October. A limited event collaboration was available on October 13th, 2017 until October 30th, 2017.
Monty Oum had the idea for RWBY for several years, but never got around to acting on it due to the amount of his time dedicated to his work on Red vs. Blue. During the production of Season 10 of Red vs. Blue, Monty decided to develop his idea further and present it to Burnie Burns. After describing the premise of the show as well as giving a description of the character that would become Ruby Rose, Monty received approval for the show.
Some of the animations and concepts Monty used in the series were in development for more than 10 years. For example, the idea for the shotgun nunchucks used by Sun Wukong can be seen in some of Monty's very early animation work. Certain characters and their fighting style, such as Qrow Branwen, also pre-date the show entirely.
Monty pitched the idea for Ruby's character to Burnie as "a badass Red Riding Hood". Fairy tales, literature, mythology and historical figures would later become a source of inspiration for other characters, who are developed with a certain existing basis in mind. However, Monty was careful to note that they are not adaptations, but rather original characters which allude to other works.
The theme of four colors, Red, White, Black and Yellow, each corresponding to four girls, came to Monty in a dream. This color theming would become a core part of the character development process and a key theme in the series itself.
Many characters were designed by Eileen Chang, who followed rough sketches provided by Monty and further developed them into fully-fleshed out character designs.
After receiving approval from Burnie, Monty then enlisted the services of Shane Newville to assist him in animating the show. The show was animated in the software Smith Micro's Poser, which Monty had years of experience and expertise in. The assets were modelled in Autodesk Maya. Motion capture footage was also widely used for animations in the show alongside manual animation.
Kerry Shawcross and Miles Luna were brought on by Monty to be the main writers. Monty assigned the two writers anime homework so that they could have a better idea of what Monty was aiming for. The pair developed characters based on the basic outlines given by Monty, for example, the personalities of Nora Valkyrie and Lie Ren were devised based only on the direction that they were "powerful" and "honorable", respectively. On finding the correct tone and inspiration for the series, Kerry Shawcross cited Grimms' Fairy Tales as well as The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as influences.
The four team members spent many working and off hours, in and out of the office, developing the show. One of the most frequented locations was the local IHOP, where the map of Remnant, the show's setting, was developed by squirting ketchup on a napkin, with blots forming landmasses, in order to create a truly organic and emergent design. Over many such discussions, the long-term plot, world-building and characters of the series were planned out.
The first released videos for RWBY were the four trailers, which were developed mostly by Monty and Shane alone. A larger team of animators, modellers and other artists later joined the RWBY team for the production of Volume 1.
Lindsay Jones was cast as Ruby Rose, with her silliness, but also honesty, being reflected in Ruby.
Kara Eberle was chosen to play Weiss Schnee, as both can be nice, but at the same time "bitchy".
Arryn Zech plays Blake Belladonna because Monty did not know much about Arryn, he had the impression that she was mysterious, just as Blake is in the series.
Barbara Dunkelman voice acts Yang Xiao Long as both do not care what other people think about them.
Many other Rooster Teeth employees landed voice roles in RWBY, with Jack Pattillo cast as Junior Xiong and Michael Jones taking on the role of Sun Wukong. Series creator Monty played Lie Ren until his death after Volume 2 aired, and writer Miles plays Jaune Arc. Other crew working on the show also had a chance to play characters, with Volume 1 Art Director Taylor McNee cast as Penny Polendina and Producer Gray G. Haddock playing Roman Torchwick.
Other actors who have previously worked with Rooster Teeth landed roles, including Shannon McCormick, who had previously voiced Agent Washington in Red vs. Blue, playing Ozpin; and Samantha Ireland, previously the voice of C.T. in Red vs. Blue, being cast as Nora Valkyrie. Kathleen Zuelch, voice of Agent Texas in Red vs. Blue, voices Glynda Goodwitch, and was also a Producer on Volume 1 of RWBY. Voice actress Jen Taylor, the voice of Cortana from Halo, was also contacted for Volume 1 and played Salam, the mysterious narrator. Jessica Nigri, a famous cosplayer, was approached by Monty and cast as Cinder Fall.
The first episode of RWBY Volume 1 premiered at RTX 2013 at the first RWBY Panel in July 2013. Development on later episodes continued during the show's run, with some episodes completed mere weeks before they were aired.
RWBY Volume 1 received several accolades, including the International Academy of Web Television (IAWTV) 2014 Award for Best Animated Series and the 4th Streamy Awards for Best Animated Series and Best Original Score for Jeff Williams.
Volume 3 marked a point where along with Rooster Teeth staffers and collaborators, the cast also got the addition of well-known anime voice actors, such as Vic Mignogna as Qrow Branwen, Elizabeth Maxwell as Winter Schnee, and Yuri Lowenthal as the new voice of Mercury Black.
Development on the second Volume of RWBY was documented by official production diaries, which were released during the hiatus between Volume 1 and 2. The four production diaries covered different sections of the second Volume's development.
Production Diary 1 outlined the pre-production phase of the show, including the writing process and initial table reads.
Production Diary 2 focused on artwork, and followed the design process of Velvet from original concept to the final character model.
Production Diary 3 followed the voice acting for RWBY Volume 2. The diary also included interviews with the voice actors and covered how they get into character. For example, Lindsay takes off her shoes to get into a more childlike mindset, while Barbara basically plays herself, due to her similarity with Yang.
Production Diary 4 focused on final rendering, compositing, sound design and post-production.
A contest was opened for the design of the character Velvet's outfit, in order to recognize the community's contributions and include them to the show. More than 1,300 designs were submitted to the contest, with the winning one selected by Velvet's voice actress Caiti Ward and Monty Oum. A fan art contest was also opened, where some of the submitted fan art was featured in the ending credits of episodes of Volume 2.
During development of the second Volume, the show adopted more subtle, balanced lighting in contrast to the brighter and flatter lighting of the first Volume, and the character models underwent an overhaul. The black silhouette background characters that were present in the first Volume were replaced with fully-rendered procedurally generated models in the second, in order to add more vibrance to the world. Kristina Nguyen, who worked on environmental designs during Volume 1, was the Art Director for Volume 2, and worked closely with the modellers on the environment models and textures.
Returning voice actors included the voice cast of Volume 1, including cosplayer Jessica Nigri, who had a widely expanded role as primary antagonist Cinder, for whom she also performed the motion capture.
Notable additions to the voice cast for Volume 2 included J.J. Castillo as Mercury Black, Katie Newville (animator Shane Newville's wife) as Emerald Sustrai and Ashley Jenkins as Coco Adel. Series writer and co-director Kerry Shawcross was cast as Neptune Vasilias. Jason Rose, a Los Angeles-based filmmaker who had always wanted to work with Monty on a project, also joined the cast as James Ironwood.
Volume 2 again premiered at RTX 2014, which took place from July 4th–6th, 2014.
The Volume 1 Limited Edition theatrical release Japanese DVD/Blu-ray cover. Illustrated by Kuma.
In 2014, it was announced that Warner Bros. Japan had received distribution rights for a Japanese release of RWBY – the first time an American-made anime would be marketed and released in Japan, the birthplace of anime.
The Japanese dub, released in 2015 on Blu-Ray and DVD, included several highly notable names in the Japanese anime voice acting scene, such as Saori Hayami, Yū Shimamura and Ami Koshimizu. The Japanese dub of RWBY Volume 1 was also screened in 6 theaters in Japan on November 14th, 2015. The Blu-Ray disc release was ranked #2 in any category in Japan for the week of December 7th-13th. Some of the Japanese merchandise, including the dubbed DVD and Blu-Ray discs and the Japanese soundtrack release, was also made available through the Rooster Teeth store in the United States following the conclusion of Volume 3.
A manga adaptation of RWBY, drawn by Japanese manga artist and writer Shirow Miwa with oversight from Rooster Teeth, was also announced in 2015, with serialization beginning in the Ultra Jump magazine in November 2015. Also released and distributed by Warner Bros. Japan was an official RWBY Fanbook, including art drawn by numerous professional Japanese manga illustrators.
It was announced in July 2016 that Japanese dubs of RWBY Volumes 2 and 3 would be released in 2016. They were also accompanied by theatrical releases in Japan. Volume 2 was released in theaters from October 1st-14th, 2016 and Volume 3 from December 3rd-16th, 2016.
It was announced on June 13th, 2017 on Comic Toranoana's Twitter account, that RWBY Volume 1–3 Blu-ray was set to be released on September 27th, 2017. The RWBY: Best Vocal Album was released on August 30th, 2017 in Japan.
It was announced on July 3rd, 2017 on Warner Bros' YouTube channel that the Japanese dub of RWBY Volume 4 was released on October 7th-20th, 2017.
On January 22nd, 2015, series creator Monty Oum was hospitalized following a severe allergic reaction during a routine medical procedure, rendering him comatose. Monty was unable to awaken from the coma and passed away on February 1st, 2015, at the age of 33.
While the future of the series was briefly in question, it was announced that RWBY would continue, with Volume 3 of the series to premiere in 2015.
In the lead-up to Volume 3, new crew members were brought on board. Dillon Gu, an animator known for creating Project MONTY, a series of fan animations in tribute to Monty, was hired by Rooster Teeth. New production artist Erin Winn designed many of the characters that appeared in Volume 3, including Team ABRN and Team BRNZ. Some fans of the show also received the chance to design their own original characters, Team NDGO, for backing the Indiegogo campaign for Rooster Teeth's new feature film Lazer Team.
As the series gained popularity, it garnered the attention of famous professional voice actor Vic Mignogna, who approached Rooster Teeth to play a role on the show. Vic would be cast as Qrow Branwen in Volume 3. Other famous professional voice actors involved with the show starting with Volume 3 include Elizabeth Maxwell, the voice of Winter Schnee and Yuri Lowenthal, the new voice of Mercury Black. Rapper Flynt Flossy of Turquoise Jeep Records also voiced the character Flynt Coal. Laura Bailey and Travis Willingham also had cameo roles as minor characters. Notably, Jen Taylor reprised her role from the first Volume.
Rooster Teeth would continue to draw from internal talent to voice characters, with Meg Turney, an established Rooster Teeth personality and host of The Know playing Neon Katt, and animator Yssa Badiola as Ciel Soleil, amongst others. Also joining the cast is Monty's brother Neath Oum, who took over the role of Lie Ren. Some voice actors also provided motion capture performances for other characters, with Barbara performing Winter Schnee's motion capture and Miles doing mocap for Qrow Branwen.
The first episode of Volume 3 premiered on October 24th, 2015. As with previous seasons, production continued during the original run, with animation wrapping on January 22nd, 2016. February 12th, 2016 was the last day of production on RWBY Volume 3.
The third volume of RWBY, especially the sixth episode, entitled "Fall", has been widely noted as being a turning point in the series, adopting a darker tone and more mature subject matter. In response, producer Gray G. Haddock released a statement that viewer discretion was advised for future installments of the series, especially for younger audiences. Gray compared RWBY to Harry Potter, Avatar: The Last Airbender and Star Wars as being a multi-year spanning series that would mature as it continues.
In January 2016, midway through the original run of Volume 3, lead animator and long-time member of the RWBY crew, Shane Newville, left Rooster Teeth.
Volume 4 was announced by Gray G. Haddock on April 1st, 2016, the 13th anniversary of Rooster Teeth's founding. At RTX 2016, the release date was announced as October 22nd, 2016. The shot list and initial storyboarding for the first episode of Volume 4 were underway by May 2016. Voice acting recording sessions for key characters also began by May to June 2016.
Also announced as part of the 13th anniversary celebrations was a lighthearted spin-off show, RWBY Chibi, which began airing on May 7th, 2016. As part of Rooster Teeth's 2016 "Summer of Animation", RWBY Chibi continued to air weekly on Saturday mornings until the start of Volume 4 in the Fall. Completely different animation teams worked on RWBY Volume 4 and RWBY Chibi.
RWBY Volume 4 and RWBY Chibi were animated in Autodesk Maya, unlike previous volumes of RWBY, which were animated in Smith Micro's Poser. Kerry Shawcross cites scalability as one of the advantages of the switch, expanding the number of people capable of working on the team. The new software also made real-time lighting, shadows and other effects feasible.
In addition to the improvements in animation, the visual style of the show was also overhauled, with all character models remade and many of the Grimm redesigned by Erin Winn and remodeled. Concept artist Eileen Chang, who worked on the original concepts for the 4 main characters, was also brought back to create their new timeskip outfits and designs.
The Volume 5 online premiere date, October 14th, 2017 was announced at RTX Austin 2017. In addition, theatrical screenings of the premiere were held through Fathom Events across the United States on October 12th.
Also teased at RTX Austin was a first look at the "Volume 5 Weiss Character Short", which premiered on July 17th, 2017. Character shorts for Blake and Yang premiered on September 4th and October 14th, respectively. Each short gives a flashback while also connecting it to the main timeline.
Volume 5 continued to use Autodesk Maya software, but some visual elements were added. Most notably, a third lighting layer is sometimes in use on characters.
The first concept and writing meetings for Volume 6 began a week after the Volume 5 finale aired. Voice acting recording sessions for key characters began in late May 2018. During development, several people were added or promoted to key positions, including Connor Pickens, who replaced Miles Luna and Gray Haddock as co-director.
In an interview at RTX London 2018, Gray Haddock said matte painting backgrounds, a 2D-asset used often in the production of Rooster Teeth's mecha show gen:LOCK, would be introduced in Volume 6.
Work on Volume 7 began shortly before the finale of Volume 6 aired.
On April 29th, 2012, Monty posted a cryptic RWBY-related tweet - the first time the show was alluded to online.
All character and team names, excluding Ozpin, follow Monty's color naming rule. This means that each character's and team's name is either a color; means a color; sounds like a color; or makes people think of a color.
Promotional material at NYCC 2012 has indicated that Rooster Teeth has been teasing RWBY since October 10th, 2012.
On October 10th, 2013 Monty stated on Twitter that "The first RWBY anything to ever go public was handed out exactly one year ago at NYCC". Following this statement, the Rooster Teeth Twitter account posted a short message "RWBY Day". October 10th was thus dubbed "RWBY Day".
How Would You Open Volume 7?
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0.978041 |
When I say that all the European gods are the same, that the different names of the gods and goddesses are but different faces of the European divine concept, I am often met with ridicule and aggressive contempt. For some reason many refuse to accept that the same divine being is called by different names in different parts of Europe – including in those areas that used to be European or ruled by Europeans, such as Ancient Egypt, Sumer, Persia and the Indus Valley.
The origin of our European religion lies of course in the European race, and tribes belonging to this race have moved about for ages, in Europe, in Asia and even in Africa. They all had their preferences in relation to deity names, they were all influenced by different natural forces, social events, alien races and ideas, so it is no wonder that they all, by the time the settled down somewhere, called the deities by different names. You don't need to be a rocket scientist to figure that out. We all speak different languages for the same reason – and I would be surprised if I was met with ridicule and contempt for claiming that. We all know that as a fact.
E.g. love is love, no matter what language you use to describe it. However, some might name a deity of love after her beauty (Roman Venus, "beautiful") or fairness (Celtic Aine, "brightness, radiance, beauty, glow"), some might name her after the way she was born (Greek Aphrodite, "risen from [sea] foam"), some might name her after the word for love (Scandinavian Freyja, "love, liberty, free"), and others might name her after her other properties, such as one of the animals associated with her, or perhaps some other characteristic of hers (like the Slavo-Scythian Shieba and the Sanskrit Shiva, both meaning "auspicious one"). Love can also be either seen as masculine or feminine, or perhaps both.
We have the word ven (as in Venus) in Norwegian as well, and naturally it means "beautiful" in Norwegian as well, as found in the (Old Norwegian) description of Freyja as a "vana-dis" ("beautiful goddess"). To understand this name you need to know the Greek myth about Paris, who gives an apple to the most beautiful goddess, Aphrodite (Freyja). So why would she not be called the "vana-dis"? She won the contest and is the most beautiful goddess! And why would love not be the most beautiful concept? And is it common to all Europeans or is it a purely Scandinavian concept? Of course it is common to all Europeans! Our goddess of love is the same wherever we live, whatever language we speak and however we build our temples!
When a deity is listed with a different gender than the PIE original deity this simply means that in this particular culture this particular deity was seen as of a different gender. It is however still the same deity. This can play a role for characters born in this particular culture, because the deity will be of a different gender in his culture. See Birth Date (Character Generation & Development).
A few of the names (such as Scandinavian Íðunn from PIE Eduno and Celtic Epona, probably also from PIE Eduno) unveil themselves as being basically the same name, even though they are from different regions and tribes of Europe, but most of the names and their different sound and meaning can be explained by what I wrote in the first part of this article. Naturally this list only includes the names of deities included in the RPG, but you can also find a more comprehensive list of (only the) Scandinavian, proto-Nordic and Greek names in SRAS, if you care to.
To me it is obvious that all the Europeans had a common culture and religion in the past, and I hope that more and more of you begin to share this view with me. This will be important after the soon-to-come (i.e. in the coming years) collapse of the Judeo-Christian civilization, when we (or rather those of us who survive) are to rebuild Europe and reconstruct our common Pagan heritage, for use as our new European culture, world view and religion. We must make sure that we unite as a race, in a European tribal confederacy, and for all future stop all slaughter of racial brethren. Our race is our nation, and Europe is our homeland!
May I add that there is no reason to reconstruct what is lost just for the sake of reconstructing it. We must do so because we have very good reasons indeed to reconstruct our ancient culture, our world view and our traditions; Paganism was really valuable, positive and good for us, because it was in accordance with our European blood and spirit, and it generated positive energies and cultivated honour in us. If we want any form of harmony and peace of mind we need to have a mind working with our European nature, not against it.
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0.994652 |
why did you use a score for a well?
Out of habit. I had the unofficial Wells expansion in mind.
One more question. If blue or red or green players had a big meeple instead of regular meeple, then he would win the tie and get all the points. Is it right?
You are right. If one of the blue, red or green players had a big meeple instead of a regular one, there will be no tie and the hill would have no impact on the majority count either. The player with the big meeple would then get the points all alone.
If at the end of the game a meeple of any player was on the tile of the cathedral, this player would get (24+1+1)=26 points. Is it right?
* The finished road with the labytinth has 12 tiles (the Halfling tiles are counted individually). Each tile gets 2 points due to the inn on the road --> 24 points.
* The road segments on the Cathedral tile are counted separately, so besides the road segment part of the closed road containing the labyrinth, the other two road segments on the cathedral tile have to be considered. They count as two 1-tile unfinished roads --> 1 + 1 points.
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0.997355 |
Guy: Your eyes are like the stars.
Girl: Is it because the way they sparkle?
Guy: No because they are really far apart.
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0.99996 |
What is the best way to measure the power of a laser that is, unfortunately, not stable, where the power is drifting upwards or downwards. I am making a measurement taking readings by hand and logging to computer?
The best way to measure in such a condition is to take statistics of a number of readings. In order for the sample to be truly random, you should a given intervals look at the reading and take it down as seen with no attempt to wait for it to stabilize or reach a "better" value.
Setting your thermal sensor up in energy mode for the best accuracy and repeatability.
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0.949622 |
One of the world's most famous and distinguished actresses, Dame Maggie Smith was born Margaret Natalie Smith in Essex. Her Scottish mother, Margaret (Hutton), worked as a secretary, and her English father, Nathaniel Smith, was a teacher at Oxford University. Smith has been married twice: to actor Robert Stephens and to playwright Beverley Cross. Her marriage to Stephens ended in divorce in 1974. She was married to Cross until his death in 1999. She had two sons with Stephens, Chris Larkin and Toby Stephens who are also actors.
Maggie Smith's career began at the Oxford Playhouse in the 1950s. She made her film debut in 1956 as one of the party guests in Child in the House (1956). She has since performed in over sixty films and television series with some of the most prominent actors and actresses in the world. These include: Othello (1965) with Laurence Olivier, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969), California Suite (1978) with Michael Caine and Jane Fonda, A Room with a View (1985), Richard III (1995) with Ian McKellen and Jim Broadbent, Franco Zeffirelli's Tea with Mussolini (1999) with Judi Dench, Joan Plowright and Cher and Gosford Park (2001) with Kristin Scott Thomas and Clive Owen, directed by Robert Altman. Maggie Smith has also been nominated for an Oscar six times and won twice, for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969) and California Suite (1978).
Most recently, Smith has appeared in the very successful 'Harry Potter' franchise as the formidable Professor McGonagall.
Smith is a breast cancer survivor.
Her most recent role has been in Julian Fellowes' ITV drama series, Downton Abbey (2010) (2010-2011) as the Dowager Countess of Grantham.
Has often played grumpy, acid-witted ladies in the second half of her career.
Director Agnieszka Holland admired Maggie Smith for years before making The Secret Garden (1993). She knew of Smith's talents and immediately offered her the role of Mrs. Medlock.
She was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1970 Queen's New Year Honours List and the DBE (Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1990 Queen's New Year Honours List for her services to drama.
Created an honorary D.Litt of the Universities of St Andrews and Cambridge in 1971 and 1995 respectively.
She ranked tenth in the 2001 Orange Film Survey of greatest British film actresses.
Mother-in-law of actress Anna-Louise Plowman.
She was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 2000 (1999 season) for Best Actress for her performance in "The Lady in the Van" at the Queen's Theatre.
She was nominated for a 1998 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Actress of the 1997 season for her performance in "A Delicate Balance" at the Haymarket Theatre.
She was awarded the 1984 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress for her performance in "The Way of the World".
She was awarded the 1981 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?".
She was awarded the 1994 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Three Tall Women".
Portrayed by Ian McKellen on Saturday Night Live (1975).
In 2003, she became the seventeenth performer to win the Triple Crown of acting. Oscars: Best Actress, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969) & Best Supporting Actress, California Suite (1978), Tony: Best Actress - Play, "Lettice and Lovage" (1990), and Emmy: Best Actress - Miniseries/Movie, My House in Umbria (2003).
Is a good friend of Judi Dench.
Worked with Laurence Olivier in the 1960s at the National Theatre.
Her father Nathaniel was a Geordie and a pathologist. Her mother Margaret was a Glaswegian and a secretary.
Her twin brothers Ian and Alistair are six years older than she is. They are both architects.
Won Broadway's 1990 Tony Award as Best Actress (Play) for "Lettice and Lovage." She was also nominated twice before in the same category: for a revival of Noël Coward's "Private Lives" in 1975, and for "Night and Day" in 1980.
Educated at the High School for Girls in Oxford, she started out in the theater as a prompt girl and understudy at the Oxford Repertory. She claims she never went on as no one ever fell ill.
Made her stage debut with the Oxford University Dramatic Society as Viola in Shakespare's "Twelfth Night." Bird-dogged by an American theatrical impresario, the part led to her being cast in her Broadway debut in "New Faces of 1956."
Had to change her stage name to "Maggie Smith" as there already was an actress named "Margaret Smith" at the time she started in the profession.
Appeared with Laurence Olivier in "Rhinoceros" in the English Stage Company's 1960 London production. Olivier pronounced her acting "Marvelous.".
Was a member of the Old Vic Company from 1959 to 1963, when the company was dissolved. It served as the basis for the new National Theatre being organized by Laurence Olivier, whom invited her to join. She gave a memorable performance as Desdemona opposite Olivier's Othello at The National Theatre's temporary home at the Old Vic theater building in 1964. Repeating the performance in the 1965 film made of that production, she won a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award nomination, her first of six Oscar nods.
Is one of only a few actresses to win a Best Supporting Actress Oscar after winning a Best Actress Oscar.
While filming Death on the Nile (1978), aboard ship, no one was allowed his or her own dressing room, so she shared a dressing room with Bette Davis and Angela Lansbury.
Was the first of 4 consecutive winners of the Best Supporting Actress Oscar to have the initials 'M.S.', the others being: Meryl Streep - Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Mary Steenburgen - Melvin and Howard (1980), and Maureen Stapleton - Reds (1981).
Is a vice-president of Chichester Cinema at New Park. Anita Roddick and Kenneth Branagh are also vice-presidents.
One of the first people to have a star on the Avenue of Stars - a British version of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven other "Harry Potter" actors also have one.
She and her first husband, Robert Stephens, appeared together in "Much Ado About Nothing". In 1993, Kenneth Branagh and Emma Thompson, who were also married at the time, played the same roles. Smith later worked with both Branagh and Thompson in the "Harry Potter" films.
Has been in three films that have the word "secret" in their titles: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002), The Secret Garden (1993) and Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood (2002).
She was made a Fellow of the British Film Institute in recognition of her outstanding contribution to film culture.
Devoted to author Jane Austen and her work.
Has played fictional fascists twice: first Jean Brodie in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969) and then Lady Hester Random in Tea with Mussolini (1999).
Was a good friend of "Carry On" star Kenneth Williams.
In 2008, it was reported that she was fighting breast cancer. She has had a tumor removed and undergone chemotherapy.
At the Oscars in 2002, Whoopi Goldberg introduced her, Will Smith, and Jada Pinkett Smith as "The Smith Family".
She appeared in "The Master Builder" with Michael Redgrave and Celia Johnson (who had replaced the recently deceased Diana Wynyard) as part of the new National Theatre Company in 1964. She and Johnson would later appear together in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969).
Not only does she frequently work with Judi Dench, but they have also both worked with each other's children. Maggie worked with Finty Williams in Gosford Park (2001), while Dench worked with Toby Stephens in Die Another Day (2002).
Is one of 17 actresses to have won the Triple Crown of Acting (an Oscar, Emmy, and Tony); the others in chronological order are: Helen Hayes, Ingrid Bergman, Shirley Booth, Liza Minnelli, Rita Moreno, Maureen Stapleton, Jessica Tandy, Audrey Hepburn, Anne Bancroft, Vanessa Redgrave, Ellen Burstyn, Helen Mirren, Frances McDormand, Jessica Lange, Viola Davis and Glenda Jackson.
During the time she was cast in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969), producers approached her for further film roles in Cactus Flower (1969) and Mary, Queen of Scots (1971) but she turned them down as she wanted to limit her film work and focus more on theater.
Grandmother to Daisy (b. July 2006) and Nathaniel (b. December 2008) via son Chris Larkin, and to Eli (b. May 2007), Tallulah (b. May 2009), and Kura (b. September 2010) via son Toby Stephens.
Gave birth to her first child at age 32, a son Christopher Stephens (aka Chris Larkin), on June 19, 1967. Child's father is her boyfriend (now late ex-first husband), Robert Stephens.
Gave birth to her 2nd child at age 34, a son Toby Stephens on April 21, 1969. Child's father is her now late ex-1st husband, Robert Stephens.
She appeared in two movies by the same title: Quartet (1981) and Quartet (2012).
The fight scene between her and Alan Rickman in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011) was almost scrapped during the script process of the film. Her character was to be written out of the scene and replaced by another character. However, author 'J.K Rowling' insisted that the fight should involve the same characters as those in the novel, as she saw it as a key moment for Smith's character. The scene was filmed when Smith was 76 years old.
Is one of 14 Best Actress Oscar winners to have not accepted their Academy Award in person, Smith's being for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969). The others are Katharine Hepburn, Claudette Colbert, Joan Crawford, Judy Holliday, Vivien Leigh, Anna Magnani, Ingrid Bergman, Sophia Loren, Anne Bancroft, Patricia Neal, Elizabeth Taylor, Glenda Jackson and Ellen Burstyn.
Was the 68th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969) at The 42nd Annual Academy Awards (1970) on April 7, 1970.
She was awarded the CH (Companion of Honour) in the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours List for her services to Drama.
Completed filming Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009) whilst undergoing radio-therapy as treatment for breast cancer.
Although she played Nigel Hawthorne, John Wood and Ian McKellen's mother in Richard III (1995), she was more than five years younger than Hawthorne, four years younger than Wood and less than five years older than McKellen.
Is one of 25 actresses to have won an Academy Award for their performance in a comedy; hers being for California Suite (1978). The others, in chronological order, are: Claudette Colbert (It Happened One Night (1934)), Loretta Young (The Farmer's Daughter (1947)), Josephine Hull (Harvey (1950)), Judy Holliday (Born Yesterday (1950)), Audrey Hepburn (Roman Holiday (1953)), Goldie Hawn (Cactus Flower (1969)), Glenda Jackson (A Touch of Class (1973)), Lee Grant (Shampoo (1975)), Diane Keaton (Annie Hall (1977)), Mary Steenburgen (Melvin and Howard (1980)), Jessica Lange (Tootsie (1982)), Olympia Dukakis (Moonstruck (1987)), Cher (Moonstruck (1987)), Jessica Tandy (Driving Miss Daisy (1989)), Mercedes Ruehl (The Fisher King (1991)), Marisa Tomei (My Cousin Vinny (1992)), Dianne Wiest (Bullets Over Broadway (1994)) Mira Sorvino (Mighty Aphrodite (1995)), Frances McDormand (Fargo (1996)), Helen Hunt (As Good as It Gets (1997)), Judi Dench (Shakespeare in Love (1998)), Gwyneth Paltrow (Shakespeare in Love (1998)), Penélope Cruz (Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)), and Jennifer Lawrence (Silver Linings Playbook (2012)).
Her guest appearance on The Graham Norton Show: Bradley Cooper/Sienna Miller/Dame Maggie Smith/Alex Jennings (2015) marked her first appearance on a TV talk show since she guested on Parkinson: Episode #2.33 (1973) 42 years earlier.
She was not present to collect her first Oscar, for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969); it was accepted on her behalf by Alice Ghostley, who inadvertently credited the direction of the film to its producer, Robert Fryer.
Delivered her sons Chris Larkin and Toby Stephens via Caesarean section as they were both in the breech position.
Her twin brothers Ian and Alistair were born in 1928. Alistair died in 1981.
Daughter of Nathaniel (1902-1991) and Margaret Hutton (née Little) Smith (1896-1977).
Dame Maggie has won the most BAFTA best film actress awards, winning four in total. She won three years running for A Private Function, A Room with a View, and the Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne. Her first best actress win was for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, and she also so won best supporting actress for Tea with Mussolini.
Pictured on one of a set of eight British commemorative postage stamps celebrating the 200th anniversary of The Old Vic Theatre, issued 30 August 2018. The stamp shows Smith in a 1970 performance of Hedda Gabler. Other performers appearing on stamps in this set are Laurence Olivier, Glenda Jackson, Albert Finney, John Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Sharon Benson, Judi Dench, John Stride, and Richard Burton.
Won Actress of the Year Award at the Variety Club Awards in 1972 for her performance in 'Private Lives'.
One went to school, one wanted to act, one started to act, and one's still acting.
"Jude is the most incredibly level person. Generous, understanding. All the things I'd have to work very hard at, Jude is like that all the time. I would love to be like that. And working with Jude you have to try to remember that you ought to be like that" [on her friend Judi Dench].
The performances you have in your head are always much better than the performances on stage.
"I still miss him so much it's ridiculous. People say it gets better but it doesn't. It just gets different, that's all. Even in my dream I kept saying to him, 'You are dead. You can't be here'" [on her second husband, Beverley Cross].
I like the ephemeral thing about theatre, every performance is like a ghost - it's there and then it's gone.
I wanted to be a serious actress, but of course that didn't really happen. I did Desdemona [at the National, opposite Olivier] with great discomfort and was terrified all the time. But then everyone was terrified of Larry.
My career is chequered. Then I think I got pigeon-holed in humour; Shakespeare is not my thing.
I tend to head for what's amusing because a lot of things aren't happy. But usually you can find a funny side to practically anything.
[on roles] "When you get into the granny era, you're lucky to get anything."
It's true I don't tolerate fools, but then they don't tolerate me, so I am spiky. Maybe that's why I'm quite good at playing spiky elderly ladies.
I've won two Oscars and I still don't begin to understand film acting.
[on whether she will miss filming Harry Potter now that the series is completed] No, it was 10 years, and that's a lot.
Glenn Close isn't an actress - she's an address.
One kid once said to me, he said "Were you... were you really a cat?" And I heard myself say "Just pull yourself together."
If I could attend Hogwarts as a student, I would be most excited to attend the potions class taught by Severus because it is the most exotic.
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0.999999 |
What all can I recover in a personal injury lawsuit?
In a personal injury lawsuit, you can recover money damages to compensate you for your lost income past, present and future, pain and suffering past, present and future along with other losses or damages that are the fault of the person or company that injured you. You may also be able to recover punitive damages. Of course, recovery of any damages depends on adequate proof that of your injuries as well as that they were caused by someone else's fault.
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0.999921 |
Where is the the DPRK?
DPRK stands for Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn’gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk).
In the UK it’s more commonly referred to as North Korea.
It is a country in East Asia, in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The capital and largest city is Pyongyang. North Korea shares a land border with China to the north and north-west, along the Amnok (Yalu) and Tumen rivers. A small section of the Tumen River also forms North Korea’s short border with Russia to the northeast. The Korean Demilitarized Zone marks the boundary between North Korea and South Korea. The legitimacy of this border is not accepted by either side, as both states claim to be the legitimate government of the entire peninsula.
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0.971708 |
The Delaware shore offers 30 miles of unspoiled coastline and some of the East Coast's most beautiful beaches along the Atlantic Ocean. Discover why the Rehoboth Beach area area is called "The Nation's Summer Capital" as you can explore peaceful beaches only minutes away from our resort.
While Rehoboth Beach, and its lively boardwalk and bandstand, is the most well known beach, Dewey Beach and Bethany Beach provide their own unique experience and oceanfront charm.
Each beach has its own style and vibe, with activities for every lifestyle. Pick your destination and make memories in this east coast refuge for summer fun.
See what makes the charming resort town of Rehoboth Beach the most visited city in the area. Enjoy eateries, shops, free concerts, and rides along the mile-long boardwalk. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Rehoboth Beach is a vibrant spot in the middle of the Mid-Atlantic summertime excitement.
Explore the mile-long, two block-wide strip of land between the Atlantic Ocean and Rehoboth Bay when you go to Dewey Beach. Dewey Beach is known for its buzzing nightlife scene, wide, sandy beaches and exciting water sports including parasailing, surfing, and Jet-Ski rides, making this place a top vacation spot for friends and families.
If you're looking for a smaller, more quiet beach, Bethany Beach will do the trick. Bordered to the east by free public beaches and to the north by Delaware Seashore State Park, there is no shortage of family-friendly fun to be had. Take a stroll along the Joseph Olson Boardwalk, work on your tan on the beach, and enjoy kayaking.
There will be no beach fee and your use of the beach is free. Take advantage of the wonderful opportunities you have to relax on the beach, go for a swim, take a stroll along the boardwalk, and see what the wonderful shops and restaurants around have to offer at Rehoboth Beach and Dewey Beach.
When is the best time to visit Delaware Beaches?
The best time to hit the beach is in the summer, preferably in the daylight hours, where you can work up a sweat in the heat before cooling off in the water or laying out on the beach. However, there is plenty to do around Rehoboth Beach and Dewey Beach when the sun goes down as well.
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0.971018 |
How to handle tracks in a backfacing 2d runner game?
I am looking to make a 2D back-facing runner game similar to Danger Dash.
I understand how to approach most of the game but the one thing I am confused on how to approach is the generating the track the player runs on and making it curve up, down left and right. From what I can tell, its something similar to how old racing games like pole position handle their tracks but I don't think that is the right approach.
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0.999569 |
On the attack side, adversarial perturbations now work in physical form (if you print out the image and then take a picture) and they can also interfere with image segmentation. This has some disturbing implications for fooling vision systems in self-driving cars, such as impeding them from recognizing pedestrians. Adversarial examples are also effective at sabotaging neural network policies in reinforcement learning at test time.
In more encouraging news, adversarial examples are not entirely transferable between different models. For targeted examples, which aim to be misclassified as a specific class, the target class is not preserved when transferring to a different model. For example, if an image of a school bus is classified as a crocodile by the original model, it has at most 4% probability of being seen as a crocodile by another model. The paper introduces an ensemble method for developing adversarial examples whose targets do transfer, but this seems to only work well if the ensemble includes a model with a similar architecture to the new model.
On the defense side, there were some new methods for detecting adversarial examples. One method augments neural nets with a detector subnetwork, which works quite well and generalizes to new adversaries (if they are similar to or weaker than the adversary used for training). Another approach analyzes adversarial i mages using PCA, and finds that they are similar to normal images in the first few thousand principal components, but have a lot more variance in later components. Note that the reverse is not the case – adding arbitrary variation in trailing components does not necessarily encourage misclassification.
There has also been progress in scaling adversarial training to larger models and data sets, which also found that higher-capacity models are more resistant against adversarial examples than lower-capacity models. My overall impression is that adversarial attacks are still ahead of adversarial defense, but the defense side is starting to catch up.
Adversarial perturbations are quite scare to be honest. Thank you for the wrap up!
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0.997739 |
What a tender detail it is when that special someone who loves you sends a text messages at night just before you go to bed. We are all waiting and wishing for a sign of affection, because knowing that our partner thinks of us at every moment is very nice.
In the following article you will find a list of phrases that we have developed especially for saying good night to our beloved one. Do not hesitate of sending a nice message, for your partner will be glad to know that he or she is next to someone so loving and detailed. Check the list and copy the messages you want.
:: "It's time to sleep, and I know you look and feel beautiful. I send you a kiss thinking about you and hoping to see you again in my dreams. Good night, my love".
:: "Good evening to all, rest and tomorrow wake up with your energies recharged. See you again tomorrow!"
:: "When stars shine in the sky, I think you're next to me. Good night, my darling. In my dreams I will go and get you."
:: "As much as I love you every day, in my dreams at night I do not stop loving you. Sweet dreams, my love. Have a good night."
:: "Goodnight, my love, rest and sleep well. Tomorrow is another day and I'll see you even more radiant than ever, I love you forever, my life."
:: "I think about you every night before I go to sleep, this time is no exception, as I miss you, my sweet love. See you tomorrow and I hope you to have beautiful dreams, for you truly deserve them."
:: "You are the only one in my heart, rests so we can meet again tomorrow. I love you, my sweet love, have a good night."
:: "Friends, good night; may Morpheus give you the present of having the best dreams, and wake up tomorrow with your energies recharged with positivism to finish the day. See you tomorrow."
:: "Sweet dreams, my dear, that the light of the stars illuminate your dreams. Tonight, like all other nights, you will be part of mine. I love you, my beloved."
:: "Because only you give meaning to my life, you are the person that I love and respect. Thanks for being by my side. Good night, my sweet love."
:: "Sleep well, for this was a tiring day, but tomorrow we expect many surprises. Good night to all my friends."
:: "Never doubt my love, for I will always provide you with fervor. Have a very good night, my love. I'll be thinking of you tomorrow and all day long. Sweet dreams."
Now you know it, sending a nice message before sleeping gives us a very special display of affection. Send your partner a goodnight message and have her sleeping thinking about you, you will see that you will make her very glad.
Love must be shown forever, even if your relationship has been going on for a long time. Do not let that spark go off and give her a token of love, for it will always make her smile. Come back soon for more posts, we’ll be waiting for you with many more. See you soon, remember that all of our phrases are free!
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0.999974 |
Behavioral techniques to compliment hearing problems in you autistic child.
Hearing problems and autism seem to have a strong correlation in the literature. A large percentage of children with autism or autism spectrum disorder have a history of ear infections, tubes in the ears, colds and allergies. The following is a list of behavioral techniques such as structuring the environment, self-care skills training, training technique that can be helpful, things to observe in your child and referrals to specialist that might contribute to increases in learning basic skills for the child.
1. The environment might be structured free of allergens or bacteria in order to reduce the chances of colds or allergies. For example, an air purifier might be utilized, lysol spray may be useful frequently, shampoo the rugs, eliminate the use of pillows that are not hypoallergenic (ex. feather pillows), frequent dusting and cleaning of furniture and changing the air filter.
2. Secondly, during routine self-care skills such as bathing steps should be taken to reduce the likelihood of ear problems allergies or infections. For example, keeping the ears dry after bathing seems to be essential. This can be done by blow drying on a warm or cool setting after the bath, towel drying the hair throughly, using q-tips as instructed by your doctor, combing the hair back away from the ears if it is left damp, using hair pins or headband to keep the hair away from ears.
3. Referrals to Otolgist, ENT and Allergist should be considered in order to rule out or address these possible problems.
4. Parents and caregivers should try to speak clearly, loudly and have eye contact when teaching the child or communicating to assure that any medical issues with hearing are overcome if possible.
5. Finally, parents should be aware that any infection or allergy may reoccur so the above steps should be continued and follow-up with doctors is important in order to maintain the health of the child and increase the probability that he learns new skills and understands what is being said when you speak to the child.
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The party's name derives from the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, a rebel movement formed in 1893. After undergoing various transformations, the original organization was suppressed in the 1930s, at which time the territory of the current Republic of Macedonia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . The VMRO–DPMNE claims ideological descent from the old VMRO.
Following the death of Josip Broz Tito in 1980, SFR Yugoslavia began to disintegrate and democratic politics were revived in Macedonia. Many exiles returned to the newly independent Republic of Macedonia from abroad, and a new generation of young Macedonian intellectuals rediscovered the history of Macedonian nationalism. In these circumstances it was not surprising that the name of the famed Macedonian rebels was revived. Under the name VMRO–DPMNE, the party was founded on June 17 1990 in Skopje .
After the first multi-party elections in 1990, VMRO–DPMNE became the strongest party in the Parliament. It did not form a government because it did not achieve a majority of seats; this forced it to form a coalition with an ethnic Albanian party, but it refused to do so. The party boycotted the second round of the 1994 elections claiming fraud in the first round. At the Kičevo Congress in 1995, deciding that it could not gain international support to form a government as a nationalist party, VMRO–DPMNE became a moderate party with a Christian Democratic orientation. After winning the 1998 election, VMRO–DPMNE surprised many people when finally forming a coalition government with an ethnic Albanian party, the Democratic Party of Albanians. After their victory in the elections, they formed a new government with Ljubco Georgievski as Prime Minister. In 1999, VMRO–DPMNE's candidate Boris Trajkovski was elected President, completing VMRO–DPMNE's takeover. Once in office, Trajkovski adopted a more moderate policy than expected.
In 2002 VMRO–DPMNE's government was defeated at the legislative elections. In an alliance with the Liberal Party of Macedonia, VMRO–DPMNE won 28 out of 120 seats. In 2004 Trajkovski died in a plane crash and Branko Crvenkovski was elected President, defeating the VMRO–DPMNE's candidate Saško Kedev.
The first President of the VMRO–DPMNE and its founder was Ljubco Georgievski, and the current president of the party is Nikola Gruevski.
The party became the largest party in Parliament again after a net gain of over a dozen seats in the July 5, 2006 parliamentary elections. With 44 of 120 seats, the party formed a government in coalition with the Democratic Party of Albanians.
In May 15, 2007, the party became an observer-member of the European People's Party (EPP).
On the 1st of June, 2008, following the dismissal of the Macedonian Parliamenton the 12 April, 2008, early parliamentary elections were held.The elections were followed by series of violent incidents in the north-western parts of Macedonia by the Albanian minority, which has a national majority in those parts of Macedonia, while in the other parts of the country, the elections were followed in peaceful, fair anddemocratic atmosphere. The results were victorious for VMRO–DPMNE and for its leader and prime minister of the Republic of Macedonia, Nikola Gruevski.In the 120 seats Parliament, VMRO–DPMNE won 63 seats, enough to form its own government, and by that, the party won 4 more years of dominance inthe Macedonian Parliament (mandate period 2008-2012) and government control. The acting President of the Republic of Macedonia(mandate period 2004-2009), Branko Crvenkovski, acknowledged the victory of VMRO–DPMNE on the 1st of June, 2008 parliamentary elections,and after the Parliament constituted itself on the 21st of June, 2008, the President Branko Crvenkovski on the 23rd of June, 2008gave the VMRO–DPMNE's leader and current and future prime minister Nikola Gruevski the mandate to form the newGovernment of the Republic of Macedonia (mandate period 2008-2012).
In 2009, the party had another two major successes. While the VMRO–DPMNE-led coalition "For a better Macedonia" won in 56 out of 84 municipalities, the party's proposed presidential candidate Gjorge Ivanov also won the presidential election.
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He was Hitler's favourite Nazi commando, famously rescuing Mussolini from an Italian hilltop fortress, and was known as "the most dangerous man in Europe".
After World War Two, he landed in Argentina and became a bodyguard for Eva Perón, with whom he was rumoured to have had an affair.
So when Otto Skorzeny arrived in Ireland in 1959, having bought a rural farmhouse in County Kildare, it caused much intrigue.
At 6ft 4in and 18 stone, known as 'scarface' due to a distinctive scar on his left cheek, Skorzeny was an easily recognisable figure as he popped into the local post office.
In Irish press reports at the time Skorzeny was portrayed as a glamorous cloak and dagger figure, as Dublin-based journalist Kim Bielenberg recalls.
"Skorzeny was depicted as the Third Reich's Scarlet Pimpernel. The tone in newspaper articles was one of admiration rather than repulsion.
"He seemed to be admired for his military prowess," he said.
But concerns about why this pin-up boy of the Nazi party had come to the country led to questions in the Irish parliament. What was Skorzeny doing there? Did he intend to start Nazi activities in Ireland?
Born in Vienna in 1908, Otto Skorzeny joined the Austrian Nazi party in the early 1930s. At the outbreak of WW2 he was initially involved in fighting on the Eastern Front, taking part in the German invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union.
By April 1943, he had been made head of German special forces, in charge of a unit of elite SS commandos.
When Hitler's ally Benito Mussolini was overthrown and imprisoned in Italy, Skorzeny was chosen by Hitler to lead the rescue mission.
With this success, Skorzeny further enhanced his reputation with Hitler and was promoted to major.
He gained international renown when Mussolini was paraded in front of the media with Skorzeny at his side. Winston Churchill even described the mission as "one of great daring".
He became the Nazis' go-to man for such operations. Another occurred in 1944 when Skorzeny and his men captured the son of the Hungarian regent, Admiral Horthy. Securing Miklós Horthy Jr after a brief fire fight, Skorzeny's team then rolled him up in a carpet and put him on a plane to Berlin.
Skorzeny's last major mission in WW2 was during the Ardennes offensive (more commonly known as the Battle of the Bulge), in December 1944.
Skorzeny commanded Operation Greif, where English-speaking Germans dressed in American uniforms used disguised tanks to get behind Allied lines.
The plan caused confusion and panic among the Allies.
Rumours spread that Skorzeny's men were planning to assassinate General Eisenhower, with the increased security leaving Eisenhower temporarily confined to his Versailles headquarters during Christmas week.
Ten days after Hitler took his own life in May 1945, Skorzeny surrendered to the Americans.
At Dachau in 1947 he stood trial for war crimes, but the case collapsed and Skorzeny was acquitted.
Skorzeny still had to answer charges from other countries and remained held as a prisoner of war. Typically, he escaped - with the help of former SS comrades.
He ended up in Madrid and set up an import/export agency. Although much of its business was legitimate, this was said to have been a front for Skorzeny's involvement in organising the escape of wanted Nazis from Europe to South America.
Indisputably, Skorzeny made many trips to Argentina, where he met Argentinean President Juan Perón and even became a bodyguard to Perón's wife Eva, reportedly foiling an attempt on her life.
Skorzeny travelled from Madrid to Ireland in June 1957, where he had been invited to Portmarnock Country Club hotel in County Dublin.
Kim Bielenberg reflects on the welcome Skorzeny received at the reception held in his honour.
"He was feted by the Dublin social glitterati, including a young politician, Charles Haughey, who was later to become Ireland's most controversial prime minister."
"According to the Evening Press account, 'the ballroom was packed with representatives of various societies, professional men and, of course, several TDs [parliamentary representatives]'," the journalist said.
Bielenberg believes this warm welcome may have encouraged him to buy Martinstown House, a 160 acre farm and mansion in the Curragh, County Kildare, in 1959 and assesses the impression Skorzeny created with the locals.
"He could be seen driving across the Curragh in a white Mercedes and would visit the local post office for groceries.
"Reggie Darling, a local historian, told me he remembered coming across Skorzeny on the Curragh.
"He recalled him as a big man who stood out because of the scar across his face (which was the result of a duelling contest as a student), but that he wasn't particularly friendly and he didn't really mix with local people," he said.
Rumours and conjecture surrounded Skorzeny's regular visits to Ireland over the coming years.
Documents at the Irish National Archives in Dublin reveal that he was granted temporary visas to stay in Ireland, on the undertaking that he would not enter Britain.
State records from 1958 mention his indignation at the continual refusal of the British authorities to allow him entry.
Newspaper reports in the 1960s alleged that Skorzeny had opened up an escape route for ex-Nazis in Spain and that his farm in Ireland was a place where fleeing Nazis could hide, but no evidence was found to substantiate this claim.
In the post-war period, Europe was still haunted by the spectre of Nazism and there were concerns that it would return as a political force.
With that in mind, the former Irish minister for health Noel Browne was very concerned about Skorzeny's presence in Ireland and raised the matter in the Irish parliament (Dáil), in 1959.
The minister expressed concern that Skorzeny was engaging in "anti-Semitic activities".
On another occasion Browne told the Dáil: "It is generally understood that this man plays some part (in neo-Nazi activities) and, if so, he should not be allowed to use Ireland for that purpose."
There were a number of memos and letters involving Irish government departments, such as the Department of Justice and the Department of External Affairs, addressing concerns about Skorzeny's presence in Ireland.
When interviewed, Skorzeny denied that he was involved in Nazi activities or politics.
He said that he would like to buy horses and that one day he wished to retire to Ireland. But that did not happen and he was never granted a permanent Irish visa.
He lived out his remaining years in Madrid, where he died of cancer in 1975.
Skorzeny never denounced Nazism and was buried by his former comrades with his coffin draped in the Nazi colours.
In addition to Skorzeny, a number of high-profile Nazis, including Albert Folens and Helmut Clissman, came to Ireland in the aftermath of WW2.
In Hidden History: Ireland's Nazis, a 2007 documentary by Irish state broadcaster RTÉ, presenter Cathal O'Shannon estimated that between 100 and 200 Nazis moved to Ireland.
O'Shannon, who was an Irish-born Royal Air Force (RAF) veteran, described how he felt that anti-British sentiment in Ireland led to Nazis receiving a warmer welcome than he did when he came home after the war.
Kim Bielenberg believes it is important to consider the context of the time.
"They must have felt reasonably welcome, and were probably left alone, or even feted, as Skorzeny was. I am not sure that the full horror of Nazi atrocities had sunk in in Ireland," he said.
"There also may have been an attitude among certain nationalists that 'my enemy's enemy is my friend'. Irish attitudes to Nazis changed from the 1970s on, as issues such as the Holocaust entered public consciousness."
For Bielenberg there is also a personal link to Skorzeny, as he explains.
"Skorzeny was involved in rounding up and torturing members of the German resistance after their attempt on Hitler's life. One of these plotters was my own grandfather, Fritz von der Schulenburg", he said.
"After he was arrested with other resistance leaders, Skorzeny arrived and pulled off their military badges. The plotters were then forced to listen to a speech given by Hitler on the radio, confirming that the fuhrer was indeed still alive and well.
"My grandfather was executed in Berlin in August 1944."
"My mother came to live in Ireland and married the son of Peter and Christabel Bielenberg, associates of senior resistance figures. She lived in the same county as Skorzeny.
"I only discovered the house's past and the Skorzeny link when I went to dinner there with my German family just after her death."
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Rosary bracelets are handmade with Gemstones, antique reproduction bronze miraculous medals, and bronze crucifix charm. I make rosary bracelets for men and women. A rosary bracelet makes a beautiful and affordable gift! Click on one of the two styles of construction: The Beaded Rosary bracelets are made with Flexible stainless steel wire, and the Heirloom Rosary bracelets are hand-turned with solid wire construction.
A rosary bracelet made with deep Purple Crazy Lace Agate gemstones.
The size in the photo is 7.5" (average size for women) but I can make this in any length (7-9"). Measure your wrist and add 1 inch to find your best length.
This rosary bracelet is made with 8mm Azurite Lapis Lazuli gemstone beads for the Hail Mary beads and Our Father bead.
The crucifix and miraculous metal are beautifully detailed. They are solid bronze, hand cast from antique pieces.
The bracelet is strung on Jewelers wire---49 strand of stainless steel that is nylon coated. It has a 26lb tensile strength and is very strong.
This beautiful semi-precious gemstone bracelet is also a one decade rosary. The Hail Marys are Red Tigereye gemstones, as is the Our Father bead.The crucifix and miraculous metal are beautifully detailed. They are solid bronze, hand cast from antique pieces.
The bracelet is 7 1/2" long. To find your bracelet length, measure your wrist and add 1 inch. Contact me for free adjustment.
This bracelet is available. There are natural variations in the beads from those pictured. I make every attempt to make it as similar as possible..
A rosary bracelet made for men with Black onyx, bronze medals, and bronze beads.
Photo will soon be changed to a Toggle Clasp. The bracelet with magnet is sold out. Feel free to order the lobster claw clasp instead. Just make a note of it in checkout.
Larger sizes will be made in the design picture below this one.
St Therese Medal Rosary Bracelet with Pink Lepidolite gemstones. This St Therese of Liseux medal is an antique reproduction which gives this rosary bracelet vintage charm.
The front of the medal says St. Therese of Liseux. The back of the medal says,"Je veux passer mon ciel a faire du bien a sur la Terre". Which translate to "I will spend my heaven doing good on Earth."
The bracelet is secured with a antiqued solid brass toggle clasp that is a perfect size for the bracelet and stays put better than other toggle clasps of larger size.
The bracelet is strung on Stainless Steel Flexible Jewelers wire---49 strand of stainless steel that is nylon coated. It is finished with a bronze plated toggle clasp.
This Rosary Bracelet measures 7 1/2" long. To Find your rosary bracelet size: Take your wrist measurement + 1 inch. If you need me to adjust the size for you, just contact me .
For the lady with the tiny wrist I have adapted my rosary bracelet design to a 6 1/2" length. The beads are the same size as the other bracelets but I use fewer spacer beads.
The Bracelet in this photo is Blue Crazy Lace Agate.
The medals are Solid Bronze antique reproductions.
I can make this same length for any of my rosary gemstones. Just contact me to custom order your small size bracelet.
This rosary bracelet is made with 8mm Riverstone gemstone beads for the Hail Mary beads and Our Father bead.
The crucifix and miraculous metal are beautifully detailed. They are solid bronze, hand cast from antique pieces. The bead caps, lobster claw and extender chain are antiqued brass.
The bracelet adjust from a 6 3/4" size to an 8 1/2" size.
This beautiful semi-precious gemstone bracelet is also a one decade rosary. The Hail Marys are White Riverstone gemstones, as is the Our Father bead.
The bracelet is 7 1/2" long. To find your bracelet length, measure your wrist and add 1 inch.
This rosary bracelet is made with 8mm Moss Agate Gemstones for the Hail Mary beads and Our Father bead.
The crucifix and St Patrick medal are beautifully detailed. They are solid bronze, hand cast from antique pieces. The bead caps, lobster claw and extender chain are antiqued brass.
There is no plating of metal on this bracelet. The patinas are natural.
The bracelet measures 7.5 inches and can also be made in a custom length.
STERLING Silver: All bracelets are also available by custom order in Sterling Silver. The Cost is $58.00 for the sterling silver Beaded bracelet in the style above. Contact me for cost of Heirloom Construction. Contact me with your choice of stone and bracelet length (measure your wrist and add 1 inch).
Click here to see more heirloom bracelet designs.
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For the term in Mormonism, see Son of perdition (Mormonism).
The son of perdition (Greek: ο υιος της απωλειας, ho huios tēs apōleias) is a phrase associated with a demoniacal title that appears in the New Testament in the Gospel of Saint John 17:12 and in the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians 2:3.
The two occurrences of the Greek phrase have traditionally been translated consistently in English Bibles from the Wycliffe Bible, following the Latin Vulgate which has "filius perditionis" (son of perdition) in both instances. However this is not the case in all languages; for example the Luther Bible renders the use in John as "das verlorene Kind" (the lost child), but the use in 2 Thessalonians as "das Kind des Verderbens" (the child of corruption).
In John:17:12 KJV Jesus, in reference to Judas Iscariot, says that of all his disciples, none has been lost except the "son of perdition".
The New International Version translates the phrase as "the one doomed to destruction." D. A. Carson suggests that this verse refers both to Judas' character and to his destiny.
Various Old Testament origins have been suggested for "that the scripture might be fulfilled." These traditionally include Psalm 41:9 "Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me." Also Psalm 109:8 "Let his days be few; and let another take his office." which is interpreted by Peter in Acts 1:16-20 as having been prophetic of Judas.
In 2 Thessalonians 2:3, Paul referred to "the son of perdition".
He appears to equate this image with the Man of Sin.
Some scholars and theologians down through history, including Hippolytus, Luther, Wesley, Manton, Schaff, et al, say that first "Son of Perdition" reference is to Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the man who attacked the Second Temple in Jerusalem and defiled it by sacrificing a pig on the altar, erecting a statue of Zeus as himself in the temple, raiding the Temple treasury and minting coins saying "Theos Epiphanes" (God manifest), etc. Even those theologians who advocate an interpretation of Daniel that includes the Roman Empire in their analysis recognize Antiochus as a prototype.
Some theologians and scholars also consider "the beast that goes into perdition" mentioned in Revelation 17:8 and 17:11 to be references to the son of perdition."
Similar uses of "son" occur in Hebrew, such as "sons of corruption" (Isaiah 1:4 בָּנִים מַשְׁחִיתִים benim mishchatim), however the exact Hebrew or Greek term "son of perdition" does not occur in Jewish writings prior to the New Testament.
According to some modern biblical criticism New Testament writers derived the "son of perdition" (and "man of sin") concepts from Daniel and 1 Maccabees 2:48 "And they did not surrender the horn to the sinner." et al. John related the "Son of Perdition" concepts by language, referring to "the star that fell from heaven" Revelation 9:1 by two names, one Greek, and the other Hebrew. (Revelation 9:11) The Greek name is "Apollyon" (Greek: Aπολλυων), from the Greek root word "apollumi" (Greek:απολλυμι). It refers to utter loss, eternal destruction, and disassociation." [Strong's 622] The Hebrew name is "Abaddon" (Greek: Aβαδδων), from the Aramaic root word "'abad", which means the same thing as the Greek root word. Strong's 07 Daniel 7:11 says that the eventual destiny of the "great beast" is to be slain, and his body "destroyed" ('abad), and given to the eternal flames (generally accepted by religious scholars to be a reference to hell).
Most historians and critics, and some Jewish and Christian scholars believe that the Book of Daniel is about the events that occurred in Israel from the beginning of the Babylonian Captivity to the end of the Maccabean Revolt.
Of the kings that came after Antiochus nothing is here prophesied, for that was the most malicious mischievous enemy to the church, that was a type of the son of perdition, whom the Lord shall consume with the breath of his mouth and destroy with the brightness of his coming, and none shall help him.
↑ D. A. Carson, The Gospel According to John (Leicester: Apollos, 1991), 563.
↑ James Clark A Layman's Theology 2008 Page 72 "12, mentions that He has guarded the disciples and "that none of them is lost but the son of perdition, that the scripture might be fulfilled." The prevailing wisdom probably is that the "son of perdition" was Judas, the fulfilled scripture Psalm 41:9, ..."
↑ "Antiochus Epiphanes". Endtime-truth.com. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
↑ Albrecht Oepke (1964). "ἀπολλυμι". In Gerhard Kittel. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume I. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 397.
↑ "annette reed "babylonian captivity" - Google zoeken". Google.com. 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
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Phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group to serine, threonine or tyrosine residues, is an important cellular process utilized to send cellular signals from the membrane to the nucleus. For example, changes in physiological conditions may require immediate changes in gene expression. These reversible phosphorylation events are performed by a family of proteins known as kinases, whose activity in return is counteracted by another protein family called phosphatases.
Phosphorylation may result in conformational changes that trigger the activation or inactivation of an enzyme. The latter scenario is well documented for glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3 beta), which upon phosphorylation by Protein Kinase B (PKB/AKT1) on serine 9 becomes inactivated (Doble and Woodgett 2003). In most cases, the interactions of kinases with their substrates are highly transient and therefore challenging to study.
In addition to changes in protein activity levels, phosphorylated residues provide docking sites for adapter proteins or enable protein-protein interactions. Proteins containing forkhead (FHA), WD40 repeat and 14-3-3 domains bind to specific phosphoserine and phosphothreonine motifs (Mackintosh 2004). Binding of 14-3-3 proteins for instance mediates diverse processes ranging from eukaryotic autophagy and apoptosis pathways to plant metabolism (Pozuelo-Rubio 2012, Mackintosh 2004, Rosenquist 2003).
Proteins containing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains on the other hand bind to phosphotyrosine motifs (Schlessinger and Lemmon 2003). A well-studied group of SH2 domain containing proteins are Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs), which upon tyrosine phosphorylation by Janus kinases (Jaks) form homo- or heterodimers. Once dimerized, STATs translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where they act as transcription factors (Rawlings et al. 2004). Changes in subcellular localization are a commonly observed phenomenon in response to phosphorylation.
Certain phosphorylation events are also characteristic of the activation of specific cell signaling pathways or cellular processes. For example, phosphorylation of the histone H2AX by the kinase ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) on serine 139, indicates the existence of DNA double strand breaks, the most toxic of all DNA lesions, which occurs in response to chemotherapy (Burma et al. 2001).
Bio-Rad offers a variety of antibodies for the detection of phosphoproteins by ELISA, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and western blotting.
Burma et al. (2001). ATM Phosphorylates Histone H2AX in Response to DNA Double-strand breaks. J Biol Chem 276, 42462-42467.
Doble BW and Woodgett JR (2003). GSK-3: tricks of the trade for a multi-tasking kinase. Journal of Cell Science 116, 1175-1186.
Mackintosh C (2004). Dynamic interactions between 14-3-3 proteins and phosphoproteins regulate diverse cellular processes. Biochem J 381, 329-342.
Pozuelo-Rubio M (2012). 14-3-3 Proteins are Regulators of Autophagy. Cells 1, 754-773.
Rawlings et al. (2004). The JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Journal of Cell Science 117, 1281-1283.
Rosenquist M (2003). 14-3-3 proteins in apoptosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 36, 403-408.
Schlessinger J and Lemmon MA (2003). SH2 and PTB domains in tyrosine kinase signaling. Sci STKE (191): RE12.
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Can I use Skype with my iPhone? Talkers with iPads and iPhones can download Skype apps at no cost, giving unlimited free calls using wi-fi (and 3G, too, depending on the contract).
If you can't make Skype work, there are a number of troubleshooting steps you can follow to see what the problem is and to get things up and running again. Maybe there's a microphone problem or an issue with your audio settings, and you can't hear the other person or they can't hear you.
> Download and install other remaining parts of your operating system to get rid of the no sound problem. > Go to the Tools > option > General >Audio settings in the Skype page. > Now if the person on the other side cannot hear you then select the preferred Microphone device under Microphone.
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Though to you and me the video below is merely grainy footage of a school playground in the 70’s, to a heartbroken mother it is everything.
To give more context, the footage shows a group of children laughing, running and playing while at primary school. One of the children in the video is Kerry, who tragically died of a brain tumour just two years after.
Kerry’s mother, June Jones, only saw the footage for the first time a few days back when her son found it on YouTube and recognised his young sister.
June was apparently overcome with joy and sadness when she first saw the footage – almost four decades after Kerry’s death.
When I first saw her l just started crying – it really hit me hard. I kept saying, ‘That’s my little girl, that’s my little girl’.
I actually can’t believe I got to see her again, especially when she looked so happy with her friends.
My son’s friend had shared it on Facebook – it was just a complete coincidence that he watched it and managed to recognise his little sister.
Being so close to Mother’s Day, it couldn’t have happened at a more perfect time – it was fate.
My precious little girl wanted me to know she was still here.
It’s a Mother’s Day miracle. I think that’s why it happened. It’s the best gift ever.
I can’t believe the footage is online. l’m just so thankful that someone managed to capture this footage -they have made me so happy.
Hopefully the video can serve as some sort of closure despite decades without her daughter.
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Defined Benefit vs. Defined Contribution Plans: Which Adds More Value at Retirement?
When choosing a defined retirement plan, a normal desire is contributing the least amount of money and assuming as little risk as possible. Playing it safe is a natural instinct when it comes to money you have worked so hard to earn. What you should ask yourself though is if that safety will ensure your money will last through retirement.
There used to be a time when employees stayed at the same job through the span of their career. Employers valued their workers and showed appreciation in the form of hefty pensions. There were no personal investments, fund choices or need to be financially savvy required on the part of workers.
In today's work environment, employees must be more involved to meet retirement goals. To start, you should know the difference between defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans. Then you can better understand the retirement plan that you have access to through your employer and make a well-informed decision on how it can benefit you at retirement.
Companies control pensions to give employees a set amount of money at retirement. The amount that each employee earns depends on criteria that the employer sets. They could consider factors such as years of service, age, salary or performance.
Cash balance plans. A cash balance account is slightly different in that employers add a percentage of your pay to an account. They also determine an interest rate that accrues based on the balance. Employees can either take the balance either at retirement age or roll it over when they leave the company.
Those who have limited funds to invest will appreciate defined benefit plans. It's also comforting to employees with limited investment experience or risk tolerance. With this plan, employees reap benefits of their hard work without personal investments or find choices. Funds are also insured by the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC).
The most common defined contribution plans are 401(k)s. With these plans, there are no employer guarantees. Adding money and selecting investment accounts are up to the individual, although employers may choose to contribute. When signing up for the plan, they choose an amount of money to invest each pay period.
Like with health insurance, your paycheck will be minus the investment amount. Employees must select from fund options or choose a risk tolerance from conservative, moderate or aggressive. Some employers may also offer a matching contribution, meaning they will add the same amount (or percentage) to the account as you do.
For instance, you could add $100 to your 401(k) every pay period. If the company matches 100 percent, they will add an extra $100 to your account. If they only match 10 percent, they will add $10. Some employers may voluntarily add a set amount to the investment account each pay period without requiring your contribution.
Defined contribution plans have several advantages to increase retirement income, including pretax investment dollars. Delaying taxes, employer contribution, and aggressive investment options give an opportunity to grow a comfortable retirement over time. However, knowing how much to invest and how much risk to take is challenging.
Fortunately, there are resources like our 401(k) advice and management service. Our service gives custom recommendations for how much to invest and where to place the funds to meet retirement goals and can even manage your 401(k) account for you. This advisory service can reduce anxiety by not only giving you a personalized investment allocation recommendation for your defined contribution plan, but we also show you future retirement projections based on how you are saving and investing. This information can help you decide if you need to save more now to be able to live more comfortably in the future. Implementing those strategies and managing your investments gives you peace of mind that experts helped you make the right decisions.
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This is essential to the contracting process. Stop Doing, Start Managing Here are 10 tips for effective delegation and, more importantly, effective supervision: 1. They fear that they may be criticized by others if they commit mistakes. Principle of Delegation by Results Expected: The delegation of authority should be based on the basis of results expected. Related: Authority is delegated when discretion is vested in a subordinate by a superior.
This is, obviously, a case of poor managerial direction and control, and has no bearing upon the principle of parity. Advantages of Delegation: The following are the advantages of delegation: 1. Subordinates may be assigned tasks either in terms of activities or results. Simple as a delegation of authority might appear to be, studies show that managers fail more often because of poor delegation than of any other cause. Some of the difficulties or obstacles are as follows: A. Let the subordinate complete the task in the manner they choose, as long as the results are what you specified.
See also Go to for more tips and materials relating to effective management, working, career and self-development. In fact, the authority and responsibility should be made clear to the subordinate so that he will know what he is expected to do within the powers assigned to them. Support and communicate Think about who else needs to know what's going on, and inform them. Supervision Success Tip Effective delegation allows subordinate to learn, grow and be more capable. It shows, as is so generally the case in managing, that delegation does not stand alone but is related to other aspects of the whole system of managing. His work, therefore, is distributed among others to get the work accomplished effectively.
Accountability for Performance of Duties and Exercise of Authority: The person to whom any responsibility is assigned and authority is delegated should also be made accountable or answerable for the proper performance of the assigned responsibility and for proper exercise of the delegated authority. Make an effort to delegate the task early to avoid unnecessary pressure. However, delegation is an important tool that many leaders hesitate to use, and it has been the downfall of many leaders. So he may refuse to accept any authority. This continuous involvement prepares them for problem solving process when they reach a higher executive level. This ensures accountability and dependability. An added benefit of effective delegation is the individual may find a better and more effective way to accomplish the task or achieve the desired results.
The authority is delegated accordingly and the subordinate is told what is expected from him. Matching Authority with Responsibility: Generally authority and responsibility are highly interconnected. Sometimes, managers might believe that his subordinates are not capable enough. There are some aspects of any job that are more enjoyable than others are. Be careful not to be intrusive; giving the perception that you do not trust the subordinate. The president of a firm may, for example, assign duties to the manufacturing vice-president, such as buying raw materials and machine tools and hiring subordinates in order to achieve certain goals. Such clarity guides subordinates while performing their jobs.
Establish a follow up meeting or touch points. They also feel that due to delegation, the subordinates will know their managerial deficiencies. Let her excel and you'll be known as a manager and leader who can utilize the talents of your staff effectively. It is necessary that the subordinates must be given requisite authority to enable them to carry out the duties that are assigned to them. Although many of these rewards will be in terms of money, the granting of greater discretion and prestige—both in a given position and in promotion to a higher position—often works as a stronger incentive. If not, you must review with them why things did not go to plan, and deal with the problems.
Image: Delegation of Authority — Organizational Pyramid Responsibility flows through the entire organization. Motivation of Subordinates: Adequate incentive in the form of promotion, status, better working conditions or additional bonuses must be provided for additional responsibilities will performed. Assignment of Duties or Tasks : A manager has to assign a part of his duties to others under him or her because he cannot himself perform all the work. To delegate effectively, managers must recognize their own fears and allow some room for their team to make mistakes. This dramatically cuts on pushing every decision up the chain of command, or chasing wrong persons.
Delegation is a very helpful aid for succession planning, personal development - and seeking and encouraging promotion. Be creative in choosing levels of delegated responsibility, and always check with the other person that they are comfortable with your chosen level. Unity of command also removes overlapping and duplication of work. Delegation is a Motivational Factors: Delegation may also be used as a device to motivate the subordinate. Managers should be ever watchful for means of rewarding both effective assumptions of authority. This will give a sense of personal responsibility.
What is Delegation of Authority best practice for Good Governance?
They become more responsible and more dedicated to their work and they feel proud of being given such authority and responsibility, this in turn boosts their morale. The person who delegates does not divorce himself from the with which he is entrusted. A subordinate will not function efficiently, if authority given to him is inadequate. Just as no one person in an enterprise can do all the tasks necessary for accomplishing group purpose, it is impossible, as an enterprise grows, for one person to exercise all the authority for making decisions. And why to that person or people? Advantages of Effective Delegation Following are some important advantages of effective delegation: 1. It requires emotional intelligence because it affects some of our human emotions. Assess ability and training needs Is the other person or team of people capable of doing the task? Please reference authorship and copyright of material used, including link s to Businessballs.
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The Conservative Party (Partido Conservador) ruled in Nicaragua from 1857 to 1893, a period of relative economic progress and prosperity sometimes referred to as the "Thirty Years." A railroad system connecting the western part of Nicaragua with the port of Corinto on the Pacific coast was built, and roads and telegraph lines were extended. Exports of agricultural products also increased during this period. Coffee as an export commodity grew between the 1850s and the 1870s, and by 1890 coffee had become the nation's principal export. Toward the end of the 1800s, Nicaragua experienced dramatic economic growth because of the growing demand for coffee and bananas in the international market. The local economic elites were divided between the established cattle raisers and small growers and the new coffee-producers sector. Disputes about national economic policy arose between these powerful elites. Revealing their sympathies, the ruling conservatives passed laws favoring cheap labor that benefited mostly coffee planters.
The period of relative peace came to an end in 1891 when Roberto Sacasa, who had succeeded to the presidency in 1889 after the death of the elected incumbent, was elected to a term of his own. Although a conservative, Sacasa was from León, not Granada, and his election produced a split within the ruling Conservative Party. When Sacasa attempted to retain power after the March 1893 end of his term, the liberals, led by General José Santos Zelaya, quickly took advantage of the division within conservative ranks.
A revolt began in April 1893 when a coalition of liberals and dissident conservatives ousted Sacasa and installed another conservative in office. An effort was made to share power with the liberals, but this coalition soon proved unworkable. In July, Zelaya's liberal supporters resigned from the government and launched another revolt, which soon proved successful. A constitutional convention was hurriedly called, and a new constitution incorporating anticlerical provisions, limitations on foreigners' rights to claim diplomatic protection, and abolition of the death penalty was adopted. Zelaya was confirmed as president, a post he would retain until 1909.
Zelaya's rule proved to be to be one of the most controversial periods in Nicaraguan history. Zelaya was a ruthless dictator who managed to stay in power for sixteen years despite foreign and domestic opposition. Nevertheless, he was responsible for the creation of a professional army and the growth of strong nationalist feelings.
Zelaya opened the country to foreign investment, expanded coffee production, and boosted banana exports. His government promoted internal development and modernized Nicaragua's infrastructure. During his tenure, new roads and seaport facilities were constructed, railroad lines were extended, and many government buildings and schools were built. The proliferation of United States companies in Nicaragua grew to the point that, by the early 1900s, United States firms controlled most of the production of coffee, bananas, gold, and lumber.
Zelaya's administration was also responsible for an agreement ending the Nicaraguan dispute with Britain over sovereignty of the Caribbean coast. Aided by the mediation of the United States and strong support from the other Central American republics, control over the Caribbean coast region was finally awarded to Nicaragua in 1894. Sovereignty did not bring the government in Managua control over this region however; the Caribbean coast remained culturally separate and inaccessible to the western part of the country. Although his reputation was boosted by resolution of the centuries-old dispute with Britain, Zelaya was regarded with suspicion abroad. His imperialistic ambitions in Central America, as well as his vocal rebukes of United States intervention and influence in Central America, won him little support. Zelaya's nationalist anti-United States stance drove him to call upon the Germans and Japanese to compete with the United States for rights to a canal route. Opposition to these schemes from the conservative faction, mostly landowners, led Zelaya to increase repression. In 1903 a major conservative rebellion, led by Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, broke out. Another uprising in 1909, this time aided by British money and the United States marines, was successful in driving Zelaya from power.
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A destination wedding is the opportunity to celebrate a marriage at a location away from home. It has become more and more frequent for couples all over the world to take advantage to extend the occasion and choose a gorgeous location and escape for a mini vacation wedding affair. What better place than Portugal?
Destination weddings can be an intimate celebration with limited guests and close family and friends, or a more elaborate affair with hundreds of guests. Portugal is the perfect choice for a destination wedding as it gathers a variety of unique factors that will make the trip memorable not only to you but also to your guests traveling in from all corners of the earth.
Privileged with perfect temperatures almost all year round Portugal not only has good weather, it has an extensive beauty in surroundings as it displays breathtaking sceneries from velvet green mountain tops to extensive, gold, sunny beaches that translate into its natural beauty. You will find energy in the freshness of the air, and tranquility in the abundance of nature and culture which creates an overall feeling of belonging, you will love the feeling of being in Portugal!
Portugal is one of the most affordable locations in Europe, from the most simple to the most luxurious of products or services you will feel like you can always upgrade in Portugal as the next best thing is still cheaper than other places in Europe. Portugal also has a wide variety of possible activities, hospitality options and experiences, with incredible quality and value for money. If your destination is particularly remote or expensive, less guests may choose to attend so Portugal is a great destination as its not only affordable it also has great accessibility options as its geographical location makes it an excellent base for incoming and further travel. If you choose your wedding date off season (which still has great weather), most wedding venues and services offer numerous discounts and special conditions.
Portugal is very famous, and rightfully so, for its food. It is especially recognized for the great seafood dishes due to its privileged location in the Atlantic Ocean and to the way its masterfully prepared, on these coasts you will taste the sea like never before. Portuguese regional cuisine is authentic, full of flavor and freshness. Typical dishes have been perfected over generations and are always a real treat, you will always be surprised with the quality of the food. Portugal is also very recognized for having a very long history of producing excellent quality wines and has won many prizes for wine making from all over the world. Every meal is complemented with the fantastic taste of local produce wine, from a fresh green wine for starters to a velvety Port for dessert all wines are perfectly matched to bring out the best of every course. The reception is one of the main parts of a wedding and Portugal will really impress your guests with all it has to offer gastronomically.
Portugal, as a country with a long history that has masterfully preserved it’s patrimony in the most unique way. It is a country that is graced with several historically famous architectural structures like ancient churches and cathedrals, medieval castles and palaces, and even family owned Quintas that are all architectural wonders, which make stunning locations for wedding venues. There is a print of history and meaning in all its cultural heritage and it has also been proclaimed with 15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which ranks it at 8th in Europe and 17th in the world and is also home to the second-oldest capital city of Europe after Athens. Within the many treasures of Portugal are its people, warm, welcoming, and loveable are some of the words that could be used to describe the Portuguese, who love to celebrate their history and retell the story of their country through art, music and tradition.
The great thing about Portugal is its diversity in things to do which makes it a great location for a holiday getaway. From fun outdoor activities to quite relaxing beaches, theaters and museums to outdoor concerts and festivals, cultural tours to numerous restaurants, bars and night clubs there is plenty you can do during your stay. Having many different options within each of its cities is one of the things that makes Portugal so unique and so attractive to destination weddings. As this type of event brings together people from many different places it guarantees that no matter where your guests are coming from or whether they are travelling alone, as a couple or a family, there will be something that appeals to what they idealize to do for their trip and from north to south, Portugal will not let you down. It can also be a great starting point for your honeymoon, and what better way to start off happily ever after?!
If you are planning a destination wedding and you are looking for the perfect location, Portugal probably has exactly what you had in mind. Great weather, affordable, delicious and fun? What else does one possibly need? Contact us for more information on destination weddings in Portugal.
Here are a couple of ways we can help you with your destination wedding in Portugal.
Also visit our Portugal section.
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What is the best internet provider in North Augusta?
Augusta is one of the largest cities in South Carolina. North Augusta encompasses many of the most beautiful historic homes in this region. There are lots of benefits that come with living in a large city, including greater access to high speed internet. High speed internet is available through several national providers. Thanks to the large networks of national providers, 98% of North Augusta residents have access to at least one internet service provider.
One of the most expansive options in North Augusta is Xfinity. Through Xfinity, subscribers can get access to high speed cable service in 98% of North Augusta.
Another widespread option to explore in North Augusta is DSL. AT&T is the main DSL provider in this part of South Carolina. The AT&T DSL network reaches 97% of the city.
Commercial customers enjoy the same options as residential customers. They can also look into fiber optic service through Level 3 Communications.
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How do I know if my child has an articulation delay?
Your child should use speech sounds accurately in conversation by the ages listed below. Prior to these age requirements, you should hear approximations of these sounds.
The ages below (years.months) have been averaged by Stephanie based on her own experiences, from articulation textbooks and from the Goldman-Fristoe 2 Test of Articulation.
Overall, your child’s conversational speech should be understood by age 3.
If you feel your child’s articulation is delayed, an articulation assessment, and possibly an Oral Motor assessment should be conducted. Treating articulation delay is one of Stephanie’s specialties.
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In this article, I am going to write key points about what is UTF and difference between UTF-8 and UTF-16.
UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format. It is a family of standards for encoding the Unicode character set into its equivalent binary value. UTF was developed so that users have a standardized means of encoding the characters with the minimal amount of space.
- UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding that can represent every character in the Unicode character set.
- UTF-8 was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII.
- UTF-8 is byte oriented format and therefore has no problems with byte oriented networks or file.
- UTF-8 uses 1 byte at the minimum in encoding the characters.
- UTF-8 is also better in recovering from errors that corrupt portions of the file or stream as it can still decode the next uncorrupted byte.
- UTF-16 is a character encoding for Unicode capable of encoding 1,112,064 numbers (called code points) in the Unicode code space from 0 to 0x10FFFF.
- UTF-16 uses 2 bytes at the minimum in encoding the characters.
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We cloned the myo2 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which encodes a type II myosin heavy chain, by virtue of its ability to promote diploidization in fission yeast cells. The myo2 gene encodes 1,526 amino acids in a single open reading frame. Myo2p shows homology to the head domains and the coiledcoil tail of the conventional type II myosin heavy chain and carries putative binding sites for ATP and actin. It also carries the IQ motif, which is a presumed binding site for the myosin light chain. However, Myo2p apparently carries only one IQ motif, while its counterparts in other species have two. There are nine proline residues, which should break α-helix, in the COOH-terminal coiled-coil region of Myo2p. Thus, Myo2p is rather unusual as a type II myosin heavy chain. Disruption of myo2 inhibited cell proliferation. myo2Δ cells showed normal punctate distribution of interphase actin, but they produced irregular actin rings and septa and were impaired in cell separation. Overproduction of Myo2p was also lethal, apparently blocking actin relocation. Nuclear division proceeded without actin ring formation and cytokinesis in cells overexpressing Myo2p, giving rise to multinucleated cells with dumbbell morphology. Analysis using tagged Myo2p revealed that Myo2p colocalizes with actin in the contractile ring, suggesting that Myo2p is a component of the ring and responsible for its contraction. Furthermore, genetic evidence suggested that the acto–myosin system may interact with the Ras pathway, which regulates mating and the maintenance of cell morphology in S. pombe.
Cell division is an essential event for cell proliferation. Many eukaryotic cells divide at their medial region by virtue of an acto–myosin system constituting a contractile ring. The involvement of actin and type II myosin in the contractile ring, as well as some additional proteins, has been inferred in various organisms (37). However, little is known about how this ring is framed at a specific period of the cell cycle and what regulates its timely constriction (for review see reference 12).
Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a unicellular eukaryotic organism genetically tractable, which has provided an excellent model system to study cell cycle regulation (18). In recent years, this microbe has been also used conveniently in the study of cellular morphogenesis and cytokinesis (for reviews see references 10, 32, 39). Fission yeast has a rodlike morphology and divides by medial cleavage using an actin-based contractile ring, like most animal cells (24). During interphase, actin patches are seen at both ends of S. pombe cells, where the cell volume is increased. As S. pombe cells enter mitosis, they stop elongation, and actin patches disappear from the cell tips. In early M-phase, actin relocates to the plasma membrane at the cell equator surrounding a nucleus, forming a contractile ring (24). After nuclear division, the contractile ring constricts, and a septum starts to grow centripetally after the constriction. The actin ring gradually loses its visibility as the septum grows, and many actin dots appear in the vicinity of the septum, which are probably involved in the supply of septal materials. When the septum has been assembled and the cytoplasm separated, it undergoes digestion so that two daughter cells can be split.
Previous studies have identified genes and gene products that are pertinent to cytokinesis in S. pombe. The cdc3 and cdc8 genes encode profilin and tropomyosin, respectively (1, 2). These two proteins are required for general actin organization, and a mutant strain defective in either of them exhibits abnormal actin distribution in all phases of the cell cycle (1, 2, 6). In contrast, certain temperaturesensitive mutants, as typically analyzed by Chang et al. (6), show normal actin patches during interphase but produce either aberrant actin rings or no ring at all during M-phase. One of the genes causing this phenotype is cdc4, which encodes a putative myosin light chain (27). Cdc4p is a 141– amino acid polypeptide that is similar to EF-hand proteins and it apparently localizes to the contractile ring during cytokinesis (27). This implies that S. pombe also uses type II myosin to execute cell division.
Mammalian type II myosin is a hexamer, composed of two copies each of the heavy chain, the essential light chain, and the regulatory light chain (for review see reference 21). While Cdc4p has been assigned to be a putative light chain of myosin II, so far there is no report on the characterization of a myosin heavy chain in S. pombe. S. pombe is favorably accepted as a model organism to study cytokinesis, but one may note that its cytokinesis does not appear to be perfectly analogous to that of animal cells: for example, actin rings emerge at an earlier stage of M-phase in fission yeast than in animal cells, and cytokinesis is associated with septum formation in fission yeast, which never happens in animals. Thus, it will be necessary to clarify the molecular architecture of the contractile ring of this microbe and compare it with those of other organisms to assess the extent to which S. pombe can serve as a model organism in the study of cytokinesis. An obvious deficit in this regard is the lack of knowledge about its type II myosin heavy chain.
During a screening for high–copy number suppressors of the mating deficiency in S. pombe ras1–related mutants, we fortuitously obtained cDNA clones that elevated the frequency of diploidization in haploid host cells. These clones turned out to derive from a single gene, named myo2, which appeared to encode a type II myosin heavy chain. Here we show that the myo2 gene product, Myo2p, is a component of the contractile ring. Its association to a shrinking contractile ring has been live-recorded. Loss of myo2 function did not affect interphase actin distribution and nuclear division, but cells defective in myo2 generated irregular actin rings and abnormal septa. They were impaired in cell separation and could not proliferate properly. Excessive overexpression of myo2 was also lethal. It blocked cytokinesis and enhanced multinucleation. Relocation of actin to the contractile ring was apparently impaired in cells overexpressing myo2. In addition, unusual structural features of Myo2p as a type II myosin heavy chain will be discussed.
S. pombe strains relevant to this study are listed in Table I. Media used have been described previously (9, 16, 30, 38). Transformation of S. pombe cells was done either by electroporation (35) or according to the lithium method developed for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (14).
To screen for high–copy number plasmids that might suppress conjugation deficiency caused by loss of ral3 function, a homothallic haploid ral3Δ strain JX273 was transformed to Leu+ with an S. pombe cDNA library based on the expression vector pREP3 (26). Transformants were plated on synthetic sporulation medium (SSA)1 and incubated at 30°C for 5–6 d. Formed colonies were exposed to iodine vapor, which stains sporulated cells dark brown (16). We picked up brownish colonies. Because diploid ral3Δ cells are sporulation proficient, we reexamined these transformants to exclude fortuitous fusants generated during the transformation process. We eventually selected 25 transformants, whose sporulation proficiency was inheritable, from about 100,000 original Leu+ transformants. Plasmids were recovered from them.
To isolate the complete myo2 gene, genomic DNA of wild-type S. pombe was digested with BamHI, separated by electrophoresis in a 1.0% agarose gel, and blotted to a nylon filter (Genescreen Plus; Dupont/NEN, Wilmington, DE). The filter was then probed by a 32P-labeled NotI-SaII fragment carrying the myo2 cDNA. This probe hybridized to a band corresponding to 2.8-kb in size. BamHI fragments of S. pombe genomic DNA sizing between 2.5 and 3.0 kb were pooled and inserted into pBlueScriptSK+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Colonies of Escherichia coli transformed with this library were screened by the cDNA probe, and plasmids were recovered from positive colonies. All plasmids tested were found to carry the same BamHI fragment. Nucleotide sequencing indicated that the insert encompassed the cDNA sequence but was likely to lack the initiation codon. We therefore repeated a similar cloning procedure with HindIII digests of S. pombe genomic DNA and isolated a 4.2-kb-long HindIII fragment that overlapped with the NH2-terminal region of the BamHI fragment. The putative initiation codon was found on this HindIII fragment. By combining the cloned HindIII and BamHI fragments, we reconstructed a 5.5-kb-long genomic fragment carrying the entire myo2 gene.
For the determination of nucleotide sequences, DNA fragments to be examined were unidirectionally deleted by exonuclease III and S1 nuclease (Takara Shuzo, Kyoto, Japan), and each deletion product was sequenced by an automated DNA sequencer (model 4000L; LI-Cor Inc., Lincoln, NE). The entire myo2 gene was sequenced in both directions at least once. Regions showing unusual features of a myosin heavy chain were sequenced repeatedly.
A 4.0-kb HincII fragment within the myo2 open reading frame (ORF) was replaced by a ura4+ cassette (15). A ura4− diploid strain JZ489 was transformed with a DNA fragment carrying the myo2::ura4+ allele, and Ura+ transformants were selected. Southern analysis confirmed that they were heterozygous for the myo2 locus, i.e., myo2::ura4+/myo2+. One transformant (JX572) was allowed to sporulate on malt-extract medium. Tetrads in each ascus displayed segregation of two viable and two nonviable spores. All spores that gave rise to colonies were Ura−. We similarly constructed another derivative of JZ489, which carried only a short deletion in the COOH-terminal region of the myo2 ORF. A 0.2-kb HindIII fragment was replaced by the ura4+ cassette in this case. Tetrad analysis of this diploid strain gave essentially the same results as JX572.
pREP1, pREP3, and pREP81 carry the nmt1 promoter, which is repressed by thiamine (3, 25, 26). The former two plasmids carry the authentic nmt1 promoter, whereas the promoter on pREP81 is mutated and weaker than the authentic one by about 100-fold. To express the entire myo2 gene from the nmt1 promoter, nucleotides −3 to 3 of the gene (CCTATG) were replaced by the NdeI target sequence (CATATG) according to a standard protocol for site-directed mutagenesis (23), and a 5.0-kb fragment downstream of this NdeI site was cloned into pREP81. For the construction of Myo2p fused to the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP), we used a plasmid pGFT81, which carries an enhanced version of GFP (S65T) in the vector pREP81. Nucleotides −7 to −2 of the myo2 gene (TAGCCC) were replaced by the BglII target sequence (AGATCT), and a 5.0-kb fragment downstream of this BglII site was connected in frame to the 3′ end of the GFP ORF on pGFT81. To express GFP-fused Myo2p in a myo2Δ haploid strain, a diploid strain JX572 (myo2Δ/myo2+) was transformed with the resultant plasmid (pGFT81-myo2), and sporulation was induced in the transformant. We could recover Ura+ Leu+ haploid progeny, and one of them was kept as a myo2Δ haploid strain JX573 carrying pGFT81-myo2.
Staining of cells for fluorescence microscopy was performed as previously described (34). Observation was done by using an Axioscope (Carl Zeiss, inc., Thornwood, NY) with appropriate sets of filters for GFP, TRITC, and Calcofluor and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Images were recorded with a cooled charge-coupled device camera and analyzed by the Argus software (Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan). A microscope (model BX40; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was also used and images were photographed (Tri-X Pan 400 ASA films; Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NY) in this case. Time lapse recording of GFP-Myo2p localization was performed on a computer (model 9500/100 Power Macintosh; Apple Computer Inc., Cupertino, CA), using the public domain NIH Image program developed at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, MD) and available from zippy.nimh.nih.gov.
The ral3/scd2 gene is known to function in the Ras signaling pathway in fission yeast, and loss of its function causes deficiency in conjugation (5, 13). We screened for high– copy number suppressors of the conjugation deficiency of ral3Δ, and as described in Materials and Methods, we obtained 25 candidates. We analyzed these plasmids by Southern hybridization and excluded ones carrying ral3 cDNA. Only three plasmids turned out not to carry ral3. These plasmids could transform a homothallic haploid ral3Δ strain JX273 to a sporulation-proficient line, relatively weakly but reproducibly.
Restriction mapping of the three plasmids suggested that two of them were identical, and partial sequence analysis revealed that the third clone also carried an insert overlapping with them (data not shown). We named the former two identical clones as pCHE1 and analyzed it further. JX273 cells transformed with pCHE1 sporulated at a frequency of about 5%, and most of the asci contained four spores. These spores could germinate and grow efficiently, suggesting that diploid cells gave rise to them. However, all of the asci appeared to be azygotic in morphology (Fig. 1 B), implying that they were unlikely to have undergone mating before sporulation.
Induction of sporulation by pCHE1 in ral3Δ and ral1Δ haploid cells. JX273 (ral3Δ) and JX124 (ral1Δ) were transformed with either pCHE1 or the vector pREP3. Transformants were streaked in patches on SSA medium and incubated at 30°C for 4 d to allow them to sporulate after saturation of the growth. Each sample was examined under the phase-contrast microscope: (A) JX273 (ral3Δ) transformed with pREP3; (B) JX273 with pCHE1; (C) JX124 (ral1Δ) with pREP3; and (D) JX124 with pCHE1. Arrows indicate sporulated cells. Bar, 10 μm.
The ral1/scd1 gene functions in the same Ras signaling pathway as ral3, and the ral1Δ and the ral3Δ strains exhibit similar phenotypes to each other (5, 13). We transformed a haploid ral1Δ strain JX124 with pCHE1. The transformant could sporulate on SSA at a low frequency (about 5%), indicating that the effect of pCHE1 is not confined to ral3Δ cells. Again, the asci did not appear to have undergone mating (Fig. 1 D). pCHE1 could elevate sporulation in homothallic haploid ral1Δ or ral3Δ cells, but it was unable to promote mating in heterothallic haploid cells (data not shown). These observations suggest that the pCHE1transformed cells acquired diploidy through some irregularity at mitosis rather than through conjugation.
To investigate the effect of pCHE1 on diploidization in the ral1+ ral3+ background, we transformed a homothallic haploid mam2 mutant JZ281 with pCHE1. The mam2 gene encodes the receptor for the mating pheromone P-factor (20), and the mam2 mutant has been used conveniently to detect diploidization (4, 6) because it does not mate at all but can sporulate once diploidized. JZ281 transformed with pCHE1 sporulated at a very low but significant frequency (about 0.5%). This supports the idea that pCHE1 can elevate the frequency of spontaneous diploidization in any kind of S. pombe cells.
pCHE1 carried a 2.1-kb-long cDNA insert. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that it encodes a polypeptide that has homology to coiled-coil proteins. However, this cDNA carried no stop codon before the first methionine codon and appeared not to cover the complete ORF. This view was supported by the observation that the cDNA hybridized to a transcript of about 4.5 kb in length (data not shown). We therefore isolated a 5.5-kb-long genomic DNA segment encompassing the cDNA, as described in Materials and Methods. This segment contained an ORF encoding 1,526 amino acids, which did not appear to have introns and matched the estimated size of the transcript (Fig. 2, A and B). The molecular mass of the deduced gene product was 176.3 kD. We looked for proteins that show similarity to the gene product by using the FASTA homology search algorithm (33). The NH2-terminal part of the gene product was similar to the head domains of the myosin heavy chain (Fig. 2 C), and the COOH-terminal part was similar to a number of coiled-coil proteins including myosin heavy chains (Fig. 2 A). Furthermore, the gene product apparently carried an ATP-binding site at residues 150–188, an actin-binding site at residues 634–655, and an IQ motif, which is thought to be a binding site for the myosin light chain, at residues 765–775 (Fig. 2 B). These results strongly suggest that the cloned gene encodes a heavy chain of fission yeast type II myosin, and hence we call it myo2 hereafter. Curiously, the coiled-coil region of S. pombe Myo2p carries nine proline residues, at positions 1089, 1245, 1251, 1375, 1383, 1390, 1396, 1445, and 1447 (Fig. 2, B and C). Proline is a potent α-helix breaker and is seen only rarely in the tail region of type II myosin of other organisms.
Structural features of the myo2 gene product. (A) The deduced amino acid sequence of Myo2p. Numbering of the amino acid residues is given on the right side. The putative α-helical coiled-coil region is underlined. Proline residues scattered in this region are shadowed. (B) A restriction map of the genomic myo2 locus. The open arrow indicates the extent and direction of the myo2 ORF, which encodes 1,526 amino acids. Areas corresponding to the head and tail regions of the myosin heavy chain are shown by broken lines. The putative ATP- and actin-binding sites are indicated by solid lines. Two kinds of disruption constructs used to replace the chromosomal myo2 gene are schematically shown below the arrow. Proper disruption of the chromosomal gene was confirmed by the probe shown at the bottom in Southern blot analysis. (C) Alignment of the head region of Myo2p with type II myosin heavy chains of other species. Numbering of the amino acid residues for each protein is given on the right side. Five proteins are compared here. From top to bottom: the S. pombe myo2 gene product, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MYO1 gene product (43, 45), Acanthamoeba castellanii myosin II (17), the Dictyostelium discoideum mhcA gene product (8, 44), and the Caenorhabditis elegans unc54 gene product (19, 28). Amino acid residues identical to those of S. pombe Myo2p are shown in white against black. The putative actin-binding site of Myo2p is underscored with a dotted line, and the putative ATP-binding site is doubly underlined. The putative IQ motif is marked with asterisks underneath. The sequence data of myo2 are available from GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under accession number AB000544.
Disruption of the myo2 gene by insertion of an S. pombe ura4+ cassette was carried out as described in Materials and Methods. Sporulation was induced in a resultant diploid strain JX572, which is heterozygous for myo2 (myo2:: ura4+/myo2+). Tetrad dissection suggested that two of the ascospores were viable and able to form colonies, but the other two were not. The viable progeny were all Ura−. Essentially the same results were obtained in the analyses of two types of disruption constructs, in which either a 4.0kb-long (JX572) or a 0.2-kb-long fragment was deleted from the myo2 ORF (Fig. 2 B). Thus, we conclude that disruption of myo2 is lethal. However, microscopic observation of deduced myo2-disrupted spores revealed that they could germinate and grow up to some extent. Under the phase-contrast microscope, the disruptants appeared to be impaired in cell separation after septation (Fig. 3). They exhibited elongated and sometimes branched cell morphology as a terminal phenotype.
Terminal morphology of a deduced myo2-disrupted spore. Tetrad dissection of asci produced by an myo2::ura4+/ myo2+ diploid strain JX572 was done, and dissected spores were grown on rich medium YPD at 30°C for 3 d. A phase-contrast micrograph of a germinated myo2Δ spore is shown. Bar, 10 μm.
To confirm that the observed lethality of myo2Δ cells was indeed due to loss of Myo2p, the myo2::ura4+/myo2+ diploid strain JX572, which carried the 4.0-kb deletion that removed 7/8 of the entire myo2 ORF, was transformed with pREP81-myo2, which could express the entire myo2 ORF from the weak nmt1 promoter. Sporulation was induced in the transformant, and progeny spores were analyzed. Ura+ offspring could be recovered in this case, indicating that the myo2::ura4+ defect was complemented by the expression of myo2 carried on pREP81. One of the myo2::ura4+ haploid strains thus obtained was named JX573 and used in the subsequent analyses. JX573 carrying pREP81-myo2 halted growth if the nmt1 promoter was shut off by the addition of thiamine. These observations reinforce that loss of Myo2p is lethal. In addition, this shut-off system allowed us to investigate the effects of loss of myo2 expression precisely, as described below.
Cells of JX573 (myo2Δ) carrying pREP81-myo2 were grown in the absence of thiamine to the exponential phase, and thiamine was added to the medium. Cells were then observed chronologically under the microscope (Fig. 4). They began to cease growth ∼18 h after the addition of thiamine, displaying elongated cell shape. DAPI staining revealed that many elongated cells were undergoing a second round of nuclear division, although cell separation after the first division was not completed (Fig. 4 E). Staining with phalloidin-TRITC indicated that cell cycle–dependent redistribution of actin was nearly normal in these cells, and actin rings could be observed over the nuclei undergoing a second round of mitosis (Fig. 4 B). However, the rings looked somewhat irregular. They were sometimes thinner, sometimes broader, and sometimes biased. At 24 h after the addition of thiamine, elongated cells with multiple septa appeared (Fig. 4 I). The diameter of these cells was considerably larger than that of normal S. pombe cells. Calcofluor staining showed that some septa were abnormally thickened, whereas some were not clearly stained by the dye although visible in Nomarski (Fig. 4 F). The septal material did not appear to cross the entire cell in some cases. Each compartment partitioned by the septa carried one nucleus (Fig. 4, F and I). Even branched cells were seen at this stage (Fig. 4 I), but localization of actin appeared generally normal, except that the rings were ill shaped in one way or another (Fig. 4 C). All these observations imply that the function of myo2 may not be necessary for cell growth per se, but that a failure of proper cell separation may gradually disturb and eventually block cell proliferation in the myo2 disruptant (see Discussion).
Morphological changes caused by depletion of Myo2p. Cells of an myo2Δ strain (JX573) carrying pREP81-myo2 were grown in liquid MM supplemented with adenine (50 μg/ml). When the cell concentration reached 5 × 106/ml, thiamine was added to the medium at the final concentration of 6 μg/ml to repress myo2 expression from the nmt1 promoter. Cells were sampled chronologically, fixed, and stained with phalloidin-TRITC, DAPI, and Calcofluor. Micrographs showing either actin localization (A–C), nuclei and septa (D–F), or Nomarski views (G–I) are displayed for the same cell population. Time after the addition of thiamine is indicated on the top. Bar, 10 μm.
Wild-type S. pombe cells (JY450) were transformed with either pREP1-myo2 or the vector pREP1. The nmt1 promoter carried on pREP1 is about 100 times stronger than that on pREP81. These two kinds of transformants grew at similar rates in the presence of thiamine. However, cells carrying pREP1-myo2 hardly grew up in the absence of thiamine, while cells carrying pREP1 grew normally under the same conditions, indicating that overproduction of Myo2p is inhibitory to cell growth (data not shown).
To analyze the deleterious effects of Myo2p overproduction on cellular activities, JY450 cells carrying pREP1myo2 were incubated in liquid minimal medium (MM) containing no thiamine (Fig. 5). The nmt1 promoter becomes active usually ∼14 h after the removal of thiamine from the medium (25). The pREP1-myo2 transformant began to generate elongated cells 17 h after the removal of thiamine, suggesting a failure in cell division (Fig. 5 J). Nearly all cells were elongated and their diameter enlarged after 23 h (Fig. 5 K). DAPI staining revealed that cells at 23 h carried multiple nuclei. Double staining of the cells with Calcofluor and DAPI indicated that a second round of nuclear division had occurred in large cells in the absence of preceding cell division (Fig. 5 G). Some cells carried a single septum in the central region, which looked somewhat irregular. Some others showed accumulation of actin, but no apparent septum formation, at the middle of the cell. Actin dots were observed at both tips of many cells, but we could hardly detect actin rings surrounding nuclei in myo2-overexpressing cells (Fig. 5 C). Remarkably, new rounds of nuclear division appeared to proceed in the absence of actin ring formation in these cells (Fig. 5, C and G). At 27 h after the removal of thiamine, most cells became swollen at both ends of the cell, looking like dumbbells (Fig. 5 L). Each cell displayed a number of nuclei (Fig. 5 H). A septum was occasionally seen at the middle of the cell, but not at any other position. Abnormal accumulation of actin was observed here and there, sometimes shaping cables. Blobs stained by Calcofluor were also seen (Fig. 5, D and H).
Morphological changes caused by myo2 overexpression. JY450 cells transformed with pREP1-myo2 were grown in liquid MM supplemented with adenine and thiamine, and overexpression of myo2 was induced by shifting the cells to the same medium with no thiamine. Cells were sampled chronologically after the removal of thiamine and analyzed as in Fig. 4. Micrographs showing actin localization (A–D), nuclei and septa (E–H), and Nomarski views (I–L) are displayed for the same cell population. Time after the removal of thiamine is indicated on the top. Bar, 10 μm.
The above results suggest that nuclear division takes place without proper cytokinesis in cells overproducing Myo2p, resulting in the formation of multinucleated cells. The Myo2p overproducer shows two obvious defects in cytokinesis. One is a failure in actin ring formation, and the other is the absence of septation and subsequent cell separation, except for the occasional formation of a single septum at the middle, which is likely to have embarked before the cell starts to accumulate Myo2p. Probably the latter defect is a consequence of the former.
To examine cellular localization of Myo2p, we fused Myo2p to the COOH terminus of an enhanced version of GFP by gene engineering, and expressed the fusion protein from the weak nmt1 promoter in S. pombe cells. Expression of GFP-Myo2p could rescue the lethality of the myo2Δ strain, indicating that the fusion protein can provide the Myo2p function. Cells of JX573 (myo2Δ) expressing GFPMyo2p, constructed as described in Materials and Methods, were harvested in the exponential phase, fixed, and then doubly stained with DAPI and phalloidin-TRITC to detect DNA and F-actin, respectively (Fig. 6). Soon after the initiation of mitosis, as judged by DAPI staining, emission of GFP-Myo2p was detected as a band over the nucleus at the medial region of the cell (Fig. 6, A and C). This band apparently colocalized with actin stained by phalloidin-TRITC (Fig. 6, A and B). By examining microscopic views at several focal planes, it was concluded that GFPMyo2p and actin were both in a ring structure. The GFPMyo2p ring apparently decreased its diameter when the two chromatin regions were separated at a later stage of mitosis. A live recording of cytokinesis of cells expressing GFP-Myo2p clearly demonstrated that GFP-Myo2p was on the contractile ring (Fig. 7). GFP-Myo2p became a bright fluorescent dot at the final stage of cytokinesis. A septum became clearly visible concomitantly with the disappearance of this dot, and two daughter cells separated subsequently (Fig. 7). Fluorescence of GFP, not fused to Myo2p, was detected rather uniformly over the whole cell (Fig. 6 E), suggesting that the observed localization of GFP-Myo2p represents that of the genuine Myo2 protein. This was confirmed by the following immunological analysis: One copy of hemagglutinin (HA) tag was fused to the NH2 terminus of Myo2p, and HA-Myo2p was expressed in myo2Δ cells. Growing cells were fixed and stained with anti-HA antibodies. HA-Myo2p was detected in a ring structure, like GFP-Myo2p (data not shown).
Cellular localization of Myo2p fused to GFP. Cells of JX573 carrying pGFT81-myo2, grown in liquid MM supplemented with adenine, were harvested at the concentration of 5 × 106/ml. They were fixed, then stained with phalloidin-TRITC and DAPI, and observed under the microscope (A–D). Cells of JY450 carrying pGFT81, which expressed GFP alone, were examined as a control (E–H). Micrographs show GFP fluorescence (A and E), phalloidin-TRITC–stained actin (B and F), DAPI-stained nuclei (C and G), and Nomarski views (D and H) for the same cell population.
Live recording of the cytokinetic process in JX573 carrying pGFT81-myo2. Cells growing at room temperature in liquid MM supplemented with adenine were observed without fixation under the fluorescence microscope, and images were recorded at 3-min intervals. A typical example, displaying contraction of the Myo2p ring, is shown here. For the first 30 min, images taken every 6 min are shown, and for the next 45 min, images taken every 15 min are shown. The Myo2p dot disappeared around 54 min, the septum became clearly visible at 57 min, and the daughter cells began to separate around 69 min in this analysis.
The observed localization of GFP-myo2 strongly suggests that Myo2p is a component of the contractile ring and participates in its contraction by interacting with actin. However, while phalloidin-TRITC staining revealed the presence of punctate F-actin at the growing ends of interphase cells, no emission of GFP-myo2 was detected at these areas. This may suggest that Myo2p is essential for the formation of a functional contractile ring but not for other aspects of the F-actin functions.
Finally, we note that emission of GFP-Myo2p could be detected as a single dot in a considerable number of interphase cells, which were likely to be in the G2 phase. Most of these dots appeared to associate to one side of the nucleus (Fig. 6 A), and actin was unlikely to be included in them (Fig. 6 B). However, a small number of cells showed a dot at the tip of the cell, and actin appeared to associate to such a dot (Fig. 6, A and B). The significance of these dots remains as an interesting question (see Discussion).
The myo2 gene product identified in this study showed similarity to the type II myosin heavy chain in a number of structural features. In addition, Myo2p colocalized with actin overlying mitotic nuclei and could be seen on a shrinking contractile ring. These results strongly suggest that Myo2p composes S. pombe type II myosin, which interacts with actin in the contractile ring and generates force for cytokinesis.
Type II myosin heavy chains known to date carry two IQ motifs, agreeing with the hexameric structure of myosin II. However, we found only one perfect IQ motif (IQXXXRGXXXR) at residues 765–775 in S. pombe Myo2p. A similar sequence to the IQ motif (LQANLQVYNEFR) exists at residues 791–802, but this sequence does not have the central arginine, which is believed to be critical for the binding to the myosin light chain. Thus, we suspect that the type II myosin heavy chain of S. pombe may interact with only one myosin light chain. Interestingly, McCollum et al. (27) observed in their immunoprecipitation analysis that the putative myosin light chain encoded by S. pombe cdc4 coprecipitated with a 200-kD protein, which they suspected to be a myosin heavy chain, but with no obvious second light chain. Their observation may reinforce the possibility that S. pombe myosin II is rather eccentric and consists of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Another unusual feature of S. pombe type II myosin heavy chain is that it carries nine proline residues in the COOH-terminal region. This region is important for the coiled-coil structure of myosin II, and there is usually no proline, as it breaks α-helix. However, S. cerevisiae myosin heavy chain has six proline residues in this region (43), and Acanthamoeba myosin heavy chain has one (17). Electronmicroscopic analysis revealed a hinge in the COOH-terminal rod of Acanthamoeba myosin II (17). The proline residues in S. pombe Myo2p cluster roughly in four locations, and hence the Myo2p rod is likely to be bent at four positions. Physiological significance of these hinges remains unknown.
This study has shown that type II myosin heavy chain is essential for cell proliferation in S. pombe. However, the S. cerevisiae MYO1 gene, encoding a type II myosin heavy chain, is apparently dispensable for growth (36, 45). Although MYO1-disrupted cells grow slower, they are essentially viable. These cells carry out incomplete cell division and form a continuous chain during the growth. One report describes that the MYO1-disruptant also shows a defect in nuclear migration, which often results in the generation of cells that have several nuclei or cells that have none (45). However, another report describes that the MYO1-disruptant has no strong defect in nuclear migration (36). Our observation suggested that the myo2 disruptant of S. pombe does not have a defect in nuclear migration.
Cells lacking Myo2p can form actin rings over dividing nuclei, although the rings do not appear to be organized properly. These cells are sectioned subsequently by septa, which are again mostly irregular. However, no cell separation follows. Each compartment sectioned by septa carries one nucleus, indicating that nuclear migration is not hampered in these cells. These results also indicate that initial disposition of the actin ring in the middle of the cell can take place in the absence of Myo2p, but subsequent assembly of the ring cannot proceed properly without it.
One apparent phenotype shown by the myo2Δ strain is the deficiency in cell separation, like S. cerevisiae myo1Δ, but another is the ultimate arrest of cell proliferation, unlike S. cerevisiae myo1Δ. Several mutants defective in cell separation have been described in S. pombe, and sep1-1 is a typical example (40). Although the identity of the sep1 gene product is unknown, this mutant apparently shows very similar morphology to the myo2 disruptant, forming septated cells with multiple nuclei. However, sep1-1 cells are viable, displaying mycelial cell growth (40), as are S. cerevisiae myo1Δ cells. This implies that the lethality of the myo2 disruptant may not be a simple outcome of the lack of cell separation.
Overexpression of myo2 also arrests cell proliferation, giving rise to enlarged and multinucleated cells. This indicates that an excessive amount of Myo2p inhibits cytokinesis. An increase in the copy number of the S. pombe actin gene is lethal (29). It appears that the components of cytoskeletal structures must be produced stoichiometrically to ensure proper cell proliferation.
Cdc4p is the only myosin light chain so far identified in S. pombe, which is apparently involved in the regulation of cell division (6, 27, 31). Hence, it would be reasonable to speculate that Cdc4p and Myo2p form a complex and cooperate in function. However, disruptions of cdc4 and of myo2 do not result in the same phenotype. Loss of cdc4 function blocks actin ring formation, but loss of myo2 function does not. Contrarily, overproduction of Myo2p blocks actin relocation and formation of rings. These observations lead us to speculate that the myosin heavy chain Myo2p may inhibit proper relocation of actin if it is not associated by the light chain Cdc4p. Intriguingly, certain cdc4 temperature-sensitive mutants show very similar phenotypes to myo2Δ at the restrictive temperature. They accumulate multiple nuclei and multiple improper actin rings and septa but fail to complete cytokinesis (27). Thus, one possibility is that these mutant Cdc4 proteins block the function of Myo2p at the restrictive temperature and cause phenotypes similar to those of myo2Δ.
A curious observation we encountered was that Myo2p forms a single dot in interphase cells, which apparently associates to one side of the nucleus. Although this may simply reflect a trivial artifact brought by overexpression of Myo2p, it will certainly be interesting if this dot plays any role in mediating a nuclear signal for the organization of the contractile ring. Recent analyses have shown that the mid1/dmf1 gene product is an important element in assuring correct placement of the division septum in fission yeast (6, 41). Mid1p is nuclear in interphase and relocates to form a medial ring at the cell cortex before the actin ring formation (41). Thus, it is tempting to speculate that the dot may have relevance to the function of Mid1p, although more analysis is obviously required to reach any firm conclusion. A small number of cells showed a dot of Myo2p at the tip of the cell. We suspect that this dot is likely to represent a remnant of the contractile ring that failed to be digested completely, although this is also to be confirmed.
The original myo2 clone pCHE1 carried a truncated myo2 ORF, which could produce only the COOH-terminal one-third of the complete gene product. pCHE1 could not complement the myo2Δ strain, indicating that the truncated gene product is not fully functional (our unpublished observation). We moderately overexpressed the complete myo2 gene and found that it could promote diploidization, although it slowed the growth of the host cell at the same time (our unpublished observation). A logical inference from these observations will be that the diploidization does not require the total function of Myo2p, but may result from sequestration of a factor that interacts with the COOH-terminal region of Myo2p. The fact that excessive overexpression of the entire myo2 gene is cytotoxic may explain why we could isolate only truncated myo2 cDNAs in our original screening, in which we used the strongest nmt1 promoter.
pCHE1 could diploidize both ral− and ral+ cells, but the frequency of sporulation induced by pCHE1 was clearly higher in ral1Δ or ral3Δ cells than in ral+ cells. This may suggest the presence of a functional interaction between Myo2p and the Ras pathway involving Ral1p and Ral3p. In this connection, we note that alterations in the S. pombe byr4 gene, characterized by Song et al. (42), can cause phenotypes similar to those of myo2 mutants. The null mutation in byr4 causes cell cycle arrest in late mitosis with multiple rounds of septation. As byr4Δ cells typically form multiple septa between two nuclei, their phenotype is not exactly the same as that of myo2Δ cells. However, like overexpression of myo2, overexpression of byr4 inhibits cytokinesis without affecting karyokinesis and generates multinucleate cells. In both cases, actin relocation during the cell cycle appears to be hampered. Furthermore, the inhibition of cytokinesis by byr4 overexpression is exacerbated by the null allele of ral1, and moderate expression of byr4 promotes diploidization in ral1Δ cells, suggesting a link between Byr4p and Ral1p (42). Thus, although the molecular function of Byr4p remains unclear, Myo2p and Byr4p may be functionally related to each other, and furthermore, they may sequester and block the same essential factor for cytokinesis when they are excessively overproduced. Further analysis of the relationship between the Ras pathway and the contractile ring in fission yeast will be important to elucidate the regulation of cytokinesis by signal transduction via small GTPases, as is an emerging topic also in S. cerevisiae and Drosophila (7, 11, 22).
We thank R. Tsuruta, Y. Iino, and Y. Watanabe for their kind assistance in the construction of plasmids used in this study. We have been informed by J. Hyams that his group cloned and analyzed the myo2 gene independently. Their preliminary report (abstract) can be seen in May, K.M., F.Z. Watts, N. Jones, and J.S. Hyams. Mol. Biol. Cell. 1996. 7:196a. We appreciate his communication of the results before publication.
This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan.
1. Abbreviations used in this paper: DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HA, hemagglutinin; MM, minimal medium; ORF, open reading frame; SSA, synthetic sporulation medium.
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Here is a short summary of the way some people may understand it. Per Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's website, the Government will ban fossil fuel, get rid of cows and air travel, replace all gas operated cars, rebuild all houses and factories, guarantee jobs to all, provide free education, feed healthy food to everyone, provide economic security to all who are unwilling to work, and fix the climate.
Below is a copy of a blog post on Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's website from early February 2019 with the title "What is the Green New Deal?"
The Green New Deal achieves this through a World War 2 scale mobilization that focuses the robust and creative economic engine of the United States on reversing climate change by fully rebuilding our crumbling infrastructure, restoring our natural ecosystems, dramatically expanding renewable power generation, overhauling our entire transportation system, upgrading all our buildings, jumpstarting US clean manufacturing, transforming US agriculture, and putting our nation's people to work doing what they do best: making the impossible possible.
The frontline communities that are already facing the ravages of climate change and pollution and working-class communities reliant on fossil fuel industries must be prioritized in any transformation of our society to a renewable energy economy. That’s why the Green New Deal lays out a comprehensive plan that ensures training, investment, and the economic and environmental benefits of the transition prioritize these communities that are most at risk.
In short, the Green New Deal fully tackles the existential threat posed by climate change by presenting a comprehensive, 10-year plan that is as big as the problem it hopes to solve while creating a new era of shared prosperity.
What is the purpose of the Green New Deal resolution?
The goal of the resolution is to define the scope, scale, and purpose of the Green New Deal. It is intended to define what is necessary for any legislation that aims to be “Green New Deal” legislation. The resolution puts forward 5 goals to be accomplished through a 10-year plan that involves 14 transformative industrial and infrastructure projects and 15 supporting principles for social and economic justice and security necessary to accomplish the Green New Deal.
Why is such a large-scale mobilization necessary right now?
A recent IPCC report declared that global temperatures must be kept below 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels to avoid the most severe impacts of a changing climate. This calls for global reductions of greenhouse gas emissions of 40 to 60 percent by 2030. The U.S. contributes 20% of global emissions. To hit these global targets, the US must not only get to a greenhouse gas emissions neutral society by 2030, but it must also lead this change abroad to avert climate catastrophe.
Is getting to a greenhouse gas emissions neutral society in 10 years possible?
It is possible if we have the political will to do it. When JFK called for us to get to the moon by the end of the decade, people said it was impossible. When FDR called on America to build 185,000 planes to fight World War 2 at a time when America was producing 3,000 planes a year, the world laughed. We ended up building 300,000 planes and winning the war. We built a highway system to connect this continent, split the atom, and created the Great Society. The American people are capable of doing great things when our nation comes together to tackle big challenges.
Is there any support for the Green New Deal?
92 percent of Democrats and 64 percent of Republicans support the Green New Deal according to latest polls. Over 300 local and state politicians have called for a federal Green New Deal. The previous resolution to create a select committee for a Green New Deal had 45 endorsers in the House, and this new Resolution is launching with the co-sponsorship of 60 members of the House and 9 Senators including many major Presidential candidates.
Why do we need a sweeping Green New Deal investment program led by the government? Why can’t we just rely on regulations, taxes, and incentives such as a carbon tax or a ban on fossil fuels?
The level of investment required to make the Green New Deal successful is massive. Even if every billionaire and company came together and were willing to pour all their resources into this investment, the aggregate value of investments would not be sufficient. That’s why we must utilize World War II era and New Deal-style financing which commits to long-term benefits instead of short-term quarterly returns.
The speed of investment required must be as swift as possible. Even if all the billionaires and companies in the world could make the investments required, they would not be able to pull together a coordinated response in the narrow window of time required to jump-start major new projects and major new economic sectors. Additionally, private companies do not make massive investments in risky projects that will only earn a moderate return -- even if they are necessary to save the planet. The government, however, has the time horizon to be able to patiently make investments in exploration of new tech and R&D, without necessarily having a commercial outcome or application in mind at the time the investment is made. Major examples of government investments in “new” tech that subsequently spurred a boom in the private sector include DARPA-projects, the creation of the internet - and, perhaps most recently, the government’s investment in Tesla.
We don’t need to just stop doing the destructive things we are doing (like using fossil fuels for energy needs); we also need to start doing new things (like overhauling whole industries or retrofitting all buildings to be energy efficient). Starting to do new things requires upfront investment. In the same way that a company trying to change how it does business may need to make big upfront capital investments today in order to reap future benefits (e.g., building a new factory to increase production or buying new hardware and software to totally modernize its IT system), a country that is trying to change how its economy works will need to make big investments today to jump-start and develop new projects and sectors to power the new economy.
Merely incentivizing the private sector doesn’t work - e.g. the tax incentives and subsidies given to wind and solar projects have been a valuable spur to growth in the US renewables industry but, even with such investment-promotion subsidies, the present level of such projects is simply inadequate to transition to a fully greenhouse gas neutral economy as quickly as needed.
This resolution sets out a non-exhaustive list of several major projects that need to be completed fast. These projects include upgrading virtually every home and building for energy efficiency, building 100% greenhouse gas neutral power generation systems, removing greenhouse gases from industry and agriculture, and more. These projects will all require substantive investment.
We’re not saying that there isn’t a role for private sector investments; we’re just saying that the level of investment required will need every actor to pitch in and that the government is best placed to be the prime driver of the investment program. Given the magnitude of the current challenge, the tools of regulation and taxation, used in isolation, will not be enough to quickly and smoothly accomplish the transformation we need to see.
How will you pay for the Green New Deal?
The Green New Deal is a massive investment program, not an expenditure. The question isn’t how will we pay for it, but what is the cost of inaction, and what will we do with our new shared prosperity created by the investments in the Green New Deal.
We will finance the investments for the Green New Deal the same way we paid for the original New Deal, World War II, the bank bailouts, tax cuts for the rich, and decades of war – with public money appropriated by Congress. Further, government can take an equity stake in Green New Deal projects so the public gets a return on its investment. We already know that investments in infrastructure create huge returns on investment. The interstate highway system returned more than $6 in economic productivity for every $1 it cost. Similarly, investments in upgrading and transforming industry are a chance to grow the wealth of our nation dramatically.
Will this hurt communities that rely on fossil fuels jobs?
The Green New Deal will prioritize creating high-quality, family wage-supporting union jobs in communities that rely on fossil fuel industries. It will ensure that all communities have a better alternative for high-wage work before they transition away from fossil fuel indsutry based work.
Is this an environmental plan? Why do you have things like universal health care and other social safety net measures in here?
The Green New Deal is a plan to make a full-scale transition of our economy that puts jobs and justice first. This plan will require a strong social safety net so that every U.S. person can make this transition comfortably and nobody falls through the cracks in the process. If we want to be able to mobilize our economy fully, we can't afford to have employees stuck in their current jobs because they are afraid to lose health care or workers unable to participate because they can't afford the education and training programs. We also need to be sure that workers currently employed in fossil fuel industries have higher-wage and better jobs available to them to be able to make this transition, and a federal jobs guarantee ensures that no worker is left behind. We believe that the economic securities and programs for justice and equity laid out in this Green New Deal resolution are a bare minimum of what we need to do to successfully execute the Green New Deal.
Why does the Green New Deal call for net-zero emissions in 10 years instead of zero emissions? Is this saying we won’t transition off fossil fuels? Does the Green New Deal ban all fossil fuels?
The Green New Deal is a 10-year plan to jumpstart the complete transition of our society away from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources and to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. The resolution outlines the plan to virtually eliminate greenhouse gas emissions and pollution from every sector of the economy through a World War 2 scale mobilization of our society to create the renewable energy infrastructure and clean industries as fast as possible.
The Green New Deal sets a goal to get to net-zero, rather than zero emissions, at the end of this 10-year plan because we aren’t sure that we will be able to fully get rid of, for example, emissions from cows or air travel before then. However, we do believe we can ramp up renewable manufacturing and power production, retrofit every building in America, build the smart grid, overhaul transportation and agriculture, restore our ecosystem, and more to get to net-zero emissions.
The Green New Deal also calls for any infrastructure measures before Congress to address climate change and additionally calls for an end to the transfer of pollution overseas. This provision goes farther than just calling for a ban on new fossil fuel infrastructure. Instead, it tackles all greenhouse gas emitting and pollution emitting sources in our economy and global trade. However, the more important driver to phasing out fossil fuel usage in the Green New Deal is the large-scale mobilization that will make new fossil fuel infrastructure or industries untenable. The Green New Deal is a 10-year plan to reorient our entire economy to be pollution and greenhouse gas emissions free while ensuring every person in the U.S. benefits from this enormous transformation of our society. This means creating a plan to develop the supply of clean energy, industries, infrastructure, transportation, and more for workers and frontline communities in conjunction with transitioning off fossil fuels. Only banning fossil fuels won’t build the new economy to replace it. The Green New Deal is a plan to build that new economy and spells out how to do it technically.
Representative Ocasio-Cortez is planning to immediately begin work on Green New Deal legislation to fully flesh out the projects involved in the Green New Deal. She also plans to work with members of Congress to incorporate existing legislation into the comprehensive plan for a Green New Deal.
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Who once dismissed Google translations as “gibberish,” which he took to be dismissive, while I judge it honorific.
I was born May 14, 1940, in New York, New York, and grew up there until removed, to my disadvantage, to a Westchester suburb, from which I escaped to Brown University, which I majored in American Civilization and studied with S. Foster Damon, who had also taught Virgil Thomson four decades before. Rather than go to Vietnam, I returned to my birthplace to continue my education, first at Columbia University, in American history and then within that New York City cultural world that exists apart from institutions, developing interests in visual and media arts first as a critic and later as a creator. Unable to get a doctorate, or any of the emoluments promised to holders of that degree, I have since been unemployed, nonetheless publishing articles, books, poetry, fiction, plays, and experimental prose, as well as composing audiotapes and videotapes, making films and holograms, that have been exhibited and broadcast around the world. Such work is acknowledged in histories of both American literature and modern music; my art, along with my critical interests, are customarily characterized as “avant-garde” and “anarchist libertarian.” Deliciously single for the past forty-five years, I resided in downtown Manhattan from 1966 to 2010 before relocating to Ridgewood, Queens, where I presently sleep and work, leaving home as infrequently as possible. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading in the sunshine. From time to time I try to disprove characterizations of me as unemployable and unmarriageable; invariably I fail.
Ik ben geboren 14 mei 1940, in New York, New York, en groeide daar tot verwijderd, mijn nadeel, een voorstad Westchester, waaruit ik ontsnapte aan Brown University, waar ik studeerde in de Amerikaanse beschaving en studeerde bij S. Foster Damon, die ook vier decennia eerder had geleerd Virgil Thomson. In plaats van naar Vietnam, keerde ik terug naar mijn geboorteplaats aan mijn opleiding voort te zetten, eerst aan de Columbia University, in de Amerikaanse geschiedenis en vervolgens binnen dat New York City culturele wereld dat, afgezien bestaat uit instellingen, het ontwikkelen van belangen in de beeldende en mediakunst eerst als een criticus en later als een schepper. Niet in staat om een doctoraat te krijgen, of een van de beloofde aan de houders van die mate emolumenten, sindsdien heb ik werkloos geweest, toch publiceren van artikelen, boeken, poëzie, fictie, toneelstukken en experimenteel proza, evenals het samenstellen van geluidsbanden en videobanden, het maken van films en hologrammen, die werden tentoongesteld en uitgezonden over de hele wereld. Dergelijk werk wordt erkend in de geschiedenis van zowel de Amerikaanse literatuur en moderne muziek; mijn kunst, samen met mijn kritische belangen, worden gewoonlijk gekenmerkt als ‘avant-garde’ en ‘anarchist libertaire. ” Heerlijk enkel voor de afgelopen vijfenveertig jaar, ik woonde in het centrum van Manhattan 1966-2010 vóór de verhuizing naar Ridgewood, Queens, waar ik op dit moment slapen en werken, uit huis zo weinig mogelijk. Mijn favoriete hobby’s zijn zwemmen en lezen in de zon. Van tijd tot tijd probeer ik karakteriseringen van mij als inzetbaar en kunnen trouwen weerleggen; onveranderlijk ik faal.
I was born May 14, 1940, in New York, New York, and grew up there until removed my disadvantage, a suburb West Chester, from which I escaped at Brown University, where I majored in American civilization and studied at S. Foster Damon, who also four decades had learned earlier Virgil Thomson. Instead of going to Vietnam, I returned to continue my hometown to my education, first at Columbia University, in American history and then within that New York City cultural world that apart consists of institutions, develop interests the visual and media arts first as a critic and later as a creator. Unable to get a doctorate, or the promise to holders of the extent emoluments, since then I have been unemployed, still publishing articles, books, poetry, fiction, plays and experimental texts, as well as composing audiotapes and videotapes, film making and holograms, which were exhibited and broadcast around the world. Such work is recognized in the history of both American literature and contemporary music; my art with my critical interests are normally characterized as’ avant-garde ‘and’ libertarian anarchist. “Delicious only for the past five years, I lived in downtown Manhattan 1966-2010 before moving to Ridgewood, Queens, where I sleep right now and work from home as little as possible. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading . sun from time to time I try characterizations of me as usable and can marry refute; I invariably fail.
Rođen sam 14. svibnja 1940, u New York, New York, a odrastao tamo gore dok se ne uklone svoje nedostatke, predgrađu West Chester, iz koje sam pobjegao na Brown University, gdje sam studirao u američkoj civilizaciji i studirao na S. Foster Damon , koji je također četiri desetljeća su ranije naučili Virgil Thomson. Umjesto odlaska u Vijetnam, vratio sam se i dalje moj rodni grad na moje obrazovanje, najprije na Sveučilištu Columbia, u američkoj povijesti, a onda unutar tog New York City kulturnog svijeta da osim sastoji od institucija, razvijati interese vizualne i medijske umjetnosti najprije kao kritičar a kasnije kao kreator. Nije moguće dobiti doktorat, ili obećanje nositelja mjeri doplatke, od tada sam bio nezaposlen, i dalje objavljivati članke, knjige, poeziju, prozu, drame i eksperimentalne tekstova, kao i od kojih se sastoji audio kazete i video vrpcama, snimanju filmova te holograme koji su bili izloženi i emitira širom svijeta. Takav rad je priznat u povijesti i američke književnosti i suvremene glazbe; moja umjetnost s mojim kritičkim interesima obično karakterizira kao “avangardu” i “slobodarski anarhist. “Delicious samo za posljednjih pet godina, živio sam u središtu Manhattana 1966-2010 prije premještanja na Ridgewood, Queens, gdje sam spavati odmah i rad od kuće što je manje moguće. Moji omiljeni hobi su kupanje i čitanje. Sunce s vremena na put kad pokušam karakterizacije mene kao korisna i mogu se udati za pobiti, a ja uvijek uspjeti.
I was born on May 14, 1940, in New York, New York, and grew up there until you remove its shortcomings, a suburb of West Chester, from which I escaped to Brown University, where I studied in American civilization and studied at S. Foster Damon , who is also four decades previously learned Virgil Thomson. Instead of going to Vietnam, I came back and continue my hometown to my education, first at Columbia University, in American history, and then within the New York City cultural world that in addition consists of institutions, develop the interests of visual and media arts, first as a critic and later as creator. It is not possible to obtain a doctorate, or promise holders extent allowances, ever since I was unemployed, and continues to publish articles, books, poetry, prose, plays and experimental texts, and which constitute the audio tapes and video tapes, film making and holograms exposed and broadcast around the world. Such work has been recognized in history and American literature and contemporary music; my art with my critical interests usually characterized as “avant-garde” and “libertarian anarchist.” Delicious only for the last five years, I lived in downtown Manhattan 1966-2010 before moving to Ridgewood, Queens, where I sleep right away and work from home as little as possible. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. Sun from time to time I try characterization of me as useful and can not marry kill, and I always succeed.
Nací el 14 de mayo de 1940, en Nueva York, Nueva York, y crecí allí hasta quitar sus defectos, un suburbio de West Chester, del que me escapé a la Universidad de Brown, donde estudié en la civilización americana y estudié en S Foster Damon, que también ha aprendido cuatro décadas previamente Virgil Thomson. En lugar de ir a Vietnam, volví y continué mi ciudad natal a mi educación, primero en la Universidad de Columbia, en la historia de América, y luego dentro del mundo cultural de la Ciudad de Nueva York que además consiste en instituciones, desarrollar los intereses de las artes visuales y de medios , Primero como crítico y después como creador. No es posible obtener un doctorado, o prometer a los titulares la extensión de las asignaciones, desde que estuve desempleado, y continúa publicando artículos, libros, poesía, prosa, obras de teatro y textos experimentales y que constituyen las cintas de audio y cintas de video, Y hologramas expuestos y transmitidos por todo el mundo. Este trabajo ha sido reconocido en la historia y la literatura americana y la música contemporánea; Mi arte con mis intereses críticos habitualmente caracterizados como “vanguardistas” y “anarquistas libertarios”. Delicioso sólo durante los últimos cinco años, viví en el centro de Manhattan 1966-2010 antes de trasladarme a Ridgewood, Queens, donde duermo de inmediato y trabajo desde casa lo menos posible. Mis pasatiempos favoritos son la natación y la lectura. Sun de vez en cuando intento la caracterización de mí como útil y no puedo casarme matar, y siempre tengo éxito.
I was born on May 14, 1940, in New York, New York, and grew up there to remove his defects, a suburb of West Chester, from which I escaped to Brown University, where I studied in American civilization and studied in S Foster Damon, who has also learned four decades previously Virgil Thomson. Instead of going to Vietnam, I went back and continued my hometown to my education, first at Columbia University, in American history, and then in the cultural world of New York City, which also consists of institutions, Interests of the visual and media arts, First as a critic and then as creator. It is not possible to obtain a doctorate, or to promise to the holders the extension of the assignments, since I was unemployed, and continues to publish articles, books, poetry, prose, plays and experimental texts and constitute the audio tapes and tapes of Video, and holograms exposed and broadcast all over the world. This work has been recognized in American history and literature and contemporary music; My art with my critical interests usually characterized as “avant-garde” and “libertarian anarchists”. Delightful only over the past five years, I lived in midtown Manhattan 1966-2010 before moving to Ridgewood, Queens, where I sleep right away and work from home as little as possible. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. Sun occasionally tries to characterize me as useful and I can not marry to kill, and I always succeed.
Jeg ble født den 14. mai 1940 i New York, New York, og vokste opp der for å fjerne sine feil, en forstad til West Chester, som jeg rømte til Brown University, hvor jeg studerte i amerikansk sivilisasjon og studert i S Foster Damon, som også har lært fire tiår tidligere Virgil Thomson. I stedet for å gå til Vietnam, jeg gikk tilbake og fortsatte min hjemby til min utdannelse, først ved Columbia University i amerikansk historie, og deretter i den kulturelle verden av New York City, som også består av institusjoner, interesser av de visuelle og media kunst , først som en kritiker og deretter som skaperen. Det er ikke mulig å få en doktorgrad, eller love å innehavere forlengelse av oppdragene, siden jeg var arbeidsledig, og fortsetter å publisere artikler, bøker, dikt, prosa, skuespill og eksperimentelle tekster og utgjør lydbånd og bånd av video og hologrammer eksponert og kringkastet over hele verden. Dette arbeidet har blitt anerkjent i amerikansk historie og litteratur og moderne musikk; Min kunst med mine kritiske steder vanligvis karakterisert som “avant-garde” og “frihetlige anarkister”. Herlig bare i løpet av de siste fem årene har jeg bodd i midtown Manhattan 1966-2010 før han flyttet til Ridgewood, Queens, der jeg sove med en gang og jobbe hjemmefra så lite som mulig. Min favoritt hobbyer er svømming og leser. Sun tidvis forsøker å karakterisere meg som nyttig, og jeg kan ikke gifte seg for å drepe, og jeg alltid lykkes.
I was born on 14 May 1940 in New York, New York, and grew up there to remove their faults, a suburb of Westchester, which I escaped to Brown University, where I studied in American civilization and studied in S Foster Damon who also learned four decades earlier Virgil Thomson. Instead of going to Vietnam, I went back and continued my hometown for my education, first at Columbia University in American history, and then in the cultural world of New York City, which also consists of institutions, interests of the visual and media art, first as a critic and then as creator. It is not possible to obtain a doctorate, or promise to holders extension of the missions, since I was unemployed, and continues to publish articles, books, poems, prose, plays and experimental texts and constitutes tapes and tapes of video and holograms exposed and broadcast Worldwide. This work has been recognized in American history and literature and contemporary music; My art with my critical locations usually characterized as “avant-garde” and “libertarian anarchists”. Delightful only during the last five years I have lived in midtown 1966-2010 before moving to Ridgewood, Queens, where I sleep right away and work from home as little as possible. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. Sun occasionally attempt to characterize me as useful, and I can not marry to kill, and I always succeed.
Je suis né le 14 mai 1940 à New York, New York, et j’ai grandi là pour enlever leurs défauts, une banlieue de Westchester, que j’ai échappé à Brown University, où j’ai étudié dans la civilisation américaine et étudié dans S Foster Damon qui a également appris Quatre décennies plus tôt Virgil Thomson. Au lieu d’aller au Vietnam, je suis retourné et ai continué ma ville natale pour mon éducation, d’abord à l’université de Columbia dans l’histoire américaine, puis dans le monde culturel de New York City, qui se compose également des institutions, des intérêts de l’art visuel et médiatique, D’abord comme critique puis comme créateur. Il n’est pas possible d’obtenir un doctorat, ou de promettre aux titulaires de prolongation des missions, puisque je suis au chômage, et continue à publier des articles, des livres, des poèmes, des prose, des pièces de théâtre et des textes expérimentaux et constitue des bandes et cassettes de vidéo et hologrammes exposés et Diffusion dans le monde entier. Ce travail a été reconnu dans l’histoire et la littérature américaines et la musique contemporaine; Mon art avec mes lieux critiques habituellement caractérisés comme «avant-garde» et «anarchistes libertaires». Charmant seulement au cours des cinq dernières années, j’ai vécu dans le centre de 1966-2010 avant de déménager à Ridgewood, Queens, où je dors tout de suite et de travailler à domicile aussi peu que possible. Mes hobbies préférés sont la natation et la lecture. Sun essaye parfois de me caractériser comme utile, et je ne peux pas me marier pour tuer, et je réussis toujours.
I was born May 14, 1940 in New York, New York, and I grew up there to take away their faults, a suburb of Westchester, that I escaped Brown University, where I studied in American civilization and studied In S Foster Damon who also learned Four Thousand Earlier Virgil Thomson. Instead of going to Vietnam, I went back and continued my hometown for my education, first at Columbia University in American history and then in the cultural world of New York City, which also consists of Institutions, the interests of visual and media art, first as a critic and then as a creator. It is not possible to obtain a doctorate, or to promise to extension holders of missions, since I am unemployed, and continues to publish articles, books, poems, prose, plays and Experimental texts and constitutes tapes and tapes of video and holograms exposed and broadcast worldwide. This work has been recognized in American history and literature and contemporary music; My art with my critical places usually characterized as “avant-garde” and “libertarian anarchists”. Charming only over the past five years, I lived in the center from 1966-2010 before moving to Ridgewood, Queens, where I sleep right away and work from home as little as possible. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. Sun sometimes tries to characterize me as useful, and I can not get married to kill, and I still succeed.
Ich wurde am 14. Mai 1940 in New York, New York geboren, und ich wuchs dort auf, um ihre Fehler, einen Vorort von Westchester, wegzunehmen, dass ich der Brown University entkam, wo ich in amerikanischer Zivilisation studierte und in S Foster Damon studierte Gelernt Vier tausend älteren Virgil Thomson. Anstatt nach Vietnam zu gehen, ging ich zurück und setzte meine Heimatstadt für meine Ausbildung, zuerst an der Columbia University in der amerikanischen Geschichte und dann in der kulturellen Welt von New York City, die auch aus Institutionen besteht, die Interessen der visuellen und Medienkunst Als Kritiker und dann als Schöpfer. Es ist nicht möglich, eine Doktorarbeit zu bekommen oder Versprechungen für Extensionsinhaber von Missionen, da ich arbeitslos bin und weiterhin Artikel, Bücher, Gedichte, Prosa, Theaterstücke und experimentelle Texte veröffentliche und Bänder und Bänder von Video- und Hologrammen darstellt und ausstellt Weltweit. Diese Arbeit wurde in der amerikanischen Geschichte und Literatur und der zeitgenössischen Musik anerkannt; Meine Kunst mit meinen kritischen Orten in der Regel als “Avantgarde” und “libertären Anarchisten” gekennzeichnet. Charming nur in den letzten fünf Jahren lebte ich in der Mitte von 1966-2010 vor dem Umzug nach Ridgewood, Queens, wo ich sofort schlafen und arbeiten von zu Hause aus so wenig wie möglich. Meine Lieblingshobbys sind Schwimmen und das Lesen. Sonne versucht manchmal, mich als nützlich zu charakterisieren, und ich kann nicht heiraten, um zu töten, und ich gelingt immer noch.
I was born on May 14, 1940 in New York, New York, and I grew up there to escape their mistakes, a suburb of Westchester, that I escaped from Brown University where I studied in American civilization and in S Foster Damon Studied learned four thousand older Virgil Thomson. Instead of going to Vietnam, I went back and put my hometown for my education, first at Columbia University in American history and then in the cultural world of New York City, which also consists of institutions that interests the visual and media arts Critics and then as creators. It is not possible to get a doctoral thesis or promises for extensions of missions because I am unemployed and continue to publish articles, books, poems, prose, plays and experimental texts and present and display tapes and tapes of video and holograms worldwide. This work has been recognized in American history and literature and contemporary music; My art marked with my critical places usually as “avant-garde” and “libertarian anarchists”. Charming only in the last five years, I lived in the middle of 1966-2010 before moving to Ridgewood, Queens, where I sleep immediately and work from home as little as possible. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. Sun sometimes tries to characterize me as useful, and I can not marry to kill, and I still succeed.
inē nīwi yoriki, nīwi yoriki wisit’i giniboti 14, 1940 layi teweledu: inēmi ārati timihiriti mat’inati S yemadego Damon ye’āmērīka šilit’anē ina t’inati yeti inē birawini yunīverisītī kamelet’u zenidi ket’ifatachewi, yewēchesiteri ānidi daricha lemamilet’i bezīya ādege verijīli tomiseni shīhi be‘idimē. kezīhi yilik’i vētinami bemehēdi degimo kezīyami yemisili ina yemīdīya t’ibebati hayasiyani ina gudayochini tek’wamati yakatitali benīwi yoriki ketema, bahilawī ‘alemi wisit’i bezīyani gīzē: inē wede ḫwala temelesu; wede A mērīkani tarīki wisit’i bekolomibīya yunīverisītī bemejemerīya, ye’inē timihiriti sile ketemayē ch’emere: fet’arīwochi honewi. inē sira āt’i nenyi be‘alemi zurīya ri‘isochi, mets’aḥifiti, git’imochi, sidi, diramawochi ina yemukera ts’iḥufochi ina be’āhunu gīzē ina yemasaya tēpochi ina vīdīyo kasētochi ina holograms lematemi mek’et’eli mikiniyatumi teli’ikowochi k’it’iyawochi ānidi yedokitirēti weyimi tesifawochi maginyeti āyichalimi. yihi šira mērīkani tarīki E na šine ts’iḥufi ina zemenawī muzīk’a wisit’i iwik’ina yeteset’ewi newi; ye’inē t’ibebi ābizanyawini gīzē “āvaniti giranidē” ina “libertarian anarchists” inide mehonē wesanyi botawochi gari milikiti tederigobetali. yetewabechi bicha balefuti āmisiti ‘ametati wisit’i, inē wedīyawinu inik’ilifi ina betechale met’eni tinishi yebēti mesirati bota Ridgewood, nigišitochi, kemezawerachewi befīti 1966-2010 mehali layi yinori neberi. ye’inē tewedaji gīzē masalefīya sīwanyu ina manibebi newi. t͟s’eḥāyi ānidanidi t’ek’amī inide baḥiriyi yimokirali, ina inē lemegideli magibati āyichilumi, ina āhunimi sikētama.
14 Mayıs 1940’da New York, New York’ta dünyaya geldim ve Amerika’daki medeniyetlerde okuduğum Brown Üniversitesi’nden kaçıp kendi hatalarımdan, Westchester banliyölerinden kaçmak için orada büyüdüm ve S Foster Damon, öğrendiğim dört Bin büyük Virgil Thomson. Vietnam’a gitmek yerine, geri döndüm ve memleketimi eğitimime açtım, önce önce Columbia Üniversitesi’nde, daha sonra da görsel ve medya sanatlarını ilgilendiren kurumlardan oluşan New York’un kültür dünyasında Eleştiriler ve daha sonra Yaratıcılar olarak. İşsiz olduğumdan ve yazıları, kitapları, şiirleri, eserleri, eserleri ve deney metinlerini yayınlamaya devam etmek ve dünya çapında video ve hologramların kasetleri ve kasetlerini sunmak ve sergilemek için doktora tezi veya sözleşmeleri uzatma sözü vermek mümkün değil. Bu eser Amerikan tarihine, edebiyatına ve çağdaş müziğe kabul edildi; Sanatım eleştirel yerlerimle genellikle “avangard” ve “liberter anarşist” olarak işaretlenmişti. Sadece son beş yılda büyüleyici olan, hemen 1966-2010 ortasında yaşadım ve Queens Ridgewood’a taşındım, burada hemen uyuyup evden mümkün olduğunca az çalıştım. En sevdiğim hobileri yüzüyor ve okuyor. Güneş beni bazen kullanışlı bulmaya çalışıyor ve öldürmek için evlenemiyorum, yine de başarılıyım.
Šitochi, kemezawerachewi befīti 1966-2010 mehali layi yinori neberi. Siz de tainedaji gīzē masalefīya sīwanyu ina manibebi newi. T͟s’eḥāyi ānidanidi t’ek’amī inide baḥiriyi yimokirali, inme lemegideli magibati āyichilumi, ina āhunimi sikētama.
On May 14, 1940, I came to New York, New York, and I grew up there to escape from Brown University in my civilization in America, escape from Westchester suburbs, and S Foster Damon, the four thousand Great Virgil Thomson I have learned. Instead of going to Vietnam, I returned and started my hometown education, first as the Critics of New York culture and later as Creators, first in Columbia University, then in institutions of visual and media arts. It is not possible to promise to continue to publish my work, books, poems, works, works and essays, and to extend my doctoral thesis or contracts to present and display video and hologram cassettes and tapes around the world. This work was accepted into American history, literature and contemporary music; My art was critically labeled as “avant-garde” and “libertarian anarchist”. I have just lived in the midst of 1966-2010 and moved to Queens Ridgewood, which was fascinating over the last five years, where I immediately slept and worked as little as possible from home. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. The sun is trying to find me sometimes useful and I can not marry to kill, but I am still successful.
Em 14 de maio de 1940, cheguei a Nova York, Nova York, e cresci lá para escapar da Universidade de Brown em minha civilização na América, escapar dos subúrbios de Westchester, e S Foster Damon, os quatro mil Grandes Virgil Thomson que eu aprendi . Em vez de ir para o Vietnã, voltei e comecei minha educação na cidade natal, primeiro como críticos da cultura de Nova York e mais tarde como criadores, primeiro na Columbia University, depois em instituições de artes visuais e de mídia. Não é possível prometer continuar a publicar meu trabalho, livros, poemas, obras, trabalhos e ensaios e estender minha tese de doutorado ou contratos para apresentar e exibir cassetes de vídeo e holograma em todo o mundo. Este trabalho foi aceito na história americana, literatura e música contemporânea; Minha arte foi rotulada criticamente como “vanguardista” e “anarquista libertário”. Acabei de viver no meio de 1966-2010 e mudou-se para Queens Ridgewood, que foi fascinante nos últimos cinco anos, onde eu imediatamente dormi e trabalhou o mínimo possível de casa. Meus passatempos favoritos são natação e leitura. O sol está tentando me encontrar às vezes útil e eu não posso casar para matar, mas eu ainda sou bem sucedido.
On May 14, 1940, I arrived in New York, New York, and grew up there to escape from Brown University in my civilization in America, escaping the suburbs of Westchester, and S Foster Damon, four thousand Great Virgil Thomson I learned . Instead of going to Vietnam, came back and started my education in the hometown, first as critics of the culture of New York and later as creators, first at Columbia University, then institutions of visual arts and media. You can not promise to continue to publish my work, books, poems, plays, essays and papers and spreading my doctoral thesis or contracts for presenting and displaying video tapes and hologram worldwide. This work was accepted in American history, literature and contemporary music; My art was labeled critically as “edgy” and “libertarian anarchist.” I just live in the midst of 1966-2010 and moved to Ridgewood Queens, which was fascinating in the last five years, where I once slept and worked as little as possible from home. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. The sun is trying to find me sometimes useful and I can not marry to kill, but I’m still successful.
Dne 14. maja 1940, sem prišel v New York, New York, in odraščal tam pobegniti iz Brown University v moji civilizacije v Ameriki, ki uhaja predmestju Westchester in S Foster Damon, štiri tisoč Great Virgil Thomson sem se naučil. Namesto da bi šel v Vietnam, se je vrnil in začel svoje šolanje v domačem kraju, najprej kot kritiki kulture v New Yorku, kasneje pa kot ustvarjalci, najprej na Univerzi Columbia, potem institucije vizualnih umetnosti in medijev. Vam ne morem obljubiti, da še naprej objavljala svoje delo, knjige, pesmi, drame, eseje in dokumente in širi svojo doktorsko disertacijo ali pogodbe za predstavitev in prikaz video trakovi in hologram po vsem svetu. To delo je bila sprejeta v ameriški zgodovini, literaturi in sodobne glasbe; Moja umetnost je označeno kritično kot “Oster” in “libertarno anarhist.” Samo živim sredi 1966-2010 in se preselil v RIDGEWOOD Queens, ki je bil zanimiv v zadnjih petih letih, kjer sem nekoč spal in delal čim manj od doma. Moj najljubši hobiji so plavanje in branje. Sonce se poskuša najti me včasih koristno in ne morem poročiti, da bi ubil, ampak jaz sem še vedno uspešna.
On 14 May 1940 I arrived in New York, New York, and grew up there to escape from Brown University in my civilization in America, escaping the suburbs of Westchester and S Foster Damon, four thousand Great Virgil Thomson I learned. Instead of going to Vietnam, he returned and began his education in his hometown, first as a critique of culture in New York, and later as creators, first at Columbia, then the institution of visual arts and media. I can not promise to continue to publicize their work, books, poems, plays, essays and papers and spreading his doctoral thesis or a contract for the presentation and display of video tapes and a hologram around the world. This work has been accepted in American history, literature and contemporary music; My art is marked as critical “edgy” and “libertarian anarchist.” Just I live in the middle of 1966-2010 and moved to Queens RIDGEWOOD, which was interesting in the last five years, where I once slept and worked as little as possible from home. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. Sun is trying to find me sometimes useful and I can not marry to kill, but I’m still a success.
W dniu 14 maja 1940 roku przyjechałem do Nowego Jorku, Nowym Jorku, a wychował się tam, aby uciec z Brown University w moim cywilizacji w Ameryce, uciekając przedmieścia Westchester i S Foster Damon, cztery tysiące Wielkiej Virgil Thomson dowiedziałem. Zamiast iść do Wietnamu wrócił i zaczął naukę w swoim rodzinnym mieście, najpierw jako krytyka kultury w Nowym Jorku, a później jako twórców, najpierw w Kolumbii, a następnie instytucja sztuk wizualnych i mediów. Nie mogę obiecać, że nadal nagłośnić ich pracy, książki, wiersze, dramaty, eseje i papiery i rozprzestrzenia swoją rozprawę doktorską lub umowę na prezentacji i wyświetlania taśm wideo i hologram na całym świecie. Praca ta została przyjęta w amerykańskiej historii, literatury i muzyki współczesnej; Moja sztuka jest oznaczony jako krytyczny “kanciasty” i “libertariańskiej anarchista”. Tylko ja mieszkam w środku 1966-2010 i przeniósł się do Queens Ridgewood, co było ciekawe w ciągu ostatnich pięciu lat, w którym kiedyś spał i pracował w jak najmniejszym stopniu od domu. Moje ulubione hobby to pływanie i czytania. Sun próbuje znaleźć mi czasami przydatne i nie mogę ożenić się zabić, ale nadal jestem sukcesem.
On 14 May 1940 I came to New York, New York, and grew up there to escape from Brown University in my civilization in America, fleeing the suburbs of Westchester and S Foster Damon, four thousand United Virgil Thomson learned. Instead of going back to Vietnam and began teaching in his hometown, first as a cultural critic in New York and later as artists, first in Colombia and then the institution of visual arts and media. I can not promise that continues to publicize their work, books, poems, plays, essays and papers and spreading his doctoral thesis or a contract for the presentation and display of video tapes and hologram around the world. This work was accepted in American history, literature and contemporary music; My art is marked as critical, “edgy” and “libertarian anarchist.” Only I live in the middle of the 1966-2010 and moved to Queens Ridgewood, what was interesting in the past five years, he once slept and worked as little as possible from the house. My favorite hobbies are swimming and reading. Sun is trying to find me useful, and sometimes I can not marry to kill, but I’m still a success.
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0.99435 |
How can I change my paper certificate into an electronic certificate?
Dematerialized securities are securities that are not on paper. They exist in the form of entries in the book of depositories. Any bank/brokerage should be able to dematerialize a physical certificate for you by submitting it to CDS either directly or through a Canadian custodian if the institution is not based in Canada.
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0.995188 |
Applicant tracking software is designed to allow HR managers to automate all recruiting processes. It can be cloud-based or installed on-premise and may come as free or open source software. This is especially useful for small businesses who may not have the money to invest in expensive solutions.
Human resource (HR) management involves a lot of work, especially when recruiting staff. This process entails keeping applicant information, interview scheduling and prospect screening, among other workloads. Keeping up with these tasks not only requires manpower but a lot of time as well. Good thing a type of solution called applicant tracking software was developed. Using this tool, HR personnel do not have to spend countless hours trying to keep things in order during the entire recruitment process.
To provide a more concrete definition of applicant tracking software, it is important to point out that this solution is very similar to customer relationship management tools. They only differ as the former is designed for recruitment tracking purposes. Typically such system automatically filters applications based on criteria such as keywords, skills, former employers, and other relevant prospect information. In a sense, this partly answers the question what is applicant tracking software?.
For small enterprises, applicant tracking software usually comes as a part or an add-on to an HR suite or information system. This is commonly due to the fact that these tools are used for recruitment specific needs. On the other hand, medium to large businesses use either open source or cloud-based versions of the solution as they come with more functionalities and are often maintenance-free.
The primary function of applicant tracking software is to come up with a single location for an organization’s recruitment information and processes. It aids HR personnel in managing resumes and applicant data, which are captured from the company’s website or from applicants on job boards such as LinkedIn, Monster and Hotjobs. Applicant tracking software developers assist businesses in the data migration process. For cloud-based software, third-party applications are allowed to integrate with applicant tracking software. Solutions such as these also allow jobs to be posted where applicants can readily view them. This and more features answer the query of what is applicant tracking software.
These benefits have resulted in the increased use of applicant tracking software in the United States, which is seen to continue in the immediate future. In fact, the US market for the software is forecast to grow at a CAGR of ~10% from 2018 to 2020. Growth drivers include increased use of smartphones, greater demand for cloud-based applicant tracking software, and growth in the use of social media. Constant innovations have been driving this development, with more and more HR managers embracing the tool as a recruitment platform.
Despite their importance in the recruitment process, applicant tracking software is not limited to data mining and collection capabilities. So what can businesses get from using this type of solution? Below is a comprehensive discussion on the benefits of applicant tracking software.
Applicant tracking software improves workflow through automation of the recruitment process. It can likewise analyze and coordinate recruitment efforts, which can greatly improve the process. To complement this function, the solution manages human capital, allowing organizations to present opportunities to internal applicants before attempting to recruit outsiders. Ideal candidates can be identified through existing information or by external means.
Aside from this, applicant tracking software gives users absolute control over employee information. Data can be filed, managed and shared all from a single place. It can help any HR department in processes such as onboarding charting, staff training, promotion and even succession planning. The recruiting process is streamlined, therefore, reducing costs from recruiting, interview, hiring and onboarding. This is done by determining talent gaps and subsequent identification of required job roles. Applicants are automatically sorted and filtered to separate the best from the rest.
Applicant tracking software is useful in measuring worker performance. This functionality helps managers identify top performing employees while pinpointing areas that could use improvement. The solution can aid in engaging staff through performance metrics, which can be used to set goals. Through such system, employee compensation can be provided to employees who reach their targets, thus, motivating staff. This practice is very useful in talent retention.
Employee development is another area where such software can prove useful. It promotes employee engagement and career growth, development and education. With this solution, managers can determine workers’ core skills, which can be honed to benefit both staff and company. Also, applicant tracking software can greatly help succession planning by monitoring talent and identifying potentials for leadership positions, as succession planning is important to company growth and sustainability.
The software also has the capability to make HR administration much simpler for managers. It offers solutions to monitor payroll, leave time, benefits and other pertinent processes, all from a single platform. This will enable any HR department to focus on more pressing issues. For those that are deployed via cloud technology, easy access to employee files is a given, helping managers make quick but informed recruitment decisions.
With applicant tracking software, users are also able to measure employee performance objectively. Performance metrics can graph performance not only for rank and file employees but for leaders as well. It also provides much-needed feedback to managers, which can be used to improve company leadership.
BambooHR, one of the best applicant tracking systems out there.
What Are the Features of Applicant Tracking Software?
With all the benefits that applicant tracking software has to offer HR managers, a range of functionalities makes this tool even better. So what does applicant tracking software do? It brings the comfort of automation and accessibility to what once was a laborious process, which is basically the purpose of applicant tracking software. The following defines the ideal features of such solutions and is expected to give readers an idea what to look for in this platform.
Social media integration: Such systems must seamlessly integrate with social media tools, which facilitates social media recruitment. Many applicant tracking software employ social technology. This functionality enables users to get jobs out in the open more quickly, not just locally but globally as well. In this way, applicant profiles and status updates are also easily trackable. Most applicant tracking tools can be upgraded to gain this feature.
Smartphone integration: As more and more job hunters are using smartphones, software developers have given mobile devices access to job portals and application systems. This has been proved to be a key recruitment channel for many companies.
Cloud-enabled software: To boost telecommuting, cloud-enabled applicant tracking software was introduced. With this feature, managers can work from virtually anywhere. It allows users to access applicant data from any computer with an Internet connection and a browser. Software that does not have this capability can be upgraded to provide this function.
Online application portals: Since its inception, online application portals have undergone remarkable improvements. These portals now offer ease of use and enable users to directly publish to job boards and search engines. This practice can save companies both time and money.
Enhanced resume parsing: This feature enables the system to automatically read resumes from email and online applicants. It also creates a shortlist of candidates, eliminating the rigorous task of sorting through resumes. Candidate matching is also a breeze as the software can process a wider range of resume formats.
Powerful reporting: With applicant tracking software, businesses can stop using spreadsheets to come up with accurate recruitment reports. This, along with dependable recruitment metrics help departments save time and resources.
Task automation: More advanced applicant tracking software are now capable of automating more tasks and workflows. With these improved features, many repetitive tasks can now be automated.
These functionalities and more gives us an idea as to why use applicant tracking software.
What are Examples of Applicant Tracking Software?
Online HR software service BambooHR is specifically designed for small and medium-size organizations. This user-friendly solution provides companies with the ability to migrate spreadsheet data to an HR Information System. It has an applicant tracking system that can handle virtually all matters HR. Its visually stunning interface is bound to make HR management a more enjoyable task.
The software has a variety of useful features that include personnel data modules, tracking capabilities and powerful reporting tools. The solution can also track employee performance and offers a wide range of apps for operational systems. It can integrate with more than 20 HR tools and business management applications, its Open Application Programming Interface is able to expand much of the software’s capabilities like expense tracking, benefits administration and reporting.
A relatively simple and flexible HR software, Zoho People can cover just about every aspect of HR management, including records, attendance and leaves. The solution is ideal for use by companies who want a ready-to-use platform without the hassles of customization.
A key feature of Zoho People is its centralized hub, from which every aspect HR management resource can be accessed. It also supports mobile devices so that managers can work from anywhere at any given time. This leads to improved employee performance and enhanced productivity. The system is also able to integrate with other applications while using real-time analytics in utilizing employee data.
Designed for small and medium business enterprises, the software is being marketed at very flexible pricing models, which can go for as low as $9 per month. Zoho People is fully integrated with other products, offering workers the much-needed room for collaboration.
Workday is a cloud-based solution highly designed for enterprises of global reach. The software is essentially an all-in-one human capital management, financial, payroll and management solution.
The platform offers users real-time insights, global visibility and predictive analytics. It is easy to use and can efficiently carry out absence management, benefits administration and bank statement reconciliation tasks. Its cloud-based nature makes the need for upgrades unnecessary, assuring users will always be using the most recent version of the software. Data security is second to none as Workday efficiently protects against a variety of threats, data breaches included.
A web-based HR software, ADP Workforce Now is specifically targeted at medium size enterprises. The solution is capable of automating just about any HR process using a single dashboard. Management and coordination of multiple HR processes can be achieved as it is able to come up with more user permissions. With the platform, users can manage worker benefits, holidays and create reports with ease.
ADP Workforce Now offers capabilities such as time and attendance, talent and payroll and benefits management. A benefit plan creation wizard can be used and configured in accordance with company on-boarding processes. The benefits administration features comply with IRS requirements, assuring users that everything is within the legal framework.
Ultipro is a cloud-based human capital management software that offers multi-HR functionalities in a single platform. Its offerings include HR, compensation, talent, payroll and time and labor management applications. Using the solution, managers can monitor all employee information such as benefits information, employment and performance history, along with personal data.
The software can perform financial management tasks such as payroll administration, tax management and compliance, eliminating the need for additional accounting solutions. Also, its benefits administration function is able to guide workers by informing them of benefits choices, not just for the employees themselves but for their families as well. Employee engagement and employee development is also possible with the platform as it comes with human capital, succession and performance management tools.
Another strength is Ultipro’s reporting, workforce analytics and business intelligence tools, which can give managers accurate insights into their employee pools. Key metrics can be collected by mining data from across all areas of people management.
These examples of applicant tracking software and their descriptions essentially answer the question how does applicant tracking software work?, while giving insights on what to look for in such systems.
Whozwho is an applicant tracking and ranking system designed to help employers find the ideal candidates. Unlike most applicant tracking solutions, Whozwho uses innovative matching and ranking technologies to analyze and sort through tens to hundreds of applications and automaitcally creates a shortlist of potential candidates who are ranked based on expertise, skills, personality, and other attributes set by the employer.
With Whozwho, users no longer have to manually go through applications and spend time and money to find the perfect candidate. It even eliminates the need to review applications, speeding up the whole headhunting process and helping businesses and organizations get their job openings filled quickly with the right people.
As with most automation software, the cost of applicant tracking software largely depends on a number of factors, which include business size, number of locations/users, hiring volume and software features. Prices can range from as low as $50 per month to as high as $650 per month, excluding implementation fees. However, the benefits of such software are often seen to outweigh its high prices. And besides, for small businesses, there are always free versions, which most often than not offer very useful functionalities. Overall, it is pretty much up to leaders to choose which solution is best for their company, both in terms of functionalities and features.
What Are the Latest Trends in Applicant Management Software?
The use of applicant tracking software in the United States has been steadily increasing. In fact, the US market for applicant tracking software is seen to grow at a CAGR of 7% during the period 2017 to 2020. This growth is being driven by the development of innovative upgrades to such systems. New functionalities are changing the way HR professionals see the solution as a recruitment tool.
As could be expected, cloud-based applicant tracking software will remain as the dominant platform. However, the US market for such tools will remain fragmented due to the presence of multiple vendors. With increased competition, these vendors continue to focus on technological development to gain market edge.
Meanwhile, The top emerging trends that have been driving the US market for applicant tracking software include increased use of social media, applicant tracking software’s integration with analytics tools and the rise in the demand for integration with smartphones.
Software and resume compatibility is a known pitfall of the solution. It has been known to make the error of automatic elimination of resumes that it cannot read and interpret. This can result in missed potential great hires. Likewise, resumes in PDF format can be misread, which can also adversely impact the hiring process. Also, most graphics cannot be read by a vast majority of such software, while resumes created in different formats can result in incorrect categorization of data.
These downsides can greatly reduce the value of applicant tracking software in the hiring process. This is precisely the reason why potential users should scrutinize software features first before committing to a service.
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Gardiner's Island is a small island in the Town of East Hampton, New York, in Eastern Suffolk County. It is located in Gardiner's Bay between the two peninsulas at the East end of Long Island. It is 6 miles (9.7 km) long, 3 miles (4.8 km) wide and has 27 miles (43 km) of coastline. The island has been owned by the Gardiner family and their descendants since 1639 when Lion Gardiner purchased it from the Montaukett chief Wyandanch. It is one of the larger privately owned islands in the United States, and is slightly smaller than Naushon Island in Massachusetts, owned by the Forbes family.
The island is 3,318 acres (1,343 ha) in size. It includes more than 1,000 acres (400 ha) of old growth forest and another 1,000 acres (405 ha) of meadows. Many of the buildings date back to the 17th century. In 1989, the island was said to be worth $125 million.
The island has the largest stand of white oak in the American Northeast. Other trees include swamp maple, wild cherry and birch. The island is home to New York state's largest colony of ospreys, and is one of the few locations in the world where they build their nests on the ground, as there are no natural predators to the osprey on the island.
Its structures include the oldest surviving wood-frame structure in New York state, a carpenter's shed built there in 1639, as well as a private airstrip on the south side of the island.
In 1639, the island was settled by Lion Gardiner, who moved there with his family from Connecticut. The island was originally in its own jurisdiction, not part of Connecticut or Rhode Island, long before there was a State of New York. It has been privately owned by Gardiner's descendants for over three hundred and seventy five years.
Lion Gardiner reportedly purchased the island locally in 1639 from the Montaukett Indians for "a large black dog, some powder and shot, and a few Dutch blankets." The Indians called the island Manchonake, while Gardiner initially called it Isle of Wight, because it reminded him of the Isle of Wight in England. The Montauketts gave Gardiner the title, at least in part because of his support for them in the Pequot War.
Gardiner also had to gain approval for the land grant from James Farrett, an agent of the Earl of Stirling, William Alexander. The Earl of Stirling had been given Long Island by the King of England in 1636.
The royal patent of 1639 gave Gardiner the "right to possess the land forever", with the island being declared a proprietary colony. Lion Gardiner was given the title of Lord of the Manor and thus was able to govern the island.
On October 5, 1665, after it had been resolved that the English, rather than the Dutch, would rule Long Island, and that it would not be part of Connecticut, Richard Nicolls, the first Governor of the Province of New York, issued a new patent to Lion Gardiner's son David Gardiner.
In 1688, when Governor Thomas Dongan granted a patent formally establishing the East Hampton government, there was an attempt to annex the island to East Hampton. However, the Gardiners resisted and Dongan reaffirmed its special status. The island's special status was to continue until after the American Revolution, when it was formally annexed to East Hampton.
Gardiner established a plantation on the island for growing corn, wheat, fruit, and tobacco, as well for raising livestock.
Privateer William Kidd buried treasure on the island in June 1699, having stopped there while sailing to Boston to answer charges of piracy. With the permission of the island's proprietor, he buried a chest and a box of gold and two boxes of silver (the box of gold, Kidd told Gardiner, was intended for Lord Bellomont) in a ravine between Bostwick's Point and the Manor House. For her trouble, Kidd gave Mrs. Gardiner a length of gold cloth, captured from a Moorish ship off the coast of India (a piece of which is now at the East Hampton library), and a sack of sugar. It is said that Kidd warned that, if the treasure was not there when he returned, he would kill the Gardiners, although trial testimony given by John Gardiner on July 17, 1699 makes no mention of any threats, and Kidd's conduct appears to have been quite civil. Kidd was tried in Boston, and Gardiner was ordered by Governor Bellomont to deliver the treasure as evidence. The booty included gold dust, bars of silver, Spanish dollars, rubies, diamonds, candlesticks, and porringers. Gardiner kept one of the diamonds which he later gave to his daughter. A plaque on the island marks the spot where the treasure was buried.
The Gardiners sided with the colonists during the American Revolution. However, a fleet of thirteen British ships sailed into Cherry Harbor and began foraging the island and its manor house at will; they were planning to turn it into a private hunting preserve. Among the British guests were Henry Clinton and John André. At one point, Major André and Gardiner's son Nathaniel Gardiner exchanged toasts on the island. Nathaniel Gardiner was a surgeon for the New Hampshire Continental Infantry. He was the American surgeon who later attended to André before he was executed for spying with Benedict Arnold.
Following the revolution, the island was formally brought under East Hampton town jurisdiction.
During the War of 1812 a British fleet of seven ships of the line and several smaller frigates anchored in Cherry Harbor and conducted raids on American shipping through Long Island Sound. Crews would come ashore for provisions which were purchased at market prices. During one of the British excursions, Americans captured some of the crew. The British came to arrest then Lord of the Manor John Lyon Gardiner I, who, being a delicate man, adopted the "green room defense" where he stayed in a bed with green curtains surrounded by medicine to make him look feeble. The British, not wanting a sick man on board, let him be.
The British were to bury several personnel on the island during the course of the war. Some of the British fleet that burned Washington assembled in the harbor in 1814.
Gardiner's supply boats were manned by slaves during the war and this made it easier for them to pass through British lines. Many of the Gardiner slaves were to live in the Freetown, just north of East Hampton village.
Julia Gardiner, who was to become President John Tyler's second wife and First Lady in 1844, was born on the island in 1820.
From 1854 to 1894, the island was the site of the Gardiners Island Lighthouse.
Gardiners Point Island is an island in Block Island Sound that was the former location of the Gardiner Island Lighthouse as well as Fort Tyler. For many years the island was connected via a shoal to Gardiners Island and as such it is under the jurisdiction of East Hampton (town), New York. In 1851 the federal government purchased 14 acres (5.7 ha) on the peninsula from the Gardiners for $400 with the lighthouse first being lit in 1855 after a construction expenditure of $7,000. The lighthouse was in 27-foot (8.2 m) square, 1½ story brick building and had a sixth order Fresnel Lens, fixed white light 33 feet (10 m) above sea level.
A March 1888 Nor'easter caused a break in the peninsula permanently turning the point into an island. Between 1890 and 1893 the island was shrinking at the rate of 10 3⁄4 feet (3.3 m) per year. On March 7, 1894, the lighthouse was abandoned and shortly afterward fell into the ocean. A lighted buoy was then moored ¼ miles northeast of the lighthouse. During the Spanish–American War the War Department appropriated $500,000 to build the Fort Tyler battery on the island (named for former President John Tyler who had married Julia Gardiner Tyler who had been born on Gardiners Island). The shifting sands caused problems for the fort as well and it was abandoned in the late 1920s. In 1921 its guns included Battery Edmund Smith, 2 - 8" Disappearing, 2 - 5" (or possibly 8") Pedestal. In 1938 the island was declared a National Bird Refuge by Franklin Roosevelt and transferred to the Agriculture Department. During World War II the fort was used for target practice and was reduced to its present state where it is popularly called "The Ruins."
The state of New York briefly considered turning it into a park but it is deemed a navigational hazard because of the possibilities of unexploded ordnance. It is privately owned now.
The current manor house was built some time after 1947 by Sarah Diodati Gardiner, who was descended from Lion Gardiner the First in three ways. The previous manor house was built by David Gardiner in 1774 and burned to the ground in 1947; it was thought after a guest fell asleep while smoking. Valuable antiques were destroyed in this fire, while the caretaker saved his own life by jumping from a window. Sarah Gardiner erected a new 28-room manor house in the Georgian style. She died in 1953, still unmarried, at the age of ninety. From 1955 until 1963 Sperry Rand leased the island for top echelon meetings. Sarah Gardiner was a multimillionaire and left the island estate to her nephew, Robert David Lion Gardiner and his sister, Alexandra Gardiner Creel. They took possession of the island at the expiration of Sperry Rand's lease in 1963.
Robert David Lion Gardiner, the 16th Lord of the Manor, inherited three Gardiner fortunes from his father, his uncle and his Aunt Sarah.
The island was designated as a National Natural Landmark (NNL) in April 1967 by the National Park Service, in recognition of its waterfowl and shorebird habitat, and its role as a breeding ground for osprey. Its NNL status was removed in July 2006 following a request from the island's owner.
Owing to the high cost of upkeep, in 1937 the island was put up for sale but was bought at the last minute by a relative, Sarah Diodati Gardiner, for $400,000. Upon her death in 1953, the island passed in trust to her nephew, Robert David Lion Gardiner, and his sister, Alexandra Gardiner Creel. Their aunt had also set aside a trust fund for upkeep of the island, but it was exhausted by the 1970s. When Creel died, her rights passed to her daughter, Alexandra Creel Goelet. Robert Gardiner and Mrs. Goelet were to have a highly publicized dispute over ownership and direction of the island.
Robert accused Alexandra of wanting to sell and develop the island. She accused him of not paying his share of the estimated $2 million per year upkeep and taxes of the island. Robert said he would not oppose ownership by the government or a private conservancy group. The case went to court in 1980 and Robert was initially barred from visiting the island, but in 1992, courts ruled that he could visit the island (although the Goelets and Gardiner were not on the island at the same time).
We have always married into wealth. We've covered all our bets. We were on both sides of the Revolution, and both sides of the Civil War. The Gardiner family always came out on top.
The Goelets offered to place a conservation easement on the island in exchange for a promise from the Town of East Hampton not to rezone the land, change its assessment or attempt to acquire it by condemnation. The Goelets and East Hampton agreed upon the easement through 2025.
Lion Gardiner as a proprietary colony, 1st Proprietor and Lord of the Manor. 1639 to 1663.
John Lyon Gardiner II ? to 1910.
Sarah Diodati Gardiner 1937 to 1953.
Alexandra Gardiner Creel and Robert David Lion Gardiner, 16th Lord of the Manor, 1953 to ?
Alexandra Creel Goelet, sole owner after the death of her uncle, 2004 to present.
^ Weigold, Mary E. (2015). Peconic Bay: Four Centuries of History on Long Island's North and South Forks. Syracuse University Press. pp. 16–17.
^ Niihau is larger, see: Trebay, Guy (2004-08-29). "The Last Lord Of Gardiners Island". New York Times.
^ Suffolk County Department of Planning (October 2000). "1999 Land Available for Development - Eastern Suffolk County" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-26.
^ "The Isle of Wight Postcard and Feature Page's summary of information from Newsday". Round-the-island.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
^ New England Historical and Genealogy Register, Vol. VI, pp. 72-84. A verbatim report of John Gardiner's testimony taken before a board of government commissioners at Boston.
^ "Gardiners Island Lighouses". East End Lighthouses. Archived from the original on 2012-01-29. Retrieved 2012-03-26.
^ National Registry of Natural Landmarks. National Park Service. 1989. p. 79. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
^ "Notice of Multiple National Natural Landmark Boundary Changes and De-designations" (PDF). Federal Register. 71 (138): 41050. July 19, 2006. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
^ a b c "Robert D.L. Gardiner, 93, Lord of His Own Island, Dies". New York Times. August 24, 2004. Retrieved 2014-01-29. Robert David Lion Gardiner, the last heir to bear the name of the family that has owned Gardiner's Island, off the coast of Long Island, for nearly four centuries, died yesterday at his home in East Hampton, N.Y. He was 93. ... Mr. Gardiner called himself the 16th Lord of the Manor and saw himself as a custodian of his family's history on what is said to be the largest privately owned island in the world.
^ "John Lyon Gardiner Dead. Owner of Gardiner's Island, Associated with Capt. Kidd, the Pirate" (PDF). New York Times. January 22, 1910. Retrieved 2014-01-29.
This page was last edited on 15 March 2019, at 11:46 (UTC).
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Uganda's relations with its other neighbors were dominated by responses to serious domestic political conflicts within Uganda or a neighboring state that spilled over their common borders. After the NRM took power, the threat that it would support likeminded radical guerrilla movements near the border in each of Uganda's neighbors except Tanzania tinged interstate relations with deep suspicion.
Relations with Sudan had been primarily concerned with the consequences of the Sudanese civil war for the first decade after Uganda's independence. The Ugandan government regarded the war as pitting Africans against Arabs and thus tended to be sympathetic to the southern desire for secession. Thousands of southern Sudanese refugees fled to Uganda. Following the assumption of power by a left-wing Sudanese regime in 1969, Obote tilted his loyalties toward the Sudanese government in order to strengthen his own radical credentials. After this war was settled in 1972, Uganda's relations with Sudan became quieter. Many southern Sudanese took advantage of Amin's ethnic ties to southern Sudan to join the Ugandan Army and take part in its indiscriminate attacks on Ugandan civilians. When Amin was overthrown, the Sudanese soldiers, along with many Ugandan supporters of Amin, fled to southern Sudan. There they were joined by 200,000 Ugandan refugees, mostly from northwest Uganda, during Obote's second presidency, when the new Ugandan Army took revenge on them.
In 1983 a new phase began with the second Sudanese civil war, which was complicated in 1986 by an outbreak of fighting in northern Uganda between remnants of Obote's former Ugandan army and the NRA. Each government accused the other of assisting antigovernment rebels. After 1987 President Museveni became a mediator in an effort to arrange meetings in Kampala between the leaders of the warring Sudanese factions. In support of this policy, the NRM government announced that it would not export revolution and thus would not help the Sudanese rebels or give them sanctuary in Uganda. By 1990 the border had become considerably less significant in disrupting relations between the two countries because Sudanese rebels controlled most of it, because the northern Ugandan rebels who had used Sudan as a sanctuary were largely defeated, and because most of the Ugandan refugees in Sudan had returned home. In early April 1990, Sudanese ruler Lieutenant General Umar Hasan Ahmad al Bashir visited Kampala and signed a nonaggression pact with Museveni.
Rwandans had started to migrate from their overpopulated country to Uganda in search of jobs early in the colonial period. Four years before Uganda became independent, a revolution in Rwanda in which Hutu agriculturalists took power from their Tutsi (Watutsi) overlords resulted in a mass exodus of Tutsi refugees into Uganda. Many remained in camps, hoping eventually to return home, but the Rwandan government refused to accept them, claiming the country was too overcrowded. During Obote's second presidency in the 1980s, the Ugandan government regarded them as supporters of the NRM. A crisis erupted in 1982 when local officials in southwestern Uganda forced 80,000 people of Rwandan descent, including many with Ugandan citizenship, to leave their homes and possessions. Refused entry into Rwanda, they were forced to live in refugee camps on the Ugandan side of the border, where they remained through 1990. Relations with Rwanda were again strained in October 1990, when Rwandans in the NRA joined a rebel invasion of northern Rwanda. President Juvénal Habyarimana accused Museveni of supporting the Rwandan Patriotic Front, and relations worsened throughout the rest of 1990.
Uganda's involvement in rebel activity in Zaire almost brought down the Obote government in 1966, although the Ruwenzururu rebellion on the Ugandan side of the border during the 1960s attracted little support from Zaire. During the late 1980s, however, when a radical Zairian group dedicated to the overthrow of President Mobutu Sese Seko, the Congolese Liberation Party (Parti de Libération Congolaise--PLC), became active in the same mountains, Mobutu accused the NRM of supporting it. Remnants of the Ruwenzururu movement established a working relationship with the PLC in 1987, and the NRM became the enemy of both rebel movements. As the PLC increased its attacks in Zaire from its sanctuary in the Ugandan Ruwenzori Mountains, Mobutu responded by helping former UPC politicians with close links to Ruwenzururu leaders establish an exile group in Zaire for the purpose of overthrowing the NRM government. Meanwhile, farther north there were intermittent clashes between Ugandan and Zairian soldiers, both as a result of the NRM's campaign to eliminate cross-border smuggling and over fishing rights in the lakes along the border. Large numbers of Ugandans, who had fled into Zaire as refugees during the Amin and second Obote governments, had begun to return to Uganda. But in June 1987, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) program assisting them was closed. And in a bizarre incident that further soured interstate relations, Amin attempted to return to northern Uganda through Zaire in January 1989 but was recognized and held in the airport at Kinshasa. In the absence of an extradition treaty with Uganda, Zaire allowed Amin to return to his home in exile in Saudi Arabia, despite NRM demands for his return to stand trial. In September 1990, Museveni and Mobutu agreed to cooperate in resolving border security problems, but despite this pledge the border area remained unsettled for the rest of the year.
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Text: “I have just returned with my uncle, the General, from the Panorama of Waterloo,” said Lady Mary. “He described the action so well, that I really could see the Cuirassiers charge three distinct times, could in return hear the Scottish Royals and immortal Greys shout ‘Scotland for ever.” I could see them hew in pieces the steel-clad warriors of France, could see Napoleon’s countenance change at the operations of ‘ces terribles chevaux gris,’ and could behold its expression of consternation, as when leaning over the horse of his peasant guide, and discerning the columns of Prussians advancing like a cloud in the horizon, he exclaimed, ‘tout est perdu!’ […] I advise you to go and see it: it is well worth your while; and I trust that the scene will have interest for a Briton a century hence, when we and when our’s are no more. Our heroes have gathered their laurels in vain, unless the dews of immortality falling from on high preserve them; the brave but sleep, the coward perishes and is forgotten.” Here a glow of heroism lit up her countenance, and she appeared to me something more than woman.
I now prepared to follow her advice; and went directly to the Panorama. The room was crowded with company, and the representation was just what she had described. Luckily for me, I fell in with an officer of the intrepid Scotch Greys, who gave me much information on the subject: that corps covered itself with glory; and of course, no one was better able to describe the battle, than one who had so much contributed to its renown.
When the officer had concluded his observations, I retired to a corner in order to observe the company. In all assemblages of people, a spectator may learn much. The following is a roughly sketched outline of what struck me most.
There also was the exquisite militaire, youthful and blooming, affected and vain, lounging with an air of sans souci, a toothpick or a violet in his mouth, a quizzing-glass either suspended round his neck or fixed in the socket of his eye, seeming to disdain taking an interest in the thing, yet lisping out, “Upon my thoul, it’s d–d like, d–d like indeed,— yeth, that’s just the place where we lotht tho many men, — it’s quite ridicttlouth, how like it ith.” What a contrast! so much valour, yet so much feminine conceit, starch and perfume, whalebone and pasteboard! It is however not less true, that these fops, who take so much care of their pretty persons out of the field, take no care of them in it.
Here were idlers looking at the action merely as a picture; and there were vacant countenances staring at nothing but the company:— in one place a fat citizen came in merely to rest himself; and in another, a pretty brunette of the second class, whose only business was to meet my Lord. In a third corner I could see a happy couple enjoying the short space previous to a permanent union, and who came here for fashion’s sake, or to be alone in the world, and thus to escape the attention of a smaller circle; for there exists a certain retirement or solitude in crowds, known only to the few. This couple took as much interest in the battle of Waterloo as in the fire of London.
“Not so with Lady Evremont,” exclaimed a disdainful woman of quality, (whose short upturned nose, step à la Française, rapid delivery in discourse, and fiery eye, bespoke heat of temper and swelling of pride),— “not so with her ladyship! she thought herself the very loadstone of attraction, and considered dancing as a loss of time. I am sure if I were her husband —” “You would,” interrupted an elderly Exquisite of sickly composure but of satirical dissatisfied aspect,— “you would do just what her husband does, namely, not care sixpence about her, but leave her to herself.” This produced a general laugh, but in the moderate key of fashionable mirth; for the whole circle was composed of her enemies.— Why? Because she is beautiful.
“What brought you here, Sir George?” sighed out a languid looking widow of fashion. “The attraction of your beauty.” “Stuff!” exclaimed the widow, in a more animated tone, biting her lips (not spitefully but playfully) and twinkling her eyes. “And you, Major?” ” A shower of rain,” replied the Hibernian. “Oh! then I have nothing to do with your coming.” “Nothing, except (recovered Pat) that whilst it rains without, you reign within, in every heart and in every mind.” “None of your nonsense!” cried the Widow, putting her hand on his lips. “I hate flattery — blarney I believe you call it.” “Just what you please; truth is truth still, in English, Irish, or even Dutch,” concluded he. The lady appeared delighted; but turning round to a boarding-school cousin, endeavoured to hide her satisfaction by saying, “I do hate so many compliments.” I extricated myself from this buz of high life, giving and receiving acknowledgments from those of my acquaintance who formed a part of the circle; and on my exit, I perceived some wry faces and some discontented looks at the door. These were French people come over here, all with, a view of gain, in some shape or other, but who sickened at any thing which lowered France, avec ses armées victorieuses, which so long gave laws to the greater part of Europe, but could never dictate them to us. As much was said by the French, about their Légion d’Honneur and Napoleon’s Invincibles, as ever ancient history has trumpeted concerning the sacred battalion commanded by Pelopidas, but I did not stay long to listen to them.
Comments: Felix Bryan M’Donogh (1768?-1836) was an Irish soldier then essayist, who wrote a series of travel books under the name of ‘The Hermit’. The Panorama was an invention of the artist Robert Barker, who patented a means of exhibiting a large, highly realistic landscape painting on the inside of a cylindrical building. It was first exhibited in Edinburgh in 1788, and moved to London’s Leicester Square in 1793, where it remained a popular (and much imitated) attraction for seventy years. The Waterloo panorama was painted by Barker’s son Henry Aston Barker and was first exhibited in Leicester Square in 1816, a year after the Battle of Waterloo itself.
This entry was posted in 1810s, Travel writing, United Kingdom and tagged Audiences, Felix M'Donogh, London, Panoramas, Waterloo (1816). Bookmark the permalink.
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Could you send me an application form? https://www.drugonsale.com cheap order drugs The IMF identified four areas for action: problem banks need to be identified and helped so the whole financial sector has the confidence to lend; a unified set of banking rules need to be drawn up; the European Central Bank should continue its loose monetary policy; and countries must make their economies competitive, including by freeing up their labor markets.
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My father has hearing loss and I fear that it’s affecting his driving. He gave me a ride to the airport yesterday, and we almost got into two accidents. Are their things that can be done to help someone with hearing loss drive more safely?
When people have hearing loss, it affects every part of their life: relationships, friendships, employment and their day-to-day activities, especially driving.
Some symptoms of hearing loss are obvious, such as asking people to repeat words, mishearing conversations, or having trouble hearing in noisy crowds. Other signs only crop up in certain situations. For instance, someone might not realize they have a problem until they’re driving a car and forget to flip off their signal after a turn.
Besides a turn signal blinking for an extended period of time, how else do you know if hearing loss is affecting your loved one’s driving?
· He or she might be unable to hear sounds that appear suddenly out of nowhere and have indeterminate origins (e.g., sirens and horn honking). If someone doesn’t hear a horn, for instance, they may continue on and have a crash.
Complicating matters is that people with hearing loss are often compensating by using more brainpower than they even realize, which can mean less attention to the matter at hand.
Anyone who has severe to profound hearing loss should speak with their family, hearing health provider, or physician to make sure that it is safe for them to drive. Overall, people that suspect they might be developing hearing loss should visit a specialist and get tested, because early treatment is vital to preserving sound-processing skills.
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BRADY, TEXAS. Brady, the county seat of McCulloch County, is located on U.S. highways 87, 283, and 190, 115 miles northwest of Austin, near the geographic center of Texas. When the area was settled in the 1870s, the community was named Brady City after Brady Creek, which runs through town. The name was shortened to Brady when the town was incorporated in 1906. In 1787–88 Spanish explorer José Mares crossed the creek near the site of present Brady. Henry and Nancy Fulcher, the first settlers on Brady Creek, donated land for the townsite in the mid-1870s. Allison Ogden and his father-in-law, Ben Henton, built a store in 1875. A post office opened in 1876. After residents of McCulloch County chose Brady as county seat on May 15, 1876, the town grew fairly quickly. Brady had about fifty residents in 1877, and a stone courthouse was completed in 1878. Thomas Maples began weekly publication of the Brady Sentinel in 1880; by 1884 Brady had two churches, a district school, three stores, two hotels, and 300 residents.
Stock raising was the primary occupation in the Brady area before 1900. In the 1870s and 1880s local ranchers drove their cattle to markets in Kansas. Most other trade was with Brownwood and Lampasas. The number of farms and fences increased with the influx of immigrants in the late 1880s and 1890s. Poultry, sheep, goats, cotton, and pecans joined cattle as important sources of income for area residents. When the Fort Worth and Rio Grande Railway arrived in 1903, Brady became a principal shipping point for Central Texas. The Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe came to Brady in 1912. By 1914 the town had grown to include four churches, two schools, two banks, several processing plants, manufacturing and supply outlets, and 2,669 residents.
In 1926 Brady residents celebrated the building of forty-two-acre Richards Park by holding a two-day barbecue on the Fourth of July weekend; it was such a success that the celebration was labeled the "July Jubilee" and became an annual event. Curtis Field opened just north of Brady in 1942 as a pilot-training school. Also during World War II a German prisoner-of-war camp was built three miles east of the town; it housed more than 300 Germans, most of them members of Rommel's Afrika Korps (see GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR).
Brady grew slowly from the 1920s through the 1950s, with population estimates reaching a peak of 6,800 in 1958. In 1959 the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway abandoned the section of track between Brownwood and Brady, thereby reducing Brady's access to outside markets. The population fell to 5,338 by 1961 and subsequently stabilized. Brady Reservoir was completed in 1963 for flood control, municipal and industrial water needs, and recreation. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe abandoned the track between Brady and Eden in 1972, leaving the town with only a branch track to connect it with the main line at Lometa, in Lampasas County.
Brady had 5,925 residents and 142 businesses in 1988. It was principally a farming and ranching community. Its industry included a mohair-combing plant and sand-mining operations. The Francis King Art Gallery and Museum houses works by King, a painter and sculptor, and a collection of restored antique cars. Brady celebrates an annual band festival and goat cook-off every Labor Day. The stone courthouse, built in 1900, was renovated in 1974. In 1989 G. Rollie White Downs, one of the first horse racetracks in Texas after the passage of pari-mutuel laws in 1989, operated briefly in Brady but was unprofitable and closed by 1990. Brady's population in 1990 was 5,946, but dropped to 5,523 in 2000.
Jessie Laurie Barfoot, History of McCulloch County, Texas (M.A. thesis, University of Texas, 1937). Wayne Spiller, comp., Handbook of McCulloch County History (Vol. 1, Seagraves, Texas: Pioneer, 1976; Vol. 2, Canyon, Texas: Staked Plains Press, 1986). Vertical Files, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin.
Handbook of Texas Online, Vivian Elizabeth Smyrl, "BRADY, TX," accessed April 21, 2019, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hfb04.
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Make way for disruptions in the credit rating industry!
Following the subprime mortgage crisis of 2008, one of the issues that particularly stood out was how inefficient and prone to manipulation the credit rating process is. Several reports show that the three largest credit rating agencies in the world contributed to the financial crisis by giving toxic financial products good ratings despite having evidence that they were misleading investors.
Fast forward to today and the same three rating agencies still dominate the global market despite the post-crisis recommendations that they should be regulated and opened up for competition. Even if these recommendations are followed, the conventional credit rating process will remain unreliable given that it’s highly dependent on trust.
In other words, the rating agencies lack toolsto determine the accuracy of the data they collect about borrowers and investors cannot see the exact criteria used to rate various financial products. It is no wonder that a 2014 survey by the CFA Institute shows that traditional credit rating agencies lack transparency and are marred by conflicts of interest. In the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis, credit rating agencies are said to have conspired with the behemoths of Wall Street to market the toxic products to unsuspecting investors.
However, with blockchain, these challenges could be a thing of the past. The distributed ledger technology (DLT) has the power to bring transparency to the credit rating process while ensuring data privacy and safety. The technology aims to decentralize the credit rating process by moving the power over the data from credit rating agencies to the people. This will eliminate overdependence on government-controlled agencies such as FICO which are not only prone to corruption but which also use outdated rating models and so, locking out many qualified borrowers.
Bloom, a decentralised credit scoring system powered by Ethereum and IPFS, is one of the blockchain solutions seeking to address these challenges. The project aims to put the borrower’s entire transactional history in an openly accessible public ledger thus ensuring transparency. According to Bloom, with the blockchain based rating system, the lenders will be able to evaluate the borrowers better than in the traditional manual systems which are based on a single score.
Another benefit of moving credit scoring systems onto the blockchain is that with a decentralised credit rating agency, the credit rating process is transparent to all parties including the regulators and would leave no room for manipulation. In the 2008 global financial crisis, lending institutions are said to have manipulated their credit rating systems in order to accommodate unqualified borrowers so they could increase their profits on mortgage-backed securities (MBS). The end result was catastrophic for everyone including the borrowers and the investors.
If the rating agencies were using a blockchain-based rating agency at the time, the reckless lending would never have happened in the first place. This is because the blockchain system is immutable and transparent which means that lenders would not have been able to alter it and the regulators and investors would have been able to determine the risks by themselves. Blockchain solutions such as those that track supply chains can be beneficial in assessing the risks involved in sophisticated financial products such as MBS.
With the blockchain-based system in place, the borrowers’ creditworthiness evaluation not only becomes highly accurate but is also faster and cheaper. Traditionally, lending institutions rely on due diligence underwriters to manually evaluate loan applicants’ data and make recommendations. This process, aside from being prone to error, is tedious, time-consuming, and expensive. With IoT, big data analytics, and blockchain, the whole process can be made more efficient.
Another attractive aspect of blockchain tech is that borrowers have an assurance that their data is safe from hackers. In the past, credit rating agencies have been a top target for cybercriminals with the latest incident involving Equifax, the US largest consumer credit reporting agency. In September of 2017, the company reported a hacking incident that impacted credit histories of up to 143 million Americans (which is over 50% of the US’s population).
With the robust growth of the blockchain technology in the recent years, there is no doubt that more disruptions for the credit rating industry are yet to come. The application of the technology in the industry will not only benefit the industry players but will open up opportunities for entrepreneurs and investors worldwide.
The pilot enabled the closing of a €75 million loan using a DLT-based solution.
The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) and Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) have signed an agreement to assist fintech entrepreneurs and support financial services innovation in Singapore and Abu Dhabi, according to Paybefore sister publication Banking Technology.
Berlin has established its credentials as a premier European blockchain hub.
Before you jump into implementing blockchain, know the risks.
A judicious look at crypto-assets leading to neither crypto-condemnation nor crypto-euphoria.
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0.952888 |
Have you got a text in English or in Italian that you wish to translate into French?
"Each language sees the world in a different way"
said once Federico Fellini in an interview to the New York Times.
Translating is not only a matter of matching the right words.
It is more about conveying efficiently your message into another culture.
So I would say the aim of translation is ensuring accurate and efficient communication.
My translation specialties are based on my professional background. I mainly work with texts that deal with the consumer markets I used to work on, such as watches, jewels, food, cosmetics, and tourism markets.
I also translated 3 books about the Renaissance, the Romanticism and the 1991-2010 era.
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0.944373 |
The fourth season of Downton Abbey doesn't premiere in the US until January, but with the finale already airing yesterday in the UK, the shows has already been renewed for another series set within the spooky Yorkshire country house haunted by Maggie Smith and her hats.
The season four finale last night earning year-high drama ratings in its native home, sparking the long-expected response from ITV, officially declaring a fifth season to eventually follow the annual Christmas special that, naturally, won't be airing on PBS until the holiday season of late February.
"Audiences have enjoyed their regular Sunday evening visits back to Downton once again this autumn, and we are thrilled to produce a new series of the show next year," said executive producer Gareth Neame in a statement. "We promise all the usual highs and lows, romance, drama and comedy played out by some of the most iconic characters on television. All the actors and makers of the show continue to be humbled by the extraordinary audience response and want to take the show from strength to strength next year."
As is typical of the UK's upstairs-downstairs formula, it's expected that the fifth series will be the one that sees the ruling and servile classes finally come together in a gruesome vision of Cronenbergian body horror.
\n\nThe fourth season of Downton Abbey doesn't premiere in the US until January, but with the finale already airing yesterday in the UK, the shows has already been renewed for another series set within the spooky Yorkshire country house haunted by Maggie Smith and her hats.
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0.99999 |
Using information from the article by Wright et al., describe the major issues, themes, needs, and challenges that biracial individuals face.
- Identify effective interventions for biracial individuals in the workplace.
- Describe how biracial individuals are similar to and different from other groups.
- Describe what current researchers say about these issues.
- Apply your findings to how these issues and ideas support cultural sensitivity and positive interactions in the workplace.
- Discuss how these findings promote fair and equal treatment and consideration for the biracial individual.
- Further, you may address the issue of the term "biracial" in your response.
What does biracial mean in today's society? Some would define biracial as the mixing of a whites and blacks, others would say it is someone who posses' genes from several different cultures, still others would say it is anyone born with different genes other then European. Over the last decade America has seen more and more blending of cultures leading to either acceptance of biracial individuals or further discrimination.
This solution clearly describes the major issues, themes, needs, and challenges that biracial individuals face.
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0.979194 |
Why do you need a running coach?
One of the best things about running is that it's an individual sport. In general, you don't have to rely on anyone else to participate. You just lace up your shoes and go. But, really, is anything in life that simple?
Unfortunately, no. Even the most experienced runners could use a little help. Sometimes, you get injured. Sometimes, you lose focus and motivation. Sometimes, you want to improve but you just don't know how to get there. And searching the Internet just leaves you confused with differing information from people that don't know much more than you. So, now what?
1. Personalized Training Programs - A training program really doesn't have any value if it isn't designed specifically for the runner using it. A coach is going to design a program based on YOUR current fitness, which means it's going to take your health history, your injury history and your running experience into consideration. The program will also reflect your specific goals regarding training paces, race times, how much time you have before your race, and your own personal schedule. Plans that you find online are a good starting point, but they often are either too advanced, not advanced enough, too short, or just don't give you enough training. By having a personalized plan, you increase your chances of having a great training and racing experience while remaining healthy and injury free.
2. Constant Source of Motivation - A good coach isn't going to make you run at a level that isn't right for you. This will only produce a runner with low confidence because they can't get through their training runs! Not to mention the possibility of injury. A good coach is going to provide you with a plan that will challenge you to the point of accomplishment, not failure. The workouts may be hard, but you will always be able to do it. Besides, having to be accountable to someone other than yourself is a great source of motivation.
3. Your Own Personal Cheerleader - A good coach will always believe in their clients. If your coach doesn't tell you that you're doing a good job, that you CAN get through your training and/or race, you need to get a new coach.
4. Endless Information Available - Having a personal running coach is like having your own personal running encyclopedia at your side at all times. Coaches go through extensive training to become certified, in addition to the years of experience being an actual runner. Coaches will provide you with the practical information that will keep you healthy and injury free as well as the personal experience you can't get from a Google search.
5. Injury Prevention - Injury prevention has been mentioned several times and we're only half-way through our list. A personal coach is going to design a plan that will minimize your risk for injury. Believe it or not, but there are actual reasons why you do specific mileage one week to the next. And most training plans you find online don't take that into consideration.
6. Your Own Personal Sounding Board - A good coach is going to listen to your ideas, thoughts, fears, hopes, and musings regarding your training program. If you want to try a certain sports drink, a coach will tell you what they think about how it will help you (or hurt you). If you want to try something new with your training program, a coach will work with you to reach your goals.
7. Your Running Toolbox - A coach is going to give you the tools necessary to improve your running. These could be physical tools, such as a speed workout specific to only your fitness or a long run based on your favorite running route. Or they could be mental tools, such as giving you the confidence you need to get through race day.
8. They Do The Thinking For You - A coach is going to figure out the who, what, where, when, and why you're running a particular distance or training pace. A coach is going to take the guess work out of when to do your 20-mile runs in your marathon training, or when to introduce speed work.
9. They Will Help You Discover New Things - These new things can be a new and different way to stretch or different strength training or cross training activities that will make you stronger. Or your coach will help you discover that you always had it in you to set and reach your goals. You just needed a push.
10. They Make Running Fun - Coaches often have little tricks and workouts you'll never find online. Coaches find ways to make your training program exciting, varied, and different from week to week. They'll take the workouts that have been the most successful, and fun, and put them together to make a plan that will keep you running! That is the point, right?
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0.963533 |
Here are some facts about Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Bosnia-Herzegovina is a small country in southeast Europe, created when Yugoslavia split up into several countries. It covers about 51,000 square km and has a population of 3.8 million.
Bosnia-Herzegovina was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from the 15th to the 19th centuries. After World War I, it became part of Yugoslavia, declaring its independence in 1992.
It is bordered by Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro.
The country is mostly mountainous and forested, and is landlocked except for a 20 km coastline on the Adriatic Sea.
Bosnia-Herzegovina has become one of the fastest growing tourist destinations in the world. It has been voted a top mountain biking destination and is also popular for winter sports.
Medjugorje is Europe’s third most visited religious site. Mary, Mother of Jesus is said to have appeared there many times, and strange apparitions can often be seen in the sky.
Mostar is a popular tourist destination. Its most famous landmark is the Old Bridge, built in the 16th century, destroyed in the 1990s Bosnian War and rebuilt in 2004.
Sarajevo is the capital and largest city, with about 600,000 people. It was besieged for over 4 years during the Bosnian War of 1990s, one of the longest sieges of modern times.
The Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was killed in Sarajevo in 1914, leading to World War I.
It was also the first European city to have a network of electric trams, in 1885.
The Bosnian Pyramids are a cluster of hills about 210 metres in height. Some archaeologists believe they are man-made by people who lived in the area up to 14,000 years ago.
Bosnian cuisine is similar to Greek and Turkish food and uses many spices. Coffee drinking is part of daily life and Bosnia-Herzegovina is one of the top 10 coffee drinking countries in the world.
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0.999975 |
New trend in the strategy of the Belarusian KGB: resisting the influence of Russian corporations in Belarus. This approach becomes obvious after reading the article “KGB Is Warning” published on the official website of KGB (the Belarusian secret service has kept the traditional soviet name).
The official website of KGB (the Belarusian secret service has kept the traditional soviet name) publishes an interesting analytical article “KGB Is Warning”.
Despite of the somewhat dry style of the text, it is certainly worth reading. The main topic of the article is the protection of the state secrets. KGB accentuates the stable interest of foreign secret services towards Belarus. The main reason for that, according to KGB, is the economic interest.
According to the authors of the article, the main factor of this hostile interest towards Belarus is “the urge of certain foreign states to acquire access to the information of economic and military-strategic nature”.
“These attempts become especially active in the course of the country’s integration into the international economy and the development of the good-neighbor relationships with the influential foreign partners. In some cases our rivals use strong financial potential in order to prevent Belarus from entering the world markets”.
“More and more often do the state security agencies come across the facts, when the representatives of foreign firms try to use subversive methods… Among the initiators of such actions are some foreign countries, as well as foreign private structures, the rivals of the Belarusian enterprises in the domestic and international market. As a rule, the executors of such actions are state security services, and special departments of large corporations, which employ former secret service agents, as well as the actual agents, working under cover. Such structures, for example, have been created in some foreign oil companies and airlines.
One should mention that there are no other international oil companies on the Belarusian market except the Russian ones.
“Now secret services pay major attention to Republic Belarus becoming an independent state, to its foreign policy, especially regarding its choice of strategic partners… The result of the unpunished activity of foreign secret services can be the increased resistance to the course of the Belarusian foreign policy, undermining its economy by drawing the country into non-profitable economic deals, irrational military cooperation, conducting scientific research in the dead-end spheres, foisting off the contracts on buying outdated and ecologically harmful production and technologies”.
Among other things, one can’t help thinking: is it the project to build (cheap and fast) a nuclear power station with Russia as a partner which is being hinted at?
True, the article is written in the old soviet manner. However, one can definitely notice the evolution of the major Belarusian secret service towards the new understanding of the country’s interests. One can even make a conclusion, that the activity of KGB is also aimed at resisting the influence of Russian corporations in Belarus.
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0.924686 |
If cat poop is so toxic to pregnant women, why aren’t there more birth defects? Can cat poop cause schizophrenia?
Two related questions: As a cat owner, I've been a little concerned recently about rumors that cat poop can cause schizophrenic behavior in people who are overexposed to the waste. How much truth is in this — and if there is any truth to it, what amount can possibly count as overexposure? I'm also bothered by the supposed risk to pregnant women that changing the litter box can cause — not so much to them as to the fetus, through bacteria and whatnot. If that's really true, then with a third of all Americans owning cats, why don't we see higher rates of these dreadful birth defects? Certainly some of these women must get pregnant sometime, and I doubt they all know the dangers posed to them by cleaning up what Puss left behind. What gives?
Buckle up, friend. This one’s bizarre.
While you’re surely right that not everyone has gotten the word, the medical profession and hopefully most women of childbearing age know that if you’re pregnant you don’t want to get near cat feces. The problem is the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, for which cats are the principal host. The microscopic parasites reproduce in the cat’s gut, the eggs are excreted, and by a process I’m not about to describe the critters wind up in your brain and muscles, where they create tiny cysts, leading to a condition known as toxoplasmosis. Unpromising as this sounds, the symptoms of toxoplasmosis are generally mild to nonexistent in adults, which is good, because roughly a third of all humans are infected, with the rate in some tropical countries approaching 100 percent.
For some, though, things are less benign. If a woman initially becomes infected while pregnant, there’s a fair chance the T. gondii will migrate across the placenta to her unborn child, with ghastly results ranging from cerebral palsy, seizures, and mental retardation to death. Women infected prior to pregnancy don’t run the same risk, which no doubt explains why we haven’t seen an epidemic of toxo-induced birth defects — the parasite’s ubiquitousness confers a sort of immunity. I’ve seen no research suggesting there’s a threshold exposure below which there’s no danger, and in my opinion it’d be foolish to assume there is one. Besides, you’ll never get a better excuse to make somebody else clean the litter box.
Here’s where things get strange. While the link between toxoplasmosis and birth defects has long been recognized, scientists now suspect that T. gondii may cause schizophrenia too. That in itself represents a major change in thinking — till recently the assumption, based on twin studies and the like, has been that schizophrenia is transmitted genetically. No way, scoffers say: schizophrenia is so profoundly disabling that sufferers tend not to reproduce. Germs are a likelier candidate. Studies typically have found T. gondii antibodies occurring in schizophrenics at twice the rate seen in control groups.
But get this. Forty-five percent of schizophrenics tested positive in one study for both T. gondii and D-lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD. To quote a recent paper: “These results support the hypothesis that T. gondii may cause schizophrenia and may do so by producing or triggering the production of an hallucinogenic chemical” (“Genes, Germs, and Schizophrenia,” Ledgerwood et al, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2003). Mindful that rodents are often an intermediate host for the parasite, the authors go on to say, “Production of such a compound may have been favored by natural selection because an infected, hallucinating rodent would be more easily captured by a cat.” In other words, schizophrenia in humans may be a side effect of T. gondii‘s attempt to set cats up with a steady supply of tripping mice, the better to ensure its own reproductive success. Told you this was bizarre.
A word of caution: our authors’ impressive theoretical edifice is built on some pretty thin evidence. It’s simplistic to say T. gondii works by triggering the production of LSD — among other problems with the idea, acid mainly gives rise to visual hallucinations, whereas the delusions of schizophrenics are primarily auditory (e.g., hearing voices). No doubt genetics plays some role in schizophrenia, if only by establishing a predisposition to the condition. Still, even without the hallucinogen angle, this is a promising line of research. If germs are in fact a cause of schizophrenia, which afflicts more than two million Americans, there’s a better chance we’ll be able to come up with a method of prevention if not a cure.
Do cats have belly buttons?
Why do some animals have pellet poop?
Which is smarter, cats or dogs?
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0.999665 |
Tottenham captain Hugo Lloris says his side are ‘ready to suffer’ in order to see off Manchester City in the Champions League quarter-finals.
‘It is all about the mentality, the spirit, to have the same idea of football together,’ Lloris said.
‘Then of course we are ready to suffer because tomorrow we are going to suffer, but we know we can make the game difficult for them too.
‘Manchester City for me is one of the best teams in the world and a clear favourite to win the Premier League and the Champions League,’ he said.
‘For us to beat them in the first leg was an amazing result but we know very well the tie is still open and tomorrow is going to be very, very tough.
‘The reality is the reality,’ he said. ‘We are going to be 11 against 11 on the pitch and of course to forget everything and to try and win everything and fight.
‘I am a person that never makes excuses after and never before. You describe a reality and the reality is there but tomorrow we are going to be on the pitch and try and win the game.
‘We are going to be more than proud of our run in the Champions League and try and arrive in the semi-final and challenge a team like Man City.
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0.999998 |
People typically choose to enroll in a language class because they want to develop abilities to use that language. As learners, we trust that our teacher will select appropriate course materials, and teach us using methods that help us on our road toward using the language. Most students are fine with their teachers explaining sounds, vocab, and grammar clearly, especially if that's what will be on an upcoming test. Additionally, students often believe that noticing forms such as sounds, word order, word endings, and so on, will be of help later on when they want to use the language to interact with other people, read books and websites, write, and so forth. However, teaching communicatively--that is, teaching language for the purposes of speaking, writing, reading, etc. in real time with other people, and teaching toward these goals through frequently using the language to interact with students in the classroom--can get a little weird when the in-class communication is framed as "getting to know each other." I've made up a few examples here in different social contexts, to show how this looks in and outside the classroom.
Teacher: "Did anyone do anything fun this weekend?"
Teacher: "What did you do?"
Student: "I visited my grandma."
Teacher: "'I visited my grandma.' Notice how she said 'I visited' with that -ed on the end. Excellent, who else did something fun?"
Person 1: "So, I work in finance."
Person 2: "Oh, how long have you worked in finance?"
Person 1: "Eight years now, and notice that I said 'in finance,' and not 'at finance.' The preposition there is important."
Daughter: "Can I help prepare anything for dinner?"
Parent: "No, that's ok, I got this. You go catch up with your brother."
Daughter: "Ok, and I'm excited that we're eating at home and not in a restaurant or at a cafeteria."
Daughter: "I need to use all of the words on this vocab list that my teacher gave me in our dialogue right now."
Friend 1: "Bruh, you want go surfing over there?"
Friend 1: "You notice how my intonation stayed high and then dropped down at the end, bruh?"
I'm not saying I don't point out form when we use the target language to converse in class, and I do think students tend to tolerate it more than people would outside of class. But it would typically be very antisocial to do this outside of a classroom setting, maybe except in cases where a person asked for help with their speech. In class remedy this by leaning in stronger to show interesest in the person after I ask the class to notice some form in what we just said. I think there's also an extra social layer to my purpose for recapping what we just said to the class: I expect that not everybody understood what exchange just happened. By clarifying meaning, I aim to do two things in that moment: first, include everyone in the room in the discussion, and second, aid language acquisition through the clearer matching of form and meaning in the current context. I then go back into showing interest in the student I'm speaking to, to show them we weren't just practicing language to end with the focus on form as the most important purpose for our interaction. I genuinely want to build community in our classroom, and pedagogical goals are a part of the community-building. If I don't delicately re-focus our attention back to the person in the room, showing that we genuinely are interested in learning about each other, then I'm acting in a way that would be considered jerk behavior in any other context, like in the dialogues above.
In the Hawaiian classes I've been observing (and learning Hawaiian from), there are about six to ten undergrads who already speak some Hawaiian. Most of them picked it up from childhood school activities (like learning numbers), and some had more immersive school experiences. Our kumu (teacher) has been using comprehension-based approaches in our Hawaiian 101 course this semester. He added some element for everyone (I don't believe he did this for the heritage speakers specifically): he wrote on the board new rejoinders, numbers, qualifiers like "(very/somewhat) warm/cold", and other responses for us to shout out at any time during class discussions and tournaments (like our card game, "War" played in front of the class). When he calls for volunteers to play Lono-Mauli-Pau (rock-paper-scissors), he asks for volunteers, and it's usually the heritage speakers who run up first. The contestants introduce themselves to each other in Hawaiian, the whole class counts, shouts Lono-Mauli-Pau, and the winner shouts "[my neighborhood] is the best!!" The kumu glosses any new words or phrases on the board, and the activity generally keeps vocab sheltered and repeating. I see how the whole class benefits from this: (1) the heritage speakers self-select to serve as secondary discussion and activity leaders (and input-providers for everyone else), (2) the class learns their names, home neighborhoods, and other local culture tied directly to them, and (3) the fun energy and discussion content are coming from more than just the teacher; student buy-in is coming from a reliable portion of the class. There's more going on, but these are the top three observations I find most relevant here. It appears to be at least somewhat empowering for the heritage speakers themselves to have a space where their voice is important and useful for everyone in the room.
Heritage and native speakers are fequently placed into novice-level language classes. This can be motivated by administrators' expectations of lock-step textbook learning of linguistic rules as revealed in a discreet-item placement exam--showing the learner doesn't yet know the program's grade-level sounds, grammar, and specific vocabulary. Intro-level placement can also be motivated by particular aspects of proficiency, like the person can understand daily conversation just fine but they can't read or write, or speak on topics covered in the program's classes. Intro-level teachers who teach for proficiency often point out that when they speak at the levels of their true-beginning-level learners in the target language, for example, "What (pause and point to the board) do you (pause and point) like (pause and point) to do (pause and point) on Saturday (pause and point) mornings (pause and point)?" the heritage/native speaking students start to show an attitude. What is this attitude, we might wonder. I'm going to share a story about when I found myself in similar shoes. I hope as you read this, a certain heritage perspective will become obvious and clear. I'll end with notes for a solution, from a Hawaiian class where I've seen heritage learners integrated very well into novice-level discussions and activities.
Quick story about me. I finished my Masters degree at Sichuan University in Chengdu, China, in 2011. At the start of my third semester there, I, along with a classmate from New Zealand and another from Canada (English was our first and primary language), were called into the International Students Office. The office secretary informed us: "All international students are required to complete an ESL course." We protested: "That requirement is for students who don't already speak English...our classmates from Thailand, Japan, and Korea." She was firm, repeated the rule about ALL international students needing to finish the ESL requirement, and she told us the room and time to attend. The class would be around two hours long (it may have been three, but it's been years since already, so I'm going to play it safe and say it was two hours).
So we went. A local Chinese teacher (there is nothing wrong with a non-native teacher, in my opinion, but I believe her being non-native did influence our interaction in this particular story) presented English listening activities and discussion topics around the ACTFL Intermediate-mid to Advanced-low levels. Besides us three, everyone else in the class was was from East and Southeast Asia. I remember sitting for a while, and feeling very bored. I remember the teacher looking around the room, but avoiding eye contact with us native speakers. About half-way through the class, the teacher passed out a question sheet, and then played a recording. We were asked to listen three times to the recording and use the information to answer the questions. The recording was confusing, and went something like this, an elderly British man saying: "For this holiday, we are going to need to bring an umbrella, a jacket, and other warm clothes. We plan to visit [place X], [place Y], and [place Z]." And it ended a woman saying something like, "Nothing leaves a person more tired than a vacation!" The teacher read aloud to some of the higher-order thinking questions, asking us to infer from the details why the woman at the end said that. The other students seemed like a shy bunch, so I raised my hand. The teacher showed a sudden combination of surprise and disappointment--she made a kind of slouching down movement--as she called on me. I answered in an American-college-style, higher-order thinking-style, musing on hypotheticals-style (so intentionally asinine-style) exploration of the woman's attitude toward travel and the relevance and irrelevance of the details offered by the man. I talked for two to three minutes (it may have been five). The teacher nodded and said, "Oh. Thank you," and then moved on to another activity. At the end of the class, the three of us spoke with her. She said, "You don't need to be here. Write your names here, and I'll mark you as present for the semester." And that was the end of that.
So I've been a native speaker in a room full of "learners" (I put that in quotes because everyone is a learner throughout their lifetime, but everyone is also many identities), and I understand the frustration and boredom of misplaced students.
But what about our first question about heritage learners placed in intro-level classes? I'll write that up on this post, here.
Backward design & can-do goals as "pole" versus "container"
In my experience with university students using performance-based assessments, the classroom experience leading up to the assessment should treat the assessment goals as a "pole" to keep coming back to, and extending from, instead of a "container" to always stay within and never stray from. Straying is good. So if my performance-based assessment requires that learners use the target language to request food in a restaurant, then we whole-class discussions like PictureTalk, PQA, Story-asking, Read & Discuss, etc. should all contain many reps of the phrases needed for the assessment. However, these whole-class discussions also contain whatever else the students find interesting that can remotely tie to the general topic of restaurants. This way, they (1) get the input reps needed to have the backward-designed patterns in their heads (phrases for requesting food in a restaurant), and (2) the whole-class discussions included language for whatever else they wanted to talk about. Over time, these non-targeted linguistic bits provide enough input-data to allow the learner to creatively talk about whatever they want on a broader range of topics.
I've been extremely fortunate to know Kumu Kekeha (Hawaiian: teacher Kekeha) at the University of Hawai‘i. We met at a Blaine Ray TPRS® workshop about four years ago. Years later, Kekeha invited me to present a similar comprehension-based, beginner-level teaching workshop for his graduate course, Teaching Hawaiian as a Second Language. Cut to present day: we have agreed to do a trade-off: I sit in on his Hawaiian 101 classes in exchange for emailing him notes about his teaching and how he can continue to help his beginning learners. I'm gaining a lot in terms of language comprehension, word and grammar familiarity, and local culture and history. I'm also seeing Kekeha make leaps and bounds in his ability to use the language comprehensibly with everyone in the class--a mix of heritage and beginning learners. I see people around the room show that they comprehend through responding with words, head nods, and laughter. Now, just a month into the course, the slowest learners are beginning to respond in full sentences on their own.
Kekeha and his colleague, Ka‘iuokalani, spend time after class on Fridays to talk shop about teaching. I brought up one one of the features of Kekeha's style of speech during class that took me many weeks to begin to parse for myself: his natural, razor fast fluency. I gave an example in Chinese of how I would write and gloss my words on the board on the first day, and how I would talk in a slow and segmented manner, as I pause and point. I do this at the start because day-1 beginning learners typically don't have the implicit (unconscious) phonological (sound) and lexical (word) knowledge to parse the teacher's speech stream on their own yet. I showed Kekeha and Ka‘iuokalani how different it feels as a total beginner in a new language to have the teacher parse the sentences for them. Kekeha expressed how much mental work it is for the teacher to keep track of all of these micro-skills at once. I responded: "Teachers needs to chew the food for beginning language learner because these baby birds aren't developmentally ready to do it for themselves." We laughed about the metaphor--it's a little gross, to be sure.
Whatever a teacher says about fast speech being more helpful in the long-run, I've never met a teacher who was comfortable hearing fast speech during a day-1 demo in Chinese, Vietnamese, or Hebrew. More data is needed to compare effects from the two kinds of experience--immediate effects on learning from fast versus slow speech from teachers during the first days of classroom interaction, and the long-term effects as well. What I have seen over and over is this: beginning learners show they don't understand fast speech, and they then struggle to use the language in any kind of productive task after the lesson. Conversely, learners who experienced slow, segmented speech do show comprehension during the lesson, and show greater confidence and fluency in using the language after just that first demo lesson. For beginning learners, I identify slow and segmented speech as a higher-leverage teaching practice (stronger outcomes toward a desired learning goal given one teaching practice over another in a given period of time).
Hatchling: a juvenile bird in the time immediately following its exit from the egg. Metaphor for language teachers: new learners bring into the classroom a sense anxiety and fragility about learning and use a new, unfamiliar language. This likely comes from other people (and much of society) reinforcing the idea that any language will be hard to learn (most of all Chinese, which I teach), and learning is rarely successful. The hatchling stage begins from the moment learners enter the classroom, and might continue through the first several class meetings. These are times when teachers can repeatedly show learners, "You CAN use the language to interact and to read." Recommended high-leverage teaching practice for building learner-confidence and basic familiarity with simple statements and questions for everyday communication during the hatchling stage: Consistent, super easy language used by the teacher in interaction with the whole class and with individuals.
Nestling: the juvenile bird spends all of its time snug in its nest, relying on its parents for protection and food. Metaphor for language teachers: build on your learners' self-confidence and simple language abilities with more simple language. The nestling stage might continue for weeks and even months. Recommended high-leverage teaching practices for language learners at the nestling stage: Continue to "chew the food" for your learners by parsing your speech and pointing to pictures and glosses as you ask questions and make statements about the learners, what they care about, and the culture you wish to teach. Shelter vocabulary for the majority of your interaction and texts--too many unknown words reduces comprehensibility, and re-introduces the notion to the learner that the language is hard after all (too "too hard for me so I'd better drop this class before it gets any harder! See ya!").
Brancher**: the juvenile bird hops around on branches, building muscle before trying first flights. Metaphor for language teachers: These are the emerging talkers, who contribute to conversation when the floor is open to everyone. Branchers often talk in one word utterances, or simple multi-word phrases. They show signs of constrained grammatical creativity, but are using the chunks of language they know, or that they can read from the board and walls, to participate in the interaction. Recommended high-leverage teaching practices for language learners at the brancher stage: applaud branchers to draw attention to the growing success of abilities to use the language. We can also throw quick meta-comments that contain yet-unused (less sheltered) words to our branchers, to keep up the novelty in the interaction for them. We expect learners to progress at different rates, so while we see our first branchers start to talk, we continue to attend to the needs of the nestlings in the room. As long as we keep talking about new and interesting topics, branchers continue to build fluency from hearing, reading, and producing familiar words and patterns in meaningful contexts.
also: to leave the nest after acquiring such feathers"
Metaphor for language teachers: Fledglings are the emergent talkers who can sustain some continued back and forth interaction, even if in just a brief exchange. High-leverage teaching practice for language learners at the fledgling stage: continue to mainly use provide input that is appropriate to the slower-processing learners in the room, but use that language to talk about more complex content. For example, instead of just talking about two people in the room, talk about four people. Some of those people can be in pictures of people from history or current target-language-speaking communities. Pepper in some more natural target-language comments to the fledglings, but still keep their confidence up by taking a quick moment to help them understand (a quick sandwich translation takes up the least time and often provides the clearest meaning).
Note that not all learners need to show outward signs of talking to progress in each of these stages. It is common in comprehension-based communicative classrooms to see learners who almost never speak to suddenly start talking in full, creative sentences. An observant teacher can often see who is struggling to process in the normal non-verbal cues the students give in response during classroom interaction, or on free-speaking assessments (e.g. "say as much as you can about this picture," or "narrate a story from this series of pictures").
*There is already good research on input and song practice in song birds (for example, here), but that is beyond the purpose of this post. The focus here is on a metaphor teachers can use to treat beginning learners differently across early stages of language development.
**I found all bird terms and descriptions here, except for the term, 'brancher', which I found here.
The 2017 National TPRS conference was my first experience being approached by many teachers who more or less said: “Oh you teach Mandarin? Ni hao! Wo xihuan he kafei. Wo meiyou shui. Wo yao he cha. Baba mama ai wo.” When I asked when and how long they had learned Chinese, most said it was from one demo lesson (or several consecutive days of demo lessons) at the National TPRS conference the year prior. Some had experienced the demo a year or two earlier, and some had done it fresh, just days prior. Later that year (2017) at ACTFL, Diane Neubauer and I attended a TPRS teacher’s party. There we met a TPRS Spanish teacher, Andrea Schweitzer, who similarly approached us and showed off the Chinese sentences she remembered. I had an idea, borne out of the need for immediate convenience.
Our reading interaction went like this (I’m approximating what happened partially to illustrate how I did this each time with different teachers after).
She would read each new question or statement out loud in Chinese and I helped her recognize each new character (which I had typed only if I had heard her say it before). I helped by either saying the meaning of the word in English or by saying the Chinese word. Both proved equally helpful. She would read the question out loud and then say the answer to me, all in Chinese. If she showed hesitation in saying a word in Chinese, I would check comprehension after by asking for an English version of the whole sentence.
This year at the 2018 National TPRS conference, as soon as Andrea saw me we immediately sat down to do more Chinese texting, with one big difference. I showed her how to set up a Chinese pinyin keyboard on her iPhone, and after each question I sent her, I showed her how to type in pinyin and choose the characters to send responses and questions back at me. Throughout the rest of the conference we sent each other silly texts about chocolate and beer, who likes it, who wants it and who has it, it. If she sent anything worthy of corrections (e.g. 我要和茶 which should be 我要喝茶), I would first respond with a reaction to the meaning (meaning: “I want to drink tea”; so I wrote 茶!!!!!!!!!) and then I would use the corrected character in a relevant response (我也要喝茶!!!) and I might add a pinyin version after to confirm the sounds (wo ye yao he cha). She often added pinyin in a text just under mine so she could look back and remember each character and the sound that matched to it.
Andrea soon started texting with Linda Li and the two of them had fun, they each told me. What makes me most excited is the relative quickness Andrea made from receptively sounding out sentences I sent her, to then enjoying sending me sentences back, to then texting with other people without my help.
At this year’s National TPRS conference I did this again with about four other people. Each time I started this, I first needed to hear what words the person knew and how they used them in a sentence. From there character recognition came fast, so long as I made the character repeat five or six times before moving on. Terry Waltz calls this “proximal repetition” in her book, TPRS with Chinese Characteristics (2015), and I find the term and concept very useful. The Chinese texting we did is essentially Cold Character Reading (CCR) as Terry conceptualizes it (having people read Chinese characters that they already have the sound and meaning for firmly in their heads), but instead of introducing Characters in a story text, it’s through real-time interpersonal communication on an everyday communication device: our phones.
I hope more people try this.
Another "Tool in the Toolbox"
At language teaching workshops and conferences a very common complaint I hear from teachers goes something like this: "That presenter told us to do X, but I remember another workshop where a (possibly more authoritative) presenter told us to do Z. Well, which is it?"
I'll give a metaphor to illustrate how I understand this statement: "I was recently at a woodworking workshop where the presenter said if we want to secure nails down, we need to use a hammer. Now this new presenter says if we want to secure screws down, we need to use a screwdriver. Well, which is it?" The difference clearly is in the purpose of each tool.
1) Input: If you are a teacher who believes input is simply a model for practicing speaking, then you probably want to use input briefly to model the language needed, and then have your students go and practice speaking with each other according to that model. And if you are a teacher who believes input allows learners' minds/brains to repeatedly process information so that sounds and meaning become automatically associated and sorted into mental categories (and possibly that a Universal Grammar acts on that input to further represent sentences in the mind), then you probably want to spend much more time providing input through whole-class discussion (where the students and teacher negotiate what to talk about, but the speaking is mostly coming from the teacher in the form of open questions to the students).
2) Output: If you are a teacher who believes output is any form of speaking and writing (in meaningful situations, of course), then you probably want to help your students save time and effort by having them read from scripts to each other. And if you are a teacher who believes that output is only language that comes out of a person's mental representation, then you probably want to ask students to talk (about pictures, their opinions, etc.) without any textual sources to read from.
3) Authenticity: If you are a teacher who believes that only talk and writing that is created by and for monolingual native speakers counts as authentic, then you probably want to have your students watch lots of movie clips and read lots of menus and newspaper clippings, and you will also probably want to suspend that definition when you have students role-play as waiters, bankers, customers, etc. And if you are a teacher who believes that a classroom is itself a real place with real people who bring with them their real experiences and real opinions, then you may want to use a lot of class time to use the target language to talk about each other and the people you are familiar with.
My comments here are directed at both presenters and teachers. Presenters should be clear about their claims regarding what each "tool" (teaching practice) is intended to do. What we should not say is this: "REMEMBER! [Person/Organization] says we should always do X, and never do Y." What exactly is missing from this advice? Well a purpose of course. Teachers as well should be looking for that purpose in addition to quick solutions. As a teacher it's always easiest to hop around sessions and say, "Oh that looks fun! My students are going to love this one!" My response to that is this: "Great! So I'm hearing that engagement and motivation are your purposes for that activity. Additionally, is that activity also meant to achieve acquisition, skills, and/or knowledge? I'm guessing it is, but you should be clear on these purposes before you add it to your teaching toolbox.
Knowledge: explicit awareness and memory for cultural products, practices, perspectives, and people.
There is a general thrust that I look for in my own teaching of language (mostly Chinese Mandarin, though I also do demos in Vietnamese for language teachers who already speak Chinese). Proficiency is a fancy word that takes too much time to define in each conversation about it, so I prefer the word "use". Can learners use the language? Use where? Use with whom? And use when?
Taking functional "usage" as my guide post, I've taken A LOT from other teachers, and we all have taken, in turn, from each other. Of the thousands of teachers I plug in with on social media (mainly Facebook groups), I have seen over and over how any one teacher will borrow a teaching idea from the group (for example, creating a lending library for the class), try it with their own group/s of students, discover new needs that are special to that group (including the teacher's unique needs), and then share their modified version back with the larger group of thousands of teachers (e.g. adding sticky notes that students can leave in their book with comments and star-ratings for the next reader, adding intrinsic motivation for the next borrower).
What I have been very slow to take from other Chinese teachers is "culture". I put this in quotations here because I do not believe that most of the cultural lessons that I've seen many Chinese classrooms is knowledge or skill that can be used after the lesson. And I mean anywhere, ever. Not in the classroom again, not outside the classroom, and not with communities of people who speak the language (native, non-native, or even classmates).
I'll start here with an example of "culture" that I think was appropriate for the class I used it in. Teaching a small group of 2nd and 3rd graders, we discussed a cartoons made small children in China about moon cakes, during the Mid-Autumn Festival. The kids enjoyed it. And then it never came up again. It's possible that they kids will grow up, and say to someone then, "Oh yeah, Mid-Autumn Festival. I saw a cartoon once about that when I was really little." But for me as a teacher, that's not enough.
Let's look at a stronger example. At a STARTALK program I lead, where the theme was "A Musical Journey Through China", we showed Wang Lihong's Twelve Zodiacs music video. This, I believe, was age appropriate for our high schoolers. They requested to see it again on the following days, and I caught some of them watching it with headphones on their phones during breaks, of their own free will. I was happy to see that they had learned about someone relevant that they could talk about with Chinese speakers (native, non-native, and classmates). And this is what I really want: something learners can use in talk with people, be they native, non-native, or even classmates, and not just because the teacher told them to talk about it, but because they find it meaningful to bring up on their own out of their own personal interest. That means I have to get to know my students and their age group, and frequently check with them about what they're into. (note: if learners show they find a fictional story entertaining, then I think it's perfectly appropriate for that group, as they may choose to read more about it, discuss it with classmates and the teacher, write about it, etc. This differs from the Chinese cultural presentations and activities I see where students, for example, tie a Chinese knot, and then never talk about it again unless the teacher pushes them to).
Too often I see Chinese teachers think like the adults I grew up with in Los Angeles (general white Americans), trying to introduce things to kids and teenagers while always betraying that they really had no idea what we liked. If language is going to be useful for communication, then teachers need to know what learners want to communicate about, and, in addition, learners need to see the language as relevant for their own communication. Things I don't want to do in a classroom include: showing Chinese cartoons to learners over age 10, unless they show it is nostalgic to them (but how could they if they didn't grow up with it?), singing songs intended for small children, showing calendars and pictures that teach holidays without reference to what people do then (including examples from real people's lives). I also can't imagine a speaker of the language (native, non-native, or fellow classmate) having any interest in talking about these things ("Do you know Mid-Autumn Festival?" "Yes, I do." "Oh, so you know Mid-Autumn Festival" is the best I can think of). My perception is that most of what shows up in textbooks and teacher materials (found or created) is boring to learners and to anyone they might find themselves conversing with (or reading about, or presenting on).
These can be used for level-appropriate (e.g. beginner) PictureTalk and MovieTalk or for readings (unmodified, elaborated, or edited). Their whole purpose is that they are up to date, so communication with other speakers (again: native speakers, non-native speakers, and classmates) at least has a chance of being relevant and interesting.
In sum, and most importantly, I want to keep asking "Is this useful for my particular group of learners, given their age and learning goals" (again coming back to use as my guiding post). I hope more Chinese teachers might share what they are doing with up-to-date resources like these in their classrooms, so that I, in-turn, might further adapt tasks and activities into something new again, and we can all work together to keep the profession developing.
Special thanks to Diane Neubauer for suggesting PictureTalk and MovieTalk as activities here.
My co-presenter, Diane Neubauer, summarized our talk on her blog, here. The presentation slides are there to download as well.
One note on teaching social justice: I'm just now learning about how this is done in the field (in research and in classroom practice). This presentation only gives brief mention of how teachers can write socially critical ideas into their stories. I hope to learn more starting now, so my future presentations can do better to place social justice and critical perspectives at the center of my discussions.
I was at a STARTALK conference a few years ago, where I sat at a table with teachers of several languages. The topic of student choice came up, and I said something like, "A lot of my students go right for Spongebob. Even my college students think he's funny." One older Hindi teacher sitting across from me gave a deep scowl, which I interpreted as "We need to teach about the culture of the target language, and nothing else." I've since then thought about roles for target culture instruction, in terms of a balance with what learners themselves want to talk about.
One benefit I've noticed in learning about culture is that I find it useful, interesting, and fun to gain insights on who speaks these languages. Where do they live? What do they eat? What do they do? This third question reminds me of my own time living in China, where a lot of my conversations revolved around things that were Chinese, like local events and geography, as well as things that were not Chinese, like foreign movies, books, and music. I remember having long discussion about Game of Thrones in Chinese with an MA classmate.
I have also noticed a cost to doing target-culture-only activities, particularly when the information is new to many learners in a classroom. This has to do with who possesses the knowledge required to contribute to the conversation, and who does not. Implicitly, expert/non-expert roles emerge. Only the teacher, and possibly one or a few students who have spent time in the target language community, can be experts. Everyone else is left to be non-experts, without relevant knowledge to contribute. Non-experts are forced to either ask receptive questions ("what's that?"), or to remain passive as listeners.
By contrast, in a whole-class story collaboration, the teacher can contribute cultural knowledge in the forms of locations, people, foods and other things from the target language community, and learners can contribute knowledge from their own experience and preferences. This also allows learners to use any language (words or longer utterances) they can at any given point in time. But a culture-only discussion requires participants to know the exact language for what the teacher has presented as relevant in each moment. This restricts the selection space in both language and content that participants can offer as relevant. Again learners are left as passive receivers of language and knowledge, prohibited from active contributions.
Given more time, I did see my own college students begin to recycle Chinese historic people, places, and foods into our later discussions, after they had gotten to know these people from my recurring introductions.
So I'm not arguing here for the abolition of culture-presentations. But I am advising that teachers consider both the benefits and costs of this practice, to find a balance.
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A glockenspiel (German pronunciation: [ˈɡlɔkənˌʃpiːl] or [ˈɡlɔkŋ̍ˌʃpiːl], Glocken: bells and Spiel: play) is a percussion instrument composed of a set of tuned keys arranged in the fashion of the keyboard of a piano. In this way, it is similar to the xylophone; however, the xylophone's bars are made of wood, while the glockenspiel's are metal plates or tubes, thus making it a metallophone. The glockenspiel, moreover, is usually smaller and higher in pitch.
Glockenspiels are quite popular and appear in almost all genres of music ranging from hip-hop to jazz. Percussionist Neil Peart of the rock band Rush uses the glockenspiel in several of the band's arrangements, most notably in the commercial hit songs "The Spirit of Radio" and "Closer to the Heart", and also in album tracks "Xanadu" and "Circumstances". A keyboard-operated glockenspiel, as played by Danny Federici on such hit songs as "Born to Run" and "Hungry Heart", is considered part of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band's signature style.
Jethro Tull drummer Barriemore Barlow used glockenspiel on many of Jethro Tull's classic albums Thick as a Brick, A Passion Play (namely on "The Hare Who Lost His Spectacles"), War Child (namely on "Skating Away On the Thin Ice of a New Day"), Minstrel in the Gallery (namely on "Baker St. Muse"), Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!, Songs From the Wood, Heavy Horses and Stormwatch.
Two well-known classical pieces that use the keyboard glockenspiel are Handel's Saul and Mozart's Die Zauberflöte, both of which originally used instruments constructed using bells rather than bars to produce their sound. (The part is sometimes performed on a celesta, however, which sounds quite different from the intended effect.) Solo glockenspiel can be heard briefly, but notably at the beginning of Shostakovich's 15th Symphony, and reappears in harmonic support with short interjections throughout the first movement (originally subtitled by the composer "The Toyshop," in part for its use of the toy-like instrument). A modern example of the glockenspiel can be heard in Steve Reich's 1970–71 composition Drumming, in which the glockenspiel plays a major role in the third and fourth movements.
↑ George Grove (ed.), A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 4 vols. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1878–1889).
↑ Cromelin, Richard, (19 April 2008). "E Street Band's keyboard player," Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
↑ Funk, Peter (19 January 2006). "Paul Duncan: Be Careful What You Call Home". PopMatters. Retrieved 2011-05-08.
↑ Cummings, Robert. "Dmitry Shostakovich – Symphony No. 15 in A major, Op. 141". AllMusic. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
↑ "The Vibraphone and Glockenspiel". All About Mallet Percussion. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
↑ Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive (1994). The Musician's Guide to Acoustics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 436. ISBN 019159167X. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
"Glockenspiel". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). 1911.
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Analyze the important and entertaining elements of satire with this lighthearted program. Through comedic segments, students will discover why writers and speakers use satire and will learn how to recognize it in different contexts. The program also explains the meaning of many important terms used to express satire and gives examples of how they are used. The topics covered include context, purpose, irony, sarcasm, ridicule, exaggeration, caricature, and parody. After viewing, students will be able to explain the differences among all of these terms and will recognize their usage in literature, mass media, and storytelling.
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Re-framing business decisions to adapt to changing scenarios by effectively rethinking your strategic paradigm. Business Development professionals are commonly type A individuals that often charge ahead full of energy and vigor in chasing their targets to ensure successful revenue generation for their business. However many of these professionals often do not step back and strategically approach their sales and marketing activities. This often leads to inertia to change, inability to see gaps in their plan and a pigeon hole mentality on short term goals that are not necessarily required to ensure their activities are productive. Through an effective strategic approach to business development planning, sales and marketing professionals are able to strengthen their hold on their markets and grow share in an increasingly competitive environment.
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In the early 1990s, Chile had a strong, ideologically based multiparty system, with a clear division among parties of the right, center, and left. Chile's parties traditionally have been national in scope, penetrating into remote regions of the country and structuring politics in small villages and provincial capitals. Party affiliation has served as the organizing concept in leadership contests in universities and private associations, including labor unions and professional associations. Political tendencies are passed from generation to generation and constitute an important part of an individual's identity.
By the middle of the twentieth century, each of Chile's political tendencies represented roughly one-third of the electorate. The left was dominated by the Socialist Party (Partido Socialista--PS) and the Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile--PCCh), the right by the Liberal Party (Partido Liberal) and the Conservative Party (Partido Conservador), and the center by the anticlerical Radical Party (Partido Radical--PR), which was replaced as Chile's dominant party by the Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano--PDC) in the 1960s.
Although ideological polarization characterized party politics until the 1960s, political coalitions across party lines helped to mitigate conflict. Party politics dominated both the national arena, where ideological objectives predominated, and the local arena, which focused on more clientelistic concerns. The interplay between these two levels helped moderate interparty conflict. Polarization increased markedly, however, in the wake of the 1959 Cuban Revolution as parties radicalized their programs, seeking to achieve hegemony over their rivals in an increasingly desperate attempt to control Chile's future.
The military authorities believed that their policies would fundamentally change the traditional party system. Repression, legal restrictions, and new legislation governing parties and elections, combined with profound underlying changes in the nation's social structure, would render the old parties obsolete. Although the authorities conceded by 1985, in the aftermath of national protests, that they had not destroyed the party system, they remained intent on designing rules that would change its basic physiognomy. In March 1987, the Law of Political Parties was adopted, which provided for stringent requirements that officials of the military government believed the old parties could not meet. The law requires each legal party to obtain signatures equivalent to 5 percent of the electorate in at least eight regions, or in at least three contiguous regions. It also places restrictions on party activities and regulates party financing, internal organization, and selection of leaders, specifying that top party leaders be chosen democratically by rank-and-file members.
However, Chile's parties were able to adjust well to the law. Indeed, the requirement for a large number of signatures gave party leaders a strong incentive to mobilize grass-roots support and strengthen local party organizations. The selection of party leadership through democratic means helped legitimize the leaders who fought the military government, leaders whom the authorities had often characterized as unrepresentative.
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Kompetisi Mix Lagu Go Ahead People, Tunjukkan Kreativitasmu!
What is it and how to make it Infographic?
Infographic or in the language of Indonesia: infografik or graphic information is one of the many visual forms of communication are utilized for a variety of purposes, ranging from science, statistics, journalism, even commercial. Infografik has existed which is varied, ranging from signs, maps, visual instruction, up to journalistic infografik found on mass media. The popularity of infografik in visual communication is the blessing of the nature and function of exceptional infografik: passing on information as a whole, fast and easy to understand.
Specifically, the creation of the part being infografik closely linked to journalism. The accuracy of the data and facts to the attention of important, so often the team infografik should relate to journalists, r & d, or other trusted resource.
Now the challenge is how to present the available data in order to be easily understood by the audience, as well as how to cultivate creativity in presenting and filter the data and facts, so that the work becomes visually appealing infografik, at once meet the communication function.
Infographic is a visual representation of an information or data delivered through a graph. This is an effective way to change the subject of elaborate or confusing experience easy to digest and aesthetically as well as fun for anyone.
This could be a brilliant and effective ways for marketing products, promote experience, educate and increase awareness of the subject you can think of. An effective and attractive design that can Captivate and inspire people to act.
In this the information age when there is so much information to digest and compete with one another, the images and the use of a well thought out typography can tell the story of a faster and more effective.
Infographic can be super effective tool in marketing campaigns and digital infographic can also be used so easily by small businesses as well as large organizations.
It is not surprising that the Illustrator and designers everywhere was commissioned to create a variety of beautiful things and unsightly. During the last two years, use infographic has been increased substantially.
Some clients will explain to you well about a few things, good background to subject the data to be used in the infographic. Some might even have rough frames, the color palette is set up so that the infographic made seem so symbolize the company.
Read all the data that you get thoroughly and take some extra time in doing your own research into the subject before you start it. Even if it is a subject that you already know, it is important to know what you communicate because it will have an impact on the tone of voice and image that you create.
In other cases you may be approached by a client who is not fully aware of what that infographic, you should know that they are using it but just have an idea that is less clear on what they need. In this case, the designer turned into researchers, editors, copywriters and project manager. This is the most interesting infographic but becomes challenging.
Guide your clients through the process of making a infographic a great experience. Also influential on the client to approve your design. Learning so much about new topics and have so much control over content would certainly be very fun! However, there is a lot to consider before you jump right into the design. You can read, researched and compiled the data and content. It means to find articles and books relevant to the subject and compose the information will help communicate the message.
After you have gathered the information, it will be very helpful to get the thoughts of how to tell a story with data. An infographics need narrative with a plot (the plot). You basically create a visual journey through the initial discussion of the terntentu and with each story we need a beginning, middle and end.
For example, we see the infographic Singapore below was made to Maytech. Entitled “do you know where your data?”, which aims to raise awareness among IT professionals and a Director of the company on the importance of sharing data monitoring and updating the security policy.
So, how do I create the initial narrative that lends itself to start suatuinfographic? How long narrative that should be made? Whether to include the history of the topic or company? The next thing is to manage the data stored and also find out other data which may be required for the manufacture of infographic. In addition you should also be able to keep such data properly so that the data is not to change hands or missing either as to where.
There is a clear and narrative flow. Before starting the design process, you’ve gotta have a narrative and flow of a story that is already mapped. Sort your content, and edit until you have a good storyline and then set into several parts that are identified as well.
This is a very important process and it is always best to get a signed wireframe before you begin design. There is nothing worse than spending hours on the design, creating an illustration in advance only to find your clients are not happy with the content that you create.
Now you have Your wire frame to approve time to start changing text and data into a visual. This could definitely be rather complicated and sometimes you may need a brief explanation to go along with your picture.
However, try to change as much as you can into the picture. In some cases, the subject matter will determine how many. For example, see the infographic was created about the psychology of influence and persuade.
5. Do not get bored!
The key is to really think about how you can visualize each slice data rather than just write in a nice typeface and placed the creative ways.
Don’t be lazy and lose interest. Don’t be bored. In other words, you have to really think about how you can change the layout and the flow and make it more interesting. Try to find new ways to define and break the parts but don’t get too carried away. You still need your readers know where they should look for, and in what order. If you run out of ideas how to visualize something, get a pair of eyes on it before you resort to the average pie charts and graphs. A client will be able to create its own standard charts, there are many tools out there. This is where you have to think out of the box.
6. Note the types of Fonts!
Can we use typography in any design which is very important and can be the difference between small and large designs. Try to limit the use of the font for the two or three at the very maximum. Select one fontyang suitable for the title and subtitles with the kind of letter that can be read for each body text or notes.
Too many typefaces can confuse the eye and makes it difficult to decide which one should first read and disrupt the flow and narrative. Be selective in the people who use the font family to share information and content is appropriate.
Make sure the font is appropriate for the audience and the subject and look appropriate if juxtaposed with the font used. Sort fonts before you start it. Maybe you should have some unique fonts to forge Your creativity.
A bright color palette doesn’t necessarily mean that it will automatically take the attention. Color choice can make the difference between people or make them turn around and run away in fear. It is very important to consider the theme color used before you start to make infographic.
Think about your subject, your audience will consider things like color psychology and how you want users to feel it. Think when you see the infographic in Singapore, click Here !!!
Consider who you make this design for whom? What do they buy? Think also of the product that you promote, do you need to strengthen your brand with color? Make sure you determine whether there are any guidelines you need to follow before you start.
Similarly, font, don’t overdo it with the number of colors. Use one or two main colors and maybe only two more for his accent. Use the color accents to decipher between parts or a different theme.
Test Your infographic on some colleagues and anyone you wish. What is the design that can flow, can easily represent for storytelling, whether the text is too small/too large/too much/too little, whether of animal illustrations that you made the original animals looked like?
It is very important to check everything is in order that makes sense to other people. Do not let you create illustrations which are not visible or too general so that the audience does not know or is unaware of its existence. Make sure that Your illustrations are useful to help with explanation melaluiinfographic data presented.
Remember, you are not creating infographic for Audience/others. If there are things that can’t be read, then check back and need to be allowed to return. You won’t be presenting design something that will not provide benefits, isn’t it?
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0.997629 |
Worried about extra scrutiny from the Internal Revenue Service?
While you can never completely "audit-proof" your business's income tax return, you can take actions that will greatly reduce your chances of being flagged.
[spoiler=Choose your tax return preparer with care]Today, according to the recent National Taxpayer Advocate report, 60% of individuals and even a greater percentage of businesses use paid preparers to do their income tax returns. Yet, preparers now face more intense IRS review. If the IRS believes a preparer is claiming unwarranted deductions or taking other fraudulent steps on clients' returns, then the preparer's clients are at risk for audit.
[spoiler=Report all of your income]The IRS uses information returns, such as W-2s and 1099s, to cross-check income reporting. Under its document-matching program, the IRS' computers compare information on the forms with the income reported by taxpayers on their returns. If the information doesn't match, this leads to an automatic audit. But don't panic; it's merely a correspondence asking about the discrepancy. It can be easily cleared up by submitting an explanation by mail if you think you are correct, or paying the tax owed if the omission was your oversight and the IRS is correct.
[spoiler=Provide complete information]All questions should be answered and all required information should be included on the forms and schedules necessary for your return. That means if you're a sole proprietor, include your business code number, accounting method, and, where applicable, inventory valuation method on Schedule C. If information is missing, it could trigger a more extensive look at the return.
[spoiler=Avoid claiming deductions that are audit red flags]This advice is easy to give, but unfortunately, the IRS does not say which deductions are likely to provoke a closer look. There are no official audit red flags. While many warn that claiming a home office deduction can prompt an audit, there's no proof of this. If you meet the qualifications for claiming a home-office deduction, there's no good reason not to take the write-off. Check your eligibility in IRS Publication 587, Business Use of Your Home.
[spoiler=Don't file certain forms or schedules]Some optional forms and schedules virtually guarantee an audit. For example, if you turn a hobby into a sideline and show a business loan, the IRS may question whether some of your deductions are legitimate. If that happens, you might file a Form 5213, which keeps the IRS from auditing you for the first five years of the business. If you can show that you're profitable in at least three of the years, then the business isn't a hobby and the losses in the other years aren't questioned. The problem: Filing the form virtually guarantees an examination at the end of five years.
[spoiler=Pay attention to details]Math errors or incorrect entries of Social Security numbers or tax identification numbers can easily trigger an inquiry into your return. Math errors can be greatly reduced by electronic filing rather than filing paper returns. In the past, the IRS had said that errors are less than 1% on returns that are filed electronically, compared with about 20% on returns submitted via paper. If an e-filed return has a math error, it won't be accepted; instead it is sent back for correction and refiling.
[spoiler=Change your business status]IRS Statistics show that you are 10 times as likely to be audited as a Schedule C filer than if you incorporate your business and elect S corporation status. While it costs a bit of money to incorporate, the move affords you greater personal liability protection and reduces your chances of being audited. In deciding whether to change your business status, include both tax and non-tax factors.
Compile good books and records for your business activities.
Retain required receipts and other documentation.
Use separate bank accounts and credit cards for your business and personal activities.
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0.999851 |
How can I help my child be successful in school?
That's an excellent question, one which Ward Halverson has been asked hundreds of times over the years, first as a public school professional educator and later as a child and family therapist often working very closely with both parents and school personnel. Ward feels the best answer to that question begins first with the parents' attitude toward school and education.
Pretty much every parent values education, Ward has observed. Some parents show that value in the daily interactions with their child, and others mostly just talk about it. Those who really show it, tend to raise children who do well in school, and those who just talk about how important education is with their children, but don't follow through on a daily basis, often have children who struggle.
So how do you really show it, if that's the case?
1. Number of days in school.
2. Pages of homework read.
3. Hours of TV watched.
4. A love of reading.
5. Two parents in the home.
It should come as no surprise that children do better in school when they attend class, do their homework, and read a lot. It should also be self evident that turning the television off will help with this; Ward sees TV as essentially the opposite of reading. As for having two parents in the home, every parent knows how complex and active life with children usually is, and that help in any form - especially another loving parent - can make a huge difference.
What about being frustrated with the school system itself?
Someone once said, The schools would have driven me nuts, if it were not for the fact that I always considered it my responsibility to educate my children. I was grateful for what ever help I received along the way from them. In that sense, schools only "set the table," they cannot force children to eat. Some children have huge appetites, and cannot get enough. Others are picky eaters, and will not consume a well-balanced diet, as they should. Still others are inclined to start food fights. These activities are largely beyond the control of the schools, but usually fully within the control of parents. In that sense, holding teachers accountable for student achievement is as ludicrous as holding a dentist responsible for the number of cavities his patients receive. Ward believes that educational performance will not improve until parents realize that every home is a school, and that they are the teachers. The only thing schools can do is attempt to improve the quality of the meal being served.
It's no surprise to anyone that children need time with their parents. And even though most parents are extremely busy, whether they work outside of the home or not, they do find time to spend with their children. But they want that time to count in helping prepare their children for the world they will find outside the home.
What matters most is what we say and do at home, not how rich or poor we are or how many years of school we have finished. When children can count on getting attention at home, they have a greater sense of security and self-worth. This will help them do better not only in school, but also when they grow up.
If you think about it, school, while very important, does not really take up very much time. In the United States, the school year averages 180 days; in other industrialized nations, the school year can extend up to 240 days, and students are often in school more hours per day. So, the hours and days a child is not in school are important for learning, too.
Communicate. This is probably the most important activity we can do in our home, and it doesn't cost anything. Ask questions, listen for answers. These are no-cost, high-value things to do. Think of conversation as being like a tennis game with talk, instead of a ball, bouncing back and forth. Communication can happen any time, any place, in the car, on a bus, at mealtime, at bedtime. Ward is a huge fan of the nightly family dinner, as well as "Family Night" and other regular family activities.
Start early. Here are some things you can do when your children are young: Let them see you read, and read to them and with them. Visit the library. If they are old enough, make sure they have their own card. Keep books, magazines, and newspapers around the house. Keep pencils and paper, crayons, and washable markers handy for notes, grocery lists, and schoolwork. Writing takes practice, and it starts at home. Teach children to do things for themselves rather than do the work for them. Patience when children are young pays off later. Help children, when needed, to break a job down into small pieces, then do the job one step at a time. This works for everything - getting dressed, a job around the house, or a big homework assignment. Develop, with your child, a reasonable, consistent schedule of jobs around the house. List them on a calendar, day by day. Every home needs consistent rules children can depend on. Put a plan into action and follow through. Give each child an easy-to-reach place in which to put things away. Set limits on TV viewing so that everyone can get work done with less background noise, or just turn the TV off altogether. But if children do watch TV (or use the Internet), join them, share the process, talk about what you see and think of it.
Handling homework. These are the messages to get across to your children about homework: Education is important. Homework has to be done. Let children know that this is what you value. Try to have a special place where each child can study. Help your children plan how to do all the things they need to do - study, work around the house, play, etc. Let your children know that you have confidence in them. Remind them of specific successes they have had in the past perhaps in swimming, soccer, cooking, or in doing a difficult homework assignment. Don't expect or demand perfection. When children ask you to look at what they've done - from skating a figure 8 to a math assignment - show interest and praise them when they've done something well. If you have criticisms or suggestions, make them in a helpful way. The time we spend exchanging ideas at home with our children is vitally important in setting the tone, the attitudes, and the behaviors that make the difference in school.
In the Community. In many parts of our nation, the ties among neighbors have been weakened. For the sake of our children, they need to be rebuilt, and you can help. Be sure to introduce your children to your neighbors. You might even try a "child watch" program where adults who are home during the day keep an eye out for children when they walk to and from school and stand at bus stops. Some schools are helping families connect with the community by, for example, becoming centers for social services as well as for education. Getting to know your child's school can help you, in a very real way, get to know a major part of your community. It can also help you build a network of wider community support for your family.
At School. Parents can become involved with the schools in several different ways, by working with children at home, volunteering, sharing information, and helping to make policy. We need to remember that what works in one community (or for one family) may not necessarily work in another. It may no longer be possible for parents to volunteer as often for school activities. However, working with children at home and sharing information with the school are two things all parents can do.
How about a simpler version of that?
1. Wake kids up as early as necessary in order to be on time for school.
5. Children should keep their backpacks, desks and rooms organized so they can find what they need easily and nothing gets lost.
6. Praise your children, encourage them, use positive reinforcement, work closely with them, and let them know you are available for help if needed.
7. Create a study routine; a good rule of thumb is to have kids do their homework right when they get home from school, usually while snacking.
8. Go over homework together.
9. Check backpacks for notes, missed assignments, book orders, and such.
10. Promote healthy habits like healthy snacks which are low in sugar, or fresh fruits and vegetables.
11. Make sure your children ask questions - it's how we learn.
14. Make sure children should write down their assignments carefully. Parents should keep the number of a few classmates in case children forget to write it down.
15. Parents: be a role model.
16. Have your child read to you often and regularly.
17. Children should take notes when the teacher repeats something, tells them to write it down, says it's very important or will be on a test, or if is written on the board.
18. Children: don't cheat, don't be lazy, do your projects and assignments like reports, ahead of time. Study and learn: you will be proud of yourself.
19. During tests, read all of the directions, follow directions, read the questions carefully, and double check answers if there's time afterwards.
20. Parents: keep in touch with your children's teachers.
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0.995416 |
A description from the author: As Brood XIX emerges this spring, children will fall in love with at least one cicada! Written by a mom who worried about her daughter's reaction to the cicadas, Cecily Cicada is the story of a lonely, but hopeful, cicada, who is eager to escape her dreary hole and emerge into the world. Her message of patience and hope is relevant to the cicada cycle, and is a timeless message as well.
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0.996475 |
How to call internationaly ?
A country code designates a sequence of numbers which is used to make an international call. It preceeds the national dialing code following by the phone numbers of the receiver. Example : USA country code is 1 and Scotland country code is 44 like England, North Ireland and Wales.
The IDD acronym is International direct dialing. It is an access code or call prefix to dial before country code. The process to dial internationally is : first dial the IDD for the country one is in, Then dial the country calling code for the country one wishes to call, followed by the phone number of the receiver. (IDD is called ISD which is the acronym of International Subscriber Dialing ) The IDD in many European and Africain countries is "00" whereas in the American continent IDD may be different from a country to another.
To call France : either you dial 0033 or +33 and then phone number.
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0.999499 |
So you are new at vaping? Sure you have heard about the basic concept that it is electronic, so a battery must have come to your mind when you hear about electronic cigarettes. That is true that one component of an electronic cigarette is buying a vape . However, more often than not, you would gain more questions as you have learned more about other components and features of electronic cigarettes.
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0.96054 |
Surebet calculator - how to use it and understand the math behind it?
Please enter a valid number in the red fields!
Above we have surebet with two outcomes between "Bookie A" and "Bookie B".
If we bet 100.00 on "Bookie A", we have to bet 34.63 on "Bookie B" to win 7.37 sure profit.
1) If England Win, you will profit in "Exchange A": 100.00*1.42 - 100.00 = 0.00.
From this profit (0.00), the "Exchange A" will get 0.00% commission and our profit will decrease to: 0.00 - 0.00*0.00% = 0.00.
2) If Romania Win or it's Draw, you will profit in "Exchange B": 100.00*1.42 - 100.00 = 0.00.
From this profit (0.00), the "Exchange B" will get 0.00% commission and our profit will decrease to: 0.00 - 0.00*0.00% = 0.00.
Above we have surebet with Tempobet and 188Bet.
If we bet 100 on Tempobet, we have to bet 125,66 on 188Bet to win 9.34.
- 1.1) If "Tiandjin Teda" Win you will win 100x2.35 - (100+125.66) = 235.00-225.66 = 9.34.
- 2.1) If "Shijiazhuang Ever Bright" Win or is Draw you will win 125.66x1.87 - (100+125.66) = 234.99-225.66 = 9.32.
If the odds change we have to recalculate the stake that will have to bet. This happens a lot so be careful when you bet to avoid mistakes. This is described in more details in the article "Moving odds and technical errors in arbitrage betting" .
Outcome: All the possible outcomes for surebet as lines.
HC: Handicap given to the lines.
Price: The coefficients for the outcomes(odds).
Stake: The total amount we have to bet on the outcome.
Calculate: Press it to calculate your stakes you need to bet on the other side of the surebet. If you prefer to work with keyboard you can also just press "Enter".
Total: Shows the total amounts and values.
- Stake: Total amount you need to place the surebet.
- Return: Total amount of the money you will win as a return.
- Profit: The difference between "Return" and "Stake". It is the total profit of your bet.
- Arbitrage: The total % of profit.
Outcomes: Shows you different combinations between the bookmakers to place the sure bets. At the top is the combination with highest "Arbitrage".
Odd History: Shows you the movements of the odds. Most advanced bettors wait for these odds to get to their highest value and then to place the bet. This will increase the "Arbitrage".
In this case AH1 (0) means home team to win. If the match is draw - the whole bet will be void. AH2(0) means away team to win. If the match is draw - the whole bet will be void.
So no matter who wins the match according to the arbitrage calculator you will win 24,14% profit. In case of a draw, both stakes will be returned, and the profit will be zero.
If we bet 100 on Pinnacle, we have to bet 138.72 on TitanBet and 43.46 on FonBet to win 43.82.
- 1.1) If "Kawasaki Frontale" Win you will win 100x3.26 - (100+138.72+43.46) = 326.00 - 282.18 = 43.82.
- 2.1) If the result is Draw you will win 138.72x2.35 - (100+138.72+43.46) = 325.99 - 282.18 = 43.81.
- 3.1) If "Montedio Yamagata" Win you will win 43.46x7.50 - (100+138.72+43.46) = 325.95 - 282.18 = 43.77.
Now you should consider if this odd of 7.5 isn't bookmakers error and is he going to void your bet. If you wonder why, take a look at this article "What is bet cancellation (obvious error)?"
In this case AH2 (-0.75) means away team to win by 2 or more. If won by 1 - half bet will be void, half wins. EHX (+1) means away team to win with exactly one goal margin.
If we bet 100 on Pinnacle, we have to bet 20.26 on SportingBet, 70 on MarathonBet and 57.27 again on MarathonBet to win 4.47.
- 1.1) If "Fenerbahce" Win by two or more goals for example 1:3 you will win 100x2.52 - (100+20.16+70+57.27) = 252.00 - 247.53 = 4.47.
- 2.1) If "Fenerbahce" Win with exactly one goal margin for example 1:2 you will win 20.26x3.75 but your half of the bet in AH2(-0,75) on Pinnacle will be void and half will win, so you will actually win 20.26x3.75 + 50x2.52 - (50+20.16+70+57.27) = 75.98 + 126 - 197.53 = 4.45.
- 3.1) If the result is Draw you will win 70.00x3.60 - (100+20.16+70+57.27) = 252.00 - 247.53 = 4.47.
- 4.1) If "Atromitos" Win you will win 57.27x4.40 - (100+20.16+70+57.27) = 251.99 - 247.53 = 4.46.
AH1(+0.00) Home team to win. In case of draw - all stakes will be refunded.
AH1(+0.25) Home team to win. In case of draw - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
AH1(+0.50) Home team to win or match to be draw.
AH1(+0.75) Home team to win or match to be draw. If home team lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3) - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
AH1(+1.00) Home team to win or match to be draw. If home team lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3) - all stakes will be refunded.
AH1(+1.25) Home team to win or match to be draw. If home team lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3) - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
AH1(+1.50) Home team to win, match to be draw or home team to lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3).
AH1(+1.75) Home team to win, match to be draw or home team to lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3). If home team lose with exactly two goals margin (for example 0:2, 1:3, 2:4) - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
AH1(+2.00) Home team to win, match to be draw or home team to lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3). If home team lose with exactly two goals margin (for example 0:2, 1:3, 2:4) - all stakes will be refunded.
AH1(-0.25) Home team to win. In case of draw - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
AH1(-0.50) Home team to win.
AH1(-0.75) Home team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:0, 4:2). If home team win with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2) - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
AH1(-1.00) Home team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:0, 4:2). If home team win with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2) - all stakes will be refunded.
AH1(-1.25) Home team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:0, 4:2). If home team win with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2) - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
AH1(-1.50) Home team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:0, 4:2).
AH1(-1.75) Home team to win with at least three goals margin (for example 3:0, 4:0, 5:2). If home team win with exactly two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:1, 4:2) - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
AH1(-2.00) Home team to win with at least three goals margin (for example 3:0, 4:0, 5:2). If home team win with exactly two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:1, 4:2) - all stakes will be refunded.
AH2(+0.00) Away team to win. In case of draw - all stakes will be refunded.
AH2(+0.25) Away team to win. In case of draw - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
AH2(+0.50) Away team to win or match to be draw.
AH2(+0.75) Away team to win or match to be draw. If away team lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2) - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
AH2(+1.00) Away team to win or match to be draw. If away team lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2) - all stakes will be refunded.
AH2(+1.25) Away team to win or match to be draw. If Away team lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2) - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
AH2(+1.50) Away team to win, match to be draw or away team to lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2).
AH2(+1.75) Away team to win, match to be draw or away team to lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2). If away team lose with exactly two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:1, 4:2) - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
AH2(+2.00) Away team to win, match to be draw or away team to lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2). If away team lose with exactly two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:1, 4:2) - all stakes will be refunded.
AH2(-0.25) Away team to win. In case of draw - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
AH2(-0.50) Away team to win.
AH2(-0.75) Away team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 0:2, 0:3, 2:4). If away team win with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3) - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
AH2(-1.00) Away team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 0:2, 0:3, 2:4). If away team win with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3) - all stakes will be refunded.
AH2(-1.25) Away team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 0:2, 0:3, 2:4). If away team win with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3) - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
AH2(-1.50) Away team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 0:2, 0:3, 2:4).
AH2(-1.75) Away team to win with at least three goals margin (for example 0:3, 0:4, 2:5). If away team win with exactly two goals margin (for example 0:2, 0:3, 2:4) - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
AH2(-2.00) Away team to win with at least three goals margin (for example 0:3, 0:4, 2:5). If away team win with exactly two goals margin (for example 0:2, 0:3, 2:4) - all stakes will be refunded.
EH1 (-1) Home team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 2:0, 3:0, 4:2).
EH1 (-2) Home team to win with at least three goals margin (for example 3:0, 4:0, 5:2).
EH1 (-3) Home team to win with at least four goals margin (for example 4:0, 5:0, 6:2).
EH1 (+1) Home team to win or match to be draw.
EH1 (+2) Home team to win, match to be draw or home team to lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 0:1, 1:2, 2:3).
EH1 (+3) Home team to win, match to be draw or home team to lose with exactly one or two goals margin (for example 0:1, 1:3, 2:3).
EHX (-1) Home team to win with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 3:2, 4:3).
EHX (-2) Home team to win with exactly two goals margin (for example 2:0, 4:2, 5:3).
EHX (-3) Home team to win with exactly three goals margin (for example 3:0, 5:2, 6:3).
EHX (+1) Away team to win with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 3:2, 4:3).
EHX (+2) Away team to win with exactly two goals margin (for example 2:0, 4:2, 5:3).
EHX (+3) Away team to win with exactly three goals margin (for example 3:0, 5:2, 6:3).
EH2 (-1) Away team to win with at least two goals margin (for example 0:2, 0:3, 2:4).
EH2 (-2) Away team to win with at least three goals margin (for example 0:3, 0:4, 2:5).
EH2 (-3) Away team to win with at least four goals margin (for example 0:4, 0:5, 2:6).
EH2 (+1) Away team to win or match to be draw.
EH2 (+2) Away team to win, match to be draw or away team to lose with exactly one goal margin (for example 1:0, 2:1, 3:2).
EH2 (+3) Away team to win, match to be draw or away team to lose with exactly one or two goals margin (for example 1:0, 3:1, 4:2).
Under 0.50 Total goals to be 0.
Under 0.75 Total goals to be 0. If total goals are 1 - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
Under 1.00 Total goals to be 0. If total goals are 1 - all stakes will be refunded.
Under 1.25 Total goals to be 0. If total goals are 1 - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
Under 1.50 Total goals to be 0 or 1.
Under 1.75 Total goals to be 0 or 1. If total goals are 2 - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
Under 2.00 Total goals to be 0 or 1. If total goals are 2 - all stakes will be refunded.
Under 2.25 Total goals to be 0 or 1. If total goals are 2 - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
Under 2.50 Total goals to be 0, 1 or 2.
Under 2.75 Total goals to be 0, 1 or 2. If total goals are 3 - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
Under 3.00 Total goals to be 0, 1 or 2. If total goals are 3 - all stakes will be refunded.
Under 3.25 Total goals to be 0, 1 or 2. If total goals are 3 - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
Under 3.50 Total goals to be 0, 1, 2 or 3.
Over 0.50 Total goals to be 1 or more.
Over 0.75 Total goals to be 2 or more. If total goals are 1 - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
Over 1.00 Total goals to be 2 or more. If total goals are 1 - all stakes will be refunded.
Over 1.25 Total goals to be 2 or more. If total goals are 1 - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
Over 1.50 Total goals to be 2 or more.
Over 1.75 Total goals to be 3 or more. If total goals are 2 - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
Over 2.00 Total goals to be 3 or more. If total goals are 2 - all stakes will be refunded.
Over 2.25 Total goals to be 3 or more. If total goals are 2 - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
Over 2.50 Total goals to be 3 or more.
Over 2.75 Total goals to be 4 or more. If total goals are 3 - half stakes will be refunded and half will win.
Over 3.00 Total goals to be 4 or more. If total goals are 3 - all stakes will be refunded.
Over 3.25 Total goals to be 4 or more. If total goals are 3 - half stakes will be refunded and half will be lost.
Over 3.50 Total goals to be 4 or more.
GG Both teams to score at least one goal.
NG One or both teams not to score.
1 Home team to win the match.
X Match to be draw.
2 Away team to win the match.
1X Home team to win or match to be draw.
X2 Away team to win or match to be draw.
12 Away team to win or Home team to win.
Odd Total goals in match to be odd.
Even Total goals in match to be even.
Over(C) Same as in tab U/O but for corners.
Under(C) Same as in tab U/O but for corners.
1(C) Same as in tab 1X2 but for corners.
X(C) Same as in tab 1X2 but for corners.
2(C) Same as in tab 1X2 but for corners.
HO(C) Same as in tab HO/HU/AO/AU but for corners.
HU(C) Same as in tab HO/HU/AO/AU but for corners.
AO(C) Same as in tab HO/HU/AO/AU but for corners.
AU(C) Same as in tab HO/HU/AO/AU but for corners.
AH 1(C) Same as in tab AH but for corners.
AH 2(C) Same as in tab AH but for corners.
Odd(C) Same as in tab Odd/Even but for corners.
Even(C) Same as in tab Odd/Even but for corners.
HOdd Home team total corners to be Odd.
HEven Home team total corners to be Even.
AOdd Away team total corners to be Odd.
AEven Away team total corners to be Even.
Posted on: "09 November 2017", by "Iliyan"
Last updated on: "28 February 2019"
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Actin is a cytoskeletal protein which exerts a broad range of functions in almost all eukaryotic cells. In higher vertebrates, six primary actin isoforms can be distinguished: alpha-skeletal, alpha-cardiac, alpha-smooth muscle, gamma-smooth muscle, beta-cytoplasmic and gamma-cytoplasmic isoactin. Expression of these actin isoforms during vertebrate development is highly regulated in a temporal and tissue-specific manner, but the mechanisms and the specific differences are currently not well understood. All members of the actin multigene family are highly conserved, suggesting that there is a high selective pressure on these proteins.
We present here a model for the evolution of the genomic organization of alpha-skeletal actin and by molecular modeling, illustrate the structural differences of actin proteins of different phyla. We further describe and compare alpha-skeletal actin expression in two developmental stages of five vertebrate species (mouse, chicken, snake, salamander and fish). Our findings confirm that alpha-skeletal actin is expressed in skeletal muscle and in the heart of all five species. In addition, we identify many novel non-muscular expression domains including several in the central nervous system.
Our results show that the high sequence homology of alpha-skeletal actins is reflected by similarities of their 3 dimensional protein structures, as well as by conserved gene expression patterns during vertebrate development. Nonetheless, we find here important differences in 3D structures, in gene architectures and identify novel expression domains for this structural and functional important gene.
Actin is a cytoskeletal protein that is ubiquitously expressed in many eukaryotic cells. Examples for actin functions include maintenance of the cytoskeleton, cell motility and muscle contraction. Several studies have further shown the importance of actin in a number of cellular processes, e.g. gene transcription and chromosome morphology , control of the cell cycle , modulation of a variety of membrane responses [3, 4], translation of several mRNA species [5, 6] and modulation of enzyme activity and localization within the cell [7–11].
Six primary actin isoforms have been identified in higher vertebrates, being alpha-skeletal (ACTA1), alpha-cardiac (ACTC1), alpha-smooth muscle (ACTA2), gamma-smooth muscle (ACTG2), beta-cytoplasmic (ACTB) and gamma-cytoplasmic isoactin (ACTG1) (Additonal file 2). Actins can be classified in three pairs: two isoforms expressed in striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac tissue), two isoforms from smooth muscle (alpha-smooth muscle predominately in vascular tissue and γ-smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal and genital tracts) and two cytoplasmic isoforms . Later studies have reported additional actin isoforms in higher vertebrates [14–16].
Cytoplasmic actins in vertebrates resemble actins present in various amoebas, yeast and slime molds [17–21]. Invertebrate muscle actins are more closely related to vertebrate cytoplasmic actins than to vertebrate muscle actin isoforms . Actin isoforms specific for striated muscle tissue first evolved in primitive chordates . Urochordates and lampreys still express an alpha-cardiac-like isoform in their primitive muscles. At the level of early amphibians or stem reptiles this gene probably duplicated, which resulted in an alpha-skeletal and a modern alpha-cardiac isoactin . The smooth muscle isoactins are believed to have evolved during later development of warm-blooded vertebrates and likely originated from an early skeletal muscle actin . Altogether, over 30 different actins have been characterized from various muscle sources, some of them having a very specialized role .
The actin multigene family is highly conserved. The sequences of alpha-skeletal and alpha-cardiac actin differ by only four amino acids over a total of 375 residues in cow [13, 25]. This is among the highest conservation found in vertebrate actins . Skeletal alpha-actin differs eight amino acids from the alpha-smooth muscle isoform and six amino acids from the γ-smooth muscle isoform in Bos taurus. In comparison to the non-muscle actin isoforms, 24 and 25 differences in the amino acid sequence are found for γ- and β-cytoplasmic actin respectively . These differences are mainly located at the amino terminus of the protein . Being the site of most actin-myosin interactions, it has an important role in cytoarchitecture and other protein-protein interactions.
The high sequence conservation between the two striated muscle isoactins is also apparent in their gene structures. Skeletal alpha-actin and alpha-cardiac actin are interrupted by five introns on corresponding locations [23, 27, 28]. Even non-coding regions show striking similarity between the two genes and between different species [23, 29]. Two large segments that constitute most of the 3' untranslated regions (UTR) show a similarity of 92% and 85% between the human and the rat alpha-skeletal actin gene . On average, sequences of rat/human gene pairs show only 37–45% similarity in the 3' UTR. Based on the early separation of the two genes, this high similarity indicates a high selective pressure to conserve the sequence. These conserved UTR's may affect the stability, translational capacity and the intracellular location of the transcripts, thereby further regulating the expression of the protein.
The expression of the different actin isoforms is developmentally regulated in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. In general, the cytoplasmic actins are ubiquitously expressed in all cell types and throughout development. The other two pairs of actin isoforms have been shown to be expressed in striated (cardiac and skeletal actin) and smooth muscle (two isoforms of smooth muscle actin) [13, 31].
Earlier studies showed that the striated and smooth muscle pairs are coexpressed during development [32, 33]. This coexpression is not very surprising, since there is also a high conservation in the regulatory sequences of these genes .
Cardiac alpha-actin, which is the main actin isoform in the adult heart, has also been shown to be the predominant form in early muscle development (in mouse, human and most cultured cell lines) [33, 35, 36]. It has been hypothesized that this coordinated co-expression occurs to facilitate rapid accumulation of these proteins . In later development the expression of alpha-cardiac actin is downregulated and alpha-skeletal actin becomes the dominant isoform in the adult tissue, accounting for more than 95% of the total striated muscle actin isoforms [30, 37–39].
Skeletal alpha-actin is also expressed in the mammalian heart tissue [30, 40]. During the late stage of fetal development alpha-cardiac actin becomes the main isoform, but alpha-skeletal actin might still make up for almost half of the total striated muscle actin content . Similar results have been shown in the chicken heart . In somite development of the amphibian Xenopus laevis embryos also both alpha-skeletal and alpha-cardiac actin increase in content in a coordinate manner . However, in amphibians there appear to be at least three distinct isoforms expressed in striated muscle[43, 44] and only one isoform expressed in smooth muscle .
This developmental paradigm has been further complicated by studies which have demonstrated that alpha-smooth muscle isoactin is also expressed during early cardiac and skeletal muscle development in a variety of myofibroblast-like cells [34, 45–48]. So far no significant evidence has been found to answer the controversial question whether this co-expression reflects a truly regulated expression or rather is a result from a persistent "leakage" from the initial high expression during early myogenesis. There might also be "leakage" because of partially diverged regulatory elements, resulting in cross-responsiveness on cellular or environmental stimuli. Based on the high sequence similarity and the absence of pathology in a mutant mouse model that expresses high alpha-skeletal actin in the heart, it is hypothesized that at least these two actin isoforms are functionally redundant . The function of these two actins is likely more related to their differential regulation in space and time than to their protein coding information .
Although several studies in the past have elucidated the specific expression pattern of alpha-skeletal actin in a model organism, no comparison of different species has been made so far. In this study we compare alpha-skeletal actin expression of five vertebrate species, in at least two distinct developmental. We identified here several novel non-muscular expression domains of alpha-skeletal actin. Furthermore, we compared the sequences, gene architectures and 3D protein models of several species to shed light on the evolutionary history of alpha-skeletal actin.
The sequences of all known actins of selected vertebrate species and of muscle-like actins of a number of other species, covering a broad range of evolutionary history, were extracted from GenBank (Supplemental Table 1). For our phylogenetic analysis, we selected alpha-skeletal actins in several different species, or where that was not possible, an isoform most similar to alpha-skeletal actin by direct sequence comparison. A non-rooted tree is shown in Figure 1 and an additional phylogenetic analysis using yeast actin 1 (ACT1) as an outgroup is shown in Supplemental Figure 1. Invertebrate muscle actin genes cluster with human cytoplasmic actins, as was also the case in previous phylogenetic studies on actins [49–51]. The first muscle actin is found in Deuterostomes, illustrated by the clustering of the sea urchin S. purpuratus with the other muscle actins. Actins specific for striated muscle cells are first expressed in early chordates, confirming findings in earlier studies . The alpha-skeletal actins of vertebrates group together, except for the alpha-skeletal actin of zebrafish, which clusters with the actin of the urochordate Ciona savignyi. In earlier studies it was already shown that the real alpha-skeletal actins evolved in early amphibians or stem reptiles, explaining why the zebrafish actin is not found on the same branch as the other vertebrates .
Phylogenetic tree and amino acid alignment. (A) Shown is the phylogenetic analysis of known actin isoforms from selected vertebrates numbers give the percentages for the Bayesian posterior probability. The accession numbers of the sequences used in this analysis are given in Additional file 1 and additional phylogenetic trees are given in Additional file 3. (B) The alignment of the amino acid sequences of the selected actins of human (Hs), snake (Am), zebrafish (Dr), branchiostoma (Bb), urochordate (Cs), fly (Dm), plant (At) and yeast (Sc) is showing the strong conservation of the sequence. The darker shading is used to indicate the more conserved locations. The colored arrows highlight the main sites which show a difference in the 3D protein model (Figure 3). The corresponding coloring of the protein and species name highlights which species show this difference in our 3D protein models.
Interestingly, the sequence of the urochordate C. savignyi is closer related to the vertebrate alpha-skeletal actins than the sequence of the branchiostoma B. belcheri. A possible explanation might be that the used branchiostoma sequence is not the expected alpha-skeletal actin, although it was identified as the most homologues gene when searched with alpha-skeletal actin sequences of different species.
The alignment of the amino acid sequence shows extremely high conservation of the protein in a broad range of species (Figure 1B). Most of the differences are located in the N-terminus of the protein, as has already been shown in a previous study . The shading shows the mode of conservation, the darker blocks being more conserved. In detail black background, conserved in 100% of sequences (8 of 8), dark grey background conserved in more than 70% of sequences, light grey background conserved in more than 60% of sequences and white background below 60% of sequences.
We have identified here the intron-exon boundaries of the alpha-skeletal actin genes in several vertebrates (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Gallus gallus, Atractaspis microlepidota, Xenopus tropicalis, Danio rerio), chordates (Ciona savignyi, Ciona intestinalis), nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans,Caenorhabditis briggsae), insects (Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila pseudoobscura, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens, Apis mellifera), plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Populus trichocarpa) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisia). We compare the genomic organization of these alpha-skeletal actin genes and derive an evolutionary model for the development of their gene architecture (Figure 2).
Comparison of the genomic architecture. A comparison of the genomic architecture, showing the exons (on scale) and the introns (not on scale). Colored lines were added to indicate the boundaries of the exons. The asterisk marks the intron that has been conserved from plants to higher chordates, but has been lost in insects and nematodes. We have identified the intron-exon boundaries of the alpha-skeletal actin genes in several vertebrates (Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Gallus gallus, Atractaspis microlepidota, Xenopus tropicalis, Danio rerio), chordates (Ciona savignyi, Ciona intestinalis), nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis briggsae), insects (Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila pseudoobscura, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens, Apis mellifera), plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Populus trichocarpa) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisia). All insects show a single exon and all vertebrates except the zebrafish (Danio rerio) show the same exon/intron boundaries as depicted for humans.
The yeast gene consists of one exon, which is also the case for the studied insect actin genes. In plants and nematodes the gene consists of four exons, but only the first exon shares the same boundaries in these two groups. Surprisingly, the intron between the second and third exon in plants, is located on the same site as the intron in the Ciona species. The other exon boundaries differ from plants and nematodes. The last exon in Ciona is split in two separate exons in the vertebrates. The zebrafish gene shows another split of the second exon in three separate pieces. The gene architectures of the other vertebrate alpha-skeletal actin genes are even more conserved. The genes in human, mouse, chicken, snake and frog have the same intron-exon boundaries, differing only in the length of the untranslated regions.
In summary, we can show here that in plants, like Arabidopsis thaliana,Oryza sativa and Populus trichocarpa, 4 exons were present. In the course of evolution some species like the studied insect species and also yeast have lost all introns within their alpha-skeletal actin gene. In the nematodes,Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae, the second intron was lost and exon 2 and 3 fused. However this intron as seen in our evolutionary model in Figure 2 has been conserved from plants to higher chordates. These results show that the genomic organization of the alpha-skeletal actin differs significantly between species.
We modelled here the 3 dimensional protein structures of 19 different actins (see Supplemental Table 1) and show the 6 actins for which structural differences were found (Figure 3). The molecular models of all vertebrate species, S. purpuratus, D. melanogaster and C. elegans do not show a structural difference when compared to each other (data not shown). Additionally, we have found no visible difference between the models of the six different human actins (data not shown).
The expression of alpha-skeletal actin in different vertebrate species.
For each of the organisms that were used here, we list the expression domains found in this study in the upper row. Newly in this study discovered expression domains are shown in bold. Expressions domains that have been described in previous studies are listed in the second row.
3D protein models. 3D protein models of human alpha-skeletal actin (A) and corresponding actins from fly (B), urochordate (C), branchiostoma (D), plant (E) and yeast (F). The secondary structures at the amino terminus of the protein are indicated by dark blue shading and the secondary structures at the C-terminus are colored red. The numbers indicate the subunits of the protein. White arrows point out the main differences between the models. The sites of these differences are highlighted with corresponding coloring in Figure 1.
However, we found important structural differences between the other species investigated (Figure 3). The major changes between the other muscle actins in secondary structures are pointed out by arrows. These sites are also mapped on the alignment of the primary protein sequences (Figure 1B). The B. belcheri model shows an additional coil in the alpha helix in subdomain 2 (yellow). This is also the case for yeast, which also shows a difference in the structure on the right in subdomain 1 . In C. savignyi the beta sheets in the middle of the molecule in subdomain 3 are a little shorter (green). In the A. thaliana model the secondary structures in subdomain 2 are shorter (dark blue), whereas the alpha helix in subdomain 4 is longer (yellow-green). The structure in subdomain 1 and the beta sheet in subdomain 3 (yellow) are also longer. Besides, the A. thaliana protein seems to miss the short structure in the middle of the molecule in subdomain 3 (yellow), which is present in all the other models. This structure might as well be fused with the beta sheet in subdomain 3 (yellow), explaining why this structure is significantly longer in A. thaliana.
Not all differences in the protein model can easily be recognized in the amino acid sequence. The corresponding regions in the alignment are highlighted by colored arrows (Figure 1B). The ultimate configuration of the protein depends on several regions and their allosteric interactions, sometimes a change in the amino acid sequence can have an effect on a distant part of the protein, where the respective amino acid is actually not located. This explains why some regions, which show differences in the model, do not show clear differences in the alignment. At the same time, the alignment shows less conserved regions, which are not detectable as such in the 3D model. The structural differences we describe here can point to important functional differences or affect specific molecular interactions of actins. It is important to note, that the structural models presented here, are based on predictions and that the subtle changes in structure we observe here, are not likely to have an influence on actins major structural functions e.g. filament assembly or myosin binding. Further studies are necessary to delineate these structure/function relationships and to identify novel functions of actin which could be related to them. Here, molecular approaches (e.g. site-directed mutagenesis) or bioinformatic analysis of potential interactors for example, could give better insights on the significance of our findings.
In the early stage mouse embryo (E10.5) expression seems to be present in several brain areas (Figure 4A). Also the heart, branchial arches (maxillary, mandibular and hyoid arch), lens, hind limb bud, forelimb bud, liver and somites are clearly stained. The strongest staining in the limb bud is located at the most distal part, the distal progress zone and the apical ectodermal ridge (AER).
Expression of alpha-skeletal actin in mouse and chicken embryos. Results of the in situ hybridization on embryos of mouse, stage E10.5 (A) en stage E11.5 (B). Details of the atrium are shown for the early stage embryo (E) and the later stage embryos (F). The same experiment has been conducted on chicken embryos of stage HH20 (C) and HH25 (D). Again details of the atrium are shown for both stages (G, H). Structures with staining are labeled: atrium (a) branchial arches (ba), diencephalon (di), distal progress zone (dpz), fore limb bud (flb), heart (h), hind limb bud (hlb), hyoid arch (hy), lens (ls), liver (lv), mandible (m), mandibular arch (md), maxillary arch (mx), mesencephalon (ms), metencephalon (met), myelencephalon (mye), nasal pituitary (np), otic vesicle (ov), somite (som), telencephalon (tel), ventricle (v).
The mouse at stage E11.5 shows staining in the heart, branchial arches, lens, hind limb bud, forelimb bud, liver and somites (Figure 4B). In addition, the otic vesicle and distinct parts of the brain (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon) show staining.
Detailed pictures of the atrium are shown for the early stage embryo (Figure 4E) and the late stage embryo (Figure 4F).
In the early stage of the chicken embryo (HH20) the hind limb bud and forelimb bud are strongly stained (Figure 4C). The heart, branchial arches (maxillary, mandibular and hyoid arch), otic vesicle, nasal pituitary, lens, and somites are also stained. In addition, parts of the brain (telencephalon, mesencephalon and metencephalon) show expression.
At the older stage of the chicken-embryo (HH25) there is clear staining in the heart (stronger staining in the ventricle), branchial arches, otic vesicle, liver, forelimb bud and hind limb bud (Figure 4D).
Details of the atrium are shown for the embryos of both stages (Figure 4G, Figure 4H).
The youngest snake embryo (24 hao) shows strong expression in the proliferative cell layer (Figure 5A). Furthermore, various brain regions (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon and metencephalon) and cephalic musculature are stained. Expression in the heart, branchial arches, nasal pituitary and somites is visible as well. Within the heart the strongest staining is located in the primary atrial septum.
Expression of alpha-skeletal actin in snake and salamander embryos. Results of the in situ hybridization on snake embryos 24 hours after oviposition (hao) (A) and 72 hao (B). Detailed pictures of the heart are shown for both stages (E, F). Two salamander embryos were also used for an in situ hybridization experiment, one staged as st.26 (C) and the older one staged as st.32 (D). A detail of the head and heart region is shown for the oldest embryo (G). The same abbreviations were used for the labeling in Figure 4. Three additional structures were labeled: cephalic musculature (cm), primary atrial septum (pas) and proliferative cell layer (pl).
In the older snake embryo (72 hao) the proliferative cell layer, heart (again mainly in the ventricle), brain regions (telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon), nasal pituitary and somites show clear expression (Figure 5B).
Detailed pictures of the heart are shown for the two embryos (Figure 5E, Figure 5F).
The youngest salamander embryo (st.26) only shows staining in the somites (Figure 5C). In the older embryo (st.32) (Figure 5D) there is also expression in the heart. Pigmentation is visible throughout the embryo. This is clearly visible in the detailed picture of the head and heart region (Figure 5G).
As early as the 4cell stage (Figure 6A), there is staining in the blastomeres. In the 1 K stage the embryo shows expression in the germinal plate (Figure 6B). At the shield stage (Figure 6C) and the tail bud stage (Figure 6D) the staining focuses at the area where the somites will develop. At prim-6 (Figure 6F) there is clear expression at the somites, at the lens and in the proliferative cell layer. There is also some expression in the head region. A detail from the head (Figure 6E) additionally shows staining in the hindbrain, cerebellum, epiphysis and telencephalon. At the prim-22 stage (Figure 1G, Figure 6H) the somites are strongly stained. The lens and proliferative cell layer are a bit weaker stained. Staining is also visible in the midbrain, hindbrain and heart. At the next stage, long-pec (Figure 1I, Figure 1J) there is high expression in the somites, heart, hindbrain, lens, proliferative cell layer, branchial arches, cephalic musculature, midbrain, hindbrain and the midcerebral vein. The last stage, 4 dpf (Figure 1K) shows a strong staining, especially in the branchial arches, jaw musculature, lens, midbrain, liver and somites.
Expression of alpha-skeletal actin in zebrafish embryos. Results for whole mount in situ hybridization of zebrafish embryos at several stages of development: 4cell (A), 1 K (B), shield (C), tail bud (D), prim-6 (F), prim-22 (H), long-pec (J) and 4 dpf (K). Detailed pictures of dorsal view of the head in prim-6 (E), a dorsal overview picture in prim-22 (G) and a frontal view of the head in long-pec (I) are added. The same abbreviations were used for the labeling as in Figure 4 and Figure 5. Six additional structures were labeled: cerebellum (ce), epiphysis (epi), hindbrain (hb), jaw musculature (jm), midcerebral vein (mcv) and midbrain (mb).
In this study all used embryos displayed clear staining in the somites. Except for the early stage salamander embryo (st.26), all embryos (including the st.32 salamander embryo) showed also expression in the heart. Table 1 gives an overview of expression domains of alpha-skeletal actin in several vertebrate species found in this study. In addition we summarize in Table 1 the findings of other studies on alpha-skeletal actin gene expression. In general, staining is detected in regions which are bound to give rise to skeletal muscle. This is illustrated by the strong staining in the somites and limb buds. We also show here staining in a number of muscles in the head and neck, which also has been described by other studies in rodents and zebrafish . In addition we show that the expression is specifically strong in the branchial arches, which will give rise to a number of facial muscles and muscles that are associated with the larynx and pharynx. All current studies in mouse or chicken have detected expression in the heart as well but expression we show here in the zebrafish heart has not been described before. Here, we also discover alpha-skeletal actin expression in the liver of all species except the salamander. Furthermore, staining in the eye, otic vesicle, nasal pituitary and brain regions has not previously been described.
We can not entirely rule out that there was no crossreactivity of the probe with other isoactins. However, hybridization conditions were very stringent and the fact that most other actins are expressed ubiquitously and that we do not see ubiquitous staining, argues against this. Still, crossreactivity with cardiac actin is not ruled out by this argument but here other studies also have shown that alpha-skeletal actin is weakly expressed in the vertebrate heart.
In this study, we have compared the gene expression patterns of alpha-skeletal actin in five different vertebrate species and describe several novel expression domains for this functional and structural important gene. Because of the high conservation of the actin multigene family, a single probe could be used for the in situ hybridization. This proved to be a useful method when comparing expression patterns of the alpha-skeletal actin gene in these vertebrate species. An important question remains still, how the expression patterns of alpha-skeletal actin and the other actin isoforms are regulated. Here, results from experiments on differentiated, cultured cells have often differed from in vivo studies . Factors such as innervation, growth factors and mitogens, oncogenes, cell density, hormones, mechanical and biological stress and cell-cell interactions may all contribute to the regulation of this multigene family [54–56].
Promoter regions of different actins have been extensively analyzed. So far it is clear that interaction of multiple cis-acting and trans-acting regulatory elements are involved [57, 58]. However, the sequences and factors that interact with these regions and confer to positive and/or negative transcriptional regulation are poorly understood. Additionally, a variety of post-transcriptional modifications contribute to the regulation of actin protein expression [59–61]. Future studies should shed more light on these regulatory mechanisms and actin functions. Here, a comparative evolutionary analysis of regulatory elements should help in unraveling some of the signaling pathways and transcriptional networks responsible.
The phylogenetic analysis, the alignment, the comparison of the genomic architecture and the 3D protein models we show here reveal extreme high conservation of alpha-skeletal actins. The high homology between higher vertebrate actins and muscle-like actins in plant and yeast is striking when looked at the evolutionary distance. Furthermore, alpha-skeletal actin expression patterns show strong conservation in evolution and are very similar in all tested vertebrate species. Interestingly, we find many novel expression domains of alpha-skeletal actin including several in non-muscular tissues and organs.
Despite all observed similarities, we show here also important structural and other differences between alpha-skeletal actins of different species. Our evolutionary model illustrates that the genomic organization of the alpha-skeletal actin differs significantly between species. Insects and yeast for example have lost all introns within their alpha-skeletallike actin genes.
Sequences of all known actins in human and one alpha-skeletal actin isoform, or the closest found homologue in several other species were taken from GenBank (see Additional file 1 for all accession numbers). In other vertebrate species the alpha-skeletal actin was selected. The actins from chordates, invertebrates, plant and yeast were selected by using the sequence most similar to the alpha-skeletal actin isoform. The sequences were manually aligned with ClustalX and subsequently processed with Gblocks, which heuristically removes poorly conserved segments in the alignment in order to enhance the phylogenetic signal . Alignments were manually refined in GeneDoc where necessary. However, the strong conservation within the actin genes made this hardly necessary, except for the N-terminal start regions. Subsequently, the alignments were used to generate the phylogenetic trees employing MrBayes version 3.1. Bayesian trees were generated with MrBayes, with amino acid substitution set to mixed (hence reducing assumption prior to analysis). Rate variation across sites was modeled with a four rate gamma distribution and invariant sites, while the MCMC search itself was continued for 1.000.000 generations, sampled every 100 generations, and 2500 trees were discarded as burnin.
The sequences were also used to model the associated proteins with the automated comparative protein modeling server, Swiss Model. A detailed description is given in one of our previous studies .
Animals were handled in compliance with local animal care regulations and standard protocols of the Netherlands. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Tuebingen line, AlB strain (Albinos) were kept at 28°C in aquaria with day/night light cycles (10 h dark versus 14 h light periods). The developing embryos were kept in an incubator at constant temperature of 28°C. When the required developmental stage was reached, embryos were fixed in 4% PFA. We used six developmental stages for zebrafish: 4cell, 1 K (3 hours post fertilization), shield (6 hpf), tail bud (9 hpf), prim-6 (25 hpf), prim-22 (35 hpf), long-pec (48 hpf) and 4 days post fertilization (staging according to ). For mouse (Mus musculus), chicken (Gallus gallus), snake (Elaphe taeniura friesei) and salamander (Triturus carnifex) embryos two developmental stages were used for ISH. The stages used were: E10.5 and E11.5 for mouse, HH20 and HH25 for chicken, 24 hours after oviposition (hao) and 72 hao for snake (no official staging system is available for this species yet, the stages we used are comparable to HH20 and HH25 in chicken) and st.26 and st.32 for salamander (staging according to ). At least two specimen were used for each species.
All embryos were stored in 100% MeOH at -18°C for several days before the in situ hybridization was started.
We used a full length probe based on the frog (Xenopus tropicalis) alpha-skeletal actin gene [BC075427]. Based on a number of pilot experiments, this probe proved to be effective in locating alpha-skeletal actin in other vertebrate species as well. A sequence comparison of ACTA1, ACTA2 and ACTC1 from different species to the Xenopus laevis ACTA1 is shown in additional file 2.
The in situ hybridization procedure in zebrafish was adapted from the Thisse protocol and has been previously described . For the in situ hybridization of the other embryos the procedure was slightly adjusted. Depending on the size of the embryo 10–20 μg/ml Proteinase K was used. After rinsing and refixation, the embryos were prehybridized for 2–5 h at 70°C in hybridization buffer (50% formamide, 5× SSC, 1% SDS, 50 μg/ml heparin, 500 μg/ml tRNA). With the snake embryos the prehybridization and hybridization steps were accomplished at 67°C. After incubation in the hybridization buffer, the embryos were washed twice in Solution I (50% formamide, 2× SSC, 1% SDS) at 70°C, twice in Solution II (50% formamide, 1× SSC) at 70°C and 3 times in PBST at RT. The embryos were preabsorbed in 10% sheep serum in PBST for 2 hours at room temperature and incubated overnight at 4°C with a preabsorbed anti DIG antibody at a 1/5000 dilution in the blocking. After staining of the embryos, pictures were taken by stereomicroscopy.
We would like to thank Mike Richardson and Merijn de Bakker for help with Chicken and Salamander embryos.
LDB wrote manuscript and performed experiments, EBO performed experiments, SG performed some experiments, FJV supplied snake embryos and read the manuscript and CPB designed and supervised experiments and wrote the manuscript.
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0.952184 |
Pathogen-associated molecules trigger immune responses through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), both of which are present on dendritic cells (DCs) (see Rivera). Wevers et al. report a mechanism by which Fonseca monophora, a pathogenic fungus that causes the chronic skin infection chromoblastomycosis, subverted the antifungal response through the stimulation of two CLRs with antagonistic activity. In coculture experiments, DCs stimulated with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) promoted the differentiation of T helper 1 (TH1) cells, whereas DCs stimulated with F. monophora alone or F. monophora plus LPS promoted TH2 differentiation. Although F. monophora stimulated primary human DCs to produce various cytokines, it did not trigger production of interleukin (IL)-12p35, a subunit of the TH1-inducing cytokine IL-12. DCs stimulated with LPS produced IL-12p35, and production of this cytokine subunit was inhibited by the presence of F. monophora. Analysis of the cytokine profile of DCs lacking either the CLR dectin-1 or the CLR Mincle showed that the production of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12p40, and IL-23 in response to F. monophora required dectin-1, and the suppression of IL-12p35 production required Mincle. Activation of Mincle by F. monophora promoted the degradation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), which is activated by dectin-1 or TLR4 signaling and remodels nucleosomes to promote transcription of IL12A. Mincle triggered IRF2 degradation through Akt-dependent activation of the ubiquitin E3 ligase Mdm2. This antagonism of dectin-1–mediated IL12A expression by Mincle benefits the pathogen by favoring the differentiation of TH2 cells at the expense of TH1 cells. TH1 cells are critical for activation of pathogen-destroying phagocytes. In contrast, TH2 cells, which are present in chromoblastomycosis lesions, dampen the TH1 response. This may be a common strategy for evading the antifungal response, because several other species of fungi related to F. monophora also bound to recombinant Mincle, inhibited LPS-induced TH1 differentiation, and promoted TH2 differentiation.
A pathogenic fungus activates two C-type lectin receptors to skew the T cell response to one favorable to infection.
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0.999996 |
Why does sugar dissolve faster in hot milk?
A solution, which is a mixture of two or more individual substances that cannot be separated by mechanical means, is formed when molecules of a substance or substances (called solutes) occupy inter-molecular spaces (spaces between the molecules) of another substance (called solvent) When the solvent is heated, it expands and creates more molecular space (as the number of molecules remains the same although the volume is increased). Availability of the additional space allows more solute to go into the solvent at a faster rate. In this case, sugar is the solute and milk is the solvent.
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0.999968 |
About a week ago my father was told that he had diabetes. What should he do now?
I would suggest that the next step is to visit a diabetes educator to begin learning all that he can about diabetes and the management of the condition. Your doctor can help him find a diabetes educator nurse or dietitian or he can check with the American Association of Diabetes Educators (www.AADEnet.org) or call 1-800-TEAMUP4.
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0.942729 |
Kenneth Lee Pike (June 9, 1912–December 31, 2000) was an American linguist and anthropologist. He was the originator of the theory of tagmemics and coiner of the terms "emic" and "etic".
Pike was born in Woodstock, Connecticut, and studied theology at Gordon College, graduating with a B.A. in 1933. He initially wanted to do missionary work in China; when this was denied him, went on in 1935 to study linguistics with Summer Institute of Linguistics (S.I.L.). He went to Mexico with SIL, learning Mixtec from native speakers there.
In 1937 Pike went to the University of Michigan, where he worked for his doctorate in linguistics under Charles Fries. His research involved living among the Mixtecs, and he and his wife Evelyn developed a written system for the Mixtec language. After gaining his Ph. D. In 1942, Pike became president of Summer Institute in Linguistics (SIL). The Institute's main function was to produce translations of the Bible into unwritten languages, and in 1951 Pike published the Mixtec New Testament. He was the President of SIL International from 1942 to 1979.
As well as and in parallel with his role at SIL, Pike spent thirty years at the University of Michigan, during which time he served as chairman of its linguistics department, professor of linguistics, and director of its English Language Institute (he did pioneering work in the field of English language learning and teaching) and was later Professor Emeritus of the university.
He was a member of National Academy of Sciences, the Linguistic Society of America (LSA), the Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States (LACUS), and the American Anthropological Association. He served as president of LSA and LACUS.
He was nominated for the Nobel Prize 15 years in a row and the Templeton Prize three years (Headland 2001:506).
Pike is best known for his distinction between the emic and the etic. "Emic" (as in "phonemics") refers to the subjective understanding and account of meaning in the sounds of languages, while "etic" (as in phonetics") refers to the objective study of those sounds. Pike argued that only native speakers are competent judges of emic descriptions, and are thus crucial in providing data for linguistic research, while investigators from outside the linguistic group apply scientific methods in the analysis of language, producing etic descriptions which are verifiable and reproducible. Pike himself carried out studies of indigenous languages in Australia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Ghana, Java, Mexico, Nepal, New Guinea, Nigeria, the Philippines, and Peru.
Pike developed his theory of tagmemics to help with the analysis of languages from Central and South America, by identifying (using both semantic and syntactic elements) strings of linguistic elements capable of playing a number of different roles.
Pike's approach to the study of language put him outside the circle of the "generative" movement begun by Noam Chomsky, a dominant linguist, since Pike believed that the structure of language should be studied in context, not just single sentences, as seen in the title of his magnum opus "Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior" (1967).
He became well known for his "monolingual demonstrations". He would stand before an audience, with a large number of chalkboards. A speaker of a language unknown to him would be brought in to work with Pike. Using gestures and objects, not asking questions in a language that the person might know, Pike would begin to analyze the language before the audience.
Pike also developed the constructed language Kalaba-X for use in teaching the theory and practice of translation.
When asked whether he was a missionary or a linguist, he replied "I am a mule." He explained that a mule is part horse, part donkey, combining traits of each. He pointed out that sometimes he did more of the work of a horse, other times he did more of the work of a donkey, but he was always both (Headland 2001:508).
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